question: who caused to build qutub minar in delhi

answers: Iltutmish

answers: Firoz Shah Tughlaq

title: Mini Qutub Minar

text: completely encroached upon with new constructions. Mini Qutub Minar The Mini Qutub Minar ("local:" Chhota Qutub Minar, Mini Minar, Kaushal Minar, Hastsal ki Laat) is a minaret tower in Hastsal village in Uttam Nagar, West Delhi, India. It was built in the 1650 by Mughal emperor, Shah Jahan (reign, 1628-1658) near his hunting lodge in Hasthal. The three storeyed tower is 16.87 meters (55 feet) tall and stands on a raised octagonal platform. The minar is built with bricks and clad with red sandstone. The tower structure and design resembles the Qutub Minar of Delhi and was inspired by it.

title: Qutb Minar

text: Qutb Minar The Qutub Minar, also spelled as Qutab Minar, or Qutb Minar, is a minaret that forms part of the Qutab complex, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in the Mehrauli area of Delhi, India. Qutub Minar is a 73-metre (239.5 feet) tall tapering tower of five storeys, with a 14.3 metres (47 feet) base diameter, reducing to 2.7 metres (9 feet) at the top of the peak. It contains a spiral staircase of 379 steps. Its design is thought to have been based on the Minaret of Jam, in western Afghanistan. Qutab-Ud-Din-Aibak, founder of the Delhi Sultanate, started construction

title: Gordon Sanderson

text: in 1910 AD. He is credited with making the Qutub Minar complex what it is today. Gordon Sanderson Gordon Sanderson (1886–1915) was an officer with the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) and held the position of the Superintendent, Mahomedan and British Monuments, Northern Circle. He is best known for his work in preserving and documenting the historical monuments of India. Sanderson also wrote books on Indian monuments including "Delhi Fort: A Guide to the Buildings and Gardens", "Conservation Notes on Archaeological Buildings in Delhi Province", "The Arts and Antiquities of India: An Illustrated Selection." At the peak of his career

title: Mini Qutub Minar

text: Mini Qutub Minar The Mini Qutub Minar ("local:" Chhota Qutub Minar, Mini Minar, Kaushal Minar, Hastsal ki Laat) is a minaret tower in Hastsal village in Uttam Nagar, West Delhi, India. It was built in the 1650 by Mughal emperor, Shah Jahan (reign, 1628-1658) near his hunting lodge in Hasthal. The three storeyed tower is 16.87 meters (55 feet) tall and stands on a raised octagonal platform. The minar is built with bricks and clad with red sandstone. The tower structure and design resembles the Qutub Minar of Delhi and was inspired by it. Originally, the Mini Qutub Minar was

title: Qutb Minar complex

text: Qila Rai Pithora. The Qutub Minar was built simultaneously with the mosque but appears to be a stand-alone structure, built as the 'Minar of Jami Masjid', for the muezzin to perform adhan, call for prayer, and also as a "qutub", an Axis or Pole of Islam. It is reminiscent in style and design of the "Adhai-din-ka Jhonpra" or Ajmer mosque at Ajmer, Rajasthan, also built by Aibak during the same time, also constructed by demolishing earlier temples and a Sanskrit school, at the site. Of the site selected by Aibak for the construction of a mosque, Ibn Battuta, the 14th

title: Qutb Minar

text: and was rebuilt by Firuz Shah Tughlaq, who added another storey. In 1505, an earthquake damaged Qutub Minar; it was repaired by Sikander Lodi. On 1 September 1803, a major earthquake caused serious damage. Major Robert Smith of the British Indian Army renovated the tower in 1828 and installed a pillared cupola over the fifth story, thus creating a sixth. The cupola was taken down in 1848, under instructions from The Viscount Hardinge, then Governor General of India. It was reinstalled at ground level to the east of Qutab Minar, where it remains. It is known as "Smith's Folly". The

title: Mini Qutub Minar

text: the past, local kids were able to climb the tower using the internal stairway and play at the top but it is no longer allowed. The Mini Qutub Minar structure is similar to Qutub Minar in Delhi. It originally consisted of five storeys, each with a reducing diameter. A narrow staircase built inside led to the top. Each storey is surrounded by an octagonal ring in the outside with red sandstone overhanging eves (Chhajja) like in the Qutub Minar. The minar is built using Lakhori bricks. However, 20th-century historian Zafar Hasan who documented the tower disagrees with the tower once

title: Qutb Minar complex

text: Mosque of Delhi") was built by Qutb-ud-din Aibak, founder of the Mamluk or Slave dynasty. It was the first mosque built in Delhi after the Islamic conquest of India and the oldest surviving example of Ghurids architecture in Indian subcontinent. The construction of this Jami Masjid (Friday Mosque), started in the year 1193 AD, when Aibak was the commander of Muhammad Ghori's garrison that occupied Delhi. To leave the imprint of his religion to the new territory, Aibak decided to erect a mosque epitomising the might of Islam and chose his site, the heart of the captured Rajput citadel of

title: Mini Qutub Minar

text: been five storeys high. He wrote, “Locally it is said that it originally consisted of five storeys and was crowned by a domed chhatri but the two topmost storeys subsequently disappeared...the statement that it was originally five-storeys high does not seem to be true, possibly it was topped by a chhatri which is not now existing”. The Mini Qutub Minar is engendered today due to decades of neglect and lack of conservation. It is in danger from both natural elements and the encroachment of new constructions that are taking place around the tower in Hastsal. The tower is today completely

title: Qutb Minar

text: Qutab Ud-Din-Aibak, founder of the Delhi Sultanate, started construction of the Qutub Minar's first storey around 1192. In 1220, Aibak's successor and son-in-law Iltutmish completed a further three storeys. In 1369, a lightning strike destroyed the top storey. Firoz Shah Tughlaq replaced the damaged storey, and added one more.

title: Qutb Minar complex

text: Smith's Folly. After an accident involving school children, entry to the Qutub Minar is closed to public since 1981, while Qutub archaeological area remains open for public. In 2004, Seismic monitors were installed on the minar, which revealed in 2005 Delhi earthquake, no damage or substantial record of shakes. The reason for this has been cited as the use of lime mortar and rubble masonry which absorbs the tremors; it is also built on rocky soil, which further protects it during earthquakes. Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque (Arabic: قوة الإسلام ) (Might of Islam) (also known as the "Qutub Mosque" or the "Great

title: Qutb Minar

text: Chand Minar and Mini Qutub Minar bears resemblance to the Qutub Minar and was inspired from it. Before 1974, the general public was allowed access to the top of the minaret, via the internal staircase. On 4 December 1981, the staircase lighting failed. Between 300 and 430 visitors stampeded towards the exit, and 47 were killed in the crush and some were injured. Most of these were school children. Since then, the tower has been closed to the public. Letitia Elizabeth Landon's poem "The qutub Minar, Delhi" is a reflection on an engraving in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1833.

title: Mini Qutub Minar

text: corridor and resting place. The origin of the area name ‘Hastsal' indicates this with haathi (elephant) and sthal (place). In the early 17th century, Mughal emperor, Shah Jahan used Hastsal as one of his hunting lodges. In 1650, he commissioned the construction of a tall minaret similar to Qutub Minar in Delhi. When completed, the Mini Qutub Minar was much higher than it is now. It was a tall 5 storey tower with an internal stairway leading to the domed Chhatri pavilion at the top. It was a gorgeous hunting pavilion tower in the center of an encompassing wilderness. The

title: Qutb Minar complex

text: Kufic in earlier part of the construction. Inscriptions also indicate further repairs by Sultan Sikander Lodi in 1503, when it was struck by lightning once again. In 1802, the cupola on the top was thrown down and the whole pillar was damaged by an earthquake. It was repaired by Major R. Smith of the Royal Engineers who restored the Qutub Minar in 1823 replacing the cupola with a Bengali-style "chhatri" which was later removed by Governor General, Lord Hardinge in 1848, as it looked out of place, and now stands in the outer lawns of the complex, popularly known as

title: Mini Qutub Minar

text: a 5 storeyed tower, topped out with a domed Chhatri pavilion at the top. It was used by emperor Shah Jahan for his entertainment after hunting in the all encompassing wilderness that used to surround this colossal Hastsal minaret and royal hunting lodge. The emperor's Shikargah or hunting lodge is situated a few hundred metres from the minaret tower. The Mini Qutub Minar is a 'Grade A' listed, protected heritage monument with the Department of Archaeology, India. In the past, the Hastsal area where the Minar is located, used to be submerged in water and it used to be elephants

title: Qutb Minar

text: collaboration with the Archaeological survey of India has made a 360 walkthrough of Qutab Minar available. Ministry of Tourism recently gave seven companies the 'Letters of Intent' for fourteen monuments under its 'Adopt a Heritage Scheme.' These companies will be the future 'Monument Mitras.' And Qutub Minar has been chosen to part of that list. Qutb Minar The Qutub Minar, also spelled as Qutab Minar, or Qutb Minar, is a minaret that forms part of the Qutab complex, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in the Mehrauli area of Delhi, India. Qutub Minar is a 73-metre (239.5 feet) tall tapering tower

title: Daulatabad, Maharashtra

text: Minar by the Bahmani ruler Hasan Gangu Bahmani, also known as Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah (r. 3 August 1347 – 11 February 1358). Hasan Gangu built the Chand Minar as a replica of the Qutb Minar of Delhi, of which he was a great fan of. He employed Iranian architects to built the Minar who used Lapis Lazuli & Red Ochre for coloring. Currently, the Minar is out of bounds for the tourists, because of a suicide case. As we move further into the fort, we can see the Chini Mahal, a VIP prison built by Aurangzeb. In this prison, he

title: Hauz Khas Complex

text: such as the Qutub Minar, Sultan Ghari and Suraj Kund, and also erecting two inscribed Ashokan Pillars, which he had transported from Ambala and Meerut in Delhi. At Hauz Khas, he raised several monuments on the southern and eastern banks of the reservoir. In efforts made in the past by the Delhi Development Authority to develop Hauz Khas village, the inlets to the reservoir were blocked and consequently the lake had gone dry for several years. To rectify the situation, a plan was implemented in 2004 to store storm water generated at the southern ridge of Delhi behind an embankment

title: Mini Qutub Minar

text: emperor rested in the tower top, royally-entertained with his immediate retinue after hunting in the surrounding wilderness. Local legends claim there used to be an underground tunnel from the tower to the royal hunting lodge which lie a few hundred meters apart from each other. The domed Chhatri pavilion and upper two storeys of the tower had collapsed in the 18th century. In recent history, Shah Jahan's Mini Minar and his royal hunting lodge has laid abandoned and forgotten. It was left to crumble away and become completely surrounded by the urbanization that replaced the wilderness of Hastsal area. In

title: Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques

text: and former Deputy Prime Minister of India L. K. Advani. The original Kashi Vishwanath Temple was demolished by Aurangzeb, the sixth Mughal emperor who constructed the Gyanvapi Mosque atop the original Hindu temple. Kashi Vishwanath was among the most renowned Hindu temples of India. Even today the pillars and the structure of the original temple can be clearly seen. Qutb Minar is Built on top of and from the material after destroying 27 Hindu and Jain temples. Qutb ud Din Aibak destroyed nearly a thousand temples and then raised mosques on their foundations including the Jami mosque in Qutub minar

title: Mehrauli

text: and also the venue for the annual Qutub Festival. There are several pillars of temples adjacent to Qutb Minar , but they are in damaged condition. Mausoleum of a 13th century, Sufi saint, Khwaja Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki is also situated near the Qutub Minar Complex and the venue for the annual Phoolwalon-ki-sair Festival. The dargah complex also houses graves of later Mughal emperors, Bahadur Shah I, Shah Alam II, and Akbar II, in an adjacent marble enclosure. To the left of the dargah, lies "Moti Masjid", a small mosque, built for private prayer by the son of Aurangzeb, Bahadur Shah

title: Siri Fort

text: on the tower attribute to this tower as ""Vijaya sthamba"" or victory tower of Ala-ud-din) and a grandiose plan of constructing a new Minar (tower) bigger (double) that of the Qutub Minar. This plan was left half completed, as may be seen from the ruins at the site, due to the death of Allauddin in 1316. The destruction of the Fort is attributed to the local rulers who removed the fort's stones, bricks and other artifacts for their own buildings. In particular, Sher Shah Suri (1540–1545), of Pashtun Afghan descent from Eastern India (Bihar), took away material from Siri to

title: Sidi Bashir Mosque

text: further example is a large mosque built by Makhdu-Ma-I-Jahan, mother of Sultan Qutubuddin Ahmad Shah II in 1454 A.D. She is buried in the mausoleum situated to the east of the mosque. Entry to the shaking minaret was prohibited following an incident in 1981 at Qutb Minar in Delhi, when a stampede resulted in the deaths of many children. There is also damage to the upper sections. Sidi Bashir Mosque Sidi Bashir Mosque is a former mosque in the city of Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. Only the central gateway and two minarets survive; they are known as the Jhulta Minar or

title: Toli Masjid

text: Qutub Shahi architecture. He used architect Mecca Masjid of Hyderabad and royal architect of Sultan Abdullah Qutub Shah. There is a chapter in the royal records called the "Gulzar-e-Asafia." It mentions that when the royal architect was building Mecca Masjid, he was given one damri/damdi (coin) out of every rupee spent on it. The sum of money thus collected was used by Musa Khan to construct the Toli Masjid. Hence, this masjid is also called Damri Masjid. The mosque is built on a raised platform with a high plinth, divided into two halls, the outer one having five-arched openings, among

title: Chor Minar

text: Chor Minar Chor Minar or 'Tower of Thieves' is a 13th-century minaret with 225 holes, situated just off Aurobindo Marg in the Hauz Khas area, in New Delhi. It was built under the rule of Alauddin Khalji, of the Khalji dynasty (1290–1320) in the thirteenth century. According to local legends, it was a 'tower of beheading', where the severed heads of thieves were displayed on spear through its 225 holes, to act as a deterrent to thieves, though some historian suggest that the Khalji king slaughtered a settlement of Mongol people, nearby, to stop them from joining with their brethren

title: Qutub-e-Alam's Mosque

text: Qutub-e-Alam's Mosque Qutub-e-Alam's Mosque and Tomb, also known as Vatva Dargah is a medieval mosque and tomb complex in Vatva area of Ahmedabad, India. Hazrat Syed Burhanuddin Qutub-ul-Alam, the father of Shah e Alam, was the grandson of the celebrated Hazrat Syedna Syed Jalaluddin Hussaini Bukhari of Uch, also known as Makhdoom Jahaniyan Jahangasht. Attracted to the court of Ahmad Shah I, he settled at Vatva and died there in 1452. He founded the Bukhariya sect of Gujarat. The nobles of the courts of Ahmed Shah, Sultan Qutubuddin Ahmad Shah II raised a small shrine first. Afterwards a mosque, a

title: Qutb Minar complex

text: of the annual 'Qutub Festival', held in November–December, where artists, musicians and dancers perform over three days. The Qutb Minar complex, which drew 3.9 million visitors in 2006, was India's most visited monument that year, ahead of the Taj Mahal (with 2.5 million visitors). The Alai Darwaza is the main gateway from southern side of the Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque. It was built by the second Khalji Sultan of Delhi, Ala-ud-din Khalji in 1311 AD, who also added a court to the pillared to the eastern side. The domed gateway is decorated with red sandstone and inlaid white marble decorations, inscriptions in

title: Qutb Minar complex

text: a mosque within the madrasa. Alauddin Khalji started building the Alai Minar, after he had doubled the size of Quwwat ul-Islam mosque. He conceived this tower to be two times higher than Qutb Minar in proportion with the enlarged mosque. The construction was however abandoned, just after the completion of the first-story core; soon after death of Alauddin in 1316, and never taken up by his successors of Khalji dynasty. The first storey of the Alai Minar, a giant rubble masonry core, still stands today, which was evidently intended to be covered with dressed stone later on. Noted Sufi poet

title: Mini Qutub Minar

text: surrounded by haphazardly built houses, buildings and new constructions. New constructions have sprung up right up to the tower base. The raised octagonal platform of Mini Qutub Minar used to have a lower platform. New constructions have encroached into the lower platform. The steps that lead up to the octagonal platform have disappeared. The only access way to the tower is by walking through a grimy half-meter wide lane that is surrounded in all sides by new constructions. Few hundred meters away the Shajahan's historic royal hunting lodge (Shikargah) is facing the same situation. It also lay abandon, crumbling and

title: Qutb Minar

text: marble, and is relatively plain. The fifth is of marble and sandstone. The flanges are a darker red sandstone throughout, and are engraved with Quranic texts and decorative elements. The whole tower contains a spiral staircase of 379 steps. At the foot of the tower is the Quwat ul Islam Mosque. The minar tilts just over 65 cm from the vertical, which is considered to be within safe limits, although experts have stated that monitoring is needed in case rainwater seepage further weakens the foundation. Qutub Minar was an inspiration and prototype for many minarets and towers built after it.

title: Qutb Minar

short_answers:
Firoz Shah Tughlaq
Iltutmish


question: when did the wall go up in east germany

answers: ), starting on

title: Berlin Wall

text: at the Alexanderplatz demonstration, East Berlin's large public square and transportation hub. The longtime leader of East Germany, Erich Honecker, resigned on 18 October 1989 and was replaced by Egon Krenz that day. Honecker had predicted in January of that year that the Wall would stand for 50 or 100 more years if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change. The wave of refugees leaving East Germany for the West kept increasing. By early November refugees were finding their way to Hungary via Czechoslovakia, or via the West German Embassy in Prague. This was tolerated by the

title: Kurt Wismach

text: Berlin Wall went up. Kurt Wismach Kurt Wismach was an East German laborer at the Oberspree Cable Works. He is famous for heckling East German leader Walter Ulbricht during a speech Ulbricht gave to the firm on August 10, 1961. Speaking three days before the Berlin border closure, Ulbricht extolled the purported virtues of East German socialism and denounced the growing numbers of refugees fleeing to West Germany. Seated above Ulbricht on a roll of cables, Wismach applauded sarcastically after each of Ulbricht’s main points and yelled: "Even if I am the only one to say it: Free elections!" He

title: Berlin Wall

text: a notable moment of the Cold War and a high point of the New Frontier. It was a great morale boost for West Berliners, who lived in an exclave deep inside East Germany and feared a possible East German occupation. In a speech at the Brandenburg Gate commemorating the 750th anniversary of Berlin on 12 June 1987, U.S. President Ronald Reagan challenged Mikhail Gorbachev, then the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, to tear down the Wall as a symbol of increasing freedom in the Eastern Bloc: In June 1989 the Hungarian government began dismantling the

title: Germany

text: the GDR's social programmes and the alleged constant threat of a West German invasion, many of its citizens looked to the West for freedom and prosperity. The Berlin Wall, rapidly built on 13 August 1961 prevented East German citizens from escaping to West Germany, eventually becoming a symbol of the Cold War. Ronald Reagan's "Mr. Gorbachov, Tear down this wall!" speech at the Wall on 12 June 1987 influenced public opinion, echoing John F. Kennedy's famous "Ich bin ein Berliner" speech of 26 June 1963. The fall of the Wall in 1989 became a symbol of the Fall of Communism,

title: Berlin Wall

text: 136 to more than 200 in and around Berlin. In 1989 a series of revolutions in nearby Eastern Bloc countries—Poland and Hungary in particular—caused a chain reaction in East Germany that ultimately resulted in the demise of the Wall. After several weeks of civil unrest, the East German government announced on 9 November 1989 that all GDR citizens could visit West Germany and West Berlin. Crowds of East Germans crossed and climbed onto the Wall, joined by West Germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere. Over the next few weeks, euphoric people and souvenir hunters chipped away parts

title: History of Berlin

text: for a unified Germany. Loshitzky depicts the role of the Berlin Wall as a symbol of the Cold War, détente, and the collapse of the Communist regimes in Eastern Europe. She divides the history of the Wall into six major stages: the erection of the Wall (1961); the period of the "geography of fear" from the Cold War; the period of détente; the short period of glasnost and perestroika; the fall of the Wall (1989); and after the Wall. On August 13, 1961 the Communist East German government started to build a wall, physically separating West Berlin from East Berlin

title: Eastern Bloc emigration and defection

text: the Wall remained guarded for some time after November 9, though at a decreasing intensity. On June 13, 1990, the official dismantling of the Wall by the East German military began in Bernauer Straße. On July 1, the day East Germany adopted the West German currency, all border controls ceased, although the inter-German border had become meaningless for some time before that. That month, the final obstacle to German reunification was removed when West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl convinced Gorbachev to drop Soviet objections to a reunited Germany within NATO in return for substantial German economic aid to the Soviet

title: German reunification

text: East and West persist, but so does sympathy. Additionally, the integration between Easterners and Westerners is not happening on as large a scale as was expected. Young people have on average very little knowledge of the former East Germany. Some people in Eastern Germany engage in "Ostalgie", which is a certain nostalgia for the time before the wall came down. Today, there are several prominent people of East German origin, including Michael Ballack, Katarina Witt, Paul van Dyk, and Angela Merkel. While the fall of the Berlin Wall had broad economic, political and social impacts globally, it also had significant

title: East Germany

text: in 1961, built the Berlin Wall. Many people attempting to flee were killed by border guards or booby traps, such as landmines. Several others were imprisoned for many years. In 1989, numerous social, economic and political forces in the GDR and abroad led to the fall of the Berlin Wall and the establishment of a government committed to liberalisation. The following year, open elections were held, and international negotiations led to the signing of the Final Settlement treaty on the status and borders of Germany. The GDR dissolved itself, and Germany was reunified on 3 October 1990, becoming a fully

title: Berlin Wall

title: Tear down this wall!

text: slightly mistaken answer on a press conference about changes in travel regulations for East German citizens. Former West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl said he would never forget standing near Reagan when he challenged Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall. "He was a stroke of luck for the world, especially for Europe." In an interview with Reagan himself, he recalls the East German police not allowing people to get near the wall, which prevented the citizens from experiencing the speech at all. The fact that West German police acted in a similar way has, however seldom, been noted in accounts

title: Fall of the inner German border

text: a popular tourist destination for East Germans, due to the trappings of prosperity that were absent at home – good and plentiful food and wine, pleasant camping and a lively capital city. At home, the desire for reform was being driven by East Germany's worsening economic stagnation and the example of other eastern bloc nations who were following Gorbachev's example in instituting "glasnost" (openness) and "perestroika" (reform). However, the hardline East German leader, Erich Honecker – who had been responsible for the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961 – remained staunchly against any reform in his country. Declaring that

title: Schießbefehl

text: That any citizen of communist East Germany would voluntarily defect to the capitalist West was a source of embarrassment to successive East German governments, and preventing such defections was a longstanding political objective. Over the 28 years when the Berlin Wall was in place, the number of East Germans shot dead by their own border guards was in the hundreds. After the reunification of Germany, the Berlin District Court indicted East German Chancellor Erich Honecker on charges of mass murder stemming from the "Schießbefehl", but his failing health along with legal disputes over jurisdiction caused his trial to be abandoned.

title: Tear down this wall!

text: addressed the issue of the Berlin Wall: in a visit to West Berlin in June 1982, he'd stated "I'd like to ask the Soviet leaders one question [...] Why is the wall there?", and in 1986, 25 years after the construction of the wall, in response to West German newspaper "Bild-Zeitung" asking when he thought the wall could be "torn down", Reagan said, "I call upon those responsible to dismantle it [today]". On the day before Reagan's 1987 visit, 50,000 people had demonstrated against the presence of the American president in Berlin. During the visit itself, wide swaths of Berlin

title: Berlin Wall

text: motifs were put up for auction in 1990 in Berlin and Monte Carlo. On 1 July, the day East Germany adopted the West German currency, all "de jure" border controls ceased, although the inter-German border had become meaningless for some time before that. The fall of the Wall marked the first critical step towards German reunification, which formally concluded a mere 339 days later on 3 October 1990 with the dissolution of East Germany and the official reunification of the German state along the democratic lines of the West German Basic Law. In some European capitals at the time, there

title: Berlin Wall

text: to symbolize physically the "Iron Curtain" that separated Western Europe and the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War. Before the Wall's erection, 3.5 million East Germans circumvented Eastern Bloc emigration restrictions and defected from the GDR, many by crossing over the border from East Berlin into West Berlin; from there they could then travel to West Germany and to other Western European countries. Between 1961 and 1989 the Wall prevented almost all such emigration. During this period over 100,000 people attempted to escape and over 5,000 people succeeded in escaping over the Wall, with an estimated death toll ranging from

title: Eastern Bloc emigration and defection

text: 15, 1961 Ulbricht called a rare press conference, insisting that "no one has any intention of building a wall," but made clear that "the outflow has to stop." He added "it goes without saying that the so-called refugee camps in West Berlin"—the transit camps at which refugees were processed en route from West Berlin to West Germany—"will be closed down." On August 13, 1961, a barbed-wire barrier that would become the Berlin Wall separating East and West Berlin was erected by East Germany. Two days later, police and army engineers began to construct a more permanent concrete wall. The construction

title: Nikita Khrushchev

text: East German leader Walter Ulbricht to begin construction of what became known as the Berlin Wall, which would surround West Berlin. Construction preparations were made in great secrecy, and the border was sealed off in the early hours of Sunday, 13 August 1961, when most East German workers who earned hard currency by working in West Berlin would be at their homes. The wall was a propaganda disaster, and marked the end of Khrushchev's attempts to conclude a peace treaty among the Four Powers and the two German states. That treaty would not be signed until September 1990, as an

title: Berlin Wall

text: found that 25 percent of West Germans and 12 percent of East Germans wished that East and West should be separated again by a "Wall". A poll taken in October 2009 on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Wall indicated, however, that only about a tenth of the population was still unhappy with the unification (8 percent in the East; 12 percent in the West). Although differences are still perceived between East and West, Germans make similar distinctions between North and South. A 2011 poll conducted by Russia's VTsIOM, found that more than half of

title: West Berlin

text: 1987, U.S. President Ronald Reagan provided a challenge to the then Soviet leader: General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, if you seek liberalization: Come here to this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall! On 9 November 1989, the Wall was opened, and the two parts of the city were once again physically—though at this point not legally—united. The Two Plus Four Treaty, signed by the two German states and the four wartime allies, paved the way for German reunification and an end

title: Ich bin ein Berliner

text: by East Germany. From 1952, the border between East and West was closed everywhere but in Berlin. Hundreds of thousands of East Germans defected to the West via West Berlin, a labour drain that threatened East Germany with economic collapse. In 1961, the East German government under Walter Ulbricht erected a barbed-wire barrier around West Berlin, officially called the "antifaschistischer Schutzwall" (anti-fascist protective barrier). The East German authorities argued that it was meant to prevent spies and agents of West Germany from crossing into the East. However, it was universally known as the Berlin Wall and its real purpose was

title: Cold War (1953–1962)

text: the Berlin Wall started, First Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party and Staatsrat chairman Walter Ulbricht stated in an international press conference, ""Niemand hat die Absicht, eine Mauer zu errichten!" (No one has the intention to erect a wall)". It was the first time the colloquial term "Mauer" (wall) had been used in this context. On Saturday August 12, 1961, the leaders of East Germany attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in Döllnsee, in a wooded area to the north of East Berlin, and Walter Ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a Wall. At

title: Peter Abrassimov

text: leader, Walter Ulbricht, remained uncompromisingly hard-line in his attitude to the west in general and in his country's relationship with West Germany specifically. The decision suddenly to erect the Berlin Wall in August 1961 was naturally taken by the East Germans in full consultation with the Soviet ambassador. From the East German perspective The Wall represented a necessary desperate attempt to save the state which appeared to be in the process of losing its entire working age population. With Abrassimov as Soviet ambassador in Berlin, Walter Ulbricht, who had earlier enjoyed close relations with Soviet leader Josef Stalin, found he

title: German Green Belt

text: of West German, British and US guards and soldiers. Despite the extensiveness of the Inner Border, it was the Berlin Wall (German: Berliner Mauer) that would serve as the famous and infamous representation of the "Iron Curtain" and the Cold War. The Berlin Wall was a barrier that divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989, constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) starting on 13 August 1961, that completely cut off (by land) West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin until it was opened in November 1989. In practice, the Wall served to prevent the massive

title: Fall of the inner German border

text: allowing citizens of the GDR to freely emigrate. The Hungarians went ahead in May 1989 by dismantling the Iron Curtain along their border with Austria. To the consternation of the East German government, pictures of the barbed-wire fences being taken down were transmitted into East Germany by West German television stations. A mass exodus by hundreds of thousands of East Germans began in September 1989. Thousands more scaled the walls of the West German embassies in Prague, Warsaw and Budapest claiming asylum. The West German mission in East Berlin was forced to close because it could not cope with the

title: Rock music and the fall of communism

text: speakers over the wall so that East Berliners would be ready and could enjoy the concert. When East German security forces tried to disband the crowd of fans assembled by the wall, the fans promptly rioted, chanting "tear down the wall!" In 1988, a similar situation erupted when Michael Jackson performed in West Berlin, and the security forces, while trying to disperse the fans, even attacked western camera crews that were filming the scene. In an attempt to improve their image, the East German government invited Bruce Springsteen to play in July. No more violence erupted, but the crowd enthusiastically

title: German reunification

text: fence and thousands of East Germans escaped to the West — although even then, very many people inside and outside Germany still believed that a real reunification would never happen in the foreseeable future. The turning point in Germany, called "Die Wende", was marked by the "Peaceful Revolution" leading to the removal of the Berlin Wall, with East and West Germany subsequently entering into negotiations toward eliminating the division that had been imposed upon Germans more than four decades earlier. On 28 November 1989—two weeks after the fall of the Berlin Wall—West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl announced a 10-point program

title: Separation barrier

text: mayor Willy Brandt—while condemning the Wall's restriction on freedom of movement. Along with the separate and much longer Inner German border (IGB), which demarcated the border between East and West Germany, it came to symbolize the "Iron Curtain" that separated Western Europe and the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War. Before the Wall's erection, 3.5 million East Germans circumvented Eastern Bloc emigration restrictions and defected from the GDR, many by crossing over the border from East Berlin into West Berlin, from where they could then travel to West Germany and other Western European countries. Between 1961 and 1989, the wall

title: Tear down this wall!

text: Tear down this wall! "Tear down this wall!" is a line from a speech made by U.S. President Ronald Reagan in West Berlin on Friday, June 12, 1987, calling for the leader of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev, to open up the barrier which had divided West and East Berlin since 1961. Peter Robinson, the White House speechwriter who drafted the address, said its most famous line was inspired by a conversation with Ingeborg Elz of West Berlin who had mentioned it in a conversation with him. The "tear down this wall" speech was not the first time Reagan had

title: Berlin Wall

text: for instance, in presidential and historical museums, lobbies of hotels and corporations, at universities and government buildings, and in public spaces in different countries of the world. On 13 August 2011, Germany marked the 50th anniversary of East Germany beginning the erection of the Berlin Wall. Chancellor Angela Merkel joined with President Christian Wulff and Berlin Mayor Klaus Wowereit at the Bernauer Straße memorial park to remember lives and liberty. Speeches extolled freedom and a minute of silence at noon honored those who died trying to flee to the West. "It is our shared responsibility to keep the memory alive

title: Berlin Wall

long_answer: The Berlin Wall (German: Berliner Mauer, pronounced [bɛʁˈliːnɐ ˈmaʊ̯ɐ] ( listen)) was a guarded concrete barrier that physically and ideologically divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989. Constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany), starting on 13 August 1961, the Wall cut off (by land) West Berlin from virtually all of surrounding East Germany and East Berlin until government officials opened it in November 1989. Its demolition officially began on 13 June 1990 and finished in 1992. The barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls, accompanied by a wide area (later known as the "death strip") that contained anti-vehicle trenches, "fakir beds" and other defenses. The Eastern Bloc portrayed the Wall as protecting its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the "will of the people" in building a socialist state in East Germany. In practice, the Wall served to prevent the massive emigration and defection that had marked East Germany and the communist Eastern Bloc during the post-World War II period.


question: winner of first series of great british bake off

answers: Edd Kimber

title: The Great British Bake Off (series 5)

text: The Great British Bake Off (series 5) The fifth series of "The Great British Bake Off" began on Wednesday 6 August 2014. Mel Giedroyc and Sue Perkins presented the show and Mary Berry and Paul Hollywood returned as judges. Twelve contestants competed in this series, and the competition was held in Welford Park in Berkshire. The series was won by Nancy Birtwhistle, with Luis Troyano and Richard Burr finishing as runners-up. The programme was moved from BBC Two to BBC One starting this year, however the Masterclass episodes remained on BBC Two. A companion series "" hosted by comedian Jo

title: The Great British Bake Off (series 4)

text: The Great British Bake Off (series 4) The fourth series of "The Great British Bake Off" began airing on 20 August 2013. Mel Giedroyc and Sue Perkins again presented the show and Mary Berry and Paul Hollywood returned as judges. As with series three, the competition was held at Harptree Court in East Harptree, Somerset. 13,000 amateur bakers applied to appear on the programme, and 100 were selected for screen test, with the best 60 advancing to a three-day audition. From these, 13 contestants were chosen this year so the judges could eliminate two people whenever they wanted. The winner

title: The Great British Bake Off (series 8)

text: The Great British Bake Off (series 8) The eighth series of "The Great British Bake Off" began on 29 August 2017, with this being the first of "The Great British Bake Off" to be broadcast on Channel 4, after the production company Love Productions moved the show. It is the first series for new hosts Noel Fielding and Sandi Toksvig, and new judge Prue Leith. This series was won by Sophie Faldo, with Kate Lyon and Steven Carter-Bailey finishing as runners-up. Colour key: For the first challenge, the bakers were instructed to make a cake using fresh fruit, with no

title: The Great British Bake Off (series 8)

text: Channel 4 +1. The Great British Bake Off (series 8) The eighth series of "The Great British Bake Off" began on 29 August 2017, with this being the first of "The Great British Bake Off" to be broadcast on Channel 4, after the production company Love Productions moved the show. It is the first series for new hosts Noel Fielding and Sandi Toksvig, and new judge Prue Leith. This series was won by Sophie Faldo, with Kate Lyon and Steven Carter-Bailey finishing as runners-up. Colour key: For the first challenge, the bakers were instructed to make a cake using fresh

title: The Great British Bake Off (series 3)

text: The Great British Bake Off (series 3) The third series of "The Great British Bake Off" began airing on Tuesday 14 August 2012. The series was filmed at Harptree Court in East Harptree, Somerset. Seven thousand applied for the competition and twelve contestants were chosen. For the first time, all three finalists were male: Brendan Lynch, John Whaite and James Morton. The competition was won by John Whaite. No one was eliminated this week due to John having injured his finger and could not complete the last bake, and the judges thought it would be unfair to eliminate anyone. Two

title: The Great British Bake Off

text: The eighth series of "The Great British Bake Off" began airing on 29 August 2017. This is the first series of "The Great British Bake Off" to be broadcast on Channel 4 following its move from the BBC. The series features new hosts Noel Fielding and Sandi Toksvig, and new judge Prue Leith along with returning judge Paul Hollywood. This series was won by Sophie Faldo, with Kate Lyon and Steven Carter-Bailey finishing as runners-up. The eighth series is broadcast on Netflix as Collection 5. The ninth series of "The Great British Bake Off" began airing on 28 August 2018.

title: The Great British Bake Off (series 7)

text: The Great British Bake Off (series 7) The seventh series of "The Great British Bake Off" aired from 24 August 2016, with twelve contestants competing to be crowned the series 7 winner. This series was the last to be broadcast on BBC One, as the production company Love Productions opted to move the show to Channel 4. It was also the last series on the show for Sue Perkins and Mel Giedroyc, as they decided to leave as presenters of the show. It is also the last series of the show to feature Mary Berry as a judge. This series

title: The Great British Bake Off (series 1)

text: The Great British Bake Off (series 1) The first series of "The Great British Bake Off", first aired on BBC Two on 17 August 2010. Ten home bakers took part in a bake-off to test every aspect of their baking skills as they battled to be crowned the Great British Bake Off's best amateur baker. Each week the nationwide tour saw bakers put through three challenges in a particular discipline, with some being eliminated from competition at the end of the episode. The rounds of the competition took place in various locations across the UK following a theme, for example,

title: The Great British Bake Off (series 9)

text: The Great British Bake Off (series 9) The ninth series of "The Great British Bake Off" began on 28 August 2018, with this being the second series to be broadcast on Channel 4. The series is presented by Noel Fielding and Sandi Toksvig, with judges Paul Hollywood and Prue Leith. The series was won by Rahul Mandal, with Kim-Joy Hewlett and Ruby Bhogal as the runners-up. Colour key: Breaking with tradition, this year the series kicked off with Biscuits week. For the first challenge of the series, the bakers were tasked to bake 24 regional biscuits that needed to be

title: The Great British Bake Off (series 1)

title: The Great British Bake Off

text: On 30 October 2018, Sheffield University researcher Rahul Mandal, from India, was announced as the winner of "The Great British Bake Off" 2018. The runners-up were Ruby Bhogal and Kim-Joy Hewlett. The ninth series is broadcast on Netflix as Collection 6. Periodically, accidents and other errors have influenced the results of a round of judging. Several have had a significant impact on what a baker presents, notably: The early reviews for the first series were mixed. Lucy Mangan of "The Guardian" wondered if "competitive baking [is] a contradiction in terms" and found the proceedings humourless. Iain Hollingshead of "The Daily

title: The Great British Bake Off (series 4)

text: by an episode of "Top Gear" in 2007. Series 4 had an average of viewing figure of 7.4 million. Official episode viewing figures are from BARB. The Great British Bake Off (series 4) The fourth series of "The Great British Bake Off" began airing on 20 August 2013. Mel Giedroyc and Sue Perkins again presented the show and Mary Berry and Paul Hollywood returned as judges. As with series three, the competition was held at Harptree Court in East Harptree, Somerset. 13,000 amateur bakers applied to appear on the programme, and 100 were selected for screen test, with the best

title: The Great British Bake Off (series 6)

text: The Great British Bake Off (series 6) The sixth series of "The Great British Bake Off" first aired on 5 August 2015, with twelve contestants competing to be crowned the series 6 winner. Mel Giedroyc and Sue Perkins presented the show, and Mary Berry and Paul Hollywood returned as judges. The competition was held in the ground of Welford Park, Berkshire for a second year. The series was won by Nadiya Hussain, with Tamal Ray and Ian Cumming finishing as runners-up. Colour key: For the first challenge, the bakers were given two hours to make a Madeira Cake, which was

title: The Great British Bake Off (series 2)

text: The Great British Bake Off (series 2) The second series of "The Great British Bake Off" started 14 August 2011 with twelve amateur bakers. Unlike series one, the competition was held in a single location – on the grounds of Valentines Mansion, a 17th-century mansion house in Redbridge. In addition to their on-screen presenting roles, Mel Giedroyc and Sue Perkins also took over the narration of the show, which had been done by Stephen Noonan the previous series. Series two also introduced the "star baker" award for the most impressive performer each week. Three and a half thousand people applied

title: The Great British Bake Off (series 1)

text: just 16 hours, one being "traditional" and the other "contemporary". Paul and Mary explore the history of the Great British Wedding Cake, looking at the dramatic changes through the eras; from the Tudors and the Victorians, wartime Britain and the eighties to the present day. Although Paul and Mary judged the results, no individual winner was declared. Official episode viewing figures are from BARB. The Great British Bake Off (series 1) The first series of "The Great British Bake Off", first aired on BBC Two on 17 August 2010. Ten home bakers took part in a bake-off to test every

title: The Great British Bake Off (series 6)

text: the eliminated contestant prior to the airing of episode three. Contestant Marie Campbell, who was the first Star Baker of the series, was criticised for being "semi-professional", after it emerged that she had been trained in Ecole Escoffier at the Ritz in Paris where she specialised in patisserie. It was also alleged that she had gone on to run a school for chefs as well as a cupcake baking business. A statement from the BBC said: "There are strict criteria to take part in the show and Marie met those criteria. She gained a certificate for one week’s training in

title: Bake Off: The Professionals

text: The third series moved to Channel 4 to join "The Great British Bake Off" after the BBC declined to renew the series. The Channel 4 series has been renamed "Bake Off: The Professionals", and is hosted by comedian Tom Allen and former contestant on the main series, Liam Charles. The first series was won by the Squires Kitchen Cookery School team led by Mark Tilling, the second by a team of military chefs led by Liam Grime. and the third by the team from London Hilton Park Lane with Emmanuel Bonneau. The series is a competition between teams of professional

title: The Great British Bake Off

text: The Great British Bake Off The Great British Bake Off (also called Bake Off or GBBO) is a British television baking competition, produced by Love Productions, in which a group of amateur bakers compete against each other in a series of rounds, attempting to impress a group of judges with their baking skills, with a contestant being eliminated in each round, with the winner being selected from the contestants who reach the finals. The show's first episode was aired on 17 August 2010, with its first four series broadcast on BBC Two, until its growing popularity led the BBC to

title: The Great British Bake Off (series 2)

text: 16 May 2013, and "Home Baking" initially as a Sainsbury's exclusive. She writes a monthly column for Sainsbury's magazine and is a regular guest columnist for "The Sun" newspaper. She runs cookery courses from her home in Essex, and has appeared in various television shows such as "The Alan Titchmarsh Show" and "What's Cooking". Holly Bell teaches baking classes and for a time worked as an occasional radio presenter on BBC Radio Leicester. She also appeared as a guest presenter on QVC shopping channel. She wrote an eBook called "Ready, Steady, Bake!" which was published on 5 July 2012, and

title: The Great British Bake Off (series 2)

text: published a book "Recipes from a Normal Mum" on 17 July 2014. Mary-Anne Boermans wrote a book on baking, "Great British Bakes: Forgotten Treasures for Modern Bakers", which was published on 7 November 2013. Official episode viewing figures are from BARB. The Great British Bake Off (series 2) The second series of "The Great British Bake Off" started 14 August 2011 with twelve amateur bakers. Unlike series one, the competition was held in a single location – on the grounds of Valentines Mansion, a 17th-century mansion house in Redbridge. In addition to their on-screen presenting roles, Mel Giedroyc and Sue

title: The Great British Bake Off (series 9)

text: the production team. As a result, he was given an extra 15 minutes for the challenge. The two holiday specials will each feature four returning contestants from the series 5–8. The Great Christmas Bake Off will feature Liam Charles (Series 8), Flo Atkins (Series 8), Andrew Smyth (Series 7) and Jane Beedle (Series 7). The Great New Year's Bake Off will feature the return of champion Candice Brown (Series 7), Steven Carter-Bailey (Series 8), Tamal Ray (Series 6) and Kate Henry (Series 5). The final was watched by an overnight viewing audience figure of 7.5 million, down from the previous

title: The Great British Bake Off

text: outbidding the £15 million offered by the BBC. In January 2017 the BBC waived its rights to keep the program off the air until 2018, and wished the programme "well for the future". On 31 October 2017, judge Prue Leith accidentally revealed the winner of Series 8 on Twitter twelve hours before the finale was due to air. This caused uproar among many fans of the show. She quickly deleted the tweet and apologised to the fans who saw it. "The Great British Bake Off" was nominated for a Rose d'Or in the Lifestyle section of the 2012 competition and

title: The Great British Bake Off

text: with Ruby Tandoh and Kimberley Wilson as runners up. In the U.S., the fourth series was broadcast as season 2 on PBS, and on Netflix as Collection 2. The fifth series of "The Great British Bake Off" began airing on 6 August 2014 on BBC One. This series was filmed at Welford Park in Berkshire. There were twelve bakers taking part. Mary Berry and Paul Hollywood returned as judges, whilst Sue Perkins and Mel Giedroyc continued to present the series. Richard Burr was awarded the largest number of star baker designations of any series so far, but was beaten by

title: The Great British Bake Off (series 7)

text: was won by Candice Brown, with Andrew Smyth and Jane Beedle finishing as runners-up. Colour key: For the first challenge, the bakers were given two hours to make a drizzle cake, the brief being that the cake be moist and well permeated with the drizzle. For the technical challenge, the bakers were instructed to make Mary's recipe for twelve jaffa cakes. The recipe used a whipped fatless sponge, orange jelly and tempered chocolate with a design of sorts. For the final challenge, the bakers were instructed to make a mirror glaze cake. The cake had to have a genoise sponge

title: The Great British Bake Off

text: British Bake Off" began on 14 August 2012. The series was filmed at Harptree Court in East Harptree, Somerset. The finalists were Brendan Lynch, James Morton and John Whaite, the last of whom won the final in a surprise result. In the U.S., the third series was broadcast as season 5 on PBS, and on Netflix as "The Great British Baking Show: The Beginnings". The fourth series of "The Great British Bake Off" started on 20 August 2013 on BBC Two. The series was again filmed at Harptree Court in East Harptree, Somerset. The final was won by Frances Quinn,

title: The Great British Bake Off: An Extra Slice

text: British Bake Off" to Channel 4 in 2017. The after show was announced in July 2014. Comedian Jo Brand was later announced as the host of the series on 24 July 2014. The show returned for a second run, beginning on 7 August 2015, and for a third series on 24 August 2016. A fourth series began on 31 August 2017 on Channel 4. A fifth series began on 31 August 2018, moving to Friday evenings. Brand and three rotating panelists appear on each episode. The panelists are generally a chef or cooking expert, such as Michel Roux Jr. or

title: The Great Irish Bake Off

text: baker to be eliminated from the competition. Ten contestants were chosen for the first season, twelve were chosen for series 2 and 3. Series 1 of "The Great Irish Bake Off" saw twelve home bakers take part in a bake-off to test their baking skills as they battled to be crowned The Great Irish Bake Off's best amateur baker. Each week saw the bakers put through two challenges in a particular discipline. The series final saw Stephen Chisholm win with Maryanne Dalton and Will De Korte as the runners up. Series 2 of "The Great Irish Bake Off" saw twelve

title: The Great British Bake Off

text: from the contestants, who are all amateurs. The applicants to the show are assessed by a researcher, followed by an audition in London with two of their bakes. They then undergo a screen test and an interview with a producer. A second audition involves the applicants baking two recipes for the judges in front of the cameras. Ten contestants were chosen for the first series, twelve for the following two series, thirteen for the fourth, and back to twelve from series five onwards. In each episode, the amateur bakers are given three challenges: a signature bake, a technical challenge, and

title: Sophie Faldo

text: Bake Off". Faldo won the competition, but her victory was not a surprise one, as twelve hours before the final episode, judge Prue Leith accidentally tweeted the results. Sophie Faldo Sophie Faldo is a former British Army officer who was the winner of the eighth series of "The Great British Bake Off" in 2017, the first series to be broadcast on Channel 4. Faldo was born in London, and grew up in Suffolk. She studied psychology at the University of Manchester and Toulouse. She joined the Royal Artillery and has served in Afghanistan. After leaving the Army, she worked as

title: The Great British Bake Off (series 8)

text: concentric rings, topped with a star. For the final showstopper challenge, the bakers were required to make a magical ice cake with elaborate sugar work that create a scene of winter wonderland. Liam Charles was chosen as a co-presenter for the revamped professional version of "Great British Bake Off", "". Liam has also Written a cookbook called Cake Boy: The Kitchen Diaries. https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/38086856-cake-boy On 31 October 2017, judge Prue Leith accidentally revealed the winner of the series on Twitter twelve hours before the finale was due to air. This caused uproar among many fans of the show. She quickly deleted

title: The Great British Bake Off (series 1)

long_answer: The first series of The Great British Bake Off, first aired on BBC Two on 17 August 2010. Ten home bakers took part in a bake-off to test every aspect of their baking skills as they battled to be crowned the Great British Bake Off's best amateur baker. Each week the nationwide tour saw bakers put through three challenges in a particular discipline, with some being eliminated from competition at the end of the episode. The rounds of the competition took place in various locations across the UK following a theme, for example, the episode on puddings would take place in Bakewell, bread baking would take place near Sandwich. This first series had a voiceover by Stephen Noonan; for the subsequent series this role was taken by the on-screen presenters Mel Giedroyc and Sue Perkins. The competition was won by Edd Kimber.


question: where does the un security council get troops for military actions

answers: member states of the UN

answers: member states

title: United Nations Security Council

text: measures are to be taken in situations involving "threats to the peace, breaches of the peace, or acts of aggression". In such situations, the Council is not limited to recommendations but may take action, including the use of armed force "to maintain or restore international peace and security". This was the legal basis for UN armed action in Korea in 1950 during the Korean War and the use of coalition forces in Iraq and Kuwait in 1991 and Libya in 2011. Decisions taken under Chapter VII, such as economic sanctions, are binding on UN members; the Security Council is the

title: United Nations Security Council

text: British Royal Marines, and the UN-authorised 2001 invasion of Afghanistan was overseen by NATO. In 2003, the US invaded Iraq despite failing to pass a UN Security Council resolution for authorization, prompting a new round of questioning of the organization's effectiveness. In the same decade, the Security Council intervened with peacekeepers in crises including the War in Darfur in Sudan and the Kivu conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo. In 2013, an internal review of UN actions in the final battles of the Sri Lankan Civil War in 2009 concluded that the organization had suffered "systemic failure". In November/December

title: Human rights

text: The United Nations Security Council has the primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security and is the only body of the UN that can authorise the use of force. It has been criticised for failing to take action to prevent human rights abuses, including the Darfur crisis, the Srebrenica massacre and the Rwandan Genocide. For example, critics blamed the presence of non-democracies on the Security Council for its failure regarding. On April 28, 2006 the Security Council adopted resolution 1674 that reaffirmed the responsibility to protect populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity" and committed

title: Legitimacy of the 2003 invasion of Iraq

text: to specifically authorize the invasion. The Iraq Inquiry in the UK later found that the legal basis for the law was questionable. The UN Security Council, as outlined in Article 39 of the UN Charter, theoretically has the ability to rule on the legality of the war, but the US and the UK have veto power in the Security Council, so action is highly improbable even if the issue were to be raised. Despite this, the UN General Assembly (UNGA) may ask that the International Court of Justice (ICJ)—"the principal judicial organ of the United Nations" (Article 92)—give either an

title: United Nations Security Council

text: in most high-profile cases, there are essentially no consequences for violating a Security Council resolution. During the Darfur crisis, Janjaweed militias, allowed by elements of the Sudanese government, committed violence against an indigenous population, killing thousands of civilians. In the Srebrenica massacre, Serbian troops committed genocide against Bosniaks, although Srebrenica had been declared a UN safe area, protected by 400 armed Dutch peacekeepers. The UN Charter gives all three powers of the legislative, executive, and judiciary branches to the Security Council. In his inaugural speech at the 16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement in August 2012, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei criticized

title: International reactions to the Ghouta chemical attack

text: only when in exercise of self-defense, or when the Security Council approves such action". According to Lakhdar Brahimi (UN and Arab League Special Envoy to Syria since August 2012), "I think international law is clear on this. International law says that military action must be taken after a decision by the Security Council ... certainly international law is very clear – the Security Council has to be brought in." The UK government published its legal position on the legality of military action. It stated it was seeking a resolution from the United Nations Security Council that would, among other things,

title: Use of force by states

text: circumstances and to avoid a humanitarian catastrophe, military action can be taken and it is on that legal basis that military action was taken." It is very difficult to reconcile this statement with the UN Charter. When NATO used military force against the Yugoslav state, it did not have authorization from the Security Council, but it was not condemned either. This is because veto-wielding countries held strong positions on both sides of the dispute. Many countries oppose such unauthorized humanitarian interventions on the formal ground that they are simply illegal, or on the practical ground that such a right would

title: Foreign policy of the United States

text: United Nations Charter requires that military operations be either for self-defense or affirmatively approved by the Security Council. Though many of their operations have followed these rules, the United States and NATO have been accused of committing crimes against peace in international law, for example in the 1999 Yugoslavia and 2003 Iraq operations. The U.S. provides military aid through many different channels. Counting the items that appear in the budget as 'Foreign Military Financing' and 'Plan Colombia', the U.S. spent approximately $4.5 billion in military aid in 2001, of which $2 billion went to Israel, $1.3 billion went to Egypt,

title: United Nations Mission in South Sudan

text: in Akobo, Jonglei, on 19 December. On 24 December, the UNSC voted to nearly double the existing 7,600 troops in the mission, with another approximately 6,000 troops to be added. The UN Secretary General expressed deep concern as UN staff received threats from the body guards of Senior government Information Minister that demanded armed access to UN Mission Camps where civilians are sheltering. Following this incident President Salva Kiir accused the UN of sheltering armed opposition forces in their UN Mission, which the UN denied. Salva Kiir also accused the UN of an attempted take over of his leadership. On

title: United Nations peacekeeping

text: In 2007, a peacekeeper volunteer was required to be over the age of 25 with no maximum age limit. Peacekeeping forces are contributed by member states on a voluntary basis.  As of 31 December 2013, the total size of the peacekeeping force is 98,200 police, troops, and military experts. European nations contribute nearly 6,000 units to this total. Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh are among the largest individual contributors with around 8,000 units each. African nations contributed nearly half the total, almost 44,000 units.

title: United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone

text: force enforcing capabilities for troops. Chapter VII of the UN charter outlines the power of the Security Council to maintain peace through “measures it deems necessary”, including military power. When the Security Council changed the mandate of UNAMSIL, they outlined the ability to: “take the necessary action, in the discharge of its mandate, to ensure the security and freedom of movement of its personnel and, within its capabilities and areas of deployment, to afford protection to civilians under imminent threat of physical violence” The ability to use force was a powerful deterrent in the illicit diamond trade that fueled the

title: 2008 Nord-Kivu campaign

text: 7, UN officials claimed that the $7.1 billion budget (USD) for peacekeeping troops was insufficient even before planned reinforcements of MONUC could be fulfilled; even the troop and equipment requirements may not be met, as Western countries declined support, citing the conflict not as "strategically vital" as those in Iraq and Afghanistan. International Crisis Group vice-president Fabienne Hara stated that, "Contributions of U.N. members states will probably not grow at the very least, if not diminish... [some missions] may not be funded properly due to a crisis in terms of resources." An anonymous UN official claimed that the Security Council

title: 2003 invasion of Iraq

text: weapons inspections. After considerable debate, the UN Security Council adopted a compromise resolution, UN Security Council Resolution 1441, which authorized the resumption of weapons inspections and promised "serious consequences" for non-compliance. Security Council members France and Russia made clear that they did not consider these consequences to include the use of force to overthrow the Iraqi government. Both the U.S. ambassador to the UN, John Negroponte, and the UK ambassador, Jeremy Greenstock, publicly confirmed this reading of the resolution, assuring that Resolution 1441 provided no "automaticity" or "hidden triggers" for an invasion without further consultation of the Security Council. Resolution

title: Unified Task Force

text: through the territory of another. Some elements were actively opposing the UNOSOM intervention. Troops were shot at, aid ships attacked and prevented from docking, cargo aircraft were fired upon and aid agencies, public and private, were subject to threats, looting and extortion. By November, General Mohamed Farrah Aidid had grown confident enough to defy the Security Council formally and demand the withdrawal of peacekeepers, as well as declaring hostile intent against any further UN deployments. In the face of mounting public pressure and frustration, UN Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali presented several options to the Security Council. Diplomatic avenues having proved largely

title: Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War

text: in military action in Syria. Mid November 2015, the UK co-sponsored a French-drafted UN Security Council resolution urging UN members to "take all necessary measures" in the fight against Islamic State and al-Nusra Front. On 20 November 2015, the UN Security Council unanimously passed the French-British drafted-sponsored resolution. British Ambassador to the U.N. Matthew Rycroft said the resolution would be used by prime minister David Cameron to address Parliament on his plans to begin airstrikes by the UK in Syria. On 3 December 2015, after the UK parliament overwhelmingly backed the UK government′s motion to extend the UK military action

title: Opération Licorne

text: at the Akouédo military camp in Abidjan. UN helicopters were flown by Ukrainian Ground Forces crews seconded to the United Nations. The attacks sparked protests by a Gbagbo spokesperson, who said that such actions were "illegal, illegitimate and unacceptable." UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon defended the actions, however, saying that "the [UN] mission has taken this action in self-defence and to protect civilians." He noted that Gbagbo’s forces had fired on United Nations patrols and attacked the organization’s headquarters in Abidjan “with heavy-caliber sniper fire as well as mortars and rocket-propelled grenades,” wounding four peacekeepers. Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov said

title: United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire

text: sparked protests by a Gbagbo spokesperson, who said that such actions were "illegal, illegitimate and unacceptable." UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon defended the actions, however, saying that "the [UN] mission has taken this action in self-defence and to protect civilians." He noted that Gbagbo’s forces had fired on United Nations patrols and attacked the organization’s headquarters in Abidjan “with heavy-caliber sniper fire as well as mortars and rocket-propelled grenades,” wounding four peacekeepers. Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov said that Russia intends to look into the legitimacy of the use of force by UN peacekeepers. The position of the Russian government was

title: Christopher Greenwood

text: and allied powers was sanctioned by the UN Security Council. However, the opinion was concluded in the month before the adoption of UN Resolution 1441 and the conclusion was stated to be dependent on one of three conditions being satisfied. These conditions (he said) were (1) ""if the UN Security Council adopts a fresh resolution authorizing military action against Iraq and any conditions set out in that resolution are met"" - this did not happen; or (2) ""under existing Security Council resolutions on the basis that the Security Council considered that (a) Iraq is in material breach of those resolutions""

title: Rationale for the Iraq War

text: his first campaign for president Bush was highly critical of using U.S. military might for humanitarian ends. Others have questioned why military intervention for humanitarian reasons would supposedly have been justified in Iraq but not in other countries where human rights violations were even greater, such as Darfur. In the end, by Article 1 of the UN Charter, the United Nations has the responsibility: "To achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character, and in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race,

title: Iraq War

text: US actions, while France and Germany were critical of plans to invade Iraq, arguing instead for continued diplomacy and weapons inspections. After considerable debate, the UN Security Council adopted a compromise resolution, UN Security Council Resolution 1441, which authorized the resumption of weapons inspections and promised "serious consequences" for non-compliance. Security Council members France and Russia made clear that they did not consider these consequences to include the use of force to overthrow the Iraqi government. The US and UK ambassadors to the UN publicly confirmed this reading of the resolution. Resolution 1441 set up inspections by the United Nations

title: United Nations Security Council veto power

text: of a majority of countries, may cripple any possible UN armed or diplomatic response to a crisis. For instance, John J. Mearsheimer claimed that "since 1982, the US has vetoed 32 Security Council resolutions critical of Israel, more than the total number of vetoes cast by all the other Security Council members." Since candidates for the Security Council are proposed by regional blocs, the Arab League and its allies are usually included but Israel, which joined the UN in 1949, has never been elected to the Security Council. The Council has repeatedly condemned Israel. On the other hand, critics contend

title: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701

text: supported by 53 military observers from UN Truce Supervision Organization and about 308 local civilian staff members. Other countries have been reported as willing to send troops, but have not shared troop numbers. They include: Australia, Bangladesh, Bulgaria (160 frigate crew members), Latvia, Lithuania, Morocco, New Zealand, Russia (400) and Thailand. Israel indicated that it is not in favor of troops being included from countries that have offered to send troops but do not recognize Israel as a state, such as Bangladesh, Indonesia, and Malaysia. The Resolution, in Paragraph 2, "calls upon the Government of Lebanon and UNIFIL as authorized

title: United Nations Human Rights Council

text: actions by Hezbollah in Israel", as the Council had explicitly prohibited it from investigating the actions of Hezbollah. The Council released a statement calling on Israel to stop its military operations in the Gaza Strip and to open the Strip's borders to allow the entry of food, fuel and medicine. The Council adopted the resolution by a vote of 30 to 1, with 15 states abstaining. "Unfortunately, neither this resolution nor the current session addressed the role of both parties. It was regretful that the current draft resolution did not condemn the rocket attacks on Israeli civilians," said Canada's representative

title: United Nations Mission in South Sudan

text: by Security Council Resolution 1996 and extended to 15 July 2013 by Resolution 2057. As per Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, the peacekeeping mission is concerned with the protection of civilians, and thus is not mandated to engage in protection of South Sudan's territory or the sovereignty of that territory (cf. the 2012 South Sudan–Sudan border war). Force Commanders UN Security Council resolution 2132 (24 December 2013) authorised a military component of up to 12,500 troops, and a police component of up to 1,323. India has supplied 2,237 troops; the Deputy Force Commander is India's Brigadier General Asit

title: United Nations peacekeeping

text: United Nations itself, with troops serving under UN operational control. In these cases, peacekeepers remain members of their respective armed forces, and do not constitute an independent "UN army," as the UN does not have such a force. In cases where direct UN involvement is not considered appropriate or feasible, the Council authorizes regional organizations such as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the Economic Community of West African States, or coalitions of willing countries to undertake peacekeeping or peace-enforcement tasks. Mr. Jean-Pierre Lacroix is the Head of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations. He took over from the former Under-Secretary-General

title: United Nations Security Council and the Iraq War

text: Days later the invasion began. According to Britain, a majority of the UN Security Council members supported its proposed 18th resolution which gave Iraq a deadline to comply with previous resolutions, until France announced that they would veto any new resolution that gave Iraq a deadline. However, for a resolution to pass, a supermajority of 9 out of 15 votes are needed. Only four countries announced they would support a resolution backing the war. In the mid-1990s, France, Russia and other members of the UN Security Council asked for sanctions on Iraq to be lifted. The sanctions were criticized for

title: Legality of the Iraq War

text: refusal or obstruction of United Nations weapons inspections in violation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 687 (1991), repression of its civilian population in violation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 688 (1991), and threatening its neighbors or United Nations operations in Iraq in violation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 949 (1994). The commission of inquiry of the government of the Netherlands found that the UN resolution of the 1990s provided no authority for the invasion. The legal right to determine how to enforce its own resolutions lies with the Security Council alone (UN Charter Articles 39-42), not with

title: Sangnoksu Unit

text: adopted a resolution to approve the establishment of coalition forces, which undertook a mission to secure public peace in East Timor. On October 25, the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) approved the establishment of the United Nations Mission in East Timor (UNAMET) through the Security Council Resolution 1272, and in February 2000, more than 8,300 U.N. peacekeepers were replaced by coalition forces. On September 15, 1999, South Korea decided to dispatch troops for the first time to contribute to UN peacekeeping operations, which the United Nations has imposed on coalition forces, and finally dispatched 430 people on September 28. They

title: Humanitarian intervention

text: issues as mass displacement, and the UN Security Council has authorized use of force in situations that many states would have previously viewed as "internal" conflicts. In several instances states or groups of states have intervened with force, and without advanced authorization from the UN Security Council, at least in part in response to alleged extreme violations of basic human rights. Fairly recent examples include the intervention after the Gulf War to protect the Kurds in northern Iraq as well as NATO's intervention in Kosovo. Four distinct attitudes or approaches to the legitimacy of humanitarian intervention in the absence of

text: 667 galvanised world opinion into support for extreme force to counter Saddam Hussein's actions. Iraq's Deputy Representative to the United Nations, Sabah Talat Kadrat, denounced the resolution, saying the Council took rapid action against his country but has taken none with regards to Israeli–Palestinian conflict. United Nations Security Council Resolution 667 United Nations Security Council resolution 667, adopted unanimously on 16 September 1990, after recalling resolutions 660 (1990), 661 (1990), 664 (1990), 665 (1990) and 666 (1990), the Council expressed its outrage and condemned "aggressive acts" by Iraq against diplomatic missions and personnel in occupied Kuwait, including the abduction of

title: United Nations peacekeeping


question: who wrote trust and believe by keyshia cole

answers: Jessyca Wilson

answers: Darhyl Camper, Jr.

answers: Guordan Banks

answers: Keyshia Cole

title: Woman to Woman (Keyshia Cole album)

text: 84. "Trust and Believe" is the album's second single. It is a heartfelt ballad written by R&B duo The Righterz and was produced by DJ Camper. "Trust and Believe" was released for digital download on October 22, 2012 and again on November 13, 2012. On October 24, it was ranked the number one added song to Urban radio of the week. Cole announced on her official Twitter account that "I Choose You" will be the album's third single. It was sent to urban radio on August 23, 2013. The music video for the song was filmed in August 2013. It

title: Woman to Woman (Keyshia Cole album)

text: was directed by Ethan Lader. The video displays a story of Cole in love with two men, but unable to let one go. Cole appeared on BET's "106 & Park" on October 2, 2013 for the world premiere of the video. The video premiered on VEVO later that evening. On October 13, 2012, Cole performed "Trust and Believe" at the "Black Girls Rock!" Awards. The show aired on BET on November 4, 2012. On November 17, 2012, Cole performed in Chicago at WGCI’s Big Jam 2012 alongside Usher, Rick Ross, Kelly Rowland, Fat Joe and Future. Cole performed "Enough of

title: Woman to Woman (Keyshia Cole album)

text: of 4 out of 5 stars stating "Back to her signature sound on emotional heavy ballads such as the new single, 'Trust and Believe', she is reminding fans why they fell in love with her back in 2005." Steve Jones of nationwide magazine "USA Today" rated the album 3 out of 4 stars calling Cole a "feisty soul singer" saying that it's "a conversation that women might actually have and that men might want to be aware of." The album debuted at number ten on the "Billboard" 200 selling 96,000 copies in its first week in the United States, becoming

title: Keyshia Cole

text: 9, 2012, the song debuted at number 94 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 where it ultimately peaked at number 84. The second single, "Trust and Believe" was released for digital download on October 22, 2012 and again on November 13, 2012. On October 24, it was ranked the number one added song to Urban radio of the week. "I Choose You" was released as the third single during August 2013. Cole embarked on her third headlining concert tour, in support of her fifth studio album, Woman to Woman. Visiting North America and Europe the tour will have 27 total dates.

title: Trust and Believe

text: the song debuted at #14 on "Billboard's" Hot R&B Songs Chart and #39 on their Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs Chart. The music video was directed by longtime collaborator Benny Boom. Produced as a mini-movie, the video features dialogue and acting from Cole herself (crediting as Cole-Gibson) along with actress Tae Heckard and model Rotimi. It was officially approved on October 25. The music video premiered on BET's "106 & Park" on November 8, 2012. On the week of November 13, 2012, "Trust and Believe" was the most liked music video of the year and had over a million views on YouTube.

title: Woman to Woman (Keyshia Cole album)

text: No Love" and "Trust and Believe". On November 20, 2012 Cole and Ashanti performed "Woman to Woman" at Best Buy Theater in New York City Cole performed "Enough of No Love" and "Trust and Believe" at the 2012 Soul Train Awards, which premiered on November 26, 2012. On March 18, 2013, Cole performed "Trust and Believe" on "Jimmy Kimmel Live". In an interview with the "Los Angeles Times", Cole revealed that she was planning a tour called the Woman to Woman Tour for 2013. "I want to do a “Woman to Woman” tour. I want powerful singers, Brandy, possibly, Melanie

title: Keyshia Cole

text: Hot 100. Cole released the third and final single from the album, "Trust", a duet with Monica, on May 5, 2009, which reached number five on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. To promote the album and single, Cole embarked on her first headlining tour, A Different Me Tour in summer 2009. Throughout this time, Cole was featured as the cover artist on several magazines such as the March 2009 issue of "Vibe", WordUp!, the Summer 2009 final double-cover issue of "King", and the June issue of "Sister 2 Sister" with her mother Yvonne Cole. With more collaborations along the

title: Keyshia Cole

text: hip hop" and contains a "smoky flavor, and a husky texture." Cole's musical themes and lyrics touch upon the topics of empowerment, reflection, heartache and love. Coles fifth studio album "Woman to Woman" (2012) was described by Ben Ratliff of "The New York Times" as a R&B almanac of shaky romance, with nearly every song a first-person narrative with gnarled details, endlessly recombining data about suspicion, jealousy, pride, punishment, self-respect, the led-up, the aftermath." The album's lyrics revolved around "emotionally painful romantic issues." Cole grew up listening to her mentor Tupac Shakur. Cole cites Mary J. Blige as one of

title: Trust and Believe

text: DJ Camper. It premiered on Tuesday, October 2, 2012. The heartfelt ballad reflects upon Cole's position, with being cheated on by her ex-lover with her best friend. With it being one of Cole's favorites on the album, it shows the true premise of the album to help ladies with men who have done them wrong. Another heartfelt single, the song is very reminiscent of Cole's 2006 hit "Love". "I cried when I heard it" says Cole at an interview for Power 99 FM in Philly. Production of the single includes a sample from "End of the Road" by R&B group

title: Trust and Believe

text: "Trust and Believe is the second single from Cole's album Woman to Woman. It was co-written by Guordan Banks and Jessyca Wilson of R&B duo The Righterz.  It was produced by Grammy-nominated producer and songwriter DJ Camper. It premiered on Tuesday, October 2, 2012. The heartfelt ballad reflects upon Cole's position, with being cheated on by her ex-lover with her best friend. With it being one of Cole's favorites on the album, it shows the true premise of the album to help ladies with men who have done them wrong.

title: Woman to Woman (Keyshia Cole album)

text: rarely addressed directly, Cole makes music for women dealing with a wide variety of emotionally painful romantic issues" while informing that this is "among her best work." Rick Florino of Artistdirect gave the album a rating of 4.5 out of 5 stars saying "Cole's got that timeless talent and presence that make for essential records, and that's exactly what 'Woman to Woman' is." "Embrace You" Magazine gave a rating of 4.8 out of 5 stars saying "‘‘Woman to Woman’’ reigns in maturity, depth, and solidity, and Keyshia’s voice is sounding more passionate than ever." R&B website ThisIsRnB.com gave a rating

title: You (Keyshia Cole song)

text: which addresses bitter breakups with anthemic empowerment and no-holds-barred bashing. Riding with Keyshia is her longtime pal Remy, who provides her own take on the concept. French Montana follows the ladies with a verse of his own, also admonishing an ex. Later, he even adds a political reference. “Your game week like seven nights / Coming with them same lines like Trump wife.”" Lakin Starling from The Fader magazine gave a positive review calling the song a "liberating anthem" also stating the song as a "perfect for the moment when you've reached a turning point in a relationship and decide

title: Just like You (Keyshia Cole album)

text: her debut album, "The Way It Is". About the album, Cole says, "This album is more about you, inside, and how you need to get yourself together, rather than pointing at somebody else and saying, 'You don't treat me right, you don't do this.' I'm truly lovin it, I listen to it myself. The last album, I didn't really listen to until I went on tour. [Because] when you listen to your own experience, it's like, I don't wanna hear it anymore. I do write from my personal experiences, but I think it's very important to young women." Guests include

title: Trust and Believe

text: Boyz II Men and an instrumental resembling a beating heart. The single premiered on Cole's official website on October 2, 2012. It was sent to Urban Radio and released for digital download on October 22. Just days later, the song was named as the number one song added to Urban Radio for that week. On Thursday November 1, 2012 the song debuted on Billboards Hip-Hop/R&B Airplay Chart at number 44 making it her biggest debut on that chart since "Love". Nearly three weeks after its premiere, the song was rereleased to online markets on November 13, 2012. On November 22,

title: Keyshia Cole discography

text: single. "I Ain't Thru" featuring Nicki Minaj peaked on the "Billboard" Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart at number 19. The following single, "Take Me Away", peaked at number 20 on the "Billboard" Bubbling Under chart. "Long Way Down" was issued as a promotional single. "Woman to Woman" is Cole's fifth studio album, released November 19, 2012 in the United States by Geffen Records. The album debuted at number 10 on the "Billboard" 200, with first week sales of 96,000, lower than her last effort. The album yielded three singles, "Enough of No Love" featuring Lil Wayne, "Trust and Believe" and

title: Woman to Woman (Keyshia Cole album)

text: from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 78, which indicates "generally favorable reviews", based on five reviews. Ben Ratliff of "The New York Times" states, ""Woman to Woman," Ms. Cole's fifth album, is an R&B almanac of shaky romance, nearly every song a first-person narrative with gnarled details, endlessly recombining data about suspicion, jealousy, pride, punishment, self-respect, the led-up, the aftermath." Mark Edward Nero of About.com rated the album 4.5 stars out of 5 labeling it as "angrily defiant" and "consistently good". Allmusic’s Andy Kellman gave the album 4 out of 5 starts stating "Although women are

title: Paul Trust

text: College football and basketball. In addition he wrote, produced and mixed “We Own The Night” the 2016 promotional theme for Thursday Night Football. In 2011 he wrote the song Stand Up which was recorded by American Idol semi finalist James Durbin and produced by Howard Benson and was part of an NFL compilation album entitled Official Gameday Music of the NFL Vol. 2. Paul Trust Paul Trust is an American songwriter and record producer who has worked with recording artists such as Starset, Morgan Wallen, Say Anything, Diecast, Endo, Jesse Strange, Atom Smash, Downplay and The Cleopatra Complex. His work

title: Woman to Woman (Keyshia Cole album)

text: Fiona, possibly. Just singers that can really blow but also have some things and records out right now." says Cole. "We’re working that out right now, so that could be a February–March." The Woman to Woman Tour started on March 28, 2013 at the NYCB Theatre at Westbury in Westbury, New York and ended on April 21, 2013 at the Fox Theater in Oakland, California visiting 18 North American venues, featuring Chrisette Michele and Mateo as supporting artists. "Woman to Woman" received generally positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews

title: Lauren Daigle

text: Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year, with her single "Trust in You." Daigle's album "How Can It Be" was nominated for a 2016 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Christian Music Album; her single "Trust in You" was nominated for a 2017 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song. "You Say" was nominated for the 2019 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song. Daigle was born in Lafayette, Louisiana. She was influenced by zydeco, blues and Cajun music in her environment. Her mother called her house "The music box" because she was always singing. Daigle did not consider music

title: I Will Trust

text: I Will Trust I Will Trust is the fourteenth solo album from Contemporary Gospel singer Fred Hammond. The album was released on November 17, 2014 through RCA Records. "I Will Trust" sees Fred Hammond freshly inspired after he underwent double knee replacement. Feelings of gratefulness and unswerving trust fill the album, which is jubilant—often to a full-tilt extent—even at its most reflective. Unsurprisingly, there are some nimble and juicy basslines here, as heard throughout "I Believe," "It's Mine," and "You Bless Me Over and Over." Rather amazingly, Hammond supported this album with a 30-city tour alongside Donnie McClurkin. Credits adapted

title: Woman to Woman (Keyshia Cole album)

text: Among those artists with featured vocals on are Ashanti, who appears on the title track "Woman to Woman", Meek Mill on "Zero", Elijah Blake on "Wonderland", Robin Thicke providing backing vocals on "Next Move", and Lil Wayne who appears on the album's first single "Enough of No Love". The song "I Choose You" was first recorded by Mary J. Blige and then by Jennifer Hudson, both of whom rejected the song. The album title, "Woman to Woman", comes from Cole's decision to speak especially to females with this album. She is encouraging ladies who are in bad relationships, as she

title: Keyshia Cole

text: started development on her fifth studio album shortly after she came out with her fourth album ("Calling All Hearts"). She began production on the project working first with writers Ester Dean and Betty Wright. She also collaborated with producers Boi-1da, Cool & Dre, Bangladesh, J.U.S.T.I.C.E. League, Toxic, Mave, and Earl Powell. This is her first project to be released without A&R executive Ron Fair. Her fifth studio album, "Woman to Woman" was released on November 19, 2012. The album debuted at number 10 on the "Billboard" 200 selling 96,000 copies in its first week in the United States, becoming Cole's

title: In Music We Trust

text: In Music We Trust In Music We Trust is a music webzine, publicity company, and record label based in Portland, Oregon. It was established as a webzine in July 1997 by Alex Steininger and his friend Ryan O'Neill. Its original goal was to help promote work by new artists. Steininger founded the website after losing his job at another online magazine, when he contacted O'Neill for his web design expertise and asked him for help. The website was named a "cool site" by the Open Directory Project. In 2001, Steininger started In Music We Trust Records; its first release was

title: Keyshia Cole

text: then peaked on the Billboard US "Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs" at number 27. On January 17, 2011, Cole tweeted "Would like for u guys to know that Manny Halley is no longer my management", followed by "Someone said if the people around u won't change, change the people around you." This happened shortly after the decline of opening week sales of Cole's album "Calling All Hearts". She also disclosed that recent business disagreements also played part in their departure. This is Cole's first album to be released without Halley, as he was with her at the beginning of her career. Cole

title: Keyshia Cole

text: to premiere during Fall 2014, but aired on February 24, 2015. Cole announced that she was teaming up with fashion designer Steve Madden to create her own shoe collection, specifically high heels, wedges, and boots. "I am super excited to collaborate with Steve Madden," stated Cole. "It's something I've wanted to do for a long time. I love his style and I think we came up with an amazing vibrant collection. We have something for every fashion diva!" Cole's voice has been described as having a "flexible range of R&B, the muscular punch of soul and the hard character of

title: Woman to Woman (Keyshia Cole album)

text: Cole tweeted "Would like for u guys to know that Manny Halley is no longer my management." followed by "Someone said if the people around u won't change, change the people around you." This happened shortly after the decline of opening week sales of Cole's album "Calling All Hearts". She also disclosed that recent business disagreements played a part in their split. This was Cole's first album to be released without Halley, as he stayed with her from the beginning of her career. The two reconnected in 2013. Recording primarily took place at Geffen headquarters and Chalice Recording Studios in

title: Woman to Woman (Keyshia Cole album)

text: Los Angeles. Material was also recorded at Westlake Recording Studios. Other recording sessions took place in New York and Cleveland, Ohio, including Cole's home studio. In early 2011, Cole started production in early stages working with producers Boi-1da, Cool & Dre, Earl Powell and Toxic, along with Ester Dean. Cole also collaborated with Sak Pase. More producers for the album include Rodney Jerkins, T-Minus, DJ Camper, and Carlos McKinney. The album is produced by Cole, G Roberson, among others from Interscope Records. Cole worked with Elijah Blake, formerly known as Redd Stylez on the lead single, "Enough of No Love".

title: Keyshia Cole

text: her greatest musical inspirations, along with R&B singers Brandy and Monica. In an interview, Cole spoke about artists from the 1980s that influenced her. "Anita Baker, her voice is incredible and her lyrics are deep. Really listen to them. [...] Big Daddy Kane, the original...you can't think Brooklyn or door knockers and not think Big Daddy Kane, smooth operator: one of hip-hop's pioneers. LL Cool J, one of the first MC's to really dissect lyrics and turn them inside out; and he made it sexy! MC Lyte, the female MC that rhymes in such a way that you don’t care

title: Keyshia Cole discography

text: number two on the "Billboard" 200 with first week sales of 322,000, the highest of Cole's career. The album has been certified platinum by the RIAA, and has sold 1 million copies in the US. "A Different Me" spawned three singles: "Playa Cardz Right", "You Complete Me", and "Trust" featuring R&B singer Monica. "Calling All Hearts" is Cole's fourth album, released on December 21, 2010 in the United States by Geffen Records. The album debuted and peaked at number nine on the "Billboard" 200, with first week sales of 129,000. The album produced two singles, as well as a promotional

title: You (Keyshia Cole song)

text: house where Keyshia is having a conversation with the two police officers. The officers stated that her boyfriend hasn't been home all day, she and him are confronting recently and that he was cheating on her with another girl. Cole denies all the answers and the officers ask her to wait another day to figure it out. She stands up and leaves the room. As the song begins, words flash up on the screen and in reality, it seems that Cole has gagged her boyfriend (played by Tyler Lepley) who's hidden inside the closet. She then proceeds to get rid

title: Trust and Believe

short_answers:
Guordan Banks
Jessyca Wilson