question: who is going to host the 2018 winter olympics

answers: South Korea

answers: Pyeongchang County, South Korea

title: Bids for the 2018 Winter Olympics

text: if we don't win, all we did will be useful for your cities and your region". The territory that was proposed to host the Games is concentrated in Annecy and Mont Blanc where 65% of the venues were already built and "the world's leading winter sports destination". In a reference to difficult snow conditions at the 2010 Winter Olympics, organizers made a guarantee of snow in Pays de Savoie where the average snowfall in February is 80 cm. Annecy is a smaller city, so the whole department of Haute-Savoie would have been used, including world-famous ski resorts like Chamonix, Megève,

title: Bids for the 2018 Winter Olympics

text: have been on the site of the old cycling stadium, and a second ice hockey arena and a speed skating oval would have been dismantled and used elsewhere after the Games. Garmisch-Partenkirchen Snow Park would have housed nine snow venues, Both locations would have had Olympic villages. In the district of Berchtesgadener Land, located in close proximity of the border to Salzburg, Austria, the historic Koenigssee Sliding Center was renovated for the World Championships in 2011 for hosting bobsleigh, luge and skeleton. The Green Party and several ecological associations opposed the bid. Arguments included the lack of natural snow, the

title: Bids for the 2022 Winter Olympics

text: Zhangjiakou would host the outdoor snow events. Before the final voting in Kuala Lumpur Beijing's bid was presented by Yang Lan, a renowned former CCTV host, who said sports and fitness were becoming a new fashion trend in China. In her speech she focused on China's economy and its ability to support every commitment it made "protecting long time financial viability and the reputation of the Games". On 6 November 2013, the Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports announced that Oslo would be submitted as the Norwegian candidate for the 2022 Winter Olympic Games. Oslo last hosted

title: Bids for the 2018 Winter Olympics

text: votes ever recorded for a first round bid for a hosting of an IOC Olympic Game. The previous record was held by Salt Lake City with 54 votes for the 2002 Winter Olympics. These cities launched bids or indicated interest, but ultimately did not bid to the IOC. Almaty bid for the 2014 Winter Olympics, but did not make the short list. The Ukrainian government announced in 2006 that Ukraine's popular Bukovel ski and snowboard resort was expanding in expectation of a bid. Li Zhanshu, governor of Heilongjiang Province, expressed interest for Harbin, host of the 2009 Winter Universiade, or

title: Bids for the 2018 Winter Olympics

text: had a "very good chance" of winning the race to host the 2018 Winter Olympics. She added, "The world can look forward to Germany hosting the Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games 2018." In addition to its historical strength as a passionate winter sports nation, figure skating superstar Katarina Witt promoted the bid, as well as 2010 Winter Olympics star alpine skier Maria Riesch and Olympic champion Bavarian biathlete Magdalena Neuner. Within the IOC, Munich had a strong ally with IOC vice president Thomas Bach, whom, it was thought, could swing the vote to Munich, even though the 2014 Games will

title: Bids for the 2018 Winter Olympics

text: the French Alpine town. French President Nicolas Sarkozy also travelled to Annecy to meet with the IOC Evaluation Commission inspecting the city's bid for the 2018 Winter Olympic Games. "The government will do everything possible, you can be sure, so that Annecy, applicant for the 2018 Winter Olympics, will be chosen," Sarkozy said. "Annecy's victory will be the victory of the entire nation, standing behind you." While pledging his support for the bid he said "you are trying hard. It's difficult. Your opponents are extremely powerful but I'm with you. If we win the Games it will be fantastic. And

text: and slope of winter sports. Pyeongchang bid for the 2018 Winter Olympics PyeongChang 2018 was the successful bid to host the 2018 Winter Olympics, to be held in Pyeongchang. After losing the bids for the 2010 and 2014 Winter Olympics, Gangwon Province Gov. Jin-sun Kim announced in September 2007 that Pyeongchang would bid a third time. He cited increased knowledge of the bidding process and the enthusiasm of residents as reasons to keep trying. According to a survey by "The Chosun Ilbo" on December 23, 2009, 91.4% of Koreans, 93.4% of Pyeongchang and Jeongseon residents, and 93% of Gangwon residents

title: Bukovel

text: anticipation of Ukraine bidding to host the 2018 Winter Olympics. The additional land will be used for the construction of several new ski lifts and service projects. Previously, the land was a government-managed forest preserve area. Bukovel has also plans to build an Olympic winter stadium in preparation for a possible bid. In 2008 the head of the Ukrainian NOC (National Olympic Committee), Serhiy Bubka, announced that even though Bukovel is a world-class ski-resort the talks of hosting the Olympic games are ridiculous as the town does not have the required infrastructure to host such a big event. The deadline

text: Pyeongchang bid for the 2018 Winter Olympics PyeongChang 2018 was the successful bid to host the 2018 Winter Olympics, to be held in Pyeongchang. After losing the bids for the 2010 and 2014 Winter Olympics, Gangwon Province Gov. Jin-sun Kim announced in September 2007 that Pyeongchang would bid a third time. He cited increased knowledge of the bidding process and the enthusiasm of residents as reasons to keep trying. According to a survey by "The Chosun Ilbo" on December 23, 2009, 91.4% of Koreans, 93.4% of Pyeongchang and Jeongseon residents, and 93% of Gangwon residents supported the 2018 Winter Olympics

title: 2018 Winter Olympics

text: The 2018 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXIII Olympic Winter Games (French: Les XXIIIèmes Jeux olympiques d'hiver; Hangul: 제23회 동계 올림픽; RR: Je-isipsamhoe Donggye Ollimpik) and commonly known as PyeongChang 2018 ([pʰjʌŋ.tɕʰaŋ]), is a major international multi-sport event scheduled to take place from 9 to 25 February 2018 in Pyeongchang County, South Korea.

title: Bids for the 2018 Winter Olympics

text: possibly Changchun. Xinhua reported neither city will bid due to a number of reasons including weak infrastructure. Gap looked at the idea of a bid, but withdrew it in September 2008. The cities of Grenoble, Nice, and Pelvoux also expressed interest to the French Olympic Committee, but were passed over for Annecy. Geneva planned to launch a bid pending a public referendum, but the city decided to bid in 2022 instead. The Swiss Olympic Committee did not support the bid. A 2007 report indicated the New Zealand Olympic Committee suggested a bid for a combined Queenstown – Dunedin bid. The

title: Winter Olympic Games

text: to host the 2022 Winter Olympics, and the host of the 2026 Winter Olympics will be selected on June 23rd, 2019. , no city in the southern hemisphere has applied to host the cold-weather-dependent Winter Olympics, which are held in February at the height of the southern hemisphere summer. To date, twelve countries have participated in every Winter Olympic Games – Austria, Canada, Finland, France, Great Britain, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland and the United States. Six of those countries have earned medals at every Winter Olympic Games – Austria, Canada, Finland, Norway, Sweden and the United States. The

title: Annecy bid for the 2018 Winter Olympics

text: for the bid he said "you are trying hard. It's difficult. Your opponents are extremely powerful but I'm with you. If we win the Games it will be fantastic. And if we don't win, all we did will be useful for your cities and your region". The territory that was proposed to host the Games is concentrated in Annecy and Mont Blanc where 65% of the venues were already built and "the world's leading winter sports destination". In a reference to difficult snow conditions at the 2010 Winter Olympics, organizers made a guarantee of snow in Pays de Savoie where

title: Beijing bid for the 2022 Winter Olympics

text: Sydney. Beijing went on to successfully bid for and host the 2008 Summer Olympics. Harbin bid to host the 2010 Winter Olympics but failed to become a candidate city. Vancouver was ultimately awarded the 2010 Winter Olympics. Harbin also bid to host the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics but failed to become a candidate. Innsbruck ultimately won the right to host the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics. Nanjing successfully bid to host the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics. The Beijing Olympic Games Bidding Committee unveiled the gymnasium layout plan for the 2022 Winter Olympic Games on 20 February 2014: five ice events will

title: Venues of the 1972 Summer Olympics

text: West Germany defeated the Netherlands. The Eiskanal in Augsburg hosted the Canoe Slalom World Championships in 1985 and 2003. Schießanlage served as venue host for the ISSF World Shooting Championships in 2010. Munich was a finalist for the 2018 Winter Olympics. Curling, figure skating, ice hockey, short track speed skating, and speed skating event are planned to take place at Olympiapark. It will work with Garmisch-Partenkirchen, host of the 1936 Winter Olympics who will do all of the snow events, and Schönau am Königssee, whose sliding track plan on doing all of the bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton events as venues

title: Munich bid for the 2018 Winter Olympics

text: then-IOC vice-president Thomas Bach insisted that 2018 was a good time for the IOC and Olympic Movement to bring the Games to the traditional winter sports city of Munich to "recharge the batteries after having been to new regions, with 2014 to Sochi and 2016 to Rio". German chancellor Angela Merkel said Munich had a "very good chance" of winning the race to host the 2018 Winter Olympics. She added, "The world can look forward to Germany hosting the Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games 2018." In addition to its historical strength as a passionate winter sports nation, figure skating superstar

title: Munich bid for the 2018 Winter Olympics

text: on existing sites in order to minimize land use. Ice events would have been held in Munich in addition to the existing Olympic Stadium for ceremonies. The Olympic swimming pool would have been adapted into a curling venue, figure skating and short track would have been at Olympic hall, a hockey arena would have been on the site of the old cycling stadium, and a second ice hockey arena and a speed skating oval would have been dismantled and used elsewhere after the Games. Garmisch-Partenkirchen Snow Park would have housed nine snow venues, Both locations would have had Olympic villages.

title: Bids for the 2018 Winter Olympics

text: in bidding for a Winter Games, preferring to focus on a bid for the 2024 Summer Olympics. However, four cities (Annecy, Grenoble, Nice and Pelvoux) expressed interest in hosting the 2018 games. On September 24, 2008, the Olympic Committee announced it had granted these wishes and would bid in 2011. Annecy was elected as the official candidate city by the French NOC on March 18, 2009. The CNOSF acknowledged its tough competition, but intended to learn from the failure of Paris to secure the Summer Olympics recently with victory in Annecy, maintaining a humble approach. Previous bid head Edgar Grospiron,

title: Annecy bid for the 2018 Winter Olympics

text: Annecy bid for the 2018 Winter Olympics Annecy 2018 was an unsuccessful bid by Annecy, France for the 2018 Winter Olympics. At first, the French Olympic Committee (CNOSF) was quite reluctant in bidding for a Winter Games, preferring to focus on a bid for the 2024 Summer Olympics.However, four cities (Annecy, Grenoble, Nice and Pelvoux) expressed interest in hosting the 2018 games. On September 24, 2008, the Olympic Committee announced it had granted these wishes and would bid in 2011. Annecy was elected as the official candidate city by the French NOC on March 18, 2009. The CNOSF acknowledged its

title: Bids for the 2018 Winter Olympics

text: at the end of its four-day inspection of the Munich bid. "The general impression is that it is a strong bid with strong governmental support. It is a good team on the bid committee and Germany is a big winter sports country used to organizing competitions." The then-IOC vice-president Thomas Bach insisted that 2018 was a good time for the IOC and Olympic Movement to bring the Games to the traditional winter sports city of Munich to "recharge the batteries after having been to new regions, with 2014 to Sochi and 2016 to Rio". German chancellor Angela Merkel said Munich

title: Bids for the 2018 Winter Olympics

text: world ski championships," said Nolympia backer Axel Doering. "Our goal is to win a referendum, so that the contracts be reviewed. Another goal is to finally show that the alleged "huge majority" [of support] for the Olympic Winter Games is a myth," he added. Munich's bid plans called for the leasing of land from private land owners for the Games. The then-German Olympic committee President Thomas Bach said complaints by landowners in Garmisch-Partenkirchen were not a problem for the bid. "It's not a problem at all because for the field of play, it's one piece of land with 800 square

title: Bids for the 2018 Winter Olympics

text: cooperate had forced the planners to abandon Oberammergau as site of the Nordic competitions. As a replacement, a state-owned stud near Ohlstadt was chosen, which is located 200 meters lower than Oberammergau and more often than not is snow free in February. On February 22, 2011, land owners in Garmisch-Partenkirchen supporting the 'Nolympia' initiative began collecting signatures under efforts to force a vote to decide whether the town would back the bid. "The Olympic Winter Games are too big for Garmisch-Partenkirchen. With more than fifty events in the snow cluster there are almost five times as many events as the

title: Bids for the 2018 Winter Olympics

text: would take place in Chamonix, which would also host ice hockey. All freestyle skiing and snowboard were centered on Annecy. Curling was relocated to Annecy, the hub of most ice sports, meaning that the Olympic Village would have been a little bigger than previously, to accommodate 2,500 athletes and officials. The revised bid moved the second Olympic Village (1,500 beds) from the Mont Blanc valley into the center of Chamonix. On March 28, 2011, the CAO (Annecy Anti-Olympic Committee) stated that it wanted to tell people about what "not only the excesses of the Olympics, the sport business, the financial

title: 2018 Winter Olympics

text: received only 25 votes. Annecy (in southeastern France) launched their own bid, which failed to secure public support from the local citizens. Their bid ended up receiving seven votes. Pyeongchang was elected as the host city at the 123rd IOC Session in Durban in 2011, earning the necessary majority of at least 48 votes in just one round of voting, more votes than its competitors combined. With this, Pyeongchang became the third Asian city to host the Winter Games; the first two were in Japan, at Sapporo (1972) and Nagano (1998). On 5 August 2011, the International Olympic Committee (IOC)

title: Oslo bid for the 2018 Winter Olympics

text: councilor Anette Wiig Bryn announced on 25 August that Oslo planned to bid for the 2018 Olympics. It was the third city to announce it would apply to become the Norwegian applicant for the games, after both Tromsø and Trondheim had previously made announcements. The planning was given a municipal grant of 6 million Norwegian krone (NOK). Oslo Mayor Per Ditlev-Simonsen stated that the Oslo bid would include Norefjell rather than the Lillehammer venues. The Oslo and Lillehammer cooperation was announced on 13 September. Holmenkollen National Arena was completely rebuilt ahead of the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2011. It

title: Bids for the 2018 Winter Olympics

text: new government did not show the same enthusiasm of bidding as the previous one. The political change was already made during a bid by the Swedish Olympic Committee. It would have been the eighth attempt at bidding in the Winter Olympics, after many bids finished as runners-up. After losing a bid for the 2010 games, the host of the 1984 Winter Olympics expressed interest in bidding for the 2018 games. Vessela Lecheva, BOC chairwoman announced plans to have at least one project for a multifunctional hall in Sofia to improve chances after three failed bids.<ref name="Sofia/Bukovel"></ref> Sofia also bid for

title: Winter Olympic Games

text: been selected to host a Winter Olympics and it was the second time the Olympics were held in the country overall, after the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. The Games took place from 9 to 25 February 2018. More than 2,900 athletes from 92 countries participated in 102 events. The Olympic Stadium and many of the sports venues were situated in the Alpensia Resort in Daegwallyeong-myeon, Pyeongchang, while a number of other sports venues were located in the Gangneung Olympic Park in Pyeongchang's neighboring city of Gangneung. The lead-up to the 2018 Winter Olympics was affected by the tensions between

title: Bids for the 2022 Winter Olympics

text: advancing nations can successfully host the winter games". He called to the OCI core values saying that letting Almaty host the Games was "a golden opportunity to showcase the real long-term power of Olympic legacy for a region that has never hosted the Games". In the final voting Almaty lost to Beijing by only 4 votes. On 5 November 2013, the Chinese Olympic Committee announced that it would submit a bid for Beijing to host the 2022 Winter Olympics. Beijing (where the indoor ice sports and the ceremonies would take place), was the host city of the 2008 Summer Olympics.

title: Oslo bid for the 2018 Winter Olympics

text: Oslo bid for the 2018 Winter Olympics Oslo–Lillehammer 2018 was a proposal for Oslo and Lillehammer, Norway, to bid to host the 2018 Winter Olympics. Along with the Trondheim and Tromsø bids, it was one of three options for the Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports (NIF), who ultimately chose to not bid for the games. Oslo announced the bid in September 2006, and the official proposal report was published in February 2007. Compared to the other Norwegian bids, Oslo–Lillehammer presented the best infrastructure, transport and accommodation. The bid called for using existing venues for Alpine, Nordic

title: Bids for the 2018 Winter Olympics

text: and Winter Games. Berlin and Hamburg were considering a summer games bid for 2024 or 2028, but the German Olympic Committee put priority on the Munich bid. After Salzburg's failure to capture the 2014 bid, Germany felt it has a better chance and would have preferred the Olympics sooner rather than later. Munich's bid head was figure skating superstar Katarina Witt, replacing skiing star/filmmaker/entrepreneur Willy Bogner, Jr. who had to step down due to health reasons. Munich stressed an environmental approach and would have used existing venues in Munich (some from the 1972 Games), and existing venues in the Bavarian

title: 2018 Winter Olympics

short_answers:
Pyeongchang County, South Korea
South Korea


question: who has the most goals in soccer 2018

answers: Ali Daei

title: Dane Kelly

text: earned the 2017 USL Golden Boot, leading the league with 18 goals scored. On 9 March 2018, Kelly signed with MLS club D.C. United. In 2017, Kelly was called up to the Jamaica senior national team. He scored his first goal against South Korea an exhibition match that ended 2-2 Dane Kelly Dane Kelly (born 9 February 1991 in Saint Catherine Parish) is a Jamaican footballer who currently plays as a striker. With 42 goals during his career with Charleston Battery, Kelly is the all-time leading scorer in the current version of the USL established in 2010. Kelly began his

title: Chris Wondolowski

text: part in their MLS Cup wins in 2006 and 2007 before returning to the re-established Earthquakes in 2009. With over 140 goals in Major League Soccer, he is the second highest scorer in the competition's history, and first-place among its active players. As of August 19, 2017, Wondolowski is also the only player in league history to have scored ten or more goals in eight consecutive seasons. He also holds the record for most MLS goals on the road. A full international since 2011, Wondolowski represented the United States at three CONCACAF Gold Cups – winning the 2013 edition –

title: Danny Musovski

text: in a 1-1 draw with Las Vegas Lights FC, a match from which he was also later ejected. Musovski was released by San Jose at the end of their 2018 season. Danny Musovski Danny Musovski (born November 30, 1995) is an American soccer player. Prior to starting college, Musovski was named the Nevada Gatorade Player of the Year as a high school junior, and set the state high school record for single-season goals as a senior at 58. At UNLV, he played four years of college soccer, from 2014 to 2017, during which he scored 47 goals in 88 appearances.

title: Josef Martínez

text: goals in a single season (31 in 2018), record for cumulative goals in regular and post season with 35 and holds the joint-record for most consecutive games with a goal (9, shared with Diego Valeri). In 2018, Martinez became the most decorated single season player in MLS History by winning League MVP, All-Star Game MVP, Golden Boot, and MLS Cup Final Game MVP. He is a former Venezuela under-20 international. In 2011, he made his debut for the senior Venezuela national team against El Salvador. Martínez made his debut for Caracas FC on 21 August 2010 against Estudiantes de Mérida,

title: Bradley Wright-Phillips

text: team record with 59 league goals. After scoring the second goal in a 2–2 draw against D.C. United, Wright-Phillips broke an MLS record by scoring the most league goals over a three-year span with 62 spanning from the 2014–2016 seasons. A record previously held by Chris Wondolowski from 2010–2012. With his 20th league goal in 2016, Wright-Phillips became the first player in league history to record two 20-plus goal seasons. On 23 October, Wright-Phillips captured his second MLS Golden Boot title in three years, beating cross town rival, David Villa by one goal. On 22 February 2017, Wright-Phillips scored his

title: Josef Martínez

text: then chip Joe Bendik to set the record in just his 26th match. He was named MLS Player of the Month for August 2018. Martínez made his international debut on 7 August 2011 against El Salvador as a substitute in the 76th minute. On 10 November 2016 (matchday 11 of the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification), Martínez scored a hat-trick against Bolivia in a 5–0 win in Maturín. Primarily a forward, Martinez usually plays as a main striker, but is also capable of playing as a winger. Known for his eye for goal, he is capable of scoring both with

title: Lucky Mkosana

text: Nations qualifier on 9 September 2018. Lucky Mkosana Luckymore "Lucky" Mkosana (born 30 September 1987 in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe) is a Zimbabwean footballer who currently plays for Louisville City in the USL Championship. Mkosana played college soccer at Dartmouth College between 2008 and 2011. During his time at Dartmouth, Mkosana was named Ivy League Player of the Year (2011), All-Ivy League First Team (2008, 2009, 2010, 2011), Soccer America Freshman, All-America First Team, College Soccer News Freshman, All-America First Team and Ivy League Rookie of the Year (2008). He became Dartmouth’s all-time career leader with 34 career goals, breaking a record

title: Matthew Baker (soccer)

text: also played in Philadelphia Union Reserve team matches. Matthew Baker (soccer) Matthew Baker (born February 25, 1988 in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania) is an American soccer player. Baker attended Allentown Central Catholic High School. He set school records for most goals in a season (40) most career assists (43), goals (76) and points. He earned First Team All-State, First Team All-Area and All-Lehigh Division I First Team honors. He also was named to the Salisbury All-Tournament Team. He ranked among the region’s all-time top 20 in both goals and points, becoming the 40thknown player in region to score 30-plus goals in a

title: Landon Donovan

text: and then in 2018 to play for Club León. In MLS, Donovan won a record six MLS Cups and is both the league's all-time top scorer with 145 goals and the league's all-time assists leader with 136. The Major League Soccer MVP Award has been renamed the Landon Donovan MVP Award in his honor. For the United States men's national team, Donovan is the all-time leader in assists and tied with Clint Dempsey as all-time leader in scoring, and is the second-most-capped player of his country. Donovan is the only American player to reach the 50 goals/50 assists mark. He

title: List of men's footballers with 50 or more international goals

text: As of 27 March 2018, a total of 60 male players have each scored fifty or more goals in official international association football matches. The only male player to score more than a hundred goals is Ali Daei, who scored 109 goals for Iran.

title: Christian Ramirez (soccer, born 1991)

text: NASL Player of the Month three times, for May/June, August, and October/November. On the final game of the 2014 NASL Season, Ramirez scored his 20th goal, equaling the league record held by Campos and Etienne Barbara. Ramirez won the 2014 NASL Golden Boot by an 8 goal margin and the NASL Young Player of the Year award. Due to his performances, Ramirez was named in NASL's Best XI for 2014 and went on to earn the same honor in both the 2015 and 2016 seasons. Ramirez again won the NASL Golden Boot in 2016 after tallying 18 goals in 31

title: Romelu Lukaku

text: seven substitutions during the match instead of the permitted six which are not in accordance to the Laws of the Game. On 6 June 2018, Lukaku officially became the Belgium's all-time leading scorer with 31 goals after scoring a goal in a 3–0 win over Egypt. He also broke a three-way tie with the previous record goalscorers, Bernard Voorhoof and Paul Van Himst. On 18 June 2018, Lukaku scored twice in a 3–0 win over Panama in their opening group game at the 2018 FIFA World Cup. In the next group game on 23 June 2018, he scored twice again

title: Chris Wondolowski

text: week before while swimming at Lake Tahoe. He scored a brace, both goals assisted by Tommy Thompson, to lead the Earthquakes to a 3–2 victory that advanced them to the Cup semifinals for the first time since 2004 and for only the second time in club history. Wondolowski became the first player in league history to score 10 or more goals in 8 consecutive seasons on August 19, 2017, after converting an equalizing penalty in the final seconds of stoppage time in a 2–2 home draw against the Philadelphia Union, after Joshua Yaro brought down Shea Salinas in the box.

title: Matthew Baker (soccer)

text: Matthew Baker (soccer) Matthew Baker (born February 25, 1988 in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania) is an American soccer player. Baker attended Allentown Central Catholic High School. He set school records for most goals in a season (40) most career assists (43), goals (76) and points. He earned First Team All-State, First Team All-Area and All-Lehigh Division I First Team honors. He also was named to the Salisbury All-Tournament Team. He ranked among the region’s all-time top 20 in both goals and points, becoming the 40thknown player in region to score 30-plus goals in a season. Led the Lehigh Valley Conference and Colonial

title: Josef Martínez

text: the Month for July 2018 after scoring nine goals and adding one assist to lead the Five Stripes to a 3–1–1 record. He scored the only goal for the MLS All-Stars in the 2018 MLS All-Star Game against Juventus, a 1–1 draw, and was named MVP. On 24 August 2018, he scored his 28th goal of the season, a game winner in Orlando City, to break the league single-season record of 27, held by Roy Lassiter, Chris Wondolowski, and Bradley Wright-Phillips. After failing to capitalize on numerous opportunities, Martínez utilized his quick footwork to cut back against the defender and

title: Sebastian Giovinco

text: 2–1 home win over Montreal in the 2017 Canadian Championship final second leg — edging Montreal 3–2 on aggregate; he also won the George Gross Memorial Trophy for the most valuable player of the tournament. On 30 July, Giovinco scored two goals and set up another in a 4–0 home win over New York City FC; his second goal of the match, which came from a free kick, was his 50th MLS goal, and his record-breaking 10th MLS goal from a free kick. While Giovinco was ruled out on injury, Toronto FC won the Supporters' Shield for most points in

title: Sophia Smith (soccer)

text: nine goals in six games which is believed to be a U.S. Youth Women's National Team record for goals in six consecutive games. On March 31, 2017, Smith was called up for the first time to the U.S. women's national soccer team. After being a part of the USA U20 Squad that finished runner up at the 2018 CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship, Smith was named to the USA U20 roster for the 2018 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup. Sophia Smith (soccer) Sophia Olivia Smith (born August 10, 2000) is an American soccer player. She has represented the United States on

title: Patrick Mullins

text: the club. With his 24th-minute goal, Mullins broke a personal scoreless streak that stretched back to September 2017. He appeared eleven more times for Columbus in 2018, including three appearances during the club's playoff run. He didn't score in any of those matches, however, and finished his half-season in central Ohio with just the one goal from 13 appearances. Patrick Mullins Patrick Michael Mullins (born February 5, 1992) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a forward for Major League Soccer club Columbus Crew SC. He previously appeared for Baton Rouge Capitals and New Orleans Jesters at the

title: Josef Martínez

text: only making 20 appearances (all competitions) due to injury, Martínez finished his first year in Atlanta fourth in the league in scoring, with 20 goals in all competitions, and was named to the MLS Best XI for the 2017 season. On 2 June 2018, Martínez converted a late penalty kick against Philadelphia Union to notch his fifth MLS hat-trick, tying the league record for hat-tricks and doing so faster than any other player in league history. He broke the record for hat-tricks on 21 July 2018 against DC United, after only 44 games. He was voted the MLS Player of

title: Lucky Mkosana

text: Lucky Mkosana Luckymore "Lucky" Mkosana (born 30 September 1987 in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe) is a Zimbabwean footballer who currently plays for Louisville City in the USL Championship. Mkosana played college soccer at Dartmouth College between 2008 and 2011. During his time at Dartmouth, Mkosana was named Ivy League Player of the Year (2011), All-Ivy League First Team (2008, 2009, 2010, 2011), Soccer America Freshman, All-America First Team, College Soccer News Freshman, All-America First Team and Ivy League Rookie of the Year (2008). He became Dartmouth’s all-time career leader with 34 career goals, breaking a record that had stood since 1953. Mkosana

title: Diego Valeri

text: to his winning the MLS Cup MVP Award. On 10 August 2016, the Portland Timbers announced the signing of Valeri to a three-year extension, keeping him in Portland through the 2019 MLS season. Valeri had a standout season in 2017. In August, he became the eighteenth player in league history to have scored at least 50 goals and 50 assists. He broke MLS records for consecutive matches with a goal (9, topping the previous mark of 7) and most goals scored by a midfielder in the regular season (21). He was also the second player ever to score 20+ goals

title: Eñaut Zubikarai

text: 12 goals during the 2017–18 season as they won the New Zealand Football Championship title, he went 1,404 minutes or 15 games without conceding a goal in all competitions, beginning in the 70th minute of a 1–1 home draw against Southern United FC on 13 January 2018 and ending in the 37th minute of a 2–2 draw to Team Wellington on 29 April in the semi-finals of the OFC Champions League. This exploit constituted the third-longest streak of its kind of all time – behind Mazarópi and Thabet El-Batal – as well as the longest of the 21st century, and

title: Brian White (soccer)

text: goal as a professional on March 24, 2018 in a 3-1 loss to Atlanta United 2. On March 31, 2018 White scored the opening goal of the match on a penalty kick and assisted on two other goals in New York's 5-2 victory over Charleston Battery. On April 14, 2018 White scored two goals in a 5-0 victory over Tampa Bay Rowdies. On August 4, 2018 it was announced that White had signed an MLS contract with New York Red Bulls, earning promotion to the first team after scoring 8 goals and recording 5 assists in 22 matches with Red

title: Johnathan Aparecido da Silva

text: more than 30 goals in Suwon Samsung, breaking the previous records set by Sasha and Sandro for a year and two months. Since then, he has scored multiple goals in four consecutive games, scoring nine goals out of 11 goals in recent three games in Suwon, leading the Suwon Samsung Bluewings to second place in league and fifth straight times. After the 2017 season, he became the K-League Classic's 2017 scoring champion with 22 goals in 26 games, and was included in the K-League's Best 11 awards. After that, Johnathan received a generous offer from former South Korean national team

title: Jon Bakero

text: for the Carolina Dynamo. Bakero lead the Deacs in scoring for his senior year, where he notched 16 goals in 23 appearances. He helped Wake Forest successfully defend their ACC Tournament title, and reach the quarterfinals of the NCAA Tournament. He was awarded with First-Team All ACC honors, the ACC Men's Soccer Offensive Player of the Year and the Hermann Trophy, which is given annually by the Missouri Athletic Club to the best college soccer player in the United States. Ahead of the 2018 Major League Soccer season, it was announced that Bakero had signed a contract with Major League

title: Gabriel Jesus

text: 2017 and 7 March 2018 that encompassed a knee medial ligament injury on New Year's Eve, and after breaking his duck in the Champions League loss to FC Basel he admitted that fear of getting injured was affecting his game. Jesus scored the last Premier League goal in the 2017–18 season against Southampton in the 94th minute, to secure City a league record 100 points. Jesus was part of the Brazil under-20 team that finished as runners-up at the 2015 U-20 World Cup in New Zealand. He scored their first goal of the tournament in a 4–2 win over Nigeria

title: Mauro Manotas

text: of the season, Manotas scored a brace to lead the Dynamo to a 3-2 win over the LA Galaxy in a game the Galaxy needed to win to qualify for the 2018 playoffs. Dynamo Young Player of the Year: 2016, 2017 Dynamo Team MVP: 2018 Dynamo Players' Player of the Year: 2018 Dynamo Ironman of the Year: 2018 Mauro Manotas Mauro Andrés Manotas Páez (born 15 July 1995) is a Colombian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Houston Dynamo in Major League Soccer. He was the top soccer in 2013 Colombian U20 championship with 21 goals, and the

title: Josh Sargent

text: during the same calendar year. On May 28, 2018, Sargent earned his first cap for the senior team for a friendly against Bolivia and scored his first international goal. He became the fourth-youngest player to score for the United States, until Timothy Weah (aged two days younger than Sargent) scored his first goal minutes later. Josh Sargent Joshua Thomas Sargent (born February 20, 2000) is an American soccer player who plays as a forward for Werder Bremen of the Bundesliga and for the United States national soccer team. In May 2017 at the age of 17, he became the youngest

title: Danny Musovski

text: Danny Musovski Danny Musovski (born November 30, 1995) is an American soccer player. Prior to starting college, Musovski was named the Nevada Gatorade Player of the Year as a high school junior, and set the state high school record for single-season goals as a senior at 58. At UNLV, he played four years of college soccer, from 2014 to 2017, during which he scored 47 goals in 88 appearances. He was a two-time All-America selection, and as a senior earned WAC Offensive Player of the Year honors. Musovski made seven appearances for PDL side Burlingame Dragons FC in 2016 and

title: Zlatan Ibrahimović

text: matches. After a brief stint with Manchester United, where he captured the UEFA Europa League and two domestic trophies, Ibrahimović joined LA Galaxy in 2018. Ibrahimović is one of ten players to have made 100 or more appearances for the Swedish national team, over a 15-year international career. He is the country's all-time leading goalscorer with 62 goals. He represented Sweden at the 2002 and 2006 FIFA World Cups, as well as the 2004, 2008, 2012, and 2016 UEFA European Championships. He has been awarded "Guldbollen" ("the Golden Ball"), given to the Swedish player of the year, a record 11


question: this type of nuclear decay effectively turns a proton into a neutron

answers: beta decay

title: Neutron

text: (neutron) decays", in which a proton, electron and antineutrino are produced as usual, but the electron fails to gain the 13.6 eV necessary energy to escape the proton (the ionization energy of hydrogen), and therefore simply remains bound to it, as a neutral hydrogen atom (one of the "two bodies"). In this type of free neutron decay, almost all of the neutron decay energy is carried off by the antineutrino (the other "body"). (The hydrogen atom recoils with a speed of only about (decay energy)/(hydrogen rest energy) times the speed of light, or 250 km/s.) The transformation of a free

title: Free neutron decay

text: (the ionization energy of hydrogen), and therefore simply remains bound to it, as a neutral hydrogen atom (one of the "two bodies"). In this type of free neutron decay, in essence all of the neutron decay energy is carried off by the antineutrino (the other "body"). The transformation of a free proton to a neutron (plus a positron and a neutrino) is energetically impossible, since a free neutron has a greater mass than a free proton. While the neutron lifetime has been studied for decades, there currently exists a lack of consilience on its exact value, due to different results

title: Beta particle

text: particles, but more ionising than gamma rays. The higher the ionising effect, the greater the damage to living tissue. An unstable atomic nucleus with an excess of neutrons may undergo β decay, where a neutron is converted into a proton, an electron, and an electron antineutrino (the antiparticle of the neutrino): This process is mediated by the weak interaction. The neutron turns into a proton through the emission of a virtual W boson. At the quark level, W emission turns a down quark into an up quark, turning a neutron (one up quark and two down quarks) into a proton

title: Radioactive decay

text: only a neutrino and a gamma ray from the excited nucleus (and often also Auger electrons and characteristic X-rays, as a result of the re-ordering of electrons to fill the place of the missing captured electron). These types of decay involve the nuclear capture of electrons or emission of electrons or positrons, and thus acts to move a nucleus toward the ratio of neutrons to protons that has the least energy for a given total number of nucleons. This consequently produces a more stable (lower energy) nucleus. Shortly after the discovery of the neutron in 1932, Enrico Fermi realized that

title: Proton decay

text: Proton decay In particle physics, proton decay is a hypothetical form of particle decay in which the proton decays into lighter subatomic particles, such as a neutral pion and a positron. The proton decay hypothesis was first formulated by Andrei Sakharov in 1967. Despite significant experimental effort, proton decay has never been observed. If it does decay via a positron, the proton's half-life is constrained to be at least years. According to the Standard Model, protons, a type of baryon, are stable because baryon number (quark number) is conserved (under normal circumstances; see chiral anomaly for exception). Therefore, protons will

title: Proton decay

text: not decay into other particles on their own, because they are the lightest (and therefore least energetic) baryon. Positron emission – a form of radioactive decay which sees a proton become a neutron – is not proton decay, since the proton interacts with other particles within the atom. Some beyond-the-Standard Model grand unified theories (GUTs) explicitly break the baryon number symmetry, allowing protons to decay via the Higgs particle, magnetic monopoles, or new X bosons with a half-life of 10 to 10 years. To date, all attempts to observe new phenomena predicted by GUTs (like proton decay or the existence

title: Cluster decay

text: Cluster decay Cluster decay, also named heavy particle radioactivity or heavy ion radioactivity, is a type of nuclear decay in which an atomic nucleus emits a small "cluster" of neutrons and protons, more than in an alpha particle, but less than a typical binary fission fragment. Ternary fission into three fragments also produces products in the cluster size. The loss of protons from the parent nucleus changes it to the nucleus of a different element, the daughter, with a mass number A = A − A and atomic number Z = Z − Z where A = N + Z.

title: Beta particle

text: (two up quarks and one down quark). The virtual W boson then decays into an electron and an antineutrino. β− decay commonly occurs among the neutron-rich fission byproducts produced in nuclear reactors. Free neutrons also decay via this process. Both of these processes contribute to the copious quantities of beta rays and electron antineutrinos produced by fission-reactor fuel rods. Unstable atomic nuclei with an excess of protons may undergo β decay, also called positron decay, where a proton is converted into a neutron, a positron, and an electron neutrino: Beta-plus decay can only happen inside nuclei when the absolute value

title: Radioactive decay

text: certain rare beta-decay reactions immediately yield neutrons as a decay particle (neutron emission). Isolated proton emission was eventually observed in some elements. It was also found that some heavy elements may undergo spontaneous fission into products that vary in composition. In a phenomenon called cluster decay, specific combinations of neutrons and protons other than alpha particles (helium nuclei) were found to be spontaneously emitted from atoms. Other types of radioactive decay were found to emit previously-seen particles, but via different mechanisms. An example is internal conversion, which results in an initial electron emission, and then often further characteristic X-rays and

title: Beta decay

title: Nucleon

text: magnetic moment of a neutron is μ = . These parameters are also important in NMR/MRI. A neutron in free state is an unstable particle, with a half-life around ten minutes. It undergoes decay (a type of radioactive decay) by turning into a proton while emitting an electron and an electron antineutrino. (See the Neutron article for more discussion of neutron decay.) A proton by itself is thought to be stable, or at least its lifetime is too long to measure. This is an important discussion in particle physics, (see Proton decay). Inside a nucleus, on the other hand, combined

title: Radioactive decay

text: as ("A", "Z"). The column "Daughter nucleus" indicates the difference between the new nucleus and the original nucleus. Thus, ("A" − 1, "Z") means that the mass number is one less than before, but the atomic number is the same as before. If energy circumstances are favorable, a given radionuclide may undergo many competing types of decay, with some atoms decaying by one route, and others decaying by another. An example is copper-64, which has 29 protons, and 35 neutrons, which decays with a half-life of about 12.7 hours. This isotope has one unpaired proton and one unpaired neutron, so

title: Alpha decay

text: Alpha decay Alpha decay or α-decay is a type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits an alpha particle (helium nucleus) and thereby transforms or 'decays' into a different atomic nucleus, with a mass number that is reduced by four and an atomic number that is reduced by two. An alpha particle is identical to the nucleus of a helium-4 atom, which consists of two protons and two neutrons. It has a charge of and a mass of . For example, uranium-238 decays to form thorium-234. Alpha particles have a charge , but as a nuclear equation describes

title: Nuclear drip line

text: are most probably bound. Of the three types of naturally occurring radioactivities (α, β, and γ), only alpha decay is a type of decay resulting from the nuclear strong force. The other proton and neutron decays occurred much earlier in the life of the atomic species and before the earth was formed. Thus, alpha-decay can be considered either a form of particle decay or, less frequently, as a special case of nuclear fission. The timescale for the nuclear strong force is much faster than that of the nuclear weak force or the electromagnetic force, so the lifetime of nuclei past

title: Atom

text: radius of the strong force, which only acts over distances on the order of 1 fm. The most common forms of radioactive decay are: Other more rare types of radioactive decay include ejection of neutrons or protons or clusters of nucleons from a nucleus, or more than one beta particle. An analog of gamma emission which allows excited nuclei to lose energy in a different way, is internal conversion—a process that produces high-speed electrons that are not beta rays, followed by production of high-energy photons that are not gamma rays. A few large nuclei explode into two or more charged

title: Radioactive decay

text: Radioactive decay Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay, radioactivity or nuclear radiation) is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy (in terms of mass in its rest frame) by emitting radiation, such as an alpha particle, beta particle with neutrino or only a neutrino in the case of electron capture, or a gamma ray or electron in the case of internal conversion. A material containing such unstable nuclei is considered radioactive. Certain highly excited short-lived nuclear states can decay through neutron emission, or more rarely, proton emission. Radioactive decay is a stochastic (i.e. random) process at

title: Beta decay

text: recognition of their theoretical work, Lee and Yang were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1957. In decay, the weak interaction converts an atomic nucleus into a nucleus with atomic number increased by one, while emitting an electron () and an electron antineutrino (). decay generally occurs in neutron-rich nuclei. The generic equation is: where and are the mass number and atomic number of the decaying nucleus, and X and X' are the initial and final elements, respectively. Another example is when the free neutron () decays by decay into a proton (): At the fundamental level (as depicted

title: Neutron emission

text: the products of a similar spontaneous radioactive decay process, spontaneous fission. Spontaneous fission happens when a nucleus splits into two smaller nuclei and generally one or more neutrons. Neutron emission Neutron emission is a mode of radioactive decay in which one or more neutrons are ejected from a nucleus. It occurs in the most neutron-rich/proton-deficient nucleides, and also from excited states of other nucleides as in photoneutron emission and beta-delayed neutron emission. As only a neutron is lost by this process the number of protons remains unchanged, and an atom does not become an atom of a different element, but

title: Nuclear physics

text: energy per nucleon decreases with the mass number. It is therefore possible for energy to be released if a heavy nucleus breaks apart into two lighter ones. The process of alpha decay is in essence a special type of spontaneous nuclear fission. It is a highly asymmetrical fission because the four particles which make up the alpha particle are especially tightly bound to each other, making production of this nucleus in fission particularly likely. From certain of the heaviest nuclei whose fission produces free neutrons, and which also easily absorb neutrons to initiate fission, a self-igniting type of neutron-initiated fission

title: Beta decay

text: in the Feynman diagram on the right), this is caused by the conversion of the negatively charged (− e) down quark to the positively charged (+ e) up quark by emission of a boson; the boson subsequently decays into an electron and an electron antineutrino: In decay, or "positron emission", the weak interaction converts an atomic nucleus into a nucleus with atomic number decreased by one, while emitting a positron () and an electron neutrino (). decay generally occurs in proton-rich nuclei. The generic equation is: This may be considered as the decay of a proton inside the nucleus to

title: Neutron emission

text: principle nuclei with an excess of protons or neutrons have a higher average energy per nucleon. Nuclei with a sufficient excess of neutrons have a greater energy than the combination of a free neutron and a nucleus with one less neutron, and therefore can decay by neutron emission. Nuclei which can decay by this mode are described as lying beyond the neutron drip line. Two examples of isotopes that emit neutrons are beryllium-13 (decaying to beryllium-12 with a mean life ) and helium-5 (helium-4, ). In tables of nuclear decay modes neutron emission is commonly denoted by the abbreviation "n".

title: Atom

text: neutrons can potentially drop to a lower energy state through a radioactive decay that causes the number of protons and neutrons to more closely match. As a result, atoms with matching numbers of protons and neutrons are more stable against decay. However, with increasing atomic number, the mutual repulsion of the protons requires an increasing proportion of neutrons to maintain the stability of the nucleus, which slightly modifies this trend of equal numbers of protons to neutrons. The number of protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus can be modified, although this can require very high energies because of the

title: Beta decay

text: a neutron by converting an up quark into a down quark resulting in the emission of a or the absorption of a . In all cases where decay (positron emission) of a nucleus is allowed energetically, so too is electron capture allowed. This is a process during which a nucleus captures one of its atomic electrons, resulting in the emission of a neutrino: An example of electron capture is one of the decay modes of krypton-81 into bromine-81: All emitted neutrinos are of the same energy. In proton-rich nuclei where the energy difference between the initial and final states is

title: Nuclear drip line

text: number of protons, Z and the corresponding isotopes, taken from the National Nuclear Data Center. Nuclear drip line The nuclear drip line is the boundary delimiting the zone beyond which atomic nuclei decay by the emission of a proton or neutron. An arbitrary combination of protons and neutrons does not necessarily yield a stable nucleus. One can think of moving up and/or to the right across the table of nuclides by adding one type of nucleon to a given nucleus. However, adding nucleons one at a time to a given nucleus will eventually lead to a newly formed nucleus that

title: Free neutron decay

text: of "internal bremsstrahlung" that arises as the emitted beta particle (electron) interacts with the charge of the proton in an electromagnetic way. In this process, some of the decay energy is carried away as photon energy. Internal bremsstrahlung gamma ray production is also a minor feature of beta decays of bound neutrons, that is, those within a nucleus. A very small minority of neutron decays (about four per million) are so-called "two-body (neutron) decays", in which a proton, electron and antineutrino are produced as usual, but the electron fails to gain the 13.6 eV necessary energy to escape the proton

title: Neutron emission

text: Neutron emission Neutron emission is a mode of radioactive decay in which one or more neutrons are ejected from a nucleus. It occurs in the most neutron-rich/proton-deficient nucleides, and also from excited states of other nucleides as in photoneutron emission and beta-delayed neutron emission. As only a neutron is lost by this process the number of protons remains unchanged, and an atom does not become an atom of a different element, but a different isotope of the same element. Neutrons are also produced in the spontaneous and induced fission of certain heavy nucleides. As a consequence of the Pauli exclusion

title: Ionizing radiation

text: decay to muons, a primary type of cosmic ray radiation that reaches the ground (and also penetrates it to some extent). Pions can also be produced in large amounts in particle accelerators. Alpha particles consist of two protons and two neutrons bound together into a particle identical to a helium nucleus. Alpha particle emissions are generally produced in the process of alpha decay, but may also be produced in other ways. Alpha particles are named after the first letter in the Greek alphabet, α. The symbol for the alpha particle is α or α. Because they are identical to helium

title: Decay energy

text: Decay energy The decay energy is the energy released by a radioactive decay. Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and radiation. This decay, or loss of energy, results in an atom of one type, called the parent nuclide transforming to an atom of a different type, called the daughter nuclide. The energy difference of the reactants is often written as "Q": Decay energy is usually quoted in terms of the energy units MeV (million electronvolts) or keV (thousand electronvolts). Types of radioactive decay include The decay energy is the

title: Radiochemistry

text: some form of radiation. The radiation emitted can be of several types including alpha, beta, gamma radiation, proton and neutron emission along with neutrino and antiparticle emission decay pathways. 1. α (alpha) radiation—the emission of an alpha particle (which contains 2 protons and 2 neutrons) from an atomic nucleus. When this occurs, the atom's atomic mass will decrease by 4 units and atomic number will decrease by 2. 2. β (beta) radiation—the transmutation of a neutron into an electron and a proton. After this happens, the electron is emitted from the nucleus into the electron cloud. 3. γ (gamma) radiation—the

title: Proton

text: proton composed of the valence quarks (up, up, down), the gluons, and transitory pairs of sea quarks. Protons have a positive charge distribution which decays approximately exponentially, with a mean square radius of about 0.8 fm. Protons and neutrons are both nucleons, which may be bound together by the nuclear force to form atomic nuclei. The nucleus of the most common isotope of the hydrogen atom (with the chemical symbol "H") is a lone proton. The nuclei of the heavy hydrogen isotopes deuterium and tritium contain one proton bound to one and two neutrons, respectively. All other types of atomic

title: Beta decay

long_answer: In nuclear physics, beta decay (β-decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta ray (fast energetic electron or positron) and a neutrino are emitted from an atomic nucleus. For example, beta decay of a neutron transforms it into a proton by the emission of an electron, or conversely a proton is converted into a neutron by the emission of a positron (positron emission), thus changing the nuclide type. Neither the beta particle nor its associated neutrino exist within the nucleus prior to beta decay, but are created in the decay process. By this process, unstable atoms obtain a more stable ratio of protons to neutrons. The probability of a nuclide decaying due to beta and other forms of decay is determined by its nuclear binding energy. The binding energies of all existing nuclides form what is called the nuclear band or valley of stability. For either electron or positron emission to be energetically possible, the energy release (see below) or Q value must be positive.


question: what is the main source of nutrients in an estuary

answers: sea water

answers: fresh water

answers: detritus

title: Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary

text: productivity and is currently the source of much research. A number of hypotheses have been proposed to explain the POD, including food web decline, water exports from the Delta, and toxics from urban, industrial, or agricultural sources. Primary production by phytoplankton fixes energy and key nutrients into a biologically available form (i.e., food), via photosynthesis. Phytoplankton production is largely structured by physical parameters: nutrient availability, sunlight, turbidity, and temperature. The San Francisco Estuary has a numerous sources of nutrients that can be used for primary production, derived largely from waste water treatment facilities, agricultural and urban drainage, and the ocean.

title: Yaquina Bay

text: Samples taken at the surface with varying salinities showed dissolved inorganic nitrogen is found mostly at the two salinity extremes; the mouth of the estuary and up the Yaquina River. The input at the mouth of Yaquina Bay indicates input from upwelled waters during the summer season. The nutrient flux into the estuary is enough to sustain primary productivity during the summer months. Phosphorus is generally a limiting nutrient in the ocean. In Pacific Northwest estuaries, an important source of phosphorus comes from ocean upwelling in the summer (see below). Samples taken at the surface with varying salinities showed dissolved

title: Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary

text: the physical geography and hydrology of the estuary, including nutrient inputs, sediment load, turbidity, environmental stochasticity, climate and anthropogenic influences. Abiotic factors tend to drive production in the estuarine environment, and are mediated by biotic factors. Biotic factors include nutrient uptake and primary production, secondary production of zooplankton, food web and trophic dynamics, energetic transfer, advection and dispersal in and out of the system, survival and mortality, predation, and competition from introduced species. It is difficult to characterize the historic food web of the San Francisco Estuary because of the dramatic changes in geography, hydrology, and species composition that have

title: Nutrient cycling in the Columbia River Basin

text: estuary by the positively correlated relationship of nitrate availability and salinity, the latter an identifying characteristic of highly saline marine waters. As a result of differences in delivery to the system, nitrate is the primary limiting nutrient in the estuary. Consequently, during seasonal periods of downwelling when less ocean water is mixed into the estuary, local nitrate concentrations may be very low. Thus, nutrient cycling and primary production in the estuary are heavily linked with the seasonal winds off the Oregon and Washington coasts that control local ocean upwelling and downwelling. Although phosphorus is of interest in the mid-river, especially

title: Freshwater inflow

text: the estuarine system. Average [salinity] for freshwater is around 0.5 parts per thousand (ppt) whereas average salinity of the ocean is 35 ppt. The salinity will not be consistent throughout a particular estuary and will be differ from one estuary to the next but its level will range from 0.5 ppt to 35 ppt. In estuaries, primary producers take up nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. Freshwater inflows carry estuaries, replenishing the stock for phytoplankton use. Sediments settling out and form banks, offshore peninsulas, and barrier islands that protect the estuary from strong tidal action and currents. The sediment also

text: source for nutrients that other organisms require. Examples of these organisms include phytoplankton and algae, whose communities are often limited in growth by the availability of specific nutrients, most commonly nitrogen which is the primary limiting nutrient the Columbia River. In addition, to nitrogen, iron, and silicate cycling in the estuary can impact local and coastal ocean phytoplankton communities. Due to coastal upwelling, ocean sources of nitrate (an oxidized form of nitrogen) exceed river sources by a magnitude of roughly 3 to 1, and is a primary source of nitrogen for the Columbia River Estuary. This is evident within the

title: Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary

text: photosynthetically derived energy is phytoplankton. Generally speaking, diatoms and microflagellates produce most of the bioavailable carbon in the estuary. Other types, notably the dinoflagellates, may produce harmful algal blooms, or red tides, that are less readily available for assimilation into the foodweb. Primary production from phytoplankton is a function of two different factors: growth rates and accumulation (Fig. 1). Although the LSZ is a sink for high concentrations of nutrients from urban and agricultural sources, phytoplankton production rates are quite low. Nitrate is optimally used by phytoplankton for growth, but ammonium (largely derived from sewage outfalls) has a suppressive effect

title: Estuary

text: life are the variability in salinity and sedimentation. Many species of fish and invertebrates have various methods to control or conform to the shifts in salt concentrations and are termed osmoconformers and osmoregulators. Many animals also burrow to avoid predation and to live in the more stable sedimental environment. However, large numbers of bacteria are found within the sediment which have a very high oxygen demand. This reduces the levels of oxygen within the sediment often resulting in partially anoxic conditions, which can be further exacerbated by limited water flux. Phytoplankton are key primary producers in estuaries. They move with

title: Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary

text: In spite of this, the estuary is unique in that it tends to have a relatively depressed rate of primary production. This is probably due to two factors: large inputs of nitrogen in the form of ammonium, which suppresses nitrate uptake by phytoplankton, which prefer the metabolically cheaper NH+, and high turbidity, which limits light required for photosynthesis to the top few centimeters of the water column. This turbidity is a legacy of hydraulic gold mining in the Sierra Nevada in the 1850s. High residence time of water in the estuary tends to allow phytoplankton biomass to accumulate, increasing density,

title: Estuary

text: Estuaries form a transition zone between river environments and maritime environments. They are subject both to marine influences—such as tides, waves, and the influx of saline water—and to riverine influences—such as flows of fresh water and sediment. The mixing of sea water and fresh water provide high levels of nutrients both in the water column and in sediment, making estuaries among the most productive natural habitats in the world.

title: Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary

text: on growth rate. Thus, while not nutrient limited, phytoplankton tend to grow more slowly due to the kinds of nitrogen present. Another suppressive factor on growth rate is the high turbidity of the estuary, which limits the ability of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) to penetrate beyond the top few centimeters of the water column. This limits phytoplankton photosynthesis to a relatively shallow photic zone. Thus, when the water column is stratified, turbidity is high, and ammonium is present, the growth rate of phytoplankton is typically suppressed. Phytoplankton accumulation is primarily the result of residence time. The north Delta and Suisun

title: Estuary

text: to cope with this problem. Lastly, dissolved oxygen variation can cause problems for life forms. Nutrient-rich sediment from man-made sources can promote primary production life cycles, perhaps leading to eventual decay removing the dissolved oxygen from the water; thus hypoxic or anoxic zones can develop. Estuaries provide habitats for a large number of organisms and support very high productivity. Estuaries provide habitats for many fish nurseries, depending upon their locations in the world, such as salmon and sea trout. Also, migratory bird populations, such as the black-tailed godwit, make essential use of estuaries. Two of the main challenges of estuarine

text: in and around reservoirs throughout the Columbia River Basin as discussed below, it is not typically a limiting nutrient for biological communities within the estuary. As a result, there is little available literature on phosphate cycling within the estuary. The primary source of iron into the estuary is from geologic rock weathering and subsequent runoff delivery to the system. In addition, some iron may come from the Pacific Ocean and is transported into the estuary during tidal oscillation, enhanced seasonally during periods of upwelling. Iron inputs derived from riverine and oceanic origins are typically on the magnitude of 14-30 nM

text: that of nitrogen and phosphorus, to the system. The Columbia River Estuary is the most downstream portion of the river that experiences ocean tides, generally defined as the furthest reach of the Columbia River plume to the Bonneville Dam. Here, a transition zone occurs where freshwater discharge from the river meets and mixes with Pacific Ocean saltwater. In this region, physical processes that affect nutrients are the circulation (entrance/exit, movement) of specific water masses with their nutrient load, the magnitude of tidal flow distributing ocean waters inland, and bottom sediment exchange affecting nutrient particle mobility. With the exception of nitrogen,

title: Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary

text: nutrients in a eutrophic system. Rather, they may provide an alternative food chain through direct grazing by flagellates, rotifers and ciliates. The high abundance of the cyclopoid copepod "Limnoithona tetraspina" may be due to its reliance on ciliates rather than phytoplankton as a primary food source. The major species of calanoid copepods may also use ciliates as a supplementary or even primary food source, but to what degree is unknown. Secondary production refers to organisms that feed on primary production and transfer energy to higher trophic levels of the estuarine foodweb. Historically, secondary production in the San Francisco Estuary was

title: Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary

text: turbidity remains extremely high. The high turbidity of the water is responsible for the unique condition that exists in the San Francisco Estuary wherein high nutrient availability does not lead to high phytoplankton production. Instead, most algae photosynthetic organisms are light-limited. The Delta has likewise experienced heavy alteration. Beginning in the 19th century, naturally occurring levees were reinforced for permanency, to protect farmlands from regular flooding. Many of these farms were established on peat islands occurring in the middle of the Delta waterways. Intensive farming oxidized the high carbon content of the soil, causing considerable loss of soil mass. As

text: of nitrate, generally the primary limiting nutrient to biological communities in the estuary, is an important driver of primary productivity in estuarine plumes of river discharge. Moreover, large scale upwelling on the Oregon-Washington coast typically occurs in spring and summer, and as discussed previously, is coupled with the PDO and ENSO, this seasonal upwelling further contributes to diatom bloom in the estuary. Finally, without this source of nitrogen through upwelling, the estuary quickly becomes nitrate limited and hinders further facilitation of biological activity. Red blooms, a type of plankton bloom with a characteristic scarlet pigment, occur every year in the

title: Estuary

text: estuaries and the coast. As a result, many estuaries suffer degradation from a variety of factors including: sedimentation from soil erosion from deforestation, overgrazing, and other poor farming practices; overfishing; drainage and filling of wetlands; eutrophication due to excessive nutrients from sewage and animal wastes; pollutants including heavy metals, polychlorinated biphenyls, radionuclides and hydrocarbons from sewage inputs; and diking or damming for flood control or water diversion. The word "estuary" is derived from the Latin word "aestuarium" meaning tidal inlet of the sea, which in itself is derived from the term "aestus", meaning tide. There have been many definitions proposed

title: Estuarine water circulation

text: flushed estuary. Residence time also affects other parameters such as heavy metals, dissolved nutrients, suspended solids, and algal blooms that may affect the health of estuaries. A simple way to calculate residence time is using a simple classic estuary model, which can be useful for acquiring a conceptual understanding of an estuary, but is coarse in time and space. A classic estuary has the following components: 1) freshwater inflow with a discharge and a salinity (generally ); 2) oceanic inflow with a discharge and salinity ; and 3) outflow to the ocean with a discharge of and a salinity .

text: and 6 nM in concentration respectively. These sources of iron are generally sufficient to meet biological demands, including those of primary production, in the estuary and upriver. Consequently, iron is commonly not the limiting nutrient in the system; rather, the river depending on season and flow may serve as a net source of iron to iron-deficient coastal regions of the Northeast Pacific, sometimes referred to as areas of High Nutrient, Low Chlorophyll. As discussed in more detail below, dams can cause large scale hydrological changes by forming reservoirs. These reservoirs can act as nutrient traps altering nutrient ratios and reducing

title: Upwelling

text: at a rate of about 5–10 meters per day, but the rate and proximity of upwelling to the coast can be changed due to the strength and distance of the wind. Deep waters are rich in nutrients, including nitrate, phosphate and silicic acid, themselves the result of decomposition of sinking organic matter (dead/detrital plankton) from surface waters. When brought to the surface, these nutrients are utilized by phytoplankton, along with dissolved CO (carbon dioxide) and light energy from the sun, to produce organic compounds, through the process of photosynthesis. Upwelling regions therefore result in very high levels of primary production

title: Estuary

text: water are the concentration of dissolved oxygen, salinity and sediment load. There is extreme spatial variability in salinity, with a range of near zero at the tidal limit of tributary rivers to 3.4% at the estuary mouth. At any one point the salinity will vary considerably over time and seasons, making it a harsh environment for organisms. Sediment often settles in intertidal mudflats which are extremely difficult to colonize. No points of attachment exist for algae, so vegetation based habitat is not established. Sediment can also clog feeding and respiratory structures of species, and special adaptations exist within mudflat species

text: locally biochemically processed by plankton communities, increasing the biomass of life within the system, and resulting in high nutrient releases in spring and summer months when dam flow through is increased. As a result, this anthroprogenic discharge cycle contributes to the seasonality of diatom blooms in the estuary. Unlike other large estuaries, such as the Chesapeake Bay Estuary, the Columbia River supplies little nitrate to the estuary relative to the overall local nitrogen budget. Rather, the primary source of nitrate into the estuary is from ocean exchange caused by wind-driven seasonal upwelling off the Oregon and Washington coasts. This influx

title: Human impact on the nitrogen cycle

text: nutrient inputs to coastal waters via rivers. Increased nutrient inputs to marine systems have shown both short-term increases in productivity and fishery yields, and long-term detrimental effects of eutrophication. Tripling of NO loads in the Mississippi River in the last half of the 20th century have been correlated with increased fishery yields in waters surrounding the Mississippi delta; however, these nutrient inputs have produced seasonal hypoxia (oxygen concentrations less than 2–3 mg L, "dead zones") in the Gulf of Mexico. In estuarine and coastal systems, high nutrient inputs increase primary production (e.g., phytoplankton, sea grasses, macroalgae), which increase turbidity with

title: Brackish water

text: moving elsewhere. Herring and plaice are two commercially important species that use the Thames Estuary for this purpose. Estuaries are also commonly used as fishing grounds, and as places for fish farming or ranching. For example, Atlantic salmon farms are often located in estuaries, although this has caused controversy, because in doing so, fish farmers expose migrating wild fish to large numbers of external parasites such as sea lice that escape from the pens the farmed fish are kept in. Another important brackish water habitat is the mangrove swamp or mangal. Many, though not all, mangrove swamps fringe estuaries and

title: Aquatic ecosystem

text: body is also a determining factor in the kinds of species found in the water body. Organisms in marine ecosystems tolerate salinity, while many freshwater organisms are intolerant of salt. The degree of salinity in an estuary or delta is an important control upon the type of wetland (fresh, intermediate, or brackish), and the associated animal species. Dams built upstream may reduce spring flooding, and reduce sediment accretion, and may therefore lead to saltwater intrusion in coastal wetlands. Freshwater used for irrigation purposes often absorbs levels of salt that are harmful to freshwater organisms. The biotic characteristics are mainly determined

title: Harmful algal bloom

text: their sewage into the sea untreated. The same is true for most coastal developing countries. In the U.S., surface runoff is the largest source of nutrients added to rivers and lakes, but is mostly unregulated under the federal Clean Water Act. Locally developed initiatives to reduce nutrient pollution are underway in various areas of the country, such as the Great Lakes region and the Chesapeake Bay. To help reduce algal blooms in Lake Erie, the State of Ohio presented a plan in 2016 to reduce phosphorus runoff. Natural water reservoirs in Texas have been threatened by anthropogenic activities due to

title: Marine biology

text: on the shore. Many land animals also make much use of the shore and intertidal habitats. A subgroup of organisms in this habitat bores and grinds exposed rock through the process of bioerosion. Estuaries are also near shore and influenced by the tides. An estuary is a partially enclosed coastal body of water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it and with a free connection to the open sea. Estuaries form a transition zone between freshwater river environments and saltwater maritime environments. They are subject both to marine influences—such as tides, waves, and the influx of saline

title: Harmful algal bloom

text: acknowledged by scientists in Australia. In general, still, warm, shallow water, combined with high-nutrient conditions in lakes or rivers, increases the risk of harmful algal blooms. Nutrients enter freshwater or marine environments as surface runoff from agricultural pollution and urban runoff from fertilized lawns, golf courses and other landscaped properties; and from sewage treatment plants that lack nutrient control systems. Additional nutrients are introduced from atmospheric pollution. Coastal areas worldwide, especially wetlands and estuaries, coral reefs and swamps, are prone to being overloaded with those nutrients. Most of the large cities along the Mediterranean Sea, for example, discharge all of

text: due to fertilizers from agriculture, sewage systems, logging, and the construction of dams. Nutrients dynamics vary in the river basin from the headwaters to the main river and dams, to finally reaching the Columbia River estuary and ocean. Upstream in the headwaters, salmon runs are the main source of nutrients. Dams along the river impact nutrient cycling by increasing residence time of nutrients, and reducing the transport of silicate to the estuary, which directly impacts diatoms, a type of phytoplankton. The dams are also a barrier to salmon migration, and can increase the amount of methane locally produced. The Columbia

title: Estuary

short_answers:
fresh water
sea water


question: where does a brisket come from on a cow

answers: the breast or lower chest

answers: breast or lower chest

title: Brisket

text: characteristics of certain woods. The smoke from these woods and from burnt dripping juices further enhances the flavor. The finished meat is a variety of barbecue. Smoked brisket done this way is popular in Texas barbecue. Once finished, pieces of brisket can be returned to the smoker to make burnt ends. Burnt ends are most popular in Kansas City-style barbecue, where they are traditionally served open-faced on white bread. The traditional New England boiled dinner features brisket as a main-course option. Brisket is also cooked in a slow cooker, as this also tenderizes the meat due to the slow cooking

title: Brisket

text: derives from the Middle English "brusket" which comes from the earlier Old Norse "brjósk", meaning cartilage. The cut overlies the sternum, ribs, and connecting costal cartilages. Brisket can be cooked many ways, including baking, boiling and roasting. Basting of the meat is often done during the cooking process. This normally tough cut of meat, due to the collagen fibers that make up the significant connective tissue in the cut, is tenderized when the collagen gelatinizes, resulting in more tender brisket. The fat cap, which is often left attached to the brisket, helps to keep the meat from drying during the

title: Brisket

text: Brisket has a long history in the United States dating back to the indigenous Indians of southern Texas. Brisket is synonymous with Texas culture and has long been a standing staple for residents there. In traditional Jewish cooking, brisket is most often braised as a pot roast, especially as a holiday main course, usually served at Rosh Hashanah, Passover, and on the Sabbath. For reasons of economics and kashrut, it was historically one of the more popular cuts of beef among Ashkenazi Jews. Brisket is also the most popular cut for corned beef, which can be further spiced and smoked

title: Brisket

text: a spicy soup called "yuk ke jang", part of the class of soups that are complete meals in Korean cuisine. Nowadays, it is also popular to cook thin slices of it quickly over a hot plate. In Thai cuisine, it is used to prepare "suea rong hai", a popular grilled dish originally from Isan. In New Zealand cuisine, it is used in a boil-up. Boiled in seasoned water with green vegetables and potatoes, it is popular amongst Maori people. It is a common cut of meat used in Vietnamese "phở" soup. In Britain, it is not generally smoked, but is

title: Brisket

text: one of a number of low-cost cuts normally cooked very slowly in a lidded casserole dish with gravy. The dish, known as a pot roast in the United States, but more commonly as braised or stewed beef in the UK, is often accompanied by root vegetables. Good results may also be achieved in a slow cooker. Cooked brisket, being boneless, carves well after refrigeration, and is a versatile, cheaper cut. In Italian cuisine, brisket is used to prepare "bollito misto", a typical Northern Italy recipe. In Pakistan it is used in "nihari", a national dish. In Germany, brisket is braised

title: Brisket

text: prolonged cooking necessary to break down the connective tissue in the meat. Water is necessary for the conversion of collagen to gelatin, which is the hydrolysis product of collagen. Popular methods in the United States include rubbing with a spice rub or marinating the meat, then cooking slowly over indirect heat from charcoal or wood. This is a form of smoking the meat. A hardwood, such as oak, pecan, hickory, or mesquite, is sometimes added, alone or in combination with other hardwoods, to the main heat source. Sometimes, they make up all of the heat source, with chefs often prizing

title: Brisket

text: to make pastrami. The Jewish community in Montreal also makes Montreal-style smoked meat, a close relative of pastrami, from brisket. In Hong Kong, it is cooked with spices over low heat until tender, and is commonly served with noodles in soup or curry. In Korean cuisine, traditionally it is first boiled at low temperature with aromatic vegetables, then pressed with a heavy object in a container full of a soy sauce-based marinade. The ensuing preserved meat is served in match-length strips as an accompaniment ("banchan") to a meal. This is called "jang jorim". Brisket is also the main ingredient in

title: Cut of beef

text: e.g., the cut described as "brisket" in the US is from a significantly different part of the carcass than British brisket. "Cut" often refers narrowly to skeletal muscle (sometimes attached to bones), but can also include other edible flesh, such as offal (organ meat) or bones without significant muscles attached. The following is a list of the American primal cuts, and cuts derived from them. Beef carcasses are split along the axis of symmetry into "halves", then across into front and back "quarters" (forequarters and hindquarters). Canada uses identical cut names (and numbering) as the U.S, with the exception of

title: B.T.'s Smokehouse

text: and hickory woods. Treitman makes his own sauces as well as his own ketchup from scratch. In addition to standard barbecue fare, the restaurant also offers more unusual entrees such as smoked salmon, chili made with brisket meat, and smoked turkey and chicken. B.T.'s Smokehouse has earned numerous awards and prizes since 2007. In the fall of 2015, the British chef and restaurateur Gordon Ramsay stopped by the smokehouse for a brisket sandwich. Ramsay said he had heard about the restaurant while filming an episode of Hotel Hell in nearby Southbridge, Massachusetts and it was recommended he stop by for

title: Brisket

text: Brisket is a cut of meat from the breast or lower chest of beef or veal.  The beef brisket is one of the nine beef primal cuts, though the precise definition of the cut differs internationally. The brisket muscles include the superficial and deep pectorals. As cattle do not have collar bones, these muscles support about 60% of the body weight of standing/moving cattle. This requires a significant amount of connective tissue, so the resulting meat must be cooked correctly to tenderize the connective tissue.

title: Burnt ends

text: of the brisket point, it takes longer to fully cook to tender and render out fat and collagen. This longer cooking gave rise to the name "burnt ends". Sometimes when the flat is done, the point is returned to the smoker for further cooking. Some cooks re-season the point at this time. Kansas City style burnt ends are usually served cubed with sauce either on top or on the side. A "proper" burnt end should display a modest amount of "bark" or char on at least one side. Burnt ends can be served alone (sometimes smothered in barbecue sauce) or

title: Montreal-style smoked meat

text: Montreal. Regardless, all of these stories indicate the creators are of the Jewish Diaspora from Romania or Eastern Europe: Warm Montreal smoked meat is always sliced by hand to maintain its form, since doing so with a meat slicer would cause the tender meat to disintegrate. Whole briskets are kept steaming and sliced up on demand when ordered in the restaurant to maintain its temperature. Even when hand-cut, Montreal smoked meat produces a lot of broken bits when sliced. These pieces are gathered together and commonly served with French fries, cheese curds, and gravy as smoked meat poutine or served

title: B.T.'s Smokehouse

text: a visit. Ramsay said the brisket was "perfect". The restaurant obtains much of their produce from local area farms and the Pioneer Valley Growers Association. The smokehouse recycles all meat grease and vegetable oil used in the restaurant by sending the refuse to a local rendering plant. The grease from the meat is rendered into industrial soaps and cleaners and the vegetable oil is turned into bio-diesel fuel. All of the take-out materials and cups, plates, and utensils are biodegradable. The cups are made from corn, most of the utensils are made from potato starch, and the take-out materials are

title: Brisket

text: method, which is usually 8 hours for a three-pound brisket. In the United States, the whole boneless brisket, based on the Institutional Meat Purchase Specifications (IMPS), as promulgated by the USDA, has the meat-cutting classification IMPS 120. The North American Meat Processors Association publishes a photographic version of IMPS called the "Meat Buyer's Guide". The brisket muscles are sometimes separated for retail cutting: the lean "first cut" or "flat cut" is the deep pectoral, while the fattier "second cut", "point", "fat end", or "triangular cut" is the superficial pectoral. For food service use, they are IMPS 120A and 120B, respectively.

title: Smoked meat

text: America with the wave of Jewish immigration from Bessarabia and Romania in the second half of the 19th century; it is similar to roast brisket, a signature dish of the local Jewish cuisine of these regions. Smoked meat, also known as salt beef in London, is cured, spiced, and flavoured in ways similar to corned beef. Difference in meat cut and spicing mean that smoked meat's taste is different from either of these, and even varies among recipes. Smoke meats from the southern United States, also known as Barbecue or BBQ were developed to use the "cheaper" cuts of meats,

title: Kansas City-style barbecue

text: flavorful meat cut from the point of a smoked beef brisket – are much in demand. Kansas City barbecue is rubbed with spices, slow-smoked over a variety of woods and served with a thick tomato-based barbecue sauce, which is an integral part of KC-style barbecue. Most local restaurants and sauce companies offer several varieties with sweet, spicy and tangy flavor profiles, but the staple sauce tends to be both sweet (often from molasses) and spicy. Kansas City barbecue is also known for its many side dishes, including a unique style of baked beans, French fries, coleslaw, and other Southern-food staples.

title: Texan cuisine

text: Barbecue is a Texas cuisine having characteristics which uniquely distinguish it. Unlike other forms of cooking using pork or other meats, barbecue is beef. Beef brisket (slowly cooked in smoke in a wood fired "pit") is the most common barbecue. Other meats, particularly smoked sausage and pork or beef ribs often accompany barbecue. Techniques and flavors associated with barbecue in Texas show influences of European immigrants, especially Czech and German, as well as Mexican cuisines. Barbecue has inspired many styles of cooking other meats in wood smoke throughout the US and the world often calling themselves barbecue. Barbecue in Texas

title: Burnt ends

text: in sandwiches, as well as in a variety of other dishes, including baked beans and French fries. Burnt ends Burnt ends are flavorful pieces of meat cut from the "point" half of a smoked brisket. When brisket muscles are separated, the lean "first cut" or "flat cut" is the deep pectoral, while the fattier "point", also known as the "second cut", "fat end", or "triangular cut", is the superficial pectoral. A traditional part of Kansas City barbecue, burnt ends are considered a delicacy in barbecue cooking. Either the entire brisket is cooked whole, then the point end removed and cooked

title: Burnt ends

text: Burnt ends Burnt ends are flavorful pieces of meat cut from the "point" half of a smoked brisket. When brisket muscles are separated, the lean "first cut" or "flat cut" is the deep pectoral, while the fattier "point", also known as the "second cut", "fat end", or "triangular cut", is the superficial pectoral. A traditional part of Kansas City barbecue, burnt ends are considered a delicacy in barbecue cooking. Either the entire brisket is cooked whole, then the point end removed and cooked further, or the point and flat are separated prior to cooking. Due to the higher fat content

title: Barbecue in the United States

text: thick sauces, dry rubs, and sliced beef brisket. Kansas City barbecue is a result of the region’s history; a combination of the cooking techniques brought to the city by freed slaves and the Texas cattle drives during the late nineteenth century has led to the development of the region's distinctive barbecue style. Barbecue as a cultural tradition spread from the South and was successfully incorporated into several Midwestern regions such as western Missouri, again owing to the cultural ideals that the barbecue tradition represents and the need for locals to express those ideals. Variations of these ideals by region are

title: American cuisine

text: of these brought by recent immigration to the region and often a feature of Southern California's fusion cuisine, popular in fine dining. In Texas, the local barbecue is often entirely made up of beef brisket or large rib racks, where the meat is seasoned with a spice rub and cooked over coals of mesquite, and in other portions of the state they smoke their meat and peppery sausages over high heat using pecan, apple, and oak and served it with a side of pickled vegetables, a legacy of German and Czech settlers of the late 1800s. California is home to

title: Gopchang-jeongol

text: long time. If choosing the first type, the beef tripe and brisket have to be boiled separately because beef tripe has strong flavor that can affect the brisket broth and the meat. To make the beef tripe broth, cleaned beef tripe, onions, scallions, garlic, and ginger are placed in a large pot with a large amount of water and boiled until thoroughly cooked. Likewise, the brisket broth is prepared using the same method, using the same secondary ingredients to remove any bad odors that might persist. After that, both broths are chilled, and any fat floating on the surface is

title: Barbecue

text: is prepared by shredding the pork after it has been barbecued. Kansas City-style barbecue is characterized by its use of different types of meat, including pulled pork, pork ribs, burnt ends, smoked sausage, beef brisket, beef ribs, smoked/grilled chicken, smoked turkey, and sometimes fish—a variety attributable to Kansas City's history as a center for meat packing. Hickory is the primary wood used for smoking in Kansas City, while the sauces are typically tomato based with sweet, spicy, and tangy flavors. Pit beef prevails in Maryland and is often enjoyed at large outdoor "bull roasts", which are commonly fundraising events for

title: B.T.'s Smokehouse

text: made from bamboo rather than the foam material used in the majority of barbecue restaurants. B.T.'s Smokehouse B.T.'s Smokehouse is a restaurant that specializes in dry-rubbed and slow-smoked barbecue and is located in the downtown section of Sturbridge, Massachusetts. The restaurant smokes about pounds of meat per week, with brisket being to of that total. On a typical weekend, the smokehouse will serve between 1,200 to 1,500 people in their 38-seat location. The restaurant uses a J&R Oyler Pit, named "Black Betty", salvaged from a KC Masterpiece restaurant. The smoker can cook 1,400 pounds of meat at a time, using

title: Gopchang-jeongol

text: skimmed off. The cooked brisket is cut into bite-sized pieces, while the "yang" and "gopchang" are cut into long, diagonal strips. The boiled beef tripe and brisket are marinated with seasonings and kneaded for a long time. Oyster mushrooms are parboiled in salted boiling water, slightly pressed to squeeze water, torn by their grain, and seasoned. Dried shiitake mushrooms are soaked in lukewarm water, and if a small amount of sugar is added to the water, that helps the mushrooms to rehydrate more quickly. The stipes of the mushroom are taken out, and the caps are shredded and seasoned. Green

title: Smoked meat

text: are held yearly. In the Southeast, pulled pork and pork ribs are the most common smoked meat, while brisket, beef ribs, and sausage are most popular in Texas and the central south. Chicken is also smoked throughout. One study has shown an association between the frequency of consumption of smoked foods and intestinal cancer. However, the study was restricted to a small Slovenian population in Hungary, where the local smoke curing process produces levels of contaminants roughly eight times as high as standard processes elsewhere. Smoked meats have the potential for promoting the growth of "Listeria" bacteria. "Listeria monocytogenes" can

title: Kansas City-style barbecue

text: Kansas City-style barbecue Kansas City-style barbecue refers to the specific regional barbecue style of slowly smoked meat that originated from the pit of Henry Perry in the early 1900s in Kansas City, Missouri. Kansas City barbecue is characterized by its use of a wide variety of meats: pork, beef, chicken, turkey, lamb, sausage, and sometimes even fish. Just about any type of barbecued meat served in the country's other barbecue capitals, from pulled pork to brisket to beef ribs and pork ribs in a number of different cuts, is served in KC-area barbecue restaurants. Burnt ends – the crusty, fatty,

title: Smoking (cooking)

text: is especially useful for oily fish, as its antioxidant properties inhibit surface fat rancidification and delay interior fat exposure to degrading oxygen. Some heavily-salted, long-smoked fish can keep without refrigeration for weeks or months. Artificial smoke flavoring (such as liquid smoke) can be purchased to mimic smoking's flavor, but not its preservative qualities. Competition BBQ Smoking is becoming increasingly popular among smoking enthusiasts, especially in the Southern American States, where BBQ enthusiasts come together to over a weekend to cook various cuts of meat such as a whole hog or beef brisket to become the best at BBQ. Organisations such

title: Johnny Trigg

text: briskets, and bought his first trailer BBQ in 1984. After attending a competitive BBQ event in 1989, he entered his first BBQ event in 1990 in Denton, Texas, and jokes that BBQ is his "golf game". After entering contests in his home state of Texas, he began competing at Kansas City Barbeque Society events in 1999 as the prize money was better. He annually enters around 45 contests each year, spending between 225 and 230 days each year on the road. His BBQ team is called "Smoking Triggers", and he has been nicknamed the "Godfather of BBQ" and has also

title: Suea rong hai

text: having emotions and feelings like humans. If this was true, they imagined the tigers would have cried because most of them left the brisket cut to rot instead of eating it. People used this cut to cook a delicious dish and named it “crying tiger". On the other hand, it is the imagination of the ancient people that compare the appearance of the brisket cut to the skin of a tiger and called it “tiger meat”. When the meat is grilled, the fat that accumulates in the muscle fibers is melted by the heat and drops like a tear. Using

title: Brisket

short_answers:
breast or lower chest
the breast or lower chest