question: how much of the world's diamonds does de beers own

answers: 33% in 2013

title: De Beers

text: Beers also sells about 10% of its rough diamonds through online auction sales. The company pioneered the approach in 2008 when it broke with 44 years of direct sales to hold the diamond industry’s first online international auction sale. It is now the world's leader in this kind of auction sale. De Beers employs more than 30,000 people around the globe on five continents, with more than 17,000 employees in Africa. Almost 8,000 people are employed in Botswana, around 6,200 in South Africa, nearly 2,900 in Namibia, some 1,260 in Canada and about 320 in exploration. On 4 November 2011,

title: De Beers

text: De Beers De Beers Group is an international corporation that specialises in diamond exploration, diamond mining, diamond retail, diamond trading and industrial diamond manufacturing sectors. The company is currently active in open-pit, large-scale alluvial, coastal and deep sea mining. It operates in 35 countries and mining takes place in Botswana, Namibia, South Africa and Canada. Until the start of the 21st century, De Beers effectively had total control over the diamond market as a monopoly. Competition has since dismantled the complete monopoly, though the De Beers Group still sells approximately 35% of the world's rough diamond production through its global

title: De Beers

text: fixing and trust behaviour, and was accused of not releasing industrial diamonds for the U.S. war effort during World War II. In 2011, Anglo American took control of De Beers after buying the Oppenheimer's family stake of 40 percent for US$5.1 billion (£3.2 billion) and increasing its stake to 85 percent, ending the 80-year Oppenheimer control of the company. In 2018, De Beers became the first diamond company to announce that it would track its diamonds using blockchain technology, though this technology has not yet been rolled out. The name 'De Beers' was derived from the two Dutch settlers and

title: Monopoly

text: changed due to factors such as the decision by producers in Russia, Canada and Australia to distribute diamonds outside the De Beers channel, as well as rising awareness of blood diamonds that forced De Beers to "avoid the risk of bad publicity" by limiting sales to its own mined products. De Beers' market share by value fell from as high as 90% in the 1980s to less than 40% in 2012, having resulted in a more fragmented diamond market with more transparency and greater liquidity. In November 2011 the Oppenheimer family announced its intention to sell the entirety of its

title: Diamond (gemstone)

text: upon payment of a US$295 million settlement), and a voluntary agreement between De Beers and the European Commission. The latter agreement had been overturned upon appeal by the Russian mining company Alrosa, but the European Court of Justice then upheld the decision and the European Commission subsequently concluded its investigation with no more action being taken against De Beers. Today, annual global rough diamond production is estimated to be about , of which 92% is cut and polished in India, mostly in the city of Surat. Some 85% of the world's rough diamonds, 50% of cut diamonds, and 40% of

title: Diamonds as an investment

text: many diamond mining companies are public and/or owned by governments. The largest diamond company in the world is Alrosa, which surpassed De Beers in carat production in 2008. Alrosa is government owned, so is not listed on the stock market. De Beers is privately owned by Anglo American (85%) and the Botswana government (15%), so its shares are not traded on the stock market. The Oppenheimer family had previously owned a 40% stake in De Beers, but this was sold to Anglo American plc in 2011. Rio Tinto and BHP Billiton are the next largest producers, but diamond mining is

title: De Beers

text: living in those lands for tens of thousands of years. Several international fashion models, including Iman, Lily Cole and Erin O'Connor, who were previously involved with advertising for the companies' diamonds, supported the campaign. De Beers sold its mine in Botswana to Gem Diamonds in 2007. In 2004, De Beers pled guilty and paid a US$10 million fine to the United States Department of Justice to settle a 1994 charge that De Beers had colluded with General Electric to fix the price of industrial diamonds. In 2008, De Beers agreed to pay US$295 million class-action settlement after accusations of price

title: De Beers

text: of diamonds is to make them scarce, that is to reduce production". During World War I, the Premier mine was finally absorbed into De Beers. When Rhodes died in 1902, De Beers controlled 90% of the world's diamond production. Ernest Oppenheimer took over the chairmanship of the company in 1929, after buying shares and being appointed to the board in 1926. Oppenheimer was very concerned about the discovery of diamonds in 1908 in German South West Africa, fearing that the increased supply would swamp the market and force prices down. Former CIA chief Admiral Stansfield Turner claimed that De Beers

title: De Beers

text: for profiting from the system. By 1973, Anglo and De Beers accounted for 10 percent of South Africa's gross national product and 30 percent of the country's exports. Throughout the 1960s and 70s, De Beers attempted to secretly enter the United States diamond market, being forced to divest its American assets in 1975 to avoid the risk of violating anti-trust laws. Harry Oppenheimer stepped down as the chairman and director of Anglo-American and De Beers in December 1982. De Beers used its dominant position through the 20th century to influence the international diamond market. The company used several methods. Firstly,

title: De Beers

title: De Beers

text: Verizon Wireless parodied the De Beers spots. In May 2018, De Beers introduced a new brand called "Lightbox" that are made with synthetic diamonds. The synthetic stones start at $200 for a quarter carat to $800 for full carat diamond. The new lab-grown diamond will retail for about one-tenth the cost of naturally occurring diamonds. The new brand will be sold starting in September 2018. Mining in Botswana takes place through the mining company Debswana, a 50–50 joint venture with the Government of the Republic of Botswana. It operates four mines—Jwaneng, Orapa, Letlhakane and Damtshaa, though Damtshaa was put on

title: De Beers

text: diamonds takes place through two channels – De Beers Global Sightholder Sales (GSS) and De Beers Auction Sales. GSS sells about 90% of De Beers' rough diamonds, by value, and features wholly owned and joint venture operations in South Africa (De Beers Sightholder Sales South Africa), Botswana (DTCB), and Namibia (NDTC). They sort, value and sell 33% (2013) of the world's rough diamonds by value. There are two main types of customer for rough diamonds – Sightholders and Accredited Buyers. Sightholders have a term contract. Accredited Buyers (a customer type introduced in 2014–15) have a more ad hoc arrangement. De

title: De Beers antitrust litigation

text: settlement provides $295 million to purchasers of diamonds and diamond jewelry, including $130 million to consumers. In addition, De Beers consented to a historic injunction that prohibits De Beers from monopolizing the world supply of rough diamonds and from fixing the price of polished diamonds. The injunction also requires De Beers to submit to the continuing jurisdiction of the United States District Court for enforcement of the injunction. Commenting on the case, plaintiff's counsel Eric B. Fastiff of Lieff Cabraser Heimann & Bernstein stated that De Beers' offer to settle "showed that our strategy was correct. If you put litigation

title: De Beers

text: the holding company of The De Beers Group of Companies. It is involved in many parts of the diamond value chain, from mining to sales, and is made up of a series of joint ventures and wholly owned operations. The joint ventures are: The wholly owned operations are in southern Africa and Canada. Also wholly owned are Forevermark, De Beers Jewellers, the International Institute of Diamond Valuation, De Beers Ventures, the International Institute of Diamond Grading & Research and Element Six (Umicore has a 40% stake in Element Six's abrasives division). Forevermark was launched in 2008 as one of the

title: Petra Diamonds

text: Oppenheimer, Chairman of De Beers, the reason for this was "De Beers was operating the mines with too large a cost structure, something Petra doesn't have." The underground kimberlite mines were purchased from De Beers Consolidated Mines. Finsch diamond mine is one of the world's most important diamond mines and South Africa's second largest diamond operation by production. On 14 September 2011, Petra purchased Finsch as a fully staffed, operating mine from De Beers for a total consideration of ZAR1.4 billion. Finsch is a major producer, having supplied over 126 million carats in its 40 plus year life to date.

title: De Beers

text: Anglo American plc and CHL Holdings announced their agreement for Anglo American to acquire an incremental interest in De Beers, increasing Anglo American's 45% shareholding in the world's leading diamond company to 85%. De Beers plc was originally incorporated as De Beers Société Anonyme in 2000 in Luxembourg. Following the closure of this office, the company was reclassified as De Beers plc in 2017, with its head office now in Jersey. It is made up of two shareholdings: Anglo American plc has an 85% shareholding and the Government of the Republic of Botswana owns 15% directly. De Beers plc is

title: De Beers

text: Beers diamonds are purchased in compliance with national law, the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme and its own Diamond Best Practice Principles. The Kimberley process has helped restore the reputation of the industry, as well as eliminating sources of excess supply. In 2018, De Beers used blockchain technology to successfully track 100 high-value diamonds. The diamonds were tracked through the manufacturing process from the mine to the retailer in order to ensure their quality and conflict-free status. In August 2017, De Beers partnered with the Stanford Graduate School of Business to accelerate business ventures to market in Botswana, Namibia, and South

title: De Beers

text: brothers Diederik Arnoldus De Beer (December 25, 1825 – 1878) and Johannes Nicolaas De Beer (December 6, 1830 – June 20, 1883), who owned a South African farm named "Vooruitzicht" (Dutch for "outlook") near Zandfontein in the Boshof District of Orange Free State. After they discovered diamonds on their land, the increasing demands of the British government forced them to sell their farm on July 31, 1871, to merchant Alfred Johnson Ebden (1820–1908) for £6,600. "Vooruitzicht" would become the site of the Big Hole and the De Beers mine, two successful diamond mines. Their name, which was given to one

title: De Beers

text: fixing. The company appealed the decision but ended up paying the settlement in 2013. In February 2006, De Beers entered into legally binding commitments with the European Commission to cease purchasing rough diamonds from Russian mining company Alrosa as of the end of 2008 in order to ensure competition between the two companies. In 2014, the Leverhulme Centre for the Study of Value, based at the University of Manchester, published a report authored by Sarah Bracking and Khadija Sharife, identifying over US$3 billion in price fixing of South African rough diamond trade from 2005 to 2012. The report found significant

title: De Beers antitrust litigation

text: De Beers antitrust litigation The De Beers diamonds antitrust class action sought to end an alleged 60-year conspiracy to fix the price of rough diamonds in the U.S. by the De Beers group of companies. The litigation includes several cases including "Hopkins v. De Beers Centenary A.G., et al.", No. CGC-04-432954, which commenced on July 24, 2004, and "Sullivan v. DB Investments", No. 04-cv-02819, and earlier related cases that commenced in 2001. The complaints charged that De Beers had created a global cartel in the markets of rough and polished diamonds – with a market share that reached nearly as

title: De Beers

text: Government of the Republic of Botswana). The transaction was worth £3.2 billion (US$5.1 billion) in cash and ended the Oppenheimer dynasty's 80-year ownership of De Beers. De Beers successfully advertised diamonds to manipulate consumer demand. One of the most effective marketing strategies has been the marketing of diamonds as a symbol of love and commitment. A young copywriter working for N. W. Ayer & Son, Frances Gerety (1916–1999), coined the famous advertising slogan, 'A Diamond is Forever', in 1947. In 2000, "Advertising Age" magazine named 'A Diamond is Forever' the best advertising slogan of the 20th century. Other successful campaigns

title: De Beers

text: only on diamonds that meet the requirements of the United Nations’ World Diamond Council Kimberley Process. In 1999, a campaign by Global Witness to highlight the role of diamonds in international conflicts led to a review by the United Nations. The initial focus of the UN's investigation was on Jonas Savimbi's UNITA movement in Angola, which was found to have bartered uncut diamonds for weaponry despite international economic and diplomatic sanctions being in effect through United Nations Security Council Resolution 1173. In 1999, De Beers Group stopped all outside buying of diamonds in order to guarantee the conflict-free status of

title: De Beers

text: care and maintenance in 2015. In Namibia, mining is carried out through Namdeb Holdings, a 50–50 joint venture with the Government of the Republic of Namibia. Namdeb Holdings is made up of Debmarine Namibia (covering offshore mining) and Namdeb Diamond Corporation (land-based coastal mining). For offshore mining, motor vessels are used, including the sixth and latest, the N$2.3 billion SS Nujoma, the world's most advanced diamond exploration and sampling vessel, which began full operations in June 2017. De Beers Consolidated Mines is responsible for the De Beers mining in South Africa. It is 74% owned by De Beers and 26%

title: De Beers

text: Mines was formed in 1888 by the merger of the companies of Barney Barnato and Cecil Rhodes, by which time the company was the sole owner of all diamond mining operations in the country. In 1889, Rhodes negotiated a strategic agreement with the London-based Diamond Syndicate, which agreed to purchase a fixed quantity of diamonds at an agreed price, thereby regulating output and maintaining prices. The agreement soon proved to be very successful — for example, during the trade slump of 1891–1892, supply was simply curtailed to maintain the price. Rhodes was concerned about the break-up of the new monopoly,

title: Mountain Province Diamonds

text: Mountain Province Diamonds Mountain Province Diamonds Inc. is major (49%) partner with De Beers in the Gahcho Kue Diamond Mine Project in the Northwest Territories. Gahcho Kué is the world's largest and richest new diamond mine, with an estimated reserve of 80 million carats. The agreement between Mountain Province Diamonds and De Beers is one where both companies share the operating costs of the mine and each independently markets their share of the diamonds from the project. In January 2017 Mountain Province announced it had completed it first sale of diamonds originating from mining operations at its Gahcho Kue Diamond

title: Diamond (gemstone)

text: 1871 to 1914, 50,000 miners dug the Big Hole with picks and shovels, yielding of diamonds, and by 1873 Kimberley was the second largest town in South Africa, having an approximate population of 40,000. The various smaller mining companies were amalgamated by British imperialist Cecil Rhodes and Charles Rudd into De Beers, and The Kimberley under Barney Barnato. In 1888, the two companies merged to form De Beers Consolidated Mines, which once had a monopoly over the world's diamond market. That monopoly had ended by 2005, following an antitrust lawsuit in the US (which De Beers settled without admitting wrongdoing,

title: De Beers

text: it convinced independent producers to join its single channel monopoly. When that did not work, it flooded the market with diamonds similar to those of producers who refused to join in. It purchased and stockpiled diamonds produced by other manufacturers as well as surplus diamonds in order to control prices by limiting supply. Finally, it bought diamonds when prices fell considerably, such as during the Great Depression. In 2000, the De Beers business model changed because of factors such as the decision by producers in Canada and Australia to distribute diamonds outside the De Beers channel, as well as rising

title: Monopoly

text: price fixing in the diamond trade in the 2000s. De Beers is well known for its monopoloid practices throughout the 20th century, whereby it used its dominant position to manipulate the international diamond market. The company used several methods to exercise this control over the market. Firstly, it convinced independent producers to join its single channel monopoly, it flooded the market with diamonds similar to those of producers who refused to join the cartel, and lastly, it purchased and stockpiled diamonds produced by other manufacturers in order to control prices through limiting supply. In 2000, the De Beers business model

title: Debswana

text: Debswana Debswana Diamond Company Ltd, or simply Debswana, is a mining company located in Botswana, and is the world's leading producer of diamonds by value. Debswana is a joint venture between the government of Botswana and the South African diamond company De Beers; each party owns 50% of the company. Debswana operates four diamond mines in central Botswana, as well as a coal mine. The mines owned and operated by Debswana are: Debswana was formed as the De Beers Botswana Mining Company on June 23, 1969, after De Beers geologists identified diamond-bearing deposits at Orapa in the 1960s. Over the

title: Debswana

text: Botswana is controlled by Debswana; there are no private diamond mining operations in the country. Combined production of the company's four mines totaled 30 million carats (6,000 kg), nearly a quarter of the world's annual production of around 130 million carats (26,000 kg). The high value per weight of diamonds mined by Debswana has made the company the leading producer of diamonds by value in the world. Debswana is also the second largest producer by volume. Diamond mining activities have fuelled much of the growth in Botswana's economy, allowing it to grow from one of the poorest countries in the

title: De Beers

long_answer: In 2000, the De Beers business model changed because of factors such as the decision by producers in Canada and Australia to distribute diamonds outside the De Beers channel, as well as rising awareness of blood diamonds that forced De Beers to "avoid the risk of bad publicity" by limiting sales to its own mined products. De Beers' market share of rough diamonds fell from as high as 90% in the 1980s to 33% in 2013, because of a more fragmented diamond market bringing greater competition, as well as more transparency and greater liquidity. In November 2011, the Oppenheimer family announced its intention to sell all its 40% stake in De Beers to Anglo American plc, thereby increasing Anglo American's ownership of the company to 85% (the other 15% is owned by the Government of the Republic of Botswana). The transaction was worth £3.2 billion (US$5.1 billion) in cash and ended the Oppenheimer dynasty's 80-year ownership of De Beers.


question: who does claire from mcleods daughters end up with

answers: Alex Ryan

title: McLeod's Daughters

text: it was announced that Lisa Chappell, who played Claire McLeod, would be leaving the series. Claire, Tess, and baby Charlotte were involved in car accident, with Tess and Charlotte making it to safety before their vehicle slid over a cliff, killing Claire. Simmone Jade Mackinnon's character, Stevie Hall, was introduced to replace Chappell. Season four began with the promotion of Brett Tucker to series regular. A new farm-hand, Kate Manfredi, was introduced in the fourteenth episode of season four. The introduction of Kate was to accommodate the departure of Meg, who left to pursue a writing job in Melbourne. She

title: McLeod's Daughters (film)

text: seasons and 244 episodes between 2001 and 2009 on the Nine Network. Several casting changes occurred, such as with the main characters of Claire, now played by Lisa Chappell and Tess, now played by Bridie Carter. Sonia Todd as Meg Fountain, Rachael Carpani as Jodi Fountain, and Jessica Napier as Becky Howard, were also recast. Other new characters, who did not appear in the film, include brothers Alex (played by Aaron Jeffery) and Nick Ryan (played by Myles Pollard). The character of Jack McLeod did not appear in the series, so Claire is now running Drover's Run, with the help

title: McLeod's Daughters (film)

text: and accidental death of their father forces Tess and Claire to overcome their differences and the many obstacles before them to realise their father's dream of running Drover's Run together. To complicate matters, Tess begins to take drastic action to alleviate the property's debts, including firing the stockmen, and organising an all female muster of cattle for sale. Her actions alienate her sister's fiancé, putting strain on their engagement and forcing Claire to begin re-evaluating her own future plans. Despite problems with the local bank and the temporary loss of their prized bull, things turn out well in the end

title: McLeod's Daughters (season 4)

text: McLeod's Daughters (season 4) The fourth season of the long-running Australian outback drama McLeod's Daughters began airing on 11 February 2004 and concluded on 24 November 2004 with a total of 32 episodes. This is the first season to not feature Lisa Chappell as Claire McLeod and Jessica Napier as Becky Howard, as both actresses left the series in the third season. Becky left to be with boyfriend Jake and Claire McLeod died at the end of the third season. Bridie Carter (Tess), Simmone Jade Mackinnon (Stevie), Rachael Carpani (Jodi), Aaron Jeffery (Alex), and Myles Pollard (Nick) all return to

title: McLeod's Daughters (season 4)

text: have a bump in the road when Sally returns at the end of the season with news that will change both Nick and Tess' life forever. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> McLeod's Daughters (season 4) The fourth season of the long-running Australian outback drama McLeod's Daughters began airing on 11 February 2004 and concluded on 24 November 2004 with a total of 32 episodes. This is the first season to not feature Lisa Chappell as Claire McLeod and Jessica Napier as Becky Howard, as both actresses left the series in the third season. Becky left to be with boyfriend Jake and Claire McLeod

title: McLeod's Daughters (film)

text: of her father's farmhands, following her father's death from a heart attack. She is taken by surprise when her long lost half-sister, Tess, who was taken away twenty years earlier by her mother, Ruth, when Jack and Ruth separated, arrives and announces that she has inherited half of Drover's Run and intends to sell her half and open up a cafe in the city. After twenty years apart, Claire is not happy with Tess's arrival and with her plans for the farm. However, as Tess learns to love Drover's Run, Claire begins to reconnect with her sister. As the two

title: McLeod's Daughters (film)

text: one and move on to Venice to continue on with her life. Once there she endeavours to reconnect with her only remaining family, her father Jack and her sister Claire, whom she has not seen in 20 years, since her mother left Jack and moved to the city, and taking Tess with her. Tess arrives in a complex situation and finds herself meeting an adoring father but a hostile sister whom she no longer knows and who resents her sudden arrival and even quicker ability to win over Jack, something she herself has never been able to accomplish. The sudden

title: Lisa Chappell

text: Lisa Chappell Lisa Irene Chappell (born 18 October 1968) is an actress and musician from Auckland, New Zealand. She is best known for playing Claire McLeod on the Nine Network drama series "McLeod's Daughters". Chappell was born and grew up in Auckland, New Zealand. Two years before joining "McLeod's Daughters", she completed "The Journey" program at the Actors Centre Australia in Sydney, Australia. Chappell has acted in numerous roles in New Zealand, including "Gloss", "Shortland Street", "", and "City Life". Starting in 2000, Chappell played Claire McLeod in the Australian show "McLeod's Daughters". For this portrayal, she won a Most

title: McLeod's Daughters

text: McLeod's Daughters McLeod's Daughters is an Australian television drama program created by Posie Graeme-Evans and Caroline Stanton. It was produced by Millennium Television and later Southern Star for the Nine Network, premiered on the Nine Network on 8 August 2001, becoming one of the most successful series on Australian television as it was met with critical acclaim. Initially, the series starred Lisa Chappell and Bridie Carter as two main protagonists, with Sonia Todd, Jessica Napier, Rachael Carpani, Aaron Jeffery and Myles Pollard in leading roles. John Jarrett had a recurring role as Killarney station hand and Meg Fountain's love interest,

title: List of McLeod's Daughters characters

text: Not long after the baby was born, Claire and Alex Ryan begin a relationship, with Alex planning to propose to her during a party.  Claire, Tess, and baby Charlotte are returning from town with party supplies when their Ute hit a pothole and Claire loses control of the vehicle, and coming to a stop with its front wheels dangling off the edge of a cliff. Tess is able to get out and get Charlotte to safety, but cannot get Claire's door open before the Ute starts to slide. It goes over the cliff and into a canyon, killing Claire.

title: Drovers Run

text: McLeod (cousins of Jodi, Tess & Claire McLeod) ran Drover’s with the assistance of Kate, Moria and Tayler. Then in 2008, Grace's sister Jaz McLeod returns with a dark secret and stays on to help sister Grace and widow of Alex; Stevie Hall along with Moria Doyle and Tayler Geddes. "See Also": List of characters from McLeod's Daughters "See Also": List of characters from McLeod's Daughters "See also": List of characters from McLeod's Daughters Drovers Run Drovers Run is a fictional ranch in the South Australian Outback in the Australian hit drama show "McLeod's Daughters". It has been in the

title: McLeod's Daughters

text: property with two half-sisters running the property inherited from their father with an all-female workforce. She developed the idea from stories from friends who grew up in the country and from the love of South Australian landscapes as shown in the paintings of Hans Heysen. Graeme-Evans pitched the idea to the board of the Nine Network who agreed to film a telemovie in March 1996 with Jack Thompson starring as the father Jack McLeod, whose death leads to the two half-sisters (portrayed by Kym Wilson as Tess and Tammy MacIntosh as Claire) inheriting the property. Following the success of the

title: McLeod's Daughters

text: telemovie in Australian history. The series was intended to follow the film soon after but failed to do so when the Nine Network refused to pick it up. It eventually went into production in 2000. The film starred Jack Thompson as Jack McLeod, Kym Wilson as Tess Silverman McLeod and Tammy MacIntosh as Claire McLeod. The series was an instant success in Australia, averaging at 1.51 million viewers for its first season and continued to achieve high ratings until it peaked during its fourth season, averaging at 1.52 million viewers. Although the series was slowly declining in the popularity, it

title: McLeod's Daughters (season 5)

text: McLeod's Daughters (season 5) The fifth season of the long-running Australian outback drama McLeod's Daughters began airing on 9 February 2005 and concluded on 23 November 2005 with a total of 32 episodes. This is the first season where the opening credits are changed. They now feature both the actor's or actress' name and the character's name. Also, the theme song is now a remixed version of the original, still performed by Rebecca Lavelle. Bridie Carter (Tess), Simmone Jade Mackinnon (Stevie), Aaron Jeffery (Alex), Brett Tucker (Dave), and Michala Banas (Kate) return as main cast members. Myles Pollard (Nick) returns

title: McLeod's Daughters (season 8)

text: Lavelle Wake Up Gungellan—Doris Younane Truckstop Woman—Doris Younane & chorus Forever—Doris Younane, Peter Hardy, Abi Tucker, Matthew Passmore & chorus Trust The Night—Rebecca Lavelle PART 1 McLeods Daughters Theme—Rebecca Lavelle Time Turn Over—Rebecca Lavelle You Believed—Rebecca Lavelle PART 2 McLeod's Daughters Theme—Rebecca Lavelle Drovers Run—Rebecca Lavelle Speak My Angel—Abi Tucker Ella—Crash Symphony McLeod's Daughters (season 8) The eighth season of the long-running Australian outback drama McLeod's Daughters began airing on 23 July 2008 and concluded on 31 January 2009 with a total of 22 episodes. After years as Australia's favourite television drama, the saga of "McLeod's Daughters" finally came to

title: McLeod's Daughters (season 6)

text: (Leo) and Basia A'Hern (Rose) also return from the previous season in recurring roles and a story line together. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> McLeod's Daughters (season 6) The sixth season of the long-running Australian outback drama McLeod's Daughters began airing on 15 February 2006 and concluded on 29 November 2006 after 32 episodes. Bridie Carter (Tess), Simmone Jade Mackinnon (Stevie), Rachael Carpani (Jodi), Aaron Jeffery (Alex), Michala Banas (Kate), Brett Tucker (Dave), and Jonny Pasvolsky (Rob/Matt) all returned as main cast members from the previous season. Myles Pollard (Nick) returned for two episodes to wrap up his character's story line. This is

title: McLeod's Daughters (season 6)

text: McLeod's Daughters (season 6) The sixth season of the long-running Australian outback drama McLeod's Daughters began airing on 15 February 2006 and concluded on 29 November 2006 after 32 episodes. Bridie Carter (Tess), Simmone Jade Mackinnon (Stevie), Rachael Carpani (Jodi), Aaron Jeffery (Alex), Michala Banas (Kate), Brett Tucker (Dave), and Jonny Pasvolsky (Rob/Matt) all returned as main cast members from the previous season. Myles Pollard (Nick) returned for two episodes to wrap up his character's story line. This is the last season to feature Pollard and Carter, as Bridie Carter leaves the series early in the season with Pollard's character.

title: McLeod's Daughters (film)

text: McLeod's Daughters (film) McLeod's Daughters is a 1996 Australian television film, it aired on the Nine Network on 11 May 1996, which was Mother's Day. At the time it was the highest rated telemovie and still remains the highest rated telemovie of all time in Australia. The movie was the pilot for the later television series of the same name. Following the death of her mother, Tess Silverman travels to Drover's Run, a rural cattle property in South Australia, and the farm where she spent the first few years of her life. She intends to make her visit a short

title: McLeod's Daughters (season 7)

text: McLeod's Daughters (season 7) The seventh season of the long-running Australian outback drama McLeod's Daughters began airing on 7 February 2007 and concluded on 17 October 2007 with a total of 32 episodes. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> All Sourced from: http://australiantelevision.net/mcleod/series7.html This season averaged 1.17 Million Viewers. Ratings seriously suffered this season which eventually lead to the cancellation at the conclusion of this season. The Season premiere was down 10% from Season 6 premiere with the current season only having 1.181 million (compared to 1.315 last season). Ratings eventually climbed to 1.333 Million for Episode 8 (Rachael Carpani (Jodi McLeod's) final appearance).

title: McLeod's Daughters (season 8)

text: McLeod's Daughters (season 8) The eighth season of the long-running Australian outback drama McLeod's Daughters began airing on 23 July 2008 and concluded on 31 January 2009 with a total of 22 episodes. After years as Australia's favourite television drama, the saga of "McLeod's Daughters" finally came to a close... but not before Financial ruin threatened Drovers, new romances came under pressure, Stevie gave birth, Ingrid disappeared under mysterious circumstances and Jaz McLeod made a surprise return to Drovers Run. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> McLeods Daughters Theme—Rebecca Lavelle Don't Give Up—Rebecca Lavelle Take The Rain Away—Rebecca Lavelle McLeods Daughters Theme—Rebecca Lavelle The

title: McLeod's Daughters (film)

text: sisters bond, Tess decides to permanently remain on Drover's Run. McLeod's Daughters (film) McLeod's Daughters is a 1996 Australian television film, it aired on the Nine Network on 11 May 1996, which was Mother's Day. At the time it was the highest rated telemovie and still remains the highest rated telemovie of all time in Australia. The movie was the pilot for the later television series of the same name. Following the death of her mother, Tess Silverman travels to Drover's Run, a rural cattle property in South Australia, and the farm where she spent the first few years of

title: McLeod's Daughters (film)

text: Society. The first ever release was included in the season one boxset in Australia. It was also included in the U.S. season one boxset, released by Koch Entertainment (now E1 Entertainment). On 8 December 2009, E1 Entertainment released the movie separate on region 1 with extras including: the first two episodes of season one. Also released on Region 2 in Germany under the title "McLeod's Töchter". After the success of the movie, Nine decided not to pick it up for a series as they thought a female driven drama would not appeal to audiences. They tried to get Nine to

title: McLeod's Daughters (film)

text: as the sisters are able to service and refinance their father's loans, thus saving the property. Creator and Executive Producer Posie Graeme-Evans had the idea for the creating the show as far back as 1992. She was reading a magazine and saw a picture of a group of Australian cowgirls leaning over a farm gate, with big hats and big white grins. Evans immediately thought of a group of women running a cattle station. The movie went into production in 1995 and was shot over 95-96 in Adelaide. Evans needed to find a location that was in reach of a

title: McLeod's Daughters

text: first season, possibly due to the expiration of RTÉ's contract with the series. In the US, the series debuted on the WE tv (Women's Entertainment) cable channel, and ran for several seasons. Netflix made all 8 seasons available to US subscribers for instant viewing in 2009, and remains available as of 2013. McLeod's Daughters McLeod's Daughters is an Australian television drama program created by Posie Graeme-Evans and Caroline Stanton. It was produced by Millennium Television and later Southern Star for the Nine Network, premiered on the Nine Network on 8 August 2001, becoming one of the most successful series on

title: McLeod's Daughters

text: not only would Zoe Naylor would be leaving, but so would the last remaining original cast member, Aaron Jeffery, though they would both return. Regan left to run a mine, while Alex left to help Nick and Tess in Argentina. A new vet, Ingrid Marr, was introduced to stir up trouble between Grace and Marcus. Dustin Clare's character Riley Ward was killed in a car accident at the end of season seven. The departure of Michala Banas rocked the crew of "McLeod's Daughters" and her character was written out to work on a farm for at-risk youth. Aaron Jeffery returned

title: McLeod's Daughters

text: a soap opera; at that point, the show began to experience low ratings. Aaron Jeffery commented to "The Daily Telegraph" that his desire to depart from the show was due to the new direction the show was taking, which he did not like. The 200th episode of McLeod's Daughters aired on 3 October 2007, with Hugh McLeod (Grace, Jasmine and Regan's father) returning for this special event. An entirely different script was originally written when one of the original cast (speculated to be Bridie Carter) agreed to come back; however, it was pulled at the last minute. Ratings for this

title: McLeod's Daughters

text: remained somewhat successful in the ratings. It declined dramatically during its seventh season and eventually it was announced that the series would be cancelled following its eighth season, which only averaged at 0.63 in the ratings. The series was sold internationally via Southern Star to many countries around the world where it has endured enormous success and developed a devoted fan base in the United States, Canada, Ireland and several European countries. It has a moderate success in the United Kingdom. The series has been nominated for forty-one Logie Awards, winning eight in total including Most Popular Actress, Most Popular

title: McLeod's Daughters (film)

text: reconsider, and they were later picked up for a season of 13 (later renegotiated to 22) episodes. Initially, the film served as a pilot with the first season to follow soon after. However, as the series was not picked up until some years later, the decision was made to go back to the very beginning for episode one of the series. The series eventually went into production from late 2000 to early 2001 and premiered on the Nine Network on 8 August 2001. The series soon became one of Australia's most successful and was popular around the world; running eight

title: McLeod's Daughters

text: three seasons follow the lives of half-sisters Claire McLeod and Tess Silverman McLeod, farmhands Jodi Fountain and Becky Howard, Jodi's mother and Drover's housekeeper Meg Fountain, and their affluent neighbors, the Ryan family. The cast remained the same until the third season, when it was announced that Jessica Napier would be leaving. Her character, Becky Howard, initially decided to take a job at another farm with her boyfriend Jake, but then changed her mind and went back to school on the Agricultural Scholarship she had won during the young farmers competition. News of a second major cast change hit when

title: McLeod's Daughters (season 4)

text: the series main cast this season. Sonia Todd (Meg) returned to the main cast until her character left for Melbourne; she recurred thereafter. Michala Banas joins the cast this season as Kate Manfredi, a friend of Jodi's. Brett Tucker returns in a recurring role as Dave Brewer, but is added to the main cast at the end of the season. The season was the third most watched series on Australian television for 2004. It was the most watched television drama on Australian television, averaging 1.52 million viewers, up from the previous season. Tess, now without her sister, has to find

title: List of McLeod's Daughters characters


question: which is produced in plants of narora kakrapar tarapur

answers: Atomic Power

title: Tarapur, Bihar

text: Tarapur, Bihar Tarapur is a small town in Munger district in the Indian state of Bihar. It is centrally located and connects cities like Bhagalpur, Munger, Banka, Jamui and Deoghar. Tarapur is a Sub-division under Munger District. Its a division of Water-wage and irrigation department. It also has a division Of kada vibhag (Government office). Tarapur is a Sub-Urban Market which serves all the necessities and requirements of nearby villages. The main occupation of people residing around Tarapur is agriculture. Paddy, wheat, corn, pulses, sugarcane, and other cereals are grown here. Katarni Chura (flattened rice) and mangoes from this region

text: 41.65%. Some of the primary and other "hats" or markets in the Tarakeswar block area are located at: Baliguri, Champadanga, Santoshpur and Kararia. Tarakeswar CD Block had 95 fertiliser depots, 38 seed stores and 47 fair price shops in 2013-14. In 2013-14, Tarakeswar CD Block produced 81,189 tonnes of Aman paddy, the main winter crop from 27,792 hectares, 5,229 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 1,668 hectares, 58,340 of jute from 2,730 hectares, 81,573 tonnes of potatoes from 5,105 hectares. It also produced oilseeds . In 2013-14, the total area irrigated in Tarakeswar CD Block was 11,828 hectares, out

text: rich agricultural area with several cold storages. Though rice is the prime crop of the district, the agricultural economy largely depends on potato, jute, vegetables, and orchard products. Though potato is cultivated in all the blocks of this district Dhaniakhali, Arambagh, Goghat, Pursurah, Haripal, Polba-Dadpur, Tarakeswar, Pandua and Singur contributed much of its production of this district. The Tebhaga movement launched in 1946, in 24 Parganas district, aimed at securing for the share-croppers a better position within the existing land relation structure. Although the subsequent Bargadari Act of 1950 recognised the rights of bargadars to a higher share of crops

title: Taraori

text: tank, said to be the works of Aurangzeb, are still in existence. India census, Taraori had a population of 22,205. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Taraori has an average literacy rate of 62%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 66%, and female literacy is 56%. In Taraori, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age. Most of the population works in agriculture, particularly in the production of basmati rice. There are a large number of rice mills and few small-scale industries manufacturing dairy products, honey, soap, detergents etc. Price quotes

title: Tarahara

text: Tarahara Tarahara (तरहरा) is a town in the Sunsari District of Nepal. It is located on the Koshi Highway in between Itahari and Dharan. It is famous in the eastern region primarily for Sekuwa (roasted meat). There is a government-owned agricultural research center. The name Tarahara comes from Sanskrit Terai + Hara(Green) = Tarahara. Now it is known as Itahari 20, Tarahara. Tarahara FM is situated here in Tarahara. Their one of the main Program is Quiz Mala (RJ Uttam Giri), every Friday 6 PM to 7 PM. Here you can get "School level" to "University Level" education, provided by

text: Indian Standard value is 50 mg/ litre. In Hooghly district, 16 blocks have arsenic levels above WHO guidelines and 11 blocks above Indian standard value. The maximum concentration in Tarakeswar CD Block is 37 mg/litre. Tarakeswar (community development block) Tarakeswar is a community development block that forms an administrative division in Chandannagore subdivision of Hooghly district in the Indian state of West Bengal. The Tarakeswar CD Block is part of the Hooghly-Damodar Plain, one of the three natural regions in the district of the flat alluvial plains, that forms part of the Gangetic Delta. The region has many depressions which

title: Manpur Tapara

text: itself is a branch of Geruwa branch of Karnali river. Rice, wheat, maize, mustard and lentils are the major crops cultivated in Manpur Tapara. Karnali river brings heavy sediments during monsoon season and deposits in the canal beds and the field every year. Every year more than 2500 farmers contribute their muscle power to dig and clear the sediment deposits in the canal bed. Previously, it required more than two months of work to control the amount of water coming into Maila Nala from Geruwa. Every year earthen dam used to be reconstructed or repaired. Material used in the dam

title: Udayapur District

text: the south leaving some plain inner Tarai land in between. It occupies about 9% of land of the district and consists of small valleys of inner Terai including Nepaltar, Murkuchi and Mainatar as well as plains like Bahuntar, Bhuttar, and Hardeni. These valleys are situated on Panchawati, Rauta, Bayaldanda and Tawashri VDC respectively. This region occupies around 31% of the district at elevations between 360m to 550 m above sea level. This region is mainly situated on the border of Triyuga and Tawa River. Where inner Tarai exists the Churiya range lies to the south of this region. This region

title: Balrampur district

text: called Tarai Region. According to Government of India, the district Balrampur is one of the Minority Concentrated District in India on the basis of the 2001 census data on population, socio-economic indicators and basic amenities indicators. The district is named after the erstwhile princely estate (Taluqdari) and its capital, Balrampur. The name of this estate was derived from its founder Balram Das, who founded it in c. 1600 CE. The territory which the present Balrampur district covers was a part of the ancient Kosala kingdom. Sravasti was the capital of Uttara (North) Kosala. The ruins of Sahet, ancient Sravasti, spread

title: Tarapur Atomic Power Station

text: Tarapur Atomic Power Station (T.A.P.S.) is located in Tarapur, Palghar, India. Tarapur is the largest nuclear power station in India. It was constructed initially with two boiling water reactor (BWR) units by Bechtel and GE under the 1963 123 Agreement between India, the United States, and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Units 1 and 2 were brought online for commercial operation on 28 October 1969 with an initial power of 210 MW of electricity, later on this was reduced to 160 MW due to technical difficulties. These were the first of their kind in Asia. More recently, an additional

text: of which 7,125 hectares were irrigated by canal water, 1,780 hectares by tank water, 50 hectares by river lift irrigation, 480 hectares by deep tube wells and 2,393 hectares by shallow tube wells. In 2013-14, Tarakeswar CD Block had offices of 10 commercial banks and 1 gramin bank. Tarakeswar CD Block has 27 originating/ terminating bus routes. The broad gauge Sheoraphuli–Tarakeswar branch line was opened by the Tarkessur Railway Company on 1 January 1885 and was worked by East Indian Railway Company. The Tarakeswar-Bishnupur project was sanctioned in 1999-2000. Eastern Railway gave out details of the project in 2003. The

title: Plant breeding in Nepal

text: NARC and IAAS in wheat and rice improvement programs. Plant breeding in Nepal Plant breeding in Nepal is the art and science of improving the heredity of plants for benefit of humanity in Nepal. The major crops of Nepal include rice, wheat, maize, oil seeds and grain legumes. Crop breeding history started in Nepal after establishment of research stations around the country and establishment of Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Rampur, Chitwan under Tribhuvan University. Later as a research governmental organization, Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC) was established in 1991 as an autonomous organization under "Nepal Agricultural Research Council

text: CD Block in the east, Jangipara CD Block, in the south and Pursurah CD Block in the west. It is located 45 km from Chinsurah, the district headquarters. Tarakeswar CD Block has an area of 119.93 km. It has 1 panchayat samity, 10 gram panchayats, 144 gram sansads (village councils), 90 mouzas and 89 inhabited villages. Tarakeswar police station serves this block.Headquarters of this CD Block is at Tarakeswar. Gram panchayats of Tarakeswar block/ panchayat samiti are: Astara-Duttapur, Baligori I, Baligori II, Bhanjipur, Champadanga, Keshabchak, Naita-Mal Paharpur, Purba Ramnagar, Santoshpur and Talpur. As per the 2011 Census of India, Tarakeswar

title: Tarapur, Maharashtra

text: and rail. The main shopping areas are Chitralaya and Boisar (oswal, Yashvant shristi), which have a huge number of small and big shops. India census, Tarapur had a population of 7012. Males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%. Tarapur has a literacy rate of 91% for both males and females, much higher than the national average of 72%. In Tarapur, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age. Among minority languages, Gujarati is spoken by 15.68% of the population and Hindi by 26.78%. Two beaches lay about four kilometres west from Tarapur. Well known is the

title: Taraiya (Vidhan Sabha constituency)

text: Taraiya (Vidhan Sabha constituency) Taraiya (Vidhan Sabha constituency) () is an assembly constituency in Saran district in the Indian state of Bihar. As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 116 Taraiya (Vidhan Sabha constituency) is composed of the following:Taraiya, Panapur and Ishuapur community development blocks. . Panchayat are following: Dumari, Chanchaliya, Madhopur etc. Taraiya (Vidhan Sabha constituency) is part of No. 19 Maharajganj (Lok Sabha constituency). It was earlier part of Chapra (Lok Sabha constituency). In the 2010 state assembly elections, Janak Singh of BJP won the Taraiya assembly seat defeating his nearest rival Tarakeshwar Singh

title: Tarahara

text: Shree Janasahayog HSS / Rastriya Janasahayog College. Tarahara Tarahara (तरहरा) is a town in the Sunsari District of Nepal. It is located on the Koshi Highway in between Itahari and Dharan. It is famous in the eastern region primarily for Sekuwa (roasted meat). There is a government-owned agricultural research center. The name Tarahara comes from Sanskrit Terai + Hara(Green) = Tarahara. Now it is known as Itahari 20, Tarahara. Tarahara FM is situated here in Tarahara. Their one of the main Program is Quiz Mala (RJ Uttam Giri), every Friday 6 PM to 7 PM. Here you can get "School

title: Narsinghpur

text: soil, smooth soil, rocky soil, and sandy soils are there in which wheat, grams and all type of pulses have been produced. The Kalmetahar area of the district is one of the most fertile lands of Asia. Here wheat and gulabi grams are the major crops which are produced in large quantity. Gadarwara is very famous for tuwar (Arhar) pulses mainly. At the district level, agricultural farms, soil experiment laboratories are there, where farmers get pesticides, best quality seeds, fertilizers and most important technical guidance. Major sources for irrigation are wells, ponds, rivers, canals and tubewells. Irrigation has mainly been

title: Dhalai district

text: water. Irrigation ponds form another water supply for agriculture. Horticultural plantations include banana, pineapple, mango, litchi, jackfruit, papaya, betel nut, orange, lemon, and other fruit trees. North Eastern Regional Agricultural Marketing Corporation Limited (NERAMAC) had Fruit Juice Concentration Plant (FJCP) at Nalkata since 1988, but it's been inoperational since 2010. Several tea estates are in Manu, Chawmanu, Salema and Durgachowmuhani blocks, with a tea processing unit at Salema. Vegetables like tomato, cabbage, cauliflower, snake gourd, pumpkin, okra, corn, cucumber, beans, potato, carrot, radish, bamboo shoot are grown in parts of the district. Spice cultivation includes chili pepper, coriander, ginger, turmeric,

title: Taraori

text: from Taraori Grain Market are published daily in many newspapers, such as "Punjab Kesari". There are many schools in the town, including: Aside from its fort, Taraori has a [[gurudwara" of [[Guru Teg Bahadur]], the 9th Guru of the [[Sikhism|Sikhs]], called Shishganj Sahib Gurudwara. Sarv Mano Kamna Sidh shri Lakshmi Naryan Mandir [[ Lord Vishnu ]] There is a Common Service Center ( CSC Taraori) situated near Karnali Gate Parking. [[Category:Cities and towns in Karnal district]] [[Category:Gurdwaras in Haryana]] [[Category:Forts in Haryana]] Taraori Taraori, or Tarori or Tarawari, as it is sometimes called in the local dialect, is a city

title: Picrorhiza kurroa

text: Picrorhiza kurroa Picrorhiza kurroa is one of the major income generating non-timber forest products found in the Nepalese Himalayas. It is one of the oldest medicinal plants traded from the Karnali zone. Known as Kutki or कुटकी in Nepali, it is a perennial herb and is used as a substitute for Indian gentian ("Gentiana kurroo"). It is found in the Himalayan region from Kashmir to Sikkim at an elevation of 2700-4500m and in Nepal, found abundantly between 3500 and 4800m. It is found far away from the community and takes from hours to days to walk to its growing habitat.

title: Tarapur, Bihar

text: connects Tarapur to cities of Jharkhand like Dhanbad and Bokaro Steel City Tarapur has connectivity to different cities around with state highway. Few are the listed below Teldia Mandir stands with pride for more than 400 years. It is known for its special worship based on Bangla Tantrik Vidhi. Millions of devotees visit the temple for worship during Durga Puja. On regular days, the devotees gather in huge numbers on Tuesday and Saturday. It is widely believed that parents willing for a child gets their wish fulfilled. 15 February 1932 Almost 100 freedom fighters had gathered at the Tarapur police

title: Tarana (Madhya Pradesh)

text: of the population is under 6 years of age. Tarana experiences typical climate conditions of the interior Indian subcontinent. The summer months (April–June) are harsh with temperatures reaching up to 45°C. In addition, hot winds (called loo) may blow in the afternoons, worsening the heat. The winter months (Nov.–Feb.) are pleasant and cool with daytime temperatures typically 20°C. The monsoon typically arrives in late June and the months of June till September receive moderate to heavy rainfall. There are periods of rainfall followed by long periods of bright sunshine and high humidity. The month of October generally is very warm

title: Anjangaon

text: the main centre for the supply of bananas in Maharashtra along with Jalgaon. Bananas are supplied across north India (Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Jammu, Punjab, Uttarakhand, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Delhi, etc.) and Nepal from here.Anjangaon Surji is also one of the leading place for production of Long pepper (Piper longum), (Pippali), sometimes called Indian long pepper, is a flowering vine in the family Piperaceae, is also cultivated for its fruit, which is usually dried and used as a spice and seasoning. Anjangaon is connected to Amravati (76 km), Paratwada (27 km) and Akola (75 km) by roadways. The state transport

title: Tarapur, Maharashtra

text: Tarapur, Maharashtra Tarapur is a census town in Palghar district (earlier Palghar was taluka and has recently notified as district) in the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is an industrial town located some 45 km north of Virar, on the Western Railway line of Mumbai Suburban Division (Mumbai Suburban Railway). Tarapur can be reached from Boisar, the nearest railway station. It is 20 km off National Highway NH-8. At the end of the thirteenth century (1280), Tarapur is mentioned as one of the towns conquered from the Naiks by Bhim the legendary ruler of Mahim in Bombay island. (Naime's Konkan,

title: Navapur

text: is the developing city in nandurbar district Navapur thrives as a marketing and processing town for the surrounding agricultural areas. The municipality has agro based industries such as a sugar factory and a tuvar daal mill as well as other food processing facilities. Rentio tuvar daal is manufactured here. Agro based industries and related occupations like animal husbandry and poultry farming are practiced by the people here. Desai Poultry Farm was the first poultry farm founded by Shri Hasu Desai at nearby village called Uchchhal. The Golden fruit and vegetable company[G.F.C] was started by Abdul jalil Abdul Gafur Shaikh, on

title: Sahid Matangini (community development block)

text: Purba Medinipur leads in both cropped area and production, although floriculture in the district remains in its infancy. There is great potentiality of flower production particularly in three CD Blocks – Kolaghat, Panskura and Sahid Matangini. In 2007-08 in Purba Medinipur district 31.750 crore spikes of rose were produced from 555 hectares, 4,880 tonnes of chrysanthemum were produced from 150 hectares, 4.140 crore spikes of gladiolus were produced from 250 hectares, 13.310 crore spikes of tube rose were produced from 451 hectares, 10,140 tonnes marigold were produced from 1,115 hectares, 370 tonnes of jasmine were produced from 280 hectares, and

title: Nawalparasi District

text: settled migrating from the hills. The big industries such as Chaudhary Udhyog Gram (CUG), Bhrikuti pulp and paper factory are located in the nawalpur area of this district. Since Parasi is the headquarter of Nawalparasi district many of the clerical offices are located there. Nepal's one of the biggest Sugar factory, Lumbini Sugar Industry, which was made by China's support, also lies in Sunwal Municipality of this district. Nowadays many industries are also being operated here like Sarbottam Cement factory, Butwal cement factory, Triveni distillery, cement factory of CG in Dumkibas, Jamuwad paper factory and other cottage industries. Developing cities

title: Tarao Naga

text: Tarao Naga Tarao are a minority community in Chandel district, Manipur, India. They speak Taraotrong but speak Meiteilon well with others. The Taraos are one of the many tribes in Manipur. It is said that Maharaja Ching-Thang Khomba had an orchard at a place near Pallel and his orange trees were looked after by the Taraos at Komlathabi (Kapaam). They are mainly concentrated in four villages. Their main source of livelihood is cane & bamboo, out of which, mat-making is predominant all the year round. They are also involved in cultivation works in the fields and plantation farms. Their land

title: Ranbir Singh Pora

text: Singh and SepoyJanvir Singh. The main economic activities of Ranbir Singh Pura are agriculture and dairy farming. Rice (basmati) and wheat are major crops, and beseem and vegetables are also grown. The Rakh area of Badyal Brahmana and Arnia are known for vegetable farming. Ranbir Singh Pura has many rice mills for the processing of high-quality Basmati rice. Fame of Ranbir Singh Pora nowadays is connected with its basmati rice, known for its quality and unique aroma. It is believed that this unique aroma is due to the water of Chenab which is used to irrigate the agricultural lands in

title: Sreerampur Uttarpara

text: the main winter crop from 305 hectares, 369 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 117 hectares, 1,095 tonnes of jute from 52 hectares, 2,585 tonnes of potatoes from 117 hectares and 2,132 tonnes of sugar cane from 14 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds . In 2013-14, the total area irrigated in Sreerampur Uttarpara CD Block was 1,776 hectares, out of which 985 hectares were irrigated by canal water, 390 hectares by tank water, 180 hectares by deep tube wells and 221 hectares by shallow tube wells. In 2013-14, Sreerampur Uttarpara CD Block had offices of 7 commercial

title: Tarapur Atomic Power Station

long_answer: Tarapur Atomic Power Station (T.A.P.S.) is located in Tarapur, Palghar, India.Tarapur is the largest nuclear power station in India. It was constructed initially with two boiling water reactor (BWR) units by Bechtel and GE under the 1963 123 Agreement between India, the United States, and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Units 1 and 2 were brought online for commercial operation on 28 October 1969 with an initial power of 210 MW of electricity, later on this was reduced to 160 MW due to technical difficulties. These were the first of their kind in Asia. More recently, an additional two pressurised heavy water reactor (PHWR) units of 540 MW each were constructed by L&T and Gammon India, seven months ahead of schedule and well within the original cost estimates. Unit 3 was brought online for commercial operation on 18 August 2006, and unit 4 on 12 September 2005.


question: when did fender start making amps in mexico

answers: 1996

title: Mexican Fender

text: Mexican Fender "Mexican Fender" is a song by the American rock band Weezer. It was released as a promotional single from their eleventh studio album "Pacific Daydream" on August 17, 2017, premiering on Beats 1. "DIY" described "Mexican Fender" as a "perfect three-and-a-half minute slice of giddy, upbeat power-pop, sprinkling Weezer’s trademark “oohs” all over, and has a smattering of self-awareness." Andy Cush at "Spin" called the song a "spiritual sequel" to "In the Garage" from "Weezer (1994)". The music video was released on August 17, 2017. The video features a seagull falling in love with a woman beach goer.

title: Fender Cabronita Telecaster

text: there was a made-in-Mexico Classic Players Cabronita Telecaster, there was the 60th Anniversary Cabronita, which was made in California for one production year in 2011. It essentially uses the same design, with two TV Jones Filter'Tron humbuckers, an Alder body and Maple neck, albeit with a different finish. This model can be distinguished from the MIM Classic Players and Squier versions by the 60th Anniversary neck plate and "Made In The USA" headstock logo.) and called "La Cabronita" and was a made to order, Custom Shop built guitar. Custom Shop guitars are built in Fender's Corona, California factory. They represent

title: Fender Cabronita Telecaster

text: short period of time. They cost slightly more than a Fender American Standard guitar, but priced at a fraction of a Custom Shop version. The following year, Fender began production of a less expensive Cabronita by shifting production to their Ensenada, Mexico factory and using their own "Fidelitron" pickups, under their "Classic Series" line of Telecasters. This pickup was similar in both look and design to the TV Jones pickup, sharing the same basic dimensions and mounting style. Although the tone was different, it still provided a high quality sound. Like the American version, the Mexican built (often informally abbreviated

title: Fender Deluxe Amp

text: '57 Custom Deluxe. Fender Deluxe Amp The Fender Deluxe guitar amplifier was produced by Fender from early 1948 to 1966. Its predecessor was the Fender Model 26 produced from 1946 to 1948. The Fender Deluxe amp of the 1950s was a medium-powered unit designed to let guitarists "hold their own" in a small group. As blues, western swing,Western, and rockabilly bands began getting louder, the overdriven tone of a cranked-up Deluxe found its way onto many live and recorded performances. The earliest version of the Deluxe was the 5A3, and is often referred to as having a TV Front appearance

title: Fender Musical Instruments Corporation

text: other countries also. Fender guitars built in Ensenada, Mexico, now fulfill the primary export role formerly held by Japanese-made Fenders. The Japanese Fenders are now manufactured specifically for the Japanese market, with only a small number marked for export. On February 11, 1994, the Ensenada plant burned down, and main production was temporarily moved to Corona. FMIC has purchased a number of instrument brands and firms, including the Guild Guitar Company, the Sunn Amplifier Company, and SWR Sound Corporation. In early 2003, FMIC reached an agreement with the Gretsch family and began manufacturing and distributing new Gretsch guitars. Fender also

title: Fender Telecaster

text: the bridge position although being custom built, in can be ordered in any configuration. All Cabronitas can be distinguished by use of a smaller pickguard that covers the lower horn only, similar to the pickguard used in the original prototype for the Telecaster in 1949. The versions built in Mexico offered either a solid body or Thinline body, with both featuring two Fender Fidelitron pickups, a volume knob and pickup selector. They both have maple necks, 25.5" scale, a 9.5 inch radius fretboard, "Medium C" profile and 1 5/8" nut width, common to many standard Telecasters made in Mexico, although

title: Fender Cabronita Telecaster

text: as "MIM" for Made in Mexico) had two pickups, a single volume control and a three way switch. At the same time, they also produced a Thinline version (semi-hollow) that was identical except for the body type. Most were built of alder, with the single exception of the "white blonde" models that used swamp ash, which allowed the grain to show through the translucent white finish. Unlike most imported Telecasters, it had 22 frets. Around the same time, they began production of two Cabronita models under their less expensive Squier brand, which is a subsidiary of Fender and features more

title: Fender Deluxe Amp

text: Fender Deluxe Amp The Fender Deluxe guitar amplifier was produced by Fender from early 1948 to 1966. Its predecessor was the Fender Model 26 produced from 1946 to 1948. The Fender Deluxe amp of the 1950s was a medium-powered unit designed to let guitarists "hold their own" in a small group. As blues, western swing,Western, and rockabilly bands began getting louder, the overdriven tone of a cranked-up Deluxe found its way onto many live and recorded performances. The earliest version of the Deluxe was the 5A3, and is often referred to as having a TV Front appearance because the wide

title: Fender Wide Range

text: using ceramic magnets, one in Mexico using alnico. Despite an almost identical appearance, both are constructed differently from the original 1970s unit. The current Mexican reissues, much like a Gibson humbucker, feature a bar magnet underneath the bobbins that abuts to 6 screw type pole-pieces in each coil; they are simply conventional humbuckers placed in the larger "wide range" humbucker casing, and the gap is filled with wax. Although neither pickup precisely replicates the sound of the original, they are at least tonally similar with the Japanese reissue sounding hotter and the Mexican reissue sounding more like a standard Gibson

title: Fender amplifier

title: Fender Blues Junior

text: reflects the change in where the amps were manufactured, from USA to Mexico. The cream-colored board is laid out entirely differently from the green board. The biggest change is the reworked reverb circuit. The older amps tend to sound darker, while the new ones are brighter with more emphasis on treble tones. The table Below details the revision dates and the changes made on those dates. Fender adopted a two-letter dating code in 1990. The code can be found on the Quality Assurance label located inside the cabinet. The label is often located on the bottom next to the reverb

title: Fender Super Reverb

text: each in series-parallel) and 100 watts RMS (changed to 135W in 1977). Introduced in 1972, this silverface combo amplifier was discontinued in 1979. Fender Super Reverb The Fender Super Reverb is a guitar amplifier made by Fender. It was originally introduced in 1963 and was discontinued in 1982. The Super Reverb was a Fender Super amplifier with built-in reverb and "vibrato" (actually tremolo). The original Super Reverb amplifiers were all-tube designs and featured spring reverb. There were two different designs, distinguishable by the color of the "face" or front control panel. Super Reverbs from 1963 through 1967 had "blackface" panels.

title: Fender Super

text: Fender Super The Fender Super was a guitar amplifier made by Fender between 1947 and 1963 and, as the Super Reverb, until 1981. Though it was designed for a clean sound, its overdriven sound is praised by players and critics. The Super evolved from the so-called Dual Professional, "often cited as the world's first twin-speaker amplifier," which was introduced in 1947. The Dual Professional had two slightly angled 10" Jensen speakers, and had two 6L6 tubes producing 18 watts. It was renamed the Super in the fall of 1947. The amplifier's circuit was changed in 1955 (until then it was

title: Fender Vibroverb

text: Tremolo/Vibrato:..12AX7 Reverb Driver:...12AT7 Reverb Recovery:..12AX7 Circuit:...AA763 Fender Vibroverb The Fender Vibroverb was a 40-watt combo guitar amplifier originally manufactured in 1963 and 1964. It was the first Fender amplifier to incorporate on-board reverb which became a standard feature on many high-end Fender tube amps during the 1960s and 1970s. The original (6G16 circuit) Vibroverb was introduced in February 1963. The speaker lineup and the output transformer were based on the Fender Super amp of the time and the circuit based on the Fender Vibrolux of the time, with no presence control and only one 12AX7 tube for the tremolo effect.

title: Fender Vibroverb

text: Fender Vibroverb The Fender Vibroverb was a 40-watt combo guitar amplifier originally manufactured in 1963 and 1964. It was the first Fender amplifier to incorporate on-board reverb which became a standard feature on many high-end Fender tube amps during the 1960s and 1970s. The original (6G16 circuit) Vibroverb was introduced in February 1963. The speaker lineup and the output transformer were based on the Fender Super amp of the time and the circuit based on the Fender Vibrolux of the time, with no presence control and only one 12AX7 tube for the tremolo effect. It sported typical "brownface" cosmetics, with

title: Fender Zone Bass

text: launched in 2005. Both the American and Mexican Zone basses were discontinued from the Fender pricelist at the end of 2006. Fender Zone Bass The Fender Zone is a fretted electric bass guitar, introduced in 2001. It has a slightly lighter and smaller body than previous Fender basses. The 2004 models were made of solid Mahogany and Walnut or Alder and Maple timbers and have a pair of Zone humbucking pickups powered by an 18V active 3-band preamp. Part of the best-selling Fender American Deluxe Series, the Zone Bass replaced the Japanese P-Bass Lyte Deluxe (which featured a mahogany body,

title: Fender Pro Reverb

text: Fender Pro Reverb The Fender Pro Reverb is a high-end guitar amplifier made by Fender. It was in production from 1965 and was discontinued in 1982. The Pro Reverb is a 40-watt tube amplifier and has a pair of 12" speakers; however, models later than 1976 were increased to 70 watts. Teagle and Sprung, authors of the definitive book on Fender amplifiers ("Fender Amps: The First Fifty Years") described the Blackface Pro Reverb as "the" best amplifier ever produced likely due to its combination of the two twelve inch speakers, its high quality reverb and tremolo, and just the right

title: Fender Twin

text: Fender Twin The Fender Twin is a guitar amplifier made by Fender Musical Instruments Corporation. It was introduced in 1952, two years before Fender began selling Stratocaster electric guitars. The amps are known for their characteristically clean tone. The Twin has seen a number of revisions since its introduction, both internal and external, with its designs sometimes varying greatly from one year to the next. Several variations on the amp's original design have been produced through the years, including the Twin Reverb, the Super Twin, the Twin Reverb II, and the Twin Reverb '65 Reissue. The Cyber Twin, which combined

title: Fender Prosonic

text: While the vast majority of Prosonics were shipped with the standard black tolex covering, some of the initial Custom Shop run were finished in red and seafoam green pebbled tolex, called "lizard-skin" by Fender. Approximately 300 were made in red and 500 were made in seafoam green. The look of the amplifier borrows simultaneously from several eras of vintage Fender design: black "chicken-head" pointer knobs (as used on circa 1950s "tweed" amps), and the silver grill cloth, jewel lamp, and black control plate as used during the 'black face' period (mid-1960s). (Both models came with green jewel lamps). An all-tube

title: Fender Zone Bass

text: gone a year earlier. The Mexican made Fender Zone bass is essentially the same design as the Fender Precision Bass Lyte, which was manufactured in Japan, except for the addition of a set of custom-wound hum-cancelling P/J pickups and a three-band active EQ powered by a single 9V battery. The J-style bridge unit is a customized version of a pre-2004 Deluxe Active Jazz Bass pickup. On the five-string Zone, it's a Vintage Noiseless Jazz Bass pickup with solid covers. The Zone replaced the P-Bass Lyte after its discontinuation in late 2000. A five-string version of the Mexican Zone Bass was

title: Fender Prosonic

text: output tubes), as of 2016, only the 22 watt version remains in production, however the 60 watt version remains available in both head and combo versions in second quarter 2017. While the combo versions sharing the same cabinet and pre-amp design, the output transformer, output tubes and single 12" speaker differed. Priced higher than most Fender amplifiers, appeal was somewhat limited to musicians seeking the advanced features, much like the Prosonic. Unlike the Prosonic, all Super-Sonic amps used a solid state rectifier only. Super-Sonic amps are manufactured in Fender's Corona, California factory. Fender Prosonic The Fender Prosonic guitar amplifier was

title: Effects unit

text: sound, which quickly became popular with guitarists such as Chet Atkins, Carl Perkins, Scotty Moore, Luther Perkins, and Roy Orbison. By the 1950s, tremolo, vibrato and reverb were available as built-in effects on many guitar amplifiers. Both Premier and Gibson built tube-powered amps with spring reverb. Fender began manufacturing the tremolo amps Tremolux in 1955 and Vibrolux in 1956. Distortion was not an effect originally intended by amplifier manufacturers, but could often easily be achieved by "overdriving" the power supply in early tube amplifiers. In the 1950s, guitarists began deliberately increasing gain beyond its intended levels to achieve "warm" distorted

title: Fender Super Reverb

text: Fender Super Reverb The Fender Super Reverb is a guitar amplifier made by Fender. It was originally introduced in 1963 and was discontinued in 1982. The Super Reverb was a Fender Super amplifier with built-in reverb and "vibrato" (actually tremolo). The original Super Reverb amplifiers were all-tube designs and featured spring reverb. There were two different designs, distinguishable by the color of the "face" or front control panel. Super Reverbs from 1963 through 1967 had "blackface" panels. From 1968 until its discontinuation in 1982, the Super Reverb had "silverface" cosmetics and circuitry. Early models in 1968, while cosmetically "silverface", did

title: Fender Deluxe Amp

text: up to around 20 watts. The circuit number was changed to 6G3, and Fender continued to build and dress the Deluxe in these circuits and cosmetics until 1963. Fender again made a change in their amplifier cosmetics between 1963 and 1964. The color of the tolex covering was changed to black, and the control knobs were changed from ones with pointers that indicated the level number labeled on the control face to ones that had the level numbers incorporated upon the knobs themselves. These are referred to as the Blackface amps. The Deluxe was given its new look in 1963,

title: Fender Pro Reverb

text: the effects. In excellent condition, with original speakers these amps were selling between $1,900 and $2,400 in 2010 (2011 Vintage Guitar Price Guide). Mint examples usually sell for more. In 1967 Fender changed styles. The front panel was polished aluminum ("silverface") with blue block lettering and the grill cloth changed to silver with blue threads (some later Pro Reverbs were sold with a silver/orange sparkle grill cloth). The cabinet grew an inch in depth about the same in height and became more angular around the front panel. An aluminum trim strip surrounded the speaker panel for roughly one year. The

title: Fender Super

text: weak point in the design as they tended to short out and fail under the increased power after 1958 when the Super regained its 40 watts of muscle thanks to the return to 6L6/5881 power tubes. As a result, Fender began using Woodward-Schumacher 4-ohm transformers (stamped 125A6A). These transformers had thicker gauge wires than the previous Triad version (stamped 45216) and handled the higher power with less stress. Fender Super The Fender Super was a guitar amplifier made by Fender between 1947 and 1963 and, as the Super Reverb, until 1981. Though it was designed for a clean sound, its

title: Fender Twin

text: a modified version of the 5E8 Tweed Twin that removed one channel, and added a tremolo effect, with an overall 40W output. Listed at $3000, it was praised by "Vintage Guitar" for its "exceptional" tones, both clean and driven. Fender Twin The Fender Twin is a guitar amplifier made by Fender Musical Instruments Corporation. It was introduced in 1952, two years before Fender began selling Stratocaster electric guitars. The amps are known for their characteristically clean tone. The Twin has seen a number of revisions since its introduction, both internal and external, with its designs sometimes varying greatly from one

title: Fender Pro Reverb

text: bought out Fender in January 1965, all of them are "post-CBS" Fenders. Even so, some have "Fender Electric Instruments Co." on the front panel under the Pro Reverb Amp logo instead of the CBS era "Fender Musical Instruments." The original Pro Reverbs are "blackface"—they have black control panels with white lettering, script logo, silver/black/white grill clothes, raised "tailed"-style Fender logo on the grill cloth and black Tolex covering. They use two 5881/6L6GC power tubes, a GZ34 tube rectifier and are rated at roughly 40 watts. They have two channels, one of which has reverb and tremolo. A dual footswitch controls

title: Fender Super

text: a sound that, according to "Vintage Guitar"'s Dave Hunter, "in the estimation of many a vintage-amp fan, is among the sweetest and most delectable of any amp ever made." In 1960, the Super Amp was redesigned along with the remainder of the Professional Series of Fender amplifiers. Accordingly, the 5G4 Super Amp was clad in light brown tolex and outfitted with a forward facing control panel. The chassis contained a larger circuit with 5 preamp tubes to support a new onboard vibrato circuit. The Super, however, was the only one of these updated Professional amps to retain its tube rectifier,

title: Fender Tremolux

text: cream tolex. Its rated power output was increased to 20 watts, its output tubes were a pair of 6BQ5/EL84 (the only Fender amp of that time to feature them) and they were operated at voltages in excess of their rated maximums and under fixed bias, but was soon changed to 35 watts and a pair of 6L6GC power tubes with a GZ34 rectifier (circuits 6G9-A and 6G9-B.) There were 10", 12" and 2×10" speaker cabinet configurations (the 2×10" being the majority of amps produced). In 1963, the grillcloth changed to gold colored. In 1964, the cream tolex was replaced with

title: Fender amplifier

long_answer: The Red Knob amplifiers were produced from 1987 until 1993. These were some of the first models produced by the newly formed Fender Musical Instrument Corporation. These amplifiers, named for their bright red control knobs, have a slightly similar appearance to the older Blackface cosmetics, having black control panels with white lettering and the late 1970s "scripted tailless" Fender logo. Many of these models were simply refitted with black knobs and early 1970s "unscripted tailless" Fender logos in 1996 when most Fender amplifier manufacturing moved to the Ensenada factory in Mexico. This series of amplifiers all used printed circuit board construction and can be difficult for amateur amp techs to service. The Red Knob amps, with their high-gain channels, had their own sound, not much like the older classic Blackface and Silverface designs.


question: the boiling point of water is 100 degrees celsius express this in si units

answers: 100 °C

title: Celsius

text: (1701–1744) created a temperature scale that was the reverse of the scale now known as "Celsius": 0 represented the boiling point of water, while 100 represented the freezing point of water. In his paper "Observations of two persistent degrees on a thermometer", he recounted his experiments showing that the melting point of ice is essentially unaffected by pressure. He also determined with remarkable precision how the boiling point of water varied as a function of atmospheric pressure. He proposed that the zero point of his temperature scale, being the boiling point, would be calibrated at the mean barometric pressure at

title: Water

text: decreed definition of the gram specified water at —a highly reproducible "temperature"—the scientists chose to redefine the standard and to perform their measurements at the temperature of highest water "density", which was measured at the time as . The Kelvin temperature scale of the SI system is based on the triple point of water, defined as exactly . The scale is an absolute temperature scale with the same increment as the Celsius temperature scale, which was originally defined according to the boiling point (set to ) and melting point (set to ) of water. Natural water consists mainly of the

title: Celsius

text: to variations in barometric pressure. For example, an altitude change of only 28 cm (11 in) causes the boiling point to change by one millikelvin. Celsius The Celsius scale, also known as the centigrade scale, is a temperature scale used by the International System of Units (SI). As an SI derived unit, it is used by all countries except the United States, the Bahamas, Belize, the Cayman Islands and Liberia. It is named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701–1744), who developed a similar temperature scale. The degree Celsius (°C) can refer to a specific temperature on the Celsius scale

title: Water

text: physical properties of water. The boiling and freezing points of water are affected by solutes, as well as air pressure, which is in turn affected by altitude. Water boils at lower temperatures with the lower air pressure that occurs at higher elevations. One mole of sucrose (sugar) per kilogram of water raises the boiling point of water by , and one mole of salt per kg raises the boiling point by ; similarly, increasing the number of dissolved particles lowers water's freezing point. Solutes in water also affect water activity that affects many chemical reactions and the growth of microbes

title: 100 (number)

text: for which "n" is prime). One hundred is the atomic number of fermium, an actinide and the first of the heavy metals that cannot be created through neutron bombardment. On the Celsius scale, 100 degrees is the boiling temperature of pure water at sea level. The Kármán line lies at an altitude of 100 kilometres above the Earth's sea level and is commonly used to define the boundary between Earth's atmosphere and outer space. The United States Senate has 100 Senators. Most of the world's currencies are divided into 100 subunits; for example, one euro is one hundred cents and

title: Imperial and US customary measurement systems

text: of Henry Cavendish, proposed the definition of the Fahrenheit scale be modified such that the temperature corresponding to the melting point of ice be 32 °F and the boiling point of water under standard atmospheric conditions be 212 °F. The British thermal unit (Btu) is defined as the heat needed to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit. It was in use before 1859 as a unit of heat based on imperial units rather than the metric units used by the French—Clément-Desormes having defined the calorie in terms of the kilogram and degrees centigrade in

title: Celsius

text: factor of "precisely" (approximately 36.61% thermodynamically hotter). When adhering "strictly" to the two-point definition for calibration, the boiling point of VSMOW under one standard atmosphere of pressure is actually 373.1339 K (99.9839 °C). When calibrated to ITS-90 (a calibration standard comprising many definition points and commonly used for high-precision instrumentation), the boiling point of VSMOW is slightly less, about 99.974 °C. This boiling-point difference of 16.1 millikelvins between the Celsius scale's original definition and the current one (based on absolute zero and the triple point) has little practical meaning in common daily applications because water's boiling point is very sensitive

title: Celsius

text: Celsius scale are defined by absolute zero and the triple point of Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW), a specially purified water. This definition also precisely relates the Celsius scale to the Kelvin scale, which defines the SI base unit of thermodynamic temperature with symbol K. Absolute zero, the lowest temperature possible, is defined as being exactly 0 K and −273.15 °C. The temperature of the triple point of water is defined as exactly . This means that a temperature difference of one degree Celsius and that of one kelvin are exactly the same. In 1742, Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius

title: International System of Units

text: 1742. His scale counter-intuitively designated 100 as the freezing point of water and 0 as the boiling point. Independently, in 1743, the French physicist Jean-Pierre Christin described a scale with 0 as the freezing point of water and 100 the boiling point. The scale became known as the centi-grade, or 100 gradations of temperature, scale. The metric system was developed from 1791 onwards by a committee of the French Academy of Sciences, commissioned to create a unified and rational system of measures. The group, which included preeminent French men of science, used the same principles for relating length, volume, and

title: Celsius

title: Fahrenheit

text: Cayman Islands and Liberia. Antigua and Barbuda and other islands which use the same meteorological service, such as Anguilla, the British Virgin Islands, Montserrat and Saint Kitts and Nevis, as well as Bermuda, Belize and the Turks and Caicos Islands, use Fahrenheit and Celsius. All other countries in the world officially now use the Celsius scale, named after Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius. On the Fahrenheit scale, the freezing point of water is 32 degrees Fahrenheit (°F) and the boiling point is 212 °F (at standard atmospheric pressure). This puts the boiling and freezing points of water 180 degrees apart. Therefore,

title: Heat capacity

text: for gases it may be confused with specific heat capacity "at constant volume". While SI units are the most widely used, some countries and industries also use other systems of measurement. One older unit of heat is the kilogram-calorie (Cal), originally defined as the energy required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree Celsius, typically from 14.5 to 15.5 °C. The specific average heat capacity of water on this scale would therefore be exactly 1 Cal/(C°⋅kg). However, due to the temperature-dependence of the specific heat, a large number of different definitions of the calorie came

title: Boiling point

text: thermal energy (heat) is removed. Similarly, a liquid at saturation temperature and pressure will boil into its vapor phase as additional thermal energy is applied. The boiling point corresponds to the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the surrounding environmental pressure. Thus, the boiling point is dependent on the pressure. Boiling points may be published with respect to the NIST, USA standard pressure of 101.325 kPa (or 1 atm), or the IUPAC standard pressure of 100.000 kPa. At higher elevations, where the atmospheric pressure is much lower, the boiling point is also lower. The boiling point

title: Fahrenheit

text: a degree on the Fahrenheit scale is of the interval between the freezing point and the boiling point. On the Celsius scale, the freezing and boiling points of water are 100 degrees apart. A temperature interval of 1 °F is equal to an interval of degrees Celsius. The Fahrenheit and Celsius scales intersect at −40° (i.e., −40 °F = −40 °C). Absolute zero is −273.15 °C or −459.67 °F. The "Rankine" temperature scale uses degree intervals of the same size as those of the Fahrenheit scale, except that absolute zero is 0 °R — the same way that the "Kelvin"

title: Temperature

text: 1 part in 273.16 parts of the difference between absolute zero and the triple point of water; it establishes that one kelvin has precisely the same magnitude as one degree on the Celsius scale; and it establishes the difference between the null points of these scales as being ( = and = ). In the United States, the Fahrenheit scale is widely used. On this scale the freezing point of water corresponds to and the boiling point to . The Rankine scale, still used in fields of chemical engineering in the U.S., is an absolute scale based on the Fahrenheit

title: Scale of temperature

text: °C) when adhering "strictly" to the two-point definition of thermodynamic temperature. When calibrated to ITS–90, where one must interpolate between the defining points of gallium and indium, the boiling point of VSMOW water is about 10 mK less, about 99.974 °C. The virtue of ITS–90 is that another lab in another part of the world will measure the very same temperature with ease due to the advantages of a comprehensive international calibration standard featuring many conveniently spaced, reproducible, defining points spanning a wide range of temperatures. Celsius (known until 1948 as centigrade) is a temperature scale that is named after

title: Fahrenheit

text: reference points became popular following the work of Anders Celsius and these fixed points were adopted by a committee of the Royal Society led by Henry Cavendish in 1776. Under this system, the Fahrenheit scale is redefined slightly so that the freezing point of water is exactly 32 °F, and the boiling point is exactly 212 °F or 180 degrees higher. It is for this reason that normal human body temperature is approximately 98° (oral temperature) on the revised scale (whereas it was 90° on Fahrenheit's multiplication of Rømer, and 96° on his original scale). The Rankine temperature scale was

title: Kilogram

text: as the mass of one cubic centimetre of water at the melting point of ice. The final kilogram, manufactured as a prototype in 1799 and from which the International Prototype Kilogram (IPK) was derived in 1875, had a mass equal to the mass of 1 dm of water under atmospheric pressure and at the temperature of its maximum density, which is approximately 4 °C. The kilogram is the only named SI unit with an SI prefix ("kilo") as part of its name. Until the 2019 redefinition of SI base units, it was also the last SI unit that was still

title: Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water

text: melting or boiling point of water under one standard atmosphere (101.325 kPa) remain defining points for the Celsius scale. In 1948, when the 9th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) in Resolution 3 first considered using the triple point of water as a defining point, the triple point was so close to being 0.01 °C greater than water's known melting point, it was simply defined as exactly 0.01 °C. However, current measurements show that the triple and melting points of VSMOW water are only °C apart. Thus, the actual melting point of ice is °C. Also, defining water's triple

title: Scale of temperature

text: the Celsius scale are currently defined by two different points: absolute zero, and the triple point of VSMOW (specially prepared water). This definition also precisely relates the Celsius scale to the Kelvin scale, which defines the SI base unit of thermodynamic temperature (symbol: K). Absolute zero, the hypothetical but unattainable temperature at which matter exhibits zero entropy, is defined as being precisely 0 K "and" −273.15 °C. The temperature value of the triple point of water is defined as being precisely 273.16 K "and" 0.01 °C. This definition fixes the magnitude of both the degree Celsius and the kelvin as

title: Temperature

text: as Temperature scales differ in two ways: the point chosen as zero degrees, and the magnitudes of incremental units or degrees on the scale. The Celsius scale (°C) is used for common temperature measurements in most of the world. It is an empirical scale that was developed by a historical progress, which led to its zero point being defined by the freezing point of water, and additional degrees defined so that was the boiling point of water, both at sea-level atmospheric pressure. Because of the 100-degree interval, it was called a centigrade scale. Since the standardization of the kelvin in

title: Anders Celsius

text: independent of latitude (and of atmospheric pressure). He determined the dependence of the boiling of water with atmospheric pressure which was accurate even by modern-day standards. He further gave a rule for the determination of the boiling point if the barometric pressure deviates from a certain standard pressure. He proposed the Celsius temperature scale in a paper to the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala, the oldest Swedish scientific society, founded in 1710. His thermometer was calibrated with a value of 100° for the freezing point of water and 0° for the boiling point. In 1745, a year after Celsius'

title: Vapor pressure

text: (Δ"H" > 0) and the difference grows with increased distance from the melting point. Like all liquids, water boils when its vapor pressure reaches its surrounding pressure. In nature, the atmospheric pressure is lower at higher elevations and water boils at a lower temperature. The boiling temperature of water for atmospheric pressures can be approximated by the Antoine equation: or transformed into this temperature-explicit form: where the temperature formula_32 is the boiling point in degrees Celsius and the pressure formula_33 is in Torr. Dühring's rule states that a linear relationship exists between the temperatures at which two solutions exert the

title: Celsius

text: Celsius scale at the triple point of Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW, 273.16 K and 0.01 °C), and at absolute zero (0 K and −273.15 °C), is that neither the melting nor boiling point of water under one standard atmosphere (101.325 kPa) remains a defining point for the Celsius scale. In 1948 when the 9th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) in Resolution 3 first considered using the triple point of water as a defining point, the triple point was so close to being 0.01 °C greater than water's known melting point, it was simply defined as precisely

title: Temperature

text: scientists measure temperature using the Celsius scale and thermodynamic temperature using the Kelvin scale, which is the Celsius scale offset so that its null point is = , or absolute zero. Many engineering fields in the U.S., notably high-tech and US federal specifications (civil and military), also use the Kelvin and Celsius scales. Other engineering fields in the U.S. also rely upon the Rankine scale (a shifted Fahrenheit scale) when working in thermodynamic-related disciplines such as combustion. The basic unit of temperature in the International System of Units (SI) is the kelvin. It has the symbol K. For everyday applications,

title: Temperature

text: it is often convenient to use the Celsius scale, in which corresponds very closely to the freezing point of water and is its boiling point at sea level. Because liquid droplets commonly exist in clouds at sub-zero temperatures, is better defined as the melting point of ice. In this scale a temperature difference of 1 degree Celsius is the same as a increment, but the scale is offset by the temperature at which ice melts (). By international agreement the Kelvin and Celsius scales are defined by two fixing points: absolute zero and the triple point of Vienna Standard Mean

title: Boiling point

text: Boiling point The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the pressure surrounding the liquid and the liquid changes into a vapor. The boiling point of a liquid varies depending upon the surrounding environmental pressure. A liquid in a partial vacuum has a lower boiling point than when that liquid is at atmospheric pressure. A liquid at high pressure has a higher boiling point than when that liquid is at atmospheric pressure. For example, water boils at at sea level, but at at altitude. For a given pressure, different liquids

title: Melting point

text: graphically to the right, but also of Si, Ge, Ga, Bi. With extremely large changes in pressure, substantial changes to the melting point are observed. For example, the melting point of silicon at ambient pressure (0.1 MPa) is 1415 °C, but at pressures in excess of 10 GPa it decreases to 1000 °C. Melting points are often used to characterize organic and inorganic compounds and to ascertain their purity. The melting point of a pure substance is always higher and has a smaller range than the melting point of an impure substance or, more generally, of mixtures. The higher the

title: Newton scale

text: and his interest in the boiling points of metals are likely inspired by his duties in connection with the Royal Mint. Newton used linseed oil as thermometric material and measured its change of volume against his reference points. He set as 0 on his scale "the heat of air in winter at which water begins to freeze" ("Calor aeris hyberni ubi aqua incipit gelu rigescere"), reminiscent of the standard of the modern Celsius scale (i.e. 0 °N = 0 °C), but he has no single second reference point; he does give the "heat at which water begins to boil" as

title: Heat capacity

text: into being. Whilst once it was very prevalent, especially its smaller cgs variant the gram-calorie (cal), defined thus the specific heat of water would be 1 cal/(K⋅g), in most fields the use of the calorie is now archaic. In the United States other units of measure for heat capacity may be quoted in disciplines such as construction, civil engineering, and chemical engineering. A still common system is the English Engineering Units in which the mass reference is pound mass and the temperature is specified in degrees Fahrenheit or Rankine. One (rare) unit of heat is the pound calorie (lb-cal), defined

title: Celsius

long_answer: The Celsius scale was based on 0 °C for the freezing point of water and 100 °C for the boiling point of water at 1 atm pressure following a change introduced in 1743 by Jean-Pierre Christin to reverse the Celsius thermometer scale (from water boiling at 0 degrees and ice melting at 100 degrees). This scale is widely taught in schools today. By international agreement the unit "degree Celsius" and the Celsius scale are currently defined by two different temperatures: absolute zero, and the triple point of Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW), a specially purified water. This definition also precisely relates the Celsius scale to the Kelvin scale, which defines the SI base unit of thermodynamic temperature with symbol K. Absolute zero, the lowest temperature possible, is defined as being exactly 0 K and −273.15 °C. The temperature of the triple point of water is defined as exactly 273.16 K (0.01 °C; 32.02 °F).