question: when did the us stop trading with japan

answers: 1939

answers: 1940

title: Trade policy of Japan

text: countries on November 11, 2011. Mass media stopped covering the question on a daily basis but the opposition movements continued. Recently Mr. Noda revealed that he will not discuss TPP question at the coming talk with U.S. President Obama on April 30. The Potsdam Declaration of 1945, declared that Japan would surrender all of its armed forces, and the Japanese military would be under the control of the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers(SCAP). In theory, the economy would be left to the management of the Japanese government. In practice however, the economy was largely influenced by the Occupation policies

title: China–Japan relations

text: its Japan trade and intensified propaganda attacks against Japan as a "running dog" (Chinese:"走狗") of the United States. Behind the United States of America, China and Japan takes the second and the third position respectively of the largest economies in the world. China and Japan trade approximately $350 billion worth of goods annually with each other (Xing, 2011). This is a huge exchange meaning that the trade ties between these two nations are one of the largest trading partnerships around the world. Economic studies reveal that the economic relationship between China and Japan started a long time ago when China

title: Trade policy of Japan

text: United States' government announced a policy that relaxed trade restrictions to Japan; reopening private exports. Trade was still heavily regulated; as a foreign buyer would need to submit a purchase and sale agreement, and the Japanese exporter also needed to file an application to the Board of Trade, which would then be forwarded to SCAP for final approval. Japanese exports grew rapidly in the 1960s and 1970s, but growth slowed considerably during the 1980s. Over these decades, both the composition and the reputation of products from Japan changed profoundly. Because of the success of certain exports, Japan is often viewed

title: Trade policy of Japan

text: of the Allied Powers. Initially, the United States' main goal for post-war Japan was to demilitarize the Japanese economy. During the early phase of post-war Japan, private foreign trade had been prohibited by SCAP, and all trade was state conducted. There were restrictions to heavy industry outputs such as steel, aluminium, and copper; which limited Japan's shipbuilding, machinery, and chemical industries. Imports were only allowed when they were judged to be indispensable to the sustenance of the Japanese economy. However, the SCAP policies to Japanese industry would be quickly reversed due to Cold War politics. On August 15, 1947, the

title: Trade policy of Japan

text: chronic trade deficit ended in 1965, and by 1969, with a positive balance of almost US$1 billion, Japan was widely regarded as a surplus trading nation. In 1971 the surplus reached US$4.3 billion, and its rapid increase was a main factor behind the United States decision to devalue the dollar and pressure Japan to revalue the yen—events that led quickly to the end of the Bretton Woods System of fixed exchange rates. By 1972 Japan's surplus had climbed to US$5.1 billion, despite the reevaluation of the yen in 1971. The jump in prices of petroleum and other raw materials during

title: Trade policy of Japan

text: waned. Japan's fundamental strength in world markets required its fear of vulnerability and opposition to manufactured imports to be reassessed. In the early 1980s, fear of vulnerability remained strong and fed the continuation of policies and behavior that kept manufactured imports unusually low compared with those of the other industrial nations. Only with the large decline in raw material prices and the explosion of trade surpluses did policies and behavior begin to change. After more than 30 years had trade surpluses, in 2011 the trade deficit came to 2.49 trillion yen ($32 billion), but the previous trade deficit came in

title: Trade policy of Japan

text: the mid-1980s, and that number dropped again late in the decade to twenty-two with further agreements scheduled to come into effect in the early 1990s, which would reduce the number again. But those products still under quota proved to be highly visible and were the object of complaints by exporting countries. The reduction of controlled items in the late 1980s resulted from Japan's loss of a GATT case brought by the United States concerning import restrictions on twelve agricultural products. In addition, heavy pressure from the United States led to an agreement that Japan would end import quotas on beef

title: Foreign commerce and shipping of Empire of Japan

text: trade deficit, selling a total of US$12.85 and buying US$15.25 per capita. This was in part brought on by the purchase of wartime materials. Japan's primary trading partners in order were: Japan exported 32% of its total output to the United States, and purchased 21% of its foreign trade. Japan's imports were as follows: Japan's exports were as follows: Japan's primary exports were raw silk, controlling 80% of the world's production, and tea, controlling 10%. Japan's total foreign trade was equivalent to Belgium, a country with less than 10% of Japan's population. In 1897, the local monetary unit, the yen,

title: Trade policy of Japan

text: 1973 plunged the balance of trade into deficit, and in 1974 the deficit reached US$6.6 billion. With strong export growth, however, this was reversed to a surplus of US$2.4 billion in 1976. The surplus reached a record US$18.2 billion in 1978, promoting considerable tension between the United States and Japan. In 1979 petroleum prices jumped again, and Japan's trade balance again turned to deficit, reaching US$10.7 billion in 1980. Once again, rapid export growth and stagnant imports returned Japan quickly to surplus by 1981. For the next five years, Japan's trade surplus grew explosively, to a peak of US$82.7 billion

title: Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor

text: Beginning in 1938, the U.S. adopted a succession of increasingly restrictive trade restrictions with Japan. This included terminating its 1911 commercial treaty with Japan in 1939, further tightened by the Export Control Act of 1940. These efforts failed to deter Japan from continuing its war in China, or from signing the Tripartite Pact in 1940 with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, officially forming the Axis Powers.

title: Japanese asset price bubble

text: case, demands for yen increased, and the yen appreciated significantly. In 1985, the exchange rate of yen per dollar was 238. After the foreign exchange intervention followed by Plaza Accord, the exchange rate dropped to 165 yen per dollar in 1986 as yen appreciated. This impacted exports in Japan to the States significantly, almost halving them in 1992 from their peak in 1986, whereas the trade deficit in the United States shrank after the Plaza Accord and the deficit cleared out in 1991. Due to the appreciation in the yen, Japanese companies suffered from huge losses in exports, as they

title: Kantokuen

text: example, it effectively ended all trade between Japan and those three nations. Even more calamitous, on August 1, the same day Sugiyama appeared before the Emperor, the United States further sanctioned Japan by enacting a total embargo on oil. Since US exports accounted for 80 percent of Japan's oil supply and most of the rest came from the Dutch East Indies (which also refused to sell), the Japanese war machine was virtually cut off; without replenishment it would soon collapse. The oil embargo proved to be the final nail in the coffin for Kantokuen: scarcely a week later on 9

title: Japan–United States relations

text: this was not revealed until the mid-1990s when it was exposed by "The New York Times". The United States has been Japan's largest economic partner, taking 31.5% of its exports, supplying 22.3% of its imports, and accounting for 45.9% of its direct investment abroad in 1990. As of 2013, the United States takes up 18% of Japanese exports, and supplies 8.5% of its imports (the slack having been picked up by China, which now provides 22%). Japan's imports from the United States included both raw materials and manufactured goods. United States agricultural products were a leading import in 1990 (US$8.5

title: Trade policy of Japan

text: in 1986. This unprecedented trade surplus resulted from the moderate annual rise in exports and the drop in imports noted earlier. Underlying these trade developments was the weakness of the yen against other currencies, which enhanced export price competitiveness and dampened import demand. After 1986 the dollar value of Japan's trade surplus declined, to US$77.6 billion in 1988. This decline came as the yen finally appreciated strongly against the dollar (beginning in 1985) and as a rapid rise in manufactured imports began to offset the large drop in the value of raw material imports. By 1990 the trade surplus had

title: Japan–United States relations

text: of a "new orthodoxy" of "suspicion, criticism and considerable self-justification", which it said was endangering the fabric of Japan–United States relations. The relative economic power of Japan and the United States was undergoing sweeping change, especially in the 1980s. This change went well beyond the implications of the United States trade deficit with Japan, which had remained between US$40 billion and US$48 billion annually since the mid-1980s. The persisting United States trade and budget deficits of the early 1980s led to a series of decisions in the middle of the decade that brought a major realignment of the value of

title: Economic relations of Japan

text: total cumulative investment slipped, from 26.5 percent in 1975 to 17.3 percent in 1988. China is now Japan's largest export market, surpassing the U.S. despite a drop in overall trade, according to recent figures from the Japan External Trade Organization. Japan's exports to China fell 25.3% during the first half of 2009 to $46.5 billion, but due to a steeper drop in shipments to the U.S., China became Japan's largest trade destination for the first time. China is also Japan's largest source of imports. The importance of the Middle East expanded dramatically in the 1970s with the jumps in crude

title: Manufacturing in the United States

text: so that Japanese products fell in price by 12%. Second, Fed Chair Paul Volcker raised US interest rates such that the US dollar appreciated. This was the opposite policy from that which a rise in Japanese productivity would have dicated, and the US policy action made Japanese products 30% cheaper than American until 1986. The US machine tool sector never recovered from this body blow. Between 1983 and 2005, U.S. exports grew by 340 percent, with exports of manufactured goods increasing by 407 percent over the same period. In 1983, the primary export commodities were transportation equipment, computer and electronic

title: Japan–United States relations

text: Japanese and United States currencies. The stronger Japanese currency gave Japan the ability to purchase more United States goods and to make important investments in the United States. By the late 1980s, Japan was the main international creditor. Japan's growing investment in the United States—it was the second largest investor after Britain—led to complaints from some American constituencies. Moreover, Japanese industry seemed well positioned to use its economic power to invest in the high-technology products in which United States manufacturers were still leaders. The United States's ability to compete under these circumstances was seen by many Japanese and Americans as

title: Foreign policy of the Donald Trump administration

text: whom I can have confidence". However, after the meeting Trump continued to complain about Japan's currency and its auto industry. In January 2017 President Trump formally renounced the Trans-Pacific Partnership, in which Japan would have been a key player, but left open the option of bilateral trade negotiations. During a visit to Japan in January 2017, Defense Secretary Mattis reaffirmed that the U.S. was committed to the defense of Japan. In February 2017 Abe met with Trump in Washington, followed by a Florida golf excursion. Trump promised to strengthen ties between the two nations and said the U.S. is committed

title: Japanese asset price bubble

text: between the countries. At that time, Japan had a huge trade surplus, as the Japanese yen was weaker against U.S. dollar, while the United States suffered from a consistent trade deficit. The reason behind the accord was partially complaints by the States regarding the imbalance in the exchange rate between the yen and the dollar, since most Japanese products imported in the States had higher quality and cheaper prices than the domestic products due to the weaker yen against the dollar. After reaching a settlement in the Plaza Accord, central banks in participated countries started selling U.S. dollars. In Japan's

title: Japan–United States relations

text: Automobiles were by far the largest single category, amounting to US$21.5 billion in 1990, or 24% of total Japanese exports to the United States. Automotive parts accounted for another US$10.7 billion. Other major items were office machinery (including computers), which totaled US$8.6 billion in 1990, telecommunications equipment (US$4.1 billion) and power-generating machinery (US$451 million). From the mid-1960s, the trade balance has been in Japan's favor. According to Japanese data, its surplus with the United States grew from US$380 million in 1970 to nearly US$48 billion in 1988, declining to approximately US$38 billion in 1990. United States data on the trade

title: Japan–United States relations

text: relationship (which differ slightly because each nation includes transportation costs on the import side but not the export side) also show a rapid deterioration of the imbalance in the 1980s, from a Japanese surplus of US$10 billion in 1980 to one of US$60 billion in 1987, with an improvement to one of US$37.7 billion in 1990. Notable outpourings of United States congressional and media rhetoric critical of Japan accompanied the disclosure in 1987 that Toshiba had illegally sold sophisticated machinery of United States origin to the Soviet Union, which reportedly allowed Moscow to make submarines quiet enough to avoid United

title: Japan–United States relations

text: up new Guidelines for Japan-United States Defense Cooperation, under which military planners of the two countries have conducted studies relating to joint military action in the event of an armed attack on Japan. On the economic front, Japan sought to ease trade frictions by agreeing to Orderly Marketing Arrangements, which limited exports on products whose influx into the United States was creating political problems. In 1977 an Orderly Marketing Arrangement limiting Japanese color television exports to the United States was signed, following the pattern of an earlier disposition of the textile problem. Steel exports to the United States were also

title: Trade policy of Japan

text: were subject to such restraints at various times. Japan began the postwar period with heavy import barriers. Virtually all products were subject to government quotas, many faced high tariffs, and MITI had authority over the allocation of the foreign exchange that companies needed to pay for any import. These policies were justified at the time by the weakened position of Japanese industry and the country's chronic trade deficits. By the late 1950s, Japan's international trade had regained its prewar level, and its balance of payments displayed sufficient strength for its rigid protectionism to be increasingly difficult to justify. The IMF

title: Trade policy of Japan

text: 301" provision, nations were to be named as unfair trading partners and specific products chosen for negotiation, as appropriate, with retaliation against the exports of these nations should negotiations fail to provide satisfactory results. Japan was named an unfair trading nation in 1989, and negotiations began on forest products, supercomputers, and telecommunications satellites. By the end of the 1980s, however, some internally generated changes in import policy appeared to be under way in Japan. The rapid appreciation of the yen after 1985, which made imports more attractive, stimulated a domestic debate over nontariff barriers and other structural features of the

title: Bank of Japan

text: reduced the official bank rate from 9.0% to 8.25% in August, to 7.25% in November, and to 5.5% in December in 1981. Reaganomics was set in America, and USD became strong. However, Japan tried to make fiscal reconstruction at that time, so they did not stop their financial regulation. In 1985, the agreement of G5 nations, known as the Plaza agreement, USD slipped down and Yen/USD changed from 240yen/$ to 200yen/$ at the end of 1985. Even in 1986, USD continued to fall and reached 160yen/$. In order to escape deflation, BOJ cut the official bank rate from 5% to

title: Japan–United States relations

text: of Japan-United States currencies in the mid-1980s. The currency realignment resulted in a rapid rise of United States costs in Japan, which the Japanese government, upon United States request, was willing to offset. Another set of examples was provided by Japan's willingness to respond to United States requests for foreign assistance to countries considered of strategic importance to the West. During the 1980s, United States officials voiced appreciation for Japan's "strategic aid" to countries such as Pakistan, Turkey, Egypt, and Jamaica. Prime Minister Kaifu Toshiki's pledges of support for East European and Middle Eastern countries in 1990 fit the pattern

title: Trade policy of Japan

text: growth. In 1973 Japan's import price index was at essentially the same level as in 1955, partly because of the appreciation of the yen after 1971, which reduced the yen price of imports, but also because of the reduced costs of ocean shipping and stable prices for food and raw materials. For the rest of the 1970s, however, import prices skyrocketed, climbing 219% from 1973 to 1980. This dramatic price rise, especially for petroleum but by no means confined to it, was responsible for the rapid growth of the dollar value of imports during the 1970s, despite the slower growth

title: Japan–Thailand Economic Partnership Agreement

text: will immediately remove the tariffs on half of all Japanese steel imports. The remainder will be duty-free by 2017. Over the next few years, Thailand will remove the tariffs on Japanese fruits such as apples, pears and yams. By 2011, Thailand will immediately reduce the tariffs on Japanese automobiles with an engine displacement of 3000 cc or larger to 60 percent from 80 percent. The two countries will hold talks again in 2009 on total tariff elimination for those vehicles in mid-2010s. By 2012, Japanese auto parts except five will become duty-free. The remaining five will become duty-free in over

title: Trade policy of Japan

text: declined to US$52.1 billion. Underlying trends throughout the 1970s and 1980s were the fundamental strength of Japan's export sector. Under the fixed exchange rates of the 1960s, exports became progressively more competitive on world markets, lifting the country out of the persistent trade deficits that had continued into the early years of the decade. During the 1970s, rapid export expansion extricated the country from the deficits immediately following the two oil price shocks of 1973 and 1979. Continuing export strength then drove the nation to the extraordinary trade surpluses of the 1980s, as the temporary burden of costly oil imports


question: who gets the golden boot if its a tie

answers: shared

title: TT Pro League Golden Boot

text: TT Pro League Golden Boot The TT Pro League Golden Boot is an annual Trinidad and Tobago football award given at the beginning of each TT Pro League calendar year to the top goalscorer for the previous season. The Golden Boot has been awarded since the establishment of the Pro League in 1999. The top-scoring Pro League Golden Boot winner is Arnold Dwarika with 45 goals in 28 games during the league's inaugural season. Devorn Jorsling has won the award the most times (4) having scored the most league goals during the 2008, 2010–11, 2012–13, and 2014–15 seasons, all when

title: TT Pro League Golden Boot

text: the first to win four Golden Boots in 2008, 2010–11, 2012–13, and 2014–15. No player has won the award in consecutive years. TT Pro League Golden Boot The TT Pro League Golden Boot is an annual Trinidad and Tobago football award given at the beginning of each TT Pro League calendar year to the top goalscorer for the previous season. The Golden Boot has been awarded since the establishment of the Pro League in 1999. The top-scoring Pro League Golden Boot winner is Arnold Dwarika with 45 goals in 28 games during the league's inaugural season. Devorn Jorsling has won

title: I-League Golden Boot

text: thrice while playing for Churchill Brothers. Aser Pierrick Dipanda of Mohun Bagan is the latest winner of the Golden Boot, his consecutive second. During the 2017–18 season, he scored 13 goals in 18 matches. As of the March 2018 six players have won the golden boot award. Only three player has won the award more than once with Ranti winning the award most times with five wins. Winning the golden boot though might not translate into league success as thrice once in eleven I-League seasons as the team which has the golden boot winner won the league as well and

title: MLS Golden Boot

text: MLS Golden Boot The MLS Golden Boot (currently the Audi Golden Boot for sponsorship reasons) has been awarded since the 2005 season to Major League Soccer's regular–season leading scorer. The award replaced the MLS Scoring Champion Award that was awarded since the league's inception in 1996. Prior to 2005 MLS used a point system that awarded two points for a goal and one point for an assist to give the MLS Scoring Champion Award. Since 2005 Major League Soccer has awarded the MLS Golden Boot to the player who has scored the most goals outright, with ties being broken by

title: TT Pro League Golden Boot

text: been an increasing presence of foreign players in the Pro League, there has not been a foreign-born player to win the Golden Boot since 2008. Since the 2009 season, Trinidad and Tobago international players Kerry Baptiste, Marcus Joseph, Devorn Jorsling, and Richard Roy have won the award. Although Arnold Dwarika has the highest number of goals scored to win the Golden Boot with 45, Jerren Nixon has the highest strike rate of 1.76 (37 goals in 21 games) in winning the Golden Boot during North East Stars' championship winning season in 2004. Every winner of the Golden Boot has thus

title: MLS Golden Boot

text: assists. MLS Golden Boot The MLS Golden Boot (currently the Audi Golden Boot for sponsorship reasons) has been awarded since the 2005 season to Major League Soccer's regular–season leading scorer. The award replaced the MLS Scoring Champion Award that was awarded since the league's inception in 1996. Prior to 2005 MLS used a point system that awarded two points for a goal and one point for an assist to give the MLS Scoring Champion Award. Since 2005 Major League Soccer has awarded the MLS Golden Boot to the player who has scored the most goals outright, with ties being broken

title: I-League Golden Boot

text: I-League Golden Boot The I-League Golden Boot is an annual Indian association football award given to the top goalscorer at the end of the I-League season, the top domestic league competition in club Football in India, since its creation in 2007. The top-scoring I-League Golden Boot winner is Ranty Martins Soleye with 32 goals in a 26-game season with Odafe Onyeka Okolie holding the record when the league was an 18-game season with 22 goals. Ranti won the award for most number of times with 5 wins however Odafe has won the award most times for a single club, winning

title: Premier League Golden Boot

text: Premier League Golden Boot The Premier League Golden Boot is an annual association football award presented to the leading goalscorer in the Premier League. For sponsorship purposes, it was called the Carling Golden Boot from 1994 to 2001, from 2001 to 2004 as the Barclaycard Golden Boot, and the Barclays Golden Boot (2005–2016). Since 2017, it is known as the Cadbury Golden Boot. In addition to the trophy, winners of the Golden Boot are usually given £1,000 for every goal they scored throughout the season to donate to a charity of their choice, although Robin van Persie was given £30,000

title: TT Pro League Golden Boot

text: far recorded an average strike rate of at least two goals every three matches, and scored a minimum of 14 goals. In fact, combining the statistics for all winners, a Pro League Golden Boot winner scores an average of 20 goals from 24 games, a strike rate of around 0.83 goals per appearance. The Golden Boot winner has helped his respective team to the TT Pro League championship eight years during the award-winning season. Devorn Jorsling is currently the only player who has been able to win the TT Pro League Golden Boot multiple times with four. Thus, he became

title: Premier League Golden Boot

title: I-League

text: each. Odafe Onyeka Okolie and Ranti Martins are both currently the holders of the most golden boot titles with three and four each. The two Nigerians make up the seven golden boots won by Nigerians, the most of any nationality in the league. The I-League has only been awarding a proper trophy to the champion since 2013 when the 2012–13 season champions, Churchill Brothers, won the league. Before 2013 the I-League champions received a basic trophy. The new trophy was designed in Europe and is modeled along the lines of the champion trophies in the top European leagues. Regarding the

title: I-League Golden Boot

text: the latest was in 2015-16 when scoring leader Sunil Chhetri and his team, Bengaluru won the league. The following table is a list of winners of the I-League Golden Boot per season, detailing their club, goal tally, actual games played, and their strike rate (goals/games). Ever sense the beginning of the I-League in 2007, only one Indian player had been the I-League Golden Boot winner with Sunil Chettri winning the award in 2013-14 season. The following table lists the top Indian goalscorer in each season and their overall ranking in that season's top scorer table. I-League Golden Boot The I-League

title: FIFA World Cup awards

text: the top goalscorer of the FIFA World Cup. While every World Cup had a ranking of the goalscorers, the first time an award was given was in 1982, under the name Golden Shoe. It was rechristened Golden Boot in 2010. FIFA sometimes lists the top goalscorers of previous Cups among the Golden Boot winners. If there is more than one player with the same number of goals, since 1994 the tie-breaker goes to the player without a penalty goal, if none has a penalty then the tie breaker goes to the person with more assists - with the FIFA Technical

title: Pakistan Premier League Golden Boot

text: each season. Mehmood won the award for most number of times with 5 wins, all of them with WAPDA. Muhammad Rasool of K-Electric is the latest winner of the Golden Boot, his second. During the 2014–15 season, he scored 22 goals in 22 matches. As of the December 2018 six players have won the golden boot award. Only two player has won the award more than once with Mehmood winning the award most times with five wins. The following table is a list of winners of the I-League Golden Boot per season, detailing their club, goal tally, actual games played,

title: FIFA Women's World Cup awards

text: representatives of the media. Those who finish as runners-up in the vote receive the "Silver Ball" and "Bronze Ball" awards as the second and third most outstanding players in the tournament respectively. The "Golden Boot" or "Golden Shoe" Award goes to the top goalscorer of the FIFA World Cup. It was introduced at the 1991 FIFA Women's World Cup. If more than one player finishes the tournament with the same number of goals, the tie goes to the player who has contributed the most assists (with the FIFA Technical Study Group deciding whether an assist is to be counted as

title: CSL Golden Boot

text: CSL Golden Boot The Canadian Soccer League Golden Boot is an annual Canadian soccer award given to the top goalscorer for each season in the Canadian Soccer League. The Golden Boot has been awarded since 1998 when the league debuted as the Canadian Professional Soccer League. The highest ranked CSL Golden Boot goalscorer is Gus Kouzmanis with 33 goals during the league's inaugural season. Kouzmanis has also won the award the most times (2) during the 1998, and 2000 seasons. Players from nine countries, other than Canada, have won the Golden Boot including Croatia (Tihomir Maletic, 2010, Dražen Vuković, 2012,

title: Premier League

text: issued annually for Manager of the Season, Player of the Season. and Goal of the Season. The Golden Boot award is given to the top goalscorer of every season, The Playmaker of the Season award is given to the player who make the most assists of every season and the Golden Glove award is given to the goalkeeper with the most clean sheets at the end of the season. From the 2017–18 season, players also receive a milestone award for 100 appearances and every century there after and also players who score 50 goals and multiples thereof. Each player to

title: Lesley Manyathela Golden Boot

text: the most by any nation. Lesley Manyathela Golden Boot The Lesley Manyathela Golden Boot is an annual association football award presented by the Premier Soccer League to the leading goalscorer in the South African Premier Division. The award, colloquially known as the golden boot or PSL Golden Boot, has been presented since the inception of the post-apartheid format of the league in 1996. It was named in 2003 in honour of Lesley Manyathela, a South African international footballer and former recipient of the award who died in a motor vehicle collision in August of that year. Wilfred Mugeyi was the

title: Lesley Manyathela Golden Boot

text: Lesley Manyathela Golden Boot The Lesley Manyathela Golden Boot is an annual association football award presented by the Premier Soccer League to the leading goalscorer in the South African Premier Division. The award, colloquially known as the golden boot or PSL Golden Boot, has been presented since the inception of the post-apartheid format of the league in 1996. It was named in 2003 in honour of Lesley Manyathela, a South African international footballer and former recipient of the award who died in a motor vehicle collision in August of that year. Wilfred Mugeyi was the first recipient of the award

title: Pakistan Premier League Golden Boot

text: Pakistan Premier League Golden Boot The Pakistan Premier League Golden Boot is an annual Pakistani association football award given to the top goalscorer at the end of the Pakistan Premier League season, the top domestic league competition in club Football in Pakistan, since its creation in 2004. The top-scoring Pakistan Premier League Golden Boot winner is Kaleemullah Khan with 35 goals in a 30-game season with Muhammad Rasool holding the record when the league was an 22-game and 26-game season with 22 goals each and Arif Mehmood holding record when league was an 16-game and 18-game season with 20 goals

title: Pakistan Premier League Golden Boot

text: and their strike rate (goals/games). Pakistan Premier League Golden Boot The Pakistan Premier League Golden Boot is an annual Pakistani association football award given to the top goalscorer at the end of the Pakistan Premier League season, the top domestic league competition in club Football in Pakistan, since its creation in 2004. The top-scoring Pakistan Premier League Golden Boot winner is Kaleemullah Khan with 35 goals in a 30-game season with Muhammad Rasool holding the record when the league was an 22-game and 26-game season with 22 goals each and Arif Mehmood holding record when league was an 16-game and

title: FAM Football Awards

text: M-League. Formerly known as Supermokh Most Valuable Player (2011), it is now known as "Most Valuable Players Award". The Golden Boot award is awarded to the top scorer of Malaysia Super League and Malaysia Premier League in that particular season. Formerly known as Most Favourite Coach (2005-07), it is now known as "Best Coach Award". Formerly known as Most Favourite Football Association (2005-06),it is now known as "Best Football Association/Club Award This category no longer available since 2005-06 This category no longer available since 2005-06 Formerly known as Most Favourite Referee (2005-06),it is now known as "Best Referee and in

title: W-League Golden Boot

text: W-League Golden Boot The W-League Golden Boot is an annual association football award presented to the leading goalscorer in the Australian W-League. The W-League was established in 2008 as the top tier of women's football in Australia. There have always been between seven and nine teams in the league (currently nine). The award is given to the top-scorer over the regular season (not including the finals series). The inaugural award was won by Leena Khamis of Sydney FC. Michelle Heyman has won the award twice, the only player to have done so. England's Jodie Taylor is the only foreigner to

title: W-League Golden Boot

text: have won the award. Khamis scored the fewest to win with seven. W-League Golden Boot The W-League Golden Boot is an annual association football award presented to the leading goalscorer in the Australian W-League. The W-League was established in 2008 as the top tier of women's football in Australia. There have always been between seven and nine teams in the league (currently nine). The award is given to the top-scorer over the regular season (not including the finals series). The inaugural award was won by Leena Khamis of Sydney FC. Michelle Heyman has won the award twice, the only player

title: 2014 FIFA World Cup awards

text: World Cup. If two or more players are tied on goals, the ranking is decided by the number of assists. If still tied, the players who played the least minutes are ranked first. The players who finish second and third are given the Silver Boot and Bronze Boot respectively. The top ten players were as follows: The adidas Golden Glove is given to the most outstanding goalkeeper at the FIFA World Cup. On 11 July 2014, the FIFA Technical Study Group announced the three-player shortlist for the Golden Glove award. The Hyundai Young Player Award is given to the most

title: Premier League Golden Boot

text: Premier League Golden Boot, with Henry achieving this on two occasions (2004 and 2005). Shearer, Hasselbaink and Van Persie are the only players to win the Golden Boot with two clubs. Andy Cole and Shearer – with 34 goals in 1993–94 and 1994–95, respectively – scored the most goals to win the Golden Boot when the Premier League was a 42-game season, Mohamed Salah with 32 goals in 2017–18 holds the record for the current 38-game season, while Nicolas Anelka scored the fewest to clinch the award outright, with 19 goals in 2008–09. The all-time record for lowest number of

title: CSL Golden Boot

text: & Marin Vučemilović-Grgić 2014), Trinidad and Tobago (Kevin Nelson, 2001), England (Darren Tilley, 2002), Jamaica (Richard West, 2015), Northern Ireland (Paul Munster, 2004), United States (Aaron Byrd, 2005), Romania (Gabriel Pop, 2006), France (Guillaume Surot, 2014), and Ukraine (Sergiy Ivliev, 2016). The club with the most top goalscorers is the Toronto/Mississauga Olympians with 4 wins followed by London City, and the Trois-Rivières Attak with 2. Canadian Soccer League MVP Award CSL Golden Boot The Canadian Soccer League Golden Boot is an annual Canadian soccer award given to the top goalscorer for each season in the Canadian Soccer League. The Golden

title: I-League

text: I-League in the league's opening season and he has the most I-League championships at three. Mariano Dias and Khalid Jamil the only other Indian coach to win the I-League. The current head coaches in the I-League are: Season after season, players in the I-League compete for the golden boot title, which is awarded at the end of each season to the top scorer throughout the entire season. The most recent winners of the golden boot are Sunil Chhetri, Darryl Duffy, and Cornell Glenn, who all won the golden boot at the end of the 2013–14 season after scoring 14 goals

title: European Golden Shoe

text: European Golden Shoe The European Golden Shoe or Golden Boot is an award that is presented each season to the leading goalscorer in league matches from the top division of every European national league. The trophy is a sculpture of a football boot. From its inception in the 1967–68 season, the award, originally called "Soulier d'Or", which translates from French as "Golden Shoe" or "Boot", has been given to the top goalscorer in all European leagues that season, with a weighting in favour of the highest ranked leagues. Originally presented by "L'Équipe" magazine, it has been awarded by the European

title: Leeds Rhinos

text: handed out annually for achievements in rugby league by Rugby League World magazine. The Golden Boot is given, usually in December after the conclusion of all the year's matches, to the player adjudged to be the best in the world, as determined by a ballot of international media representatives. It was decided by the judges that Garry Schofield should be the winner in 1990, but unfortunately the sponsors of the Golden Boot backed out and the award was shelved. After a nine-year hiatus, League Publications Ltd, having bought Rugby League World, brought back the award in 1999. In 2011 they

title: Premier League Golden Boot

long_answer: Andy Cole and Shearer – with 34 goals in 1993–94 and 1994–95, respectively – scored the most goals to win the Golden Boot, while Nicolas Anelka scored the fewest to clinch the award outright, with 19 goals in 2008–09. The all-time record for lowest number of goals scored to be bestowed the award, however, is 18 goals; this was achieved during the 1997–98 and 1998–99 seasons, when the award was shared between three players both times. The latter season marked the last time the Golden Boot was shared until 2010–11, when Dimitar Berbatov and Carlos Tevez both scored 20 goals that season to tie for the award. Harry Kane recorded the highest goals-to-games ratio to win the award, scoring 29 goals in 30 games in 2016–17 for a rate of 0.97.


question: who is the minister of local government in zimbabwe

answers: Hon July Moyo

title: Martin Moyo

text: In 2008 he was elected Councillor for Bulawayo's Ward 3. He retained this seat in the 2013 municipal elections and was elected Mayor of the City of Bulawayo. In 2014 Moyo was elected president of the Urban Councils Association of Zimbabwe (UCAZ). In 2015 Moyo was elected President of the Zimbabwe Local Government Authority (ZILGA). ZILGA is the umbrella or apex association which oversees UCAZ and ARDCZ ( Association of Rural District Councils of Zimbabwe). Martin Moyo Martin K. Moyo is the former Mayor of the City of Bulawayo in Zimbabwe. He was born on 30 December 1952, and is

title: Elias Mudzuri

text: and also holds Masters in Public Administration from the University. Mudzuri is a member of the Movement for Democratic Change, the opposition party led by Morgan Tsvangirai. His election as mayor came about after Harare's citizens sued the national government for autonomous elections, required by the nation's constitution but never held. From 1999 forward, President Mugabe had appointed ministers of the national government to run local government in Harare, which was illegal under the constitution. Mudzuri defeated ZANU-PF candidate Amos Midzi in the March 2002 mayoral election by a large margin, receiving 262,275 votes against 56,796 votes for Midzi. Almost

title: Ignatius Chombo

text: Ignatius Chombo Ignatius Morgen Chiminya Chombo (born 1 August 1952) was a Zimbabwean politician who was Minister of Finance in 2017. Previously he has served in the Cabinet of Zimbabwe as Minister of Home Affairs from 2015-17, Minister of Local Government, Public Works and Urban Development from 2000-2015. During his time as Minister of Local Government, Public Works and Urban Development, a forcible slum clearance operation, Operation Murambatsvina, was carried out. He claimed the operation was about restoring order. Chombo was nominated as ZANU-PF's candidate for the House of Assembly seat from Zvimba North, in Mashonaland West, in the March

title: Elias Mudzuri

text: as Executive Mayor without pay, and locked him out of his office. His deputy mayor, Sekesai Makwavarara, was appointed as acting mayor by the central government. On 10 February 2009, Mudzuri was selected by Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai to sit as minister of Energy and Power Development in the unity coalition cabinet. Elias Mudzuri Elias Mudzuri is a Zimbabwean engineer and politician. Mudzuri was elected to a four-year term as Mayor of Harare, a city of 1.8 million, in March 2002. He was Acting president of Movement for Democratic Change (MDC-T). Trained in Sierre Leone as a civil engineer, the

title: Muchadeyi Masunda

text: Muchadeyi Masunda Muchadeyi Masunda is a Zimbabwean businessman and politician. He was the mayor of Harare, the capital city of Zimbabwe, elected in 2008. As chairman of 12 companies and director of two, the 59-year-old is also well known in Zimbabwean cricket, golf and tennis. He is a member of the Court of Arbitration for Sport based in Switzerland. A prominent businessman and lawyer, Masunda was elected unanimously by the Harare council on 2 July 2008 for a five-year term after Emmanuel Chiroto, an MDC member who was previously elected executive mayor by the MDC-majority council on 15 June, voluntarily

title: Giles Mutsekwa

text: Giles Mutsekwa Giles Mutsekwa (born 14 September 1948) is a Zimbabwean politician. He was appointed to the unity government as one of two co-ministers of Home Affairs by Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai in February 2009 and sworn into office on February 13. He concurrently served as secretary for Security and Intelligence of the MDC-T, and served as MP for Mutare North from 2000 to 2008. In 2010, he was reassigned and became Minister for Housing. Earlier in his political career, he was a member of Zimbabwe Unity Movement and the Manicaland Provincial Chairman. He also joined The Democratic Party and

title: Francis Nhema

text: Francis Nhema Francis Nhema (born 17 April 1959) is a Zimbabwean politician, who served as Minister of Youth Development, Indigenisation and Empowerment from 2013 to 2014. He previously was Minister of the Environment and Tourism. He is MP of the Shurugwi District. He was educated at Strathclyde University in Scotland. He benefited from the seizure of land from white farmers, taking over a 10 km² farm, Nyamanda, in the Karoi district about 200 km north of Harare, from farmer Chris Shepherd. During his tenure as Minister for the Environment, national parks have suffered greatly from poaching. He was elected on

title: Jessie Majome

text: & Co. Legal Practitioners. She is a former Zimbabwe Deputy Minister of Justice, Legal and Parliamentary Affairs and then Deputy Minister for Women's Affairs, Gender and Community Development (Zimbabwe)|Women's Affairs, Gender and Community Development.She was elected Councillor Ward 1 and Chairperson of Hwange Local Board in 2003 but was dismissed in 2004 by the ruling party Minister of Local Government for not obeying his directive to rescind her suspension of the board's Chief Executive Officer . Her urgent High Court challenge of her removal is still pending. She holds a Master of Laws (L.L.M.) University of South Africa 2004, a

title: Saviour Kasukuwere

text: of Parliament for Mount Darwin South Parliamentary Constituency since 2000. From 2005 until February 2009, he served as the Zimbabwean Deputy Minister of Youth Development and Employment Creation. Kasukuwere was Minister of Youth Development, Indigenisation and Empowerment from 2009 to 2013. Following President Robert Mugabe's victory in the July 2013 presidential election, he moved Kasukuwere to the post of Minister of the Environment on 10 September 2013. President Mugabe moved Kasukuwere to the post of Minister of Local Government, Public Works and National Housing on 6 July 2015. In October 2017 the ministry was expanded to include Rural Development. On

title: Ministry of Local Government and Urban Development (Zimbabwe)

text: The Ministry of Local Government, Rural and Urban Development is a government ministry, responsible for local government in Zimbabwe. The incumbent minister is Hon July Moyo and the deputy minister is Sesel Zvidzai.  It oversees:

title: Elias Mudzuri

text: Elias Mudzuri Elias Mudzuri is a Zimbabwean engineer and politician. Mudzuri was elected to a four-year term as Mayor of Harare, a city of 1.8 million, in March 2002. He was Acting president of Movement for Democratic Change (MDC-T). Trained in Sierre Leone as a civil engineer, the mayor is a Fellow of the Zimbabwe Institution of Engineers. Before becoming mayor, he had worked in local government for fourteen years. He is married to Jabu Mudzuri, a Swazi national, and the couple have five children. Mr. Mudzuri was a Mason Fellow in the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University

title: Tabetha Kanengoni Malinga

text: Tabetha Kanengoni Malinga Tabetha Kanengoni Malinga is a Zimbabwean politician and former Minister of State in the Office of former vice-president of Zimbabwe Phelekezela Mphoko. Malinga's first entry into politics was in 2008 after she graduated from the University of Cape Town with a degree in Politics and Gender Studies. She was elected to the National Assembly of Zimbabwe to represent the Mazowe Central constituency in 2013. At that time she was 31 years old. She was subsequently appointed as Deputy Minister of Sports, Arts and Culture making her the youngest member of former President Robert Mugabe’s government. She is

title: Saviour Kasukuwere

text: exile, he finally returned home. Saviour Kasukuwere Saviour Kasukuwere is a Zimbabwean politician who served in the government of Zimbabwe as Minister of Local Government, Rural Development and National Housing between October and November 2017. He was also the ZANU–PF party's national political commissar until December 2017. Before that he was Minister of Youth Development, Indigenisation and Empowerment, and Minister of the Environment, Water and Climate. He has been a member of the Pan-African Parliament since 2004. He was Deputy Secretary of Youth Affairs in the Politburo of the Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front and subsequently Secretary for the Commissariat.

title: Nelson Chamisa

text: in Bulawayo, he was elected as the Party's Organising secretary, a post which previously belonged to Elias Mudzuri. In Parliament, he is a member of the portfolio committees of Defence and Home Affairs, Public Accounts, Gender and Youth and Transport and Communications. Chamisa is also a member of the Local Government, Public Works & Urban Development and the African Caribbean and Pacific Parliament. He is a former secretary-general of the Zimbabwe National Students Union. In March 2007 he was attacked at Harare International Airport as he attempted to leave the country for Belgium; he was admitted to a hospital with

title: Muchadeyi Masunda

text: stood down from the mayoralty and accepted the position of deputy mayor, after allegations that his wife was captured and tortured by Zanu-PF youth. Masunda is the first non-MDC member to take office as mayor since before the election of Elias Mudzuri in 2002, and chooses not to be associated with any political party. Masunda was chief executive officer for Associated Newspapers of Zimbabwe (ANZ), the parent company of "The Daily News", which was controversially banned by the government even after the court ruled that the newspaper should be allowed to resume operations. Critics, such as Masunda himself, claim that

title: Herbert Murerwa

text: 2017 Zimbabwe coup d'etat, announced the dissolution of the Zimbabwe Cabinet, leaving only Patrick Chinamasa and Simbarashe Mumbengegwi as acting ministers of Finance and Foreign Affairs respectively. Herbert Murerwa Herbert Muchemwa Murerwa (born 31 July 1941) is a Zimbabwean politician. He served as the Minister of Finance in the Government of Zimbabwe from 1996 to 2000, from August 2002 to February 2004, and again from 26 April 2004 to 6 February 2007. He has been Minister of Lands and Land Resettlement since February 2009. In a cabinet reshuffle on 9 February 2004, Murerwa was replaced as Finance Minister by his

title: Simbarashe Mumbengegwi

text: Zimbabwe from the Midlands Province, and he was the Deputy Speaker and Chairman of Committees of the House of Assembly from 1980 to 1981. He joined the Cabinet as Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1981, serving in that position until 1982, when he became Minister of Water Resources and Development. Later in the same year, he was moved to the position of Minister of National Housing, in which position he remained for two years. He was then Minister of Public Construction and National Housing from 1984 to 1988 and Minister of Transport from 1988 to 1990. From 1981 to

text: Ministry of Women's Affairs, Gender and Community Development (Zimbabwe) The Ministry of Women's Affairs, Gender and Community Development is a government ministry, responsible for gender and community issues in Zimbabwe. The most recent minister was Olivia Muchena since February 13, 2009 and the deputy minister was Evelyn Masaiti. It was established in 2005 and was headed by Opa Muchinguri from its inception until January 3, 2009, when she was dismissed from office. Sithembiso Nyoni gained the portfolio of the office until Muchena was sworn into office. On 30 November, incumbent President Emmerson Mnangagwa appointed Sithembiso Nyoni as the minister for

title: Jessie Majome

text: Jessie Majome Fungayi Jessie Majome (born 20 December 1971) is a Member of the National Assembly of the Parliament of Zimbabwe for Harare West constituency on an MDC-T ticket elected 1st in 2008 and then in 2013. She is Chairperson of its Portfolio Committee on Justice, Legal and Parliamentary Affairs. She is a member of the Parliamentary Legal Committee and the Portfolio Committee on Local Government Rural and Urban Development. Member of National Executive Committee of the Movement for Democratic Change Party (MDC-T) and its Secretary for Constitutional and Parliamentary Affairs. She is the founder and principal at Jessie Majome

title: Josiah Tungamirai

text: air chief marshal and serve as the commander of the Air Force of Zimbabwe. In 1992 Tungamirai was replaced by Perence Shiri as Air Force commander. In early 2004, Tungamirai was elected to parliament from Gutu North in a by-election. He was soon afterwards appointed to the Cabinet as Minister of State for Indigenisation and Empowerment on 9 February 2004. Following what anonymous members of Tungamirai's family said were problems with rejection of a kidney transplant carried out several years previously, Tungamirai was flown to a South African hospital for emergency treatment. He died there on 25 August 2005. After

title: Ignatius Chombo

text: accusations of corruption and abuse of power during his tenure as Minister of Local Government, Public Works and Urban Development. Per the state prosecutor, he faces three counts of corruption, including attempt to defraud the Zimbabwean central bank in 2004. New charges of corruption were brought against him on 14 December. According to his lawyer Lovemore Madhuku, the case refers to accusations of illegally resettling people evicted by the government on privately owned land and then demanding bribe from the owner to make them leave. Ignatius Chombo Ignatius Morgen Chiminya Chombo (born 1 August 1952) was a Zimbabwean politician who

title: Emmanuel Chiroto

text: Emmanuel Chiroto Emmanuel Chiroto is the deputy mayor of Harare, Zimbabwe. He is also a member of the Harare City Council. In the March 2008 election, the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) won 45 of the 46 local council seats in Harare. Chiroto, who is a member of the MDC was elected as Mayor of Harare by the councillors on June 15. Ignatius Chombo, the Minister of Local Government, had not sworn in the new local administrations, and because the elected Harare councillors were not allowed to meet at Harare's Town House, they met elsewhere to elect Chiroto. On the

title: Obedingwa Mguni

text: Obedingwa Mguni Obedingwa Mguni is a Zimbabwean Politician who has been a Member of Parliament since 2013 . He is the former Deputy Minister of Home Affairs in Zimbabwe (2015-2017), and the 9th Parliament of Zimbabwe’s ZANU PF Parliamentary Deputy Chief Whip. He is also ZANU PF’s Provincial Treasurer in Mat. South. He is also the chairperson of Democratisation, Good Governance and Human Rights in Southern African Development Community (SADC) Parliament. He was born on 1 December 1962, he is married to Hlalani Mguni (M. 1993) and together they have three children Doris, Bongani and Simphiwe. Mguni took part in

title: Lazarus Dokora

text: Lazarus Dokora Lazarus Dokora was the Zimbabwe Minister of Education, Sport and Culture. On November 27, 2017, Emmerson Mnangagwa, who succeeded ousted President Robert Mugabe, announced the dissolution of the Zimbabwe Cabinet, leaving only Patrick Chinamasa and Simbarashe Mumbengegwi as acting ministers of Finance and Foreign Affairs respectively. Dokora was an MP from Rushinga National Assembly, before losing to Wonder Mashange in the general elections in 2013. He was appointed as the Minister of Primary and Secondary Education on November 30, 2017 by President Emmerson Mnangagwa. He was dropped by Mnangagwa as Minister for Primary and Secondary Education on 2

title: Saviour Kasukuwere

text: Saviour Kasukuwere Saviour Kasukuwere is a Zimbabwean politician who served in the government of Zimbabwe as Minister of Local Government, Rural Development and National Housing between October and November 2017. He was also the ZANU–PF party's national political commissar until December 2017. Before that he was Minister of Youth Development, Indigenisation and Empowerment, and Minister of the Environment, Water and Climate. He has been a member of the Pan-African Parliament since 2004. He was Deputy Secretary of Youth Affairs in the Politburo of the Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front and subsequently Secretary for the Commissariat. He has been the Member

title: Elton Mangoma

text: of Democrats and is expected to run as their presidential candidate at the 2018 Zimbabwean General Election. Mangoma has also served in the following posts: Elton Mangoma Elton Steers Mangoma is a Zimbabwean politician, who is a former Minister of Economic Planning and Investment Promotion. and member of the House of Assembly for Makoni North (MDC-T). He currently serves as the president of the Coalition of Democrats. A senior official in Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai's Movement for Democratic Change, Mangoma was among the party's founding members in 1999. He was one of the country's first black chartered accountants. Before launching

title: Joseph Chinotimba

text: all instilling fear into the hearts of some of Nyoka's militant sons. Chinotimba resigned as chief inspector of the municipal police at the Harare City Council in July 2008 to concentrate on his work in politics and business. Joseph Chinotimba Joseph Chinotimba (born 23 March 1958) is a Zimbabwean political figure. He rose to prominence during the invasions of white-owned commercial farms that started after the 2000 referendum in Zimbabwe. He is widely regarded as a militant ZANU-PF cadre with unquestionable allegiance to the old guard of the ruling party. He is the National Vice-Chairman of the Zimbabwe National Liberation

title: Tabetha Kanengoni Malinga

text: well remembered for fighting against the corrupt tendencies of the then Zimbabwe Football Association (ZIFA) board which was led by Cathbert Dube. Tabetha Kanengoni Malinga Tabetha Kanengoni Malinga is a Zimbabwean politician and former Minister of State in the Office of former vice-president of Zimbabwe Phelekezela Mphoko. Malinga's first entry into politics was in 2008 after she graduated from the University of Cape Town with a degree in Politics and Gender Studies. She was elected to the National Assembly of Zimbabwe to represent the Mazowe Central constituency in 2013. At that time she was 31 years old. She was subsequently

title: Francis Nhema

text: 11 May 2007 to head the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development. When the ZANU–PF–Movement for Democratic Change national unity government was sworn in on 13 February 2009, Nhema was included in the Cabinet as Minister of the Environment. Francis Nhema Francis Nhema (born 17 April 1959) is a Zimbabwean politician, who served as Minister of Youth Development, Indigenisation and Empowerment from 2013 to 2014. He previously was Minister of the Environment and Tourism. He is MP of the Shurugwi District. He was educated at Strathclyde University in Scotland. He benefited from the seizure of land from white farmers, taking

title: Olivia Muchena

text: Olivia Muchena Olivia Nyembezi Muchena (born 18 August 1964) is a Zimbabwean politician and the former Minister of Higher Education in the Cabinet of Zimbabwe. She has also served as the Minister of Science and Technology Development and as the Minister of Women's Affairs. Muchena studied at Iowa State University and graduated with a PhD in agriculture and minors in social change and technology. During the late 1970s she was a faculty member at the University of Rhodesia. When Muchena started her career at the University of Zimbabwe in 1983, she held the positions of Deputy Dean and Senior Lecturer.


question: who are the dallas cowboys playing on thanksgiving

answers: Los Angeles Chargers

answers: the Detroit Lions

title: 2010 Dallas Cowboys season

text: in their annual Thanksgiving Day game. The Cowboys trailed early with RB Chris Ivory getting a 3-yard TD run, followed by kicker Garrett Hartley getting a 50-yard field goal, and then by Ivory making a 6-yard TD run. The Cowboys cut the lead as kicker David Buehler got a 21-yard field goal, but the Saints replied as Hartley nailed a 45-yard field goal. The Cowboys tried to come back as Buehler hit a 53-yard field goal, followed by Miles Austin getting a 60-yard TD run. The Cowboys trailed further with Hartley making a 28-yard field goal, but took the lead

title: Dallas Cowboys

text: home loss to the Arizona Cardinals 28–17 with backup QB Brandon Weeden. Romo returned in Week 9 to lead a 31–17 victory of the Jacksonville Jaguars which was played at Wembley Stadium in London, England as part of the NFL International Series. Dallas played their traditional Thanksgiving home game against division rival Philadelphia. Both teams were vying for first place in the division with identical 8–3 records. The Eagles got off to a fast start and the Cowboys were unable to catch up, losing 33–10. They would rebound the next week when they defeated Chicago 41–28. Week 15 was a

title: Leon Lett

text: ESPN fan list, at #2 in the ESPN expert panel, #3 on "Top 10 Foul-Ups" (along with the Thanksgiving play), and #9 on "Top 10 Worst Plays". The second play occurred during the next season and was more serious as it resulted in a Cowboy defeat. On Thanksgiving Day in 1993, during a rare snow and sleet storm in Dallas, the Cowboys, who came into the game with a 7–3 record, were leading the 8–2 Miami Dolphins by a score of 14–13 with 15 seconds remaining in the game. The Dolphins sent kicker Pete Stoyanovich out to attempt a 41-yard

title: Dallas Cowboys

text: their regular blue jerseys for their Thanksgiving game, something they have not done at home since Schramm started the white-jersey-at-home tradition. With the Cowboys traditionally hosting Thanksgiving Day games, separate practice uniforms have been used for these games in recent years. Through the 2000 season, the Cowboys continued the usual practice of wearing white at home. In 2001, the Cowboys wore blue at home for the first time in years with was an older design of the blue jersey. Dallas would lose the game, but again wore the older blue jersey at home on Thanksgiving the next year and won.

title: 2008 NFL season

text: Fox at 4:15 PM EST against the Seattle Seahawks (Dallas Cowboys defeated the Seattle Seahawks by a score of 34–9). A third game on NFL Network, featuring the Arizona Cardinals and the Philadelphia Eagles followed at 8:15 PM EST. It was the first home game for the Eagles on Thanksgiving Day since 1940, and their first Thanksgiving game at any location since the infamous Bounty Bowl Game in 1989; the Eagles defeated the Cardinals by a score of 48–20. (The Cardinals and Eagles would, two months later, rematch in the NFC Championship Game, with Arizona winning this time by a

title: NFL on Thanksgiving Day

text: time since 1963. In 2015, the Cowboys resurrected their 1994 white "Double-Star" jerseys only this time wore them with white pants as part of the league's "Color Rush", a trial run of specially-designed, monochromatic jerseys to be worn during Thursday games. It has remained a tradition for Dallas and Detroit to host the afternoon games dating back several decades. However, in recent years, other teams have expressed interest in hosting Thanksgiving games. Lamar Hunt, the former owner of the Chiefs (who had hosted Thanksgiving games from 1967–69 as an AFL team prior to the merger), lobbied heavily in favor of

title: National Football League on television

text: Network package that season, with the exception of , when the Cowboys played the Green Bay Packers on week after their traditional Thanksgiving game. The Cowboys and Detroit Lions were ineligible for appearing on the NFL Network, due to hosting Thanksgiving games every year. However, the Cowboys played a Thursday night game at the Chicago Bears in 2014, one week after both teams played on Thanksgiving, while the Lions hosted a Thursday night game against the Packers in 2015, one week after their traditional Thanksgiving game. The "one Thursday game per team" rule does not include the Kickoff Game, so

title: NFL on Thanksgiving Day

text: (and received) an agreement guaranteeing the Cowboys a spot on Thanksgiving Day forever. Since 1978, Thanksgiving games have been hosted in Detroit and Dallas every year, with Detroit in the early time slot and Dallas in the late afternoon slot. Because of TV network commitments in place through the 2013 season, to make sure that both the AFC-carrying network (NBC from 1965 to 1997, and CBS since 1998) and the NFC-carrying network (CBS from 1956 to 1993, and Fox since 1994) got at least one game each, one of these games was between NFC opponents, and one featured AFC-NFC opponents.

title: Dallas Cowboys

text: home for Thanksgiving, which has since become an annual tradition. In 2017, the team initially announced that they will wear blue jerseys at home on a more regular basis, only to rescind soon after. In 2015, the Cowboys released their Color Rush uniform, featuring a variation of the 1990s "Double Star" alternates with white pants and socks. The uniform was first used in a Thanksgiving game against the Carolina Panthers and in subsequent "Thursday Night Football" games during the 2016 and 2017 seasons. The Cowboys also unveiled a navy uniform-white pants combination which was first used on December 10, 2017

title: NFL on Thanksgiving Day

text: The National Football League (NFL) on Thanksgiving Day is a traditional series of games played during the Thanksgiving holiday in the United States. It has been a regular occurrence since the league's inception in 1920. Currently, three NFL games are played every Thanksgiving. The first two are hosted by the Detroit Lions and the Dallas Cowboys; a third game, with no fixed opponents, has been played annually since 2006.

title: NFL on Thanksgiving Day

text: Thanksgiving. Westwood One most recently held national radio broadcast rights to all three games, with Compass Media Networks sharing rights to the Cowboys contest. (Under league rules, only radio stations that carry at least 12 Cowboys games in a season are allowed to carry the Compass broadcast.) The participating teams also air the games on their local flagship stations and regional radio networks. The Cowboys Thanksgiving game has regularly been the most watched NFL regular season telecast each year, with the Lions Thanksgiving game usually in the top five. NFL on Thanksgiving Day Since its inception in 1920, the National

title: NFL on Thanksgiving Day

text: for Thanksgiving), the calls for Detroit and Dallas to be removed have curtailed. "Of current NFL franchises. This includes American Football League (AFL) games; however, it does not include All-America Football Conference (AAFC) games." The last currently active franchise to have never played on Thanksgiving through is the Jacksonville Jaguars, who joined the league in . An idiosyncrasy in the NFL's current scheduling formula, which has been in effect in its basic form since 2002, effectively prevented teams from the AFC North from playing the Lions or Cowboys on Thanksgiving, as the formula had the AFC North playing in Dallas

title: American football on Thanksgiving

text: football games listed above are played on the Friday or Saturday after the holiday. Texas, as previously mentioned, has had more or less of a permanent spot on the night of the holiday itself since at least 2008. Professional football teams and leagues have played on Thanksgiving from the start, with pro leagues and teams having played on Thanksgiving since the 1890s. It carried over when Buffalo and Rochester, two members of the New York Pro Football League which had held its championship on Thanksgiving 1919, and the Ohio League, which traditionally held its marquee matchups on Thanksgiving, combined into

title: 2006 Dallas Cowboys season

text: in regulation. Romo's five touchdown passes were the most ever for a Thanksgiving Day game. Stats On 27 November 2006, the Cowboys cut kicker Mike Vanderjagt and signed veteran Martin Gramatica in his place. Vanderjagt had made only 13 of 18 field goals in the season, well below his career average. With the win, the Cowboys improved to 7–4. The Cowboys extended their winning streak to four straight wins in a close game when newly signed place kicker Martin Gramatica kicked a 46-yard field goal with one second remaining. The Giants lost their fourth straight game and the Cowboys secured

title: 2009 NFL season

text: team, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, 35–7. CBS televised this game on a regional basis as the Patriots were the "visiting" team. The Thanksgiving Day games were contested on Thursday, November 26, 2009. On Fox, Green Bay won over Detroit, 34–12. The Dallas Cowboys defeated the Oakland Raiders, 24–7 on CBS, and in the prime time NFL Network game, the Denver Broncos were victorious over the New York Giants, 26–6. The second regular-season game of the Bills Toronto Series, in which the Buffalo Bills play in the Rogers Centre in Toronto, Ontario, was played December 3 on Thursday Night Football, with

title: History of the Dallas Cowboys

text: were unable to capitalize on their momentum as they dropped 3 out of their next 4 games. One of those losses was a tight 31–29 game to eventual Super Bowl XLVII Champions the Baltimore Ravens. They entered their annual Thanksgiving home game with a 5–5 record. Their opponent on Turkey Day this year was upstart division rival Washington whom was being led by rookie QB Robert Griffin III. The Redskins got off to a quick start leading 21–3 at halftime. Dallas fought back in the second half but it wasn't enough which led to 38–31 loss. The Cowboys won their

title: 1966 Dallas Cowboys season

text: game. Every team turned down the offer, except for the Dallas Cowboys. General Manager Tex Schramm recognized this as an opportunity for the franchise to increase its popularity and establish its own Thanksgiving Day game tradition. In 1966, the Cowboys who had been founded six years earlier, adopted the practice of hosting Thanksgiving games. It is widely rumored that the Cowboys sought a guarantee that they would regularly host Thanksgiving games as a condition of their very first one (since games on days other than Sunday were uncommon at the time and thus high attendance was not a certainty). Since

title: 2006 Dallas Cowboys season

text: Romo botched the hold on a go-ahead field goal inside the final two minutes. When Romo started the Thanksgiving Day game against Tampa Bay, it marked the 7th different starting Cowboys quarterback in the last 7 Thanksgiving Day games (Troy Aikman, Ryan Leaf, Chad Hutchison, Quincy Carter, Drew Henson, Drew Bledsoe and Romo). This was Bill Parcells' final season as a head coach as he would go on to retire following the end of the season. During the 2006 offseason, the team signed several high-profile players, including kicker Mike Vanderjagt, linebacker Akin Ayodele, offensive linemen Jason Fabini and Kyle Kosier,

title: Dallas Cowboys

text: With the 2002 victory, it seems an exception to the theory of the blue jersey jinx is invoked on Thanksgiving. Thus, the Cowboys continued wearing blue at home on Thanksgiving from 2003–2006, however it was always an older-styled alternate blue jersey. In 2007 and 2008, the Cowboys returned to wearing white at home for their Thanksgiving game. Since 2009, the Cowboys returned to wearing blue at home on Thanksgiving only. (From 2009–2012, the team again decided to go with an older-styled blue uniform as they had in previous years on Thanksgiving, and since 2013 have worn the newer-styled blue jersey.)

title: 2014 Dallas Cowboys season

text: Jones later claimed that the brief conversation had nothing to do with contract negotiations. With the 33-10 victory against Dallas, the Eagles are now 2-0 against the Cowboys on Thanksgiving Day and 6-0 overall for Thanksgiving games. Tony Romo's 38 game streak with at least one touchdown pass came to an end against Philadelphia. Romo's 38 game touchdown streak is the longest in franchise history and fifth longest in NFL history and the second-longest among active streaks, behind Peyton Manning's 50. Romo was 18 of 29 for 199 yards and 0 TD's in the loss. It was the fourth loss

title: 2012 Washington Redskins season

text: Stadium to take on their hated rival the Dallas Cowboys for the 2012 edition of the annual Thanksgiving Day game. Washington had reason to be nervous, as they were 1–6 all-time on Thanksgiving, and 0–6 against Dallas. In the first, Washington got the ball first, but went three-and-out. After a Sav Rocca punt, Dallas had decent field position, and quickly reached the red zone. However, Washington's defense then stiffened, and held Dallas to a Dan Bailey 30-yard field goal. The teams then exchanged punts, and the first quarter concluded without any further scoring. In the second, Washington had the ball

title: NFL on Thanksgiving Day

text: team also required an extension to prevent a local television blackout. The Lions were routed by Tennessee 47–10, en route to the team's 0–16 season. NFL commissioner Roger Goodell confirmed that the Lions would stay on Thanksgiving for the 2009 season, but kept the issue open to revisit in the future. Conversely, the Dallas Cowboys, who typically represent a larger television draw, have had many fewer public calls to be replaced on Thanksgiving. One issue that has been debated is a perceived unfair advantage of playing at home on Thanksgiving. The advantage is given in the form of an extra

title: Miracle at the Meadowlands

text: year, and the play would instead enter NFL lore as "The Tackle II". The play most directly analogous to the Miracle involved a player's, rather than a coach's, questionable decision that cost his team a game. On Thanksgiving Day 1993, the Cowboys were playing their customary holiday contest, this time against the visiting Dolphins, in sleet. As the clock ticked down, Dallas appeared to have won when it blocked a 41-yard Miami field goal. But as several Dolphins players were gathered around the ball, waiting for it to come to rest in order to down it as close as possible

title: 1966 Dallas Cowboys season

text: then, the two "traditional" Thanksgiving Day pro football games have been in Detroit and Dallas. 1966 Dallas Cowboys season The 1966 Dallas Cowboys season was the seventh for the franchise in the National Football League. The Cowboys finished the regular season at 10–3–1, their first winning record as a franchise and first Eastern Conference title. They hosted the NFL Championship Game at the Cotton Bowl, but lost to the defending champion Green Bay Packers, who went on to win the first Super Bowl two weeks later. With the growth in popularity of televised NFL games, the league began looking for

title: Dallas Cowboys

text: Cowboys resurrected their original 1960–1963 uniform on Thanksgiving Day. This uniform became the team's alternate or "third jersey" and was usually worn at least once a year, primarily Thanksgiving Day. Two exceptions were when the Cowboys wore their normal white uniforms on Thanksgiving in 2007 and 2008. While the team didn't wear the throwback uniform exactly on Thanksgiving Day in those two years, Dallas wore them on a date around Thanksgiving for those two years. In 2007 Dallas wore the throwback uniform on November 29, 2007 against the Green Bay Packers. In 2008 Dallas wore the throwback uniform on November

title: 2010 New Orleans Saints season

text: The Saints played the Thanksgiving Day game at Cowboys Stadium for an NFC duel against the Cowboys. The Saints commanded the first quarter with RB Chris Ivory getting a 3-yard TD run, followed by kicker Garrett Hartley getting a 50-yard field goal, and then by Ivory making a 6-yard TD run. The lead was narrowed as kicker David Buehler got a 21-yard field goal, but the Saints replied as Hartley nailed a 45-yard field goal. The lead was narrowed again as Buehler hit a 53-yard field goal, followed by Miles Austin getting a 60-yard TD run. The Saints scored with

title: 2008 Seattle Seahawks season

text: loss, Seattle fell to 2–9. Trying to snap a four-game losing streak, the Seahawks flew to Texas Stadium for a Week 13 Thanksgiving duel with the Dallas Cowboys. In the first quarter, Seattle trailed early as Cowboys QB Tony Romo completed a 16-yard TD pass to TE Martellus Bennett, along with RB Marion Barber getting a 2-yard TD run. The Seahawks would respond with kicker Olindo Mare getting a 44-yard field goal. In the second quarter, Dallas answered with Romo completing a 7-yard TD pass to TE Jason Witten, while Folk got a 41-yard field goal. Seattle would close out

title: National Football League on television

text: hosting an NFC team in even years and an AFC team in odd years, Dallas hosting an AFC team in even years and an NFC team in odd years. Detroit is always the early broadcast and Dallas the mid-afternoon broadcast. Following the introduction of "Thursday Night Football" in 2006, a third Thanksgiving game was added, a primetime game hosted by one of the remaining 30 NFL teams each year. While the first game featured two AFC teams, conference affiliation has varied since. Starting in 2012, the prime time Thanksgiving game has aired on NBC. Starting in 2014, changes to the

title: 2007 New York Jets season

text: a fumble recovery, they were able to pressure Roethlisberger throughout the game, resulting in seven quarterback sacks, after having just nine in the team's first nine games. Coming off their home upset victory over the Steelers, the Jets flew to Texas Stadium for a Week 12 Thanksgiving interconference showdown with the Dallas Cowboys. This would be their first Thanksgiving Day appearance since 1985. In the first quarter, New York trailed early as Cowboys RB Marion Barber got a 7-yard TD run for the only score of the period. In the second quarter, Dallas increased its lead with QB Tony Romo

title: American football on Thanksgiving

text: American football on Thanksgiving American football is one of the many traditions in American culture that is associated with Thanksgiving Day. Virtually every level of football, from amateur and high school to college and the NFL (including the CFL on Canadian Thanksgiving), plays football on Thanksgiving Day (Thursday) or the immediately following holiday weekend (Friday, Saturday, and Sunday). Thanksgiving Day football games in the United States are nearly as old as the game—and the organized holiday—themselves. The first Thanksgiving Day football game took place in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on Thanksgiving Day of 1869, less than two weeks after Rutgers defeated Princeton

title: NFL on Thanksgiving Day


question: what are the roles of international monetary fund

answers: foster global monetary cooperation

answers: secure financial stability

answers: to foster global monetary cooperation

answers: reduce poverty around the world

answers: facilitate international trade

title: International Monetary Fund

text: Bank, criticises these policies. He argues that by converting to a more monetarist approach, the purpose of the fund is no longer valid, as it was designed to provide funds for countries to carry out Keynesian reflations, and that the IMF "was not participating in a conspiracy, but it was reflecting the interests and ideology of the Western financial community". International politics play an important role in IMF decision making. The clout of member states is roughly proportional to its contribution to IMF finances. The United States has the greatest number of votes and therefore wields the most influence. Domestic

title: International Monetary Fund

text: evolved largely by way of changes in procedures rather than through the adoption of new obligations. The responsibilities changed from those of guardian to those of overseer of members' policies. The Fund typically analyses the appropriateness of each member country's economic and financial policies for achieving orderly economic growth, and assesses the consequences of these policies for other countries and for the global economy. In 1995 the International Monetary Fund began work on data dissemination standards with the view of guiding IMF member countries to disseminate their economic and financial data to the public. The International Monetary and Financial Committee

title: International economics

text: have abandoned their national currencies in favour of the common currency of a currency area such as the ""eurozone"" and some, such as Denmark, have retained their national currencies but have pegged them at a fixed rate to an adjacent common currency. On an international scale, the economic policies promoted by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) have had a major influence, especially upon the developing countries. The IMF was set up in 1944 to encourage international cooperation on monetary matters, to stabilise exchange rates and create an international payments system. Its principal activity is the payment of loans to help

title: International Monetary Fund

text: international financial crises. Countries contribute funds to a pool through a quota system from which countries experiencing balance of payments problems can borrow money. , the fund had SDR477 billion (about $666 billion). Through the fund, and other activities such as the gathering of statistics and analysis, surveillance of its members' economies and the demand for particular policies, the IMF works to improve the economies of its member countries. The organisation's objectives stated in the Articles of Agreement are: to promote international monetary co-operation, international trade, high employment, exchange-rate stability, sustainable economic growth, and making resources available to member countries

title: International Monetary Fund

text: United States is the IMF's most powerful member, and its influence reaches even into decision-making concerning individual loan agreements. The United States has historically been openly opposed to losing what Treasury Secretary Jacob Lew described in 2015 as its "leadership role" at the IMF, and the United States' "ability to shape international norms and practices". Reforms to give more powers to emerging economies were agreed by the G20 in 2010. The reforms could not pass, however, until they were ratified by the US Congress, since 85% of the Fund's voting power was required for the reforms to take effect, and

title: International Monetary Fund

text: capital outflows. Rather than maintaining a position of oversight of only exchange rates, their function became one of surveillance of the overall macroeconomic performance of member countries. Their role became a lot more active because the IMF now manages economic policy rather than just exchange rates. In addition, the IMF negotiates conditions on lending and loans under their policy of conditionality, which was established in the 1950s. Low-income countries can borrow on concessional terms, which means there is a period of time with no interest rates, through the Extended Credit Facility (ECF), the Standby Credit Facility (SCF) and the Rapid

title: International Monetary Fund

text: Financial Committee and the Development Committee. The International Monetary and Financial Committee has 24 members and monitors developments in global liquidity and the transfer of resources to developing countries. The Development Committee has 25 members and advises on critical development issues and on financial resources required to promote economic development in developing countries. They also advise on trade and environmental issues. The Board of Governors reports directly to the Managing Director of the IMF, Christine Lagarde. 24 Executive Directors make up the Executive Board. The Executive Directors represent all 189 member countries in a geographically based roster. Countries with large

title: United Nations

text: Fund) was created in 1946 to aid European children after the Second World War and expanded its mission to provide aid around the world and to uphold the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The World Bank Group and International Monetary Fund (IMF) are independent, specialized agencies and observers within the UN framework, according to a 1947 agreement. They were initially formed separately from the UN through the Bretton Woods Agreement in 1944. The World Bank provides loans for international development, while the IMF promotes international economic co-operation and gives emergency loans to indebted countries. The World Health Organization

title: International Monetary Fund

text: politics often come into play, with politicians in developing countries using conditionality to gain leverage over the opposition to influence policy. The IMF is only one of many international organisations, and it is a generalist institution that deals only with macroeconomic issues; its core areas of concern in developing countries are very narrow. One proposed reform is a movement towards close partnership with other specialist agencies such as UNICEF, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). Jeffrey Sachs argues in "The End of Poverty" that the IMF and the World Bank have "the brightest

title: International Monetary Fund

title: International Monetary Fund

text: rates secured at rates that could be adjusted only to correct a "fundamental disequilibrium" in the balance of payments, and only with the IMF's agreement. Some members have a very difficult relationship with the IMF and even when they are still members they do not allow themselves to be monitored. Member countries of the IMF have access to information on the economic policies of all member countries, the opportunity to influence other members' economic policies, technical assistance in banking, fiscal affairs, and exchange matters, financial support in times of payment difficulties, and increased opportunities for trade and investment. The Board

title: Gita Gopinath

text: In October 2018, Gita Gopinath was appointed chief economist of the International Monetary Fund. Gita Gopinath is the John Zwaanstra Professor of International Studies and of Economics at Harvard University. She is co-director of the International Finance and Macroeconomics program at the National Bureau of Economic Research, a visiting scholar at the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, a member of the economic advisory panel of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Economic Adviser to the Chief Minister of Kerala state (India), a co-editor at the American Economic Review, co-editor of the current Handbook of International Economics and was managing

title: James Vreeland

text: intermediate regimes. His research is most known for its treatment of international institutions, particularly the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, and the United Nations Security Council. His first book, entitled "The IMF and Economic Development" (Cambridge University Press, March 2003), was critically and favorably reviewed by several scholars. He has more recently published an introductory book about the IMF, entitled "The International Monetary Fund: Politics of Conditional Lending" (Routledge, January 2007), which was carefully critiqued in a 20-page review by the deputy director of the IMF’s External Relations Department. He is also the co-editor of "Globalization and the

title: Global financial system

text: institutions, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD). Collectively referred to as the Bretton Woods institutions, they became operational in 1947 and 1946 respectively. The IMF was established to support the monetary system by facilitating cooperation on international monetary issues, providing advisory and technical assistance to members, and offering emergency lending to nations experiencing repeated difficulties restoring the balance of payments equilibrium. Members would contribute funds to a pool according to their share of gross world product, from which emergency loans could be issued. Member states were authorized and encouraged to employ capital

title: Political positions of Noam Chomsky

text: According to Chomsky, a primary ploy has been the co-opting of the global economic institutions established at the end of World War II, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, which have increasingly adhered to the "Washington Consensus", requiring developing countries to adhere to limits on spending and make structural adjustments that often involve cutbacks in social and welfare programs. IMF aid and loans are normally contingent upon such reforms. Chomsky claims that the construction of global institutions and agreements such as the World Trade Organization, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the North American Free

title: Foreign internal defense

text: such as Brazil, India, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, and South Africa) could play a vital role in brokering consensus on a wide range of intractable political and security issues. The G-20 has already established itself as a key voice in global economic policy, and with an elevated profile it could address political and security affairs as well. Especially poor nations are under a crushing debt load, and international organizations such as the World Bank and International Monetary Fund have worked on debt relief, within a well-managed economic framework, to allow those countries to reallocate funds from debt service to development activities.

text: announced formal candidates were Agustín Carstens, Mexico´s Central Bank Governor, and Christine Lagarde, France´s Minister of Finance. The statements and resumes of the candidates present their personal backgrounds and their perspectives on the role of the IMF. The election was won by Christine Lagarde. International Monetary Fund Managing Director 2011 election International Monetary Fund Managing Director 2011 election The selection process for the new Managing Director of the IMF in 2011 presents characteristics that have never been seen. The balance of power that held the unwritten rule that assigned the leading position of the IMF to a European seems to

title: International Monetary Fund

text: Washington Hotel in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, in the United States, to discuss a framework for postwar international economic co-operation and how to rebuild Europe. There were two views on the role the IMF should assume as a global economic institution. American delegate Harry Dexter White foresaw an IMF that functioned more like a bank, making sure that borrowing states could repay their debts on time. Most of White's plan was incorporated into the final acts adopted at Bretton Woods. British economist John Maynard Keynes imagined that the IMF would be a cooperative fund upon which member states could draw

title: International Monetary Fund

text: a shareholder-controlled organisation: wealthy countries have more say in the making and revision of rules. Since decision making at the IMF reflects each member's relative economic position in the world, wealthier countries that provide more money to the IMF have more influence than poorer members that contribute less; nonetheless, the IMF focuses on redistribution. Quotas are normally reviewed every five years and can be increased when deemed necessary by the Board of Governors. IMF voting shares are relatively inflexible: countries that grow economically have tended to become under-represented as their voting power lags behind. Currently, reforming the representation of developing

title: Global financial system

text: rates through macroeconomic policy. The post-Bretton Woods system was decentralized in that member states retained autonomy in selecting an exchange rate regime. The amendment also expanded the institution's capacity for oversight and charged members with supporting monetary sustainability by cooperating with the Fund on regime implementation. This role is called IMF surveillance and is recognized as a pivotal point in the evolution of the Fund's mandate, which was extended beyond balance of payments issues to broader concern with internal and external stresses on countries' overall economic policies. Under the dominance of flexible exchange rate regimes, the foreign exchange markets became

title: London Gold Pool

text: of the gold bull market which saw the price of gold appreciate rapidly to US$850 in 1980. In July 1944, before the conclusion of World War II, delegates from the 44 allied nations gathered in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, United States, to reestablish and regulate the international financial systems. The meeting resulted in the founding of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), and was followed by other post-war reconstruction efforts, such as establishing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The IMF was charged with the maintenance of a system of

title: International Monetary Fund

text: global growth and economic stability by providing policy, advice and financing the members, by working with developing nations to help them achieve macroeconomic stability and reduce poverty. The rationale for this is that private international capital markets function imperfectly and many countries have limited access to financial markets. Such market imperfections, together with balance-of-payments financing, provide the justification for official financing, without which many countries could only correct large external payment imbalances through measures with adverse economic consequences. The IMF provides alternate sources of financing. Upon the founding of the IMF, its three primary functions were: to oversee the fixed

title: International Monetary Fund

text: Taylor was Under Secretary of the US Treasury for International Affairs. The new Framework became fully operational in February 2003 and it was applied in the subsequent decisions on Argentina and Brazil. Its purpose was to place some sensible rules and limits on the way the IMF makes loans to support governments with debt problem—especially in emerging markets—and thereby move away from the bailout mentality of the 1990s. Such a reform was essential for ending the crisis atmosphere that then existed in emerging markets. The reform was closely related to, and put in place nearly simultaneously with, the actions of

title: International Monetary Fund

text: in financial difficulty. IMF funds come from two major sources:quotas and loans. Quotas, which are pooled funds of member nations, generate most IMF funds. The size of a member's quota depends on its economic and financial importance in the world. Nations with larger economic importance have larger quotas. The quotas are increased periodically as a means of boosting the IMF's resources. The current Managing Director (MD) and Chairwoman of the International Monetary Fund is noted French lawyer and former politician, Christine Lagarde, who has held the post since 5 July 2011. According to the IMF itself, it works to foster

title: Group of 24

text: Monetary and Financial Committee and the Joint Development Committee of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. The plenary G-24 meetings are addressed by the heads of the IMF and the World Bank Group as well as by senior officials of the UN system. Issues are first discussed by the Deputies and culminate at the Ministerial level by the approval of a document that sets out the consensus views of member countries. The Ministerial document is released as a public Communiqué at a press conference held at the end of the meetings. Decision-making within the G-24 is by consensus.

text: Indonesia and the International Monetary Fund The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has historically had a large presence in Indonesia, Southeast Asia's largest economy. During the Suharto era of the 1960s to 1990s the IMF enjoyed an active presence in the Indonesian economy and politics gaining influence through political sympathizers and technocrats within the Indonesian government. The early years of the Suharto era saw economic growth and modernization in a country that had only recently gained independence form Dutch colonialists. However, as the country modernized and growth slowed corruption became even more rampant particularly amongst the inner circle of the regime.

title: Dominique Strauss-Kahn

text: replacement of the dollar as the world's reserve currency. An IMF report from January 2011 called for a stronger role for special drawing rights (SDR) in order to stabilize the global financial system. According to the report, an expanded role for SDRs could help to stabilize the international monetary system. Furthermore, for most countries (except for those using the US dollar as their currency) there would be several advantages in switching the pricing of certain assets, such as oil and gold, from dollars to SDRs. For some commentators that amounts to a call for a "new world currency that would

text: by a stronger power but over dominance. The Central bank has limits on its power but the agreement of the IMF in its actions gave it credibility. The IMF had given a positive assessment of the Indonesian economy a few months prior and suggested to improve existing rigid labor laws and reduce the influence of state-owned companies to improve the flow of foreign investment. Indonesia and the International Monetary Fund The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has historically had a large presence in Indonesia, Southeast Asia's largest economy. During the Suharto era of the 1960s to 1990s the IMF enjoyed an

title: International Monetary Fund

text: argues that this system institutionalises global inequality between western countries and the Majority World in a form of global apartheid, in which the IMF is a key pillar. The establishment of globalised economic institutions has been both a symptom of and a stimulus for globalisation. The development of the World Bank, the IMF regional development banks such as the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), and multilateral trade institutions such as the WTO signals a move away from the dominance of the state as the primary actor analyzed in international affairs. Globalization has thus been transformative in terms of

title: Financial sector development

text: development. To effectively reassess and re-implement financial policies, publications such as Global Financial Development Report (GFDR) by the World Bank and Global Financial Stability Report (GFSR) by the IMF can play an important role. The Global Financial Development Report, a new initiative by the World Bank, highlights issues that have come to the forefront after the crisis and presents policy recommendation to strengthen systems and avoid similar crisis in the future. By gathering data and knowledge on financial development around the world, the GFDR report aims to put into spotlight issues of financial development and hopes to present analysis and

title: International Monetary Fund

long_answer: The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., of "189 countries working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world." Formed in 1945 at the Bretton Woods Conference primarily by the ideas of Harry Dexter White and John Maynard Keynes, it came into formal existence in 1945 with 29 member countries and the goal of reconstructing the international payment system. It now plays a central role in the management of balance of payments difficulties and international financial crises. Countries contribute funds to a pool through a quota system from which countries experiencing balance of payments problems can borrow money. As of 2016, the fund had SDR477 billion (about $668 billion).

short_answers:
facilitate international trade
foster global monetary cooperation
reduce poverty around the world
secure financial stability
to foster global monetary cooperation