question: how many seasons of the glades were made

answers: four

title: Cranberry Glades

text: cranberries, sphagnum moss, skunk cabbage, and two carnivorous plants (purple pitcher plant, sundew). The Glades serve as the southernmost home of many of the plant species found there. The Glades have been the subject of much scientific study, especially during the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s. Professor Maurice Brooks conducted studies in 1930, 1934, and 1945. The work of Strausbaugh (1934), Darlington (1943), and Core (1955) followed. In 1974, the Cranberry Glades Botanical Area was designated a National Natural Landmark. The natural history of the Glades has been traced back at least 12,200 years. Apparently, a forest of conifer-northern hardwoods replaced

title: Glades culture

text: I, 500 BCE to 750 CE, Glades II, 900 to 1200, and Glades III, 1200 to 1513. Glades culture The Glades culture is an archaeological culture in southernmost Florida that lasted from about 500 BCE until shortly after European contact. Its area included the Everglades, the Florida Keys, the Atlantic coast of Florida north through present-day Martin County and the Gulf coast north to Marco Island in Collier County. It did not include the area around Lake Okeechobee, which was part of the Belle Glade culture. Two, or possibly three, areas at the extremities of the cultural area are recognized

title: Glades culture

text: throughout the Glades culture period was undecorated. It is identified as Glades primarily by the character of the sand and grit included in the clay used to form the pottery. Pots decorated with puncture marks and incisions appeared after 500, but were not very common. Decorated pots disappeared from the record in about 1100. Pots with a new type of incised decoration appeared about 1200 and lasted for about 200 years. Pottery attributed to the St. Johns culture started appearing in the archeological record after that. On the basis of pottery sequences, the Glades culture period is divided into Glades

title: Cranberry Glades

text: tundra with the end of the last Ice Age. Over time the Glades formed into what it is today. Now, most of the bog is underlain by peat that is up to thick. Under the peat is a layer of algal ooze and the ooze by marl. Since a limestone source in the surrounding rocks is indicated, an ample source appears to be present in the underlying Hinton Formation, a circumstance that also has significant implications for the Glades' flora. The area is not entirely a glade, but a bog or wetland covered with all sorts of decaying vegetation. The

title: Cranberry Glades

text: peat and decaying organic matter is more than ten feet thick under the dense plant cover. The ground is not as much as quicksand or swampy, but spongy. It is in a high valley, about 3,300 to 3,400 feet (1,005 to 1,036 meters) above sea level, surrounded by the Cranberry, Kennison, and Black Mountains. Five separate glades were identified and named in 1911 — Big Glade (59 acres), Flag Glade (28 acres), Long Glade (20 acres), Round Glade (8 acres) and Little Glade (1 acre). The smallest, Little Glade, has since grown over and is no longer recognizable. Darlington's studies

title: The Glades (TV series)

text: on March 7, 2012. It contains all 13 episodes of season one. Special features include deleted scenes, a gag reel, behind-the-scenes footage, "Sunshine State of Mind: Casting The Glades" and "A Location for Murder: Filming in The Glades" featurettes, and cast commentaries. "The Glades: Season Two" was released on DVD in region 1 on July 10, 2012, and is set to be released in region 4 on December 31, 2013. It contains all 13 episodes of season two. Special features include deleted scenes, commentary, "Jim Longworth's Guide to Police Work" and "Love Triangles: Relationship Complexities and The Glades" featurettes, and

title: The Glades (TV series)

text: It is filmed in a former carpet warehouse in Pembroke Park, Florida, and in the Hollywood and Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, metro area, making it one of the three series at the time, along with "Burn Notice" and "Retired at 35", to be filmed exclusively in the state. Matt Passmore was the first actor cast in the series. Kiele Sanchez, Uriah Shelton, and Carlos Gómez were cast next. On February 25, 2010, "The Glades" was given a series order of 13 episodes. Though A&E advertised the show as a "CSI"-type series, it was more of a standard "police procedural", with forensics

title: Glades culture

text: Glades culture The Glades culture is an archaeological culture in southernmost Florida that lasted from about 500 BCE until shortly after European contact. Its area included the Everglades, the Florida Keys, the Atlantic coast of Florida north through present-day Martin County and the Gulf coast north to Marco Island in Collier County. It did not include the area around Lake Okeechobee, which was part of the Belle Glade culture. Two, or possibly three, areas at the extremities of the cultural area are recognized as variant districts: the Ten Thousand Islands district in southern coastal Collier County and northern Monroe County,

title: Cranberry Glades

text: — also live in the Big Glade. Much of the area provides a home for many species of mosses. These include a cover of sphagnum moss, bird-wheat moss, bog moss and reindeer lichen. Hummocks of these plants reach a height of . Over top of these grow prostrate cranberry vines that bloom nice pink flowers in the summer and a bunch of fruits in late September. Within the Glades floodplain, most tree species occur in the "bog forest" habitat, which is composed primarily of a mixture of red spruce, eastern (or Canada) hemlock, yellow birch and red maple. The upland

title: List of The Glades episodes

text: A total of 49 episodes of The Glades were produced and aired over four seasons.

title: Cranberry Glades

text: between Kennison and Black Mountains. It then joins the Gauley River down the mountains at about above sea level. Many of the plants found in the Glades resemble those in the northern region of North America. They are descendants of seeds that took root over ten thousand years ago before the last glacial retreat. Among these are two unusual species of carnivorous plants that thrive in the area — the purple pitcher plant and native sundew. They evolved carnivorous habits because of the scarce root food in the spongy soil. Two very rare boreal plants — bog rosemary and buckbean

title: The Glades (TV series)

text: playing only a peripheral role in the stories. On September 13, 2010, A&E announced that the show had been renewed for a second season. Season two of the series premiered on Sunday, June 5, 2011. On October 18, 2011, "The Glades" was renewed for a third season, which premiered June 3, 2012. With a 5% increase in viewership, A&E renewed "The Glades" for a fourth season. On September 1, 2013, "The Huffington Post" reported that the A&E Network did not renew "The Glades" for its fifth season. Show creator Clifton Campbell later told Rob Owen that the fifth season would

title: Glades culture

text: the East Okeechobee district in eastern Martin and Palm Beach counties, and, with less certainty, the Florida Keys. At the time of first European contact, the Ten Thousand Islands district was part of the Calusa domain, the East Okeechobee district was occupied by the Jaega tribe, and the area of Broward and Miami-Dade counties was occupied by the Tequesta tribe. The inhabitants of the Florida Keys were called "Matecumbes" by the Spanish, but it is not clear how distinct they were from the Tequesta. The Glades culture is defined almost entirely on the basis of pottery. Much of the pottery

title: Interior Low Plateaus

text: woodland communities. Due to fire suppression and other land-use changes, many are now surrounded by dense thickets of redcedar ("Juniperus virginiana") and redbud ("Cercis canadensis"). Glades are most common the Nashville Basin, although there are rare examples found in the Mitchell Plain, Pennyroyal Plain and Outer Bluegrass. Glades have a flora adapted to extreme dry conditions in the summer, and standing water in the spring. The glades of the Nashville Basin and Moulton Valley are considered a center endemism due to their large number of restricted species. Characteristic species of the Nashville Basin glades include Nashville glade cress ("Leavenworthia stylosa"),

title: Glade Spring, Virginia

text: Glade Spring, Virginia Glade Spring is a town in Washington County, Virginia, United States. The population was 1,456 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Kingsport–Bristol (TN)–Bristol (VA) Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is a component of the Johnson City–Kingsport–Bristol, TN-VA Combined Statistical Area – commonly known as the "Tri-Cities" region. The original name of Glade Spring derives from the Indian word Passawatami which means "this is the place". According to early records, near the town is a field where Native American tribes held a type of Olympics in the fall, with athletic competitions, dancing and socializing. The Porterfield

title: Glade Spring, Virginia

text: census of 2000, there were 1,374 people, 565 households, and 402 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,093.4 people per square mile (421.0/km²). There were 626 housing units at an average density of 498.2 per square mile (191.8/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 92.36% White, 7.06% African American, 0.07% Native American, 0.15% Asian, 0.22% from other races, and 0.15% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.07% of the population. There were 565 households out of which 27.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.9% were

title: Cranberry Glades

text: the Glades form a bowl, draining their cool air downhill to the Glades. Due to the high elevation, the potential for frost exists year-round at Cranberry Glades. In some years, the frost-free period has been as short as 81 days. Still, the average summer high is in roughly 74 °F-82 °F (23 °C-28 °C). Mid-winter temperatures record as low as , and the area often sees heavy snow. Today, Cranberry Glades serves as a major tourism stop along the Highland Scenic Highway corridor. Near the Glades is the Cranberry Mountain Nature Center providing interpretive services. Within the Glades area itself,

title: Interior Low Plateaus

text: the Highland Rim. It is unclear whether these communities rely on fire for their openness, or are maintained by soil conditions alone. They are usually dominated by short grasses such as little bluestem ("Schizachyrium scoparium"), and large showy forbs such as prairie dock ("Silphium terebinthinaceum") and blazing star ("Liatris"). Barrens are particularity abundant and well-preserved in the area of Adams County, Ohio, which includes Adams Lake Prairie, Lynx Prairie, Chaparral Prairie, and others. Glades are areas of flat rock exposures of bedrock. In the Nashville Basin, glades are most often found in areas that were a matrix of barren and

title: Museum of the Glades

text: The archives grew following the 1977 excavation of the Belle Glade Mound that held many artifacts including pottery, shells, and bones. In 2012, an archaeologist completed research on the Belle Glade Mound Collection at the Smithsonian, and the prehistoric Native Americans that lived in the area between 700AD-1500AD. For many decades, the archives were curated by Dr. Joseph Orsenigo until his death in 2009. In 2012, the Belle Glade Historical Society reorganized to become the Museum of the Glades. The Belle Glades Culture is estimated to have prospered from around 500 BC through 1500 AD. These early people were well

title: Glade (geography)

text: Glade (geography) In the most general sense, a glade or clearing is an open area within a forest. Glades are often grassy meadows under the canopy of deciduous trees such as red alder or quaking aspen in western North America. They also represent openings in forests where local conditions such as avalanches, poor soils, or fire damage have created semi-permanent clearings. They are very important to herbivorous animals, such as deer and elk, for forage and denning activities. Sometimes the word is used in a looser sense, as in the treeless wetlands of the Everglades. In the central United States,

title: Glades (band)

text: Glades (band) Glades is an Australian electronica, indie pop band composed of vocalist/guitarist Karina Wykes and multi-instrumentalist producers Cameron Robertson and Joseph Wenceslao. The trio met at William Clarke College in Kellyville, New South Wales, Sydney and formed Glades in 2015. The band's name comes from a ski run band member Robertson saw on during a holiday in the snow. In 2015, the band uploaded a cover of fellow Australian Troye Sivan's "Fools" on SoundCloud and received an early endorsement from Sivan himself. The band signed to EMI Australia in 2016 and in October, released their debut extended play, "This

title: Glade (geography)

text: the term glade is used more specifically to describe rocky, prairie-like habitats that occur in areas of shallow soil. Glades are characterized by unique plant and animal communities that are adapted to harsh and dry conditions. Glade (geography) In the most general sense, a glade or clearing is an open area within a forest. Glades are often grassy meadows under the canopy of deciduous trees such as red alder or quaking aspen in western North America. They also represent openings in forests where local conditions such as avalanches, poor soils, or fire damage have created semi-permanent clearings. They are very

title: Belle Glade culture

text: hammocks near open water. In 2013, Victor D. Thompson UG, and Thomas J. Pluckhahn SFU researched the site. Besides finding additional mounds and features, their dating showed that Sears' dates were off by 1300 years. The great circle was started around 800 B.C. and soon after the mortuary mound/pond complex was built. These new dates likewise change the chronology. Glade II would have started 800-500 B.C. and would indicate that St. Johns and Weeden Island II culture likewise was earlier. The people of the Belle Glade culture subsisted on hunting and gathering. Animals in the diet included deer, turtle, snake,

title: The Glades (New Jersey)

text: The Glades (New Jersey) The Glades is a name for in Newport, New Jersey along the Delaware Bay. Owned by Natural Lands Trust, the formal name of this preserve is the "Glades Wildlife Refuge" and is publicly accessible at several points. Several of these points are part of New Jersey's Coastal Heritage Route. Part of Bear Swamp, Bear Swamp West, is in the Refuge. Its broadleaf swamp forests contain of old-growth forest, one of the largest such tracts in New Jersey. Fortescue Beach and Raybins Beach are home to migratory birds each spring as well as horseshoe crabs, which lay

title: Wildcat Glades Conservation and Audubon Center

text: underneath the soil, which has eroded and been exposed to the surface. Plants characteristic of arid areas, including cacti, grow here. Other plants had to adapt to the environment, resulting in some species having stunted growth. There are only of chert glades remaining, of which are in Wildcat Glades. In 2002, researchers from the New York Botanical Gardens visited Wildcat Glades to document lichen species as part of a regional study. During this visit, the researchers discovered a previously unknown species of lichen here, "Dermatocarpon arenosaxi", an unusual species that has adapted to survive both on land and in water.

title: Museum of the Glades

text: organized and had an extensive trade network with other tribes in Florida. During the 1930s, archeologists excavated the Belle Glade Mound, which was the first large mound site to be uncovered. Museum of the Glades The Lawrence E. Will Museum of the Glades, formerly the Belle Glade Historical Society, is a museum of local history located in Belle Glade, Florida. The Museum of the Glades represents the total Glades experience with an archive collection that dates back to the early Belle Glade people present thousands of years ago, the Seminoles, early pioneer settlements, agricultural tools and innovations, the early hurricanes

title: Indigenous people of the Everglades region

text: 1947, archaeologist John Goggin described the three periods after examining shell mounds. He excavated one on Matecumbe Key, another at Gordon Pass near modern-day Naples, and a third south of Lake Okeechobee near modern-day Belle Glade. The Glades I culture, lasting from 500 BCE to 800 CE, was apparently focused around Gordon Pass and is considered the least sophisticated due to the lack of artifacts. What has been found—primarily pottery—is gritty and plain. With the advent of a well-established culture in 800 CE, the Glades II period is characterized by more ornate pottery, wide use of tools throughout the South

title: Calcareous glade

text: name comes from the abundance of eastern redcedar ("Juniperus virginiana") that occurs on the margins of the glades or in cracks in the bedrock where the roots can gain a foothold. Many of the characteristic plants that grow in the limestone glades of the Central Basin are endemics that occur nowhere else, or disjunct populations of plants that are widespread in the prairies of the central U.S. Some species with highly restricted ranges that occur in the glades of the Central Basin include the Tennessee coneflower ("Echinacea tennesseensis"), Pyne's ground plum ("Astragalus bibullatus"), leafy prairie clover ("Dalea foliosa"), Tennessee milkvetch

title: Back to Methuselah

text: The opening scene is a sunlit glade at the foot of thickly wooded hill, on a warm summer afternoon in 31,920 AD. On the west side stands a little classic temple and in the middle of the glade there is a marble altar, shaped like a table, and long enough for a man to lie on. Rows of curved marble benches, spaced well apart, fan out from the altar. A path with stairs of rough-cut stone leads upward from the temple to the hill. In the glade, a group of youths and maidens, all appearing to be eighteen or older

title: Museum of the Glades

text: Museum of the Glades The Lawrence E. Will Museum of the Glades, formerly the Belle Glade Historical Society, is a museum of local history located in Belle Glade, Florida. The Museum of the Glades represents the total Glades experience with an archive collection that dates back to the early Belle Glade people present thousands of years ago, the Seminoles, early pioneer settlements, agricultural tools and innovations, the early hurricanes of the 20th century, and local history records through the 1960s. Part of Palm Beach County, the city of Belle Glade is on the southeastern shore of Lake Okeechobee and part

title: List of The Glades episodes


question: when was the problem of cfc's discovered

answers: late 1970s

answers: 1974

answers: 1973

answers: 1970s

title: Cystic fibrosis

text: discovered abnormalities in sweat electrolytes; a sweat test was developed and improved over the next decade. The first linkage between CF and another marker (Paroxonase) was found in 1985 by Hans Eiberg, indicating that only one locus exists for CF. In 1988, the first mutation for CF, ΔF508 was discovered by Francis Collins, Lap-Chee Tsui, and John R. Riordan on the seventh chromosome. Subsequent research has found over 1,000 different mutations that cause CF. Because mutations in the "CFTR" gene are typically small, classical genetics techniques had been unable to accurately pinpoint the mutated gene. Using protein markers, gene-linkage studies

title: Heidelberg Appeal

text: their privileged position as the 'go-to authorities' on all such health and environmental matters. They didn't see this as a climate-denial statement. One of the signatories, Nobel Prize winner Philip Anderson, a professor of physics at Princeton University, cited the continued dispersal of ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) as a prime example of an environmentally hazardous situation identified by scientists. He complained that despite science's disapproval, CFC's persists to be released as a result of industrial interests and denial of potential harm. He asserted that: ""It's a sneaky thing to keep the CFC plants going. [... However ... ] industrialists, not scientists

title: Couples for Christ

text: 1981. Although FFL has received support from some Philippine and foreign dioceses, CFC still retains its recognition as a Catholic ministry nationally in the Philippines and internationally. Many bishops have also declared recognition of CFC in their dioceses, including John J. Myers, Archbishop of Newark. In 2009, CFC-Global found itself being split again into 2 groups, CFC-IC and CFC-Gawad Kalinga. This was triggered when the existing conflict between CFC and GK leaders resurfaced. In 2014, an update of the Christian Life Program has been released to reflect that CFC is explicitly Catholic, truly global, and devotedly Marian. ANCOP stands for

title: Montreal Protocol

text: including most of the major CFC producers, signed the Vienna Convention, which established a framework for negotiating international regulations on ozone-depleting substances. After the discovery of the ozone hole by SAGE 2 it only took 18 months to reach a binding agreement in Montreal, Canada. But the CFC industry did not give up that easily. As late as 1986, the Alliance for Responsible CFC Policy (an association representing the CFC industry founded by DuPont) was still arguing that the science was too uncertain to justify any action. In 1987, DuPont testified before the US Congress that "We believe there is

title: Samuel Curtis Johnson Jr.

text: Amazon, or a reef around an atoll, it's gone forever." Johnson was one of the first business leaders to recognize the danger to the Earth's ozone layer from chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), a then-popular propellant in aerosol products, voluntarily banning the substance from all of S.C. Johnson's products in 1975 to the shock and anger of many people inside the company and across the nation. The then-unproven scientific research led Johnson to publish a letter to the public explaining his decision. "Our own company scientists confirm that as a scientific hypothesis it may be possible... We concur that the pressing need for

title: Heterozygote advantage

text: effective. If effective sickle-cell anemia treatments become available to the same degree, allele frequencies should remain at their present levels in these populations. In this context, 'treatment effectiveness' refers to the reproductive fitness it grants, rather than the degree of suffering alleviation. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive hereditary monogenic disease of the lungs, sweat glands and digestive system. The disorder is caused by the malfunction of the CFTR protein, which controls intermembrane transport of chloride ions, which is vital to maintaining equilibrium of water in the body. The malfunctioning protein causes viscous mucus to form in the lungs

title: Ronald Bailey

text: In 1993 Bailey repeated his accusations in his book, "Ecoscam". In it, he claimed that none of the projections of the 1972 "LTG" study turned out to be correct. In his 1993 book, "Ecoscam", Bailey wrote, "Despite a great deal of continuing scientific uncertainty, it appears that CFCs do contribute to the creation of the Antarctic ozone hole and perhaps a tiny amount of global ozone depletion...[I]t makes sense to phase out the use of CFCs." When "Science" reported in July 2016 that the ozone layer was restoring itself after CFCs were banned, Bailey wrote, "Since atmospheric pollution presents significant

title: Freon

text: trademark) like "xerox" or "kleenex." It is commonly used when referring to any fluorocarbon refrigerants. The first CFCs were synthesized by Frédéric Swarts in the 1890s. In the late 1920s, a research team was formed by Charles Franklin Kettering in General Motors to find a replacement for the dangerous refrigerants then in use, such as ammonia. The team was headed by Thomas Midgley, Jr. In 1928, they improved the synthesis of CFCs and demonstrated their usefulness for such a purpose and their stability and nontoxicity. Kettering patented a refrigerating apparatus to use the gas; this was issued to Frigidaire, a

title: James Lovelock

text: on to measure the concentration of CFC-11 from the northern hemisphere to the Antarctic aboard the research vessel RRS "Shackleton". He found the gas in each of the 50 air samples that he collected but, not realising that the breakdown of CFCs in the stratosphere would release chlorine that posed a threat to the ozone layer, concluded that the level of CFCs constituted "no conceivable hazard". He has since stated that he meant "no conceivable toxic hazard". However, the experiment did provide the first useful data on the ubiquitous presence of CFCs in the atmosphere. The damage caused to the

title: Chlorofluorocarbon

title: Gawad Kalinga

text: he enumerated 18 points to support his conclusion, including involvement with Mormons, acceptance of donations from pharmaceutical companies that produce contraceptives, gradual secularization and erosion of CFC's presence, and excessive acknowledgment of Meloto as "founder and father" of GK. However, what started as a conflict over GK led to division within CFC itself. The following months saw GK being criticized by Padilla and other CFC leaders (known as the "Easter Group" in homage of Padilla's article) for its failures, until some bishops from the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines proposed that GK be separated from CFC. CFC stood by

title: Cystic fibrosis

text: were able to map the mutation to chromosome 7. Chromosome-walking and -jumping techniques were then used to identify and sequence the gene. In 1989, Lap-Chee Tsui led a team of researchers at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto that discovered the gene responsible for CF. CF represents a classic example of how a human genetic disorder was elucidated strictly by the process of forward genetics. Gene therapy has been explored as a potential cure for CF. Results from clinical trials have shown limited success , and using gene therapy as routine therapy is not suggested. A small study published

title: Ozone depletion

text: for cleaning circuit boards. Worldwide CFC production fell sharply after the U.S. aerosol ban, but by 1986 had returned nearly to its 1976 level. In 1993, DuPont Canada closed its CFC facility. The U.S. government's attitude began to change again in 1983, when William Ruckelshaus replaced Anne M. Burford as Administrator of the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Under Ruckelshaus and his successor, Lee Thomas, the EPA pushed for an international approach to halocarbon regulations. In 1985 twenty nations, including most of the major CFC producers, signed the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, which established a

title: History of climate change science

text: 1975, V. Ramanathan found that a CFC molecule could be 10,000 times more effective in absorbing infrared radiation than a carbon dioxide molecule, making CFCs potentially important despite their very low concentrations in the atmosphere. While most early work on CFCs focused on their role in ozone depletion, by 1985 Ramanathan and others showed that CFCs together with methane and other trace gases could have nearly as important a climate effect as increases in . In other words, global warming would arrive twice as fast as had been expected. In 1985 a joint UNEP/WMO/ICSU Conference on the "Assessment of the

title: Lap-Chee Tsui

text: 2011, he had decided not to seek re-appointment. He served until 31 March 2014. Tsui became internationally acclaimed in 1989 when he and his team identified the defective gene, namely Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), that causes cystic fibrosis, which is a major breakthrough in human genetics. He has also made significant contributions to the study of the human genome, especially the characterization of chromosome 7, and, identification of additional disease genes. Tsui has received numerous awards and honours for his outstanding work over the years. His honours include the titles of Distinguished Scientist of the Medical Research Council

title: Samuel Curtis Johnson Jr.

text: reliable scientific investigation... We at Johnson Wax are taking this action in the interest of our customers and the public in general during a period of uncertainty and scientific inquiry." Over the next few years, Johnson encouraged his scientists to develop the company's many non-CFC aerosol propellants and pulled his aerosol business out of several countries in which CFCs were mandated in aerosol production. Three years after Johnson recalled and ceased production of all CFC products, the U.S. government corroborated the research of the substance's harmful effects and unilaterally banned CFCs. Johnson was praised for his early decision. Johnson was

title: Mario J. Molina

text: with, and only with, excess translational energy owing to radioactive processes. This study soon led to research into chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), apparently harmless gases that were used in refrigerants, aerosol sprays, and the making of plastic foams. CFCs were being released by human activity and were known to be accumulating in the atmosphere. The basic scientific question Molina asked was "What is the consequence of society releasing something to the environment that wasn’t there before?" Rowland and Molina had investigated compounds similar to CFCs before. Together they developed the CFC ozone depletion theory, by combining basic scientific knowledge about the chemistry

title: Venture philanthropy

text: intended to address the underlying cause of CF. The company in which CFF invested was Aurora Biosciences; CFF provided $30 million for Aurora to identify and develop up to three drug candidates. The unusual nature of the arrangement was widely noted. In 2001, Aurora was acquired by Vertex Pharmaceuticals, but CFF continued to fund development of the CF drug candidates. That funding eventually grew to $150 million, much of which was raised for the CFF by Joe O’Donnell, a Boston businessman whose son died of CF. When Vertex started selling Kalydeco, it priced it at about $300,000 a year and

title: History of climate change science

text: global warming effect. In 1975, V. Ramanathan found that a CFC molecule could be 10,000 times more effective in absorbing infrared radiation than a carbon dioxide molecule, making CFCs potentially important despite their very low concentrations in the atmosphere. While most early work on CFCs focused on their role in ozone depletion, by 1985 scientists had concluded that CFCs together with methane and other trace gases could have nearly as important a climate effect as increases in CO. History of climate change science The history of the scientific discovery of climate change began in the early 19th century when ice

title: Catholics for Choice

text: CFC's potential to cause harm to their aims is intensified because CFC's positions are taken in the name of Catholics, publicly undermining the authority of the Church. Critics say that CFC speaks for bigger, secular pro-choice organizations and also that it is a facade for anti-Catholicism. The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) has repeatedly rejected CFC's claim to Catholic identity and characterized it as "an arm of the abortion lobby." In 1993, the bishops said that CFC is not an "authentic" Catholic organization and charged that it had "rejected unity with the church on important issues of long-standing

title: Bone marrow suppression

text: efficacy of the drug against the disease is often balanced against the likely level of myelotoxicity the drug will cause. In-vitro colony forming cell (CFC) assays using normal human bone marrow grown in appropriate semi-solid media such as ColonyGEL have been shown to be useful in predicting the level of clinical myelotoxicity a certain compound might cause if administered to humans. These predictive in-vitro assays reveal effects the administered compounds have on the bone marrow progenitor cells that produce the various mature cells in the blood and can be used to test the effects of single drugs or the effects

title: Catholics for Choice

text: unable to advance their political goals on the topic of abortion. In 1992, CFC was classified as a non-governmental organization by the United Nations (U.N.); CFC subsequently participated in some U.N. conferences. With other groups, the CFC successfully lobbied against the naming of John M. Klink, a former representative of the Holy See at the U.N., to lead the State Department Bureau of Population, Refugees and Migration in 2001. More recently, it has assisted in drafting legislation with the stated goal of reducing abortions, partly by increasing financing for family planning. In April 1995, the "National Catholic Reporter" published a

title: Couples for Christ

text: the Philippines there can be two groups of the CFC provided again the bishop of the place will permit. Abroad, FFL may not use CFC in their names." The Vatican has not revoked the recognition given to CFC, evidence cited by CFC that indeed it is the Vatican-recognized CFC. Padilla's claim to be the founder of CFC, which is supported by FFL, is questioned by CFC. CFC's publication Origins of Couples for Christ directly responds to this claim by including the point of view of Vic Gutierrez, a former LNP leader who was responsible for the conceptualization of CFC in

title: Canadian Forces College

text: Metropolitan Separate School Board (now called the Toronto Catholic District School Board) as Marshall McLuhan Catholic Secondary School, opened in 1998. The CFC stated mission is to prepare senior military and civilian leaders to meet the complex security challenges of the future. The CFC is a world leader in defence and security education, research, and outreach, acting as the intellectual engine of the Canadian Forces and enhancing and sustaining the effectiveness of the Canadian Forces and of defence and security organizations within Canada and its alliances. Canadian Forces College The Canadian Forces College (CFC) is a military school for senior

title: Catholics for Choice

text: base among Catholics." She said the CFC arguments were not different from other pro-choice groups. Pennsylvania State University professor and historian of religion Philip Jenkins wrote that CFFC is a public voice for anti-Catholic opinions. He wrote that in 1991 Frances Kissling stated, "I spent twenty years looking for a government that I could overthrow without being thrown in jail. I finally found one in the Catholic church." Jenkins also writes that Kissling engages in "solid seventeenth-century anti-popery". In response to accusations of anti-Catholicism, ecofeminist theologian and CFC board member Rosemary Radford Ruether wrote that CFC was part of a

title: Gawad Kalinga

text: GK, and the Easter Group decided to convince some CFC leaders and members to separate from CFC, leading to the formation of the Couples for Christ Foundation for Family and Life (CFC FFL). A resolution between CFC and GK was finally reached in 2009, when CFC Executive Director Joe Tale announced the major decision of the CFC International Council "to let go of the governance and corporate structure of GK" so the latter can focus on its expanding work within and outside the country as a non-religious organization. As a result of the departure of the CFC International Council from

title: Circulating free DNA

text: stroke, transplantation, diabetes, and sickle cell disease. Circulated cell-free DNA was first discovered by Mandel and Metais in 1948. It was later discovered that the level of cfDNA is significantly increased in the plasma of diseased patients. This discovery was first made in Lupus patients and later it was determined that the levels of cfDNA are elevated in over half of cancer patients. This increase in cfDNA in cancer patients has been shown to be due to circulating tumor cells (CTC) traveling in the peripheral blood. The ability to extract circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) from the human plasma has led

title: Cystic fibrosis

text: In 1936, Guido Fanconi described a connection between celiac disease, cystic fibrosis of the pancreas, and bronchiectasis. In 1938, Dorothy Hansine Andersen published an article, "Cystic Fibrosis of the Pancreas and Its Relation to Celiac Disease: a Clinical and Pathological Study", in the "American Journal of Diseases of Children". She was the first to describe the characteristic cystic fibrosis of the pancreas and to correlate it with the lung and intestinal disease prominent in CF. She also first hypothesized that CF was a recessive disease and first used pancreatic enzyme replacement to treat affected children. In 1952, Paul di Sant'Agnese

title: Combined Federal Campaign

text: for profit contractor was paid $12,393,828 to administer the CFC in 2017, plus $2,764,149 as the first of three payments to develop a new CFC software platform. OPM directed an additional $10,879,386 to for profit partnerships that conducted campaign promotion in OPM's newly established CFC Zones. Total CFC administrative costs exceeded 25% of donations pledged for 2017. Contributions to the CFC totaled $12.9 million in 1964, $82.8 million in 1979, and peaked at $282.6 million in 2009. In 2011, CFC pledges totaled $272.7 million with 24% of the federal workforce participating and an average employee pledge of $284.27. In 2012,

title: Consideration of future consequences

text: to other similar constructs, the CFC scale has demonstrated good convergent validity. Measures of internal locus of control, delay of gratification, and the future oriented items on the Stanford Time Perspective Inventory, have all been found to be positively correlated with CFC. The CFC scale has also shown good incremental validity. Strathman and colleagues measured the amount of variance predicted by CFC over and above the effects of other similar variables. Results showed that CFC predicted health behaviours, such as smoking and environmental behaviours, over and above the variables of conscientiousness, hope, optimism, and time perspective. CFC is relatively stable

title: Chlorofluorocarbon

long_answer: Since the late 1970s, the use of CFCs has been heavily regulated because of their destructive effects on the ozone layer. After the development of his electron capture detector, James Lovelock was the first to detect the widespread presence of CFCs in the air, finding a mole fraction of 60 ppt of CFC-11 over Ireland. In a self-funded research expedition ending in 1973, Lovelock went on to measure CFC-11 in both the Arctic and Antarctic, finding the presence of the gas in each of 50 air samples collected, and concluding that CFCs are not hazardous to the environment. The experiment did however provide the first useful data on the presence of CFCs in the atmosphere. The damage caused by CFCs was discovered by Sherry Rowland and Mario Molina who, after hearing a lecture on the subject of Lovelock's work, embarked on research resulting in the first publication suggesting the connection in 1974. It turns out that one of CFCs' most attractive features—their low reactivity— is key to their most destructive effects. CFCs' lack of reactivity gives them a lifespan that can exceed 100 years, giving them time to diffuse into the upper stratosphere. Once in the stratosphere, the sun's ultraviolet radiation is strong enough to cause the homolytic cleavage of the C-Cl bond.


question: who won the ncaa basketball championship in 1994

answers: Arkansas

answers: Arkansas Razorbacks

title: Kris Bruton

text: rebounds per game, while completing 231 of 380 shots. He also won the Slam Dunk Contest during the 1994 NCAA Final Four Weekend in Charlotte, North Carolina, and again in New Orleans, Louisiana in 2003. Following his graduation from Benedict College, Bruton was drafted by the Chicago Bulls in the second round of the 1994 NBA Draft. The 49th pick overall, he was a pre-season cut in both 1994 and 1995, before a thigh injury ended his NBA career. Shortly after, he traveled overseas to play in Nagoya, Japan, where he played for two years before returning to the United

title: Darvin Ham

text: the Red Raiders, catapulting them to the second Sweet Sixteen in school history. The dunk was featured on the cover of "Sports Illustrated". Ham won the NCAA slam dunk contest in 1996, following former college teammate Lance Hughes' win in 1995. In his 90-game college career, he averaged 8.1 points, 5.1 rebounds, 1.0 assists and 1.5 turnovers in 22.9 minutes, on top of .597 FG and .498 FT shooting. Ham was signed by the Denver Nuggets as a free agent on 1 October 1996. He was then traded by Denver to the Indiana Pacers for Jerome Allen on February 1997.

title: Willie Mitchell (basketball)

text: (MHSAA) Class A basketball championships in 1992 and 1993 as well as a runner-up finish in 1994. During his time at Pershing the team accumulated a 92–11 record. He averaged 21.9 points and 11 rebounds during his senior season, but the team lost to Detroit Public School League rival Robert Traylor's Detroit Murray-Wright High School in the MHSAA championships. He was named both McDonald's All-American and Magic's Roundball Classic selections during his senior season. He was named "Detroit News" All-State his sophomore (4th team), junior and senior seasons. He was part of a highly touted Michigan Wolverines men's basketball recruiting

title: Scott Burrell

text: player in NCAA history to compile over 1,500 points, 750 rebounds, 275 assists and 300 steals. Scott is known for his full court pass with 1 second on the clock to Tate George, who hit a shot as time expired to beat Clemson in the East Regional Semi-final in the 1990 NCAA tournament. Burrell was selected by the Charlotte Hornets with the 20th pick of the 1993 NBA Draft. He averaged 4.8 points per game during his rookie season, but he blossomed during his sophomore year, averaging 11.5 points and finishing third in voting for the NBA Most Improved Player

title: Rod Monroe (American football)

text: junior college. He transferred to the University of Cincinnati after his sophomore season, where he played for the basketball team under coach Bob Huggins, along with future NBA players Danny Fortson and Ruben Patterson. Monroe averaged 3.2 points and 2.9 rebounds per game in the 1995-96 season, backing up Fortson at small forward and helping the team win the Conference USA title and reach the NCAA Elite Eight. His best game was against the University of Arizona, collecting 11 points and 7 rebounds. He averaged 4.6 points and 2.5 rebounds in the 1996-97 season, contributing to the team winning the

title: Cuonzo Martin

text: the tournament. Cuonzo Martin attended Purdue University, where he played for Gene Keady and alongside Wooden Award winner, Glenn Robinson. The 6'6", 215 lb guard/forward helped lead the Purdue Boilermakers men's basketball team to back-to-back Big Ten Conference Titles in 1994 and 1995 and an Elite Eight appearance. Martin held future NBA players Shawn Respert of Michigan State and Wisconsin's Michael Finley to season lows in scoring as a Senior. On March 24, 1994, Martin set a school record with the most three pointers made in a game, making 8 of 13 threes against Kansas in a Sweet Sixteen, which

title: 1993–94 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team

text: Bailey. In the opening round of the 1994 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament, Howard helped Michigan survive with a 78–74 overtime victory over by scoring 28 points and adding 9 rebounds before fouling out. In the second round, Howard posted 34 points and 18 rebounds to lead the team to an 84–79 victory over . Michigan faced a Joe Smith-led in the Sweet Sixteen round. Howard scored 24 and had 11 rebounds before fouling out with 2:49 remaining in the 78–71 victory. Howard earned the regional MVP award with a game-high 30 points and 13 rebounds despite collecting two

title: Melvin Booker

text: Mississippi standouts Litterial Green and Chris Jackson. Booker was the 1994 Big Eight Player of the Year, when he led Missouri to an undefeated conference record of 14–0 and an Elite Eight berth. He was also an all Big Eight selection in 1993 and 1994 and was a 1994 first-team All-American. In 1999, Booker was elected to the intercollegiate athletics Hall of Fame at the University of Missouri. Despite those accomplishments, Booker was not selected in the 1994 NBA draft. He played in the NBA for the Houston Rockets during the 1995–96 season; and the Denver Nuggets and Golden State

title: Sherron Wilkerson

text: September 1992. He had a very successful senior year, during which he won the 1993 IHSAA state championship while averaging 16.5 points and 7.0 assists. He was considered one of the top shooting guards in the nation, and earned a selection in the McDonald's All-American team: in the 1993 McDonald's All-American Boys Game he did not score. He recorded totals of 1,140 points and 404 assists in 83 games played at Jeffersonville High. He was originally named 1993 Indiana Mr. Basketball, winning over Maurice Fuller of Anderson by two votes, but the award was then vacated and given to Fuller

title: 1994 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament

text: In the national championship game, Arkansas defeated Duke by a score of 76–72 and won their first ever national championship.

title: Ervin Johnson

text: for the 1990-1991 season, All-Sun Belt Conference for the 1991-1992 season and was the 1992-1993 Sun Belt Conference Player of the Year. A 6'11", 245-pound center from the University of New Orleans, Johnson was selected 23rd overall by the Seattle SuperSonics in the 1993 NBA draft, and has played for the Sonics, Denver Nuggets, Minnesota Timberwolves and Bucks (in two separate stints). In the 1996-97 season, Johnson led the league in total defensive rebounds, with 682. Ervin Johnson Ervin Johnson (born December 21, 1967) is an American retired professional basketball center who played in the National Basketball Association from 1993

title: Ray Allen

text: impressive 25 points, to go along with 12 rebounds, in a blowout victory for Hillcrest Wildcats. Amid the resulting attention from colleges, especially from the University of Kentucky, Allen ultimately accepted an offer from the University of Connecticut. Allen attended the University of Connecticut from 1993 to 1996 after being recruited by assistant coach Karl Hobbs. While at UConn, he was named USA Basketball's Male Athlete of the Year in 1995. In 1995–96, his final college season, Allen was a first-team All-American and won the Big East Player of the Year award. Allen finished his UConn career third on the

title: Chad Gallagher

text: the start of the 1995–96 NBA season. While playing at Creighton, he was the 1991 Missouri Valley Conference Player of the Year. Chad Gallagher Chad Austin Gallagher (born May 30, 1969) is a retired American professional basketball player who played in the National Basketball Association (NBA) and other leagues. A 6'10" center played collegiately at Creighton University from 1987 to 1991, and was selected with the fifth pick in the 2nd round of the 1991 NBA draft by the Phoenix Suns. Gallagher's NBA career consisted of 2 games for the Utah Jazz in February, 1994, playing 3 total minutes and

title: 1994–95 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team

text: 21-point performance against Morgan State in the second game of the season, and he averaged 7.2 points and 5.7 rebounds a game for the year. Freshman forward Boubacar Aw, meanwhile, played in 30 games, all in a reserve role. He played particularly well against Connecticut late in the year, averaging 15.5 points and five rebounds per game in the final regular-season game against the Huskies and 1995 Big East Tournament semifinal game combined. In the Big East Tournament, Georgetown had a bye in the first round and defeated Miami in the quarterfinals behind a 31-point performance by Iverson, who outscored

title: Kendrick Warren

text: second in career rebounds with 1,049 (the record belongs to Lorenza Watson with 1,143). In 2005 VCU retired his jersey number, 23. Warren became automatically eligible for the 1994 NBA Draft after his senior year, but he was not selected by any of the NBA teams. He was drafted 3rd overall in the 1994 CBA Draft by the Rockford Lightning and played his first season as a pro in the Continental Basketball Association. Warren played all 56 games of the 1994–95 season, was named the CBA Rookie of the Year and was an All-Star selection. He averaged 18.1 points and

title: Greg Brown (basketball)

text: Greg Brown (basketball) Greg Brown is an American former basketball player and current high school coach. He is known for his standout college career at the University of New Mexico, where he was Western Athletic Conference (WAC) Player of the Year in 1994 and won the Frances Pomeroy Naismith Award as the nation's best player under six feet tall. Brown, a 5'7" point guard from Albuquerque High School, played collegiately at New Mexico Junior College from 1990 to 1992. He moved to his hometown University of New Mexico to play for coach Dave Bliss from 1992 to 1994. Brown led

title: Maurice Taylor

text: the national scene during the 1994 Maui Invitational with fellow freshman Maceo Baston. He won Big Ten Freshman of the Year for the 1994–1995 season, averaging 12.4 points and 5.1 rebounds and playing in the NCAA Tournament. As a sophomore, he averaged 14 points and 7 rebounds and was picked 2nd Team All-Big Ten. Off the court that year, Taylor was involved in a traffic accident while out with potential recruit Mateen Cleaves that left teammate Robert Traylor with a broken arm and that led to the University of Michigan basketball scandal. After considering entering the NBA draft, Taylor returned

text: East Tournament !colspan=12 style=""|NCAA Tournament 1994–95 Connecticut Huskies women's basketball team The 1994–95 Connecticut Huskies women's basketball team represented the University of Connecticut (UConn) during the 1994–95 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Huskies, led by Hall of Fame head coach Geno Auriemma, in his 10th season at UConn, played their home games at Harry A. Gampel Pavilion and the Hartford Civic Center and were members of the Big East Conference. UConn defeated Tennessee to win their first national championship and complete their first undefeated season. Listed are the student athletes who were members of the 1994–95 team. !colspan=12

title: Tony Delk

text: Mr.Basketball 1992) and also to the "Parade" and McDonald's All-American Teams. As a sophomore at Kentucky, Delk was voted All-SEC 2nd Team by the coaches and All-SEC 3rd Team by the Associated Press, while also making the All-SEC Tournament Team for his outstanding play. Delk was named to the All-SEC 1st and All-NCAA Regional teams during the 1994-95 season. In the 1995-96 season, Delk was named to the All-American and All-SEC first teams and was named NCAA Basketball Tournament Most Outstanding Player. He also received SEC Player of the Year honors during the season. Delk joined Omega Psi Phi Fraternity

title: Juwan Howard

text: the finals of the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship in 1992 and 1993. Howard won his first NBA championship with Miami in the 2012 NBA Finals and his second NBA championship in the 2013 NBA Finals. Howard was an All-American center and an honors student at Chicago Vocational Career Academy. Michigan was able to sign him early over numerous competing offers and then convince others in his recruiting class to join him. The Fab Five, which included Chris Webber, Jalen Rose, Jimmy King and Ray Jackson, served as regular starters during their freshman and sophomore years for the 1991–92

title: Dan Cross

text: Continental Basketball Association (CBA), Espoon Honka of Finland's Korisliiga, and Hapoel Tel Aviv in Israel. Cross now runs annual basketball camps in Carbondale, Gainesville and Orlando, as well as managing an organization called "Athlete Connections" that counsels former college athletes on transitioning from college to life after sports. Dan Cross Daniel Curtis Cross, Jr. (born August 16, 1973) is an American former basketball player. Cross played college basketball for the Florida Gators men's basketball team of the University of Florida, where he was key member of the Gators' run to the 1994 NCAA Final Four. After college, Cross played professionally

title: Greg Brown (basketball)

text: at the AAU level in Albuquerque. Greg Brown (basketball) Greg Brown is an American former basketball player and current high school coach. He is known for his standout college career at the University of New Mexico, where he was Western Athletic Conference (WAC) Player of the Year in 1994 and won the Frances Pomeroy Naismith Award as the nation's best player under six feet tall. Brown, a 5'7" point guard from Albuquerque High School, played collegiately at New Mexico Junior College from 1990 to 1992. He moved to his hometown University of New Mexico to play for coach Dave Bliss

text: awarded a No. 6 seed in the Southeast Region of the 1995 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament – Georgetowns 16th NCAA Tournament appearance in 17 years – and advanced to the Southeast Region Semifinals before losing to regions No. 2 seed, North Carolina. They were ranked No. 22 in the seasons final Associated Press Poll and No 16 in the postseason Coaches' Poll. Georgetowns transition from relying on feeding the ball to a "big man" at center to playing an uptempo offense focused on play by the guards continued this year. Senior George Butler had transferred to Georgetown from

title: Joseph Blair

text: Wildcats of the Pacific-10 Conference in the NCAA Division I. He averaged 10.4 points and 6.5 rebounds per game during his collegiate career, and he was a member of Arizona's two regular season Pac-10 championships, in 1993 and 1994. He was a starter on the Arizona squad that advanced to the 1994 NCAA Final Four. As of the 2014–15 season, he held the Arizona program's record for highest career field goal percentage (61.3%), and also ranked eighth on the school's all-time shot blocking records list, with 101 blocks. Though he was drafted 35th overall in the 1996 NBA Draft, by

title: Derrick Phelps

text: the Tar Heels. He was named as an All-Atlantic Coast Conference Honorable Mention in 1993, and was named to the 2nd Team in 1994. Phelps was a member of North Carolina's 1993 NCAA National Championship team, as the Tar Heels defeated Michigan, by a score of 77-71, in the title game. Graduating in 1994, Phelps left college holding two Tar Heel records: most steals in one game (9), and most steals in a career (247). He was also the only player in ACC history with 600 assists, 400 rebounds, and 200 steals. Phelps was not drafted by an NBA team.

title: Raef LaFrentz

text: McDonald's All-American. During the summer before his freshman year at the University of Kansas, LaFrentz was selected to the 1994 U.S. Olympic Festival North Team and averaged 11.8 ppg. and 6.8 rpg. LaFrentz played basketball at the University of Kansas, finishing in 1998. He played with Paul Pierce while at Kansas. He was a four-year starter and an All-American in his junior and senior seasons. He joined Tim Duncan and Shaquille O'Neal as the only players in the 1990s to earn first team AP All-America honors twice. Compiling career averages of 15.8 ppg. and 9.1 rpg., while shooting 55.5 percent

text: 1995–96 Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball team The 1995–96 Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball team represented the University of Kentucky in the 1995–96 college basketball season. Coached by Rick Pitino, the team finished the season with a 34–2 record and won the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship over the Syracuse University Orangemen, 76–67. Also known as "The Untouchables", nine players from the 95–96 team eventually played in the NBA. These players were Derek Anderson, Tony Delk, Walter McCarty, Ron Mercer, Nazr Mohammed, Mark Pope, Jeff Sheppard, Wayne Turner, and Antoine Walker. The 1995-96 Kentucky team is widely regarded as one of

title: Dan Cross

text: the Connecticut Huskies (69–60, OT), and the Boston College Eagles (74–68), before falling to the Duke Blue Devils 70–65 in the hard-fought NCAA national semifinal game. Cross had a 27-point scoring performance while leading the Gators' 81–70 victory over the No. 21 Wake Forest Demon Deacons at the outset of the 1994–95 season. He was the Gators' leading scorer in 1993–94 (15.7 points per game) and again in 1994–95 (18.0 points per game), and led the Southeastern Conference (SEC) in free throw completion percentage in 1995 (.843, 150–178). He was a two-time first-team All-SEC selection (1994, 1995), received Associated Press

title: Sydney Johnson

text: December 27, 1994, he hit what "The New York Times" described as "a falling-down 3-point basket with three seconds left in regulation". The basket forced overtime. At the end of the third overtime period Johnson converted two foul shots with three seconds left to cement a 71–66 victory over . Later that season, he set a career-high with a 25-point performance against in a double-overtime victory. He recorded seven steals in a game against on February 3, 1995, which is one shy of the school record. Again the Tigers could not get past . As a junior, he was named

title: Greg Ostertag

text: the University of Kansas. Standing 7-foot-2 and weighing 280 pounds, Ostertag provided a strong presence in the paint, helping the Jayhawks reach the NCAA Final Four in 1993. Statistically, his best season was his junior year (1993–94), when he averaged 10.3 points and 8.8 rebounds per game. Most impressive, he set a school record by blocking 97 shots that year. He graduated in 1995 with career totals of 968 points and 770 rebounds, along with 258 blocked shots – the highest total in the history of Kansas and the Big 8 Conference at that time (since surpassed by Jeff Withey).


question: who used the word physiology for the first time

answers: Jean Fernel

title: Physiology

text: application of physiology. Nineteenth century physiologists such as Michael Foster, Max Verworn, and Alfred Binet, based on Haeckel's ideas, elaborated what came to be called "general physiology", a unified science of life based on the cell actions, later renamed in the 20th century as cell biology. In the 20th century, biologists became interested in how organisms other than human beings function, eventually spawning the fields of comparative physiology and ecophysiology. Major figures in these fields include Knut Schmidt-Nielsen and George Bartholomew. Most recently, evolutionary physiology has become a distinct subdiscipline. In 1920, August Krogh won the Nobel Prize for discovering

title: Physiology

text: able to freely exchange genes through conjugation, transformation and transduction, even between widely divergent species. The study of human physiology as a medical field originates in classical Greece, at the time of Hippocrates (late 5th century BC). Outside of Western tradition, early forms of physiology or anatomy can be reconstructed as having been present at around the same time in China, India and elsewhere. Hippocrates incorporated his belief system called the theory of humours, which consisted of four basic substance: earth, water, air and fire. Each substance is known for having a corresponding humour: black bile, phlegm, blood and yellow

title: John Hughes Bennett

text: (1853); "Textbook of Physiology" (1871–1872). Because Bennett introduced practical classes in the teaching of physiology, he is considered the father of physiological education in medical schools. He was also the first to teach the clinical use of the microscope systematically and its uses in the teaching of pathology and physiology. He opposed bloodletting and was highly influential in changing medical therapeutics towards a more science-based approach in the second half of the 19th century. He supported the admission of women to medical schools and advocated a better interaction between medical specialities. In 1901, the University of Edinburgh inaugurated the "John

title: Human body

text: writing the influential book "De humani corporis fabrica". Anatomy advanced further with the invention of the microscope and the study of the cellular structure of tissues and organs. Modern anatomy uses techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, fluoroscopy and ultrasound imaging to study the body in unprecedented detail. The study of human physiology began with Hippocrates in Ancient Greece, around 420 BC, and with Aristotle (384–322 BC) who applied critical thinking and emphasis on the relationship between structure and function. Galen (c. 126–199) was the first to use experiments to probe the body's functions. The term physiology was

title: Pathophysiology

text: Ancient Greek πάθος ("pathos") and φυσιολογία ("phusiologia"). In Germany in the 1830s, Johannes Müller led the establishment of physiology research autonomous from medical research. In 1843, the Berlin Physical Society was founded in part to purge biology and medicine of vitalism, and in 1847 Hermann von Helmholtz, who joined the Society in 1845, published the paper "On the conservation of energy", highly influential to reduce physiology's research foundation to physical sciences. In the late 1850s, German anatomical pathologist Rudolf Virchow, a former student of Müller, directed focus to the cell, establishing cytology as the focus of physiological research, while Julius

title: Thomas Mills

text: him to an international network of biomedical researchers. Mills traveled to London where he worked with John Scott Burdon-Sanderson and Edward Albert Schafer, Baltimore where he worked with H. Newell Martin at Johns Hopkins University, Strasbourg with Felix Hoppe-Seyler and Friedrich Goltz, and Berlin with Hugo Kronecker. Mills began teaching physiology at McGill in 1884, eventually becoming the first Joseph Morley Drake Chair professor of physiology in 1891. He founded the Society for the Study of Comparative Physiology in 1885, was elected to the Royal Society of Canada in 1890, and became president of the Natural History Society of Montreal

title: Physiology

text: Physiology Physiology (; ) is the scientific study of the functions and mechanisms which work within a living system. As a sub-discipline of biology, the focus of physiology is in how organisms, organ systems, organs, cells, and biomolecules carry out the chemical and physical functions that exist in a living system. Central to an understanding of physiological functioning is the investigation of the fundamental biophysical and biochemical phenomena, the coordinated homeostatic control mechanisms, and the continuous communication between cells. The physiologic state is the condition occurring from normal body function, while the pathological state is centered on the abnormalities that

title: Physiology

text: how, in capillaries, blood flow is regulated. In 1954, Andrew Huxley and Hugh Huxley, alongside their research team, discovered the sliding filaments in skeletal muscle, known today as the sliding filament theory. Recently, there have been intense debates about the vitality of physiology as a discipline (Is it dead or alive?). If physiology is perhaps less visible nowadays than during the golden age of the 19th century, it is in large part because the field has given birth to some of the most active domains of today's biological sciences, such as neuroscience, endocrinology, and immunology. Furthermore, physiology is still often

title: William Senhouse Kirkes

text: of Physicians of London, and delivered the Gulstonian lectures there in 1856. Sir James Paget was then warden of the college of St. Bartholomew's Hospital, and in 1848 he and Kirkes published a "Handbook of Physiology," which soon became popular among students of medicine. A second edition appeared in 1851, and further editions by Kirkes alone in 1856, 1860, and 1863. In 1867, 1869, 1872, and 1876 further editions by William Morrant Baker appeared. Vincent Dormer Harris was next joined with Baker in several editions, and then edited the book himself, with the assistance of Mr. D'Arcy Power. John Murray,

title: Physiology

text: Jean Fernel (1497–1558), a French physician, introduced the term "physiology".

title: Theodor Schwann

text: translated into English as "Elements of Physiology" in 1837–1843 and became the leading physiology textbook of the 1800s. In 1831, Schwann moved to the University of Würzburg for clinical training in medicine. In 1833, he went to the University of Berlin, where Müller was now Professor of Anatomy and Physiology. Schwann graduated with an M.D. degree in medicine from the University of Berlin in 1834. He did his thesis work in 1833-1834, with Müller as his advisor. Schwann's thesis involved a careful study of the necessity for oxygen during the embryonic development of the chicken. To carry it out, he

title: Gerald Francis Yeo

text: abroad for three years, a year each in Paris, Berlin, and Vienna, he proceeded M.D. at Dublin in 1871, and became next year M.R.C.P. and M.R.C.S. Ireland. For two years Yeo taught physiology in the Carmichael school of medicine in Dublin. He was appointed professor of physiology in King's College London, in 1875, and in 1877 assistant surgeon to King's College Hospital, becoming F.R.C.S.England in 1878. He delivered for the College of Surgeons the Arris and Gale lectures on anatomy and physiology in 1880–2. With Hugo Kronecker, Yeo inaugurated the triennial international physiological congresses; the first met at Basle in

title: Johannes Peter Müller

text: marked the beginning of a new period in the study of physiology. In it, for the first time, the results of human and comparative anatomy, as well as of chemistry and other departments of physical science, and tools like the microscope, were brought to bear on the investigation of physiological problems. The most important portion of the work was that dealing with nervous action and the mechanism of the senses. Here he stated the principle, previously recognized but not stated as clearly, that the kind of sensation following stimulation of a sensory nerve does not depend on the mode of

title: Physiology

text: seen as an integrative discipline, which can put together into a coherent framework data coming from various different domains. Initially, women were largely excluded from official involvement in any physiological society. The American Physiological Society, for example, was founded in 1887 and included only men in its ranks. In 1902, the American Physiological Society elected Ida Hyde as the first female member of the society. Hyde, a representative of the American Association of University Women and a global advocate for gender equality in education, attempted to promote gender equality in every aspect of science and medicine. Soon thereafter, in 1913,

title: Sports science

text: forming all around the world. Importantly these new scholars went beyond the simplistic notions of the early Greek physicians, and shed light upon the complexities of the circulatory, and digestive systems. Furthermore, by the middle of the 19th century early medical schools (such as the Harvard Medical School, formed 1782) began appearing in the United States, whose graduates went on to assume positions of importance in academia and allied medical research. Medical journal publications increased significantly in number during this period. In 1898, three articles on physical activity appeared in the first volume of the " American Journal of Physiology".

title: Robert James Graves

text: contemporary William Stokes as "Studies in Physiology and Medicine", London, 1863. With William Stokes. Dublin, 1827, Dublin, 1828. First published 1835 in the "London Medical and Surgical Journal" and "London Medical Gazette". The series for two sessions were first collected and published together in Philadelphia, 1838, as: Clinical lectures delivered during the sessions of 1834-5 and 1836-7. London Medical and Surgical Journal, 1835; VII: 516-517. Dublin, Fannin & Co., 1843. 3rd American edition with notes etc. by William Gerhard (1809–1872), Philadelphia, 1848. German translation by Heiman Bressler (1805–1873): Klinische Erfahrungen aus dem Englischen von Robert Graves übersetzt. Leipzig, 1843. 2nd

title: Andreas Röschlaub

text: German medicine to consider that "pathology, nosology and clinical practice could be linked to physiology" which seemed the way to establish a solid foundation for medicine in natural science. Medicine, for Röschlaub, becomes a science only when a true scientific physiology exists. "Only then will medicine be possible as a true 'art' when organismic physiology becomes a truly perfected science." (1801) This meant that physiology had to take into account a life principle (Lebensprinzip) that organized matter, but was not dependent on matter. While Röschlaub worked with Johann Christian Reil's general conception of physiology, which accepted that physiology was a

title: Anna Kingsford

text: husband, the two began to collaborate, Maitland accompanying her to Paris when she decided to study medicine. Paris was at that time the center of a revolution in the study of physiology, much of it as a result of experiments on animals, particularly dogs, and mostly conducted without anaesthetic. Claude Bernard (1813–1878), described as the "father of physiology", was working there, and famously said that "the physiologist is not an ordinary man: he is a scientist, possessed and absorbed by the scientific idea he pursues. He does not hear the cries of the animals, he does not see their flowing

title: William Townsend Porter

text: for further study with Walther Flemming, Martin Heidenhain, and Karl Hürthle. This exposure to the German style of practical, experimental work in the then-emerging field of physiology would shape his future career as an educator. On returning to the United States, Porter became a resident physician at the St. Louis Medical College. In 1887 he became a professor at the school and began teaching physiology, and is believed to have established the first physiology laboratory west of the Mississippi River. He published several papers on physiology while at St. Louis and was elected to the American Physiological Society at the

title: Ernest Starling

text: the introduction of the word hormone. 3. The analysis of the heart's activity as a pump, which is known as the Frank–Starling law. 4. Several fundamental observations on the action of the kidneys. These include evidence for the existence of Vasopressin, the anti-diuretic hormone. He also wrote the leading textbook of physiology in English, which ran through 20 editions. Ernest Starling became a medical student at Guy's Hospital, London, in 1882 (when he was 16). He had a brilliant career there and set his sights on becoming a Harley Street physician. But the science behind medicine physiology attracted him much

title: Physiology

text: J.S. Haldane proposed that women be allowed to formally join The Physiological Society, which had been founded in 1876. On 3 July 1915, six women were officially admitted: Florence Buchanan, Winifred Cullis, Ruth C. Skelton, Sarah C. M. Sowton, Constance Leetham Terry, and Enid M. Tribe. The centenary of the election of women was celebrated in 2015 with the publication of the book "Women Physiologists: Centenary Celebrations And Beyond For The Physiological Society." () Prominent women physiologists include: There are many ways to categorize the subdiscplines of physiology: Human physiology Animal physiology Plant physiology Fungal physiology Protistan physiology Algal physiology

title: Physiology

text: the 1838 appearance of the Cell theory of Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann. It radically stated that organisms are made up of units called cells. Claude Bernard's (1813–1878) further discoveries ultimately led to his concept of "milieu interieur" (internal environment), which would later be taken up and championed as "homeostasis" by American physiologist Walter B. Cannon in 1929. By homeostasis, Cannon meant "the maintenance of steady states in the body and the physiological processes through which they are regulated." In other words, the body's ability to regulate its internal environment. William Beaumont was the first American to utilize the practical

title: History of biochemistry

text: von Liebig from 1842, "Animal chemistry, or, Organic chemistry in its applications to physiology and pathology", which presented a chemical theory of metabolism, or even earlier to the 18th century studies on fermentation and respiration by Antoine Lavoisier. The term “biochemistry” itself is derived from the combining form "bio-", meaning "life", and "chemistry". The word is first recorded in English in 1848, while in 1877, Felix Hoppe-Seyler used the term ("Biochemie" in German) in the foreword to the first issue of "Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie" (Journal of Physiological Chemistry) as a synonym for physiological chemistry and argued for the setting

title: Ancient Greek medicine

text: 1,300 years. His anatomical reports, based mainly on dissection of monkeys, especially the Barbary macaque, and pigs, remained uncontested until 1543, when printed descriptions and illustrations of human dissections were published in the seminal work "De humani corporis fabrica" by Andreas Vesalius where Galen's physiological theory was accommodated to these new observations. Galen's theory of the physiology of the circulatory system endured until 1628, when William Harvey published his treatise entitled "De motu cordis", in which he established that blood circulates, with the heart acting as a pump. Medical students continued to study Galen's writings until well into the 19th

title: Clinical physiology

text: scientist or in Ophthalmic and Vision Science as an Ophthalmic Science Practitioner (UK). These professionals also aid in the diagnosis of disease and manage patients, with an emphasis on understanding physiological and pathophysiological pathways. Disciplines within clinical physiology field include audiologists, cardiac physiologists, gastro-intestinal physiologists, neurophysiologists, respiratory physiologists, and sleep physiologists. Clinical physiology was first established in 1954 by the Swedish government with the intention of ensuring "contact between routine clinical work and the scientific progression." Clinical physiology was originally its own discipline, however, between 2008-2015, clinical physiology was categorized as a sub-discipline to radiology. For this reason, those pursuing

title: Theodor Schwann

text: "Microscopical researches", Schwann introduced the term "metabolism", which he first used in the German adjectival form "metabolische" to describe the chemical action of cells. French texts in the 1860s began to use "le métabolisme". "Metabolism" was introduced into English by Michael Foster in his "Textbook of Physiology" in 1878. Theodor Schwann Theodor Schwann (; 7 December 1810 – 11 January 1882) was a German physician and physiologist. His most significant contribution to biology is considered to be the extension of cell theory to animals. Other contributions include the discovery of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system, the discovery and

title: Physiology

text: Bacterial physiology Physiology Physiology (; ) is the scientific study of the functions and mechanisms which work within a living system. As a sub-discipline of biology, the focus of physiology is in how organisms, organ systems, organs, cells, and biomolecules carry out the chemical and physical functions that exist in a living system. Central to an understanding of physiological functioning is the investigation of the fundamental biophysical and biochemical phenomena, the coordinated homeostatic control mechanisms, and the continuous communication between cells. The physiologic state is the condition occurring from normal body function, while the pathological state is centered on the

title: History of zoology since 1859

text: Pasteur, while debates over vitalism vs. mechanism (a perennial issue since the time of Aristotle and the Greek atomists) continued apace. Over the course of the 19th century, the scope of physiology expanded greatly, from a primarily medically oriented field to a wide-ranging investigation of the physical and chemical processes of life—including plants, animals, and even microorganisms in addition to man. "Living things as machines" became a dominant metaphor in biological (and social) thinking. Physiologists such as Claude Bernard explored (through vivisection and other experimental methods) the chemical and physical functions of living bodies to an unprecedented degree, laying the

title: Sports science

text: how the human body reacts to exercise, training, different environments and many other stimuli. Sports science can trace its origins to ancient Greece. The noted ancient Greek physician Galen (131–201) wrote 87 detailed essays about improving health (proper nutrition), aerobic fitness, and strengthening muscles. New ideas upon the working and functioning of the human body emerged during the renaissance as anatomists and physicians challenged the previously known theories. These spread with the implementation of the printed word, the result of Gutenberg's printing press in the 15th century. Allied with this was a large increase in academia in general, universities were

title: Grace Medes

text: zoology until 1919 and then as an assistant professor of physiology until 1922. She was the first female faculty member with a PhD in the Physiology department at Vassar. Medes moved to Wellesley College in 1922, where she served as associate professor of physiology until 1924. In 1924 she went to University of Minnesota Medical School where she served as a fellow for her first year and then an assistant professor until 1932. In her time at Minnesota, Medes discovered the human metabolic disorder she named "tyrosinosis" in 1932. Although her patient was atypical and the mechanism she identified has

title: Physiology


question: who won season 5 of hell's kitchen

answers: Executive Chef Danny Veltri

answers: Danny Veltri

title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 8)

text: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 8) The eighth season of "Hell's Kitchen", an American reality competition television series starring Gordon Ramsay, premiered on the Fox Network on September 22, 2010, and continued until December 15, 2010. Sous Chef Nona Sivley won the competition, earning a position at the L.A. Market restaurant at the JW Marriott Hotel at L.A. Live in Los Angeles, as well as an opportunity to be a spokesperson for Rosemount Estate Wines. Sabrina Brimhall holds the record for the worst nomination record of any black jacket chef on the show. Being nominated every time she was eligible for

title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 7)

text: reward, a service and an elimination. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 7) Season 7 of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" aired on the Fox Network from June 1, 2010 to August 10, 2010. Gordon Ramsay returned as host, as well as Maître d' Jean-Philippe Susilovic and Blue Team Sous chef Scott Leibfried. Andi Van Willigan, a chef from Santa Monica, California became the sous chef for the Red Team. Banquet chef Holli Ugalde won the season, she was promised to be the position at Chef Ramsay's newly renovated restaurant at the Savoy Hotel in London. Filming had

title: Chopped (TV series)

text: runner up on season 9 of "Hell's Kitchen". Roshni Mansukhani, the winner of the fourth episode of the second season, was eliminated in the eighth episode of the tenth season of "Hell's Kitchen". Jackie Baldassari, who was eliminated after the entrée in the tenth episode of the ninth season of Chopped, was eliminated in the ninth episode of the eleventh season of "Hell's Kitchen". Anthony "Anton" Testino, who was eliminated after the appetizer in the tenth episode of the fifth season, was eliminated in the fourteenth episode of the twelfth season of "Hell's Kitchen". Robyn Almodovar, the winner of the

title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 1)

text: sent home by Gordon Ramsay. Each episode consisted of a challenge with a reward, a service, and an elimination. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 1) This article contains contestant information and episode summaries from Season 1 of the American competitive reality television series Hell's Kitchen. Season 1 aired starting on May 30, 2005 and concluded on August 1, 2005. Michael Wray from Fort Collins, Colorado, won the first season of "Hell's Kitchen", thus winning his own restaurant in Los Angeles named Tatou (he was offered to go to London to work under Gordon Ramsay, but later declined due to family

title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 1)

text: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 1) This article contains contestant information and episode summaries from Season 1 of the American competitive reality television series Hell's Kitchen. Season 1 aired starting on May 30, 2005 and concluded on August 1, 2005. Michael Wray from Fort Collins, Colorado, won the first season of "Hell's Kitchen", thus winning his own restaurant in Los Angeles named Tatou (he was offered to go to London to work under Gordon Ramsay, but later declined due to family reasons). This was the first season where the teams were not separated by gender at the start, which wouldn't happen

title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 12)

text: was retained from the previous season, after Ja'Nel Witt failed her drug test. Scott was nominated seven times for elimination, breaking Christina Machamer's record (season 4) of five nominations, and became the Hell's Kitchen winner with the most nominations. The intro is stylized as a neo-noir comic book with the chefs each trying to claim hold of "The Knife Case of Destiny." Twenty chefs competed in season 12. Jason Zepaltas previously competed in season 9 but left before the first dinner service after falling ill during prep. He is the second chef to have competed in two seasons, after Robert

title: Christina Machamer

text: reward (dinner with Ramsay). She gave the women several tips about working under pressure in "Hell's Kitchen". Christina Machamer Christina Machamer (born March 13, 1982) is an American chef who won the fourth season of Fox Network's reality cooking show "Hell's Kitchen". She was awarded the position of "senior sous chef" (not the executive chef position as promised) at Gordon Ramsay's new London West Hollywood restaurant where she earned a $250,000 yearly salary. Machamer, the daughter of Rick and Leasa Machamer, was born and raised in St. Louis, and began working in restaurants at age 16. She graduated from Lafayette

title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)

text: for Favourite International Personality or Actor. At the 2011 People's Choice Awards, "Hell's Kitchen" was nominated for Favorite Reality Show and Gordon Ramsay was nominated for Favorite TV Chef. At the 2014 Reality TV Awards ceremony, "Hell's Kitchen" won an award for best new cast. In 2015, "Hell's Kitchen" won awards for best overall show and guilty pleasure at the 2015 Reality TV Awards. Visual Entertainment has not released the first fourteen seasons of "Hell's Kitchen" in Region 1. Season 14 was released on March 15, 2016, and to the Blu-ray format for the first time. In Region 4, Shock

title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 2)

text: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 2) Season 2 of "Hell's Kitchen" was cast during November 2005, premiered on June 12, 2006 and concluded on August 14, 2006. This was the first season of "Hell's Kitchen" to start a number of contestants divided to two teams by gender, which would become a tradition in subsequent seasons. Sous chef Heather West won the season. Her prize was the position of executive chef at the Red Rock Resort Spa and Casino in Las Vegas with a salary of $250,000, where she worked as chef at the Terra Rossa Restaurant. Runner-up Virginia Dalbeck had the

title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5)

text: Executive Chef Danny Veltri won the series and was awarded a sous chef position under Stephen Kalt at Italian restaurant Fornelletto at the Borgata in Atlantic City, New Jersey.  Danny also received $250,000 in prize money from the show.

title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 13)

text: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 13) Season 13 of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" premiered on September 10, 2014 on Fox. The prize was a head chef position at Gordon Ramsay's Pub & Grill at Caesars Atlantic City. Gordon Ramsay returned as head chef and Andi van Willigan and James Avery returned as sous chefs. However, Jean-Philippe Susilovic did not return as maitre d' and was replaced by Marino Monferrato. It also marks the first time since 2010 that two seasons of "Hell's Kitchen" aired in the same year. Kitchen Supervisor La Tasha McCutchen from Winter Haven, Florida

title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 10)

text: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 10) Season 10 of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" premiered on June 4, 2012 on Fox and concluded on September 10, 2012. Chef de Cuisine Christina Wilson won the season and received a head chef position at Gordon Ramsay Steak at the Paris Las Vegas in the Las Vegas suburb of Paradise, Nevada. Gordon Ramsay returned as head chef, Scott Leibfried and Andi van Willigan returned as sous chefs and James Lukanik returned as the maître d'. This season saw an alteration to the show's format, with many episodes now being two-parters, depicting

title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)

text: as a cash prize of $250,000. In a similar manner to the voiceover at each elimination, Ramsay has a voiceover to explain his reasons for choosing that chef as the winner. Gordon Ramsay is the head chef. Jason Thompson is the narrator. Jean-Philippe Susilovic, a Belgian maître d'hôtel, comes from Petrus, one of Ramsay's London restaurants and appeared in the first seven seasons and later returned for Season 11. He left after Season 12 and was replaced by Marino Monferrato for Season 13. Susilovic was also the maître d'hôtel for the first series of the original British version. James Lukanik

title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 7)

text: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 7) Season 7 of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" aired on the Fox Network from June 1, 2010 to August 10, 2010. Gordon Ramsay returned as host, as well as Maître d' Jean-Philippe Susilovic and Blue Team Sous chef Scott Leibfried. Andi Van Willigan, a chef from Santa Monica, California became the sous chef for the Red Team. Banquet chef Holli Ugalde won the season, she was promised to be the position at Chef Ramsay's newly renovated restaurant at the Savoy Hotel in London. Filming had concluded on February 2009, 16 months prior

title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 11)

text: challenges or vice versa). This was also the second season to feature two female finalists (the first being season 2's Virginia Dalbeck and Heather West). Executive chef Ja'Nel Witt won the competition and received a head chef position at Gordon Ramsay Pub & Grill in Caesars Palace at Las Vegas. However, on August 23, 2013, it was announced that Witt was denied the position at the restaurant after testing positive for cocaine, though she retained her salary and her title as the winner of season 11. Jon Scallion, who finished third and was deemed by Ramsay as the only great

title: Hell's Kitchen (UK TV series)

text: the show runner-up, James Dreyfus, team up to organise a healthy dinner service for the children at Ramsay's former school, Stratford Upon Avon High School. The celebrities who took part were: Series 2 of "Hell's Kitchen" in the UK was broadcast from 18 April – 2 May 2005. The format was overhauled as the show was turned into a competition between two kitchens run by "celebrity chefs" Gary Rhodes and Jean-Christophe Novelli. The second series featured ten members of the public competing for a prize of £250,000, with which the winner could start his or her own restaurant. They were

title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 4)

text: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 4) Season 4 of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" began airing on the Fox Network starting on April 1, 2008. The show was originally planned to air later in the season, but instead was aired as a replacement for shows that were affected by the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike. Culinary student Christina Machamer won the season and was awarded a "senior sous chef" position with a $250,000 salary at Gordon Ramsay at the London West Hollywood – not an executive chef as mentioned in show-related publicity and press releases. The London

title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 15)

text: chef for the blue team. Wilson is the second former "Hell's Kitchen" winner to return as one of Ramsay's sous chefs, the first being season 2 winner, Heather West, who was the red kitchen's sous chef for season 6. Jason Thompson also returned as narrator for the first time since season 12. Season 15's opening sequence features the chefs at a base camp. Ramsay is then shown placing the HK flag on top of the mountain. For the first time in "Hell's Kitchen" history, the opening sequence did not play after the recap of the previous episode, but after the

title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 14)

text: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 14) Season 14 of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" premiered on March 3, 2015 on Fox. The prize is a head chef position at Gordon Ramsay Pub & Grill in Caesars Atlantic City. Gordon Ramsay returned as head chef with Andi Van Willigan and James Avery returning as sous-chefs for both their respective kitchens as well as Marino Monferrato as the maître d'. Executive chef Meghan Gill from Roanoke, Virginia, won the competition, thus becoming the fourteenth winner of "Hell's Kitchen". The intro featured the chefs in a kitchen-themed jungle, which was revealed

title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)

text: replaced Susilovic for Seasons 8–10. Each team also has the services of one of two sous-chefs. The current sous-chefs are Season 10 winner Christina Wilson and James "Jocky" Petrie. Previous sous-chefs were Mary Ann Salcedo, Gloria Felix, Season 2 winner Heather West, Scott Leibfried, James Avery, Aaron Mitrano and Andi Van Willigan. In Season 15, Wilson filled in for Van Willigan-Cutspec who was getting married at the time of filming but returned for one episode when her reception was one of the themed dinner services for that season. Van-Willigan returned in season 16 but was replaced by Wilson again for

title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 17)

text: Ramsay returns as host and head chef, Season 10 winner (and Season 15 sous-chef) Christina Wilson returns as the Red Team's sous-chef replacing Andi Van Willigan-Cutspec, and British "MasterChef" judge James "Jocky" Petrie makes his "Hell's Kitchen" debut as the Blue Team's sous-chef replacing Aaron Mitrano. Marino Monferrato returns as the maître d'. Season 14's Michelle Tribble, who previously finished in third place, won the competition. Ramsay uses his telekinesis to destroy Hell's Kitchen while leaving the building as the intro ends with the title card featuring him and the all stars. This is the first season that doesn't list

title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 15)

text: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 15) The fifteenth season of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" took place in October 2014 and premiered on January 15, 2016 on Fox. The prize was a head chef position at BLT Steak at Bally's Las Vegas. Country Club Chef Ariel Malone won the competition. Gordon Ramsay and Marino Monferrato returned as head chef and Maître d' respectively. Season 10 winner Christina Wilson was the initial sous chef for the red team while Andi Van Willigan-Cutspec, who got married, returned in episode 7 of this season. Aaron Mitrano replaced James Avery as sous

title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 15)

text: 14's finale. Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 15) The fifteenth season of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" took place in October 2014 and premiered on January 15, 2016 on Fox. The prize was a head chef position at BLT Steak at Bally's Las Vegas. Country Club Chef Ariel Malone won the competition. Gordon Ramsay and Marino Monferrato returned as head chef and Maître d' respectively. Season 10 winner Christina Wilson was the initial sous chef for the red team while Andi Van Willigan-Cutspec, who got married, returned in episode 7 of this season. Aaron Mitrano replaced James Avery

title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 12)

text: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 12) Season 12 of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" premiered on March 13, 2014 on Fox. Gordon Ramsay returned as the head chef as well as Andi Van Willigan and James Avery as the red team's and blue team's sous chefs respectively. Jean-Philippe Susilovic also returned as the maître d'. This was the fourth season to feature an all-male final (following seasons 1, 6, and 9). Executive Chef Scott Commings won this season and received a head chef position at Gordon Ramsay Pub & Grill in Caesars Palace in Las Vegas; the prize

title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 16)

text: motion sequence features the chefs causing many accidents in the kitchen, while Ramsay says a bunch of orders. Eighteen chefs compete in season 16. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 16) The sixteenth season of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" premiered on September 23, 2016 on Fox. Gordon Ramsay returned as host/head chef, Marino Monferrato and Aaron Mitrano returned as maitre d' and blue kitchen sous chef respectively while Andi van Willigan-Cutspec resumed her role as sous chef for the red team after Season 10 winner Christina Wilson filled in for her in the previous season while she

title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 11)

text: chef in the worst team in "Hell's Kitchen" history, became sous chef at Gordon Ramsay Steak under season 10 winner Christina Wilson. Gordon Ramsay returned as head chef as well as Andi Van Willigan as the red team's sous chef. Long-time maître d' Jean-Philippe Susilovic returned for the first time since season 7 due to his work commitments at Ramsay's London restaurant, Pétrus. However, previous blue team sous chef Scott Leibfried did not return due to his work obligation at Fleetwood's restaurant in Maui and was replaced by newcomer James Avery from Wall, New Jersey. During episode 7 of this

title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 6)

text: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 6) Season 6 of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" began airing on the Fox Network on July 21, 2009 and concluded on October 13, 2009. Despite suffering a fractured wrist early in the competition, Executive Chef Dave Levey won the season and was awarded a position under James Walt at the Araxi Restaurant in Whistler, British Columbia, the first time the prize was a position at a Canadian restaurant. The first half of each episode consists of a team challenge, in which the winning side gets a reward of some sort of leisure

title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 16)

text: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 16) The sixteenth season of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" premiered on September 23, 2016 on Fox. Gordon Ramsay returned as host/head chef, Marino Monferrato and Aaron Mitrano returned as maitre d' and blue kitchen sous chef respectively while Andi van Willigan-Cutspec resumed her role as sous chef for the red team after Season 10 winner Christina Wilson filled in for her in the previous season while she got married. This was also the first season since Season 13 to take a hiatus due to Fox's coverage of the 2016 World Series in

title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 2)

text: was asked to nominate two of their teammates for elimination; one of these two was sent home by Ramsay. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 2) Season 2 of "Hell's Kitchen" was cast during November 2005, premiered on June 12, 2006 and concluded on August 14, 2006. This was the first season of "Hell's Kitchen" to start a number of contestants divided to two teams by gender, which would become a tradition in subsequent seasons. Sous chef Heather West won the season. Her prize was the position of executive chef at the Red Rock Resort Spa and Casino in Las Vegas

title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 13)

text: to appear on the Food Network show "Chopped", competing in the thirty-seventh-season episode "A Frog Leg Up." Here, he was chopped (eliminated) in the entrée round after serving undercooked gnocchi to the judges. Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 13) Season 13 of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen" premiered on September 10, 2014 on Fox. The prize was a head chef position at Gordon Ramsay's Pub & Grill at Caesars Atlantic City. Gordon Ramsay returned as head chef and Andi van Willigan and James Avery returned as sous chefs. However, Jean-Philippe Susilovic did not return as maitre d' and

title: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 5)

short_answers:
Danny Veltri
Executive Chef Danny Veltri