question: how many hospitals are there in the united states

answers: 5,534 registered hospitals

answers: 5,534

title: Hospital

text: than 10% and the number of US hospitals shrinking from 6933 in 1981 to 5534 in 2016. Among the reasons for this are the increasing availability of more complex care elsewhere such as at home or at the physicians' offices and also the less therapeutic and more life-threatening image of the hospitals in the eyes of the public. Microhospitals, which range from eight beds to fifty, are expanding in the United States. Modern hospitals measure various efficiency metrics such as occupancy rates, average length of stay, time to service, patient satisfaction, physician performance, patient readmission rate, inpatient mortality rate, and

title: Medical centers in the United States

text: a given medical school may be closely associated with multiple tightly linked hospital campuses which function to some degree as a unit though the group may not be referred to as a single medical center (e.g. the Harvard Medical School network of teaching hospitals). There are about 1,100 teaching hospitals in the United States. Approximately 375 of the larger institutions belong to the Association of American Medical Colleges’ Council of Teaching Hospitals and Health Systems (COTH). COTH teaching hospitals train about 75 percent of residents yearly and provide more than 40 percent of all hospital charity care in the nation.

title: Medical centers in the United States

text: the United States. They vary greatly in their organization, the services they provide, and their ownership and operation. In the United States, ownership of the health care system is mainly in private hands, though federal, state, county, and city governments also own certain facilities. Many major hospitals, generally the backbone of any medical center, are non-profit and many of these have their origins in religious organizations. Despite their non-profit status, affiliation with private ventures and major medical schools often allows them to maintain state-of-the-art facilities and services. The non-profit hospital's share of total hospital capacity has remained relatively stable (about

title: Hospital Corporation of America

text: Hospital Corporation of America Hospital Corporation of America (HCA) is an American for-profit operator of health care facilities that was founded in 1968. It is based in Nashville, Tennessee and in 2018 it managed 178 hospitals and 119 freestanding surgery centers, including surgery centers, freestanding ERs, urgent care centers, and physician clinics in the United States and United Kingdom. HCA went public on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) in 1969 followed by a substantial growth period for the next two decades. The company was ranked No. 63 in the 2018 Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations

title: History of hospitals

text: 1922 the government issued a national diploma for nursing. In the U.S., the number of hospitals reached 4400 in 1910, when they provided 420,000 beds. These were operated by city, state and federal agencies, by churches, by stand-alone non-profits, and by for-profit enterprises. All the major denominations built hospitals; the 541 Catholic ones (in 1915) were staffed primarily by unpaid nuns. The others sometimes had a small cadre of deaconesses as staff. Non-profit hospitals were supplemented by large public hospitals in major cities and research hospitals often affiliated with a medical school. The largest public hospital system in America is

title: Healthcare in Canada

text: by additional analysis performed from the American side, using a structured telephone survey of all ambulatory care clinical facilities located in specific heavily populated U.S. urban corridors bordering Canada and discharge data for 1994–1998 from major border states, and contacted key informants at each of U.S. News and World Report's "America’s Best Hospitals" to inquire about the number of Canadians seen in both inpatient and outpatient settings. The authors characterized this rate of medical travel as "barely detectible relative to the use of care by Canadians at home" and that the results "do not support the widespread perception that Canadian

title: For-profit hospital

text: For-profit hospital For-profit hospitals, sometimes referred to as alternatively investor-owned hospitals, are investor-owned chains of hospitals. Many of the For-profit hospitals are located in Europe and North America, with many of them established particularly in the United States during the late twentieth century. In contrast to the traditional and more common non-profit hospitals, they attempt to garner a profit for their shareholders. The highest charging hospitals in the US are for profit, according to a study published in the journal "Health Affairs" in 2015. In the United States, the three largest such firms are Hospital Corporation of America, Tenet (formerly

title: Hospital

text: countries such as the USA, hospitals typically operate privately and in some cases on a for-profit basis; for example, the multinational corporation Hospital Corporation of America operates hospitals across the country. The list of procedures and their prices is called a chargemaster; however, these prices don't reflect the typical cost of the procedure, which is typically lower due to in-network negotiation. Where for-profit hospitals in such countries admit uninsured patients in emergency situations (such as during and after Hurricane Katrina in the USA), they incur direct financial losses, ensuring that there is a clear disincentive to admit such patients. In

title: Catholic Church in the United States

text: overseeing 625 hospitals with a combined revenue of 30 billion dollars, comprised the nation's largest group of nonprofit systems. In 2008, the cost of running these hospitals had risen to $84.6 billion, including the $5.7 billion they donate. According to the Catholic Health Association of the United States, 60 health care systems, on average, admit one in six patients nationwide each year. According to Merger Watch (2018), Catholic facilities make up about 10% of all "sole community providers" in the US (49 out of 514). In some states, the percentage is much greater: in Wisconsin and South Dakota, for example,

title: Health care in the United States

text: As of 2018, there were 5,534 registered hospitals in the United States.  There were 4,840 community hospitals, which are defined as nonfederal, short-term general, or specialty hospitals. The non-profit hospitals share of total hospital capacity has remained relatively stable (about 70%) for decades. There are also privately owned for-profit hospitals as well as government hospitals in some locations, mainly owned by county and city governments. The Hill-Burton Act was passed in 1946, which provided federal funding for hospitals in exchange for treating poor patients.

title: Non-profit hospital

text: of New York, all traditional hospitals must be non-profit by law. Exceptions include outpatient surgery centers which can be for-profit. A non-profit hospital, or not-for-profit hospital, is a hospital which is organized as a non-profit corporation. Based on their charitable purpose and most often affiliated with a religious denomination they are a traditional means of delivering medical care in the United States. Non-profit hospitals are distinct from government owned public hospitals and privately owned for-profit hospitals. There are some exceptions, in California for example, professional medical corporations, University of California hospitals, county hospitals, narcotic treatment programs, some nonprofit organizations such

title: Southern United States

text: century. The East South Central Census Division of the United States (made up of Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Alabama) had the highest rate of inpatient hospital stays in 2012. The other divisions, West South Central (Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Louisiana) and South Atlantic (West Virginia, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida) ranked seventh and fifth, respectively. The South had a significantly higher rate of hospital discharges in 2005 than other regions of the United States, but the rate had declined to be closer to the overall national rate by 2011. For cancer in a region, the

title: Comparison of the healthcare systems in Canada and the United States

text: months for a 65-year-old to undergo a routine hip replacement surgery. However, U.S. administrators were the most negative about their country's system. Hospital executives in all five countries expressed concerns about staffing shortages and emergency department waiting times and quality. In a letter to the "Wall Street Journal", Robert Bell, the President and CEO of University Health Network, Toronto, said that Michael Moore's film "Sicko" "exaggerated the performance of the Canadian health system — there is no doubt that too many patients still stay in our emergency departments waiting for admission to scarce hospital beds." However, "Canadians spend about 55%

title: For-profit hospital

text: was told he would be sacked if he didn't have enough patients to operate on. For-profit hospital For-profit hospitals, sometimes referred to as alternatively investor-owned hospitals, are investor-owned chains of hospitals. Many of the For-profit hospitals are located in Europe and North America, with many of them established particularly in the United States during the late twentieth century. In contrast to the traditional and more common non-profit hospitals, they attempt to garner a profit for their shareholders. The highest charging hospitals in the US are for profit, according to a study published in the journal "Health Affairs" in 2015. In

title: Detroit Medical Center

text: commercials, and presents the Emery King Healthcare Video Library at the Detroit Medical Center's website. Two of the Detroit Medical Center hospitals ranked in the top one percent in heart failure outcomes in the U.S. DMC Harper University Hospital and DMC Sinai-Grace Hospital ranked above the national average in a survey compiled by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and the Department of Health and Human Services. The list included data from 4,807 hospitals across the United States. Of those hospitals, only 38 were ranked above the national average. The results are meant to assist the public in

title: Medical centers in the United States

text: The center is where one of the first and largest air ambulance services was created and where a successful inter-institutional transplant program was developed. More heart surgeries are performed at the Texas Medical Center than anywhere else in the world. Medical centers in the United States Medical centers in the United States are conglomerations of health care facilities including hospitals and research facilities that also either include or are closely affiliated with a medical school. Although the term "medical center" is sometimes loosely used to refer to any concentration of health care providers including local clinics and individual hospital buildings,

title: Hospital

text: in the world were founded in Vienna, being considered as the birth of specialised medicine. By the late 19th and the beginning 20th century, medical advancements such as anesthesia and sterile techniques that could make surgery less risky, and availability of more advanced diagnostic devices such as X-rays continued to make hospitals a more attractive option for treatment. The number of hospitalizations in the United States continued to grow and reached its peak in 1981 with 171 admissions per 1000 Americans and 6933 hospitals. This trend, however, has been reversed since then, with the rate of hospitalization falling by more

title: Public hospital

text: in the middle between public and for-profit hospitals in the types of medical services they provided. For-profit hospitals were quicker to respond to changes in profitability of medical services than the other two types of hospitals. Public hospitals in America are closing at a much faster rate than hospitals overall. The number of public hospitals in major suburbs declined 27% (134 to 98) from 1996 to 2002. Much research has proven the increase in uninsured and Medicaid enrollment entwined to unmet needs for disproportionate share subsidies to be associated with the challenges faced by public hospitals to maintain their financial

title: Medical centers in the United States

text: 70%) for decades. There are also privately owned for-profit hospitals as well as government hospitals in some locations, mainly owned by county and city governments. Major medical centers provide many specialized services, some even containing multiple specialized hospitals and clinics each dedicated to specific types of patients and/or services. Additionally they are centers of medical education, centers of medical research, and incubators for medical innovation and technology. A given medical center may include a medical school in the same complex as the rest of the facilities or may be closely affiliated with a medical school on a nearby campus. Similarly

title: Public hospital

text: care and 40% of trauma care are handled by public hospitals in the urban cities of the United States. Many public hospitals also develop programs for illness prevention with the goal of reducing the cost of care for low-income patients and the hospital, involving Community Health Needs Assessment and identifying and addressing the social, economic, environmental, and individual behavioral determinants of health. For-profit hospitals were more likely to provide profitable medical services and less likely to provide medical services that were relatively unprofitable. Government or public hospitals were more likely to offer relatively unprofitable medical services. Not-for-profit hospitals often fell

title: Universal Health Services

text: Universal Health Services Universal Health Services (UHS) is an American Fortune 500 company based in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania. It is one of the largest hospital management companies in the United States. As of February 25, 2016, UHS operates through its subsidiaries 24 inpatient acute care hospitals, 3 free-standing emergency departments and 213 inpatient and 16 outpatient behavioral health care facilities located in 37 states, Washington, D.C., the United Kingdom, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. The UHS facilities located in the U.S. had approximately 72,600 employees as of December 31, 2015, of whom approximately 52,400 were employed full-time.

title: Mayo Clinic

text: Rochester, was ranked as the #1 overall hospital in the United States by U.S. News & World Report. A total of almost 5,000 hospitals were considered and ranked in 16 specialties from cancer and heart disease to respiratory disorders and urology; 153 (just over 3 percent of the total) were ranked in at least one of the 16 specialties. Of the 153 hospitals that are ranked in one or more specialties, 20 qualified for the Honor Roll by earning high scores in at least six specialties. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, was ranked in the top 10 in all but one of

title: Safety net hospital

text: training for healthcare professionals. The Health and Hospital Corporation in NYC, Cook County Health and Hospital System in Chicago, and Parkland Health & Hospital System in Dallas are three of the United States' largest safety net hospitals. The presence of philanthropic medical institutions during the 19th century pre-date the modern American safety net hospital. These hospitals were funded by religious groups or wealthy benefactors, and their target population was the poor. However, towards the turn of the century, these institutions began transitioning into for-profit organizations, as they began to accept patients from all socioeconomic backgrounds. Towards 1922, as these businesses

title: American Hospital Association

text: 37,000 individuals. In 1870, there were only about 100 general hospitals in the United States, but the institution was growing rapidly. Hospital administrators formed an organization, The Association of Hospital Superintendents of the United States and Canada, which held its first meeting in 1899 in Cleveland, Ohio, where seven of the eight superintendents in attendance were based. The organization was promoted by publisher Del Sutton, whose journal, "The National Hospital Sanitarium Record", was adopted by the group in 1900, gradually coming under control of the organization until it was replaced by the organization's own publication, "The Modern Hospital". In 1906,

title: Healthcare in Belgium

text: ER-doctor will choose the nearest appropriate hospital that has the necessary facilities based on the patient's symptoms and condition, or a hospital in which the patient is under active treatment. The Federal Service for Public Health describes the hospital sector in the following manner: There are two distinct types of hospitals: General hospitals and Psychiatric hospitals. Psychiatric patients are not mixed with the general hospital population. There are 209 hospitals: The vast majority of hospitals are publicly funded. They are independent units or part of a larger organization that get funding from the public health service based on the activities

title: Health care in the United States

text: Health care in the United States Health care in the United States is provided by many distinct organizations. Health care facilities are largely owned and operated by private sector businesses. 58% of US community hospitals are non-profit, 21% are government owned, and 21% are for-profit. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the United States spent more on health care per capita ($9,403), and more on health care as percentage of its GDP (17.1%), than any other nation in 2014. Despite being among the top world economic powers, the US remains the sole industrialized nation in the world without universal

title: Hospital Corporation of America

text: again go public with an expected $4.6-billion IPO. In March 2011, HCA sold 126.2 million shares for $30 each, raising about $3.79 billion, at that time, the largest private-equity backed IPO in U.S. history. In 2017, it acquired three hospitals from Tenet Healthcare. Milton Johnson is the current CEO of HCA, with an announced retirement at the end of 2018. He will be replaced by Sam Hazen. , HCA operated 178 hospitals and approximately 1,800 sites of care, including surgery centers, freestanding ERs, urgent care centers, and physician clinics located in 20 U.S. states and in the United Kingdom. In

title: Physicians in the United States

text: 76% were educated in the United States. 65% were male. 79% were licensed in a medical specialty. 22% held active licenses in two or more states. The District of Columbia has, by far, the largest number of physicians as a percentage of the population, with 1,838 per 100,000 people. The term, "hospitalist", was introduced in 1996, to describe US specialists in internal medicine who work largely or exclusively in hospitals. Such 'hospitalists' now make up about 19% of all US " general internists". There are three agencies or organizations in the United States which collectively oversee physician board certification of

title: Norwegian American Hospital

text: in the emergency room, which is run by US Acute Care Solutions. Norwegian American Hospital The Norwegian American Hospital is a nonprofit safety net hospital in Humboldt Park, Chicago. It has about 900 employees, of which about 350 are medical personnel. It receives about $38 million a year from the Illinois Hospital Assessment Program which funds the Emergency Department, Wound Clinic, Cardiology, and the Comprehensive Diabetes Center. It runs a pediatric mobile medical unit which is known as the Norwegian American Hospital Pediatric Care-A-Van, which is partly funded by the Children’s Care Foundation. In July 2018 it reported that it

title: Healthcare in Greece

text: 2009 the hospital bed to 10,000 population ratio in the country was 48, above countries such as the United Kingdom (39), Spain (34) and Italy (39), but considerably below countries such as France (72) and Germany (83). On 1 July 2011, the Ministry for Health and Social Solidarity announced its intention to cut back the number of beds and hospitals in the country from 131 hospitals with 35,000 beds to 83 hospitals with 33,000 beds. Currently the largest hospital in the country is Attica Psychiatric Hospital "Dafni" with 1,325 beds, while the largest general hospital is "Evangelismos" General Hospital of

title: Health care in the United States


question: who donates a christmas tree to trafalgar square

answers: Oslo, Norway

title: Trafalgar Square Christmas tree

text: for voluntary or charitable organisations. The tree remains until just before the Twelfth Night of Christmas, when it is taken down for recycling. The tree is chipped and composted, to make mulch. The Trafalgar Square Christmas tree is typically a 50- to 60-year-old Norway spruce, generally over 20 metres tall. The tree is cut in Norway sometime in November during a ceremony attended by the British Ambassador to Norway, Mayor of Oslo, and Lord Mayor of Westminster. After the tree is cut, it is shipped to the UK by boat across the sea. At one time it was shipped to

title: Trafalgar Square

text: The festivity is open to the public and attracts a large number of people. The switch-on is usually followed by several nights of Christmas carol singing and other performances and events. On the twelfth night of Christmas, the tree is taken down for recycling. Westminster City Council threatened to abandon the event to save £5,000 in 1980 but the decision was reversed. The tree is selected by the Head Forester from Oslo's municipal forest and shipped, across the North Sea to the Port of Felixstowe, then by road to Trafalgar Square. The first tree was tall, but more recently has

title: Trafalgar Square Christmas tree

text:
is given by the city of Oslo as a token of Norwegian gratitude to the people of London for their assistance during the years 1940-45.

A tree has been given annually since 1947." The tree lighting ceremony in Trafalgar Square takes place on the first Thursday in December and is attended by thousands of people. The ceremony, led by the Lord Mayor of Westminster, includes a band and choir followed by the switching on of the Christmas lights. Traditionally, the tree provides a focal point for Christmas carolling groups. For many in London, the tree and the accompanying carolling signals the

title: Trafalgar Square

text: Authority in conjunction with the charity Unicef, who began ticketing the event to control crowd numbers. A Christmas ceremony has been held in the square every year since 1947. A Norway spruce (or sometimes a fir) is presented by Norway's capital city, Oslo as London's Christmas tree, a token of gratitude for Britain's support during World War II. (Besides war-time support, Norway's Prince Olav and the country's government lived in exile in London throughout the war.) The Christmas tree is decorated with lights that are switched on at a seasonal ceremony. It is usually held twelve days before Christmas Day.

title: Trafalgar Square Christmas tree

text: Felixstowe free of charge by a cargo ship of the Fred Olsen Line. As of at least 2007, the tree was shipped across the North Sea to Immingham by DFDS Tor Line. As of 2018, it has been the responsibility of Radius Crane Management Ltd. to transport, guard and erect the tree in Trafalgar Square. The Trafalgar Square tree is decorated in a traditional Norwegian style and adorned with 500 white lights. In 2008, the tree utilised low-wattage halogen bulbs which used 3.5 kW of power. At the base of the tree stands a plaque, bearing the words: "This tree

title: Trafalgar Square

text: been around . In 1987, protesters chained themselves to the tree. In 1990, a man sawed into the tree with a chainsaw a few hours before a New Year's Eve party was scheduled to take place. He was arrested and the tree was repaired by tree surgeons who removed gouged sections from the trunk while the tree was suspended from a crane. The square has become a social and political focus for visitors and Londoners, developing over its history from "an esplanade peopled with figures of national heroes, into the country's foremost "place politique"", as historian Rodney Mace has written.

title: Alfhild Hovdan

text: Alfhild Hovdan Alfhild Hovdan (née Olsen; 13 September 1904 – 20 February 1982) was a Norwegian journalist, and later tourist manager for the city of Oslo for more than forty years. She is known for initiating the tradition of the Trafalgar Square Christmas tree, a present from the city of Oslo to the people of London, in recognition of their assistance during World War II. Hovdan was born in Kristiania, and grew up in Skien. After examen artium she started a career as journalist. From 1927 she worked for the Swedish newspaper "Stockholms Dagblad", and for "Oslo Aftenavis" and the

title: English festivals

text: Christmas tree, cards, and lights both inside and outside the home. Every year, Norway donates a giant Christmas tree for the British to raise in Trafalgar Square as a thank you for helping during the Second World War. Christmas carolers at Trafalgar Square in London sing around the tree on various evenings up until Christmas Eve and Christmas decorations are traditionally left up until the evening of January 5 (the night before Epiphany); it is considered bad luck to have Christmas decorations up after this date. In practice, many Christmas traditions, such as the playing of Christmas music, largely stop

title: Save the Trafalgar Square Pigeons

text: £500 if this law was broken. Save the Trafalgar Square Pigeons Save the Trafalgar Square Pigeons (also known as STTSP) is an organisation that claims to oppose cruelty to wild birds, especially pigeons, in Trafalgar Square, London, England since the organisation's creation in 2000. The group was formed in 2000 when Ken Livingstone, Mayor of London tried to reduce the number of pigeons in Trafalgar Square. These reductions were to be made by a number of techniques, including the removal of the Trafalgar Square bird food seller’s licence. While feeding was still legal, feeders alleged that they were subjected to

title: Trafalgar Square Christmas tree

text: The Trafalgar Square Christmas tree is a Christmas tree donated to the people of Britain by the city of Oslo, Norway each year since 1947.  The tree is prominently displayed in Trafalgar Square from the beginning of December until 6 January.

title: Trafalgar School, Portsmouth

text: George's Square, Portsea. The school has also taken part in charity events. A tutor in 2007 donated over £1000 to Cancer Research UK by putting on a charity variety show, named '9DXC and Friends Charity Variety Show'. It involved many teachers and the students of the before mentioned tutor group(9DXC). In late 2012 and 2013 many exterior elevations of the school were refurbished with new windows added to many of the classrooms. In April 2015 the school converted to academy status and was renamed Trafalgar School. In September 2015 the school began accepting girls as pupils, meaning that the school

title: Ayo Akinwolere

text: Benedict XVI during his tour of the United Kingdom in September 2010. He accidentally dropped the star that had topped the Trafalgar Square Christmas tree for ten years as he was attaching it to a crane, leaving it slightly damaged; nonetheless, he was allowed to try again once it had been taped up. On 4 April 2011, he mentioned on-air, that he was planning to leave the show, and it was also reported at the same time in his Blue Peter Blog. It had been reported two days earlier in the Daily Mail. He took part in the "Ready Steady

title: Save the Trafalgar Square Pigeons

text: Save the Trafalgar Square Pigeons Save the Trafalgar Square Pigeons (also known as STTSP) is an organisation that claims to oppose cruelty to wild birds, especially pigeons, in Trafalgar Square, London, England since the organisation's creation in 2000. The group was formed in 2000 when Ken Livingstone, Mayor of London tried to reduce the number of pigeons in Trafalgar Square. These reductions were to be made by a number of techniques, including the removal of the Trafalgar Square bird food seller’s licence. While feeding was still legal, feeders alleged that they were subjected to a period of intimidatory harassment in

title: Traffic Light Tree

text: was reported in early 2013 that a planning application had been received by the council to re-install the piece on the Trafalgar Way roundabout near Billingsgate Market. Re-erection was planned to begin at the Trafalgar Way roundabout on 11 November 2013 and to be completed by 11 December 2013. There was an official lighting-up ceremony at the new location on 20 January 2014, led by Mayor of Tower Hamlets Lutfur Rahman. Traffic Light Tree Traffic Light Tree is a public sculpture in Poplar, London, England, created by the French sculptor Pierre Vivant following a competition run by the Public Art

title: Radio 4 Appeal

text: on Sunday, and at 15:27 on the following Thursday. It is governed by the BBC's Charity Appeal Policy. Each year since 1927, the BBC has broadcast a special Christmas Appeal in association with St Martin-in-the-Fields church in Trafalgar Square, London. This raises funds which are divided equally between The Connection at St Martin's, which supports vulnerable and homeless people in central London, and the Vicar's Relief Fund, which makes grants, averaging £200, to people anywhere in the UK who are at risk of homelessness or with experience of being homeless. The 2012 Appeal raised a record £1.9 million. In 2007-2008

title: Trafalgar Square

text: Day. The square is a centre of annual celebrations on New Year's Eve. It was well known for its feral pigeons until their removals in the early 21st century. Trafalgar Square is owned by the Queen in Right of the Crown and managed by the Greater London Authority, while Westminster City Council owns the roads around the square, including the pedestrianised area of the North Terrace. The square contains a large central area with roadways on three sides and a terrace to the north, in front of the National Gallery. The roads around the square form part of the A4,

title: Zoë Wanamaker

text: to drama. She also received an honorary Doctorate of Letters from the University of East Anglia on 19 July 2012. Wanamaker has been a Patron of the UK charity Tree Aid, since 1997. Tree Aid enables communities in Africa's drylands to fight poverty and become self-reliant, while improving the environment. In 2006 Wanamaker recorded a successful Radio 4 appeal for the charity. She is a patron of Dignity in Dying, the Lymphoedema Support Network, Youth Music Theatre UK and of the Young Actors' Theatre, Islington. She is also one of the Honorary Patrons of the London children's charity Scene &

title: Alfhild Hovdan

text: of donating a Christmas tree to London, a present from the city of Oslo, in recognition of assistance from the people of London during World War II. In the following years she was always present at the ceremony when the tree was cut down, along with the mayor of Oslo. She continued her work as "Tourist Manager" for Oslo until 1976, and has been characterized as brave, dynamic and controversial, being called names such as "The Shrew" () and "The Bulldozer". Hovdan was awarded the Medal of St. Hallvard in 1967. Alfhild Hovdan Alfhild Hovdan (née Olsen; 13 September 1904

title: Trafalgar Square

text: death, and the square did not open until 1844. The Nelson's Column at its centre is guarded by four lion statues. A number of commemorative statues and sculptures occupy the square, but the Fourth Plinth, left empty since 1840, has been host to contemporary art since 1999. The square has been used for community gatherings and political demonstrations, including Bloody Sunday in 1887, the culmination of the first Aldermaston March, anti-war protests, and campaigns against climate change. A Christmas tree has been donated to the square by Norway since 1947 and is erected for twelve days before and after Christmas

title: Bring Me Sunshine (1984)

text: year; in his summing up Des O'Connor gave a touching and heartfelt tribute to Morecambe proclaiming that "...on the way here tonight I went through Trafalgar Square and the Christmas decorations were going up; I looked and the giant tree and thought to myself - there's going to be one less star on the tree this year". It was a glittering night that featured the cream of British talent paying tribute to a man who had been considered the best of the best among his peers. The programme, made and broadcast by Thames Television was aired once and has never

title: Trafalgar Square

text: on the pedestrianised North Terrace and other pavements in the area. Nelson's column was repaired from years of damage from pigeon droppings at a cost of £140,000. For many years, revellers celebrating the New Year have gathered in the square despite a lack of celebrations being arranged. The lack of official events was partly because the authorities were concerned that encouraging more partygoers would cause overcrowding. Since 2003, a firework display centred on the London Eye and South Bank of the Thames has been provided as an alternative. Since 2014, New Year celebrations have been organised by the Greater London

title: Trafalgar Square

text: presence was contentious: their droppings disfigured the stonework and the flock, estimated at its peak to be 35,000, was considered a health hazard. A stall seller, Bernie Rayner, infamously sold bird seed to tourists at inflated prices. In February 2001, the sale of bird seed in the square was stopped and other measures were introduced to discourage the pigeons including the use of birds of prey. Supporters continued to feed the birds but in 2003 the mayor, Ken Livingstone, enacted bylaws to ban feeding them in the square. In September 2007 Westminster City Council passed further bylaws banning feeding birds

title: Bragster

text: Bragster team. The team agreed to donate £1,000 to the charity of Bodson's choice on successful completion of the dare. The money was donated to the Gorilla Organisation. Acting on a dare by Bragster user 'whoareyou' to Bring the Bubbles, 'mr_bubble' filled the fountains at Trafalgar Square with washing up liquid, causing the fountains to fill up with foam. The stunt was covered by multiple national papers. Before Christmas 2008, Bragster projected an image of a working credit card in central London, with £10,000 in credit. The 10 ft image was projected on the side of the Bank of England

title: Rachel Hurd-Wood

text: a charity supporting the Great Ormond Street Hospital (GOSH) Children's Charity, at the world charity premiere of the movie Peter Pan in London on 9 December 2003. Her autographed card was auctioned in 2009. It tops the chart for the most popular signing, according to Paul Brett, founder of the StarCards charity. Hurd-Wood along with other celebrity supporters of the charity Shooting Star CHASE, Keeley Hawes, Matthew MacFadyen and Max Clifford joined more than 50 children with life-limiting illnesses and their families for the event on Sunday, 20 December 2009. The charity worked with Coca-Cola and the Merlin Group, which

title: Trafalgar Day

text: led by the Lord Mayor of Birmingham and involves men and women of HMS "Forward", Sea Cadet units from across the West Midlands and various civic organisations, including The Nelson Society and The Birmingham Civic Society. Afterwards representatives of naval and civic organisations lay wreaths and a parade marches off to Victoria Square, the public square in front of the seat of local government, where the Lord Mayor takes the salute. Another aspect of the Birmingham celebration is that the statue is regaled with swags of laurel and flowers, possibly due to its location by the wholesale flower markets of

title: Christmas traditions

text: In the United Kingdom Christmas decorations are put up in shops and town centres from early November. Many towns and cities have a public event involving a local or regional celebrity to mark the switching on of Christmas lights. Decorations in people's homes are commonly put up from early December, traditionally including a Christmas tree, cards, and lights both inside and outside the home. Every year, Norway donates a giant Christmas tree for the British to raise in Trafalgar Square as a thank you for helping during the Second World War. Christmas carolers at Trafalgar Square in London sing around

title: Trafalgar Square

text: the Square event on Armistice Day, 11 November, in remembrance of those who died in war. The event includes music and poetry readings, culminating in a bugler playing the Last Post and a two-minute silence at 11 am. In the 21st century, Trafalgar Square has been the location for several sporting events and victory parades. In June 2002, 12,000 people gathered to watch the England national football team's World Cup quarter-final against Brazil on giant video screens which had been erected for the occasion. The square was used by the England national rugby union team on 2003 to celebrate their

title: Michael Wade (Trafalgar Park)

text: deeply involved in Trafalgar Park supporting many local charity events like Horatio's Garden and the plan to complete its restoration. He is a Trustee of Salisbury Cathedral Girl Chorister’s Fund. In 1997 Wade married Dr Caroline Dashwood, the daughter of Sir Francis Dashwood Bt at the family home of West Wycombe Park in Buckinghamshire, England. They have a son, Alexander Francis Neville Wade, born in 1998. Wade has written a number of newspaper articles comparing the Lloyd’s reinsurance ‘spiral’ crisis of the 1980s to that of the financial markets crisis of 2007 – these were published by the Financial Times

title: Brighstone Christmas Tree Festival

text: Brighstone Christmas Tree Festival Brighstone Christmas Tree Festival is a local event occurring in various venues around Brighstone and Mottistone on the Isle of Wight in England for the winter tourist season. This charitable event raises money for local and national charities The Brighstone Christmas Tree Festival began in 1996 and has since been able to raise nearly £100,000 for Island and national charities. The festivities traditionally start on a Wednesday with a tree lighting ceremony in Brighstone Church in aid of the Earl Mountbatten Hospice. This event has attracts over 7,000 tourists each year. In 2009, Sally Taylor MBE,

title: Trafalgar Square

text: A bronze equestrian statue of George IV by Sir Francis Chantrey, originally intended to be placed on top of the Marble Arch, was installed on the eastern plinth in 1844, while the other remained empty until late in the 20th century. There are two other statues on plinths, both installed during the 19th century: General Sir Charles James Napier by George Cannon Adams in the south-west corner in 1855, and Major-General Sir Henry Havelock by William Behnes in the south-east in 1861. In 2000, the Mayor of London, Ken Livingstone, suggested replacing the statues with figures more familiar to the

title: Trafalgar Square Christmas tree


question: isdn uses b & d channels. what is d channel use for

answers: control and signaling information

answers: data

answers: carries control and signaling information

title: Integrated Services Digital Network

text: it is known as INS64. The other ISDN access available is the Primary Rate Interface (PRI), which is carried over an E1 (2048 kbit/s) in most parts of the world. An E1 is 30 'B' channels of 64 kbit/s, one 'D' channel of 64 kbit/s and a timing and alarm channel of 64 kbit/s. This is often referred to as 30B+2D. In North America PRI service is delivered on one or more T1 carriers (often referred to as 23B+D) of 1544 kbit/s (24 channels). A PRI has 23 'B' channels and 1 'D' channel for signalling (Japan uses a circuit

title: Integrated Services Digital Network

text: with an aggregate bit rate of 2.048 Mbit/s (E1). Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (BISDN) is another ISDN implementation and it is able to manage different types of services at the same time. It is primarily used within network backbones and employs ATM. Another alternative ISDN configuration can be used in which the B channels of an ISDN BRI line are bonded to provide a total duplex bandwidth of 128 kbit/s. This precludes use of the line for voice calls while the internet connection is in use. The B channels of several BRIs can be bonded, a typical use is

title: Integrated Services Digital Network

text: more PRIs to be controlled by a single D channel, and is sometimes called "23B+D + n*24B". D-channel backup allows for a second D channel in case the primary fails. NFAS is commonly used on a T3. PRI-ISDN is popular throughout the world, especially for connecting private branch exchanges to the public network. Even though many network professionals use the term "ISDN" to refer to the lower-bandwidth BRI circuit, in North America BRI is relatively uncommon whilst PRI circuits serving PBXs are commonplace. The bearer channel (B) is a standard 64 kbit/s voice channel of 8 bits sampled at 8

title: Narrowband ISDN

text: Narrowband ISDN N-ISDN (Narrowband Integrated Switch digital Network) was an attempt to replace the analog telephone system with a digital one. Unfortunately, the standardization process was too long and regarding to the technology progress in this area, once the standard was finally agreed, it was obsolete. It generally uses 64 kbit/s channel as the basic unit of switching. It has a circuit switching orientation. Its major contribution was Frame Relay. It describes telecommunication that carries voice information in a narrow band of frequencies. N-ISDN basic rate is too low so for home as for business today. N-ISDN may be partly

title: Integrated Services Digital Network

text: studios are equipped with ISDN lines as their main form of communication with other studios or standard phone lines. Equipment made by companies such as Telos/Omnia (the popular Zephyr codec), Comrex, Tieline and others are used regularly by radio broadcasters. Almost all live sports broadcasts on radio are backhauled to their main studios via ISDN connections. The following is an example of a Primary Rate (PRI) ISDN call showing the Q.921/LAPD and the Q.931/Network message intermixed (i.e. exactly what was exchanged on the D-channel). The call is originating from the switch where the trace was taken and goes out to

title: Non-Facility Associated Signalling

text: a Primary Rate ISDN service will be charged for each signaling channel. Therefore an NFAS configuration can be cheaper than Facility Associated Signaling, due to historical reasons. North American switches such as the Lucent 5ESS, and the Nortel DMS-100 did not handle common channel signaling such as ISDN on the same line card that terminated the T1 circuit. So, the telephone company needs to buy and maintain a separate signaling card for every D channel. The situation in Europe and the rest of the world is different. A Primary Rate ISDN configurations uses E1 carriers, where each carrier has 32

title: H channel

text: H channel In the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), a high-speed communication channel comprising multiple aggregated low-speed channels to accommodate bandwidth-intensive applications such as file transfer, videoconferencing, and high-quality audio. An H channel is formed of multiple bearer B channels bonded together in a primary rate access (PRA) or primary rate interface (PRI) frame in support of applications with bandwidth requirements that exceed the B channel rate of 64 kbit/s. The channels, once bonded, remain so end-to-end, from transmitter to receiver, through the ISDN network. The feature is known variously as multirate ISDN, Nx64, channel aggregation, and bonding. H channels

title: Integrated Services Digital Network

text: used to link remote studios, sports grounds and outside broadcasts into the main broadcast studio. ISDN via satellite is used by field reporters around the world. It is also common to use ISDN for the return audio links to remote satellite broadcast vehicles. In many countries, such as the UK and Australia, ISDN has displaced the older technology of equalised analogue landlines, with these circuits being phased out by telecommunications providers. Use of IP-based streaming codecs such as Comrex ACCESS and ipDTL is becoming more widespread in the broadcast sector, using broadband internet to connect remote studios. ISDN-BRI never gained

title: Integrated Services Digital Network

text: interface, unlike the older and incompatible Y interface, is what modern ISDN services use today. Since 2000, NTT's ISDN offering have been known as FLET's ISDN, incorporating the "FLET's" brand that NTT uses for all of its ISP offerings. In Japan, the number of ISDN subscribers dwindled as alternative technologies such as ADSL, cable Internet access, and fiber to the home gained greater popularity. On November 2, 2010, NTT announced plans to migrate their backend from PSTN to the IP network from around 2020 to around 2025. For this migration, ISDN services will be retired, and fiber optic services are

title: Primary Rate Interface

text: Each B-channel carries data, voice, and other services. The D-channel carries control and signaling information.  Larger connections are possible using PRI pairing. A dual T1-PRI could have 24 + 23 = 47 B-channels and 1 D-channel (often called "47B + D"), but more commonly has 46 B-channels and 2 D-channels thus providing a backup signaling channel. The concept applies to E1s as well and both can include more than 2 PRIs. When configuring multiple T1's as ISDN-PRI's, it's possible to use NFAS (non-facility associated signalling) to enable one or two D-channels to support additional B-channels on separate T1 circuits.

title: Primary Rate Interface

text: dual T1-PRI could have 24 + 23 = 47 B-channels and 1 D-channel (often called "47B + D"), but more commonly has 46 B-channels and 2 D-channels thus providing a backup signaling channel. The concept applies to E1s as well and both can include more than 2 PRIs. When configuring multiple T1's as ISDN-PRI's, it's possible to use NFAS (non-facility associated signalling) to enable one or two D-channels to support additional B-channels on separate T1 circuits. The Primary Rate Interface channels are typically used by medium to large enterprises with digital private branch exchange (PBX) telephone systems to provide digital

title: Telecommunications in Israel

text: Knesset Channel. On 30 March 2010, all analogue terrestrial television towers were switched off and digital distribution ("Idan Plus") is the only digital terrestrial system in effect. The first phase includes five SD channels (IBA-1, IBA-33, Channel 2, Israel 10 and The Knesset Channel). The system is DVB-T and MPEG-4 and in SFN configuration with two frequencies across the whole country (north and south are UHF 26 while central is UHF 29). A second phase with more channels was expected in 2012 (also IBA-1 HD) and a third phase maybe in 2013. Broadband Internet became prevalent in the majority of

text: chips. However, the standardization process took years while computer network technology moved rapidly. Once the ISDN standard was finally agreed upon and products were available, it was already obsolete. For home use the largest demand for new services was video and voice transfer, but the ISDN basic rate lacks the necessary channel capacity. This led to introduction of B-ISDN, by adding the word broadband. Although the term had a meaning in physics and engineering (similar to wideband), the CCITT defined it as: "Qualifying a service or system requiring transmission channels capable of supporting rates greater than the primary rate" referring

title: Integrated Services Digital Network

text: as Three-Way Calling, Call Forwarding, Caller ID, etc.) are now commonly available for ordinary analog phones as well, eliminating this advantage of ISDN. Another advantage of ISDN was the possibility of multiple simultaneous calls (one call per B channel), e.g. for big families, but with the increased popularity and reduced prices of mobile telephony this has become less interesting as well, making ISDN unappealing to the private customer. However, ISDN is typically more reliable than POTS, and has a significantly faster call setup time compared with POTS, and IP connections over ISDN typically have some 30–35ms round trip time, as

title: Integrated Services Digital Network

text: of 2003 and 20% of all ISDN channels worldwide). Due to the success of ISDN, the number of installed analog lines was decreasing. Deutsche Telekom (DTAG) offered both BRI and PRI. Competing phone companies often offered ISDN only and no analog lines. However, these operators generally offered free hardware that also allows the use of POTS equipment, such as NTBAs with integrated terminal adapters. Because of the widespread availability of ADSL services, ISDN was primarily used for voice and fax traffic. Until 2007 ISDN (BRI) and ADSL/VDSL were often bundled on the same line, mainly because the combination of ADSL

title: H channel

text: are implemented as: H channel In the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), a high-speed communication channel comprising multiple aggregated low-speed channels to accommodate bandwidth-intensive applications such as file transfer, videoconferencing, and high-quality audio. An H channel is formed of multiple bearer B channels bonded together in a primary rate access (PRA) or primary rate interface (PRI) frame in support of applications with bandwidth requirements that exceed the B channel rate of 64 kbit/s. The channels, once bonded, remain so end-to-end, from transmitter to receiver, through the ISDN network. The feature is known variously as multirate ISDN, Nx64, channel aggregation, and

text: Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network In the 1980s, the telecommunications industry expected that digital services would follow much the same pattern as voice services did on the public switched telephone network, and conceived an end-to-end circuit switched services, known as Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN). Before B-ISDN, the original ISDN attempted to substitute the analog telephone system with a digital system which was appropriate for both voice and non-voice traffic. Obtaining worldwide agreement on the basic rate interface standard was expected to lead to a large user demand for ISDN equipment, hence leading to mass production and inexpensive ISDN

title: Broadband Global Area Network

text: access the Internet, check e-mail, download files, or any other Internet activity they might do at a home or office. Many come equipped with a regular RJ11 Phone Jack for making PSTN calls, using an ordinary telephone handset, and many terminals have an ISDN connection to do ISDN phone calls. Some BGAN terminals have both so users can make either type of phone call. Users can also send faxes or SMS text messages. Most BGAN terminals can support a router or switch device so users can plug in multiple computers or even VOIP phones and set up a mobile office.

title: Integrated Services Digital Network

text: is a second viewpoint: that of the telephone industry, where ISDN is a core technology. A telephone network can be thought of as a collection of wires strung between switching systems. The common electrical specification for the signals on these wires is T1 or E1. Between telephone company switches, the signaling is performed via SS7. Normally, a PBX is connected via a T1 with robbed bit signaling to indicate on-hook or off-hook conditions and MF and DTMF tones to encode the destination number. ISDN is much better because messages can be sent much more quickly than by trying to encode

title: Integrated Services Digital Network

text: ISDN 2 or ISDN 2 Enhanced. Another group of types are the Primary Rate services, ISDN 10/20/30 . Telstra announced that the new sales of ISDN product would be unavailable as of 31 January 2018. The final exit date of ISDN service and migration to the new service would be confirmed by 2022. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, Reliance Communications and Bharti Airtel are the largest communication service providers, and offer both ISDN BRI and PRI services across the country. Reliance Communications and Bharti Airtel uses the DLC technology for providing these services. With the introduction of broadband technology, the load

title: Integrated Services Digital Network

text: analog line can be placed and the monthly charge is roughly $55. ISDN-BRI is currently primarily used in industries with specialized and very specific needs. High-end videoconferencing hardware made by companies such as Sony, Polycom, Tandberg, and LifeSize via the LifeSize Networker can bond up to 8 B-channels together (using a BRI circuit for every 2 channels) to provide digital, circuit-switched video connections to almost anywhere in the world. This is very expensive, and is being replaced by IP-based conferencing, but where cost concern is less of an issue than predictable quality and where a QoS-enabled IP does not exist,

title: POTS codec

text: mixer functions, while the studio unit usually has some kind of digital output. Some codecs can be configured to use ISDN, POTS or IP rather than requiring a different device for each network, while others are exclusively designed for POTS operation. ISDN and IP connections implement algorithms like G.722, MPEG, AAC, aacPlus, Apt-X and AAC-LD (low-delay), while POTS connections almost always use proprietary low bit rate algorithms. Consequently, while ISDN connections can usually be established between codecs from different manufacturers, POTS connections (and usually IP connections) can only be established between codecs from the same family. Some codecs can use

title: Integrated Services Digital Network

text: opposed to 120–180ms (both measured with otherwise unused lines) over 56k or V.34/V.92 modems, making ISDN more reliable and more efficient for telecommuters. Where an analog connection requires a modem, an ISDN connection requires a terminal adapter (TA). The function of an ISDN terminal adapter is often delivered in the form of a PC card with an S/T interface, and single-chip solutions seem to exist, considering the plethora of combined ISDN- and ADSL-routers. ISDN is commonly used in radio broadcasting. Since ISDN provides a high quality connection this assists in delivering good quality audio for transmission in radio. Most radio

title: Integrated Services Digital Network

text: manufacturers' proprietary algorithms, an ISDN BRI can be used to send stereo bi-directional audio coded at 128 kbit/s with 20 Hz – 20 kHz audio bandwidth, although commonly the G.722 algorithm is used with a single 64 kbit/s B channel to send much lower latency mono audio at the expense of audio quality. Where very high quality audio is required multiple ISDN BRIs can be used in parallel to provide a higher bandwidth circuit switched connection. BBC Radio 3 commonly makes use of three ISDN BRIs to carry 320 kbit/s audio stream for live outside broadcasts. ISDN BRI services are

title: Integrated Services Digital Network

text: it eliminates the modem setup, and because it connects to the central system over a B channel, thereby eliminating the need for modems and making much better use of the central system's telephone lines. X.25 was also part of an ISDN protocol called "Always On/Dynamic ISDN", or AO/DI. This allowed a user to have a constant multi-link PPP connection to the internet over X.25 on the D channel, and brought up one or two B channels as needed. In theory, Frame Relay can operate over the D channel of BRIs and PRIs, but it is seldom, if ever, used. There

title: U interface

text: a combined bitrate of 144 kbit/s (2B+D). While in a four-wire interface such as the ISDN S and T-interfaces one wire pair is available for each direction of transmission, a two-wire interface needs to implement both directions on a single wire pair. To that end, ITU-T recommendation G.961 specifies two duplex transmission technologies for the ISDN U interface, either of which shall be used: Echo cancellation (ECH) and Time Compression Multiplex (TCM). When a transmitter applies a signal to the wire-pair, parts of the signal will be reflected as a result of imperfect balance of the hybrid and because of

title: BT Highway

text: by an ISDN PCI card. Later versions of BT Highway provided a USB port which PCs could connect to; a driver CD was supplied and the device was seen as an ISDN modem by Windows. As with ISDN2e, most brands of device typically allowed the user to automatically connect and drop the second ISDN channel to switch between 64 kbit/s and 128 kbit/s, depending on whether one channel was already being used (for example, for a simultaneous analogue telephone call). Three phone numbers were provided as standard. Two for the analogue ports and one for use by ISDN equipment. Home

title: Internet service provider

text: traditional options include copper wires to provide dial-up, DSL, typically asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), cable modem or Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) (typically basic rate interface). Using fiber-optics to end users is called Fiber To The Home or similar names. For customers with more demanding requirements (such as medium-to-large businesses, or other ISPs) can use higher-speed DSL (such as single-pair high-speed digital subscriber line), Ethernet, metropolitan Ethernet, gigabit Ethernet, Frame Relay, ISDN Primary Rate Interface, ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) and synchronous optical networking (SONET). Wireless access is another option, including cellular and satellite Internet access. A mailbox provider is

title: Internet in Japan

text: and may have little incentive to challenge NTT's market dominance and push for more competition because of the returns it gets from being a shareholder. No major foreign firms have successfully entered the market, with the exception of smartphones by Apple and Samsung. In Japan, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone planned a step-up process from dialup 56 kbit/s ISDN 64 kbit/s, to FTTH. Under this plan, NTT had been selling ISDN products primarily toward home users while corporate customers sometimes skipped ISDN entirely and immediately upgraded to the still-expensive FTTH service. In the late 1990s, Cable Television operators began offering their

title: ISDN User Part

text: using ISUP messages. The telephone exchanges may be connected via E1 or T1 trunks which transport the speech from the calls. These trunks are divided into 64 kbit/s timeslots, and one timeslot can carry exactly one call. Regardless of what facilities are used to interconnect switches, each circuit between two switches is uniquely identified by a circuit identification code (CIC) that is included in the ISUP messages. The exchange uses this information along with the received signaling information (especially the called party number) to determine which inbound and outbound circuits should be connected together to provide an end to end

title: Primary Rate Interface


question: which supreme court judge has surved in international court of justice

answers: Dalveer Bhandari

title: Surya Subedi

text: Surya Subedi Surya P. Subedi QC, OBE (born on 23 January 1958) is an international jurist. He is Professor of International Law at the University of Leeds, a visiting professor on the Master's programme on international human rights law at the University of Oxford and a practising Barrister at Three Stone Chambers, Lincoln's Inn, London. He was appointed a Queen's Counsel (QC) honoris causa in 2017. He was elected to the Institut de Droit International in 2011. He has published a number of works on international law and taught at several universities in the UK, the Netherlands, and the United

title: Dalveer Bhandari

text: chapter of the International Law Association for a number of years. He was also the Chairperson of the Advisory Board of Delhi State on the Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act, 1974 (COFEPOSA) and the National Security Act (NSA) for a number of years. On 25 July 2004 he gained appointment as Chief Justice of the Bombay High Court. As the Chief Justice he delivered a number of judgements in various branches of the law. His judgements and orders have led to a much larger allocation of funds for malnutrition in the five most backward districts

title: Surya Subedi

text: editor of a series of monographs on 'human rights and international law' published by Routledge (London/New York). Prior to qualifying for the English Bar, he was a consultant on international legal matters to Mishcon de Reya Solicitors in London. He was appointed in 2004 by the World Trade Organization to the Roster of Panellists of its Dispute Settlement System. He was also designated to serve on the panel of arbitrators of an intergovernmental organization - the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) with its headquarters at the World Bank in Washington DC. The United Nations Human Rights Council

title: Dalveer Bhandari

text: to professionals and to the general public who might be litigants. He has established mediation and conciliation centers in Maharashtra and an information centre for litigants in the Bombay High Court. Justice Bhandari was nominated by the Government of India as its official candidate in January 2012. The vacancy arose after the resignation of sitting Court Judge Awn Shawkat Al-Khasawneh from Jordan on being appointed as Prime Minister. In the elections held on 27 April 2012, Bhandari secured 122 votes in the United Nations General Assembly against 58 for his rival, Florentino Feliciano, who was nominated by the Government of

title: Surya Subedi

text: its head office at the Faculty of Law of the National University of Singapore and is Chairman of the Board of Editors of the flagship publication of the Society - the Asian Journal of International Law - published by Cambridge University Press. Prior to this, he was chief editor of the Asian Yearbook of International Law between 1999 and 2006 published by Martinus Nijhoff in The Hague. He also is Chairman of the Research Committee of the Society and has led the establishment of nine study/interest groups of scholars from across Asia researching in international law. In addition, he is

title: Khondokar Mahmud Hasan

text: as the chief Justice. Khondokar Mahmud Hasan Khondokar Mahmud Hasan (known as KM Hasan; born 27 January 1939) is a Bangladeshi diplomat and jurist who served as the 13th Chief Justice of Bangladesh. Hasan's father Khandaker Mohammed Hasan was a justice. Hasan completed his BA, MA and LLB in Dhaka, LLM in London and is a Barrister-at-Law from Lincoln's Inn. Hasan enrolled as a Supreme Court advocate in 1963. He served as ambassador to Iraq during 1980-1982. He was elevated as a judge to the High Court in 1999 and the Appellate Division on 20 January 2002. Supreme Court Bar

title: K. M. Joseph

text: ordered demolition of Kapico resorts constructed illegally on Nediathuruthu Island in Alappuzha district. During February 2017, Justice J. Chelameswar, a judge of the then Supreme Court collegium, has recorded a strongly worded dissent note for not elevating Justice K.M. Joseph to the Supreme Court of India. "Justice Joseph is an outstanding judge with impeccable integrity and the most suitable judge for elevation to the Supreme Court", Chelameswar wrote. "By not elevating a highly competent judge like Justice Joseph, the collegium was setting an unhealthy precedent", he added in the note. According to media reports on 11 January 2018, the Supreme

title: Supreme Court of Bangladesh

text: of International Crimes Tribunal (ICT)-1 chairman on 11 December 2012 amid controversy for holding Skype conversations with an expatriate Bangladeshi legal expert based in Belgium. President of Bangladesh ordered for formation of a Supreme Judicial Council to investigate alleged misconduct of High Court judge Justice Mizanur Rahman Bhuiyan after he distributed copies of a 17 February The Daily Inqilab report, termed slain (on 15 February 2013) 2013 Shahbag protests activist and blogger Ahmed Rajib Haider was a "moortad" (heretic), among the justices of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh. Justice A B M Altaf Hossain was not confirmed as a permanent

title: Haider Ahmed Dafalla

text: many Sudanese Universities . – Associated lecturer to Qatar University . – Associated lecturer of private international law. Haider Ahmed Dafalla Haider Ahmed Dafalla is Chief Justice of the Republic of Sudan, and president of the national Supreme Court, he is the highest-ranking and presiding judge in the Supreme Court, and also head of administrative functions. He has been nominated and recommended by the national commission for judicial services to chief justice post, as a Chief Justice is responsible for allocation of cases which deal with an important law matters . He is the 15th Chief Justice to the Republic

title: Dalveer Bhandari

text: Dalveer Bhandari (born 1 October 1947) is an Indian member of the International Court of Justice and was a judge of the Supreme Court of India.

title: Badar Durrez Ahmed

text: been a Judge of the Delhi High Court since 2002. He was The Chief Justice of High Court of Jammu and Kashmir from 1 April 2017 to 16 March 2018. In his eleven month tenure as Chief Justice of The State of Jammu and Kashmir he delivered a landmark judgment wherein he acquitted the accused Subhash Chander Sharma who was sentenced to death under section 302 RPC and 498A RPC by the Sessions Judge, Jammu . Subhash Chander Sharma was pleading his own case in the High Court. The Judgment was dictated in open court on the same day. The

title: Makhdoom Ali Khan

text: the Pakistan Steel Mills Case in the Supreme Court of Pakistan and the Reference of the Chief Justice of Pakistan in both the Supreme Judicial Council of Pakistan and the Supreme Court. He advised the Government of Pakistan in the Mukhtaran Mai case to support her stand and later appeared in the Supreme Court to argue in her support which resulted in the Supreme Court admitting her petition and issuing orders for the arrest of the alleged rapists.. He was also head of Pakistan's delegation to the United Nations General Assembly in 2004 (Agenda Item: Measures to Eliminate International Terrorism)

title: Abdulqawi Yusuf

text: Abraham of France as the 25th President of the ICJ and only the third African to hold the title after Nigeria's Taslim Elias (1982-1985) and Algeria's Mohamed Bedjaoui (1994-1997). Abdulqawi Yusuf Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf () is a Somali lawyer and judge who is the incumbent President of the International Court of Justice. Yusuf was born in the northeastern town of Eyl in Somalia . He is a "Juris Doctor" (Somali National University) and holds a Ph.D. in international law from the Graduate Institute of International Studies of Geneva. Prior to his doctorate, Yusuf completed post-graduate studies in international law at

title: K. M. Joseph

text: of the collegium, there still exists some suspense on its acceptance by the NDA government. There were media reports speculating that the government had returned the collegium recommendation to elevate Justice Joseph to Supreme Court bench, which was later dismissed by unidentified sources from law ministry. On 26 April 2018, the government, in a letter to the Chief Justice of India, said the proposed appointment of Justice KM Joseph as a Judge of the Supreme Court at this stage does not appear to be appropriate. In the letter, Law Minister Ravi Shankar Prasad has said Justice KM Joseph is placed

title: Mohamed Shahabuddeen

text: Guyana. From 1988 to 1997 he was a judge of the International Court of Justice in The Hague. Subsequently, he was judge and twice vice president of the Yugoslavia tribunal until 2009. In addition, he has been an arbiter in the International Criminal Court, also in The Hague since 1997, and the Center for International Arbitration in Cairo. In January 2009 he was chosen as a judge of the International Criminal Court, a function that would take place in March of that year. However, in February he served his resignation for personal reasons. He is a member of the Institut

title: Khondokar Mahmud Hasan

text: Khondokar Mahmud Hasan Khondokar Mahmud Hasan (known as KM Hasan; born 27 January 1939) is a Bangladeshi diplomat and jurist who served as the 13th Chief Justice of Bangladesh. Hasan's father Khandaker Mohammed Hasan was a justice. Hasan completed his BA, MA and LLB in Dhaka, LLM in London and is a Barrister-at-Law from Lincoln's Inn. Hasan enrolled as a Supreme Court advocate in 1963. He served as ambassador to Iraq during 1980-1982. He was elevated as a judge to the High Court in 1999 and the Appellate Division on 20 January 2002. Supreme Court Bar Association boycotted his appointment

title: National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India

text: Counsel for a number of educational and social organizations and held appointments in the High Courts of Kerala, Jammu and Kashmir and Gujarat before his elevation to the Supreme Court. Justice Sikri began legal practice in Delhi, specializing in Constitutional cases, Labour and Service matters, and Arbitration matters. Prior to his elevation to the Supreme Court, he held appointments in the Delhi High Court and Punjab and Haryana High Court. The Court has directed Centre and State Governments to grant legal recognition of gender identity whether it be male, female or third-gender: Legal Recognition for Third Gender : In recognizing

title: 2011 International Court of Justice judges election

text: of the Statute of the International Court of Justice. The five judges whose terms expired in February 2012, with their nationality, were: Of these five, all except Bruno Simma were candidates for re-election. Another sitting judge, Awn Shawkat Al-Khasawneh, also left the ICJ, having been appointed prime minister of Jordan in October 2011. The election to fill that seat was not scheduled until 2012. The General Assembly and the Security Council proceed, independently of one another, to elect five members of the Court. To be elected, a candidate must obtain an absolute majority of votes both in the General Assembly

title: Raul Pangalangan

text: 13, 2015 and is set to serve the position until March 10, 2021. Raul Pangalangan Raul Cano Pangalangan (born September 1, 1958) is a Filipino lawyer, and currently a judge of the International Criminal Court. A graduate of Political Science and Law from the University of the Philippines, Pangalangan received his Law master's degree (1986) and doctorate (1990) from Harvard Law School. He became the dean of the University of the Philippines College of Law at UP Diliman from 1995 to 2005 and was the publisher of the Philippine Daily Inquirer. Pangalangan was elected as a judge of the ICC

title: Surinder Singh Nijjar

text: Surinder Singh Nijjar Surinder Singh Nijjar (born 7 June 1949) is a former judge of the Supreme Court of India. J. Nijjar was formerly the Chief Justice of Calcutta High Court. J. Nijjar is a known name in the field of arbitration law, having delivered many landmark judgments like BALCO, Enercon India v. Enercon Gmbh, Reliance Industries Ltd & Ors. v. Union of India, Swiss Timing Ltd. v. Organising Committee, Commonwealth Games, 2010. J. Nijjar obtained LLB Degree from the University of London in 1972. J. Nijjar was unanimously elected as Master Bencher, the Hon'ble Society of Middle Temple, London,

title: Hasan Foez Siddique

text: Lucknow, India in 2016. Hasan Foez Siddique Hasan Foez Siddique (born 26 September 1956) is a Bangladeshi justice of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh. He was appointed in 2013. Siddique Acted as Legal Advisor to Khulna City Corporation, Kushtia Municipality, Jalalabad Gas Transmission Company and Chief Law Adviser of the Ministry of Home Affairs. Besides he worked as Additional Attorney General for Bangladesh. He has been acting as the Chairman of Bangladesh Judicial Service Commission since 30 April 2015. Participated in International Conference on Environment held in New Delhi, India in 2015 and 17th International Conference of Chief Justices of

title: Bimal N. Patel

text: An international law jurist, he has extensively studied, researched, commented and published works on the administrative, procedural and substantive jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice (ICJ), International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS), International Criminal Tribunal for former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and International Labour Organization Administrative Tribunal (Geneva). His publications on India and International Law and Responsibility of International Organisations are reviewed and referred by international law scholars and journals. He has published, edited several books, research papers/articles/surveys in leading academic and international law journals. He has been involved in drafting several national and state primary and secondary

title: Karim Ahmad Khan

text: Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL). Khan has since been engaged in leading cases at the International Criminal Court (ICC), International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC), and the Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL). In 2008, he was appointed lead counsel to former "Le Monde" journalist and Florence Hartmann, who had served as chief spokesperson to ICTY and ICTR prosecutor Carla del Ponte, when she was charged with contempt of court. Between 2008 and 2010, he was engaged as Lead Counsel before the ICC representing Sudanese rebel leader

title: Haziqul Khairi

text: the Supreme Court of Pakistan. Haziqul Khairi Haziqul Khairi (; born November 5, 1931) is a renowned Pakistani jurist who served as the Chief Justice of the Federal Shariat Court of Pakistan (2006-2009), Provincial Ombudsman of Sindh (1999-2003), Judge of Sindh High Court (1988-1993) and Principal of Sindh Muslim Law College (1981-1988). He also served as Chairman Legal Committee of the Council of Islamic Ideology, where he drafted the Women's Protection Bill. During his stint as the Provincial Ombudsman of Sindh, Khairi took 50 suo moto actions on various issues including the encroachment of police on amenity and private plots.

title: Deepak Verma (judge)

text: Deepak Verma (judge) Justice Deepak Verma is an Indian jurist and a former Judge of the Supreme Court of India. He now works as an independent arbitrator and mediator in domestic and international disputes as well as an expert on matters of Indian law before foreign courts and international tribunals. Before being appointed as an appellate court judge, he practiced as a civil and commercial disputes lawyer for over two decades and was widely acknowledged for representing the cause of poor litigants. He has been the Chief Justice of Rajasthan High Court, Acting Chief Justice of the High Court of

title: Anwarul Haque

text: Anwarul Haque Anwarul Haque ( – 13 July 2017) was a Bangladesh Supreme Court justice who served as the Chairman of International Crimes Tribunal-1. Haque completed Secondary School Certificate (SSC) from Dhaka Government Muslim High School and Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC) from Notre Dame College, Dhaka. He completed his bachelor's in law from the University of Dhaka. Haque started practicing law in 1980. On 1 December 1981, he joined the judicial service as an Assistant Judge and later became a District and Sessions Judge in 1997. He was elevated as Additional Judge of the High Court Division of Bangladesh Supreme

title: Sharad Arvind Bobde

text: Jasti Chelameswar, and Chokkalingam Nagappan, ratified an earlier order of the Supreme Court and clarified that no Indian citizen without an Aadhaar card can be deprived of basic services and government subsidies. Sharad Arvind Bobde Sharad Arvind Bobde (born 24 April 1956 Nagpur) is a judge of the Supreme Court of India. He is a former Chief Justice of Madhya Pradesh High Court. He is also serving as the Chancellor of Maharashtra National Law University, Mumbai and Maharashtra National Law University, Nagpur. He is due to retire on 23 April 2021. With a tenure of 8 years in Supreme Court

title: K. Jayachandra Reddy

text: and functioning of the International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and for Rwanda. The Expert Group, apart from Reddy, consisted of the Supreme Court Judge of Argentina, the Supreme Court Judge of Gambia, the President of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal and the former Under-secretary General of the U.N. The Report submitted is under the active consideration of the U.N. General Assembly. While in the Supreme Court, Reddy was given the National Law Day Award in 1996 by the Indian Council of Jurists, the Chairman of which was Justice P. N. Bhagwati and the Award was presented by the

title: Qazi Faez Isa

text: of Pakistan. Before his elevation he was a senior partner and head of litigation in one of Pakistan's leading law firms. From time to time he was called upon by the High Courts and the Supreme Court as amicus curiae, and rendered assistance in certain complicated cases. He has also conducted international arbitrations. Innumerable cases, in which he appeared as Counsel, have been reported in law journals. Isa served as a member of the Pakistan Law and Justice Commission, the National Judicial (Policy Making) Committee and the Federal Judicial Academy. In his capacity as the Chief Justice of the Balochistan

title: Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui

text: High Court on 05-05-1980.He was appointed as Chief Justice of the Sindh High Court on 05-11-1990. Appointed as Judge, Supreme Court of Pakistan on 23-05-1992. Appointed as Chief Justice of Pakistan/Chairman Pakistan Law Commission w.e.f. 01-07-1999 till 1 December 2005. He was the Chief Justice of Pakistan when the 1999 military coup d'état was staged by then-Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee and Chief of Army Staff General Pervez Musharraf. Notably, he defied the request given by Musharraf via the Law Minister and Legal Adviser Sharifuddin Pirzada to take a new oath under the Provisional Constitutional Order (PCO)

title: Dalveer Bhandari


question: who is known as father of green revolution in india

answers: Mankombu Sambasivan Swaminathan

title: Chidambaram Subramaniam

text: Chidambaram Subramaniam Chidambaram Subramaniam (commonly known as CS) (30 January 1910 – 7 November 2000), was an Indian politician and Independence activist. He served as Minister of Finance and Minister of Defence in the union cabinet. He later served as the Governor of Maharashtra. As the Minister for Food and Agriculture, he ushered the Indian Green Revolution, an era of self-sufficiency in food production along with M. S. Swaminathan, B. Sivaraman and Norman E. Borlaug. He was awarded Bharat Ratna, Indian's highest civilian award, in 1998, for his role in ushering Green Revolution. Subramaniam was born in a Kongu Vellalar

title: Amrik Singh Cheema

text: Amrik Singh Cheema Amrik Singh Cheema (1918 - 1982) was an Indian civil servant, author, an advocate of green revolution and a former vice chancellor of the Punjab Agricultural University, known for his contributions to the agricultural initiatives of the Indian government. He was honoured by the Government of India in 1969, with the award of Padma Shri, the fourth highest Indian civilian award for his contributions to the society. Amrik Singh Cheema was born on 1 December 1918 at Badhai Cheema village in Sialkot district (presently in Pakistan) in the British India. He secured his master's degree in agriculture

title: Bhagat Puran Singh

text: abandoned forlorn people. As a young man he decided to dedicate his life to the 'selfless service of humanity'. He founded Pingalwara in 1947 with only a few patients, the neglected and rejected of the streets of Amritsar. An early advocate of what we today refer to as the 'Green Revolution', Bhagat Puran Singh was spreading awareness about environmental pollution, and increasing soil erosion long before such ideas became popular. Pamphlets with his writings on various subjects, such as environmental awareness, were printed on re-used paper and freely distributed. He was honoured in 1981 by the Government of India with

title: Chandi Prasad Bhatt

text: Chandi Prasad Bhatt Chandi Prasad Bhatt (born 1934) is an Indian Gandhian environmentalist and social activist, who founded Dasholi Gram Swarajya Sangh (DGSS) in Gopeshwar in 1964, which later became a mother-organization to the Chipko Movement, in which he was one of the pioneers, and for which he was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership in 1982, followed by the Padma Bhushan in 2005. Today he is known for his work on subaltern social ecology, and considered one of India's first modern environmentalist. In 2013, he was the recipient of the Gandhi Peace Prize. Chandi Prasad Bhatt was

title: Sudhanshu Sharma

text: Sudhanshu Sharma Sudhanshu Sharma (born 19 February 1969) referred to as Dr. Sudhanshu is an Indian educationist, politician and environmentalist. He is well known for his famous satire on Indian political system, "Indians @ rest", which is also famous for its astute and germane solutions of problems faced by Indians. He is the founder of the Peoplesgreen movement, a philosophy that advocates the formation of peoplegreen sector. To achieve the goals of the movement he established a political party, the Indian Peoples Green Party in 2011 and currently, holds the post of National President in Indian Peoples Green Party. He

title: Suresh Nautiyal

text: Suresh Nautiyal Suresh Nautiyal is the founding president of political party India Greens - The Green Party of India. He is a Delhi-based bilingual (English and Hindi) journalist, poet, playwright, publisher, scriptwriter, and rights activist. However, he prefers to be known as a perpetual struggle, wanderer, truth seeker, minimalist, and humanist. Suresh was born to subsistence farming parents – Anandi and Chaitram in a tiny village, Onchar, near Pauri in Garhwal district of Uttarakhand, India, on 29 April 1956. However, his official date of birth is 3 October 1956. It was funny that he ‘manipulated’ his date of birth in

title: Indian Agricultural Research Institute

text: for the research leading to the "Green Revolution in India" of the 1970s. The institute was established in 1905 at Pusa, Bihar, with the financial assistance of Henry Phipps, Jr., an American philanthropist. Phipps was a family friend of Lady Curzon, the daughter of an American millionaire, and the wife of Lord Curzon, the Viceroy of India. Phipps stayed as a guest of the Curzons during his visit to India. More importantly, Phipps left behind with them a donation of $30,000, which was used to establish the institute. He laid the foundation stone of the Agricultural Research Institute and college

title: Green Revolution in India

text: Green Revolution in India The Green Revolution in India refers to a period when Indian agriculture was converted into an industrial system due to the adoption of modern methods and technology such as the use of high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, tractors, irrigation facilities, pesticides, and fertilizers. This was part of the larger Green revolution endeavor initiated by Norman Borlaug, which leveraged agricultural research and technology to increase agricultural productivity in the developing world. The Green Revolution within India commenced in the early 1960s that led to an increase in food grain production, especially in Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh.

title: Basiswar Sen

text: Times of Boshi Sen and Gertrude Emerson Sen, by Girish N Mehra, Basiswar Sen Basiswar Sen was an eminent Indian scientist and agriculturist. He was a pioneer of the Green Revolution movement that changed the food landscape of India by growing abundant food grains, thereby reducing the possibility of any famine in the country. His wife was Gertrude Emerson Sen, an American author and specialist on Asia. He founded the Vivekananda Laboratory in the Almora region of the Himalayas. He was a friend of many luminaries and dignitaries like Indian Prime minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, poet Rabindranath Tagore, Julian Huxley,

title: M. S. Swaminathan

title: Rakesh Bakshi

text: Rakesh Bakshi Popularly known internationally as the Green Maharaja, the London born owner of RRB Energy, Rakesh Bakshi (born 4 June 1958) is an Indian climate change activist, professor and businessman credited as one of the pioneers in the field of non-conventional energy sources in India and is the founder of Solchrome Private Limited and RRB Energy Limited. He is serving as the incumbent Chairman and Managing Director at RRBEL. In 1991, Rakesh Bakshi was awarded Padma Shri, One Of India's highest civilian award by the then President of India Shri. R. Venkataraman in recognition of his commendable contributions in

title: Chandi Prasad Bhatt

text: Prize for the year 2013 on 15 July 2014 by The President of India <br> Sri Sathya Sai Award for human excellence 2016 in the category Environment by Sri Sathya Sai Lok Seva Trust Chandi Prasad Bhatt Chandi Prasad Bhatt (born 1934) is an Indian Gandhian environmentalist and social activist, who founded Dasholi Gram Swarajya Sangh (DGSS) in Gopeshwar in 1964, which later became a mother-organization to the Chipko Movement, in which he was one of the pioneers, and for which he was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership in 1982, followed by the Padma Bhushan in 2005.

title: Gurcharan Singh Kalkat

text: list for Padma Bhushan award. Gurcharan Singh Kalkat Gurcharan Singh Kalkat (17 June 1926 – 27 January 2018) was an Indian agricultural scientist and the founder chairman of the Punjab State Farmers Commission (PSFC), known for his contributions in bringing the green revolution to Punjab. The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest Indian civilian honour of Padma Shri in 1981 and followed it up with the third highest Indian civilian award of Padma Bhushan in 2007. Gurcharan Singh was born on 17 June 1926 in the Indian state of Punjab. He graduated in agriculture from Punjab Agricultural College,

title: Kotapati Murahari Rao

text: later worked as a co-operative auditor at Piduguralla, Narsarao Peta and was then transferred to Kaluvakurthy. As a believer of 'svalambana' he left his secured Government job and started cultivation on the banks of the Thungabadra. As a part of the green revolution he enabled the much needed progress in the field of agriculture by introducing high yielding hybrid seeds during the period of 1960–1970. He introduced hybrid cultivation in bajra, jowar and rice. He was recognised as a 'progressive farmer' by the Government of India and received an accolade in the Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi from the President of

title: Gurcharan Singh Kalkat

text: Gurcharan Singh Kalkat Gurcharan Singh Kalkat (17 June 1926 – 27 January 2018) was an Indian agricultural scientist and the founder chairman of the Punjab State Farmers Commission (PSFC), known for his contributions in bringing the green revolution to Punjab. The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest Indian civilian honour of Padma Shri in 1981 and followed it up with the third highest Indian civilian award of Padma Bhushan in 2007. Gurcharan Singh was born on 17 June 1926 in the Indian state of Punjab. He graduated in agriculture from Punjab Agricultural College, Lyallpur in 1947 and secured

title: Green Revolution

text: other states transforming India into a food-surplus country. The state is witnessing serious consequences of intensive farming using chemicals and pesticides. A comprehensive study conducted by Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER) has underlined the direct relationship between indiscriminate use of these chemicals and increased incidence of cancer in this region. An increase in the number of cancer cases has been reported in several villages including Jhariwala, Koharwala, Puckka, Bhimawali, and Khara. Environmental activist Vandana Shiva has written extensively about the social, political and economic impacts of the Green Revolution in Punjab. She claims that the Green

title: Rakesh Bakshi

text: Dr Kapil Mohan, (Chairman and Managing Director of Mohan Meakin limited ), comes from one of the most respected and highly illustrious families of India.She died on 11th october 2017 in Chennai. He has three Children Shweathambri Bakshi (daughter), Riteesh Mohan Bakshi (son) and Raghav Mohan Bakshi (son). Rakesh Bakshi Popularly known internationally as the Green Maharaja, the London born owner of RRB Energy, Rakesh Bakshi (born 4 June 1958) is an Indian climate change activist, professor and businessman credited as one of the pioneers in the field of non-conventional energy sources in India and is the founder of Solchrome

title: Basiswar Sen

text: Basiswar Sen Basiswar Sen was an eminent Indian scientist and agriculturist. He was a pioneer of the Green Revolution movement that changed the food landscape of India by growing abundant food grains, thereby reducing the possibility of any famine in the country. His wife was Gertrude Emerson Sen, an American author and specialist on Asia. He founded the Vivekananda Laboratory in the Almora region of the Himalayas. He was a friend of many luminaries and dignitaries like Indian Prime minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, poet Rabindranath Tagore, Julian Huxley, D.H. Lawrence etc. He was also very closely related to the Ramakrishna

title: J. C. Kumarappa

text: man-made chemicals, and that forests should be managed with the goal of water conservation rather than revenue maximisation. The British and the Nehru governments paid them little attention. Historian Ramachandra Guha calls Kumarappa, "The Green Gandhian," portraying him as the founder of modern environmentalism in India. After India's independence in 1947, Kumarappa worked for the Planning Commission of India and the Indian National Congress to develop national policies for agriculture and rural development. He also travelled to China, eastern Europe and Japan on diplomatic assignments and to study their rural economic systems. He spent some time in Sri Lanka, where

title: Khem Singh Gill

text: Khem Singh Gill Khem Singh Gill (born 1930) is an Indian academic, geneticist, plant breeder and a former Vice-Chancellor of the Punjab Agricultural University. He is known for his contributions to the Green Revolution in India. Instrumental for breeding new strains of wheat, linseed, and sesame, he is the author of the book "Research on wheat and triticale in the Punjab" along with several additional articles on the subject. He is also the Vice-President of The Kalgidhar Trust and The Kalgidhar Society, Baru Sahib, which is one of the largest Sikh charities. "A" Sant Teja Singh Chair Professor in Sikhism

title: Anil Prakash Joshi

text: Anil Prakash Joshi Anil Prakash Joshi is an Indian green activist, social worker, botanist and the founder of "Himalayan Environmental Studies and Conservation Organization" (HESCO), a Dehradun-based non governmental organization involved in the development of environmentally sustainable technologies for the agricultural sector. He is a recipient of the Jamnalal Bajaj Award and is an Ashoka Fellow. The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the Padma Shri, in 2006, for his contributions to Indian society. Anil Prakash Joshi was born on 6 April 1955 at Kotdwar, in Pauri Garhwal district, in the present day Uttarakhand state

title: G. Nammalvar

text: G. Nammalvar G. Nammalvar ( Tamil : கோ. நம்மாழ்வார், 6 April 1938 – 30 December 2013) was a Tamil, Indian green crusader, agricultural scientist, environmental activist, philosopher and organic farming expert celebrated for his works on spreading ecological farming and organic farming. He led the protest against the methane gas project started by Great Eastern Energy Corporation proposed in the Cauvery delta region of Tamilnadu. He trained hundreds of youths as trainers and helped many farmers to be master trainers. Nammalvar was the author of several Tamil and English books on natural farming, pesticides & fertilizers and was featured in

title: Ranbir Singh Kanwar

text: Ranbir Singh Kanwar Dr. Ranbir Singh Kanwar (20 December 1930 – 20 December 2005) was an eminent plant breeder and agronomist who helped usher in the green revolution in India (http://www.sugarcaneindia.com/r_s_kanwar.html). He obtained his Ph.D. from Ohio State University, Columbus under a joint Indo-US development program. His major contribution was in the area of breeding sugarcane varieties which yielded higher sugar and were early maturing. His most remarkable variety was Co.J. 64 which brought back the dwindling sugar industry in North India out of the doldrums in the 1970s (http://www.sugarcaneindia.com/pg3.html). His most outstanding research contributions were the development of CO.J.

title: M. K. Prasad

text: Kerala, India M. K. Prasad Professor M K Prasad (Malayalam: പ്രൊഫസര് എം.കെ. പ്രസാദ്) is one of India’s best known evangelists for sane environmental management and the harnessing of technology for empowering those on the wrong side of the so-called ‘Digital Divide’. A biologist by qualification (with a master's degree in Botany), Prasad spend over 30 years in the academic arena holding various positions in the Kerala higher education system including Principal of the Maharaja’s College Ernakulam, Kochi and Pro Vice Chancellor of Calicut University. During these years, he also won recognition as the guiding spirit behind what is possibly India’s

title: Vasantrao Naik

text: Revenue in the Government of Maharashtra. After the death of Marotrao Kannamwar, Naik was elected Chief Minister of Maharashtra, a post which he held for more than eleven years during 1963-1975. He is considered the father of the Green Revolution in Maharashtra. The industrialization of Maharashtra is largely the legacy of his progressive industrial policies. He was also elected to the 6th Lok Sabha from Washim in 1977. V. P. Naik died in Singapore on 18 August 1979. Later his nephew Sudhakarrao Naik also became Chief Minister of Maharashtra. Many journalists and experts of political studies attribute the rise of

title: M. K. Prasad

text: M. K. Prasad Professor M K Prasad (Malayalam: പ്രൊഫസര് എം.കെ. പ്രസാദ്) is one of India’s best known evangelists for sane environmental management and the harnessing of technology for empowering those on the wrong side of the so-called ‘Digital Divide’. A biologist by qualification (with a master's degree in Botany), Prasad spend over 30 years in the academic arena holding various positions in the Kerala higher education system including Principal of the Maharaja’s College Ernakulam, Kochi and Pro Vice Chancellor of Calicut University. During these years, he also won recognition as the guiding spirit behind what is possibly India’s most respected

title: Green Revolution

text: the Indian minister of agriculture Dr.M.S Swaminathan. Despite bureaucratic hurdles imposed by India's grain monopolies, the Ford Foundation and Indian government collaborated to import wheat seed from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT). Punjab was selected by the Indian government to be the first site to try the new crops because of its reliable water supply and a history of agricultural success. India began its own Green Revolution program of plant breeding, irrigation development, and financing of agrochemicals. India soon adopted IR8 – a semi-dwarf rice variety developed by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) that could produce

title: Anil Prakash Joshi

text: efforts in the "application of science and technology for rural development". Anil Prakash Joshi Anil Prakash Joshi is an Indian green activist, social worker, botanist and the founder of "Himalayan Environmental Studies and Conservation Organization" (HESCO), a Dehradun-based non governmental organization involved in the development of environmentally sustainable technologies for the agricultural sector. He is a recipient of the Jamnalal Bajaj Award and is an Ashoka Fellow. The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the Padma Shri, in 2006, for his contributions to Indian society. Anil Prakash Joshi was born on 6 April 1955 at

title: Sri Rajangam

text: the daughter of T.S. Sankara Aiyar, Financial Commissioner, Railway Board. Lakshmi was only 12 years old at the time of their wedding, as it was common practice then. The couple had two daughters (Saroja Krishnamurthy and Seetha Subramanian) and two sons (R.R.Sankarasubramanian aka Ramani and R.R.Balakrishnan aka Bala). On 13 February 1948, at the age of 45, Sri Rajangam died due to cancer. This was 6 months after the marriage of his eldest daughter Saroja Krishnamurthy to M. S. Krishnamurthy, brother of the famous Indian scientist M. S. Swaminathan (Father of Green Revolution in India). After his early death, his

title: Basiswar Sen

text: onions. For his pioneering work which heralded Green Revolution in India, he was awarded Padma Bhushan in 1957 and Watmull award in 1962. He was allotted land for the expansion of his work by Uttar Pradesh Government in Hawalbagh. In 1959 his Laboratory was transferred to U. P. Government and it allotted 215 acre land for scientific research. In 1939, Sen and Gertrude took initiative in setting up Uday Shankar Cultural Centre at Almora. But the centre lasted only for five years. Sen was also deeply spiritual in nature. He was inspired by the monks from Ramakrishna Math. He had

title: M. S. Swaminathan

long_answer: Mankombu Sambasivan Swaminathan (born 7 August 1925) is an Indian geneticist and international administrator, renowned for his leading role in India's Green Revolution a program under which high-yield varieties of wheat and rice seedlings were planted in the fields of poor farmers. Swaminathan is known as "Indian Father of Green Revolution" for his leadership and success in introducing and further developing high-yielding varieties of wheat in India. He is the founder and chairman of the MS Swaminathan Research Foundation. His stated vision is to rid the world of hunger and poverty. Swaminathan is an advocate of moving India to sustainable development, especially using environmentally sustainable agriculture, sustainable food security and the preservation of biodiversity, which he calls an "evergreen revolution."