question: when did the royal proclamation of 1763 end

answers: the American Revolutionary War

answers: with the American Revolutionary War

answers: 1783

title: Royal Proclamation of 1763

text: More held birthday parties for this monumental document at various locations across Canada. Royal Proclamation of 1763 The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was issued October 7, 1763, by King George III following Great Britain's acquisition of French territory in North America after the end of the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War. It forbade all settlement west of a line drawn along the Appalachian Mountains, which was delineated as an Indian Reserve. This proclamation rendered worthless all land grants given by the government to British subjects who fought for the Crown against France. People throughout the various colonies were filled

title: Royal Proclamation of 1763

text: Royal Proclamation of 1763 The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was issued October 7, 1763, by King George III following Great Britain's acquisition of French territory in North America after the end of the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War. It forbade all settlement west of a line drawn along the Appalachian Mountains, which was delineated as an Indian Reserve. This proclamation rendered worthless all land grants given by the government to British subjects who fought for the Crown against France. People throughout the various colonies were filled with indignation at having been excluded from the vast region of Trans-Appalachia. This

title: History of Quebec

text: Vaudreuil-Cavagnial, New France's last Royal governor, surrendered Montreal on 8 September 1760. Britain's success in the war forced France to cede all of Canada to the British at the Treaty of Paris. The Royal Proclamation of October 7, 1763 by King George III of Great Britain set out the terms of government for the newly captured territory, as well as defining the geographic boundaries of the territory. British rule under Royal Governor James Murray was benign, with the French Canadians guaranteed their traditional rights and customs. The British Royal Proclamation of 1763 united three Quebec districts into the Province of

title: Royal Proclamation of 1763

text: Great Britain. The Proclamation of 1763 had been in the works before Pontiac's Rebellion, but the outbreak of the conflict hastened the process. British officials hoped the proclamation would reconcile American Indians to British rule and help to prevent future hostilities. At the outset, the Royal Proclamation of 1763 defined the jurisdictional limits of the occupied territories of North America. Explaining parts of the Frontier expansion in North America, in Colonial America and especially Canada colony of New France, a diminutive new colony, the Province of Quebec was carved. The territory northeast of the St. John River on the Labrador

title: American Revolution

text: involved in subduing the fortress, only to have it returned to their erstwhile enemy. The Royal Proclamation of 1763 may also have played a role in the separation of the Thirteen Colonies from England, as colonists wanted to continue migrating west to lands awarded by the Crown for their wartime service. The Proclamation, however, cut them off. The lands west of Quebec and west of a line running along the crest of the Allegheny Mountains became Indian territory, barred to settlement for two years. The colonists protested, and the boundary line was adjusted in a series of treaties with the

title: Royal Proclamation of 1763

text: to British settlement.<br> A new map was drawn up at the Treaty of Fort Stanwix in 1768, that moved the line (from the green line to the red line on the map) much further to the west, and gave the lands claimed by the colonists to the British side. The Royal Proclamation continued to govern the cession of Indigenous land in British North America, especially Upper Canada and Rupert's Land. Upper Canada created a platform for treaty making based on the Royal Proclamation. After loyalists moved into land after Britain's defeat in the American Revolution, the first impetus was created

title: Royal Proclamation of 1763

text: the claims of the Crown to exercise sovereignty over First Nations" and affirms Aboriginal "powers of self-determination in, among other things, allocating lands". The influence of the Royal Proclamation of 1763 on the coming of the American Revolution has been variously interpreted. Many historians argue that the proclamation ceased to be a major source of tension after 1768, since the aforementioned treaties opened up extensive lands for settlement. Others have argued that colonial resentment of the proclamation contributed to the growing divide between the colonies and the mother country. Some historians argue that even though the boundary was pushed west

title: Maugerville, New Brunswick

text: the Royal Proclamations of 1761 and 1763, issued by King George III. These Proclamations specifically forbade provincial administrators, including the governor of Nova Scotia, from granting Indigenous lands to British settlers without due process, a procedure that involved the explicit permission of both Indigenous peoples and the British Crown. The vision behind the Proclamations was concern by the British Crown that "settlers could not be trusted to treat Indigenous peoples justly." Prior to these Proclamations, with the expulsion of the Acadians in 1755 from Nova Scotia and the subsequent fall of Louisburg in 1758, Nova Scotia Governor Lawrence, advertised in

title: Royal Proclamation of 1763

text: problems in the past. Instead, all future land purchases were to be made by Crown officials "at some public Meeting or Assembly of the said Indians". Furthermore, British colonials were forbidden to settle on native lands, and colonial officials were forbidden to grant ground or lands without royal approval. The proclamation gave the Crown a monopoly on all future land purchases from American Indians. British colonists and land speculators objected to the proclamation boundary since the British government had already assigned land grants to them. Many settlements already existed beyond the proclamation line, some of which had been temporarily evacuated

title: Royal Proclamation of 1763

title: Royal Proclamation of 1763

text: woody Country...from whence I infer that if we are determined to possess Our Posts, Trade & ca securely, it cannot be done for a Century by any other means than that of purchasing the favour of the numerous Indian inhabitants. Some historians believe that "the British were trying to convince Native people that there was nothing to fear from the colonists, while at the same time trying to increase political and economic power relative to First Nations and other European powers". Others argue that the Royal Proclamation along with the subsequent Treaty of Niagara, provide for an argument that "discredits

title: History of Canada

text: and later reinstated most of the property, religious, political, and social culture of the French-speaking "habitants", guaranteeing the right of the "Canadiens" to practice the Catholic faith and to the use of French civil law (now Quebec Civil Code) through the Quebec Act of 1774. The Royal Proclamation of 1763 had been issued in October, by King George III following Great Britain's acquisition of French territory. The proclamation organized Great Britain's new North American empire and stabilized relations between the British Crown and Aboriginal peoples through regulation of trade, settlement, and land purchases on the western frontier. During the American

title: History of monarchy in Canada

text: in what became known as the Great Upheaval. Following the Treaty of Paris, which concluded the Seven Years' War in 1763, a Royal Proclamation was issued by George III, laying out his policy regarding the newly acquired colonies in North America. This was regarded by American colonists as one of the Intolerable Acts that together eventually led to the outbreak of the American Revolution. This conflict led some 46,000 people loyal to the Crown—dubbed United Empire Loyalists—to flee north from the United States; the King-in-Council granted each family of land. At the same time, thousands of Iroquois and other Aboriginals

title: Royal Proclamation of 1763

text: coast was placed under the Newfoundland Colony. The lands west of Quebec and west of a line running along the crest of the Allegheny mountains became Indian territory, temporarily barred to settlement, to the great disappointment of the land speculators of Virginia and Pennsylvania, who had started the Seven Years' War to gain these territories. The proclamation created a boundary line (often called the "proclamation line") between the British colonies on the Atlantic coast and American Indian lands (called the Indian Reserve) west of the Appalachian Mountains. The proclamation line was not intended to be a permanent boundary between the

title: Royal Proclamation of 1763

text: by the British Crown of Aboriginal rights" and imposes a fiduciary duty of care on the Crown. The intent and promises made to the native in the Proclamation have been argued to be of a temporary nature, only meant to appease the Native peoples who were becoming increasingly resentful of "settler encroachments on their lands" and were capable of becoming a serious threat to British colonial settlement. Advice given by a merchant to the Board of Trade on August 30, 1764, expressed that The Indians all know we cannot be a Match for them in the midst of an extensive

title: French and Indian War

text: issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763 on October 7, 1763 which outlined the division and administration of the newly conquered territory, and it continues to govern relations to some extent between the government of Canada and the First Nations. Included in its provisions was the reservation of lands west of the Appalachian Mountains to its Indian population, a demarcation that was only a temporary impediment to a rising tide of westward-bound settlers. The proclamation also contained provisions that prevented civic participation by the Roman Catholic Canadians. The Quebec Act of 1774 addressed issues brought forth by Roman Catholic French Canadians

title: History of the United States

text: 1765 and was realized in July 1776. Following Britain's acquisition of French territory in North America, King George III issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763 with the goal of organizing the new North American empire and protecting the native Indians from colonial expansion into western lands beyond the Appalachian Mountains. In ensuing years, strains developed in the relations between the colonists and the Crown. The British Parliament passed the Stamp Act of 1765, imposing a tax on the colonies without going through the colonial legislatures. The issue was drawn: did Parliament have this right to tax Americans who were not

title: Royal Proclamation of 1763

text: anger was a foreshadowing of the discontent that would later arise during the American Revolution. The Royal Proclamation continues to be of legal importance to First Nations in Canada. The 1763 proclamation line is similar to the Eastern Continental Divide's path running northwards from Georgia to the Pennsylvania–New York border and north-eastwards past the drainage divide on the St. Lawrence Divide from there northwards through New England. The Treaty of Paris was the official conclusion to the Seven Years' War, of which the French and Indian War was the North American theater. Under this treaty, France ceded ownership of all

title: Royal Proclamation of 1763

text: out of necessity. The proclamation forms the basis of land claims of Indigenous peoples in Canada – First Nations, Inuit, and Métis. The Royal Proclamation of 1763 is thus mentioned in Section 25 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. According to historian Colin Calloway, "[settler] scholars disagree on whether the proclamation recognized or undermined tribal sovereignty". The proclamation established the important precedent that the indigenous population had certain rights to the lands they occupied. Some see the Royal Proclamation of 1763 as a "fundamental document" for First Nations land claims and self-government. It is "the first legal recognition

title: Thirteen Colonies

text: the Stamp Act of 1765, and the Townshend Acts of 1767. The British also sought to maintain peaceful relations with those Indian tribes that had allied with the French by keeping them separated from the American frontiersmen. To this end, the Royal Proclamation of 1763 restricted settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains, as this was designated an Indian Reserve. Some groups of settlers disregarded the proclamation, however, and continued to move west and establish farms. The proclamation was soon modified and was no longer a hindrance to settlement, but the fact angered the colonists that it had been promulgated without

title: Aboriginal title in the United States

text: Indians. Many of the earliest deeds in the Eastern states purport to commemorate such transactions. The Royal Proclamation of 1763 changed matters, reserving for the Crown the exclusive right of preemption, requiring all such purchases to have Royal approval. It was also an attempt to restrain colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains (see map). Forged versions of the Pratt-Yorke opinion of 1757 (in its authentic form, a joint opinion of Britain's Attorney General and Solicitor General regarding land purchases in India) were circulated in the colonies, edited such that it appeared to apply to purchases from Native Americans. The

title: Numbered Treaties

text: Proclamation occurred in 1763, and is considered to be the foundation of treaty-making in Canada. This proclamation established a line between the Appalachian Mountains from Nova Scotia and the southern region of Georgia, and prevented settlement beyond that specific area by white colonists. The proclamation also established protocols that needed to be acknowledged by the governing authority in regards to purchasing land from First Nations Peoples in North America and later Canada. The Royal Proclamation was created as a result of the assertion of British jurisdiction over First Nation territory. While the British laid claim over First Nation territory, uprisings

title: Bermuda Hundred, Virginia

text: well as colonial natives from the Hundreds. The horror of the losses gave pause to further expansion. More importantly, the Royal government had broken its obligations toward settlers, and thus with the Tidewater aristocracy when it refused to honor recent frontier treaties with the Proclamation of 1763. The proclamation was the result of secret negotiation between the Royal government and Indian tribes by which the frontier settlers were deprived of their land and property and any further expansion westward of British colonies was permanently halted. Economically, socially, and politically, the war, peace treaty and proclamation was decisive in changing the

title: St Catharines Milling and Lumber Co v R

text: to the Supreme Court of Canada. The SCC ruling was affirmed by the Board. Lord Watson identified the source of Aboriginal title as the Royal Proclamation of 1763, and he noted: Other issues arose from this decision. The Privy Council said, for example, that Ontario must relieve Canada of its obligations under the treaty since Ontario had the benefit of it, but subsequent litigation by Canada failed on that point too. In "Ontario Mining Co. v. Seybold", the Privy Council extended the rule to deny the Indians any beneficial interest in the reserves that had been set apart for them

title: History of Quebec French

text: be allowed the right of Catholic worship under the terms of the treaty. On October 7, the British Royal Proclamation of 1763 set the new political conditions of Canada. The territory of the colony renamed the "Province of Quebec," was reduced to the inhabited area along the Saint Lawrence River. James Murray was appointed governor and became responsible for enforcing the new policy concerning the colony. His tasks were to encourage British immigration; establish the official religion, Anglicanism; and the administrative and legal structures of England. Time brought the gradual establishment of anglophone British officials and colonists. Trade quickly passed

title: Maugerville, New Brunswick

text: settlers on lands not ceded to the British by formal treaty with resident Aboriginal peoples. The problem for Nova Scotia colonial officials was that Indians in Nova Scotia had never ceded any lands to the French prior to their defeat or directly to the British. In 1761 Lieutenant-Governor Jonathan Belcher openly admitted he violated the spirit of the 1761 Proclamation by keeping the provisions of the Proclamation secret from the Indians so as not to awaken "extravagant and unwarrantable demands." Similarly, in contravention of the provisions of the 1763 Proclamation, newly appointed Lieutenant-Governor Montagu Wilmot, in 1764-1765, continued land grants

title: Cherokee–American wars

text: part of the Louisiana Territory east of the Mississippi and Canada to the British. Spain took control of Louisiana west of the Mississippi. In exchange it ceded Florida to Great Britain, which created the jurisdictions of East Florida and West Florida. Valuing the support of Native Americans, King George III issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763. This prohibited colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains, in an effort to preserve territory for the native tribes. Many colonials resented the interference with their drive to the vast western lands. The proclamation was a major irritant to the colonists, contributing to their

title: Province of Pennsylvania

text: was formally ceded to them in 1763 and became part of the British Empire. With the war just over and Pontiac's War beginning, the Royal Proclamation of 1763 banned colonization beyond the Appalachian Mountains in an effort to prevent settlers settling lands which the Native Americans considered their own. This proclamation affected Pennsylvanians and Virginians the most, as they had been racing towards the lands surrounding Fort Pitt (modern-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania). The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, consisting of the Chief Justice and at least one other judge, was founded in 1722 and sat in Philadelphia twice a year. Province of

title: Constitutional history of Canada

text: Capitulation of Montreal.) The policy of Great Britain regarding its newly acquired colonies of America was revealed in a Royal Proclamation, issued on October 7, 1763. The proclamation renamed Canada "The Province of Quebec", redefined its borders and established a British-appointed colonial government. Although not an act of Parliament, the proclamation expressed the will of the British Crown to govern its new possessions. The proclamation was thus considered constitution of Quebec until the passing of the Quebec Act, by which the colony was granted a legislature. The new governor of the colony was given "the power and direction to summon

title: The Canadian Crown and Indigenous peoples of Canada

text: it became the main document governing the parameters of the relationship between the sovereign and his Aboriginal subjects in North America. The King thereafter ordered Sir William Johnson to make the proclamation known to the Aboriginal nations under the King's sovereignty and, by 1766, its provisions were already put into practical use. In the prelude to the American Revolution, native leader Joseph Brant took the King up on this offer of protection and voyaged to London between 1775 and 1776 to meet with George III in person and discuss the aggressive expansionist policies of the American colonists. During the course

title: Royal Proclamation of 1763

long_answer: In the United States, the Royal Proclamation of 1763 ended with the American Revolutionary War because Great Britain ceded the land in question to the United States in the Treaty of Paris (1783). Afterward, the U.S. government also faced difficulties in preventing frontier violence and eventually adopted policies similar to those of the Royal Proclamation. The first in a series of Indian Intercourse Acts was passed in 1790, prohibiting unregulated trade and travel in Native American lands. In 1823, the U.S. Supreme Court case Johnson v. M'Intosh established that only the U.S. government, and not private individuals, could purchase land from Native Americans.

short_answers:
1783
the American Revolutionary War
with the American Revolutionary War


question: the tenure of the office of the lokayukt of up

answers: eight years

answers: 8 years

title: Uttar Pradesh Lokayukta

text: new Lokayukta after the state government failed to suggest one. According to the "Uttar Pradesh Lokayukta and UpLokayukta Act of 1975", the Governor of the state can appoint a person to be the Lokayukta and one or more persons as uplokayukta(s)(Deputy Lokayukta). The Lokayukta's appointment is made after consultations with the Chief Justice of the Allahabad High Court, and the leader of the opposition in the state assembly.The Uplokayukta(s) can be appointed after consulting the Lokayukta. A person is eligible for the post of the Lokayukta or Uplokayukta if he/she fulfills the following criteria. Any person appointed as the Lokayukta

title: Karnataka Lokayukta

text: to which any person who has held the post of judge of the High court for a period of ten years can be appointed as Lokayukta and five years in case of Upa Lokayukta. The Lokayukta is appointed by the Governor of Karnataka on advice of Chief Minister of Karnataka in consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court of Karnataka, the Chairman of Karnataka Legislative Council, the Speaker of Karnataka Legislative Assembly, the Leader of the Opposition in the Karnataka Legislative Council and the Leader of the Opposition in the Karnataka Legislative Assembly. The Lokayukta has the power

title: Uttar Pradesh Lokayukta

text: Uttar Pradesh Lokayukta Uttar Pradesh Lokayukta and Uplokayukta (Sanskrit: उत्तर प्रदेश लोकायुक्त and उपलोकायुक्त) is an anti-corruption ombudsman in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.The position of the Lokayukta was established under the Lokayukta Act of 1975. The Lokayukta is from a non-political background and functions as a statutory authority probing into cases primarily related to corruption, government mismanagement, or abuse of power by public servants or ministers. Though the Lokayukta lacks wide investigatory powers, it has caught public attention by investigating high-profile cases. On January 28, 2016, the Supreme Court of India, recalled its previous order and appointed a

title: Maharashtra Lokayukta

text: after consultation with the Lokayukta. Once appointed, Lokayuka or Upa-Lokayukta can remain in office for a term of five years. Lokayuka or Upa-Lokayukta can be removed from his office through the process of impeachment. The removal can only be on the grounds of misbehavior or incapacity and no other grounds. The procedure for removal is as per Article 311 of Constitution of India. Any citizen can make his/her complaints of corruption directly to the Lokayukta against any government official or elected representative. Lokayukta’s power varies from State to State. In some States, the Lokayukta inquires into allegations against public functionaries

title: Maharashtra Lokayukta

text: Maharashtra Lokayukta The Maharashtra Lokayukta is the body overseeing corruption in various agencies in the Govt. of Maharashtra in India. Established in 1971, it is the first ever Lokayukta of all States of India. It was established through "The Maharashtra Lokayukta and Upa-Lokayuktas Act, 1971". It is considered to be one of the weakest Lokayukta in India due to lack of powers, inadequate staff, inadequate funds and no independent investigating agency. okayukta. The Governor appoints the Lokayukta after due consultations with Chief Justice of the Bombay High Court and Leader of Opposition in the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly. Upa-Lokayukta is appointed

title: Uttar Pradesh Lokayukta

text: the "Article 311 of the constitution," the lokayukta or an up-lokayukta can be removed only if found guilty in the report of committee headed by the judge of either Supreme court or Chief justice of the High court. The report is then forwarded to the Governor and then presented before the state legislature with each house of the legislature votes for the removal by 2/3 majority. Uttar Pradesh Lokayukta Uttar Pradesh Lokayukta and Uplokayukta (Sanskrit: उत्तर प्रदेश लोकायुक्त and उपलोकायुक्त) is an anti-corruption ombudsman in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.The position of the Lokayukta was established under the Lokayukta

title: Karnataka Lokayukta

text: its Lokayukta in 1971. ￼￼ The Lokayukta Ordinance Act 1979, was excercised by D. Devaraj Urs, then Chief Minister of Karnataka, and the first Lokayukta to be appointed was then retired Chief Justice of Rajasthan High court, Justice C. Honniah. The same institution was abolished when R. Gundu Rao became the chief minister of Karnataka, after the demise of D. Devaraj Urs. The institution was again re introduced after Ramakrishna Hegde, became then Chief Minister of Karnataka, and introduced the "Lokayukta and Upa Lokayukta Bill" in the assembly as their 1983 election promise. It came into force through the "Karnataka

title: Uttar Pradesh Lokayukta

text: court cannot compel the lokayukta, uplokayukta or any public servant to furnish any evidence recorded or collected. The State Government, by a notification published in the gazette, can confer additional powers for specific investigations to the office of the Lokayukta and can even allow them to make new rules for the same. Many names were suggested for selecting a new Lokayukta after the term of N.K. Mehrotra expired. Despite objections raised by both, the chief justice of the Allahabad High Court and the governor, the state government forwarded the name of retired judge Ravindra Singh to the governor at least

title: Kamla Beniwal

text: cause notice on the government for the delay in the appointment of Lokayukta. In response, the Gujarat state cabinet set up another committee of five ministers to look into the matter. The unilateral action of the governor was challenged in Gujarat High Court by government of Gujarat. On 18 January 2012, Lokyukta's appointment was upheld by court. Next day, government of Gujarat further appealed in Supreme Court by filing a special leave petition. On 2 January 2013, Supreme court too upheld the appointment while noting that the Lokayukta post lying vacant for nine years reflected a "very sorry state of

title: Uttar Pradesh Lokayukta

text: Any person appointed as the Lokayukta or Uplokayukta serves the office for a period of eight years after an amendment increased the tenure length by two years.  The perks and allowances of the Lokayukta are the same as that of the chief justice while that of an Uplokayukta to a judge of the state's High court.

title: Y. Bhaskar Rao

text: a Lokayukta or Upa Lokayukta, with the sole intention to remove Rao. Facing the prospect of his removal, controversial Karnataka Lokayukta Y Bhaskar Rao has resigned over an alleged extortion racket in the anti-graft ombudsman's office involving his son On August 4, 2016, Y Bhaskar Rao was chargecheeted by CBI. Y. Bhaskar Rao Y. Bhaskar Rao was the Lokayukta in an anti-corruption ombudsman organization, Karnataka state in India. Bhaskar Rao was appointed as the Lokayukta in February 2013. Hailing from Andhra Pradesh, he served as the Chief Justice of Karnataka High Court earlier. On June 26, 2015, Days after charges

title: Maharashtra Lokayukta

text: including Chief Minister, Ministers and MLAs. While some has the power to investigate into civil servants/bureaucrats, judiciary and police. Maharashtra Lokayukta The Maharashtra Lokayukta is the body overseeing corruption in various agencies in the Govt. of Maharashtra in India. Established in 1971, it is the first ever Lokayukta of all States of India. It was established through "The Maharashtra Lokayukta and Upa-Lokayuktas Act, 1971". It is considered to be one of the weakest Lokayukta in India due to lack of powers, inadequate staff, inadequate funds and no independent investigating agency. okayukta. The Governor appoints the Lokayukta after due consultations with

title: Uttar Pradesh Lokayukta

text: Act, 2005 citing secrecy while investigating corruption charges. N.K. Mehrotra served nine years in the office, the longest term by a lokayukta in the country. On December 16, 2015, the Supreme Court, invoking its constitutional powers, appointed justice Virendra Singh as the new Lokayukta, while expressing "deep regret" for constitutional authorities failing to comply with the court's order. Following objection to Justice Singh's appointment, on January 28, 2016, the Supreme Court retracted its decision and appointed former judge Sanjay Mishra to the office . Lokayukta(s) of Uttar Pradesh. The state lokayukta has probed many high-profile cases and some of them

title: Lokayukta

text: setting up of two special authorities designated as 'Lokpal' and 'Lokayukta' for the redressal of citizens' grievances. The Lokayukta, along with the Income Tax Department and the Anti Corruption Bureau, mainly helps people publicise corruption among the Politicians and Government Officials. Many acts of the LokAyukta have resulted in criminal or other consequences for those charged. Maharashtra was the first state to introduce the institution of Lokayukta through "The Lokayukta and Upa-Lokayuktas Act in 1971". This was followed by similar acts that were enacted by the states of Odisha, Rajasthan, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Kerala,

title: Ombudsman

text: Assam (1986), Gujarat (1988), Delhi (1995), Punjab (1996), Kerala (1998), Chhattishgarh (2002), Uttaranchal (2002), West Bengal (2003) and Haryana (2004). The structure of the Lokayukta is not uniform across all the states. Some states have UpaLokayukta under the Lokayukta and in some states, the Lokayukta does not have "suo moto" powers of instigating an enquiry. Kerala State has an Ombudsman for Local Self Government institutions like Panchayats, Municipalities and Corporations. He can enquire/investigate into allegations of action, inaction, corruption and maladministration. A retired Judge of the High Court is appointed by the Governor for a term of three years, under

title: The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013

text: to seven years. It excluded armed forces and coast guard from the purview of the anti-graft body. The lokpal would take complaints against the prime minister after the consent of two-thirds of the Lokpal panel. The consent of state governments is mandatory for the notification to set up Lokayuktas in the states, but the setting up of them in the states was made mandatory. The appointment panel is loaded in favour of the government. The Lokpal Bill was passed under Article 252 of the constitution of India. The Prime Minister said, "We believe that the CBI should function without interference

title: Uttar Pradesh Lokayukta

text: faced injustice or undue hardship due to maladministration, whereas, allegation is in relation to a public servant, any government company or corporation in the state or pension and other claims. Lokayukta or an Uplokayukta enjoys the same powers as that of a civil court under the code of "Civil Procedure, 1908" which includes summoning the person, checking any public record or request copy from any court or office and issuing commissions for the examination of witnesses or documents. The lokayukta is also required to ensure the safe custody of relevant documents. Every investigation is conducted in private, and the identity

title: Lokeshwar Singh Panta

text: 2011 and currently serving as Lokayukta, Himachal Pradesh from 3 February 2012. Lokeshwar Singh Panta Lokeshwar Singh Panta is the Lokayukta of the state of Himachal Pradesh, was a judge of the Supreme Court of India and was the first chairperson of the National Green Tribunal. He was born on 23 April 1944 in Tehsil Jubbal, District Shimla. After his primary education and graduation he obtained degree in Law from Delhi University in the year 1970. On 22 July 1970 he enrolled as an Advocate and started practicing in Service Matters, Constitutional, Administrative Law, Civil & Labour Law, Criminal Law

title: Karnataka Lokayukta

text: was appointed as the Lokayukta in June 2001 taking office a month later. It was during his tenure that the institution gained popularity in that he was "known for bringing the lokayukta to people's doorstep". He would reportedly walk from door to door coaxing people to file complaints. He was called a "one-man army against the corrupt bureaucracy" by former Chief Justice of India M. N. Venkatachaliah. Justice Santosh Hegde took charge in August 2006 before resigning from the position in June 2010 owing to political interference from the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) government. However, he withdrew the resignation

title: Karnataka Lokayukta

text: Lokayukta holds powers to sue the former if it does not. Criticism was directed at the government of Karnataka after it took away the investigative powers from the Lokayukta and having given it to the ACB which functions directly under its supervision. Also, the Lokayukta remains an independent body while the ACB reports to the Chief Secretary of the State. The term of office of the Lokayukta is five years and former Lokayuktas listed below: Justice A. D. Koshal, a retired Judge of the Supreme Court was appointed the first Lokayukta and took charge in January 1986. Justice N. Venkatachala

title: Karnataka Lokayukta

text: post remained vacant for more than year, Justice P. Vishwanatha Shetty was appointed in January 2017. In 2011, Santosh Hegde submitted a report on illegal mining in the state which reported loss of Rs 160.85 billion to the state. This report exposed the biggest mining scam in India. This report led to the resignation of B. S. Yeddyurappa, then Chief Minister of Karnataka, from the post. Karnataka Lokayukta Karnataka Lokayukta is the ombudsman institution of the Indian state of Karnataka. It was established in 1984 to investigate and report on corruption in the Government of Karnataka and to redress public

title: Y. Bhaskar Rao

text: Y. Bhaskar Rao Y. Bhaskar Rao was the Lokayukta in an anti-corruption ombudsman organization, Karnataka state in India. Bhaskar Rao was appointed as the Lokayukta in February 2013. Hailing from Andhra Pradesh, he served as the Chief Justice of Karnataka High Court earlier. On June 26, 2015, Days after charges of alleged bribery scandal in the Lokayukta, Justice Y. Bhaskar Rao announced that he has handed over the case to the CCB for investigations; Justice Rao’s son, Ashwin Rao allegedly misused the office of the Lokayukta. Karnataka Lokayukta Act, 1984 was amended to bring clarity in the procedure to remove

title: Amit Jethwa

text: petition questioning the state government's "inaction" over the appointment of a Lokayukta. The high court directed the government to appoint a Lokayukta. Jethwa had spearheaded the campaign against rising case pendency in the Gujarat Information Commission (GIC) due to lack of commissioners. It was on his petition that the HC directed the state government to complete the appointments within a stipulated time. He again came to the rescue of thousands of RTI users by filing a writ petition in the HC and made the government accept Indian Postal Order (IPO) as one of the modes of payment to deposit fees

title: N. Venkatachala

text: On 1 July 1992 he was sworn in as Judge of the Supreme Court of India which he remained until Jul2 2, 1995. Venkatachala is best known for rejuvenating the department of Karnataka LokAyukta, the anti corruption agency. He was sworn in as the Lokayukta on 2 July 2001. He is said to have put the fear of god in the Karnataka administration. Number of complaints the office of Lokayukta was receiving dramatically increased from 20-25 per day to 200-250 per day while Venkatachala was in tenure. He personally led hundreds of raids often lashing out at corruption in political

title: The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013

text: body recessed on 29 December without voting. The bill was debated for over 12 hours ending abruptly at midnight as the House ran out of scheduled time. The House was adjourned sine die by Chairman Hamid Ansari. A verbal duel marred proceedings as some members including UPA ally Trinamool Congress interrupted V. Narayanasamy's defence of the Bill. A vociferous opposition insisted on a vote while the government maintained it needed time to reconcile the 187 amendments/ Confusion marked the proceedings. Ansari asked for the national anthem Jana Gana Mana to be played, signalling the end of the proceedings and told

title: Goa Lokayukta

text: of Goa sent the Bill for assent to the President of India. The 2012 Assembly elections led to the ouster of the Digambar Kamat government and Manohar Parrikar became the Chief Minister of Goa. In its election manifesto, the Bharatiya Janata Party led by Parrikar had promised to institute the office of Lokayukta within 100 days of gaining power. The President of India granted her assent to the Goa Lokayukta Bill, 2011 in May 2012. The Rtd. Justice B. Sudarshan Reddy was appointed as first Lokayukta of Goa in 2013. Goa Lokayukta The Lokayukta (लोकायुक्त) is an anti-corruption ombudsman existing

title: Lokeshwar Singh Panta

text: Lokayukta. Later on served as Vigilance Officer in the Department of Advocate General of Himachal Pradesh. He is a life member of the Executive Committee of the Indian Law Institute; Member of the Executive Council for the All India Law Institute (State Unit). He was appointed Additional Judge of the High Court of Himachal Pradesh on 20 August 1991 and became permanent Judge from 28 July 1995. As a judge he was headed the Himachal Pradesh State Legal Services Authority since 26 December 1995 as its Executive Chairman and in February 2006,he was elevated to the Supreme Court of India,

title: Kamla Beniwal

text: of the Gujarat Lokayukta Act, 1986, which gives the governor the right to appoint Lokayukta without consulting the government, when there has been a long delay in making the appointment. In so doing, Beniwal bypassed the Narendra Modi government of Gujarat, which had been sitting on the matter since 2004. Justice Mehta had been recommended by the Chief Justice of the Gujarat High Court in June 2011, but the government did not act on the suggestion. In August, the father of murdered RTI activist Amit Jethwa filed a Public Interest Litigation in the High Court, which then served a show

title: The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013

text: through any Government diktat. But no institution and no individual, howsoever high he may be, should be free from accountability." The Left, Samajwadi Party and BSP staged a walkout during voting of the bill, protesting that their demands were not being met. At least 15 Congress members and close to a dozen belonging to UPA allies were not present at the time of voting. The house also secured the passage of the Whistleblowers Bill The ombudsman debate was taken up by The Rajya Sabha during the last day of the three-day extension of the winter session of Parliament, but the

title: Uttar Pradesh Lokayukta

text: the selection committee.; The bill,however lies pending with the governor Multiples hearings occurred in the Supreme Court for appointing a new lokayukta. On July 2, 2015, the Court sought the response of the Uttar Pradesh government on a plea seeking replacement of the state's current lokayukta N.K. Mehrotra, The Allahabad High Court also sought response for the same from the government on July 23, 2015. The apex court issued a notice to the government in December, regarding the initiation of contempt proceedings against it for non-compliance of the Court's previous order. On receiving no reply from the government, the supreme

title: Uttar Pradesh Lokayukta


question: when did response to state of the union start

answers: in 1966

answers: 1966

title: Response to the State of the Union address

text:
a prerecorded 45-minute TV program in 1970 to a call-in show in 1972 where a panel of congressmen answered unrehearsed questions from callers. Since the late 1980s, it usually has been a televised speech given soon after the State of the Union address. Three people have given both a response and a State of the Union address: Democrat Bill Clinton and Republicans Gerald Ford and George H. W. Bush. First organized, televised response to a presidential State of the Union message
Denotes prerecorded program
Randomly selected Democratic voters participated in this televised discussion In addition to responses to official State of the

text: anaphora through repition of "When..." The situation of "[when there's] a crime or a fire, you expect that police and firefighters have the tools to respond" invokes memories of the September 11, 2001 attacks, "When there's a natural disaster, you expect a well-managed response," a criticism of the federal government's response to Hurricane Katrina, and, "When you send your children to school, you expect them to be prepared for success," a general attack on Education in the United States. He particularly criticizes the government's fiscal policy, insisting that citizens "have a right to expect [the] government to be fiscally responsible,

title: 1986 State of the Union Address

text: Each of these individuals was mentioned directly during the speech. The Democratic Party response was delivered by Senator George Mitchell (ME), Lt. Gov. Harriett Woods (MO), Gov. Charles Robb (VA), Rep. Thomas Daschle (SD), and Rep. William Gray (PA) , who had previously taken part in the group response to President Reagan’s State of the Union Address delivered on January 25, 1984. President Reagan was joined before the joint session of Congress by Vice President George H. W. Bush and Speaker of the House Thomas O’Neill, who introduced Reagan before the commencement of the address. 1986 State of the Union

title: State of the Union (play)

text: State of the Union (play) State of the Union is a play by American playwrights Russel Crouse and Howard Lindsay about a fictional Republican presidential candidate. "State of the Union" opened at the National Theatre in Washington, DC on November 6, 1945. The "New York Times" reviewer noted that the play was "clever and well-acted." The play premiered on Broadway at the Hudson Theatre on November 14, 1945, and closed on September 13, 1947 after 765 performances. Directed by Bretaigne Windust, the cast starred Ralph Bellamy (Grant Matthews), Ruth Hussey (Mary Matthews), Margalo Gillmore (Kay Thorndyke), Myron McCormick (Spike MacManus),

title: 1940 State of the Union Address

text: and modern demands." 1940 State of the Union Address The 1940 State of the Union Address was given by the 32nd President of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt, on Wednesday, January 3, 1940, to both houses of 76th United States Congress. It was given right before the United States entered World War II. He said, "You are well aware that dictatorships--and the philosophy of force that justifies and accompanies dictatorships--have originated in almost every case in the necessity for drastic action to improve internal conditions in places where democratic action for one reason or another has failed to respond

title: 2008 State of the Union Address

text: response in Spanish. Libertarian Party Chair William Redpath issued a written response to the State of the Union on behalf of the national Libertarian Party. Steve Kubby, a candidate for the Libertarian Party's 2008 presidential nomination, delivered his own "State of the Union address" via Internet video on January 25, 2008, three days before President Bush's speech. Framed as a preemption rather than merely a response, Kubby's speech attempted to predict the themes President Bush would strike and offered Kubby's own proposals in their stead. 2008 State of the Union Address The 2008 State of the Union address was a

title: State of the Union

text: to President Nixon, as well as a televised response to Nixon's written speech in 1973. The same was done by Democrats for President Reagan's speeches in 1982 and 1985. The response is not always produced in a studio; in 1997, the Republicans for the first time delivered the response in front of high school students. In 2004, the Democratic Party's response was also delivered in Spanish for the first time, by New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson. In 2011, Minnesota Congresswoman Michele Bachmann also gave a televised response for the Tea Party Express, a first for a political movement. Although much

title: State of the Union

text: report. Since Franklin Roosevelt, the State of the Union is given typically each January before a joint session of the United States Congress and is held in the House of Representatives chamber of the United States Capitol. Newly inaugurated presidents generally deliver an address to Congress in February of the first year of their term, but this speech is not officially considered to be a "State of the Union". What began as a communication between president and Congress has become in effect a communication between the president and the people of the United States. Since the advent of radio, and

title: 2011 State of the Union Address

text: his economic agenda. Leaders of several smaller political parties also gave prepared responses to the speech. The Libertarian Party's response was delivered by Executive Director Wes Benedict. Billy Wharton, co-chair of the Socialist Party USA, released a response through his party's website. Sam Webb, chairman of the Communist Party USA, released a response through the party's main website. 2011 State of the Union Address The 2011 State of the Union Address was a speech given by President Barack Obama at 9 p.m. EST on January 25, 2011, in the chamber of the United States House of Representatives. In this joint

text: The practice began in 1966 when Republican U.S. Senator Everett Dirksen (Illinois) and U.S. Representative Gerald Ford (Michigan) appeared on TV to offer a response to the address by Democratic President Lyndon Johnson.  The opposition party's response has varied in format, ranging from a prerecorded 45-minute TV program in 1970 to a call-in show in 1972 where a panel of congressmen answered unrehearsed questions from callers. Since the late 1980s, it usually has been a televised speech given soon after the State of the Union address.

title: State of the Union (play)

text: not a biography." In 1948 the play was adapted for a film directed by Frank Capra. The film stars Spencer Tracy and Katharine Hepburn. State of the Union (play) State of the Union is a play by American playwrights Russel Crouse and Howard Lindsay about a fictional Republican presidential candidate. "State of the Union" opened at the National Theatre in Washington, DC on November 6, 1945. The "New York Times" reviewer noted that the play was "clever and well-acted." The play premiered on Broadway at the Hudson Theatre on November 14, 1945, and closed on September 13, 1947 after 765

title: 2018 State of the Union Address

text: the most famous names in American politics. Joe Kennedy III is the second member of his family to give the Democratic response after his great uncle Ted Kennedy gave one to the 1982 State of the Union Address. It was announced on January 29 that Kennedy would be giving the Democratic response from Diman Regional Vocational Technical High School in Fall River, Massachusetts. Nicholas Sarwark, the chairman of the Libertarian National Committee, gave the Libertarian Party response to the State of the Union Address. Additionally, Libertarian 2020 presidential candidate Adam Kokesh gave a response to the State of the Union

text: of Kaine and Warner in rebuilding the Democratic Party in the Republican-leaning state was rewarded with Kaine's response to President Bush, which highlighted the competence of Virginia's Democratic administration with the perceived incompetence of the Bush Administration in the wake of Hurricane Katrina. The political success and strength of Virginia Democrats would be heightened the following January, when newly elected Virginia Senator Jim Webb would be chosen to deliver the Democratic response to the 2007 State of the Union address. In continuing the tradition of a Democrat from a red state delivering the Democratic response, Kansas Governor Kathleen Sebelius gave

title: 2003 State of the Union Address

text: United States Congress. Just before the President addressed Iraq in the speech, he spent five paragraphs addressing his initiative to fight AIDS in Africa. The Democratic response was given by then Washington Governor Gary Locke, who was appointed to be United States Ambassador to China in 2011. 2003 State of the Union Address The 2003 State of the Union Address was a speech delivered by U.S. President George W. Bush, the 43rd United States President, on Tuesday, January 28, 2003. It outlined justifications for the 2003 invasion of Iraq. It began his discussion of the "war on terror" by asserting,

text: the response to the 2008 State of the Union address. Webb's election over incumbent Senator George Allen in the 2006 Virginia Senate election tipped control of the United States Senate to the Democratic Party for the first time in four years and, with the election of a Democratic majority in the US House of Representatives, resulted in the first Democratic-controlled Congress in twelve years. Democratic response to 2006 State of the Union address The response to the 2006 State of the Union Address was delivered by Virginia Governor Tim Kaine on January 31, 2006, after United States President George W.

title: 2006 State of the Union Address

text: the Abramoff scandal and corruption within the government, the NSA spying controversy, the successful nomination of Supreme Court Justice Samuel Alito, and the Administration's proposed ban on same-sex marriage. Newly elected Governor of Virginia Tim Kaine gave the Democratic response in English and Mayor of Los Angeles Antonio Villaraigosa did so in Spanish. President Bush began his State of the Union Address for the year by reflecting on the memory of Coretta Scott King, who died earlier that day, and Martin Luther King, Jr., "the husband who was taken so long ago". Bush then paralleled "moments of national mourning," an

title: State of the Union

text: none has done so since Jimmy Carter sent a written message in 1981. In 1953 and 1961, Congress received both a written State of the Union message from the outgoing president and a separate State of the Union speech by the incoming president. Since 1989, in recognition that the responsibility of reporting the State of the Union formally belongs to the president who held office during the past year, newly inaugurated Presidents have not officially called their first speech before Congress a "State of the Union" message. In 1936, President Roosevelt set a precedent when he delivered the address at

title: 2007 State of the Union Address

text: veteran and Senator from Virginia whose son was serving in Iraq, delivered the Democratic response from Capitol Hill, the second year in a row for a Virginia politician. Virginia Governor Tim Kaine delivered the Democratic response in 2006. It lasted less than nine minutes, as expected, ending at 10:24 EST. Webb said he hoped the Bush administration is serious about health care, education, and revitalizing the imperiled nation, as represented by New Orleans, Louisiana, following Hurricane Katrina (President Bush did not mention Katrina or New Orleans in his Address). He emphasized that corporate profits are not being fairly shared, stating

text: Democratic response to 2006 State of the Union address The response to the 2006 State of the Union Address was delivered by Virginia Governor Tim Kaine on January 31, 2006, after United States President George W. Bush delivered his 2006 State of the Union address. The theme of Kaine's speech, ""A Better Way"," advocates the Democratic Party's policies and states' rights. Kaine delivered the speech from Virginia's historic Executive Mansion in Richmond and the speech was televised nationwide. Kaine begins his speech by recalling his work as a Catholic missionary in Honduras where he learned the value of measuring one's

title: 1940 State of the Union Address

text: 1940 State of the Union Address The 1940 State of the Union Address was given by the 32nd President of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt, on Wednesday, January 3, 1940, to both houses of 76th United States Congress. It was given right before the United States entered World War II. He said, "You are well aware that dictatorships--and the philosophy of force that justifies and accompanies dictatorships--have originated in almost every case in the necessity for drastic action to improve internal conditions in places where democratic action for one reason or another has failed to respond to modern needs

title: 2008 State of the Union Address

text: that President Bush's speech would mention the following policies: In keeping with tradition of Democrats from red states giving the response, Governor of Kansas Kathleen Sebelius delivered the Democratic response from the Governor's Mansion in Topeka. It has been noted that she focused not on the usual Democratic rebuttal, but more so on the need to get past partisan politics to get the important legislation passed in a timely manner. She was picked by Democratic congressional leaders to make the response because of her ability to reach across partisan lines. Texas state Senator Leticia Van de Putte gave the Democratic

title: 1995 State of the Union Address

text: history. The president acknowledged many Americans of past and present in his speech. Among them were: The Republican Party response was delivered by Governor Christine Todd Whitman of New Jersey. This was the first response given exclusively by a state governor and, delivered in Trenton, the first outside Washington, DC. Conservative William Kristol called the address the "most conservative State of the Union by a Democratic president in history." Federico Peña, the Secretary of Transportation, served as the designated survivor. 1995 State of the Union Address The 1995 State of the Union address was given by President Bill Clinton to

title: 2016 State of the Union Address

text: with the strain disruptive technologies place on working families, and the benefits terrorists gain from access to communication technologies. He called on America to overcome these fears and face the future with optimism. He also highlighted America's diversity, strong work ethic, and commitment to rule of law as things necessary to ensure prosperity and security. He stressed that these traits are what got the country through the recent economic crisis, and what led to affordable health care, the resurgence of the US energy sector, greater benefits for troops and veterans and the legal acceptance of Gay marriage. He then listed

title: 2015 State of the Union Address

text: Iowa gave the official Republican response in English to the State of the Union address, with Representative Carlos Curbelo of Florida giving the official Republican Spanish-language response. The English and Spanish responses differed in that the Spanish response talked about immigration issues, whereas the English response did not. In addition to the official Republican responses, Representative Curt Clawson of Florida, Senator Ted Cruz of Texas, and Senator Rand Paul of Kentucky all gave their own televised responses. Obama's televised address was viewed by 33 million Americans, making it the lowest number in recent history. Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov said

title: 1988 State of the Union Address

text: radio and television. The Democratic Party response was delivered by Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia and Speaker of the House Jim Wright of Texas. 1988 State of the Union Address The 1988 State of the Union address was given by President Ronald Reagan to a joint session of the 100th United States Congress on Monday, January 25, 1988. The speech was the last State of the Union address of President Reagan's second term. Donald Hodel, the Secretary of the Interior, served as the designated survivor. President Reagan began by announcing that his speech would not be a litany of

title: State of the Union (TV program)

text: State of the Union (TV program) State of the Union, branded as State of the Union with Jake Tapper, is an American Sunday talk show and political discussion television program hosted by Jake Tapper on CNN and broadcast around the world by CNN International. It has been broadcast since its debut in January 2009. The program is broadcast from 9:00am to 10:00am ET, with a replay at noon to 1:00pm ET from CNN's studios in Washington D.C. The program premiered on January 18, 2009, originally with John King as host, and aired from 9:00am to 1:00pm ET (though only the

title: 2013 State of the Union Address

text: Times" and the "Washington Post". Additional reactions from US newspapers was gathered by the website al.com. The official Libertarian response was given by Carla Howell, the Executive Director of the Libertarian National Committee. The official Green Party response was given by Jill Stein, the party's 2012 presidential candidate. 2013 State of the Union Address The 2013 State of the Union Address was a speech given by President Barack Obama on Tuesday, February 12, 2013, in the chamber of the United States House of Representatives, at 9 PM EST. It was simulcast online by the White House website as an "enhanced

title: 2002 State of the Union Address

text: "economy" was spoken 7 different times and Iraq was mentioned twice. One of the most frequently used words in his speech was "terror". The speech lasted 48 minutes and applause broke out 76 different times. At the time of the speech, President Bush had an 80% approval rating. Representative Richard Dick Gephardt (D-MO), the Minority Leader of the House of Representatives at the time, gave the Democratic response to President Bush's 2002 State of the Union address. In his response, the Congressman from Missouri argued the importance of unity among the parties during the difficult times the country was facing.

title: 2018 State of the Union Address

text: launch an all out attack on the FBI, the pre-eminent federal law enforcement agency." Senators Doug Jones and Joe Manchin were the only Democrats showing consistent support for Trump. In a CBS News poll, 42 percent of respondents who watched the State of the Union Address identified themselves as Republicans, 33 percent as Independents, and 25 percent as Democrats. 75 percent of those who were polled approved of the speech. A CNN poll of viewers determined that 48 percent of viewers had a very positive impression of the speech and 22 percent had a somewhat positive impression, which was the

title: 2018 State of the Union Address

text: lowest net positive rating since CNN first began asking the question in 1998. 2018 State of the Union Address The 2018 State of the Union Address was given by the 45th President of the United States, Donald Trump, on Tuesday, January 30, 2018, at 9 p.m. EST in the chamber of the United States House of Representatives. It was addressed to the 115th United States Congress. It was Trump's first State of the Union Address and his second speech to a joint session of the United States Congress. U.S. Representative Joe Kennedy III and Virginia Delegate Elizabeth Guzmán gave the


question: who had the most governmental power under the articles of confederation

answers: the states

title: Articles of Confederation

text: direct control of Congress. There were 10 presidents of Congress under the Articles. The first, Samuel Huntington, had been serving as president of the Continental Congress since September 28, 1779. The peace treaty left the United States independent and at peace but with an unsettled governmental structure. The Articles envisioned a permanent confederation, but granted to the Congress—the only federal institution—little power to finance itself or to ensure that its resolutions were enforced. There was no president, no executive agencies, no judiciary and no tax base. The absence of a tax base meant that there was no way to pay

title: Congress of the Confederation

text: recess, and performed other administrative functions. He was not, however, an executive in the way the later President of the United States is a chief executive, since all of the functions he executed were under the direct control of Congress. There were 10 presidents of Congress under the Articles. The first, Samuel Huntington, had been serving as president of the Continental Congress since September 28, 1779. Congress of the Confederation The Congress of the Confederation, or the Confederation Congress, formally referred to as the United States in Congress Assembled, was the governing body of the United States of America that

title: Articles of Confederation

text: Philadelphia on May 25, 1787. This became the Constitutional Convention. It was quickly realized that changes would not work, and instead the entire Articles needed to be replaced. On March 4, 1789, the government under the Articles was replaced with the federal government under the Constitution. The new Constitution provided for a much stronger federal government by establishing a chief executive (the President), courts, and taxing powers. The political push to increase cooperation among the then-loyal colonies began with the Albany Congress in 1754 and Benjamin Franklin's proposed Albany Plan, an inter-colonial collaboration to help solve mutual local problems. The

title: Federalist No. 76

text: 1781, the Articles of Confederation originally depicted the nation's government when it was a confederation of states. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was the legislature that had overarching power and authority, including that of appointments. In 1787, at the Philadelphia Convention, a proposal for a new system of government was constructed. Rather than having a single authoritative and dominating body, the delegates devised a plan for three branches of government: executive, legislative, and judicial. Not only this, but the system of checks and balances was also created in order to prevent unequal power amongst branches.

title: United States House of Representatives

text: The House meets in the south wing of the United States Capitol. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a unicameral body in which each state was equally represented, and in which each state had a veto over most action. After eight years of a more limited confederal government under the Articles, numerous political leaders such as James Madison and Alexander Hamilton initiated the Constitutional Convention in 1787, which received the Confederation Congress's sanction to "amend the Articles of Confederation". All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates. The issue of how to structure Congress

title: Balanced budget amendment

text: Articles of Confederation and the Perpetual Union had granted to the Continental Congress the power And, with this as a model grants to the United States Congress the power At the time that the Constitution came into effect, the United States had a significant debt, primarily associated with the Revolutionary War. There were differences within and between the major political coalitions over the possible liquidation or increase of this debt. As early as 1798, Thomas Jefferson wrote:I wish it were possible to obtain a single amendment to our Constitution. I would be willing to depend on that alone for the

title: History of the United States Congress

text: the Confederation governed the United States for eight years (March 1, 1781 to March 4, 1789). There was no chief executive or president before 1789, so Congress governed the United States. The Articles of Confederation was written in 1776, and came into effect in 1781. This established a weak central government, with only a unicameral body, in which each state was equally represented and each had a veto over most actions. There was no executive or judicial branch. This congress was given limited authority over foreign affairs and military matters, but not to collect taxes, regulate interstate commerce, or enforce

title: Confederation Period

text: provisions were altered over the course of the convention. During the convention, Madison and James Wilson of Pennsylvania emerged as two of the most important advocates of a new constitution based on the Virginia Plan, while prominent opponents to the final document would include Edmund Randolph, George Mason, and Elbridge Gerry. The balance of power between the federal government and the state governments emerged as the most debated topic of the convention, and the convention ultimately agreed to a framework in which the federal and state governments shared power. The federal government would regulate interstate and foreign commerce, coin money,

title: John Marshall

text: of his cousin, Edmund Randolph, after the latter was elected Governor of Virginia. Marshall gained a reputation as a talented attorney practicing in the state capital of Richmond, and he took on a wide array of cases. He represented the heirs of Lord Fairfax in "Hite v. Fairfax" (1786), an important case involving a large tract of land in the Northern Neck of Virginia. Under the Articles of Confederation, the United States during the 1780s was a confederation of sovereign states with a weak national government that had little or no effective power to impose tariffs, regulate interstate commerce, or

title: Articles of Confederation

title: New York (state)

text: national capital under the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, the first government. That organization was found to be insufficient, and prominent New Yorker Alexander Hamilton advocated a new government that would include an executive, national courts, and the power to tax. Hamilton led the Annapolis Convention (1786) that called for the Philadelphia Convention, which drafted the United States Constitution, in which he also took part. The new government was to be a strong federal national government to replace the relatively weaker confederation of individual states. Following heated debate, which included the publication of the now quintessential constitutional interpretation "The

title: Independence National Historical Park

text: legislature in which each state, regardless of size, would have one vote, as under the Articles of Confederation. Roger Sherman combined the two plans with the Connecticut Compromise, and his measure passed on July 16, 1787 by seven to six—a margin of one vote. Other contentious issues were slavery and the federal regulation of commerce, which resulted in additional compromises. The Residence Act of 1790 empowered President George Washington to locate a permanent capital along the Potomac River. Robert Morris, a representative from Pennsylvania, convinced Congress to designate Philadelphia as the temporary capital city of the United States federal government.

title: Continental Congress

text: of the Confederation when the Articles of Confederation were ratified on March 1, 1781. The newly founded country of the United States next had to create a new government to replace the British Parliament that it was in rebellion against. After much debate, the Americans adopted the Articles of Confederation, a declaration that established a national government made up of a one-house legislature known as the Congress of the Confederation. It met from 1781 to 1789. The Confederation Congress helped guide the United States through the final stages of the Revolutionary War, but during peacetime, the Continental Congress steeply declined

title: John Breckinridge (U.S. Attorney General)

text: Articles of Confederation; he argued that the national government could not survive unless it could tax its citizens, a power it did not have under the Articles. Financial problems caused Breckinridge to leave William and Mary after the spring semester in 1784. Because of his studies earlier in the year, he had no time to campaign for reelection to the House of Delegates, so he asked his brother Joseph and his cousin John Preston to campaign on his behalf. Initially, his prospects seemed favorable, but he was beaten by future Virginia Congressman George Hancock. After the defeat, voters from Montgomery

title: Articles of Confederation

text: established by the Articles received only those powers which the former colonies had recognized as belonging to king and parliament. The Articles formed a war-time confederation of states, with an extremely limited central government. While unratified, the document was used by the Congress to conduct business, direct the American Revolutionary War, conduct diplomacy with foreign nations, and deal with territorial issues and Native American relations. The adoption of the Articles made few perceptible changes in the federal government, because it did little more than legalize what the Continental Congress had been doing. That body was renamed the Congress of the

title: Articles of Confederation

text: 24, New Jersey on November 26, and Delaware on February 12, 1779. Maryland refused to ratify the Articles until every state had ceded its western land claims. Chevalier de La Luzerne, French Minister to the United States, felt that the Articles would help strengthen the American government. In 1780 when Maryland requested France provide naval forces in the Chesapeake Bay for protection from the British (who were conducting raids in the lower part of the bay), he indicated that French Admiral Destouches would do what he could but La Luzerne also “sharply pressed” Maryland to ratify the Articles, thus suggesting

title: John Jay

text: responsibility was not matched by a commensurate level of authority, so he joined Alexander Hamilton and James Madison in advocating for a stronger government than the one dictated by the Articles of Confederation. He argued in his Address to the People of the State of New-York, on the Subject of the Federal Constitution that the Articles of Confederation were too weak and an ineffective form of government. He contended that: The Congress under the Articles of Confederation may make war, but are not empowered to raise men or money to carry it on—they may make peace, but without power to

title: History of the United States Constitution

text: the Articles of Confederation, and the Articles Congress, the Supreme Court in Ware v. Hylton and again in Penhallow v. Doane's Administrators, perceived Congress as exercising powers derived from the people, expressly conferred through the medium of state conventions or legislatures, and, once exercised, "impliedly ratified by the acquiescence and obedience of the people". The Articles of Confederation was unanimously adopted in 1781. Over the previous four years, it had been used by Congress as a "working document" to administer the early United States government, win the Revolutionary War and secure the Treaty of Paris (1783) with Great Britain. Lasting

title: Northwest Territory

text: (Virginia, Massachusetts, New York, and Connecticut) had competing claims on the territory. Other states, such as Maryland, refused to ratify the Articles of Confederation so long as these states were allowed to keep their western territory, fearing that those states could continue to grow and tip the balance of power in their favor under the proposed system of federal government. As a concession to obtain ratification, these states ceded their claims on the territory to the federal government: New York in 1780, Virginia in 1784, and Massachusetts and Connecticut in 1785. So the majority of the territory became public land

title: Federalist No. 10

text: unworthy candidates to practice the vicious arts by which elections are too often carried". Prior to the Constitution, the thirteen states were bound together by the Articles of Confederation. These were in essence a military alliance between sovereign nations adopted to better fight the Revolutionary War. Congress had no power to tax, and as a result was not able to pay debts resulting from the Revolution. Madison, George Washington, Benjamin Franklin and others feared a break-up of the union and national bankruptcy. Like Washington, Madison felt the revolution had not resolved the social problems that had triggered it, and the

title: Anti-Federalist Papers

text: passage of the US Bill of Rights. Following its victory against the British in the Revolutionary War, the United States was plagued by a variety of internal problems. The weak central government could not raise taxes to cover war debts and was largely unable to pass legislation. Many early American politicians and thinkers believed that these issues were the result of the Articles of Confederation - the first governing document of the United States. In 1787 a convention gathered in Philadelphia to attempt to amend it. Soon, however, the gathering shifted its focus to constructing a newer and more powerful

title: Independence National Historical Park

text: final version of the Declaration on July 4, marking the formation of the United States of America. Historians believe that the Old State House Bell, now known as the Liberty Bell, was one of the bells rung to mark the reading of the Declaration on July 8. After 1781, the national government operated under the Articles of Confederation, which gave the federal government virtually no power to regulate domestic affairs or raise revenue. At the Annapolis Convention in September 1786, the delegates asked for a broader meeting to be held the next May in Philadelphia to address the regulation of

title: Federalist Party

text: the most inveterate monarchist of them all. The Federalists, with twice as many newspapers at their command, slashed back with equal vituperation. John Fenno and "Peter Porcupine" (William Cobbett) were their nastiest penmen and Noah Webster their most learned. Hamilton subsidized the Federalist editors, wrote for their papers and in 1801 established his own paper, the "New York Evening Post." Though his reputation waned considerably following his death, Joseph Dennie ran three of the most popular and influential newspapers of the period, "The Farmer's Weekly Museum", the "Gazette of the United States" and "The Port Folio". The Federalists were conscious

title: Article Two of the United States Constitution

text: or regulate commerce, even though executives had often wielded such authority in the past. In these instances, Congress retained portions of the executive power that the Continental Congress had wielded under the Articles of Confederation. In fact, because those actions require legislation passed by Congress which must be signed by the President to take effect, those powers are not strictly executive powers granted to or retained by Congress per se. Nor were they retained by the U.S. Congress as leftovers from the Articles of Confederation. The Articles of Confederation, Continental Congress and its powers were abolished at the time the

title: Province of Maryland

text: Britain in 1776, with Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, and Charles Carroll of Carrollton signing the Declaration of Independence for the colony. In the 1776–77 debates over the Articles of Confederation, Maryland delegates led the party that insisted that states with western land claims cede them to the Confederation government, and in 1781 Maryland became the last state to ratify the Articles of Confederation. It accepted the United States Constitution more readily, ratifying it on 28 April 1788. Maryland also gave up some territory to create the new District of Columbia after the American Revolution. Province of Maryland The

title: History of Virginia on stamps

text: 16, 1981 at Yorktown Virginia. The designer was Cal Sacks of Westport, Connecticut. The first written U.S. constitution was the Articles of Confederation. Under the Articles, Virginia ceded its claim to territory north of the Ohio River to the United States Government to form the Northwest Territory. There was no independent executive branch or judicial branch, only Congress. The Constitution of the United States was written in an effort to form a more effective national government, with George Washington elected unanimously to be the president of the Constitutional Convention, and James Madison known as the "Father of the Constitution". The

title: Taxing and Spending Clause

text: and spending power. One of the most often claimed defects of the Articles of Confederation was its lack of a grant to the central government of the power to lay and collect taxes. Under the Articles, Congress was forced to rely on requisitions upon the governments of its member states. Without the power to independently raise its own revenues, the Articles left Congress vulnerable to the discretion of the several State governments—each State made its own decision as to whether it would pay the requisition or not. Some states were not giving Congress the funds for which it asked by

title: Delaware Constitution of 1776

text: originate only in the House of Assembly. Delegates to the Congress of the Confederation were chosen annually by joint ballot of both Houses of the General Assembly, meaning a majority of thirty persons would win the election. The executive authority of the state was vested in a President or Chief Magistrate. The President was chosen by joint ballot of both Houses of the General Assembly. In the event of a tie, The Legislative Council would have an additional vote and break the tie. The President was to have a term of three years and no longer, and was to be

title: Congress of the Confederation

text: the signed commission they had voted him back in June 1775, at the beginning of the conflict. With that simple gesture of acknowledging the first civilian power over the military, he took his leave and returned by horseback the next day to his home and family at Mount Vernon near the colonial river port city on the Potomac River at Alexandria in Virginia. On March 1, 1781, the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union were signed by delegates of Maryland at a meeting of the Second Continental Congress, which then declared the Articles ratified. As historian Edmund Burnett wrote, "There

title: Federalist Party

text: Vice President under the system set out in the Constitution prior to the ratification of the 12th Amendment. The Federalists were strongest in New England, but also had strengths in the middle states. They elected Adams as President in 1796, when they controlled both houses of Congress, the presidency, eight state legislatures and ten governorships. Foreign affairs continued to be the central concern of American politics, for the war raging in Europe threatened to drag in the United States. The new President was a loner, who made decisions without consulting Hamilton or other "High Federalists". Benjamin Franklin once quipped that

title: Articles of Confederation

long_answer: The Articles of Confederation, formally the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, was an agreement among the 13 original states of the United States of America that served as its first constitution. It was approved, after much debate (between July 1776 and November 1777), by the Second Continental Congress on November 15, 1777, and sent to the states for ratification. The Articles of Confederation came into force on March 1, 1781, after being ratified by all 13 states. A guiding principle of the Articles was to preserve the independence and sovereignty of the states. The federal government received only those powers which the colonies had recognized as belonging to king and parliament.