question: how and why were serial novels a phenomenon in the nineteenth century

answers: improved economics of distribution

answers: technological advances in printing

answers: the rise of literacy

title: Serial (literature)

text: were Wilkie Collins, inventor of the detective novel with "The Moonstone" and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, who created the Sherlock Holmes stories originally for serialization in "The Strand" magazine. While American periodicals first syndicated British writers, over time they drew from a growing base of domestic authors. The rise of the periodicals like "Harper's" and the "Atlantic Monthly" grew in symbiotic tandem with American literary talent. The magazines nurtured and provided an economic sustainability for writers, while the writers helped grow the periodicals' circulation base. During the late 19th century, those that were considered the best American writers first published

title: Serial (literature)

text: volume, a novel would often be consumed by readers in installments over a period as long as a year, with the authors and periodicals often responding to audience reaction. In France, Alexandre Dumas and Eugène Sue were masters of the serialized genre. "The Three Musketeers" and "The Count of Monte Cristo" each appeared as a "feuilleton". "The Count of Monte Cristo" was stretched out to 139 installments. Eugène Sue's serial novel "Le Juif errant" increased circulation of "Le Constitutionnel" from 3,600 to 25,000. Production in book form soon followed and serialization was one of the main reasons that nineteenth-century novels

title: Jonathan Grossman

text: examines early nineteenth-century crime fiction's relation to the law courts prior to detective fiction's invention in the 1840s. It falls into the interdisciplinary field of law and literature as well as early Victorian studies. "Charles Dickens's Networks: Public transport and the Novel" (Oxford), his second book, examines the history of public transport's systematic networking of people and how this revolutionized perceptions of time, space, and community, and how the art form of the novel played a special role in synthesizing and understanding that revolution. Focusing on a trio of road novels by Charles Dickens, this study looks first at a

title: Serial (literature)

text: part determined the author's success, as audience appetite created demand for further installments. In the German-speaking countries, the serialized novel was widely popularized by the weekly family magazine "Die Gartenlaube", which reached a circulation of 382,000 by 1875. In Russia, "The Russian Messenger" serialized Leo Tolstoy's "Anna Karenina" from 1873 to 1877 and Fyodor Dostoevsky's "The Brothers Karamazov" from 1879 to 1880. In Poland, Bolesław Prus wrote several serialized novels: "The Outpost" (1885–86), "The Doll" (1887–89), "The New Woman" (1890–93), and his sole historical novel, "Pharaoh" (the latter, exceptionally, written entire over a year's time in 1894–95 and serialized only

title: Serial (literature)

text: were so long. Authors and publishers kept the story going if it was successful since authors were paid by line and by episode. Gustave Flaubert's "Madame Bovary" was serialized in "La Revue de Paris" in 1856. Some writers were prolific. Alexandre Dumas wrote at an incredible pace, oftentimes writing with his partner twelve to fourteen hours a day, working on several novels for serialized publication at once. However, not every writer could keep up with the serial writing pace. Wilkie Collins, for instance, was never more than a week before publication. The difference in writing pace and output in large

title: English literature

text: and popular novelist James Fenimore Cooper (1789–1851) began publishing his historical romances of frontier and Indian life. However, Edgar Allan Poe's tales of the macabre that first appeared in the early 1830s, and his poetry were more influential in France than at home. It was in the Victorian era (1837–1901) that the novel became the leading literary genre in English. Women played an important part in this rising popularity both as authors and as readers, and monthly serialising of fiction also encouraged this surge in popularity, further apheavals which followed the Reform Act of 1832". This was in many ways

title: Serial (literature)

text: their work in serial form and then only later in a completed volume format. As a piece in "Scribner's Monthly" explained in 1878, "Now it is the second or third rate novelist who cannot get publication in a magazine, and is obliged to publish in a volume, and it is in the magazine that the best novelist always appears first." Among the American writers that wrote in serial form were Henry James and Herman Melville. A large part of the appeal for writers at the time was the broad audiences that serialization could reach, which would then grow their following

title: Charles Brockden Brown

text: of German "Schauer-romantik" gothic from Friedrich Schiller, the enlightened sentimental fictions of Jean-Jacques Rousseau or Laurence Sterne, women's domestic novels by writers such as Fanny Burney or Hannah Webster Foster, and other genres such as captivity narrative. Brown builds plots around particular motifs such as sleepwalking and religious mania, drawing on Enlightenment-era medical writings by people such as Erasmus Darwin. Of the seven novels extant, the first four to be published in book form ("Wieland", "Ormond", "Edgar Huntly", and "Arthur Mervyn") have received the lion's share of commentary and attention. Because of their sensational violence, dramatic intensity, and intellectual complexity,

title: Scottish literature in the nineteenth century

text: many of them historical or studies of manners set in Scotland and England, including "The Minister's Wife" (1886) and "Kirsteen" (1890). Her series the "Chronicles of Carlingford" has been compared with the best work of Anthony Trollope. In the late nineteenth century, a number of Scottish-born authors gained international reputations. Robert Louis Stevenson's (1850–94) work included the urban Gothic novella "Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde" (1886), which explored the psychological consequences of modernity. Stevenson was also crucial to the further development of the historical novel with historical adventures in books such as "Kidnapped" (1886) and "Treasure Island"

title: Serial (literature)

title: Victorian literature

text: Charlotte, is another major nineteenth century novel that has gothic themes. Anne's second novel "The Tenant of Wildfell Hall" (1848), written in realistic rather than romantic style, is mainly considered to be the first sustained feminist novel. Later in this period George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans), published "The Mill on the Floss" in 1860, and in 1872 her most famous work "Middlemarch". Like the Brontës she published under a masculine pseudonym. In the later decades of the Victorian era Thomas Hardy was the most important novelist. His works include "Under the Greenwood Tree" (1872), "Far from the Madding Crowd" (1874),

text: in Scott's death in 1821. Blackwood pioneered the publication of novels that were originally serialised in periodicals. The periodicals had a major impact on the development of British literature in the era of Romanticism, helping to solidify the literary respectability of the novel, which were heavily reviewed in their pages. They also played a major role in the development of the short story. Publications included work by Scott, Galt and Hogg, as well as writers from outwith Scotland such as Charles Dickens, Emily Bronte, Robert Browning, and Edgar Allan Poe and lesser known figures including William Mudford, William Godwin and

title: Serial (literature)

text: for published works. One of the first significant American works to be released in serial format is "Uncle Tom's Cabin", by Harriet Beecher Stowe, which was published over a 40-week period by "The National Era", an abolitionist periodical, starting with the June 5, 1851 issue. Serialization was so standard in American literature that authors from that era often built installment structure into their creative process. James, for example, often had his works divided into multi-part segments of similar length. The consumption of fiction during that time was different than in the 20th century. Instead of being read in a single

title: Richard Stang

text: biology from Columbia College in New York, then completed a master's degree in romantic literature at Columbia University in 1949. In 1958 he was awarded the Ph.D. in Victorian literature from Columbia University, having studied there under eminent critics Lionel Trilling and Jerome Buckley. Stang’s "The Theory of the Novel in England 1850-1870" is a close look at British fiction in the critical mid-century decades when novelists themselves, along with some critics, were for the first time mounting a defense of the novel as a genre and of the role of the novelist as (in the phrase to be used

title: Jay Clayton (critic)

text: in nineteenth-century English fiction as lyric disruptions of the narrative line. His book on multiculturalism in American fiction and theory, "Pleasures of Babel: Contemporary American Literature and Theory", published by Oxford University Press in 1993, was selected by Choice as An Outstanding Academic Book for 1995. Surveying American fiction and literary theory from the 1970s-1990s, Clayton argued for the political and social power of narratives. His best known book, "Charles Dickens in Cyberspace: The Afterlife of the Nineteenth Century in Postmodern Culture", was published by Oxford University Press in 2003. It won the Suzanne M. Glasscock Humanities Book Prize for

title: Wilkie Collins

text: and suspense fiction. He also wrote penetratingly on the plight of women and on the social and domestic issues of his time. For example, his 1854 "Hide and Seek" contained one of the first portrayals of a deaf character in English literature. As did many writers of his time, Collins published most of his novels as serials in magazines such as Dickens's "All the Year Round" and was known as a master of the form, creating just the right degree of suspense to keep his audience reading from week to week. Sales of "All The Year Round" increased when "The

title: English novel

text: the nineteenth century. Wilkie Collins' epistolary novel "The Moonstone" (1868), is generally considered the first detective novel in the English language, while "The Woman in White" is regarded as one of the finest sensation novels. H. G. Wells's (1866–1946) writing career began in the 1890s with science fiction novels like "The Time Machine" (1895), and "The War of the Worlds" (1898) which describes an invasion of late Victorian England by Martians, and Wells is seen, along with Frenchman Jules Verne (1828–1905), as a major figure in the development of the science fiction genre. He also wrote realistic fiction about the

title: The Man (Stoker novel)

text: During the Romantic period of literature, which immediately preceded the Victorian period, poetry was the most popular form of literature. In the Victorian period, the novel became the predominant literary work. The most important novelist of the Victorian era is Charles Dickens. Other notable authors include the Brontë sisters: Anne, Charlotte, and Emily (who published works under male pseudonyms), George Eliot (pseudonym of Mary Ann Evans), Thomas Hardy, Lewis Carroll, George Gissing and Arthur Conan Doyle. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the subgenre of Gothic fiction emerged from the broader genre of fantastic fiction. These stories, centering

title: History of modern literature

text: most literary of all centuries, because not only were the forms of novel, short story and magazine serial all in existence side-by-side with theatre and opera, but since film, radio and television did not yet exist, the popularity of the written word and its direct enactment were at their height. The romantic movement was well under way and along with it developed the splintering of fiction writing into genres and the rise of speculative fiction. There was a romantic tendency toward the exploration of folk traditions and old legends. In 1802 Sir Walter Scott published "Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border".

title: Young adult fiction

text: fourteen) and "Books for Young Persons" (for those between fourteen and twenty-one), establishing terms of reference for young adult literature that still remains in use. Nineteenth century literature presents several early works, that appealed to young readers, though not necessarily written for them, including "The Swiss Family Robinson" (1812), Walter Scott's "Waverley" (1814), Charles Dickens' "Oliver Twist" (1838), Alexandre Dumas' "The Count of Monte Cristo" (1844), "Tom Brown's Schooldays" (1857), Dickens' "Great Expectations" (1860), "Alice in Wonderland" (1865), Mark Twain's "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" (1876), and "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" (1884), Robert Louis Stevenson's "Kidnapped" (1886), Rudyard Kipling's "The

title: English literature

text: of the most popular novelist of the era was Sir Walter Scott, whose historical romances inspired a generation of painters, composers, and writers throughout Europe. Scott's novel-writing career was launched in 1814 with "Waverley", often called the first historical novel. Jane Austen's works critique the novels of sensibility of the second half of the 18th century and are part of the transition to 19th-century realism. Her plots, in novels such as "Pride and Prejudice" (1813), "Emma" (1815), though fundamentally comic, highlight the dependence of women on marriage to secure social standing and economic security. The European Romantic movement reached America

text: The outstanding literary figure of the early nineteenth century was Walter Scott, whose "Waverley" is often called the first historical novel. He had a major worldwide influence. His success led to a publishing boom in Scotland. Major figures that benefited included James Hogg, John Galt, John Gibson Lockhart, John Wilson and Susan Ferrier. In the mid-nineteenth century major literary figures that contributed to the development of the novel included David Macbeth Moir, John Stuart Blackie, William Edmondstoune Aytoun and Margaret Oliphant. In the late nineteenth century, a number of Scottish-born authors achieved international reputations, including Robert Louis Stevenson and Arthur

title: Sensationalism

text: and the economy, to occupy them in other matters. Through sensationalism, he claims, the audience was further educated and encouraged to take more interest in the news. The more modern forms of sensationalism developed in the course of the nineteenth century in parallel with the expansion of print culture in industrialized nations. A genre of British literature, "sensation novels," became in the 1860s the best example of how the publishing industry could capitalize on a rhetoric made of surprising turns in the narrative to market serialized fiction in the expanded market of the periodical press. The London magazine "Belgravia" edited

title: Reception history of Jane Austen

text: enthusiastic early posthumous review of Austen's work. Whately drew favourable comparisons between Austen and such acknowledged greats as Homer and Shakespeare, praising the dramatic qualities of her narrative. He also affirmed the respectability and legitimacy of the novel as a genre, arguing that imaginative literature, especially narrative, was more valuable than history or biography. When it was properly done, as in Austen, Whately said, imaginative literature concerned itself with generalised human experience from which the reader could gain important insights into human nature; in other words, it was moral. Whately also addressed Austen's position as a female writer, writing: "we

title: Sensation novel

text: Sensation novel The sensation novel, also sensation fiction, was a literary genre of fiction that achieved peak popularity in Great Britain in the 1860s and 1870s. Its literary forebears included the melodramatic novels and the Newgate novels, which focused on tales woven around criminal biographies; it also drew on the gothic and romantic genres of fiction. The genre's popularity was conjoined to an expanding book market and growth of a reading public, by-products of the Industrial Revolution. Whereas romance and realism had traditionally been contradictory modes of literature, they were brought together in sensation fiction. The sensation novelists commonly wrote

text: lawyer and critic John Wilson, as Christopher North, published novels including "Lights and Shadows of Scottish Life" (1822), "The Trials of Margaret Lyndsay" (1823) and "The Foresters" (1825), which investigated individual psychology. The only major female novelist to emerge in the aftermath of Scott's success was Susan Ferrier (1782–1854), whose novels "Marriage" (1818), "The Inheritance" (1824) and "Destiny" (1831), continued the domestic tradition. In the mid-nineteenth century major literary figures that contributed to the development of the novel included David Macbeth Moir (1798–1851), John Stuart Blackie (1809–95) and William Edmondstoune Aytoun (1813–65). Margaret Oliphant (1828–97) produced over a hundred novels,

title: Crime fiction

text: century was Fergus Hume's "The Mystery of a Hansom Cab" (1886), set in Melbourne, Australia. The evolution of the print mass media in the United Kingdom and the United States in the latter half of the 19th century was crucial in popularising crime fiction and related genres. Literary 'variety' magazines like "Strand", "McClure's", and "Harper's" quickly became central to the overall structure and function of popular fiction in society, providing a mass-produced medium that offered cheap, illustrated publications that were essentially disposable. Like the works of many other important fiction writers of his day—e.g. Wilkie Collins and Charles Dickens—Arthur Conan

title: Serial (literature)

text: magazines shifted their focus from entertainment to information and news. However, some serialization of novels in periodicals continued, with mixed success. The first several books in the "Tales of the City" series by Armistead Maupin appeared from 1978 as regular installments in San Francisco newspapers. Similar serial novels ran in other city newspapers, such as "The Serial" (1976; Marin County), "Tangled Lives" (Boston), "Bagtime" (Chicago), and "Federal Triangle" (Washington, D.C.). Starting in 1984, Tom Wolfe's "The Bonfire of the Vanities", about contemporary New York City, ran in 27 parts in "Rolling Stone", partially inspired by the model of Dickens. The

title: English novel

text: Scott established the genre of the historical novel with his series of Waverley Novels, including "Waverley" (1814), "The Antiquary"(1816), and "The Heart of Midlothian" (1818). However, Austen is today widely read and the source for films and television series, while Scott is less often read. It was in the Victorian era (1837–1901) that the novel became the leading literary genre in English. Another important fact is the number of women novelists who were successful in the 19th century, even though they often had to use a masculine pseudonym. At the beginning of the 19th century most novels were published in

title: Sensation novel

text: a "novel-with-a-secret" and as the sort of novel that combines "romance and realism" in a way that "strains both modes to the limit". Sensation novelists drew on the influences of melodrama, gothicism, and the Newgate novel to explore themes considered provocative by societal norms and to question the artificiality of identity. In the 1860s, the sensation novels and theatre became closely intertwined; many of the famous sensation novelists wrote as well for the stage. Dickens, Reade, and Collins all wrote and acted for the theatre and for many novelists, the stage helped them to gain recognition as authors. Peter Brooks

title: Serial (literature)

long_answer: Serialized fiction surged in popularity during Britain's Victorian era, due to a combination of the rise of literacy, technological advances in printing, and improved economics of distribution. Most Victorian novels first appeared as installments in monthly or weekly periodicals. The wild success of Charles Dickens's The Pickwick Papers, first published in 1836, is widely considered to have established the viability and appeal of the serialized format within periodical literature. During that era, the line between "quality" and "commercial" literature was not distinct. Other famous writers who wrote serial literature for popular magazines were Wilkie Collins, inventor of the detective novel withThe Moonstone and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, who created the Sherlock Holmes stories originally for serialization in The Strand magazine.

short_answers:
improved economics of distribution
technological advances in printing
the rise of literacy


question: how many countries touches the land boundary of india

answers: seven

title: Borders of India

text: Borders of India India shares international land borders with six sovereign countries. Maritime borders of India are the maritime boundary recognized by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea entails boundaries of territorial waters, contiguous zones, and exclusive economic zones. India, with its claim of 12 nautical mile territorial sea and 200 nautical miles exclusive economic zone, has more than 7000 km maritime border shared with 7 nations. The map of ICP and LCS. India has 7 functional ICPs, and plans are underway to upgrade 13 more LCS to ICP, including 7 at borders taking total of

title: Geography of India

text: border. After the exchange, India lost roughly 40 km² (10,000 acres) to Bangladesh. The Line of Actual Control (LAC) is the effective border between India and the People's Republic of China. It traverses 4,057 km along the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh. The border with Burma (Myanmar) extends up to along the southern borders of India's northeastern states viz. Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram. Located amidst the Himalayan range, India's border with Bhutan runs . Sikkim, West Bengal, Assam and Arunachal Pradesh are the States, which share the border with Bhutan.

title: Geography of India

text: the Eurasian Plate to deform, and the Indian Plate to compress at a rate of 4 cm/yr (1.6 in/yr). India is divided into 29 states (further subdivided into districts) and 7 union territories including The National capital territory (I.e., Delhi). India's borders run a total length of . Its borders with Pakistan and Bangladesh were delineated according to the Radcliffe Line, which was created in 1947 during Partition of India. Its western border with Pakistan extends up to , dividing the Punjab region and running along the boundaries of the Thar Desert and the Rann of Kutch. This border runs

title: Geography of India

text: Island. Northernmost point which is under Indian administration is Indira Col, Siachen Glacier. India's territorial waters extend into the sea to a distance of from the coast baseline. The northern frontiers of India are defined largely by the Himalayan mountain range, where the country borders China, Bhutan, and Nepal. Its western border with Pakistan lies in the Karakoram range, Punjab Plains, the Thar Desert and the Rann of Kutch salt marshes. In the far northeast, the Chin Hills and Kachin Hills, deeply forested mountainous regions, separate India from Burma. On the east, its border with Bangladesh is largely defined by

title: Sino-Indian border dispute

text: 5,180 km in China, although the agreement provided for renegotiation in the event of a settlement of the Kashmir dispute. India does not recognise that Pakistan and China have a common border, and claims the tract as part of the domains of the pre-1947 state of Kashmir and Jammu. However, India's claim line in that area does not extend as far north of the Karakoram Mountains as the Johnson Line. China & India still have disputes on these borders. British India and China gained a common border in 1826, with British annexation of Assam in the Treaty of Yandabo at

title: Geography of India

text: along the Indian states of Jammu & Kashmir, Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Punjab. Both nations delineated a Line of Control (LoC) to serve as the informal boundary between the Indian and Pakistan-occupied areas of Jammu and Kashmir. India shares a border with Afghanistan in northwestern Kashmir, which Pakistan occupies. India's border with Bangladesh runs . West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram are the States which share the border with Bangladesh. Before 2015, there were 92 enclaves of Bangladesh on Indian soil and 106 enclaves of India were on Bangladeshi soil. These enclaves were eventually exchanged in order to simplify the

title: Geography of India

text: Geography of India India lies on the Indian Plate, the northern portion of the Indo-Australian Plate, whose continental crust forms the Indian subcontinent. The country is situated north of the equator between 8°04' to 37°06' north latitude and 68°07' to 97°25' east longitude. It is the seventh-largest country in the world, with a total area of . India measures from north to south and from east to west. It has a land frontier of and a coastline of . On the south, India projects into and is bounded by the Indian Ocean –- in particular, by the Arabian Sea on

title: Bhutan–India border

text: government increased the number of border posts. Bhutan–India border The Bhutan-India Border’s the international boundary between the Kingdom of Bhutan and the Republic of India. The border is 699 km long, and adjoins the Indian states of Assam (267 km), Arunachal Pradesh (217 km), West Bengal (183 km), and Sikkim (32 km). The Treaty of Peace between Britain and Bhutan demarcated the border in 1865, following the Bhutan War. The boundary was further detailed and refined in the 1973-1984 period through talks between Bhutan and India. Remaining disputes have been minor and concern part of the border with Arunachal Pradesh,

title: Environment of India

text: world, with a total area of . India measures from north to south and from east to west. It has a land frontier of and a coastline of . The Indian plate and Eurasia collided between 40 and 60 million years ago according to four observations, one being that there is no mammalian fossil record in India from around 50 million years ago. On its way, the Indian plate passed over the Reunion hotspot which led to volcanic activity, thus forming the Deccan Traps. Its collision with the Eurasian plate led to the rise of the Himalayas and the continuous

title: Borders of India

text: ==Land borders of India==there are only seven land borders of india with neighbouring countries.india doesn't make land border with srilanka.

title: Bangladesh–India border

text: in 1974 to exchange all enclaves and simplify the international border. In 1974 Bangladesh approved the proposed Land Boundary Agreement, but India did not ratify it. In 2011 the two countries again agreed to exchange enclaves and adverse possessions. A revised version of the agreement was finally adopted by the two countries when the Parliament of India passed the 119th Amendment to the Indian Constitution on 7 May 2015. Inside the main part of Bangladesh, there were 111 Indian enclaves (17,160.63 acres), while inside the main part of India, there were 51 Bangladeshi enclaves (7,110.02 acres). In respect of adverse

title: Geography of India

text: the west, the Lakshadweep Sea to the southwest, the Bay of Bengal on the east, and the Indian Ocean proper to the South . The Palk Strait and Gulf of Mannar separate India from Sri Lanka to its immediate southeast, and the Maldives are some to the south of India's Lakshadweep Islands across the Eight Degree Channel. India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands, some southeast of the mainland, share maritime borders with Myanmar, Thailand and Indonesia. Kanyakumari at 8°4′41″N and 77°55′230″E is the southernmost tip of the Indian mainland, while the southernmost point in India is Indira Point on Great Nicobar

title: India–Bangladesh enclaves

text: 14,215 in Bangladeshi enclaves within India. The prime ministers of India and Bangladesh signed the Land Boundary Agreement in 1974 to exchange enclaves and simplify their international border. A revised version of the agreement was adopted by the two countries on 7 May 2015, when the Parliament of India passed the 100th Amendment to the Indian Constitution. Under this agreement, which was ratified on 6 June 2015, India received 51 Bangladeshi enclaves (covering ) in the Indian mainland, while Bangladesh received 111 Indian enclaves (covering ) in the Bangladeshi mainland. The counter-enclaves, together with Dahagram–Angarpota, will not be exchanged when

title: Chindia

text: societal income disparities, moving up the value chain towards greater innovation, and also environmental degradation for Chindia to prosper and actually take effect in future. Serious difficulties in attempting to find a mutually acceptable settlement for a 2520 miles (4056 km) frontier has been a major stumbling block between the two countries ever since India's independence in 1947. Technical discussions have been going on for decades. They will continue. The difference is that these discussions are now coupled with the leaders' firm pledge to find a peaceful solution. China and India are the most populous countries in the world, with

title: Geography of India

text: territory consists of two island groups, the Andaman Islands and the Nicobar Islands. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands consist of 572 islands which run in a North-South axis for around 910 km. The Andaman group has 325 islands which cover an area of 6,170 km2 (2,382 sq mi) while the Nicobar group has only 247 islands with an area of 1,765 km2 (681 sq mi). India's only active volcano, Barren Island is situated here. It last erupted in 2017. The Narcondum is a dormant volcano and there is a mud volcano at Baratang. Indira Point, India's southernmost land point, is

title: Bhutan–India border

text: Bhutan–India border The Bhutan-India Border’s the international boundary between the Kingdom of Bhutan and the Republic of India. The border is 699 km long, and adjoins the Indian states of Assam (267 km), Arunachal Pradesh (217 km), West Bengal (183 km), and Sikkim (32 km). The Treaty of Peace between Britain and Bhutan demarcated the border in 1865, following the Bhutan War. The boundary was further detailed and refined in the 1973-1984 period through talks between Bhutan and India. Remaining disputes have been minor and concern part of the border with Arunachal Pradesh, and the region between Sarbhang and Geylegphug.

title: India–Myanmar barrier

text: states share the border with Myanmar: Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Mizoram and Manipur. Both national governments agreed to conduct a joint survey before erecting the fence. The Indian Home Ministry and its Myanmar counterpart completed the survey within six months and in March 2003 began erecting a fence along the border. In 2004, fencing work in the state of Manipur along the border was stalled due to protests raised by the local Kuki and Naga communities. According to them, a huge stretch of land would become Myanmar's territory and foster unrest among people living on both sides of the border. The

title: India–Pakistan border

text: from major urban areas to inhospitable deserts. Since the independence of India and Pakistan (see British India), the border has been a site of numerous conflicts and wars between each country, and is one of the most complex borders in the world. The border's total length is , according to the figures given by the PBS; it is also one of the most dangerous borders in the world, based on an article written in the "Foreign Policy" in 2011. It can be seen from space at night due to the 150,000 flood lights installed by India on about 50 thousand

title: Megasthenes

text: Ganges as 100 stadia. According to the text reconstructed by J. W. McCrindle, Megasthenes' "Indica" describes India as follows: India is a quadrilateral-shaped country, bounded by the ocean on the southern and the eastern side. The Indus river forms the western and the north-western boundary of the country, as far as the ocean. India's northern border reaches the extremities of Tauros. From Ariana to the Eastern Sea, it is bound by mountains that are called Kaukasos by the Macedonians. At the southern tip of India, the gnomon of the sundial often casts no shadow, and the Ursa Major is invisible

title: Bangladesh–India relations

text: Teesta waters and the land boundary pact. From November 2013, A Wagah Border-like ceremony is being organised at Petrapole (in West Bengal, India) - Benapole (Bangladesh) border checkpoint. The ceremony which includes parades, march-past and lowering of the national flag of both the countries is now a daily routine, at sundown, on the eastern border. The relations between the countries are definitely moving in positive direction. Indian External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj visited Bangladesh in her first official overseas trip in June, 2014. On 7 May 2015 the Indian Parliament, in the presence of Bangladeshi diplomats, unanimously passed the Land

title: Sir Creek

text: both countries get trapped in conflict and their economic rights of earning get affected. It has seen that government of India and Pakistan regularly arrest fishermen of each other for crossing the boundary, however for a common fisherman, it is always a wonder to know where the boundary starts and ends in sea. This unawareness are added with wind flow, waves and turbulence that push the boat in sea. While UN law advocates for minimum penalty for this offence and release of boats, but government of India and Pakistan catch these prisoners and keep them in prisons for long time.

title: India–Pakistan border

text: India–Pakistan border The India–Pakistan Border, known locally as the International Border (IB), is an international border running between India and Pakistan that demarcates the Indian states and the Pakistani four provinces. The border runs from the Line of Control (LoC), which separates the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir from Pakistani-controlled Kashmir, in the north, to the Zero Point between the Indian state of Gujarat and the Sindh province of Pakistan, in the south. Drafted and created based upon the Radcliffe line in 1947, the border, which divides Pakistan and India from each other, traverses a variety of terrains ranging

title: Line of Actual Control

text: section in between. In the wider sense, it can be used to refer to both the western line of control and the MacMahon Line, in which sense it is the effective border between India and the People's Republic of China (PRC). The entire Sino-Indian border (including the western LAC, the small undisputed section in the centre, and the MacMahon Line in the east) is 4,056 km (2520 mi) long and traverses five Indian states: Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh. On the Chinese side, the line traverses the Tibet Autonomous Region. The demarcation existed as the

title: Enrica Lexie case

text: simultaneously, asserted its authority to determine/alter the limit of the territorial waters". This finding meant that under Indian law India's contiguous zone could be treated as part of India's territorial sea, effectively granting India a territorial sea of 24 nautical miles despite it only being entitled to a 12 nautical mile territorial sea under international law. However, the Supreme Court found that the State of Kerala did not have jurisdiction beyond the 12 nautical mile limit and that a special federal court be established to try the marines. The United States of America refused to be drawn into the crisis

title: Indian subcontinent

text: counting India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and Maldives as the constituent countries – the Indian subcontinent covers about 4.4 million km (1.7 million sq mi), which is 10% of the Asian continent or 3.3% of the world's land surface area. Overall, it accounts for about 45% of Asia's population (or over 25% of the world's population) and is home to a vast array of peoples. The Indian subcontinent is a natural physical landmass in South Asia, geologically the dry-land portion of the Indian Plate, which has been relatively isolated from the rest of Eurasia. Given the difficulty of

title: Geography of India

text: situated in the Nicobar islands at 6°45’10″N and 93°49’36″E, and lies just from the Indonesian island of Sumatra, to the southeast. The highest point is Mount Thullier at . Other significant islands in India include Diu, a former Portuguese colony; Majuli, a river island of the Brahmaputra; Elephanta in Bombay Harbour; and Sriharikota, a barrier island in Andhra Pradesh. Salsette Island is India's most populous island on which the city of Mumbai (Bombay) is located. Forty-two islands in the Gulf of Kutch constitute the Marine National Park. India has around 14,500 km of inland navigable waterways. There are twelve rivers

title: India–Pakistan maritime trespassing

text: the dispute over the Sir Creek in Kutch and the failure to officially determine the maritime boundary between the two nations. Most local fishermen possess no navigational tools and are unable or incapable of determine their location by longitudes or latitudes. Recently a boat that was allegedly coming from Pakistan and violated maritime boundary and entered in Indian territory was termed as 'terror boat' and it exploded in the Arabian sea after a fire on ship. As per coast guard and defence ministry of India, boat was carrying some 'illicit transaction' as intercepted by intelligence, and four persons who were

text: Deaths along the Bangladesh–India border Deaths along the Bangladesh–India border occur hundreds of times a year because of those attempting to cross into India from Bangladesh illegally mainly for trade purpose. Bangladesh and India share a 4,096 kilometer (2,545 mile) border. To prevent smuggling and illegal migration from Bangladesh, Indian border force Border Security Force can exercise controversial "Shoot-on-sight" policy. By this policy, BSF can shoot any people on site with or without cause. A large portion of the death are cattle traders and farmers with land near the border. Brad Adams, Executive Director of the Asia Department of Human

title: Point 5353

text: ministry on 1 September 2000 issued a press release that stated: "It is clarified that Point 5353 is on the line of control and not inside the territory under India's control" and "the controversy being raked up on this issue is based on distorted facts as borne out from maps of delineation between India and Pakistan in 1972." It further stated that "the ground situation is well-known to the government and India’s posture along the LoC is militarily sound with an edge over the other side", adding that "the latest controversy appears to be motivated and is harmful to India's

title: Sir Creek

text: land/sea terminus point several kilometres to the detriment of Pakistan, leading in turn to a loss of several thousand square kilometres of its Exclusive Economic Zone under the United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea. Since 1969, there have been twelve rounds of talks between the two nations, without a breakthrough. The twelfth round was completed in June 2012. Steps to resolve the dispute include: allocation, delimitation, demarcation, administration. Since neither side has conceded ground, India has proposed that the maritime boundary could be demarcated first, as per the provisions of Technical Aspects of Law of Sea (TALOS). However,

title: Borders of India


question: when did the steel mills closed in youngstown ohio

answers: September 19, 1977

title: Economy of Youngstown, Ohio

text: before closing its doors in 1984. The Strouss department store would be consolidated into Kaufmann's by its parent company, May Department Stores, before its own consolidation into Macy's. The city made attempts to attract another steel manufacturer, and even re-open Youngstown Sheet and Tube as a community-owned steel mill, but all these attempts failed. The loss of industrial jobs has had a lasting impact in the Mahoning Valley region of Youngstown, as the city's population was cut in half as a result, while non-industrial businesses were forced to close or relocate due to the ripple effect of the loss of

title: Economy of Youngstown, Ohio

text: local religious leaders, steelworkers, and activists such as Staughton Lynd participated in a grassroots effort to purchase and refurbish one of the company's abandoned plants in neighboring Campbell, Ohio. This project met with failure in April 1979. Youngstown State University professors Terry Buss and F. Stevens Redburn have concluded that the mill closings resulted from forces beyond the control of the community. Youngstown was simply just one piece of a national problem, and the area could not solve this problem alone. In 1982, Staughton Lynd wrote about the effects of the mill closings in Youngstown in the book, "The Fight

title: Economy of Youngstown, Ohio

text: corporation. Other area industrialists blocked the move, with the financial backing of Republic Steel founder Cyrus S. Eaton, who feared the implications of a strengthened Bethlehem Steel. In the late 1930s, the community's steel sector gained national attention once again, when Youngstown became a site of the so-called "Little Steel Strike", an effort by the Steel Workers Organizing Committee, a precursor to United Steelworkers, to secure contract agreements with smaller steel companies. These firms included Republic Steel, Bethlehem Steel, Youngstown Sheet and Tube, National Steel, Inland Steel, and American Rolling Mills. Gus Hall, one of the committee's founding organizers, led

title: Economy of Youngstown, Ohio

text: of such companies as Republic Steel and U.S. Steel. At the same time, Youngstown never became economically diversified, as did larger industrial cities such as Chicago, Pittsburgh, Akron, or Cleveland. Though population levels remained flat for a few more decades, population had not grown since the Great Depression, though General Motors had opened Lordstown Assembly in 1966 to help offset some losses. Hence, when economic changes forced the closure of plants throughout the 1970s, the city was left with few substantial economic alternatives. The 1969 corporate merger between the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company and the New Orleans-based Lykes Corporation

title: Economy of Youngstown, Ohio

text: local economy out of the hands of the Youngstown area for the first time, although Republic Steel had moved to nearby Cleveland years earlier. LTV had discovered that the numerous mills in the area had not been upgraded in decades, and would not meet pollution regulations set forth by the United States government without an expensive upgrade. In addition, many steel manufacturers were outsourcing steel to developing nations, where the costs would be cheaper and with fewer pollution regulations. Between the 1920s and 1960s, the city was known as an important industrial hub that featured the massive furnaces and foundries

title: Youngstown, Ohio

text: Minnesota had to arrive by rail from Cleveland and other Great Lakes port cities where large bulk carriers were unloaded. This put Youngstown at a competitive disadvantage to the iron and steel producers in Cleveland, Buffalo, Chicago and Detroit -- all on Great Lake shores. Compared to these four cities, Youngstown had a higher cost of transporting raw materials to the mills, according to a Harvard Business Review report published in January 1933. Higher transportation costs are one reason why Youngstown mills began their decline before those in other "rust belt" cities. Downtown Youngstown has seen modest levels of new

title: Brownlee Woods

text: were employed by the steel mills of LTV Steel, Youngstown Sheet and Tube, and Republic Steel. Residents of the area were used to the train whistles echoing from Struthers, Ohio and Campbell, Ohio in the middle of the night up, until the late 1970s when most of the mills closed. Many of the residents of the neighborhood are older and are retired. In the mid to late 1980s Brownlee Woods was one of the last neighborhoods to be free of the crime spree plaguing Youngstown. Since that time, housing values have dropped and the decline of the neighborhood is evident.

title: Economy of Youngstown, Ohio

text: years from going into effect at the time, and Youngstown Sheet and Tube instantly put 5,000 workers out of work. The day is still known locally as "Black Monday". Youngstown Sheet and Tube's announcement had a ripple effect in the area. In 1979–1980, U.S. Steel pulled out of the Youngstown area and started scaling back its operations in Pittsburgh before eventually merging with Marathon Oil and filing with bankruptcy. In the mid-1980s, Republic Steel also filed for bankruptcy. Attempts to revive the local steel industry proved unsuccessful. Shortly after the closure of most of Youngstown Sheet and Tube's area operations,

title: Youngstown Sheet and Tube

text: as president. Five years later, the two men resigned from the firm when it was taken over by the Republic Iron and Steel Company, and their next project would come in response to major changes that occurred in the community's industrial sector. Youngstown's industrial leaders began to convert from iron to steel manufacturing at the turn of the century, a period that also saw a wave of consolidations that placed much of the community's industry in the hands of national corporations. To the rising concern of many area industrialists, U.S. Steel, shortly after its establishment in 1901, absorbed Youngstown's premier

title: Economy of Youngstown, Ohio

title: Youngstown, Ohio

text: Daniel Heaton. By the mid-19th century, Youngstown was the site of several iron industrial plants, and because of easy rail connections to adjacent states, the iron industry continued to expand in the 1890s despite the depletion of local natural resources. At the turn of the 20th century, local industrialists began to convert to steel manufacturing, amid a wave of industrial consolidations that placed much of the Mahoning Valley's industry in the hands of national corporations. In the late 1930s, the community's steel sector gained national attention once again, when Youngstown became a site of the so-called "Little Steel Strike", an

title: Economy of Youngstown, Ohio

text: Against Black Monday". In the wake of the steel plant shutdowns, the community lost an estimated 40,000 manufacturing jobs, 400 satellite businesses, $414 million in personal income, and from 33 to 75 percent of the school tax revenues. The Youngstown area has yet to fully recover from the loss of jobs in the steel sector. The move had an effect on non-industrial businesses as well. Fast food chain Arby's, which at the time was beginning to make a national push, moved its corporate headquarters out of the Youngstown area. Idora Park, an amusement park in the area, suffered several fires

title: Youngstown, Ohio

text: by the Ohio Historical Society, focuses on the Mahoning Valley's history of steel production. Other museums include the Children's Museum of the Valley, an interactive educational center in the downtown area, and the Davis Education and Recreation Center, a small museum that showcases the history of Youngstown's Mill Creek Park. On the city's north side the Youngstown Steel Heritage Foundation is constructing the Tod Engine Heritage Park, featuring a collection of steel industry equipment and artifacts. The main exhibit is a 1914 William Tod Co. rolling mill steam engine that was built in Youngstown and used at the Youngstown Sheet

title: Youngstown Sheet and Tube

text: 1923, Youngstown Sheet and Tube purchased the assets of the Brier Hill Steel Company (also located in Youngstown, at Brier Hill), as well as the facilities of the Steel and Tube Company of America in East Chicago and Indiana Harbor, Indiana, making it the fifth largest steel maker in the United States and the largest employer in the Mahoning Valley. The home plant of YS&T was known as the Campbell Works located in Campbell and Struthers, Ohio. This plant contained four blast furnaces, twelve open hearth furnaces, several blooming mills, two Bessemer converters, a slabbing mill, a butt-weld tube mill,

title: Economy of Youngstown, Ohio

text: taken steps to ensure high levels of local ownership in the area's industrial sector. Led by local industrialists George D. Wick and James A. Campbell, they organized what became the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company, among the nation's most important regional steel producers. The firm significantly expanded its operations in 1923, when it acquired plants in South Chicago and East Chicago, Indiana. This impulse to support local ownership surfaced again in 1931, when Campbell, as chairman of the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company, attempted to merge the firm with Bethlehem Steel, in a bid to create the nation's second-largest steel

title: Economy of Youngstown, Ohio

text: strikes in Youngstown and Warren. On June 21, 1937, strike-related violence in Youngstown resulted in two deaths and 42 injuries. Despite violent episodes in Youngstown and Chicago, the Little Steel Strike proved to be a turning point in the history of the U.S. labor movement. Historian William Lawson observed that the strike transformed industrial unions from "basically local and ineffective organizations into all-encompassing, nationwide collective bargaining representatives of American workers". In 1969, Youngstown Sheet and Tube merged with the New Orleans-based Lykes Corporation, and in 1979 the combined Lykes-Youngstown was bought by the conglomerate LTV. This brought decisions to the

title: Gar Alperovitz

text: at worker ownership. In 1977, after failing to invest in the modernization of its production machinery, the holding company that owned the large steel manufacturer Youngstown Sheet & Tube shut down its plant in Youngstown, Ohio, and laid off more than 4,000 workers in a single day—still known in the community as Black Monday. In response, these steelworkers and a broad-based community coalition decided to attempt to reopen the mill under Alperovitz's comprehensive plan for worker-community ownership. Advocates of the plan argued that the plant became unprofitable only because rent-seeking corporate owners shifted investments to other locations and industries instead

text: Youngstown Historical Center of Industry and Labor The Youngstown Historical Center of Industry and Labor, located in Youngstown, Ohio, preserves the history of the steel industry that dominated the Youngstown area's economic life for much of the 20th century. The museum is owned by the Ohio Historical Society and operated by Youngstown State University. The facility, which was designed by noted architect Michael Graves, is reminiscent of a steel mill, complete with stylized smoke stacks. A museum to commemorate the community's declining steel industry was first proposed by Ohio State Senator Harry Meshel in 1977, and a planning office was

title: Joseph G. Butler Jr.

text: of the Ohio Steel Company, which built two Bessemer plants along the Mahoning River, just northwest of Youngstown. The company went into production in 1895, only to be sold four years later to the Pittsburgh-based National Steel Company. In 1901, the local plant became the Ohio Works of the Carnegie Steel Company, part of the U.S. Steel Corporation. Butler's influence extended well beyond Ohio, however. By the early 20th century, he was a nationally known industrialist who served as director of the American Iron and Steel Institute, president of the Portage Silica Company, and a director of the Youngstown Sheet

title: The Flats

text: Post-war recessions and production shifts to China and Europe hit the steel industry hard. Layoffs in the late 1970s forced many to find work elsewhere, or support from welfare programs. During this time, Cleveland, along with other industrial cities in the region like Youngstown, Pittsburgh, Detroit and Gary, had become known as the Rust Belt. LTV's repeated bankruptcies finally led to the closing their plants in 2000 (including Cleveland's plant), until investors formed ISG and resumed scaled-back operations. The story was similar downstream. Over the second half of the 20th century, much of the industry and manufacturing in the Flats

title: History of the iron and steel industry in the United States

text: rising productivity, principally through technological efficiencies and the shift from traditional steel plants to mini mills. Cleveland had nine integrated steel mills in the 1970s. US Steel closed one mill in 1979, then shut down its six remaining Cleveland mills in 1984. Cleveland's two remaining steel producers, Republic Steel and Jones & Laughlin, merged to form LTV Steel in June 1984. LTV Steel declared bankruptcy in 2000. The operation, on both sides of the Cuyahoga River, is Cleveland's last remaining integrated steel mill, now owned by Arcelor Mittal. The number of integrated steel mills has continued to decline, and in

title: Roman Catholic Diocese of Youngstown

text: Soviet military threat. The USCCB’s position was that funds spent on defense should be invested instead in domestic programs. U.S. President Ronald Reagan ignored criticisms from the USCCB and pursued a military build-up. Many steel mills in Youngstown, Ohio closed in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Economic pressures continued to affect Catholic institutions in the diocese, resulting in lowered school enrollments for diocesan schools. In addition, population left the region to pursue better opportunities in other areas of the United States. Demographically, the population of Ohio in general became statistically older as more young people left the state after

title: Youngstown, Ohio

text: the national Steel Strike of 1919, local industrialists recruited thousands of workers from the South, many of whom were Black. This move inflamed racist sentiment among local Whites, and for decades, African-American steelworkers experienced discrimination in the workplace. Migration from the South rose dramatically in the 1940s, when the mechanization of southern agriculture brought an end to the exploitative sharecropping system, leading onetime farm laborers to seek industrial jobs. The city's population became more diverse after the end of World War II, when a seemingly robust steel industry attracted thousands of workers. In the 1950s, the Latino population grew significantly;

title: The Unwinding

text: collapse of Youngstown's steel industry in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The city's population declined from 140,000 in 1970 to 95,000 in 1990 (it was about 67,000 in 2010) and crime increased precipitously. Despite becoming a mother as a teenager, Thomas was the first member of her family to graduate from high school. Determined not to become dependent on welfare, in 1988 she got a union job at a Packard Electric plant that made automotive parts for General Motors. The job enabled Thomas to become a homeowner and send her three children to college. In 2006 Packard Electric's successor

title: Sharon Steel Corporation

text: mill, and bar mill, and the Youngstown Plant with eight sheet mills, a jobbing mill, and a 72” plate mill. The Sharon Steel Hoop Company also acquired the Mary Furnace from the Ohio Iron and Steel Company to secure a source of pig iron supply for the Lowellville Plant, and added to the Mary Plant two new open hearth furnaces, a 34” reversing blooming mill, and a 21&$#148; bar mill, These improvements made it possible to abandon the now obsolete steel making facilities and blooming mill at the Sharon Works in 1920. To convert some of its material into fabricated

title: Youngstown, Ohio

text: from 33 to 75 percent of the school tax revenues. The Youngstown area has yet to fully recover from the loss of jobs in the steel sector. Youngstown is the site of several steel and metalworking operations, though nothing on the scale seen during the "glory days" of the "Steel Valley". The largest employer in the city is Youngstown State University (YSU), an urban public campus that serves about 15,000 students, located just north of downtown. The blow dealt to the community's industrial economy in the 1970s was slightly mitigated by the presence of auto production plants in the metropolitan

title: Union–Miles Park

text: converted into steel, the steel had to be shipped to other Cleveland area plants for conversion into beams, plate, rods, and wire. U.S. Steel announced on December 1, 1932, that it would close the Newburgh Works in four months. The mill's furnaces and Bessemer converters went cold on April 30, 1933, and its demolition began in September 1935. Superior Screw moved to Shaker Heights, Ohio, in 1933 as well. Although the closure of the Newburgh Works meant the loss of 2,000 jobs, the Union–Miles Park neighborhood continued to see new schools and other buildings erected. John Adams High School, the

title: Economy of Youngstown, Ohio

text: John Young in 1797 in the Connecticut Western Reserve section of the Northwest Territory, Youngstown spent the first half of the 19th century as a small village, dependent on mostly agricultural needs, until the beginning of the Second Industrial Revolution. The discovery of iron ore along the Mahoning River, however, would make the city a viable and logical place to manufacture steel. The city sits roughly in between Cleveland and Pittsburgh—steel manufacturers in their own right—and halfway between New York City and Chicago. Youngstown Sheet and Tube and Republic Steel were among the region's largest locally owned steel companies, while

title: Economy of Youngstown, Ohio

text: the steel industry. Although some other Rust Belt cities such as Pittsburgh have since successfully been able to diversify their economic base, as of December 2010, more than a generation after deindustrialization, Youngstown has not recovered. The deindustrialization of Youngstown has been well documented. A number of products and enterprises other than steel introduced in Youngstown during the manufacturing era became national household names. Among these is Youngstown-based Schwebel's Bakery, which was established in neighboring Campbell in the 20th century. The company now distributes bread products nationally. In the 1920s, Youngstown was the birthplace of the Good Humor brand of

title: Youngstown (song)

text: keep the steel mills in Youngstown going, they were shut down, thus doing "what Hitler couldn't do," to the devastation of the community. The song's story unfolds as the narrative of one family's history as factory-workers in Youngstown. The narrator of the song himself is a Vietnam War veteran (continuing Springsteen's fixation with that war, also evident in songs such as "Born in the U.S.A." and "Lost in the Flood") and his father fought in World War II. Both also worked in the steel mills. The narrator had worked himself up to the job of scarfer, a difficult but low-paying

title: Economy of Youngstown, Ohio

long_answer: Youngstown's economy has been impacted by a loss of the steel industry jobs which started on September 19, 1977, on what became known to locals as "Black Monday", and continued into the mid-1980s. While the loss of steel industry jobs in the region coincided with the general deindustrialization of Rust Belt cities such as Youngstown as well as the United States as a whole, Youngstown's economic struggles have been well documented. In the Mahoning Valley region, where Youngstown is located, the city's population was halved, while non-industrial businesses were forced to close or relocate due to cascading effects resulting from Youngstown's deindustrialization.


question: who owns and operates the panama canal today

answers: Panama Canal Authority

answers: Panamanian government

answers: Panama

title: History of the Panama Canal

text: canal, including appointing Major David du Bose Gaillard to oversee the most daunting project, the Culebra Cut through the roughest terrain on the route. Almost as important as the engineering advances was the healthcare advances made during the construction, led by William C. Gorgas, an expert in controlling tropical diseases such as yellow fever and malaria. Gorgas was one of the first to recognize the role of mosquitoes in the spread of these diseases, and by focusing on controlling the mosquitoes greatly improved worker conditions. On 7 January 1914 the French crane boat "Alexandre La Valley" became the first to

title: Panama Canal

text: passed through the Zone on August 14, 1914. The crossing occurred during a 6,000-mile sea voyage from Jacksonville, Florida, to Los Angeles in 1914. The most expensive regular toll for canal passage to date was charged on April 14, 2010 to the cruise ship "Norwegian Pearl," which paid US$375,600. The average toll is around US$54,000. The highest fee for priority passage charged through the Transit Slot Auction System was US$220,300, paid on August 24, 2006, by the Panamax tanker "Erikoussa", bypassing a 90-ship queue waiting for the end of maintenance work on the Gatun Locks, and thus avoiding a seven-day

title: History of the Panama Canal

text: Theodore Roosevelt". The following words by Roosevelt are displayed in the rotunda of the canal's administration building in Balboa: It is not the critic who counts, not the man who points out how the strong man stumbled, or where the doer of deeds could have done them better. The credit belongs to the man who is actually in the arena; whose face is marred by dust and sweat and blood; who strives valiantly, who errs and comes short again and again; who knows the great enthusiasms, the great devotions, and spends himself in a worthy cause; who, at the best,

title: History of the Panama Canal

text: million in 2000 (the first year under Panamanian control) to $1.4 billion in 2006. Traffic through the canal increased from 230 million tons in 2000 to nearly 300 million tons in 2006. The number of accidents has decreased from an average of 28 per year in the late 1990s to 12 in 2005. Transit time through the canal averages about 30 hours, about the same as during the late 1990s. Canal expenses have increased less than revenue, from $427 million in 2000 to $497 million in 2006. On October 22, 2006, Panamanian citizens approved a referendum to expand the canal.

title: Howard Haugerud

text: charged with the operation of the legendary canal was being run efficiently, but under work rules differing little from those established when the project was completed in 1914. Under the guise of “security,” no Panamanian man or woman was permitted employment in positions other than as domestic help, or to reside within the ten mile wide strip of land that split the country from ocean to ocean. In the meantime, only American citizens were eligible for employment and they were being paid a 25% salary bonus based on the premise that the Zone was a hardship post. While assignment to

title: Frederick Kelley

text: honor of Ferdinand de Lesseps, who would initiate the construction of the Panamá Canal in 1904. Two hundred fifty people attended, and Mr. Frederick M. Kelly one of the distinguished speakers, informed the audience about the seven sponsored expeditions to explore the sea level inter-oceanic canal route. The routes described by Frederick M. Kelley included the following: During the first expedition by engineer John C. Trautwine in 1852, he traveled the Atrato and San Juan rivers in Chocó, Colombia and drew up a map of the region. He did not find the "Canal del Cura" (Channel of the Priest) excavated

title: History of the Panama Canal

text: vessels. A special engineering section was created on July 3, 1937, to carry out the study. The section reported to Congress on February 24, 1939, recommending work to protect the existing locks and the construction of a new set of locks capable of carrying larger vessels than the existing locks could accommodate. On August 11, Congress authorized the work. Three new locks were planned, at Gatún, Pedro Miguel and Miraflores, parallel to the existing locks with new approach channels. The new locks would add a traffic lane to the canal, with each chamber long, wide and deep. They would be

title: History of Panama

text: oceans, and by 1534, the Chagres River was dredged, facilitating traffic for two-thirds of the way. From 1882, Ferdinand de Lesseps started work on a canal. By 1889, with engineering challenges caused by frequent landslides, slippage of equipment and mud, plus disease, the effort failed in bankruptcy. A new company was formed in 1894 to recoup some of the losses of the original canal company. US President Theodore Roosevelt convinced US Congress to take on the abandoned works in 1902, while Colombia was in the midst of the Thousand Days' War. During the war, there were at least three attempts

title: John Danilovich

text: chairing the Commission's Transition Committee prior to the transfer of the Canal to the Panamanians. Danilovich has been active in the international maritime industry for several decades and has held numerous executive positions in the private sector, including member of the executive management board of Atlas Interocean Shipping Group (1977-1990) and partner and consultant with the Eisenhower Group (1987-1990). Danilovich is a director of d'Amico International Shipping and member of the Audit (Control and Risk) Committee and the Nomination & Remuneration Committee; chairman of Asgaard Navigation LLP; European Advisory Council Member of Trilantic Capital Partners LLP; and a former advisory

title: Panama Canal

text: Colombia, France, and later the United States controlled the territory surrounding the canal during construction. The U.S. continued to control the canal and surrounding Panama Canal Zone until the 1977 Torrijos–Carter Treaties provided for handover to Panama. After a period of joint American–Panamanian control, in 1999 the canal was taken over by the Panamanian government and is now managed and operated by the government-owned Panama Canal Authority.

title: Panama Canal

text: navigational channel in Gatun Lake to reduce draft restrictions and improve water supply, and the deepening of the Atlantic and Pacific entrances to the canal. This is supported by new equipment, such as a new drill barge and suction dredger, and an increase of the tug boat fleet by 20 percent. In addition, improvements have been made to the canal's operating machinery, including an increased and improved tug locomotive fleet, the replacement of more than of locomotive track, and new lock machinery controls. Improvements have been made to the traffic management system to allow more efficient control over ships in

title: Panama Canal expansion project

text: the construction is completed. The proposed expansion of the canal by the construction of a third set of locks will allow it to capture the entire demand projected through 2025 and beyond. Together, the existing and new locks will approximately double the capacity of the present canal. Critics such as former legislator Keith Holder, co-author of the legislation that created the ACP, pointed out that canal usage is seasonal and that even during the few months when it is most crowded, the bottleneck that slows traffic is not the locks but the narrow Culebra Cut, which has a limited capacity

title: History of Panama (1964–77)

text: the canal issue was downplayed and generally held in abeyance. By 1971, however, the negotiation of new treaties had reemerged as the primary goal of the Torrijos regime. In the 1970s, about 5 percent of world trade, by volume, some 20 to 30 ships daily, were passing through the canal. Tolls had been kept artificially low, averaging a little more than US$10,000 for the 8- to 10-hour passage, and thus entailing a United States government subsidy. Nevertheless, canal use was declining in the 1970s, because of alternate routes, vessels being too large to transit the canal, and the decline in

title: History of the Panama Canal

text: make the traverse, and on 1 April 1914 the construction was officially completed with the hand-over of the project from the construction company to the Canal Zone government. The outbreak of World War I caused the cancellation of any official "grand opening" celebration, and the canal officially opened to commercial traffic on 15 August 1914 with the transit of the "SS Ancon". During World War II, the canal proved a vital part of the U.S. military strategy, allowing ships to transfer easily between the Atlantic and Pacific. Politically, the Canal remained a territory of the United States until 1977, when

title: History of the Panama Canal

text: to the Panamanian independence movement was tempered by U.S. military presence; the move is often cited as a classic example of the era of gunboat diplomacy. U.S. success hinged on two factors. First was converting the original French sea-level plan to a more realistic lock-controlled canal. The second was controlling disease which decimated workers and management alike under the original French attempt. Initial chief engineer John Frank Stevens built much of the infrastructure necessary for later construction; slow progress on the canal itself led to his replacement by George Washington Goethals. Goethals oversaw the bulk of the excavation of the

title: Panama Canal Department

text: an Isthmian Canal Commission (ICC), composed primarily of Army officers, to govern the Canal Zone and to report directly to the Secretary of War. In 1907, President Roosevelt appointed Army Lt. Col. George W. Goethals to the post of Chief Engineer of the ICC, officially turning construction of the Canal into a military project. To more adequately protect the Canal from external threats, the Army conducted an on-site survey in 1910 and began building defensive fortifications in 1911—to include Fort De Lesseps, Fort Randolph, and Fort Sherman on the Atlantic side, and Fort Amador and Grant on the Pacific side.

title: Panama Canal locks

text: locks and water valves are in. Mechanical interlocks are built into the controls to make sure that no component can be moved while another is in an incorrect state—for example, opening the drain and filling the valves of a lock chamber simultaneously. The construction of the locks began with the first concrete laid at Gatun, on August 24, 1909, by the Philadelphia-based company Day & Zimmermann (formerly known as Dodge & Day). The Gatun locks are built into a cut made in a hill bordering the lake, which required the excavation of of material, mostly rock. The locks themselves were

title: Panama Canal

text: work and live in reasonable safety and comfort. He also re-established and enlarged the railway, which was to prove crucial in transporting millions of tons of soil from the cut through the mountains to the dam across the Chagres River. Colonel William C. Gorgas had been appointed chief sanitation officer of the canal construction project in 1904. Gorgas implemented a range of measures to minimize the spread of deadly diseases, particularly yellow fever and malaria, which had recently been shown to be mosquito-borne following the work of Dr. Carlos Finlay and Dr. Walter Reed. Investment was made in extensive sanitation

title: History of the Panama Canal

text: new project was 3,600 (in 1896), primarily to comply with the terms of the concession and to maintain the existing excavation and equipment in saleable condition. The company had already begun looking for a buyer, with an asking price of $109 million. In the US, a congressional Isthmian Canal Commission was established in 1899 to examine possibilities for a Central American canal and recommend a route. In November 1901, the commission reported that a US canal should be built through Nicaragua unless the French were willing to sell their holdings for $40 million. The recommendation became law on June 28,

title: Panama Canal

text: ship typically has a deadweight tonnage (DWT) of 65,000–80,000 tonnes, but its actual cargo is restricted to about 52,500 tonnes because of the draft restrictions within the canal. The longest ship ever to transit the canal was the "San Juan Prospector" (now "Marcona Prospector"), an ore-bulk-oil carrier that is long with a beam of . Initially the locks at Gatun were designed to be wide. In 1908, the United States Navy requested that an increased width of at least to allow the passage of US naval ships. Eventually a compromise was made and the locks were built wide. Each lock

title: Panama Canal

text: net ton, in which one "ton" is actually a volume of . (The calculation of tonnage for commercial vessels is quite complex.) , this toll is US$5.25 per ton for the first 10,000 tons, US$5.14 per ton for the next 10,000 tons, and US$5.06 per ton thereafter. As with container ships, reduced tolls are charged for freight ships "in ballast", $4.19, $4.12, $4.05 respectively. On 1 April 2016, a more complicated toll system was introduced, having the neopanamax locks at a higher rate in some cases, natural gas transport as a new separate category and other changes. As of October

title: Panama Canal expansion project

text: minerals, fertilizers, coal, and liquid goods, such as chemical products, propane gas, crude oil, and oil derivatives. Recently, containerized cargo has replaced dry bulk as the canal's main income generator, moving it to second place. Vehicle carriers have become the third-largest income generator, replacing the liquid bulk segment. Shipping industry analyses conducted by the ACP and top industry experts indicate that the canal expansion will be beneficial to both the canal and its users because of the demand that will be served by allowing the transit of more tonnage. However, the question is whether the trend on which the ACP

title: Charles Morgan (businessman)

text: route via Nicaragua. This led initially to a business alliance between Morgan and Vanderbilt, who had previously secured comprehensive right-of-way charters with the Nicaraguan government. On August 27, 1849, American Atlantic and Pacific Ship-Canal Company gained a concession for exclusive rights to construct a canal to the Pacific. In exchange for this and additional concessions, Nicaragua received cash, a right to stock in the canal, and annual cash payments. Under a separate deal, Vanderbilt also gained the right-of-way through Nicaragua using any means of transportation, which would remain in effect even if his company did not complete the canal. However,

title: Panama Canal

text: responsible for operating and maintaining the canal for a 50-year period. The government of Nicaragua hopes this will boost the economy; the opposition is concerned with its environmental impact. According to the independent impact assessment by British firm ERM, some 30,000 local residents will be displaced by the canal, although opposition leaders and Amnesty International claim the figure will be in the hundreds of thousands. Supporters and the environmental impact study claim there will be net environmental benefits, but critics argue that nearly a million acres of delicate ecosystems will be destroyed by the time construction is completed. Individuals, companies,

title: Panama Canal

text: to the current canal system. These improvements aim to maximize the possible use of current locking system: These improvements enlarged the capacity from 300 million PCUMS (2008) to 340 PCUMS (2012). It should be noted that these improvements were started before the new locks project, and are complementary to it. Despite having enjoyed a privileged position for many years, the canal is increasingly facing competition from other quarters. Because canal tolls have risen as ships have become larger, some critics have suggested that the Suez Canal is now a viable alternative for cargo en route from Asia to the US

title: History of Panama (1964–77)

text: minister of the presidency in Chiari's cabinet, was the candidate of the National Opposition Union, comprising the PLN and seven smaller parties. After lengthy backstage maneuvers, Robles was endorsed by the outgoing president. Juan de Arco Galindo, a former member of the National Assembly and public works minister and brother-in-law of former President de la Guardia, was the candidate of the National Opposition Alliance ("Alianza Nacional de Oposición") coalition, comprising seven parties headed by the CPN. Arnulfo Arias was supported by the PP, already the largest single party in the country. As usual, the status of the canal was a

title: Panama Canal

text: expand the canal was approved in a national referendum by about 80 percent on October 22, 2006. The canal expansion was built between 2007 and 2016, though completion was originally expected by the end of 2014. The expansion plan had two new flights of locks built parallel to, and operated in addition to, the old locks: one east of the existing Gatun locks, and one southwest of the Miraflores locks, each supported by approach channels. Each flight ascends from sea level directly to the level of Gatun Lake; the existing two-stage ascent at Miraflores and Pedro Miguel locks was not

title: Panama Canal Railway

text: of Aspinwall (now Colón) was founded on on the western end of Manzanillo Island, a treacherously marshy islet covered with mangrove trees. The board solicited bids from construction companies in the United States to build the railroad. George M. Totten and John C. Trautwine initially submitted one of the winning bids. After surveying the railroad's proposed course and the probable construction difficulties and uncertainties, they withdrew their bid. Totten agreed to become the chief engineer on the railroad construction project, working for a salary instead of as a general contractor. A new town on the Atlantic end of the railroad

title: Florida Ship Canal Company

text: Florida Ship Canal Company Florida state law chapter 3486, approved February 26, 1883, incorporated the Florida Ship Canal Company, owned by Townsend Cox, Wm. Fullerton, John H. Fry, L. M. Lawson, S. T. Meyer, Micheal Jacobs and David McAdam, of the City of New York; John C. Brown, of Tennessee; Wm. Mahone, Wm. E. Cameron, A. W. Jones and V. D. Groner, of Virginia; John P. Jones, of Nevada; Benj. F Butler, of Massachusetts; and W. H. Manning, of Ohio, A map of the route was to be filed in the office of the Florida Commissioner of Lands and Immigration

title: History of the Panama Canal

text: and spillway concrete at Gatún. Detailed surveys and studies (particularly those carried out by the new canal company) and machinery, including railroad equipment and vehicles, aided the later American effort. The French lowered the summit of the Culebra Cut along the canal route by five meters (17 ft), from . An estimated of excavation, valued at about $25.4 million, and equipment and surveys valued at about $17.4 million were usable by the Americans. The 1848 discovery of gold in California and the rush of would-be miners stimulated US interest in building a canal between the oceans. In 1887, a United

title: Panama Canal

short_answers:
Panama
Panama Canal Authority
Panamanian government


question: where is a simple gear train used in real life

answers: Automobile drivetrains

title: Gear train

text: Gear train A gear train is a mechanical system formed by mounting gears on a frame so the teeth of the gears engage. Gear teeth are designed to ensure the pitch circles of engaging gears roll on each other without slipping, providing a smooth transmission of rotation from one gear to the next. The transmission of rotation between contacting toothed wheels can be traced back to the Antikythera mechanism of Greece and the south-pointing chariot of China. Illustrations by the Renaissance scientist Georgius Agricola show gear trains with cylindrical teeth. The implementation of the involute tooth yielded a standard gear

title: Metal Gear (mecha)

text: with small arms, Miniguns, and missile launchers for stealth and assault missions. The Walker Gear's main body is also mated to the Battle Gear, a combat support mobile weapon designed for Venom Snake and the Diamond Dogs. It moves on four maglev units and its main weapon is an electromagnetic railgun. Players can use the Battle Gear for Dispatch missions. The Sahelanthropus (also known as the ST-84 Metal Gear) is a large Metal Gear unit that appears in "". It is classified as an Anthropoid Bipedal Weapon System and was built by the Soviet Union in co-operation with the mysterious

title: Gear

text: and pinion gear type is employed in a rack railway. In epicyclic gearing one or more of the gear axes moves. Examples are sun and planet gearing (see below), cycloidal drive, and mechanical differentials. Sun and planet gearing is a method of converting reciprocating motion into rotary motion that was used in steam engines. James Watt used it on his early steam engines to get around the patent on the crank, but it also provided the advantage of increasing the flywheel speed so Watt could use a lighter flywheel. In the illustration, the sun is yellow, the planet red, the

title: Running gear (rail transport)

text: Running gear (rail transport) In railway terminology the term running gear refers to those components of a railway vehicle that run passively on the rails, unlike those of the driving gear. Traditionally these are the wheels, axles, axle boxes, springs and vehicle frame of a railway locomotive or wagon. The running gear of a modern railway vehicle comprises, in most instances, a bogie frame with two wheelsets. However there are also wagons with single axles (fixed or movable) and even individual wheels. Because, today, locomotives no longer tend to have separate driving and carrying axles (see wheel arrangement), as was

title: Project CARS

text: using their geographic location. In addition to real world racing circuits and fictional kart circuits, there are two fictional point-to-point roads inspired by Côte d'Azur and California Pacific Coast, Since development, this game has a fictional Japanese street circuit named Sakitto which is Suzuka look alike but having absence of Casio triangle and Hairpin, Position changed Ferris wheel, modified esses and a road nearby previous location of Ferris wheel. "Project CARS" is intended to represent a realistic driving simulation. In order to differentiate the game from the established industry leaders, "Gran Turismo" and "Forza Motorsport", Slightly Mad Studios' aim is

title: Gear train

text: principle of virtual work can be used to analyze the static equilibrium of the gear train. Let the angle "θ" of the input gear be the generalized coordinate of the gear train, then the speed ratio "R" of the gear train defines the angular velocity of the output gear in terms of the input gear: The formula for the generalized force obtained from the principle of virtual work with applied torques yields: The "mechanical advantage" of the gear train is the ratio of the output torque "T" to the input torque "T", and the above equation yields: The speed ratio

title: 5th Gear (video game)

text: the car's armour, and put add-ons for the car. These include a turbo-jump (allowing the car to get airborne unassisted, rather than relying on jumps) and waterproofing. 5th Gear (video game) 5th Gear is a computer game for the Amiga, Atari ST and Commodore 64, released on the Rack-It budget label. The original Commodore 64 version was programmed by Jeroen Leijten, with music by Theo and Renier Hongens. It was largely inspired by previous arcade games "Steer and Go" and "Spy Hunter". The player controls a white car that travels up (and then down) a tricky landscape filled with water,

title: Gear train

text: the pitch circle and the number of teeth of the input gear. A gear train can be analyzed using the principle of virtual work to show that its torque ratio, which is the ratio of its output torque to its input torque, is equal to the gear ratio, or speed ratio, of the gear train. This means the input torque "Τ" applied to the input gear "G" and the output torque "Τ" on the output gear "G" are related by the ratio where "R" is the gear ratio of the gear train. The torque ratio of a gear train is

title: Camshaft

text: drive using gears is unusual because of the cost. The frequently reversing torque caused by the slope of the cams tends to cause gear rattle which for an all-metal gear train requires further expense of a cam damper. Rolls-Royce V8 (1954) used gear drive as, unlike chain, it could be made silent and to last the life of the engine. Where gears are used in cheaper cars, they tend to be made from resilient fibre rather than metal, except in racing engines that have a high maintenance routine. Fibre gears have a short life span and must be replaced regularly,

title: Gear train

title: Kamen Rider 555

text: Teruo Suzuki, whom Naoya Kaido and Keitaro Kikuchi saved and befriended. Now, it is up to the holders of the Rider Gears to band together and fight for humanity's survival. The equipment used in the series to transform is referred to as Rider Gear. It was created to be worn by the Orphnoch to protect their Orphenoch King. Each Rider Gear contains a belt known as a Driver used to form armor that protects the wearer and amplifies their strengths and abilities. The armor's theme is based on a letter from the Greek alphabet, and contains the letter somehow within

title: Running gear (rail transport)

text: formerly common with steam locomotives, but usually have bogies where all axles are driven, the term running gear is (inaccurately) superseding the term 'driving gear' in some parts of the world. Running gear (rail transport) In railway terminology the term running gear refers to those components of a railway vehicle that run passively on the rails, unlike those of the driving gear. Traditionally these are the wheels, axles, axle boxes, springs and vehicle frame of a railway locomotive or wagon. The running gear of a modern railway vehicle comprises, in most instances, a bogie frame with two wheelsets. However there

title: Gear train

text: the largest gear turns 0.31 (1/3.23) revolution, a total reduction of about 1:3.23 (Gear Reduction Ratio (GRR) = 1/Gear Ratio (GR)). Since the idler gear contacts directly both the smaller and the larger gear, it can be removed from the calculation, also giving a ratio of 42/13≈3.23. The idler gear serves to make both the drive gear and the driven gear rotate in the same direction, but confers no mechanical advantage. Belts can have teeth in them also and be coupled to gear-like pulleys. Special gears called sprockets can be coupled together with chains, as on bicycles and some motorcycles.

title: Gear (Image Comics)

text: Gear is used for Mr. Blik's beloved monster truck. Gear (Image Comics) Gear is a six-issue comic book limited series written and illustrated by Doug TenNapel. It was published in six issues by Fireman Press Ltd, a production company and publishing house. The issues were reprinted in trade paperback form by Image Comics in 2007. Many of the characters presented in the book were retooled for TenNapel's Nickelodeon cartoon series "Catscratch". "Gear" featured black-and-white artwork mostly created with an ink brush by TenNapel. Many of its covers were photos of 3D sculptures, owing to TenNapel's affinity for stop motion animation.

title: Metal Gear Solid

text: his combat moves in terms of which buttons to press on the gamepad. The Codec is also used to provide exposition on the game's backstory. In addition to the main story, there's also a VR training mode in which the player can test out their sneaking skills in a series of artificially constructed environments. This mode is divided into three main categories (practice, time attack, and gun shooting), each consisting of ten stages. After completing all 30 stages, a survival mission is unlocked in which the player must sneak their way through ten consecutive stages under a seven-minute limit. The

title: 5th Gear (video game)

text: 5th Gear (video game) 5th Gear is a computer game for the Amiga, Atari ST and Commodore 64, released on the Rack-It budget label. The original Commodore 64 version was programmed by Jeroen Leijten, with music by Theo and Renier Hongens. It was largely inspired by previous arcade games "Steer and Go" and "Spy Hunter". The player controls a white car that travels up (and then down) a tricky landscape filled with water, bumps, trees, and enemy vehicles. Cash is earned by completing levels, with an initial $10,000 available. These funds are spent at garages to buy extra fuel, repair

title: Money Train

text: money. The subway car used as the money train in the film is a modified R21 subway car. The rolling stock was modified by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority and film crew into an imposing subway train covered in silver armor plating and equipped with flashing orange lights and sliding barred doors, like those on a jail cell. After production, the car was donated to the New York Transit Museum, and is currently stored at the Coney Island Complex as of February 2010. Other cars were used as props in the movie. Four additional R30s were used for filming on New

title: Gear train

text: of a gear train also defines its mechanical advantage. This shows that if the input gear rotates faster than the output gear, then the gear train amplifies the input torque. And if the input gear rotates slower than the output gear, the gear train reduces the input torque. The simplest example of a gear train has two gears. The "input gear" (also known as drive gear) transmits power to the "output gear" (also known as driven gear). The input gear will typically be connected to a power source, such as a motor or engine. In such an example, the output

title: Bevel gear

text: plants, railway track inspection machines, etc. For examples, see the following articles on: Bevel gear Bevel gears are gears where the axes of the two shafts intersect and the tooth-bearing faces of the gears themselves are conically shaped. Bevel gears are most often mounted on shafts that are 90 degrees apart, but can be designed to work at other angles as well. The pitch surface of bevel gears is a cone. Two important concepts in gearing are pitch surface and pitch angle. The pitch surface of a gear is the imaginary toothless surface that you would have by averaging out

title: Gear Krieg

text: Gear Krieg Gear Krieg is an alternate history game setting published by Dream Pod 9. It contains information suitable for role-playing and wargaming a pulp-fueled World War II, featuring walking tanks and epic tabletop battles. "Gear Krieg" is an alternate history take on World War II, where the technology curve is a little more steep than in our own reality. Technology, such as personal jet packs, rocket fighters, and walking tanks, are developed during the course of the war, sometimes massively changing events and famous battles. From the game's rulebook: "The world would indeed have been a different place had

title: Excite Truck

text: gameplay modes, most of them for a single player. "Excite Truck" features several locales to race in, all which are, for the most part, based on real life locations. These locations include China, Scotland, Mexico, Fiji, Finland and Canada. The only course in the game that is not based on a real-life environment is a fantasy crystal mountain named Nebula, which, as the name describes, is a fictional environment located under a purple crystal-like nebula. The game is a spiritual sequel to NES title "Excitebike" and the N64 title "Excitebike 64". The developers passed down and updated many features that

title: Trainz

text: ground textures, lay tracks, and place buildings and roads. The user then operates the trains in Driver, either in free play, or according to a scenario called a "Driver Session" which can range in difficulty from beginner to expert. In CAB (cabin) mode the train physics are more sophisticated than in DCC mode; adding real-life considerations such as wheel slip on the rails; how the weight of the consist slows acceleration and deceleration. Any train can be given directions to be driven by the computer. The simulators are supported by a large library freeware assets which can be downloaded from

title: Battle Gear 3

text: largely inspired by those of "Battle Gear 3". "Battle Gear 3" uses the "Gran Turismo" series specific analog steering and Accelerate/Braking system while the Arcade digital button-based system is still available as well. An "Instrument Panel" view comparable to the one also available in Driving Emotion Type-S '00 (imitating the original 1999 "Battle Gear") with its per car unique realistic on board design is added to the classic "Road" and "Car" views. "Battle Gear" courses are located in Japanese lakeside forests (Hakone) and mountain passes known as touge. Many manga series are based on touge races, the most famous comic

title: Heavy Gear (video game)

text: released. It is unknown if the dwindling interest in Virtual Reality arcade games or the high cost of manufacturing were the reasons, but from the existing footage one can assume that the game was already in a quite late stage of development since even animated instructions on how to use the Arcade hardware and an intro video were implemented as seen in the footage. The working title was "Heavy Gear Extreme". The story follows the crew of the CNCS landship "Vigilance" (an enormous hovercraft carrier) as they played a cat-and-mouse game across the Badlands with a rival landship from the

title: Warner Bros. Studio Tour London – The Making of Harry Potter

text: the original carriages behind the Hogwarts Express steam engine used in the films. As with the rest of the attraction, the set was constructed and dressed by the original crew members who worked on the film - including Stuart Craig himself, who designed the new set exclusively for the tour (since these scenes in the films were actually shot on location in Kings Cross). The setup includes the locomotive GWR 4900 Class 5972 "Olton Hall" (dressed as 5972 "Hogwarts Castle") and the British Rail Mark 1 carriage that appeared in the films, brought to life by John Richardson's special effects

title: Zero Gear

text: Zero Gear Zero Gear is a racing game developed and published by American studio NimbleBit. In the game the player controls a kart and tries to finish first trying to make the other players fail by using weapon pick-ups. The game officially supports up to eight players (though servers with up to 16 slots are possible), allows for customized carts and drivers, and has multiple game modes such as "Race", "Tag", "Goal", and "Target." A fifth mode, "Sumo," was added in an update Without any announcements, this project was discontinued and the website is no longer available to visit. In

title: Chris Sawyer's Locomotion

text: uses the engine that was originally developed for "Transport Tycoon". Early on in the development of Chris Sawyer's Locomotion some Japanese vehicles and buildings were created but were never actually used in the published game. One of these vehicles was the Shinkansen 0 Series, which you can now download at Chrissawyersgames.com. These Japanese assets were likely switched out for the Swiss ones. The Class 656 locomotive in the Swiss game mode is actually not a Swiss loco. It instead originates from Italy. The scenarios have five difficulty levels: Beginner, Easy, Medium, Challenging and Expert. Different objectives are available, some require

title: Mighty Machines

text: Vehicles include a gas truck, a carnival truck, and a cement pumper truck. 26. All Aboard Trains, Buses, and Subways! Various public transport vehicles are featured in this episode, including Buddy, an OC Transpo bus, a O-Train, a GO Train and a Toronto subway train, who in turn explain their jobs of picking up the passengers and dropping them off exactly where they want to be. 27. Building An Airplane JetGirl comes to visit the airport and tells her story why she left and was made. 28. Ride The Mountain Rails Diesel locomotive number 95 dumps rocks in the Canadian

title: Travel Town Museum

text: economical repair) has been replaced with "Courage", a chain-driven internal combustion motor housed within a façade representing a steam locomotive. This railroad is one of three miniature railway train rides within Griffith Park. The others are the gauge Griffith Park & Southern Railroad and the gauge miniature railway at the Los Angeles Live Steamers Railroad Museum. The latter is independently operated. Houses additional transportation examples and exhibits. Located behind a roll-up door in the main exhibit hall, the East Valley Lines Model Rail-Road N Gauge Club operates their extensive layout. Travel Town is near many television and movie studios, which

title: Epicyclic gearing

text: + "N"/"N") which can also be written as 1:(1 + "N"/"N"). This is the lowest gear ratio attainable with an epicyclic gear train. This type of gearing is sometimes used in tractors and construction equipment to provide high torque to the drive wheels. In bicycle hub gears, the sun is usually stationary, being keyed to the axle or even machined directly onto it. The planetary gear carrier is used as input. In this case the gear ratio is simply given by ("N"+"N")/"N". The number of teeth in the planet gear is irrelevant. In epicyclic gears, two speeds must be known,

title: Gear train

long_answer: Automobile drivetrains generally have two or more major areas where gearing is used. Gearing is employed in the transmission, which contains a number of different sets of gears that can be changed to allow a wide range of vehicle speeds, and also in the differential, which contains the final drive to provide further speed reduction at the wheels. In addition, the differential contains further gearing that splits torque equally between the two wheels while permitting them to have different speeds when travelling in a curved path. The transmission and final drive might be separate and connected by a driveshaft, or they might be combined into one unit called a transaxle. The gear ratios in transmission and final drive are important because different gear ratios will change the characteristics of a vehicle's performance.