question: what is the number of total presidential electoral votes

answers: 538

title: United States presidential election

text: odd-numbered election years. Statistical forecasts: United States presidential election The election of President and Vice President of the United States is an indirect election in which citizens of the United States who are registered to vote in one of the 50 U.S. states or in Washington, D.C. cast ballots not directly for those offices, but instead for members of the U.S. Electoral College, known as electors. These electors then in turn cast direct votes, known as electoral votes, for President, and for Vice President. The candidate who receives an absolute majority of electoral votes (at least 270 out of a

text: unusually high number of "miscellaneous" write-ins were cast for president in 2008, including 112,597 tallied in the 17 states that record votes for non-listed candidates. There were more presidential candidates on the ballot than at any other time in U. S. history, except for the 1992 election, which also had 23 candidates listed in at least one state. Popular vote totals are from the official Federal Election Commission report. The results of the electoral vote were certified by Congress on January 8, 2009. The following table records the official vote tallies for each state for those presidential candidates who were

title: President-elect of the United States

text: ascertainment, to the President of the U.S. Senate. The electoral votes are counted in a joint session of Congress in early January (on January 6 as required by 3 U.S. Code, Chapter 1 or an alternative date set by statute) and if the ballots are accepted without objections, the presidential and vice-presidential candidates winning at least 270 electoral votes—a majority of the total number of electoral votes—are certified as having won the election by the incumbent Vice President, in their capacity as President of the Senate. If no presidential candidate reaches the 270-vote threshold, the election for the president would

title: United States presidential election

text: securing the greatest amount of the national popular vote, such as during the 1824, 1876, 1888, 2000 and 2016 elections. In theory, it is possible to secure the necessary 270 electoral votes from only the eleven most populous states and then ignore the rest of the country. In 1844, Representative Samuel F. Vinton of Ohio proposed an amendment to the constitution that would replace the electoral college system with a lot system. The Joint Resolution called for each state to elect, by a simple majority, a presidential candidate of said state. Each state would notify Congress of the presidential election

title: Statewide opinion polling for Hillary Clinton for the 2008 United States presidential election

text: 9 electoral votes 4 electoral votes 10 electoral votes 12 electoral votes 17 electoral votes 10 electoral votes 6 electoral votes 11 electoral votes 3 electoral votes 5 electoral votes 5 electoral votes 4 electoral votes 15 electoral votes 5 electoral votes 31 electoral votes 15 electoral votes 3 electoral votes 20 electoral votes 7 electoral votes 7 electoral votes 21 electoral votes 4 electoral votes 8 electoral votes 3 electoral votes 11 electoral votes 34 electoral votes 5 electoral votes 3 electoral votes 13 electoral votes 11 electoral votes 5 electoral votes 10 electoral votes 3 electoral votes The

title: United States Electoral College

text: electors" have voted for other candidates or refrained from voting. A candidate must receive an absolute majority of electoral votes (currently 270) to win the presidency or the vice presidency. If no candidate receives a majority in the election for president or vice president, the election is determined via a contingency procedure established by the Twelfth Amendment. In such a situation, the House chooses one of the top three presidential electoral vote-winners as the president, while the Senate chooses one of the top two vice presidential electoral vote-winners as vice president. A state's number of electors equals the number of

title: Electoral college

text: both houses), with the non-state District of Columbia receiving the number it would have if it were a state, but in no case more than that of the least populous state. The electors generally cast their votes for the winner of the popular vote in their respective states. However, there are several states where this is not required by law. In the United States, 270 electoral votes are currently required to win the presidential election. "Colleges" of electors play a role in elections in other countries, albeit with electors allocated in ways differing from the United States. In Germany, the

title: United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote

text: House of Representatives. The true national popular vote total was also uncertain in the 1960 election, and the plurality winner depends on how votes for Alabama electors are allocated. The 1824 presidential election was the first election in American history in which the popular vote mattered, as 18 states chose presidential electors by popular vote in 1824 (six states still left the choice up to their state legislatures). When the final votes were tallied in those 18 states, Andrew Jackson polled 152,901 popular votes to John Quincy Adams's 114,023; Henry Clay won 47,217, and William H. Crawford won 46,979. The

title: 1800 United States presidential election

text: electoral votes each. The counting of the votes would have failed to result in a majority of 70 votes for any of the four candidates, causing a constitutionally mandated Congressional runoff among the top five finishers. Instead, the total number of votes for Jefferson and Burr was 73, a majority of the total, but a tie between them. Jefferson—and Burr—won all or a majority of the voters in each state that he had won in 1796, and additionally won majorities in New York and Maryland. Adams picked up votes in Pennsylvania and North Carolina, but these votes were not enough

title: Electoral College (United States)

text: results... reflect an enormous gender gap: Clinton is narrowly the top choice of women with 36%, but only 18% of men pick her first." "The lower map has been adjusted so that state size represents electoral strength. For details see . Map and totals updated on June 3, 2008." 9 electoral votes 3 electoral votes 10 electoral votes 6 electoral votes 55 electoral votes 9 electoral votes 7 electoral votes 3 electoral votes 27 electoral votes 15 electoral votes 4 electoral votes 4 electoral votes 21 electoral votes 11 electoral votes 7 electoral votes 6 electoral votes 8 electoral votes

title: United States presidential election

text: resulted between Andrew Jackson and House Speaker Henry Clay, who had also been a candidate in the election. Since 1824, aside from the occasional "faithless elector", the popular vote determines the winner of a presidential election by determining the electoral vote, as each state or district's popular vote determines its electoral college vote. Although the nationwide popular vote does not directly determine the winner of a presidential election, it does strongly correlate with who is the victor. In 53 of the 58 total elections held so far (about 91 percent), the winner of the national popular vote has also carried

title: United States presidential election

text: the Electoral College vote. The winners of the nationwide popular vote and the Electoral College vote differ only in close elections. In highly competitive elections, candidates focus on turning out their vote in the contested swing states critical to winning an electoral college majority, so they do not try to maximize their popular vote by real or fraudulent vote increases in one-party areas. However, candidates can fail to get the most votes in the nationwide popular vote in a Presidential election and still win that election. In the 1824 election, Jackson won the popular vote, but no one received the

title: United States Electoral College

text: also assert that candidates in popular vote elections for governor and U.S. Senate, and for statewide allocation of electoral votes, do not ignore voters in less populated areas. In addition, it is already possible to win the required 270 electoral votes by winning only the 11 most populous states; what currently prevents such a result is the organic political diversity between those states (three reliably Republican states, four swing states, and four reliably Democratic states), not any inherent quality of the Electoral College itself. Elections where the winning candidate loses the national popular vote typically result when the winner builds

title: United States presidential election

text: who do not cast their electoral votes for the person whom they have pledged to elect. In early January, the total Electoral College vote count is opened by the sitting Vice President, acting in his capacity as President of the Senate, and read aloud to a joint session of the incoming Congress, which was elected at the same time as the President. If no candidate receives a majority of the electoral vote (at least 270), the President is determined by the rules outlined by the 12th Amendment. Specifically, the selection of President would then be decided by a contingent election

title: Results of the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries

text: 328,309 votes and Obama 0 votes in the disputed Michigan primary. The popular vote is easiest to tally in primary elections, where a simple vote for a candidate is recorded. In caucuses, the "popular vote" is often interpreted as the number of supporters who vote for each candidate at the conclusion of precinct-level caucuses. The table uses the official "popular vote" reported in all primary states and in the caucus states of Alaska, American Samoa, Colorado, Idaho, Minnesota, North Dakota, Nebraska, Hawaii, Wyoming, and Guam. Official numbers were not reported in the caucus states of Iowa, Nevada, Washington, and Maine.

title: National Popular Vote Interstate Compact

text: York as House Joint Resolution 681, it would have replaced the Electoral College with a simpler plurality system based on the national popular vote. Under this system, the pair of candidates who had received the highest number of votes would win the presidency and vice presidency respectively, providing they won at least 40% of the national popular vote. If no pair received 40% of the popular vote, a runoff election would be held, in which the choice of president and vice president would be made from the two pairs of persons who had received the highest numbers of votes in

title: United States Electoral College

text: votes could be found, even in "safe" states they are already expected to win, and in "safe" states they have no hope of winning. Educational YouTuber CGP Grey, who has produced several short videos criticizing the Electoral College, has illustrated how it is technically possible to win the necessary 270 electoral votes while winning only 22% of the overall popular vote, by winning the barest simple plurality of the 39 smallest states (excluding Washington and including New Jersey) and the District of Columbia. Though the current political geography of the United States makes such an election unlikely (it would require

text: electoral college returns, however, gave Jackson only 99 votes, 32 fewer than he needed for a majority of the total votes cast. Adams won 84 electoral votes followed by 41 for Crawford, and 37 for Clay. All four candidates in the election identified with the Democratic-Republican Party. As no candidate secured the required number of votes (131 total) from the Electoral College, the election was decided by the House of Representatives under the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Only the top three candidates in the electoral vote were admitted as candidates in this contingent election.

title: United States Electoral College

text: between the two candidates who received the largest number of electoral votes. In this election, each senator casts an individual vote. In both elections, an absolute majority is required to win: 26 of 50 individual states for president, and 51 of 100 senators for vice president. The District of Columbia would not participate in a contingent election for president or vice president as it is not a state. If no candidate for vice president receives an absolute majority of electoral votes, then the Senate must go into session to elect a vice president. The Senate is limited to choosing from

title: 2012 United States presidential election

text: took place on Monday, November 5 in Washington, D.C. It was hosted by RT and moderated by Thom Hartmann and Christina Tobin. Popular vote totals are from the official Federal Election Commission report. The results of the electoral vote were certified by Congress on January 4, 2013. The table below displays the official vote tallies by each state's Electoral College voting method. The source for the results of all states, except those that amended their official results, is the official Federal Election Commission report. The column labeled "Margin" shows Obama's margin of victory over Romney (the margin is negative for

title: United States presidential election

text: as the total number of its Senators and Representatives in Congress, while, per the Twenty-third Amendment ratified in 1961, Washington, D.C. casts the same number of electoral votes as the least-represented state, which is three. Also under Clause 2, the manner for choosing electors is determined by each state legislature, not directly by the federal government. Many state legislatures previously selected their electors directly, but over time all of them switched to using the popular vote to help determine electors, which persists today. Once chosen, electors generally cast their electoral votes for the candidate who won the plurality in their

title: United States Electoral College

text: nationally in the first week of January before a joint meeting of the Senate and House of Representatives. If a majority of votes are not cast for a candidate, the House resolves itself into a presidential election session with one presidential vote assigned to each of the fifty state delegations, excluding the District of Columbia. The elected president and vice president are inaugurated on January 20. While the electoral vote has given the same result as the popular vote in most elections, this has not been the case in a few elections, including the 2000 and 2016 elections. The Electoral

title: Statewide opinion polling for the 2008 United States presidential election

text:
2004) 7 electoral votes
(Democrat in 2000 & 2004) 21 electoral votes
(Democrat in 2000 & 2004) 4 electoral votes
(Democrat in 2000 & 2004) 8 electoral votes
(Republican in 2000 & 2004) 3 electoral votes
(Republican in 2000 & 2004) 11 electoral votes
(Republican in 2000 & 2004) 34 electoral votes
(Republican in 2000 & 2004) 5 electoral votes
(Republican in 2000 & 2004) 3 electoral votes
(Democrat in 2000 & 2004) 13 electoral votes
(Republican in 2000 & 2004) 11 electoral votes
(Democrat in 2000 & 2004) 5 electoral votes
(Republican in 2000 & 2004) 10 electoral votes
(Democrat in 2000 & 2004) 3 electoral votes
(Republican in 2000 & 2004) This

title: 2016 United States presidential election

text: of the national parties, candidates from the main parties carried out trips to the states: Florida - 72, Pennsylvania - 59, North Carolina - 52, Ohio - 43, Virginia - 25, Michigan - 24, Iowa - 23, New Hampshire - 22, Colorado - 19, Nevada - 16, Wisconsin - 15, Arizona - 10. Voter demographic data for 2016 were collected by Edison Research for the National Election Pool, a consortium of ABC News, CBS News, MSNBC, CNN, Fox News and the Associated Press. The voter survey is based on exit polls completed by 24,537 voters leaving 350 voting places throughout

title: Electoral College (India)

text: different electoral college, consisting of members (elected as well as nominated) of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. The presidential electoral college is made up of the following: The value of votes cast by elected members of the state legislative assemblies and both houses of parliament are determined by the provisions of article 55(2) of the Constitution of India. The details of number of voters and votes for the presidential election are given below. Per the 84th Amendment, the 1971 census is used, and will continue to be used until 2026. The formula for determining the number of votes held

title: 2004 United States presidential election

text: several states had a different number of electors in the U.S. Electoral College in 2004 than in 2000, since the number of electors allotted to each state is equal to the sum of the number of Senators and Representatives from that state. The following table shows the change in electors from the 2000 election. Red states represent those won by Bush; and blue states, those won by both Gore and Kerry. All states except Nebraska and Maine use a winner-take-all allocation of electors. Each of these states was won by the same party in 2004 that had won it in

title: President of the United States

text: District of Columbia is entitled to the number it would have if it were a state, but in no case more than that of the least populous state. Currently, all states and D.C. select their electors based on a popular election held on Election Day. In all but two states, the party whose presidential-vice presidential ticket receives a plurality of popular votes in the state has its entire slate of elector nominees chosen as the state's electors. Maine and Nebraska deviate from this practice, awarding two electors to the statewide winner and one to the winner in each congressional district.

title: United States presidential election

text: the first presidential election in 1789, only six of the 13 original states chose electors by any form of popular vote. Gradually throughout the years, the states began conducting popular elections to choose their slate of electors. In 1800, only five of the 16 states chose electors by a popular vote; by 1824, after the rise of Jacksonian democracy, the proportion of states that chose electors by popular vote had sharply risen to 18 out of 24 states. This gradual movement toward greater democratization coincided with a gradual decrease in property restrictions for the franchise. By 1840, only one of

title: 1916 United States presidential election

text: large total vote was an indication of an aroused public interest in the campaign. It was larger in every section, notably in the East North Central section. Some of this was due to the extension of suffrage to women in individual states. In Illinois, for example, the total vote was one million greater than in 1912. It increased by more than two hundred and sixty thousand in Kansas, and in Montana, it more than doubled. Wilson's vote was 9,126,868, an increase of nearly three million. There was a gain in every section and in every state. Hughes, the nominee of

title: Electoral College (United States)

long_answer: Each state chooses electors, equal in number to that state's combined total of senators and representatives. There are a total of 538 electors, corresponding to the 435 representatives and 100 senators, plus the three electors for the District of Columbia as provided by the Twenty-third Amendment. The Constitution bars any federal official, elected or appointed, from being an elector. The Office of the Federal Register is charged with administering the Electoral College. Since the mid-19th century when all electors have been popularly chosen, the Electoral College has elected the candidate who received the most popular votes nationwide, except in four elections: 1876, 1888, 2000, and 2016. In 1824, there were six states in which electors were legislatively appointed, rather than popularly elected, so the true national popular vote is uncertain; the electors failed to select a winning candidate, so the matter was decided by the House of Representatives.


question: where does fungi go on a food web

answers: the end

answers: decomposers

answers: At the end

title: Fungivore

text: by amoeba, but unlike amoeba "G. acuta" never engulfs the fungus. Around 90% of land plants live in symbiosis with mycorrhizal fungi, where fungi gain sugars from plants and plants gain nutrients from the soil via the fungi. Some species of plant have evolved to manipulate this symbiosis, so that they no longer give fungi sugars that they produce and instead gain sugars from the fungi, a process called myco-heterotrophy. Some plants are only dependent on fungi as a source of sugars during the early stages of their development, these include most of the orchids as well as many ferns

title: Fungivore

text: dead or damaged hyphae. The majority of our knowledge in this area relates to interactions between bacteria and fungi in the soil and in or around plants, little is known about interactions in marine and freshwater habitats, or those occurring on or inside animals. It is not known what affects bacterial mycophagy has on the fungal communities in nature. There are three mechanisms by which bacteria feed on fungi; they either kill fungal cells, cause them to secrete more material out of their cells or enter into the cells to feed internally and they are categorised according to these habits.

title: Soil biology

text: and starches, which are succeeded by those that are able to break down cellulose and lignins. Fungi spread underground by sending long thin threads known as mycelium throughout the soil; these threads can be observed throughout many soils and compost heaps. From the mycelia the fungi is able to throw up its fruiting bodies, the visible part above the soil (e.g., mushrooms, toadstools, and puffballs), which may contain millions of spores. When the fruiting body bursts, these spores are dispersed through the air to settle in fresh environments, and are able to lie dormant for up to years until the

title: Agaricales

text: location for several years. Fungi cannot make their own food, namely carbohydrates, as can green plants. Some species are saprobic, obtaining nutrients from dead organic material, whereas others are parasitic on living plants or animals or even on other fungi. Many fungi, especially gilled mushroomes and boletes, have an extensive mycelium that lives in association with the roots of woody plants. This association, which is beneficial to both the fungus and host plant, is termed a mycorrhiza. When the environmental conditions are favorable and the mycelium is at the proper stage of development, one or more fruit bodies are produced

title: Fungivore

text: sources such as fruit and leaves and they are also distributed more sparsely and appear unpredictably, making them a challenging source of food for Goeldi’s monkeys. Fungi are renowned for their poisons to deter animals from feeding on them: even today humans die from eating poisonous fungi. A natural consequence of this is the virtual absence of obligate vertebrate fungivores, with the diprotodont family Potoridae being the major exception. One of the few extant vertebrate fungivores is the northern flying squirrel, but it is believed that in the past there were numerous vertebrate fungivores and that toxin development greatly lessened

title: Fungivore

text: rich in nitrogen and fungal hyphae. Juvenile snails raised on uninfected leaves do not grow and are more likely to die, indicating the importance of the fungi in the diet of "L. irrorata". Fungivore Fungivory or mycophagy is the process of organisms consuming fungi. Many different organisms have been recorded to gain their energy from consuming fungi, including birds, mammals, insects, plants, amoebas, gastropods, nematodes, bacteria and other fungi. Some of these, which only eat fungi, are called fungivores whereas others eat fungi as only part of their diet, being omnivores. Many mammals eat fungi, but only a few feed

title: Fungivore

text: is likely they also eat species of Agaricales and Pezizales but these have not been found in their droppings since they disintegrate when they are eaten. Emus ("Dromaius novaehollandiae") will eat immature "Lycoperdon" and "Bovista" fungi if presented to them as will brush turkeys ("Alectura lathami") if offered "Mycena", suggesting that species of Megapodiidae may feed opportunistically on mushrooms. Mycoparasitism occurs when any fungus feeds on other fungi, a form of parasitism, our knowledge of it in natural environments is very limited. "Collybia" grow on dead mushrooms. The fungal genus, "Trichoderma" produces enzymes such as chitinases which degrade the cell

title: Fungivore

text: Fungivore Fungivory or mycophagy is the process of organisms consuming fungi. Many different organisms have been recorded to gain their energy from consuming fungi, including birds, mammals, insects, plants, amoebas, gastropods, nematodes, bacteria and other fungi. Some of these, which only eat fungi, are called fungivores whereas others eat fungi as only part of their diet, being omnivores. Many mammals eat fungi, but only a few feed exclusively on fungi; most are opportunistic feeders and fungi only make up part of their diet. At least 22 species of primate, including humans, bonobos, colobines, gorillas, lemurs, macaques, mangabeys, marmosets and vervet

title: Fungus

text: in the environment. They have long been used as a direct source of human food, in the form of mushrooms and truffles; as a leavening agent for bread; and in the fermentation of various food products, such as wine, beer, and soy sauce. Since the 1940s, fungi have been used for the production of antibiotics, and, more recently, various enzymes produced by fungi are used industrially and in detergents. Fungi are also used as biological pesticides to control weeds, plant diseases and insect pests. Many species produce bioactive compounds called mycotoxins, such as alkaloids and polyketides, that are toxic to

title: Soil food web

text: In above ground food webs, energy moves from producers (plants) to primary consumers (herbivores) and then to secondary consumers (predators). The phrase, trophic level, refers to the different levels or steps in the energy pathway. In other words, the producers, consumers, and decomposers are the main trophic levels. This chain of energy transferring from one species to another can continue several more times, but eventually ends. At the end of the food chain, decomposers such as bacteria and fungi break down dead plant and animal material into simple nutrients.

title: Fungus

text: the Greek μύκης "mykes", mushroom). In the past, mycology was regarded as a branch of botany, although it is now known fungi are genetically more closely related to animals than to plants. Abundant worldwide, most fungi are inconspicuous because of the small size of their structures, and their cryptic lifestyles in soil or on dead matter. Fungi include symbionts of plants, animals, or other fungi and also parasites. They may become noticeable when fruiting, either as mushrooms or as molds. Fungi perform an essential role in the decomposition of organic matter and have fundamental roles in nutrient cycling and exchange

title: Fungus

text: Fungus A fungus (plural: fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, fungi, which is separate from the other eukaryotic life kingdoms of plants and animals. A characteristic that places fungi in a different kingdom from plants, bacteria, and some protists is chitin in their cell walls. Similar to animals, fungi are heterotrophs; they acquire their food by absorbing dissolved molecules, typically by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment. Fungi do not photosynthesise. Growth

title: Fungivore

text: mushrooms, representing a previously undiscovered feeding strategy in ants. Several beetle families, including the Erotylidae, Endomychidae, and certain Tenebrionidae also are specialists on fungi, though they may eat other foods occasionally. Other insects, like fungus gnats and scuttle flies, utilize fungi at their larval stage. Feeding on fungi is crucial for dead wood eaters as this is the only way to acquire nutrients not available in nutritionally scarce dead wood. Jays ("Perisoreus") are believed to be the first birds in which mycophagy was recorded. Canada jays ("P. canadensis"), Siberian jays ("P. infaustus") and Oregon jays ("P. obscurus") have all been

title: Fungivore

text: at the same time that the first workers emerge from newly formed nests. The mushrooms produce spores that are wind dispersed, and through this method, new colonies acquire a fungal strain. In some species, the genetic variation of the fungus is very low, suggesting that spores of the fungus are transmitted vertically from nest to nest, rather than from wind dispersed spores. Around 220 described species, and more undescribed species of ants in the tribe Attini cultivate fungi. They are only found in the New World and are thought to have evolved in the Amazon Rainforest, where they are most

title: Fungus

text: particularly susceptible to disease by genera such as "Aspergillus", "Candida", "Cryptoccocus", "Histoplasma", and "Pneumocystis". Other fungi can attack eyes, nails, hair, and especially skin, the so-called dermatophytic and keratinophilic fungi, and cause local infections such as ringworm and athlete's foot. Fungal spores are also a cause of allergies, and fungi from different taxonomic groups can evoke allergic reactions. The organisms which parasitize fungi are known as mycoparasitic organisms. Certain species of the genus "Pythium", which are oomycetes, have potential as biocontrol agents against certain fungi. Fungi can also act as mycoparasites or antagonists of other fungi, such as "Hypomyces chrysospermus",

title: Fungivore

text: diverse today. For these ants, farmed fungi are the only source of food on which their larvae are raised on and are also an important food for adults. Queen ants carry a small part of fungus in small pouches in their mouthparts when they leave the nest to mate, allowing them to establish a new fungus garden when they form a new nest. Different lineages cultivate fungi on different substrates, those that evolved earlier do so on a wide range of plant matter, whereas leaf cutter ants are more selective, mainly using only fresh leaves and flowers. The fungi are

title: Fungivore

text: monkeys are known to feed on fungi. Most of these species spend less than 5% of the time they spend feeding eating fungi, and fungi therefore form only a small part of their diet. Some species spend longer foraging for fungi, and fungi account for a greater part of their diet; buffy-tufted marmosets spend up to 12% of their time consuming sporocarps, Goeldi’s monkeys spend up to 63% of their time doing so and the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey spends up to 95% of its feeding time eating lichens. Fungi are comparatively very rare in tropical rainforests compared to other food

title: Fungus

text: by plants. Many of the plant and fungal enzymes that make these compounds differ from each other in sequence and other characteristics, which indicates separate origins and convergent evolution of these enzymes in the fungi and plants. Fungi have a worldwide distribution, and grow in a wide range of habitats, including extreme environments such as deserts or areas with high salt concentrations or ionizing radiation, as well as in deep sea sediments. Some can survive the intense UV and cosmic radiation encountered during space travel. Most grow in terrestrial environments, though several species live partly or solely in aquatic habitats,

title: Fungivore

text: recorded to eat mushrooms, with the stomachs of Siberian jays containing mostly fungi in the early winter. The ascomycete, "Phaeangium lefebvrei" found in north Africa and the Middle East is eaten by migrating birds in winter and early spring, mainly be species of lark (Alaudidae). Bedouin hunters have been reported to use "P. lefebvrei" as bait in traps to attract birds. Fungi are known to form an important part of the diet of the southern cassowary ("Casuarius casuarius") of Australia. Bracket fungi have been found in their droppings throughout the year, and Simpson in the "Australasian Mycological Newsletter" suggested it

title: Fungivore

text: mycorrhizal fungi, they may benefit, because the fungi gain nutrition from the plant and in turn the fungi will secrete more sugars. The third group, that enter into living fungal cells are called endocellular biotrophs. Some of these are transmitted vertically whereas others are able to actively invade and subvert fungal cells. The molecular interactions involved in these interactions are mostly unknown. Many endocellular biotrophs, for example some "Burkholderia" species, belong to the β-proteobacteria which also contains species which live inside the cells of mammals and amoeba. Some of them, for example "Candidatus" Glomeribacter gigasporarum, which colonises the spores of

title: Fungivore

text: have been proposed; they may either degrade fungal biomass, particularly the fungal hyphae which penetrate plant cells in a similar manner to in arbuscular mycorrhizae, or absorb sugars from the fungi by disrupting their cell membranes, through mass flow. To prevent the sugars returning to the fungi, they must compartmentalise the sugars or convert them into forms which the fungi cannot use. Three insect lineages, the beetles, ants and termites, independently evolved the ability to farm fungi between 40 and 60 million years ago. In a similar way to the way that human societies became more complex after the development

title: Fungus

text: are mainly immobile, and have similarities in general morphology and growth habitat. Like plants, fungi often grow in soil and, in the case of mushrooms, form conspicuous fruit bodies, which sometimes resemble plants such as mosses. The fungi are now considered a separate kingdom, distinct from both plants and animals, from which they appear to have diverged around one billion years ago (around the start of the Neoproterozoic Era). Some morphological, biochemical, and genetic features are shared with other organisms, while others are unique to the fungi, clearly separating them from the other kingdoms: Shared features: Unique features: Most fungi

title: Fungal behavior

text: Fungal behavior Fungi are capable of a variety of behaviors. Nearly all secrete chemicals, and some of these chemicals act as pheromones to communicate with other individuals. Many of the most dramatic examples involve mechanisms to get fungal spores dispersed to new environments. In mushrooms, spores are propelled into the air space between the gills, where they are free to fall down and can then be carried by air currents. Other fungi shoot spores aimed at openings in their surroundings, sometimes reaching distances over a meter. Fungi such as Phycomyces blakesleeanus employ a variety of sensory mechanisms to avoid obstacles

title: Fungus

text: opisthokonts—a grouping of evolutionarily related organisms broadly characterized by a single posterior flagellum—all phyla except for the chytrids have lost their posterior flagella. Fungi are unusual among the eukaryotes in having a cell wall that, in addition to glucans (e.g., β-1,3-glucan) and other typical components, also contains the biopolymer chitin. Fungal mycelia can become visible to the naked eye, for example, on various surfaces and substrates, such as damp walls and spoiled food, where they are commonly called molds. Mycelia grown on solid agar media in laboratory petri dishes are usually referred to as colonies. These colonies can exhibit growth

title: Fungus

text: the bread mold "Neurospora crassa" to test their biochemical theories. Other important model fungi are "Aspergillus nidulans" and the yeasts "Saccharomyces cerevisiae" and "Schizosaccharomyces pombe", each of which with a long history of use to investigate issues in eukaryotic cell biology and genetics, such as cell cycle regulation, chromatin structure, and gene regulation. Other fungal models have more recently emerged that address specific biological questions relevant to medicine, plant pathology, and industrial uses; examples include "Candida albicans", a dimorphic, opportunistic human pathogen, "Magnaporthe grisea", a plant pathogen, and "Pichia pastoris", a yeast widely used for eukaryotic protein production. Fungi are

title: Fungus

text: obtained largely from airborne sources, and greater tolerance of desiccation than most other photosynthetic organisms in the same habitat. Many insects also engage in mutualistic relationships with fungi. Several groups of ants cultivate fungi in the order Agaricales as their primary food source, while ambrosia beetles cultivate various species of fungi in the bark of trees that they infest. Likewise, females of several wood wasp species (genus "Sirex") inject their eggs together with spores of the wood-rotting fungus "Amylostereum areolatum" into the sapwood of pine trees; the growth of the fungus provides ideal nutritional conditions for the development of the

title: Fungivore

text: Those that kill fungal cells are called nectrotrophs, the molecular mechanisms of this feeding are thought to overlap considerably with bacteria that feed on fungi after they have died naturally. Necrotrophs may kill the fungi through digesting their cell wall or by producing toxins which kill fungi, such as tolaasin produced by "Pseudomonas tolaasii". Both of these mechanisms may be required since fungal cell walls are highly complex, so require many different enzymes to degarde them, and because experiments demonstrate that bacteria that produce toxins cannot always infect fungi. It is likely that these two systems act synergistically, with the

title: Fungus

text: branch of biology concerned with the systematic study of fungi, including their genetic and biochemical properties, their taxonomy, and their use to humans as a source of medicine, food, and psychotropic substances consumed for religious purposes, as well as their dangers, such as poisoning or infection. The field of phytopathology, the study of plant diseases, is closely related because many plant pathogens are fungi. The use of fungi by humans dates back to prehistory; Ötzi the Iceman, a well-preserved mummy of a 5,300-year-old Neolithic man found frozen in the Austrian Alps, carried two species of polypore mushrooms that may have

title: Human interactions with fungi

text: the mouth, throat, and genital tract, and more seriously of the blood. Ringworm is a skin infection that infects some 20% of the human population; it is caused by some 40 different fungi. Human interactions with fungi Human interactions with fungi include both beneficial uses, whether practical or symbolic, and harmful interactions such as when fungi damage crops, timber, or food. Yeasts have been used since ancient times to leaven bread and to ferment beer and wine. More recently, mould fungi have been exploited to create a wide range of industrial products, including enzymes and drugs. Medicines based on fungi

title: Marine fungi

text: plants or saprobic on dead wood. Factors that influence whether or not marine fungi are present in any particular location include the water temperature, its salinity, the water movement, the presence of suitable substrates for colonization, the presence of propagules in the water, interspecific competition, pollution and the oxygen content of the water. Some marine fungi which have ventured into the sea from terrestrial habitats include species that burrow into sand grains, living in the pores. Others live inside stony corals, and may become pathogenic if the coral is stressed by rising sea temperatures. In 2011 the phylogeny of marine

title: Soil food web

short_answers:
At the end
decomposers
the end


question: who plays noah newman on the young and the restless

answers: Robert Gillespie Adamson IV

title: Noah Newman

text: Noah Newman Noah Newman is a fictional character from the American soap opera "The Young and the Restless". He is the only son of the supercouple pairing of Nicholas Newman and Sharon Collins. Born onscreen in 1997, the character was first portrayed by a wide range of child actors before being rapidly aged. Kevin Schmidt was the first actor to play Noah after being aged, appearing from 2008 to September 2010 when the role was recast with Luke Kleintank before being let go in April 2011 with Schmidt being rehired. Schmidt was again let go in 2012, replaced by Robert

title: Noah Newman

text: of 2012." Adamson was also listed as the Best Male Newcomer of 2012 by "On-Air On-Soaps"; "Noah’s come and Noah’s go, we think this one will stick! Handsome, charming and he can act" said Michael Fairman. Noah Newman Noah Newman is a fictional character from the American soap opera "The Young and the Restless". He is the only son of the supercouple pairing of Nicholas Newman and Sharon Collins. Born onscreen in 1997, the character was first portrayed by a wide range of child actors before being rapidly aged. Kevin Schmidt was the first actor to play Noah after being

title: Chase Ellison

text: Unfabulous Social Life of Ethan Green", which then led to a major supporting role in Gregg Araki's "Mysterious Skin", a guest role in an episode of "Six Feet Under", and a semi regular role as Noah Newman, the son of Nicholas Newman (Joshua Morrow) and Sharon Newman (Sharon Case) on soap opera "The Young and the Restless" in 2005. His role in "Mysterious Skin" (2004) was as the 8-year-old version of the character played by Joseph Gordon-Levitt, one of the film's leads. In this film, he plays one of two boys who are groomed into a sexual relationship by a

title: Chris Engen (actor)

text: Chris Engen (actor) Chris Engen (born October 25, 1979) is an American actor known for his portrayal of Adam Newman on the daytime soap opera "The Young and the Restless". Born in Apple Valley, California, Engen is also a writer and a musician. He graduated from Bishop Montgomery High School in 1997. Engen has guest-starred in various television programs. He was a recurring character in "Saints & Sinners", "" and "Felicity". He began appearing as Adam Newman on "The Young and the Restless" on February 12, 2008. Engen abruptly left his role on "The Young and the Restless" in mid-May

title: The Young and the Restless characters (2012)

text: Noah Newman (Robert Adamson). He later questions Noah about his ex-girlfriend from New York City, Adriana Stone (Jhoanna Flores). Adriana had previously sent Noah a duffel bag full of cash money in the mail, and told him to "keep it safe". Kevin and his wife Chloe Mitchell (Elizabeth Hendrickson), struggling with financial issues, overheard about the missing money and decided to break into Noah's home and steal it. Alex kept pressuring Noah about telling the truth, revealing that Adriana is in fact his younger sister. Adriana later stole the money back but was stopped by Alex, who took the money

title: The Young and the Restless characters (2013)

text: her casting was confirmed in December 2012 by co-star Robert Adamson, who portrays Noah Newman, on Twitter. He welcomed her to the soap opera, saying that he'll "keep it under wraps for now who she’s playing. But she’s doing a great job." "CBS Soaps In Depth" later announced that Flores would portray Noah's ex-girlfriend, Adriana. Previously, "Soap Opera Network"s Errol Lewis reported that Flores "has joined the cast in an as yet to be determined role." Flores described her character in an interview, saying "she's bad news" and a "feisty seductress who has her own ideas about what is legal

title: The Young and the Restless characters (2015)

text: casting was announced on August 10, 2015. The actor had previously appeared on the series in a bit part of a priest assisting Nikki Newman (Melody Thomas Scott) with locating her long lost son, Dylan McAvoy (Steve Burton). In 2015, Villanueva was cast in the newly created role of Luca Santori and is revealed to be the estranged husband of Marisa Sierras (Sofia Pernas), the girlfriend of Noah Newman (Robert Adamson). Luca would later grant Marisa a divorce so that she could pursue a serious romantic relationship with Noah. Luca was also briefly engaged to Nicholas Newman (Joshua Morrow) and

title: Sharon Newman

text: more complex characters on "The Young and the Restless". Sharon has been romantically linked to her high-school sweetheart, Nicholas "Nick" Newman (Joshua Morrow), since her debut on the series. As teenagers they dream of eloping, and face their first hurdle when Sharon's ex-boyfriend Matt Clark (Eddie Cibrian) exposes Sharon's teenage motherhood (when she gave her baby, fathered by her former boyfriend in Madison, Wisconsin, up for adoption). Nick, believing Sharon is a virgin, briefly breaks up with her but they reunite. With Matt behind them, they marry in February 1996 and have their first child—Noah (Robert Adamson)—in 1997, the year

title: Nathan Hastings

text: Nathan Hastings Nathan Hastings is a fictional character from the CBS soap opera "The Young and the Restless". The role was originated in 1984 by Nathan Purdee, who portrayed the character until 1992. The character was subsequently portrayed by Randy Brooks (1992-1994), and was later de-aged, as evidenced by later portrayal by Adam Lazarre-White (1994-1996), who was nineteen years younger than both Purdee and Brooks. Nathan Oliver Hastings was born in Genoa City to Oliver and Loretta Hastings, an electrician and housewife, respectively. Nathan grew up with learning problems and, as a result, performed badly in school and could not

title: Robert Adamson (actor)

text: Robert Gillespie Adamson IV (born July 11, 1985) is an American actor.  He has portrayed the roles of Phil Sanders on the television series Hollywood Heights and Charles Antoni on Lincoln Heights. He currently stars as Noah Newman on The Young and the Restless.

title: Adam Newman

text: In August, it was announced that Hartley had been cast as Adam, due to begin taping in September; he first aired on November 5, 2014. Upon the news of his casting, the actor told "TV Guide": "I'm so pumped about joining "Y&R" — I watch it all the time and can't wait to get in there and get my hands dirty!" In 2016, it was announced that Hartley had been cast in a regular role on the NBC drama series "This Is Us", which was picked up by the network, placing his future with "The Young and the Restless" into

title: Lindsay Bushman

text: in the role of the Summer Newman in "The Young and the Restless". Bushman made her first appearance on June 8, 2012 on a recurring basis. Nelson Branco of TV Guide Canada announced the news of Bushman's departure in his magazine, "Soap Opera Uncensored" in September 2012. Bushman had a small bit role on "General Hospital" as a young Kate Howard in a flashback. Bushman revealed that she got the audition thanks to her agent and booked the role after a few callbacks and chemistry reads. Lindsay Bushman Lindsay Bushman (born May 3, 1994) is an American actress who is

title: Noah Newman

text: eventually begins dating Summer's best friend, Courtney Sloan, as he settles into his new job working for Victor. Noah is uneasy when Victor hires Kyle Abbott (Hartley Sawyer). Michael Fairman of "On-Air On-Soaps" applauded Luke Kleintank's casting describing the actor as a "younger Joshua Morrow-type." Fairman said that Kleintank would bring a very different vibe compared to Kevin Schmidt's portrayal. Upon Kleintank's departure, he encouraged Schmidt on his return and said "Kevin should do great." Schmidt was very upset following his 2012 ousting and even sent a direct message to "Y&R's" Twitter page saying, "How many times you gonna try

title: Noah Newman

text: decisions in life. With the casting of Schmidt as Noah, the character develops into a catalyst for bigger storylines. Noah begins to take more of an interest in what his parents and stepparents are doing. When Schimdt was cast, he told "Soap Opera Digest" that although his television parents (Joshua Morrow and Sharon Case) are relatively young, "Joshua has kids of his own and Sharon definitely has a maternal instinct, so we play well off of each other." He said that he was excited Noah is "back from camp and ready to do things on his own". Schmidt noted "the

title: Drew Garrett

text: "The Young & The Restless" as a recast Noah Newman. These rumors began after the character's most recent portrayer Kevin Schmidt left the role. These rumors were later revealed to be false. In 2011, Garrett took a guest-star role on the prime-time CBS series "The Mentalist" with Simon Baker. He also landed a role in his first feature film, "Divorce Invitation", starring Elliott Gould and Jamie-Lynn Sigler. Then in 2012, Garrett starred in the premiere episode of Anthony Zuiker's new series "Black Box TV". Garrett was offered the role of Jesse Simms in the web series "Never Fade Away". He

title: Michael Muhney

text: Michael Muhney Michael Muhney (born June 12, 1975) is an American actor. His best known roles include Sheriff Don Lamb on the UPN/The CW television series "Veronica Mars" between 2004 and 2007 and Adam Newman on the CBS daytime soap opera "The Young and the Restless" from 2009 to 2014. Muhney was born in Chicago and raised in Euless, Texas from the age of eight. When he was 16 years old, he won the state championship for his One-Act play performance while attending Trinity High School. He moved back to Chicago where he earned a bachelor's degree from The Theatre

title: James Kerwin

text: portrayed Summer Newman on The Young and the Restless. James Kerwin James Kerwin, (born October 13, 1973 in St. Louis, Missouri) is an American film writer/director and theatre director. Kerwin, who attended Parkway Central High School in Chesterfield, Missouri, has been noted for his Shakespearean adaptations of "A Midsummer Night's Dream", "Cardenio" and "Venus and Adonis". In 2003 he staged Amber Benson's play "Albert Hall" in Los Angeles, California. In the early 2000s he was a frequent guest director for Daniel Henning and Noah Wyle's Blank Theatre Company and for Travis Schuldt's Lone Star Ensemble. Other projects include the "sci-fi

title: Adam Newman

text: Adam Newman Adam Newman is a fictional character from "The Young and the Restless", a soap opera on the CBS network. Adam was created by William J. Bell as the son of Victor Newman (Eric Braeden) and Hope Wilson (Signy Coleman) and was introduced April 24, 1995. Adam left town two years after his birth and was raised in Kansas by his mother, and grew up without knowing that Victor was his father. In 2008, Chris Engen began portraying Adam as an adult. After a year in the role, Engen announced his exit from "The Young and the Restless" because

title: Sharon Newman

text: Sharon Newman Sharon Newman is a fictional character from "The Young and the Restless", an American soap opera on the CBS network, currently portrayed by Sharon Case. Created by William J. Bell as a love interest for Nicholas Newman, the character debuted on March 24, 1994. Before Case took over in September 1994, the character was portrayed briefly by Monica Potter and then by Heidi Mark. When first introduced, Sharon was a young girl from the poor side of town. Nick and Sharon married, had a son named Noah, and later won custody of Cassie, the child a teenaged Sharon

title: Abby Newman

text: Abby Newman Abby Newman is a fictional character from the American CBS soap opera "The Young and the Restless". The character was introduced on November 13, 2000, as the daughter of Ashley Abbott (Eileen Davidson) and Victor Newman (Eric Braeden). The role was portrayed by Darcy Rose Byrnes as a child until 2008, when the character was rapidly aged to a teenager, with Hayley Erin assuming the role the following year. In 2010, the character was rapidly aged again to an adult, with Marcy Rylan cast as Erin's replacement. Rylan was let go in 2012 due to budgetary cuts, but

title: Kelly Andrews (The Young and the Restless)

text: in the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series. Concerning news of Cady McClain's casting in the role, Michael Fairman remarked, "Enter the talented and ever popular, McClain!" Recounting her time with Watros, co-star Amelia Heinle, who portrays Victoria Newman, remarked: "I love Cynthia Watros! She has been doing such a great job. I did not realize how great she is, but she is really good. She is my kind of actress, and she would have been a great cast member to add to the show." She also spoke about the incoming of McClain in the

title: Luke Kleintank

text: first daytime role, debuting as Noah Newman in "The Young and the Restless" on September 21, 2010. He left the role after less than six months to play Chris on "No Ordinary Family". In 2011, Kleintank joined the cast of the Fox series "Bones" as Finn Abernathy. From 2013 to 2014, he portrayed the recurring character of Travis in the ABC Family teen drama series "Pretty Little Liars". He played Tyler Harne in the 2015 film "Max". From 2015 to 2018, Kleintank played Nazi agent Joe Blake in the Amazon series "The Man in the High Castle". Kleintank will star

title: Victor Newman

text: "The Young and the Restless" in 1980 for a mini-stint as a baddy, but stayed on to change the game in Genoa City forever, becoming one of daytime's most recognizable forces on and off screen." In 2010, Global News wrote that, "From the early days of "The Young and the Restless", Victor Newman has been a symbol of power in Genoa City." Braeden's biography at "Yahoo!" notes that upon his casting as the ruthless businessman Victor, he "clicked with both the audience and the creative powers, and has been one of the series leading men for close to two decades".

title: The Young and the Restless characters (2017)

text: service but was dropped when she lied about using Mariah's words from a journal to create a new song. Tessa was subsequently hired as Devon's assistant. Zack Stinnet, portrayed by Ryan Ashton, was introduced as a love interest for Abby Newman (Melissa Ordway). The casting was announced in April 2017 and Ashton made his debut on May 18. Zack dated Abby Newman while she helped finance his dating app Design Date through her incubator project. It was eventually revealed that the site was a front to a sex trafficking ring. Zack was killed after being shot by Crystal, one of

title: Sam Gibson (The Young and the Restless)

text: as a love interest for Sharon Newman (Sharon Case) while she was on the run, after being sentenced un-rightfully for the murder of Skye Newman (Laura Stone). Daytime Confidential revealed that he who would enter Sharon's "orbit". "On-Air On-Soaps" described him as a "salt of the earth" veterinarian who would be paired with "non other" than the "troubled" Sharon, who is a regular and one of the show's longest-running cast members. "TV Guide"s Michael Logan noted that Flanery wouldn't end up playing "yet another rich, Genoa City power-schemer" but he would be playing "rather a salt o' the earth country

title: Hayley Erin

text: Erin has guest starred on "The District", "Emily's Reasons Why Not", "Two and a Half Men", "Modern Family", "Austin & Ally" and "NCIS". Darcy Rose Byrnes' run as Abby Newman on both "The Young and the Restless" and "The Bold and the Beautiful" came to an end in June 2008 when Noah Newman was aged to a teenager, and Abby's character was soon to follow. In December 2008, it was announced that Erin had been cast to portray a teenaged version of the character. In March 2010, it was announced that the character had been rapidly aged again to an

title: Ronan Malloy

text: be Ronan's brother) and Marcy Rylan, who plays Abby Newman on "The Young and the Restless". A first look photo of Branson on set of the series was released by Soap Opera Network on June 14, 2010. Branson made his debut on June 22. He departed in February 2011, however it was later announced that Branson was to return on August 2, 2011. However, by that December it was confirmed that Branson was again to leave "The Young and the Restless", departing on February 7, 2012. In May 2012, it was announced that Branson would be returning as Ronan on

title: The D'Ambrosio Twins

text: with video, commercial and film director Paul Boyd to look great. The D'Ambrosio Twins released a video and single for “Young And Free" on June 1 and was directed by Paul Boyd. The song was co-written by Marko DeSantis of the band Sugarcult and features musical.ly sensation, Hayden Summerall. The video was premiered on Celebmix. The D'Ambrosio Twins Bianca D'Ambrosio and Chiara D'Ambrosio (born April 28, 2005), also known collectively as the D'Ambrosio Twins, are American child actresses and musicians. The twins made their acting debut playing Summer Newman on the soap opera "The Young and the Restless". At the

title: Robert Newman (actor)

text: characters were in the final scene of the show, reciting the final lines of dialogue to each other. During his collective run on the show, Newman was also paired with other actresses, including Michelle Forbes (Sonni), Beth Ehlers (Harley), Marcy Walker (Tangie), Cynthia Watros (Annie), Crystal Chappell (Olivia), and Nicole Forester (Cassie). In addition to his role on "Guiding Light", Newman also played the characters of Prescott Harrell on "General Hospital", and Kirk Cranston replacing Joseph Bottoms, on "Santa Barbara" in 1986. Newman has been nominated for four "Soap Opera Digest" awards for his role as Josh Lewis. He has

title: Hayley Erin

text: Hayley Erin Hayley Erin (born July 13, 1994) is an American actress. She is known for playing the teenage Abby Newman on "The Young and the Restless". She has portrayed Kiki Jerome on "General Hospital" from 2015 to 2018. Erin born as Hayley Erin Feil on July 13, 1994 in Los Angeles, California, U.S. Erin's first acting role was in 2004 when she guest starred on an episode of "Malcolm in the Middle". She was also seen on the FOX sketch show "MADtv" in eight sketches—Celebrity Quarters and a fake movie trailer for "It's A Small World" as Dakota Fanning.

title: Robert Adamson (actor)


question: when did the botswana currency first come into circulation

answers: 1976

title: Botswana

text: of Botswana serves as a central bank. The country's currency is the Botswana pula. Botswana's competitive banking system is one of Africa's most advanced. Generally adhering to global standards in the transparency of financial policies and banking supervision, the financial sector provides ample access to credit for entrepreneurs. The Capital Bank opened in 2008. , there are a dozen licensed banks in the country. The government is involved in banking through state-owned financial institutions and a special financial incentives program that is aimed at increasing Botswana's status as a financial centre. Credit is allocated on market terms, although the government

title: Botswana pula

text: series of notes was introduced on 23 August 2009 and contains for the first time, a 200-pula banknote. In response to the concern of the poor quality of the paper of the 10 pula banknote, the Bank of Botswana revealed a 10 pula banknote in polymer in November 2017 and was issued to the public on February 1, 2018. Due to hyperinflation in Zimbabwe in 2006 to 2008, the government has allowed circulation of foreign currency since September 2008. Local currency became obsolete on April 12, 2009. Several currencies, including the South African rand and Botswana pula circulate in Zimbabwe,

title: Zambian kwacha

text: 3, 6 pence, and 1, 2, 2½, and 5 shillings. After independence, the Bank of Zambia issued the first Zambian currency, the Zambian pound, in 1964. The issued paper bills and coins were of similar denominations as these used before independence, except for the 10 pounds note, which was never issued by the Bank of Zambia. A new design to depict the newly independent country's history and struggle was adopted. The two currencies - the Rhodesia and Nyasaland pound and the Zambian pound, were allowed to circulate in parallel until December 15, 1965, when the South Rhodesian pound bills and

title: Common Monetary Area

text: Lesotho, and Swaziland. In that year Swaziland and Lesotho stablished their own national currencies, now called the lilageni and the loti, respectively. In 1980 Lesotho established its own central bank and began issuing its national currency at a one to one rate to the rand. In 1989 the CMA changed its exchange restrictions because of some limitations in the conversion of balances consequence of the termination of the agreement of one party. The CMA was replaced by the present Multilateral Monetary Area (MMA) in February 1992, when Namibia formally joined the monetary union. In 1993 Namibia issued its own currency,

title: Economy of Botswana

text: Economy of Botswana Since gaining independence, Botswana has been one of the world’s fastest growing economies, averaging about 5% per annum over the past decade. Growth in private sector employment averaged about 10% per annum during the first 30 years of the country's independence. After a period of stagnation at the turn of the 21st century, the economy of Botswana resumed registering strong levels of growth, with GDP growth exceeding 6-7% targets. Botswana has been praised by the African Development Bank for sustaining one of the world's longest economic booms. Economic growth since the late 1960s has been on par

title: Lesotho loti

text: Lesotho loti The Loti (plural: maLoti) is the currency of the Kingdom of Lesotho. It is subdivided into 100 "Lisente" (sg. "Sente"). It is pegged to the South African rand on a 1:1 basis through the Common Monetary Area, and both are accepted as legal tender within Lesotho. The loti was first issued in 1966, albeit as a non-circulating currency. In 1980, Lesotho issued its first coins denominated in both loti and lisente (dated 1979) to replace the South African Rand, but the Rand remains legal tender. The name derives from the Sesotho "loti", "mountain," while "sente" is from English

title: Economy of Lesotho

text: Swaziland, Namibia, and South Africa also form a common currency and exchange control area known as the Rand Monetary Area that uses the South African rand as the common currency. In 1980, Lesotho introduced its own currency, the loti (plural: maloti). One hundred lisente equal one loti. The Loti is at par with the rand. Until the political insecurity in September 1998, Lesotho's economy had grown steadily since 1992. The riots, however, destroyed nearly 80% of commercial infrastructure in Maseru and two other major towns in the country, having a disastrous effect on the country's economy. Nonetheless, the country has

title: South African pound

text: script. From 1921, the South African Reserve Bank took over the issuance of paper money, introducing notes for 10 shillings, 1, 5, 20 and 100 pounds. 20 pound notes were last issued in 1933, with 10 pound notes added in 1943. All banknotes were bilingual in English and Afrikaans. From 1948, two variants of each note were issued, one with English written first and the other with Afrikaans written first. South African pound The pound (symbol £) was the currency of the Union of South Africa from the creation of the country as a British Dominion in 1910. It was

title: Lesotho loti

text: "cent." In 1980, coins dated 1979 were introduced in denominations of 1 sente, 2, 5, 10, 25 and 50 lisente and 1 loti. In 1996, 2 and 5 maloti coins were introduced, followed by 20 lisente in 1998. Coins in circulation are: In January 1980, banknotes dated 1979 (the last two digits of the year of issue are the serial number prefix denominator) were introduced in denominations of 2, 5 and 10 maloti. 20 and 50 maloti notes were added in 1981, followed by 100 and 200 maloti in 1994. On 1 March 2011, at a celebration marking its 30th

title: Botswana pula

text: The pula was introduced in 1976, replacing the South African rand at par.  Despite a 12% devaluation in May 2005, the pula remains one of the strongest currencies in Africa.

title: South African rand

text: where most of South Africa's gold deposits were found. The Rand was introduced in the-then Union of South Africa on 14 February 1961, three months before the Republic of South Africa was established. A Decimal Coinage Commission had been set up in 1956 to consider a move away from the denominations of pounds, shillings, and pence, submitting its recommendation on 8 August 1958. It replaced the South African pound as legal tender, at the rate of 2 Rand to 1 pound, or 10 shillings to the Rand. The government introduced a mascot, Decimal Dan, "the Rand-cent man" (known in Afrikaans

title: Constitution of Botswana

text: Constitution of Botswana The present Constitution of Botswana commenced on September 30, 1966. Before colonial rule was established in Botswana, a traditional constitution - a body of laws known as "molao" - was used by tribal chiefs, or diKgosi, of the Botswana people. During the early years of the Bechuanaland Protectorate, some non-Botswana also came to be ruled by these laws. Protectorate administrators kept elements, though not all, of this traditional constitution; much of it has lapsed today. In 1959, a Constitutional Committee of the Joint Advisory Council drew up the Protectorate's first formal constitution, which came into operation in

title: South African pound

text: The pound at that time was subdivided into 20 shillings, each of 12 pence. The pound sterling became the standard currency of the Cape of Good Hope colony in 1825 following an imperial order-in-council that was issued for the purpose of introducing the sterling coinage into all the British colonies. British coins then replaced the Dutch currency. Before a unified South Africa, many authorities issued coins and banknotes in their own pound, equivalent to sterling. The Transvaal Republic, the Boer state that in 1902 was to become Transvaal Colony, issued notes from 1867 to 1902 and coins from 1892 to

title: Botswana pula

text: along with the Zimbabwean Bond Coins. The word "Pula" also serves as part of the national motto of the Kingdom of Lesotho. As in Botswana, it means "rain" in the Sotho language and is considered a synonym for blessing. The Botswana Pula became widely known internationally through numerous references in the "No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency" by Alexander McCall Smith, making it possible for readers worldwide to get an idea of the Pula's purchasing power. Botswana pula The pula is the currency of Botswana. It has the ISO 4217 code "BWP" and is subdivided into 100 "thebe". "Pula" literally means

title: Science and technology in Botswana

text: of African Governance. At the time of independence in 1966, Botswana was one of the poorest countries in the world. A year later, diamonds were discovered and have since become a pillar of the economy. Today, Botswana has one of the highest levels of income in Africa. Between 2009 and 2013, GDP per capita rose from $12,404 to $15,247 (in purchasing power parity dollars, 2011 constant prices), boosted by the global commodity boom. This corresponds to a leap of 23% in GDP per capita over this period. Within the SADC region, only the Seychelles and Mauritius have higher levels of

title: Zambian pound

text: the Bank of Zambia introduced notes in denominations of 10 shillings, 1 and 5 pounds. Zambian pound The Zambian pound was the currency in Zambia from independence in 1964 until decimalization on January 16, 1968. It was subdivided into 20 "shillings", each of 12 "pence". The Zambian pound replaced the Rhodesia and Nyasaland pound at par. It was pegged to the pound sterling at par and was replaced by the kwacha at a rate of 2 kwacha = 1 pound or 1 kwacha = 10 shillings. In 1964, cupro-nickel 6 pence, 1 and 2 shilling coins were introduced, followed by

title: Economy of Botswana

text: financial services to Wholesaling and Retailing, Tourism and Information Technology. To date, the BSE is one of Africa’s best performing stock exchanges, averaging 24% aggregate return in the past decade. This has allowed the BSE to be the third largest stock exchange, in terms of market capitalisation, in Southern Africa. Given Botswana's lack of exchange controls, stable currency and exceptionally performing stock market, the financial sector has attracted a host of global investors seeking better returns. Botswana's currency, the pula, is fully convertible and is valued against a basket of currencies heavily weighted toward the South African Rand. Profits and

title: Economy of Botswana

text: services, and 43 percent is banked (with access to at least one formal banking product). The overall access ratio is still low, especially in rural areas, where there are 3.8 branches and 73 ATMs per 100,000 people. Mobile banking services have just started to be offered. In recent years the government and Central Bank have undertaken serious steps to modernize the country’s payment system infrastructure. These efforts included the establishment of a code-line clearing system for the exchange of cheques and electronic funds as well as a Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS) system, including SWIFT connection. The stock exchange implemented

title: Economy of Botswana

text: direct investment can be repatriated without restriction from Botswana. The Botswana Government eliminated all exchange controls in 1999. The Central Bank devalued the Pula by 7.5% in February 2004 in a bid to maintain export competitiveness against the real appreciation of the Pula. There was a further 12% devaluation in May 2005 and the policy of a "Crawling peg" was adopted. The recently established Non-Bank Financial Institutions Regulatory Authority (NBFIRA) is responsible for the oversight of all non-banking financial services entities in the country. As of 2005, about 54 percent of Botswana’s population had access to formal or informal financial

title: Zambian kwacha

text: coins were withdrawn from circulation, except for the 3 pence coin which was allowed to circulate alongside its Zambian alternative for a brief period. On July 1, 1966, the parliament approved the arrangements of the decimal currency system (Act 40 of 1966). The government voted in favor of decimalisation, and changing the main currency unit to Kwacha, with one kwacha being equal to 100 ngwee. The exchange rate was set to one kwacha equivalent to ten Zambian shillings, or one half of a Zambian pound. Thus, by January 16, 1968, all Zambian pound bills and coins were removed from circulation

title: Botswana

text: Botswana Botswana (), officially the Republic of Botswana (), is a landlocked country located in Southern Africa. Formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland, Botswana adopted its new name after becoming independent within the Commonwealth on 30 September 1966. Since then, it has maintained a strong tradition of stable representative democracy, with a consistent record of uninterrupted democratic elections and the best perceived corruption ranking in Africa since at least 1998. Botswana is topographically flat, with up to 70 percent of its territory being the Kalahari Desert. It is bordered by South Africa to the south and southeast, Namibia to the

title: Swazi lilangeni

text: 1974, the Monetary Authority of Swaziland introduced notes in denominations of 1 lilangeni, 2, 5 and 10 emalangeni, with 20 emalangeni notes following in 1978. In 1981, the Central Bank of Swaziland took over paper money production, first issuing notes commemorating the Diamond Jubilee of King Sobhuza II. Between 1982 and 1985, it introduced non-commemorative notes for E2, E5, E10, and E20. The 50 emalangeni notes were introduced in 1990. The E2 and E5 notes were replaced by coins in 1995, whilst 100 and 200 emalangeni notes were introduced in 1996 and 1998, respectively, with the E200 notes commemorating the

title: Zambian kwacha

text: By June 26, 2013, the Bank of Zambia managed to withdraw 3.7 trillion Kwacha in old banknotes, accumulating to about 95.3% of the circulating banknotes. Although the old currency ceased to be legal tender four days later, the Bank of Zambia Deputy Governor, announced that residents who were still holding to the old currency, especially those living in rural areas, could still be able to exchange the old currency for the new one through commercial banks, and other designated agents. While being the first African country to introduce polymer banknotes in 2003, the new currency banknotes were all printed on

title: Bechuanaland Protectorate

text: the surcharging of the existing definitive stamps until new ones were issued. Bechuanaland Protectorate The Bechuanaland Protectorate () was a protectorate established on 31 March 1885, by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in southern Africa. It became the Republic of Botswana on 30 September 1966. Scottish missionary John Mackenzie (1835–99), a Congregationalist of the London Missionary Society (LMS), who lived at Shoshong from 1862–76, "believed that the Ngwato and other African peoples with whom he worked were threatened by Boer freebooters encroaching on their territory from the south." He campaigned for the establishment of what became the

title: South African pound

text: 1 pound. That rate continued until the Sterling devaluation in 1967 when South Africa did not follow suit. Eighteen years later, in 1892, the Transvaal Republic introduced coins in denominations of 1, 3 and 6 pence, 1, 2, 2½ and 5 shillings, ½ and 1 pond(pound). The last of these coins were issued in 1900, except for siege 1 pond coins issued in 1902. The Union of South Africa issued coins from 1923, in denominations of ¼, ½, 1, 3 and 6 pence, 1, 2 (initially denominated as a "florin") and 2½ shillings, ½ and 1 sovereign. The coins were

title: History of Botswana

text: Britain accepted proposals for democratic self-government in Botswana. The seat of government was moved from Mafikeng in South Africa, to newly established Gaborone in 1965. The 1965 constitution led to the first general elections and to independence on 30 September 1966. Seretse Khama, a leader in the independence movement and the legitimate claimant to the Ngwato chiefship, was elected as the first president, re-elected twice, and died in office in 1980. The presidency passed to the sitting vice president, Ketumile Masire, who was elected in his own right in 1984 and re-elected in 1989 and 1994. Masire retired from office

title: Lesotho loti

text: anniversary, the Central Bank of Lesotho launched a new series of banknotes dated 2010 aimed at fighting the spread of counterfeits. The notes feature a portrait of the three royal family members: the current king, His Majesty Letsie III is in the middle, his father King Moshoeshoe II is on the left, and the founder of the Basotho nation, King Moshoeshoe I, on the right. Lesotho loti The Loti (plural: maLoti) is the currency of the Kingdom of Lesotho. It is subdivided into 100 "Lisente" (sg. "Sente"). It is pegged to the South African rand on a 1:1 basis through

title: Economy of Botswana

text: mines have opened since independence. De Beers prospectors discovered diamonds in northern Botswana in the early 1970s. The first mine began production at Orapa in 1972, followed by a smaller mine at Letlhakane. What has become the single richest diamond mine in the world opened in Jwaneng in 1982. The mine was discovered when termites looking for water brought grains of diamond to the surface. Botswana produced a total over 30 million carats (6,000 kg) of diamonds (about 25% of worldwide production) from the three Debswana mines in 1999, and is the highest producer of diamonds by value in the

title: Zambian kwacha

text: that characterized the national economy during the late decades of the 20th century, and the early years of the 21st century. The recommendations were assented to the parliament on November 3, 2012. Later, The Re-Domination of Currency Act (Act 8 of 2012) was enacted on December 3, 2012. The old currency unit was divided by 1000, hence, removing three zeros from the preexisting K50,000, K20,000, K10,000, K5,000, and K1,000. The lower denominations of K500, K100, and K50 were also divided by 1000 and were changed into the 1 Kwacha, 50, 10, and 5 Ngwee coins respectively. On the other hand,

title: Economy of Botswana

text: of 2008, it depended largely on services (45.2%), industry (52.9%) and agriculture (1.9%) strictly linked to the trade with South Africa. Botswana is part of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) with South Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland, and Namibia. The World Bank reports that in 2001 (the most recent year for which World Bank data are available), the SACU had a weighted average common external tariff rate of 3.6 percent. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, "there are very few tariff or non-tariff barriers to trade with Botswana, apart from restrictions on licensing for some business operations, which are reserved

title: Botswana pula


question: who is the real killer in basic instinct 2

answers: Catherine Tramell

title: Basic Instinct

text: depictions of sexuality in mainstream Hollywood cinema, and has been referred to by scholars as "a neo-noir masterpiece that plays with, and transgresses, the narrative rules of film noir." A 2006 sequel, "Basic Instinct 2", starred Stone and was made without Verhoeven's involvement, but received either negative or moderate reviews from critics (mainly because of the inevitable comparison with the original movie) and was not particularly successful at the box office. In San Francisco, homicide detective Nick Curran investigates the murder of retired rock star Johnny Boz, who has been brutally stabbed to death with an ice pick during sex

title: Basic Instinct 2

text: the film's plot that became the main target of criticism. The film also suffered from comparison to the original "Basic Instinct", which was more popular with critics. However, BBC film critic Mark Kermode gave it a positive review. Roger Ebert gave the film 1.5 stars out of a possible 4, but nonetheless gave a qualified recommendation of the film despite its flaws. Paul Verhoeven, the director of the original film, was most critical to the movie and dislikes it, for the lack of a strong male character to balance out the character of Tramell as one of the reasons of

title: Basic Instinct 2

text: once again in trouble with the authorities. Scotland Yard appoints psychiatrist Dr. Michael Glass to evaluate her after a man in Tramell's presence dies. As with Detective Nick Curran in the first film, Glass becomes a victim of Tramell's seductive games. After being in development limbo for a number of years, the film was shot in London from April to August 2005, and was released on 31 March 2006. After numerous cuts, it was released with an R rating for "strong sexuality, nudity, violence, language, and some drug content". Unlike its predecessor, the film received either negative or moderate reviews

title: Basic Instinct 2

text: is going to kill a therapist based on Glass's colleague, Dr. Milena Gardosh. Glass runs to Gardosh's apartment to warn her, finding Tramell there to his dismay. Gardosh tells him that he is no longer in charge of Tramell's therapy and that he's going to have his license revoked, due to bad practice regarding Tramell's treatment. There is a struggle between Glass and Gardosh, in which the latter is knocked out. Tramell then threatens Glass with a gun she carries, but Glass takes it away from her. When Washburn arrives at the scene, Glass shoots him because Tramell told him

title: Catherine Tramell

text: was nominated to be a member of the American Film Institute's "Best Villains" list. She was also included as one of the best 250 fiction villains ever created. In June 2010, "Entertainment Weekly" named her one of the "100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years". "Basic Instinct" establishes Tramell as a successful crime novelist who is connected to the violent stabbing death of a washed up rock musician, Johnny Boz who was found in his bed tied to the bed posts with a white silk scarf. She is subsequently investigated by San Francisco homicide detectives Nick Curran (Michael Douglas)

title: Catherine Tramell

text: book on his hands and an enigmatic spasmodic movement is erased on his lips. Prior to and during "Basic Instinct", the following people met a violent death, almost all of them killed by Catherine: A potential victim of hers is Nick Curran, who is almost stabbed during the film's final scenes. The ending is ambiguous: either Catherine retires from her criminal career for good or only postpones killing Nick. Incidentally, Nick Curran has disappeared by the second movie. During an interview in Spain, Sharon Stone commented that "poor Nick is dead," implying with a swift stabbing motion that an ice

title: Basic Instinct 2

text: he had killed the girlfriend of one of Glass's patients just to "nail him". In the final scene, Tramell pays a visit to Glass at a local mental hospital where he has been institutionalised, and he learns from her that the subject of her latest best-selling novel was a man very much like him. Trammell claims that she has never killed anyone and that the person who committed the crimes was all along the psychologist. This development, according to the novelist, has given a better end to her latest book. Tramell leaves with a wicked smirk on her face, while

title: Basic Instinct 2

text: Glass continues to sit silently in his wheelchair, either stymied by frustration and rage or having an enigmatic smile being satisfied with what he has caused (ambiguous end). "Basic Instinct 2" had been in "development hell" for the better part of a decade. In 2000, the film was announced as having a March 2002 release. However, the process of casting the male lead was long and troublesome, with male actors declining the role due to either the level of sexuality or the violence in the film. Original star Michael Douglas declined to reprise his role as Nick Curran, saying that

title: Killer Instinct (2013 video game)

text: Killer Instinct (2013 video game) Killer Instinct is a fighting video game, the third in the "Killer Instinct" series, developed by Double Helix Games, Iron Galaxy Studios, Rare and Microsoft Studios under supervision of Ken Lobb, and released as a free-to-play launch game for the Xbox One in 2013. The game is a reboot of the series, though some plot elements from "Killer Instinct" and "Killer Instinct 2" have been retained. Development of the game involves individuals with histories in fighting games on both the developmental and competitive sides. It received positive reviews for its mechanics and engine, but was

title: Catherine Tramell

text: Catherine Tramell is a fictional character and main antagonist in the film Basic Instinct (1992) and its sequel, Basic Instinct 2 (2006).  Catherine, created by writer Joe Eszterhas, is played by Sharon Stone in both films. In Basic Instinct, Tramell is a serial killer and love interest of washed-up detective Nick Curran; Basic Instinct 2 pairs her with the similarly troubled British psychologist Michael Glass.

title: Killer Instinct 2

text: to bring an end to Gargos and his reign of evil. This time there is no tournament or prize money, just a fight to the finish with the fate of the future hanging in the balance. The game features a total roster of 11 characters. Black Orchid, Fulgore, Glacius, Jago, Sabrewulf, Spinal and T.J. Combo return from the previous title. Eyedol, Chief Thunder, Cinder and Riptor were omitted from the roster; in their place, Gargos, Kim Wu, Maya and Tusk were introduced. Each character in the game has two or four different endings. Which ending the player gets depends whether

title: Basic Instinct 2

text: and the police begin to suspect Glass of involvement in the crimes. He confronts Tramell at her apartment where they engage in passionate sex. The situation comes to a head during a confrontation between Glass and Tramell at her apartment where, after a struggle, Glass attempts to kill Tramell. Tramell gives Glass a copy of the draft of her next novel, titled "The Analyst". After reading it, he realises that Tramell has novelised most of the recent events with herself and other people related to Glass, even himself, as characters. Then it turns out that the character based on herself

title: Mitch Pileggi

text: "Basic Instinct" as an investigating police officer in the interrogation scene of Michael Douglas. He also appeared in the 1995 vampire film "Vampire in Brooklyn" (also directed by Craven) starring Eddie Murphy as an italian mobster. His most notable role was as the FBI's Assistant Director Walter Skinner on "The X-Files". The role was originally recurring, but the part expanded, and in 2001 he became a regular member of the cast. The character gradually became the most integral character besides the two leads. He remained with the show until its end in 2002. Pileggi played the character in the 1998

title: Basic Instinct 2

text: at 61, he was too old for the part and that the film had "been done perfectly effectively the first time". The project was then cancelled, and consequently Stone sued the producers for breach of contract. Before Michael Caton-Jones finally signed on, several prominent directors were attached to the project, including Jan de Bont, who was cinematographer on the first film, Paul Verhoeven, director of the first film, who chose to make "Black Book" instead, David Cronenberg, and "Die Hard" director John McTiernan, whose departure to direct his film "Basic" triggered Stone's lawsuit. In 2004, just before Stone's case was

title: Sharon Stone

text: the Order of Arts and Letters in France. After years of litigation, "Basic Instinct 2" was released on March 31, 2006. A reason for a long delay in releasing the film was reportedly Stone's dispute with the filmmakers over the nudity in the film; she wanted more while they wanted less. A group sex scene was cut in order to achieve an R rating from the MPAA for the North American release; the controversial scene remained in the UK version of the London-based film. Stone told an interviewer, "We are in a time of odd repression and if a popcorn

title: Killer Instinct Gold

text: Killer Instinct Gold Killer Instinct Gold is a 1996 fighting video game based on the arcade game "Killer Instinct 2". The game was developed by Rare and released by Nintendo for the Nintendo 64 video game console. As in other series entries, players control characters who fight on a 2D plane set against a 3D background. Players press buttons to punch and kick their opponent in chains of successive hits, known as combos. Large combo successions lead to stronger attacks and brutal, stylistic finisher moves underscored by an announcer. Charactersincluding a gargoyle, a ninja, and a femme fatalefight in settings

title: Basic Instinct 2

text: call from his ex-wife, Denise, in a state of distress. Her partner, Adam Towers, a journalist writing a negative story about Dr. Glass, has been found strangled to death. Glass suspects that Tramell committed the murder and is attempting to frame him for it. More murders begin to surface around Glass as his obsession with Tramell grows and his career and life are threatened – he finds his ex-wife in a bathroom with her throat slit after they have an altercation in a bar. Later, Dicky Pep is killed – eventually, he himself can no longer tell right from wrong,

title: David Morrissey

text: charisma of beige wallpaper" and that "the producers could have replaced him halfway through shooting with a handsome mahogany coat rack and nobody would be able to tell the difference". The bad reviews depressed Morrissey, and he briefly considered giving up acting, but instead saw the role as a chance to learn. Immediately after filming "Basic Instinct 2", he began work on "The Reaping" (2007) in Louisiana, in which he played science teacher Doug Blackwell opposite Hilary Swank. The role had been offered to him quite late in pre-production, and he flew to Baton Rouge the Monday after "Basic Instinct

title: Killer Instinct Gold

text: Characters include a gargoyle, a ninja, and a femme fatale. Fights are set in spaceship, jungle, and castle settings, among others, and some backgrounds are interactive. "Gold" features new camera functions that automatically zoom to better frame the fight. The release also includes enhancements to the 3D backgrounds and an upgraded soundtrack, but excludes the full-motion video sequences and some voiceovers from the arcade release due to the Nintendo 64's cartridge media data storage restrictions. While "Gold" backgrounds are fluidly animated in 60 frames per second, its character animations have fewer frames than its arcade equivalent. "Killer Instinct Gold" was

title: Killer Instinct (1994 video game)

text: has two life bars. The player that depletes the other player's life bars first wins the match. The game also introduced "auto-doubles", a feature which allows players to press a certain sequence of buttons to make characters automatically perform combos on opponents. Also featured in the game are "combo breakers", special defensive moves that can interrupt combos. Critically acclaimed, "Killer Instinct" was followed by a sequel, the 1996 arcade game "Killer Instinct 2", later ported to the Nintendo 64 as "Killer Instinct Gold", as well as a 2013 revival of the franchise as a launch title for Xbox One. A

title: Killer Instinct 2

text: or not the player kills (by using a finishing move instead of simply depleting their health) one or more certain character(s) during the course of the game. For example, Jago's endings both involve Fulgore and B. Orchid (if Fulgore does not kill Jago and B. Orchid, they team up and destroy him). Thus, killing or not killing them over the course of the game alters the outcomes of his endings: According to designer Ken Lobb, eliminating excessive defense play "was the absolute highest priority. I felt that this was not a problem for experts, but it hurt beginners. We now

title: Basic Instinct 2

text: brought to trial, both sides settled for undisclosed terms. One of the conditions of the settlement that was made public was that the movie would be made as it had been originally planned. In April 2005, the filmmakers and Stone (who was a key element of her male co-star's casting), chose English actor David Morrissey, and production began. On 6 February 2006, several film news websites began circulating a short, leaked, and uncensored promotional reel that depicted scenes from the movie. The approximately four-minute promo included clips of explicit love scenes from the film. Two days after it had begun

title: Killer Instinct 2

text: and indeed its predecessor, two characters square off with the goal of depleting the opponent's life bar. As with the original "Killer Instinct", when a player's original life bar is fully depleted, he or she will fall to the ground, and immediately begin on his or her second lifebar. As with the first game, "Killer Instinct 2" relies on an automatic combo subsystem in its matches. The matches, as with "Killer Instinct", revolve around a three strength system (Quick, Medium and Fierce). However, normal moves have lost a lot of their priority and range, as well as gaining extra recovery

title: Killer Instinct 2

text: Killer Instinct 2 Killer Instinct 2 is a fighting video game developed by Rare and manufactured by Midway for arcades in 1996 as a sequel to "Killer Instinct" (1994). A modified version of "Killer Instinct 2", licensed by Nintendo, was published for the Nintendo 64 as "Killer Instinct Gold" that same year. A Super Nintendo Entertainment System version of "Killer Instinct 2" was developed and completed, but never released. A digital port of the game for Xbox One is bundled with the second season of "Killer Instinct" (2013) under the title "Killer Instinct 2 Classic". As with most fighting games

title: Killer Instinct 2

text: each character can only execute these attacks when the opponent's second life bar flashes red (unlike the first "Killer Instinct" the opponents falls when he or she loses all of his or her energy bars). Each characters has two Ultimate combo moves (one of them can be executed without executing a combo), the Humiliation sequences were dropped, and the Ultra combo feature is still intact. Unlike the "Mortal Kombat" Fatalities, however, the "Killer Instinct 2"s finishing moves do not feature brutality or dismemberment. "Killer Instinct 2" follows on where the first installment left off. Eyedol's death at the hands of

title: Basic Instinct 2

text: moderate dent in European and Australian cinemas, it had a dignified resonance on DVD and video. In its first week of release (starting 11 July 2006), it placed third. Counting US rentals alone, the film has earned $21.01 million. R-rated and unrated editions are available on DVD and Blu-ray. Basic Instinct 2 Basic Instinct 2 (also known as Basic Instinct 2: Risk Addiction) is a 2006 erotic thriller film and the sequel to 1992's "Basic Instinct". The film was directed by Michael Caton-Jones and produced by Mario Kassar, Joel B. Michaels and Andrew G. Vajna. The screenplay was by Leora

title: Basic Instinct

text: accidentally shot two tourists while high on cocaine, attends counseling sessions with police psychologist Dr. Beth Garner, with whom he once had an affair. Nick discovers that Catherine is basing the protagonist of her latest book on him, wherein his character is murdered after falling for the wrong woman. Catherine has bribed Lt. Nielsen for information from Nick's psychiatric file; Beth gives it to Nielsen after he recommends Nick's termination. After Nick assaults Nielsen, he becomes a prime suspect when Nielsen is killed. Nick suspects Catherine, and when he joins in her behavior in front of his co-workers, he is

title: Killer Instinct (2013 video game)

text: spread across three "Seasons" of content and five additional characters exclusively available separately or via special offers. The roster includes every playable character from the previous "Killer Instinct" titles, along with several new characters and a small number of guest characters from other franchises. For the first two seasons, each character was given an accompanying stage, while only four stages were added in Season Three. For many years after "Killer Instinct 2"'s 1996 release, rumors of a possible follow-up continued to swirl around the Internet. In March 2010, Ken Lobb, Microsoft Studios creative director and co-designer of the original "Killer

title: Fatal Instinct

text: Fatal Instinct Fatal Instinct is a 1993 American comedy film directed by Carl Reiner. It parodies the erotic thriller movie genre, which at the time had reached its commercial peak. The film stars Armand Assante as a lawyer and cop named Ned Ravine who has an affair with a woman named Lola Cain played by Sean Young. Kate Nelligan stars as Ned Ravine's wife and Sherilyn Fenn stars as Laura Lingonberry, Ravine's secretary. The film's title is a combination of "Fatal Attraction" and "Basic Instinct", both of which starred Michael Douglas. Ned Ravine, who is both a police officer and

title: Killer Instinct (1994 video game)

text: having the longest combos in the business." "Killer Instinct" was voted the sixth top 2D fighting game of all time by Crave Online users in 2007, and ranked the sixth best 2D fighting game of all time by "Complex" in 2013. A sequel titled "Killer Instinct 2" was released in 1996. Like the first game, it was ported to a home console, this time to the Nintendo 64 as "Killer Instinct Gold". A new "Killer Instinct", published by Microsoft and developed by Double Helix Games and Iron Galaxy Studios with input from Rare, was released as a launch title for

title: Catherine Tramell