question: surface area in many kinds of organs is important because the amount of surface determines

answers: effective gas exchange

title: Surface-area-to-volume ratio

text: exchange, bringing oxygen into the blood and releasing carbon dioxide from the blood. Similarly, the small intestine has a finely wrinkled internal surface, allowing the body to absorb nutrients efficiently. Cells can achieve a high surface area to volume ratio with an elaborately convoluted surface, like the microvilli lining the small intestine. Increased surface area can also lead to biological problems. More contact with the environment through the surface of a cell or an organ (relative to its volume) increases loss of water and dissolved substances. High surface area to volume ratios also present problems of temperature control in unfavorable

title: Surface area

text: ratio is credited to Archimedes. Surface area is important in chemical kinetics. Increasing the surface area of a substance generally increases the rate of a chemical reaction. For example, iron in a fine powder will combust, while in solid blocks it is stable enough to use in structures. For different applications a minimal or maximal surface area may be desired. The surface area of an organism is important in several considerations, such as regulation of body temperature and digestion. Animals use their teeth to grind food down into smaller particles, increasing the surface area available for digestion. The epithelial tissue

title: Surface area

text: lining the digestive tract contains microvilli, greatly increasing the area available for absorption. Elephants have large ears, allowing them to regulate their own body temperature. In other instances, animals will need to minimize surface area; for example, people will fold their arms over their chest when cold to minimize heat loss. The surface area to volume ratio (SA:V) of a cell imposes upper limits on size, as the volume increases much faster than does the surface area, thus limiting the rate at which substances diffuse from the interior across the cell membrane to interstitial spaces or to other cells. Indeed,

title: Body surface area

text: Body surface area In physiology and medicine, the body surface area (BSA) is the measured or calculated surface area of a human body. For many clinical purposes BSA is a better indicator of metabolic mass than body weight because it is less affected by abnormal adipose mass. Nevertheless, there have been several important critiques of the use of BSA in determining the dosage of medications with a narrow therapeutic index, such as chemotherapy. Typically there is a 4–10 fold variation in drug clearance between individuals due to differing the activity of drug elimination processes related to genetic and environmental factors.

title: Human skin

text: skin is the second largest organ in the human body (the inside of the small intestine is 15 to 20 times larger). For the average adult human, the skin has a surface area of between 1.5-2.0 square meters (16.1-21.5 sq ft.). The thickness of the skin varies considerably over all parts of the body, and between men and women and the young and the old. An example is the skin on the forearm which is on average 1.3 mm in the male and 1.26 mm in the female. The average square inch (6.5 cm²) of skin holds 650 sweat glands,

title: Mucous membrane

text: and to prevent bodily tissues from becoming dehydrated. The mucosa of organs are composed of one or more layers of epithelial cells that secrete mucus, and an underlying lamina propria of loose connective tissue. The type of cells and type of mucus secreted vary from organ to organ and each can differ along a given tract. Mucous membranes line the digestive, respiratory, and reproductive tracts and are the primary barrier between the external world and the interior of the body; in an adult human the total surface area of the mucosa is about 400 square meters while the surface area

title: Body surface area

text: was . Body surface area In physiology and medicine, the body surface area (BSA) is the measured or calculated surface area of a human body. For many clinical purposes BSA is a better indicator of metabolic mass than body weight because it is less affected by abnormal adipose mass. Nevertheless, there have been several important critiques of the use of BSA in determining the dosage of medications with a narrow therapeutic index, such as chemotherapy. Typically there is a 4–10 fold variation in drug clearance between individuals due to differing the activity of drug elimination processes related to genetic and

title: Surface-area-to-volume ratio

text: their biology, including their physiology and behavior. For example, many aquatic microorganisms have increased surface area to increase their drag in the water. This reduces their rate of sink and allows them to remain near the surface with less energy expenditure. An increased surface area to volume ratio also means increased exposure to the environment. The finely-branched appendages of filter feeders such as krill provide a large surface area to sift the water for food. Individual organs like the lung have numerous internal branchings that increase the surface area; in the case of the lung, the large surface supports gas

title: Human body

text: connective tissue, nervous tissue and muscle tissue. Cells that lie on surfaces exposed to the outside world or gastrointestinal tract (epithelia) or internal cavities (endothelium) come in numerous shapes and forms – from single layers of flat cells, to cells with small beating hair-like cilia in the lungs, to column-like cells that line the stomach. Endothelial cells are cells that line internal cavities including blood vessels and glands. Lining cells regulate what can and can't pass through them, protect internal structures, and function as sensory surfaces. Organs, structured collections of cells with a specific function, sit within the body. Examples

title: Gas exchange

title: Gill

text: slender, tufted processes that have a highly folded surface to increase surface area. The delicate nature of the gills is possible because the surrounding water provides support. The blood or other body fluid must be in intimate contact with the respiratory surface for ease of diffusion. A high surface area is crucial to the gas exchange of aquatic organisms, as water contains only a small fraction of the dissolved oxygen that air does. A cubic meter of air contains about 250 grams of oxygen at STP. The concentration of oxygen in water is lower than in air and it diffuses

title: Metabolic theory of ecology

text: metabolic rate and body size. The surface area in question may be skin, lungs, intestines, or, in the case of unicellular organisms, cell membranes. In general, the surface area (SA) of a three dimensional object scales with its volume (V) as "SA = cV", where c is a proportionality constant. The Dynamic Energy Budget model is currently the most promising version of these, and it predicts exponents that vary between ⅔ – 1, depending on the organism's developmental stage, basic body plan and resource density Smaller organisms tend to have higher surface area to volume ratios, causing them to gain

title: Surface area

text: representing a cell as an idealized sphere of radius "r", the volume and surface area are, respectively, "V" = 4/3 π "r"; "SA" = 4 π "r". The resulting surface area to volume ratio is therefore 3/"r". Thus, if a cell has a radius of 1 μm, the SA:V ratio is 3; whereas if the radius of the cell is instead 10 μm, then the SA:V ratio becomes 0.3. With a cell radius of 100, SA:V ratio is 0.03. Thus, the surface area falls off steeply with increasing volume. Surface area The surface area of a solid object is a

title: Epithelium

text: form is epithelia. Epithelium Epithelium () is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissues line the outer surfaces of organs and blood vessels throughout the body, as well as the inner surfaces of cavities in many internal organs. An example is the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin. There are three principal shapes of epithelial cell: squamous, columnar, and cuboidal. These can be arranged in a single layer of cells as simple epithelium, either squamous, columnar, or cuboidal, or in layers of two or more cells

title: Fluid compartments

text: also known as cytosol, is all fluid contained inside the cells. It is the matrix in which cellular organelles are suspended. The cytosol and organelles together compose the cytoplasm. The cell membranes are the outer barrier. In humans, the intracellular compartment contains on average about 8 litres of fluid, and under ordinary circumstances remains in osmotic equilibrium. It contains moderate quantities of magnesium and sulphate ions. The interstitial, intravascular and transcellular compartments comprise the extracellular compartment. Its extracellular fluid (ECF) contains about one-third of total body water. The interstitial compartment (also called "tissue space") surrounds tissue cells. It is filled

title: Epithelium

text: rectum are composed of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Other surfaces that separate body cavities from the outside environment are lined by simple squamous, columnar, or pseudostratified epithelial cells. Other epithelial cells line the insides of the lungs, the gastrointestinal tract, the reproductive and urinary tracts, and make up the exocrine and endocrine glands. The outer surface of the cornea is covered with fast-growing, easily regenerated epithelial cells. A specialised form of epithelium – endothelium forms the inner lining of blood vessels and the heart, and is known as vascular endothelium, and lining lymphatic vessels as lymphatic endothelium. Another type, mesothelium,

title: Gastric mucosa

text: the pylorus. During the contracted state of the organ it is thrown into numerous plaits or rugae, which, for the most part, have a longitudinal direction, and are most marked toward the pyloric end of the stomach, and along the greater curvature. These folds are entirely obliterated when the organ becomes distended. When examined with a lens, the inner surface of the mucous membrane presents a peculiar honeycomb appearance from being covered with funnel-like depressions or foveolae of a polygonal or hexagonal form, which vary from 0.12 to 0.25 mm. in diameter. These are the ducts of the gastric glands,

title: Extracellular fluid

text: be considered a newly identified biological structure in the body. However, there is some debate over whether the interstitium is an organ. Main cations: Main anions: Extracellular fluid Extracellular fluid (ECF) denotes all body fluid outside the cells. Total body water in humans makes up between 45 to 75% of total body weight. About two thirds of this is intracellular fluid within cells, and one third is the extracellular fluid. The main component of the extracellular fluid is the interstitial fluid that bathes cells. Extracellular fluid is the internal environment of all multicellular animals, and in those animals with a

title: Surface area

text: Surface area The surface area of a solid object is a measure of the total area that the surface of the object occupies. The mathematical definition of surface area in the presence of curved surfaces is considerably more involved than the definition of arc length of one-dimensional curves, or of the surface area for polyhedra (i.e., objects with flat polygonal faces), for which the surface area is the sum of the areas of its faces. Smooth surfaces, such as a sphere, are assigned surface area using their representation as parametric surfaces. This definition of surface area is based on methods

title: Abdomen

text: inlet. The space above this inlet and under the thoracic diaphragm is termed the abdominal cavity. The boundary of the abdominal cavity is the abdominal wall in the front and the peritoneal surface at the rear. The abdomen contains most of the tubelike organs of the digestive tract, as well as several solid organs. Hollow abdominal organs include the stomach, the small intestine, and the colon with its attached appendix. Organs such as the liver, its attached gallbladder, and the pancreas function in close association with the digestive tract and communicate with it via ducts. The spleen, kidneys, and adrenal

title: Epithelium

text: Epithelium Epithelium () is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissues line the outer surfaces of organs and blood vessels throughout the body, as well as the inner surfaces of cavities in many internal organs. An example is the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin. There are three principal shapes of epithelial cell: squamous, columnar, and cuboidal. These can be arranged in a single layer of cells as simple epithelium, either squamous, columnar, or cuboidal, or in layers of two or more cells deep as stratified

title: Interstitium

text: inflammation, and development of diseases, as in heart failure and chronic kidney disease. The total fluid volume of the interstitium during health is about 20% of body weight, but this space is dynamic and may change in volume and composition during immune responses and in conditions such as cancer, and specifically within the interstitium of tumors. The amount of interstitial fluid varies from about 50% of the tissue weight in skin to about 10% in skeletal muscle. Preliminary research of the interstitium in people with lung diseases, heart disease, cancer, kidney disease, immune disorders, and periodontal disease indicates that the

title: Cell membrane

text: surfaces of epithelial cells are dense with actin-based finger-like projections known as microvilli, which increase cell surface area and thereby increase the absorption rate of nutrients. Localized decoupling of the cytoskeleton and cell membrane results in formation of a bleb. The content of the cell, inside the cell membrane, is composed of numerous membrane-bound organelles, which contribute to the overall function of the cell. The origin, structure, and function of each organelle leads to a large variation in the cell composition due to the individual uniqueness associated with each organelle. The cell membrane has different lipid and protein compositions in

title: Sponge

text: or vase shape known as "asconoid", but this severely limits the size of the animal. The body structure is characterized by a stalk-like spongocoel surrounded by a single layer of choanocytes. If it is simply scaled up, the ratio of its volume to surface area increases, because surface increases as the square of length or width while volume increases proportionally to the cube. The amount of tissue that needs food and oxygen is determined by the volume, but the pumping capacity that supplies food and oxygen depends on the area covered by choanocytes. Asconoid sponges seldom exceed in diameter. Some

title: Organ (anatomy)

text: in all organisms. In single-celled organisms such as bacteria, the functional analogue of an organ is known as an organelle. In plants there are three main organs. A hollow organ is an internal organ that forms a hollow tube, or pouch such as the stomach, intestine, or bladder. In the study of anatomy, the term "viscus" is used to refer to an internal organ, and "viscera" is the plural form. 79 organs have been identified in the human body. In biology, tissue is a cellular organizational level between cells and complete organs. A tissue is an ensemble of similar cells

title: Gastrulation

text: such as the liver and pancreas. The mesoderm gives rise to many cell types such as muscle, bone, and connective tissue. In vertebrates, mesoderm derivatives include the notochord, the heart, blood and blood vessels, the cartilage of the ribs and vertebrae, and the dermis. Following gastrulation, cells in the body are either organized into sheets of connected cells (as in epithelia), or as a mesh of isolated cells, such as mesenchyme. The molecular mechanism and timing of gastrulation is different in different organisms. However, some common features of gastrulation across triploblastic organisms include: (1) A change in the topological structure

title: Cytosol

text: "aqueous cytoplasm" has been used to describe the liquid contents of the cytoplasm of living cells. Prior to this, other terms, including "hyaloplasm", were used for the cell fluid, not always synonymously, as its nature was not very clear (see protoplasm). The proportion of cell volume that is cytosol varies: for example while this compartment forms the bulk of cell structure in bacteria, in plant cells the main compartment is the large central vacuole. The cytosol consists mostly of water, dissolved ions, small molecules, and large water-soluble molecules (such as proteins). The majority of these non-protein molecules have a molecular

title: Hydrostatic skeleton

text: organ is fluid-filled. As a skeletal structure, it possesses the ability to affect shape and movement, and involves two mechanical units: the muscle layers and the body wall. The muscular layers are longitudinal and circular, and part of the fluid-filled coelom within. Contractions of the circular muscles lengthen the organism’s body, while contractions of the longitudinal muscles shorten the organism’s body. Fluid within the organism is evenly concentrated so the forces of the muscle are spread throughout the whole organism and shape changes can persist. These structural factors also persist in a hydrostatic organ. A non-helical hydrostatic skeleton structure is

title: Abdomen

text: glands also lie within the abdomen, along with many blood vessels including the aorta and inferior vena cava. Anatomists may consider the urinary bladder, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries as either abdominal organs or as pelvic organs. Finally, the abdomen contains an extensive membrane called the peritoneum. A fold of peritoneum may completely cover certain organs, whereas it may cover only one side of organs that usually lie closer to the abdominal wall. Anatomists call the latter type of organs "retroperitoneal." Abdominal organs can be highly specialized in some animals. For example, the stomach of ruminants (a suborder of mammals)

title: Connective tissue

text: blood vessels and in certain ligaments, particularly in the ligamenta flava. In hematopoietic and lymphatic tissues, reticular fibers made by reticular cells provide the stroma—or structural support—for the parenchyma—or functional part—of the organ. Mesenchyme is a type of connective tissue found in developing organs of embryos that is capable of differentiation into all types of mature connective tissue. Another type of relatively undifferentiated connective tissue is mucous connective tissue, found inside the umbilical cord. Various types of specialized tissues and cells are classified under the spectrum of connective tissue, and are as diverse as brown and white adipose tissue, blood,

title: Gas exchange

long_answer: Gases are constantly consumed and produced by cellular and metabolic reactions in most living things, so an efficient system for gas exchange between, ultimately, the interior of the cell(s) and the external environment is required. Small, particularly unicellular organisms, such as bacteria and protozoa, have a high surface-area to volume ratio. In these creatures the gas exchange membrane is typically the cell membrane. Some small multicellular organisms, such as flatworms, are also able to perform sufficient gas exchange across the skin or cuticle that surrounds their bodies. However, in most larger organisms, which have a small surface-area to volume ratios, specialised structures with convoluted surfaces such as gills, pulmonary alveoli and spongy mesophyll provide the large area needed for effective gas exchange. These convoluted surfaces may sometimes be internalised into the body of the organism. This is the case with the alveoli, which form the inner surface of the mammalian lung, the spongy mesophyll, which is found inside the leaves of some kinds of plant, or the gills of those molluscs that have them, which are found in the mantle cavity.


question: when was the first book made into a movie

answers: 1924

title: Ira Levin

text: Novel. "A Kiss Before Dying" was turned into a movie twice, first in 1956 and again in 1991. Levin's best-known novel is "Rosemary's Baby," a horror story of modern-day Satanism and other occultisms, set in Manhattan's Upper West Side. In 1968, it was made into a film starring Mia Farrow and John Cassavetes. Ruth Gordon won an Oscar for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for her performance. Roman Polanski, who wrote and directed the film, was nominated for Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium. Levin said in 2002, "I feel guilty that 'Rosemary's Baby' led to

title: Rachel Cohn

text: Veselka restaurant. Rachel had the idea for Nick & Norah while walking around Central Park, and contacted David because she needed "a guy writer." About the book being made into a film, Cohn has said: "Just having a movie made of the book was unbelievable in itself. Then to see the cameras in New York City in all those streets we'd written about, it makes you feel very powerful." Publishers Weekly announced a four-book deal between Disney-Hyperion and Rachel Cohn. The first book, "Beta" was released in late 2012. The focus of the series will be more plot-driven than her

title: Jennifer Weiner

text: for "Mademoiselle", "Seventeen", and other publications, until after her first novel, "Good in Bed", was published in 2001. In 2005, her second novel, "In Her Shoes" (2002), was made into a feature film starring Cameron Diaz, Toni Collette and Shirley MacLaine by 20th Century Fox. Her sixth novel, "Best Friends Forever", was a No. 1 "New York Times" bestseller and made Publishers Weekly's list of the longest-running bestsellers of the year. To date, she is the author of nine bestselling books, including eight novels and a collection of short stories, with a reported 11 million copies in print in 36

title: Guus Kuijer

text: which he received a Gouden Griffel in 1976. This book was the first of five books about a girl named Madelief (lit. Daisy). Years later, a television series "Madelief" (1994) and movie "Scratches in the Table" (1998) were made of his book series about Madelief (1975–1979). Of his book series "Polleke" (1999–2001) a movie "Polleke" (2003) and a television series "Polleke" (2005) were made. In 2011 Australian Richard Tulloch translated The Book of Everything into English and adapted it into a very successful play produced in 2013 by the Melbourne Theatre Company. Guus Kuijer Guus Kuijer (; born 1 August

title: Katherine Thurston

text: in 1904 and on the "New York Times" bestseller list for two years, ranking as third best-selling book for 1904 and seventh best in 1905. Her next book, "The Gambler", came out in 1905 and it too made the US best-selling lists for that year. This was the first time the "New York Times" had recorded any author, female or male, as having two top-ten books in a single year. In 1910, she was back on the same list at No. 4 with her novel "Max", the story of a young Russian princess, who flees disguised as a boy to

title: Summer of '42

text: trailers premiered in theaters, the film was billed as being "based on the national bestseller," despite the film having been completed first. Ultimately, the book became one of the best selling novels of the first half of the 1970s, requiring 23 reprints between 1971 and 1974 to keep up with customer demand. The film (and subsequent novel) were memoirs written by Herman Raucher; they detailed the events in his life over the course of the summer he spent on Nantucket Island in 1942 when he was fourteen years old. Originally, the film was meant to be a tribute to his

title: Carrie (1976 film)

text: remains of Carrie's home next to a "for sale" sign vandalized to read "Carrie White burns in Hell!". A bloody arm reaches from the rubble and grabs Sue, causing her to awaken from this nightmare, screaming. "Carrie" was the first Stephen King novel to be published and the first to be adapted into a feature film. In an interview in Port Charlotte, Florida at a public appearance near his home on the Gulf coast on March 20, 2010, King said he was 26 years old at the time and was paid just $2,500 for the film rights, but added "I

title: The Dressmaker (Ham novel)

text: French. A film adaptation of the book was released on October 29, 2015, with Kate Winslet as the protagonist Tilly Dunnage. A special film tie-in edition of the novel, featuring a new book cover with Winslet as the titular character, was released worldwide from August to October 2015. The tie-in-edition of the book sold 90,000 hard copies and 20,000 ebooks. The novel is Rosalie Ham's first published novel, and was picked up for publication within a year after Ham finished writing it. She sent the manuscript to four publishers and received rejections but on one of the readers' advice she

title: The Man with the Golden Arm (novel)

text: wrote of these critics, "They believed that... Algren was presenting them in a poor light. I guess they would have preferred that he write a novel about a Polish dentist who changed his name and moved from the old neighborhood to a suburb as soon as he made enough money." In 1955, the book was made into a film directed by Otto Preminger and starring Frank Sinatra. Though author Nelson Algren was initially brought to Hollywood to work on the screenplay, he was quickly replaced by Walter Newman. Algren felt negatively about his experiences in Hollywood, the lack of compensation

title: Film adaptation

text: In 1924, Erich von Stroheim attempted a literal adaptation of Frank Norris's novel McTeague with his moving picture Greed, and the resulting film was 9½ hours long.  It was cut, at studio insistence, to four hours, then without Stroheim's input, cut again to around two hours. The end result was a film that was largely incoherent. Since that time, few directors have attempted to put everything in a novel into a film. Therefore, elision is all but essential.

title: Charlotte Mary Matheson

text: one of the best books i have ever read..." "The Feather" was made into a movie of the same name ("The Feather") in 1929. It was made as a silent movie, with sound effects and music added after filming. It was not commercially competitive with the new talkies that had started coming out. The original English language version of the novel is not currently (September 2014) available in republication nor for online download. The novel is a love story between the two main characters. It begins with one of them, disgraced and dismissed insurance adjuster Roger Dalton, being sentenced to

title: Florence L. Barclay

text: translated into eight languages and made into five motion pictures, also in several languages. According to the New York Times, the novel was the No.1 bestselling novel of 1910 in the United States. The enduring popularity of the book was such that more than twenty-five years later, Sunday Circle magazine serialized the story and in 1926 the prominent French playwright Alexandre Bisson adapted the book as a three-act play for the Parisian stage. Florence Barclay wrote eleven books in all, including a work of non-fiction. Her novel "The Mistress of Shenstone" (1910) was made into a silent film of the

title: Morten Korch

text: Korch was the mostly widely read author in Denmark, where he was known as "Denmark's Morten". From 1942 to 1947 he sat on the board of the Danish Writers Union. Several of Korch's novels were developed into successful movies. In 1950, film director Alice O'Fredericks made the first film of a Korch novel: his 1943 book "De røde heste" ("The Red Horses"). The simple story—young newlyweds who try to save the family horse farm from bankruptcy by winning a racing derby—became the biggest box office success in Danish cinema. By 1976, eighteen films had been produced of Morten Korch stories.

title: Vicki Baum

text: books, at least ten of which were adapted as motion pictures in Hollywood. Her ninth novel, "Stud. chem. Helene Willfüer "("Helene"), was her first major commercial success, selling over 100,000 copies. Baum is considered one of the first modern bestselling authors, and her books are seen as exemplifying New Objectivity within contemporary mainstream literature. Her protagonists were often strong, independent women caught up in turbulent times. Baum is most famous for her 1929 novel "Menschen im Hotel" ("People at a Hotel"), which introduced the genre of the 'hotel novel'. It was made into a stage play in Berlin in 1929,

title: Bernice Thurman Hunter

text: her later years, however she continued writing. In 2001, she was made a Member of the Order of Canada. While the honour was awarded posthumously, she was informed of the award shortly before her death. Her first series of books has been adapted into a film called "Booky Makes Her Mark". An award held by Swansea Public School for writing was named after Hunter. Bernice Thurman Hunter Bernice Thurman Hunter, (November 3, 1922 – May 29, 2002) was a Canadian children's author. Born in Toronto, Hunter spent her adult years as an Eaton's employee, and did not publish her first

title: Zvi Lieberman

text: dozens of picture books, fiction for teens and novels alongside serious research for adult audiences. In his semi-autobiographical ‘’A Tale of Love and Darkness’’, Israeli novelist Amos Oz relates that he read Lieberman’s book ‘’Over the Ruins’’ multiple times as a child and it made a lasting impression on him. In 1933, ‘’Oded ha-noded’’ was made into a silent film. It was the country’s first full-length feature film for children, produced on a shoestring budget with private financing. Important plot details were changed in the film. Oded is a young sabra who goes on a hike with school friends. When

title: The Worst Witch

text: pet tortoise and hides it in a tree. In the TV series, she and Ethel briefly end their friendship when Drusilla sides with Mildred and her friends. They make up at the end of the episode though. In 1986, the first book in the series was converted to a made-for-television film on ITV starring Fairuza Balk, Tim Curry, Diana Rigg, and Charlotte Rae. Though a British film, it also aired in the USA on HBO. The film followed the plot of the first book of the series, portraying the incidents of Mildred turning herself invisible and turning Ethel into a

title: Edith Ogden Harrison

text: children's theater in Chicago. They were still working on the project as late as 1915, but without success. Harrison's 1912 novel "The Lady of the Snows" was made into a film of the same title in 1915. Written by husband Carter H. Harrison Edith Ogden Harrison Edith Ogden Harrison (16 November 1862 – 22 May 1955) was a well-known and prolific author of children's books and fairy tales in the early decades of the twentieth century. She was also the wife of Carter Harrison, Jr., five-term mayor of Chicago. Edith Ogden was born to Robert N. Ogden, Jr. and Sarah

title: Paul Zindel

text: the 1971 Pulitzer Prize for Drama for the work. However, this play also received criticism for being too elliptical or too difficult to understand. Still, it was also made into a 1972 movie by 20th Century Fox, directed by Paul Newman and starring his wife Joanne Woodward. Soon thereafter, Charlotte Zolotow, a vice-president at Harper & Row, contacted him about writing for her book label. Zindel wrote a total of 53 books, all but one of them aimed at children or teens. Many were set in his home town of Staten Island. They tended to be semi-autobiographical, focusing on teenage

title: The Dressmaker (Ham novel)

text: of Victoria's Most Popular Novel. The book also made the Victorian Certificate of Education reading list three times. A new edition of the book with the cover featuring Kate Winslet as Myrtle "Tilly" Dunnage was released by Penguin Books on August 11, 2015 in USA, Canada, and by Macmillan Publishers in Australia in September, 2015. In the UK, it was published by Serpent's Tail on October 22, 2015. On July 30, 2015, Ham appeared at the Melbourne International Film Festival's event "Books at MIFF" to discuss the book's transition into film, along with Sue Maslin, Jocelyn Moorhouse and original publisher

title: Abigél (novel)

text: produced in 1978. The novel was also adapted into a musical that premiered in March 2008. Abigél (novel) Abigél "(Abigail)" is a young adult novel by the Hungarian author Magda Szabó. It was first published in 1970 and is her most widely read novel. In the Hungarian Big Read in 2005, it was voted the sixth most popular novel in Hungary. It was the third most popular Hungarian novel on the list. The novel has been translated into Czech, French, German, Italian, Latvian, Polish, and Romanian. "Abigél" is an adventure story about a teenage girl who attends a Calvinist girls'

title: Annemarie Selinko

text: later Queen of Sweden and Norway. It is dedicated to her sister Liselotte, who was murdered by the Nazis. Translated into 25 languages, in 1954 it was turned into a major Hollywood movie starring Marlon Brando and Jean Simmons. Annemarie Selinko Annemarie Selinko (1 September 1914 – 28 July 1986) was an Austrian novelist who wrote a number of best-selling books in German from the 1930s through the 1950s. Although she had been based in Germany, in 1939 at the start of World War II she took refuge in Denmark with her Danish husband, but then in 1943, they again

title: Hallgrímur Helgason

text: big eighties idea of “making it”. Indeed, the book makes fun of almost every aspect of artistic life in Iceland in the years from Ragga's birth in 1959 until she finally reaches her “stardom” in 1994, when she is paralysed from waist down in an accident on the set of a no-budget Icelandic Viking movie and ends up on the front page in a wheelchair, all smiling and happy with her long overdue fame. The book became a local hit and a theatre version was put on stage at the National Theatre of Iceland in 2004, directed by Baltasar Kormákur.

title: Mignon G. Eberhart

text: the first of many writers called, by their publishers, "America's Agatha Christie," few of which had as little in common with 'Dame Agatha in matters of plotting, characterization, or even type of story.' She wrote a total of 59 novels, the last published in 1988, shortly before her 89th birthday. Eight of her novels were adapted as movies, beginning in 1935 with "While the Patient Slept." The last adaptation, based on the book "Hasty Wedding", was the movie "Three's a Crowd", released in 1945. Sarah Keate, though popular as the protagonist of Eberhart's first five novels, proved to be the

title: Alice Duer Miller

text: she scored her first success with "Come Out of the Kitchen" in 1916. The story was made into a play and later the 1948 film "Spring in Park Lane." She followed it with a series of other short novels, many of which were staged and (increasingly) made into films. Her novel in verse "Forsaking All Others" (1933) about a tragic love affair, and many consider her greatest work. In the 1920s and 1930s, many of her stories were used for motion pictures, such as "Are Parents People?" (1925), "Roberta" (1935), and "Irene" (1940), taking her to Hollywood. She also became

title: Bridget Jones

text: film but shot a spoof interview with Firth as himself and Renée Zellweger staying in-character as Bridget Jones after a day's wrap. The scene is available as a deleted scene on DVD. The first novel was turned into a movie of the same name in 2001, directed by Sharon Maguire. The movie starred Renée Zellweger as Bridget, Hugh Grant as Daniel Cleaver and Colin Firth as Mark Darcy. Before the film was released, a considerable amount of controversy surrounded the casting of the American Zellweger as what some saw as a quintessentially British heroine: however, her performance is widely considered

title: Seven Little Australians

text: past than the one which prevails in the book's first edition." Ethel Turner wrote three more books featuring the Woolcot family. The book was adapted as a stage play in 1914 by Beaumont Smith. The first film adaptation of this novel was made in 1939, directed by Arthur Greville Collins. The film was shot in Sydney at the Commonwealth Film Laboratories and around Camden, New South Wales. This was followed in 1953 by a BBC-television 6-part miniseries. The book was made into a 10 episode television series in 1973 by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, which was largely faithful to the

title: Daniel Wallace (author)

text: books have been translated into 18 languages, while "Big Fish" was made into a film by Tim Burton. In a 2011 article for Pure Movies, he wrote about how absurd he found it that Big Fish was the book that was adapted into a film when all his others have clearer narrative structures. His other books include "Ray in Reverse", "The Watermelon King", and "Mr. Sebastian and the Negro Magician". While his short stories have been published in a number of anthologies and magazines, including "The Year's Best Fantasy and Horror." Wallace says he tries to write everything he can,

title: Today is Tonight

text: sold the film rights to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and retained the publication rights, but no film was made and the novel itself remained unpublished until the mid-1960s. It was published in condensed form in the July 1965 issue of "Mademoiselle", in hardcover in July 1965 by Grove Press and in paperback later in 1965 by Dell Publishing. At the time of publication, press coverage stated that screenwriter Carey Wilson assisted Harlow with the book. The novel is set in the 1920s, amongst the opulent living of the Hollywood jet-set, and focuses on one couple, Peter and Judy Lansdowne. In 2013 English writer

title: Ann Mari Sjögren

text: long as she can remember. Every piece of paper that she found became a little work of art. Her first book, "En dag i Älvriket" was published just after World War II in 1945. Three years later it was translated into English as “A Day in Fairy Land”. It was published in ten different languages. It remains a highly collectible antique publication that influenced many post war baby boom children. An editorial from an American paper of that time shows the famous actress and film star Joan Crawford, reading from "A Day in Fairy Land" for her four adopted children.

title: Film adaptation


question: what allows chyme to enter the small intestine

answers: pyloric valve

answers: the pyloric valve

title: Chyme

text: will be absorbed along with other nutrients. Chyme has a low pH that is countered by the production of bile, helping to further digest food. Chyme is part liquid and part solid: a thick semifluid mass of partially digested food and digestive secretions that is formed in the stomach and small intestine during digestion. Chyme also contains cells from the mouth and esophagus that slough off from the mechanical action of chewing and swallowing. After hours of mechanical and chemical digestion, food has been reduced into chyme. As particles of food become small enough, they are passed out of the

title: Digestion

text: that move along the stomach wall. This allows the mass of food to further mix with the digestive enzymes. After some time (typically 1–2 hours in humans, 4–6 hours in dogs, 3–4 hours in house cats), the resulting thick liquid is called chyme. When the pyloric sphincter valve opens, chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver and then passes through the small intestine, in which digestion continues. When the chyme is fully digested, it is absorbed into the blood. 95% of absorption of nutrients occurs in the small

title: Chyme

text: stomach at regular intervals into the small intestine, which stimulates the pancreas to release fluid containing a high concentration of bicarbonate. This fluid neutralizes the gastric juices, which can damage the lining of the intestine and result in duodenal ulcer. Other secretions from the pancreas, gallbladder, liver, and glands in the intestinal wall help in digestion. When food particles are sufficiently reduced in size and composition, they are absorbed by the intestinal wall and transported to the bloodstream. Some food material is passed from the small intestine to the large intestine. In the large intestine, bacteria break down proteins and

title: Human digestive system

text: it is eaten. After two hours the stomach has emptied. In the small intestine, the pH becomes crucial; it needs to be finely balanced in order to activate digestive enzymes. The chyme is very acidic, with a low pH, having been released from the stomach and needs to be made much more alkaline. This is achieved in the duodenum by the addition of bile from the gall bladder combined with the bicarbonate secretions from the pancreatic duct and also from secretions of bicarbonate-rich mucus from duodenal glands known as Brunner's glands. The chyme arrives in the intestines having been released

title: Chyme

text: the chyme to 7. The chyme then moves through the jejunum and the ileum, where digestion progresses, and the nonuseful portion continues onward into the large intestine. The duodenum is protected by a thick layer of mucus and the neutralizing actions of the sodium bicarbonate and bile. At a pH of 7, the enzymes that were present from the stomach are no longer active. This then leads into the further breakdown of the nutrients still present by anaerobic bacteria, which at the same time help to package the remains. These bacteria also help synthesize vitamin B and vitamin K, which

title: Chyme

text: to 3 hours at most. The chyme is blue in color. With a pH of approximately 2, chyme emerging from the stomach is very acidic. The duodenum secretes a hormone, cholecystokinin (CCK), which causes the gall bladder to contract, releasing alkaline bile into the duodenum. CCK also causes the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas. The duodenum is a short section of the small intestine located between the stomach and the rest of the small intestine. The duodenum also produces the hormone secretin to stimulate the pancreatic secretion of large amounts of sodium bicarbonate, which then raises pH of

title: Human digestive system

text: fats to some degree though is not as efficient as the pancreatic lipase. The pylorus, the lowest section of the stomach which attaches to the duodenum via the pyloric canal, contains countless glands which secrete digestive enzymes including gastrin. After an hour or two, a thick semi-liquid called chyme is produced. When the pyloric sphincter, or valve opens, chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes further with digestive enzymes from the pancreas, and then passes through the small intestine, where digestion continues. When the chyme is fully digested, it is absorbed into the blood. 95% of absorption of nutrients occurs

title: Human digestive system

text: cleaving it to form trypsin; further cleavage results in chymotripsin. The lower gastrointestinal tract (GI), includes the small intestine and all of the large intestine. The intestine is also called the bowel or the gut. The lower GI starts at the pyloric sphincter of the stomach and finishes at the anus. The small intestine is subdivided into the duodenum, the jejunum and the ileum. The cecum marks the division between the small and large intestine. The large intestine includes the rectum and anal canal. Partially digested food starts to arrive in the small intestine as semi-liquid chyme, one hour after

title: Human digestive system

text: from the stomach through the opening of the pyloric sphincter. The resulting alkaline fluid mix neutralises the gastric acid which would damage the lining of the intestine. The mucus component lubricates the walls of the intestine. When the digested food particles are reduced enough in size and composition, they can be absorbed by the intestinal wall and carried to the bloodstream. The first receptacle for this chyme is the duodenal bulb. From here it passes into the first of the three sections of the small intestine, the duodenum. (The next section is the jejunum and the third is the ileum).

title: Chyme

text: Chyme or chymus (/kaɪm/; from Greek χυμός khymos, "juice") is the semi-fluid mass of partly digested food that is expelled by the stomach, through the pyloric valve, into the duodenum (the beginning of the small intestine).

title: Stomach

text: small rounded mass of chewed up food) enters the stomach through the oesophagus via the lower oesophageal sphincter. The stomach releases proteases (protein-digesting enzymes such as pepsin) and hydrochloric acid, which kills or inhibits bacteria and provides the acidic pH of 2 for the proteases to work. Food is churned by the stomach through muscular contractions of the wall called peristalsis – reducing the volume of the bolus, before looping around the fundus and the body of stomach as the boluses are converted into chyme (partially digested food). Chyme slowly passes through the pyloric sphincter and into the duodenum of

title: Human digestive system

text: its nutrients the remaining waste material changes into the semi-solids called feces, which pass to the large intestine, where bacteria in the gut flora further break down residual proteins and starches. The cecum is a pouch marking the division between the small intestine and the large intestine. The cecum receives chyme from the last part of the small intestine, the ileum, and connects to the ascending colon of the large intestine. At this junction there is a sphincter or valve, the ileocecal valve which slows the passage of chyme from the ileum, allowing further digestion. It is also the site

title: Large intestine

text: the water have been absorbed by the body. At this point some electrolytes like sodium, magnesium, and chloride are left as well as indigestible parts of ingested food (e.g., a large part of ingested amylose, starch which has been shielded from digestion heretofore, and dietary fiber, which is largely indigestible carbohydrate in either soluble or insoluble form). As the chyme moves through the large intestine, most of the remaining water is removed, while the chyme is mixed with mucus and bacteria (known as gut flora), and becomes feces. The ascending colon receives fecal material as a liquid. The muscles of

title: Regulation of gastric function

text: suppress gastric secretion and motility. The effect of this is that gastrin secretion declines and the pyloric sphincter contracts tightly to limit the admission of more chyme into the duodenum. This gives the duodenum time to work on the chyme it has already received before being loaded with more. The enteroendocrine cells also secrete glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide. Originally called gastric-inhibitory peptide, it is no longer thought to have a significant effect on the stomach, but to be more concerned with stimulating insulin secretion in preparation for processing the nutrients about to be absorbed by the small intestine. Regulation of

title: Human digestive system

text: small intestine contains circular folds, flaps of doubled mucosal membrane which partially encircle and sometimes completely encircle the lumen of the intestine. These folds together with villi serve to increase the surface area of the jejunum enabling an increased absorption of digested sugars, amino acids and fatty acids into the bloodstream. The circular folds also slow the passage of food giving more time for nutrients to be absorbed. The last part of the small intestine is the ileum. This also contains villi and vitamin B12; bile acids and any residue nutrients are absorbed here. When the chyme is exhausted of

title: Large intestine

text: more is made available, thus permitting a higher portion of plant material in the diet. The large intestine produces no digestive enzymes — chemical digestion is completed in the small intestine before the chyme reaches the large intestine. The pH in the colon varies between 5.5 and 7 (slightly acidic to neutral). Water absorption at the colon typically proceeds against a transmucosal osmotic pressure gradient. The standing gradient osmosis is the reabsorption of water against the osmotic gradient in the intestines. Cells occupying the intestinal lining pump sodium ions into the intercellular space, raising the osmolarity of the intercellular fluid.

title: Stomach

text: the small intestine, where the extraction of nutrients begins. Depending on the quantity and contents of the meal, the stomach will digest the food into chyme within anywhere between forty minutes and a few hours. The average human stomach can comfortably hold about a litre of food. Gastric juice in the stomach also contains pepsinogen. Hydrochloric acid activates this inactive form of enzyme into the active form, pepsin. Pepsin breaks down proteins into polypeptides. Although the absorption in the human digestive system is mainly a function of the small intestine, some absorption of certain small molecules nevertheless does occur in

title: Ileum

text: into the lumen of the intestine. These enzymes are present in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells. The villi contain large numbers of capillaries that take the amino acids and glucose produced by digestion to the hepatic portal vein and the liver. Lacteals are small lymph vessels, and are present in villi. They absorb fatty acid and glycerol, the products of fat digestion. Layers of circular and longitudinal smooth muscle enable the chyme (partly digested food and water) to be pushed along the ileum by waves of muscle contractions called peristalsis. The remaining chyme is passed to the colon. It

title: Human digestive system

text: in the chyme. Food fat is dispersed by the action of bile into smaller units called micelles. The breaking down into micelles creates a much larger surface area for the pancreatic enzyme, lipase to work on. Lipase digests the triglycerides which are broken down into two fatty acids and a monoglyceride. These are then absorbed by villi on the intestinal wall. If fats are not absorbed in this way in the small intestine problems can arise later in the large intestine which is not equipped to absorb fats. Bile also helps in the absorption of vitamin K from the diet.

title: Peristalsis

text: small intestine uses, it is not the primary propulsion. Instead, general contractions called mass movements occur one to three times per day in the large intestine, propelling the chyme toward the rectum. Mass movements often tend to be triggered by meals, as the presence of chyme in the stomach and duodenum prompts them. The human lymphatic system has no central pump. Instead, lymph circulates through peristalsis in the lymph capillaries, as well as valves in the capillaries, compression during contraction of adjacent skeletal muscle, and arterial pulsation. During ejaculation, the smooth muscle in the walls of the vas deferens contracts

title: Human digestive system

text: teeth, and also by the contractions of peristalsis, and segmentation. Gastric acid, and the production of mucus in the stomach, are essential for the continuation of digestion. Peristalsis is the rhythmic contraction of muscles that begins in the esophagus and continues along the wall of the stomach and the rest of the gastrointestinal tract. This initially results in the production of chyme which when fully broken down in the small intestine is absorbed as chyle into the lymphatic system. Most of the digestion of food takes place in the small intestine. Water and some minerals are reabsorbed back into the

title: Peristalsis

text: intestine. Once past the stomach, a typical peristaltic wave only lasts for a few seconds, travelling at only a few centimeters per second. Its primary purpose is to mix the chyme in the intestine rather than to move it forward in the intestine. Through this process of mixing and continued digestion and absorption of nutrients, the chyme gradually works its way through the small intestine to the large intestine. In contrast to peristalsis, segmentation contractions result in that churning and mixing without pushing materials further down the digestive tract. Although the large intestine has peristalsis of the type that the

title: Secretin

text: smaller numbers in the jejunum of the small intestine. Secretin is released into circulation and/or intestinal lumen in response to low duodenal pH that ranges between 2 and 4.5 depending on species; the acidity is due to hydrochloric acid in the chyme that enters the duodenum from the stomach via the pyloric sphincter. Also, the secretion of secretin is increased by the products of protein digestion bathing the mucosa of the upper small intestine. Secretin release is inhibited by H antagonists, which reduce gastric acid secretion. As a result, if the pH in the duodenum increases above 4.5, secretin cannot

title: Human digestive system

text: the stomach. It connects to the duodenum via the pancreatic duct which it joins near to the bile duct's connection where both the bile and pancreatic juice can act on the chyme that is released from the stomach into the duodenum. Aqueous pancreatic secretions from pancreatic duct cells contain bicarbonate ions which are alkaline and help with the bile to neutralise the acidic chyme that is churned out by the stomach. The pancreas is also the main source of enzymes for the digestion of fats and proteins. Some of these are released in response to the production of CKK in

title: Neurogastroenterology

text: in both directions as the circular muscles alternatively contract. This allows for thorough mixing of intestinal contents, known as chyme, to allow greater absorption. The secretion of gastrointestinal enzymes, such as gastrin and secretin, is regulated through cholinergic neurons residing in the walls of the digestive tract. Hormone secretion is controlled by the vagovagal reflex, where the neurons in the digestive tract communicate through both afferent and efferent pathways with the vagus nerve. The enteric nervous system is one of the main divisions of the nervous system and is the main focus of neurogastroenterology. The enteric nervous system refers to

title: Human digestive system

text: In the duodenum, pancreatic lipase is secreted together with a co-enzyme, colipase to further digest the fat content of the chyme. From this breakdown, smaller particles of emulsified fats called chylomicrons are produced. There are also digestive cells called enterocytes lining the intestines (the majority being in the small intestine). They are unusual cells in that they have villi on their surface which in turn have innumerable microvilli on their surface. All these villi make for a greater surface area, not only for the absorption of chyme but also for its further digestion by large numbers of digestive enzymes present

title: Digestion

text: The partially digested food enters the duodenum as a thick semi-liquid chyme. In the small intestine, the larger part of digestion takes place and this is helped by the secretions of bile, pancreatic juice and intestinal juice. The intestinal walls are lined with villi, and their epithelial cells is covered with numerous microvilli to improve the absorption of nutrients by increasing the surface area of the intestine. In the large intestine the passage of food is slower to enable fermentation by the gut flora to take place. Here water is absorbed and waste material stored as feces to be removed

title: Regulation of gastric function

text: absorbed by the duodenum stimulate acid secretion by unknown mechanisms. 4.) Osmolarity due to products of digestion stimulate acid secretion The acid and semi-digested fats in the duodenum trigger the enterogastric reflex – the duodenum sends inhibitory signals to the stomach by way of the enteric nervous system, and sends signals to the medulla that (1) inhibit the vagal nuclei, thus reducing vagal stimulation of the stomach, and (2) stimulate sympathetic neurons, which send inhibitory signals to the stomach. Chyme also stimulates duodenal enteroendocrine cells to release secretin and cholecystokinin. They primarily stimulate the pancreas and gall bladder, but also

title: Human digestive system

text: The duodenum is the first and shortest section of the small intestine. It is a hollow, jointed C-shaped tube connecting the stomach to the jejunum. It starts at the duodenal bulb and ends at the suspensory muscle of duodenum. The attachment of the suspensory muscle to the diaphragm is thought to help the passage of food by making a wider angle at its attachment. Most food digestion takes place in the small intestine. Segmentation contractions act to mix and move the chyme more slowly in the small intestine allowing more time for absorption (and these continue in the large intestine).

title: Chymosin

text: animals to curdle the milk they ingest, allowing a longer residence in the bowels and better absorption. Some other non-ruminant species, including pigs, cats, and seals, produce it. One study reported finding a chymosin-like enzyme in some human infants, but others have failed to replicate this finding. Humans have a pseudogene for chymosin that does not generate a protein, found on chromosome 1. Humans have other proteins to digest milk, such as pepsin and lipase. Chymosin is used to bring about the extensive precipitation and curd formation in cheese-making. The native substrate of chymosin is K-casein which is specifically cleaved

title: Chyme

short_answers:
pyloric valve
the pyloric valve


question: author of the hymn great is thy faithfulness

answers: William M. Runyan

answers: written by Thomas Chisholm

answers: Thomas Chisholm

title: Great Is Thy Faithfulness

text: poem to music, and it was published that same year by Hope Publishing Company and became popular among church groups. The Biblical lyrics reference Lamentations 3:22-23. The song was exposed to wide audiences after becoming popular with Dr. William Henry Houghton of the Moody Bible Institute and Billy Graham, who used the song frequently on his international crusades. Since the middle 20th century, this hymn has been the university hymn of Cairn University which was formerly Philadelphia Biblical University and prior to that Philadelphia College of Bible, founded in 1913. On Monday, November 16, 2015, Jordan Smith covered the Selah

title: Great Is Thy Faithfulness

text:
song pick choice selection playing the piano chord from "The Voice" of ninth season. Great is Thy faithfulness, O God my Father;
 There is no shadow of turning with Thee,
 Thou changest not, Thy compassions they fail not,
 As Thou hast been, Thou forever wilt be. "Great is Thy faithfulness!
 "Great is Thy faithfulness!
 "Morning by morning new mercies I see
 "All I have needed Thy hand hath provided
 "Great is Thy faithfulness, Lord unto me! " Summer and winter and springtime and harvest,
 Sun, moon, and stars in their courses above;
 Join with all nature in manifold witness,
 To

title: Samuel Davies (clergyman)

text: which appeared in New York in 1851. Musicologists credit Davies with being the first American-born hymn writer. Davies followed the lines of Isaac Watts, and while his verses are considered "solid, but somewhat dry and heavy," several of his hymns maintained popularity in American hymnals into the twentieth century. Two of his most popular hymns are "Eternal Spirit, Source of Light," and "Great God of wonders, all Thy ways." In 1752, Davies had a collection of his poems published in Williamsburg, titled "Miscellaneous Poems, Chiefly on Divine Subjects." Davies' poems were written in the meditative style of Edward Taylor, although

title: O Come, All Ye Faithful

text: Latin verse is rarely printed. The text has been translated innumerable times, but the most used version today is the English "O Come, All Ye Faithful". This is a combination of one of Frederick Oakeley's translations of the original four verses and William Thomas Brooke's of the three additional ones, which was first published in "Murray's Hymnal" in 1852. Oakeley originally titled the song “Ye Faithful, approach ye” when it was sung at his Margaret Church in Marylebone before it was altered to its current form. The most commonly named Portuguese author is King John IV of Portugal. "The Musician

title: Love Divine, All Loves Excelling

text: Anglican Augustus Toplady; the hymn books of erstwhile Wesley ally, George Whitefield; and those associated with the Countess of Huntingdon's chapels (and their later incarnation as "The Countess of Huntingdon's Connection"). Madan in particular is known for his influential hymn tinkering: It was doubtless on theological grounds that the line "Finish then thy New Creation" (stanza 4) was often replaced by ""Carry on" thy (or 'the') new creation," the latter suggesting an ongoing process of sanctification rather than its achievement; and "Let us see thy great Salvation / Perfectly restor'd in Thee," frequently changed to "..."our whole" salvation / "secured

title: William Williams Pantycelyn

text: collection of hymns in Welsh. It was followed by further collections: He also published two collections of English hymns: Possibly his best known hymn is "Arglwydd, arwain trwy'r anialwch" (in English, "Lord, lead thou through the wilderness"). This has been adapted as the English-language hymn: "Guide Me, O Thou Great Jehovah" or "Guide Me, O Thou Great Redeemer". It is usually sung to the tune "Cwm Rhondda" by John Hughes. His hymns were not his only major contribution to the success of Calvinistic Methodism. He wrote two long poems on theological and religious themes: He also wrote a series of

title: Phoebe Hinsdale Brown

text: The second of these was altered by the author for Elias Nason's "Congregational Hymn Book", 1857. This, according to Nason, was her authorized text. It was widely used in the U.S., and was also found in a few English collections, including Andrew Reed's "Hymn Book" and the "New Congregational Hymn Book", and sometimes was attributed in error to Hastings. Browns' later hymns were: "Great God, we would to Thee make known", which appeared in the "Mother's Hymn Book", 1834; "We come. 0 Lord, before Thy throne. For Suitors."; "Grant the abundance of the sea. For Sailors", two hymns for sailors,

title: Edward Caswall

text: the three books combined, with many of the hymns rewritten or revised. Some of his translations are used in the "Hymns Ancient and Modern". His widely used hymn texts and translations include "See, amid the Winter's Snow", "Alleluia! Alleluia! Let the Holy Anthem Rise"; "Come, Holy Ghost"; "Jesus, the Very Thought of Thee"; "When Morning Gilds the Skies"; "Sleep, Holy Babe" and "Ye Sons and Daughters of the Lord". Edward Caswall Edward Caswall, CO, (15 July 1814 – 2 January 1878) was an Anglican clergyman and hymn writer who converted to Roman Catholicism. His more notable hymns include: "Alleluia! Alleluia!

title: How Great Thou Art

text: song for use in the 1955 Toronto Crusade. George Beverly Shea's recording of the hymn ranks number 204 on the top recordings of the 20th century according to the Recording Industry Association of America. Evangelist Billy Graham said: “The reason I like 'How Great Thou Art' is because it glorifies God. It turns Christian’s eyes toward God, rather than upon themselves. I use it as often as possible because it is such a God-honoring song.” A translation exists by Avis B. Christiansen, retaining the "O Store Gud" melody with an arrangement by Robert J. Hughes. This version, titled "Lord, I

title: Great Is Thy Faithfulness

text: Great Is Thy Faithfulness is a popular Christian hymn written by Thomas Chisholm (1866–1960) with music composed by William M. Runyan (1870–1957) in Baldwin, Kansas, U.S..

title: Jeremiah Williams Cummings

text: in New York: His hymn "Hail Virgin of Virgins", published in "Songs for Catholic Schools", was later revised into the beloved Marian Hymn "Immaculate Mary". Jeremiah Williams Cummings Jeremiah Williams Cummings (April 1814, in Washington, D.C., U.S.A. – January 4, 1866 at New York) was an American Roman Catholic priest, known as a preacher and writer. His father's death caused his mother to move to New York in his boyhood, and he was there accepted as an ecclesiastical student by Bishop Dubois, who sent him to the College of the Propaganda at Rome to make his theological studies. Afterwords he

title: Joseph Renville

text: modern English-language hymnals, a paraphrase by Philip Frazier, loosely based on Renville's text, appears with the tune LACQUIPARLE, and it is known to many Christians by the opening words, "Many and great, O God, are thy works, maker of earth and sky". The hymn tune RENVILLE has been adapted for modern congregational singing in "Singing the New Testament," a hymnal copublished in 2008 by The Calvin Institute of Christian Worship and Faith Alive Christian Resources. Joseph Renville Joseph Renville (1779–1846) was an interpreter, translator, Canadian soldier in the War of 1812, founder of the Columbia Fur Company, and an important

title: How Great Thou Art

text: Adore Thee", appears in the 1958 hymnal "Songs for Worship". The hymn was translated in 1957 for InterVarsity Christian Fellowship by Joseph T. Bayly (5 April 1920 – 16 July 1986), and set to the music of Josephine Carradine Dixon. According to Bud Boberg, the grandson of the younger brother of the original author of the poem: "It's a quite literal translation from Boberg, but I suspect that he had the Hine work at hand because he uses the phrase 'how great Thou art.' Also, the music by Josephine Carradine Dixon is similar to Hine's. He added two verses of

title: Henry Wellington Greatorex

text: the adjacent city of West Hartford, Connecticut. Greatorex frequently sang in concerts and oratorios. For some years he was organist and conductor of the choir at St. Paul's chapel. Greatorex did much to advance the standard of sacred music in the United States in the days when country singing-school teachers imposed their trivial melodies and the convivial measures of foreign composers on the texts of the hymn books at hand. He published a "Collection of Psalm and Hymn Tunes, Chants, Anthems, and Sentences" (Boston, 1851). One of Greatorex's best-known compositions is a setting of the Gloria Patri, widely used in

title: Jordan Smith (musician)

text: artist of the season to reach No. 1 in sales in the iTunes Store, ahead of "Hello" by Adele. "Great Is Thy Faithfulness" landed on the "Billboard" magazine charts as well; it placed at No. 30 on the Hot 100, and was No. 1 on the Christian Songs chart for two straight weeks. He was again No. 1 on Christian Songs with his recording of "Hallelujah", which entered the Hot 100 chart at No. 61. Smith chose Queen's "Somebody to Love" for his semi-final song. After the performance, Levine commented, "I don't need to say anything at all because that's

title: How Great Thou Art

text: as recently as the sixties it soon surpassed the older ones. No doubt about it, today it is the number one hymn in most languages; and might be called the Anthem of the Protestant/Evangelical Christian church. Eminent British hymnologist Erik Routley (born 31 October 1917; died 1982) so disliked both the hymn and its melody, he wrote a new text, “O Mighty God” and re-harmonised the Swedish tune in 1982. This was one of his last works before his death. His translation was included as hymn 466 in "Rejoice in the Lord: A Hymn Companion to the Scriptures" (1985). "O

title: How Great Thou Art

text: Melodies & Hymns of other Lands" (1956) and "The Story of "How Great Thou art": How it came to be written ... With complete album of hymns of other lands ... Russian melodies, Eastern melodies, etc" (1958). Hine died on 14 March 1989. His memorial service was held at the Gospel Hall on Martello Road, Walton-on-Naze, Essex, England, on 23 March 1989. A program note from a Gustavus Adolphus College, Minnesota, concert tells listeners that Dr. J. Edwin Orr (born 15 January 1912; died April 1987) of Fuller Theological Seminary in Pasadena, California discovered the song being sung in a

title: Leroy Robertson

text: as a 45 single on the flip side of the Battle Hymn of the Republic, which hit the top 50 charts. Amongst Robertson's works in the 1948 LDS hymnal was the music for "Up! Arose Thee, O Beautiful Zion", with words by Emily H. Woodmansee. In the 1985 edition of the LDS hymnal there is one hymn with words by Robertson and eight hymns for which he wrote the music. "On This Day of Joy and Gladness" (hymn #64) has both words and music by Robertson, while "Let Earth's Inhabitants Rejoice" (hymn #53), ""Great King of Heaven" (hymn #63), "God

title: Ray Palmer (pastor)

text: hymns and other poems. Ray Palmer (pastor) Ray Palmer (November 12, 1808 – March 29, 1887) was an American pastor and author of a number of hymns, the best known of which was "My faith looks up to Thee". Palmer was the fourth child and third son of the Hon. Thomas and Susanna (Palmer) Palmer, of Little Compton, R. I., where he was born November 12, 1808. It was intended that he should pursue a commercial career, and therefore he was sent at the age of 13 to Boston to begin a clerkship in a large business house, while at

title: Caroline Divines

text: patristic sources, Elizabethan devotional material, and Cosin's own compositions. This was the first work of royally-authorised devotional writing since the reign of Elizabeth I and was immensely popular in the seventeenth century. Thomas Ken (July 1637 – 19 March 1711), English priest, was the most eminent of the English non-juring bishops, and one of the fathers of modern English hymnology. His "Three Hymns" (1700) contains the original version of the hymn 'Praise God from whom all blessings flow', which continues to be sung during offertories around the world, especially in Anglican churches. Ken later left the Church of England during

title: Hymnbooks of the Church of Scotland

text: in Gaelic, the christmas carol "Leanabh an àigh", for which the original text now appears in parallel to the translation "Child in a manger". Many hymns have been modified to incorporate 'inclusive language'. For example, "He gave me eyes so I could see", has been rewritten as "God gave me eyes so I could see" (Hymn 164). The feminist theology of the Motherhood of God is represented in "Mothering God" (Hymn 117). However, the temptation to reword such as "thy" to "your" has been resisted for old favourites, so, for example, "Great is thy faithfulness" remains untouched. In a deliberate

title: How Great Thou Art

text: his own." The hymn was translated into Spanish by Pastor Arturo Hotton, from Argentina, in 1958 by the name of "Cuán Grande Es Él". He was an Evangelical leader of the Plymouth Brethren denomination. By the 1960s it began to be sung by many Evangelical churches in the Spanish speaking world. Later on, in the 1970s its fame rocketed until becoming the most famous hymn in every Christian hymnal and was being sung by numerous congregations, choirs and soloists. Decades later, its attractiveness has not diminished. Although it can be considered a "modern" hymn given that it was widely popularized

title: Grace Noll Crowell

text: the America Publishers as one of the ten outstanding American Women of 1938, and in the early 1940s she was called "the most popular writer of verse in America." Her poem, "Because of Thy Great Bounty" is included in the 1985 Hymnbook of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, under the title of "Because I Have Been Given Much", set to music by Philip Landgrave. This hymn was originally set as a choral piece by Landgrave and was later included in the 1975 and 1991 Baptist Hymnals. Landgrave named the tune SEMINARY, in homage to the Southern Baptist

title: Benjamin Schmolck

text: day. His compositions include "My Jesus as Thou Wilt" and "A faithful friend is wandering yonder". One of his pupils was the poet Johann Christian Günther. Schmolck died in Schweidnitz. Benjamin Schmolck Benjamin Schmolck (21 December 1672 – 12 February 1737) was a German Lutheran composer of hymns. He was born a pastor's son in Brauchitschdorf (Chróstnik), Silesia. After attending the gymnasium in Liegnitz (Legnica), he studied theology at the University of Leipzig from 1693 to 1697. In 1702 he was ordained as a deacon at the Protestant Church of Peace and in 1714 as the pastor of the Church

title: Samuel Francis Smith

text: to teenager Thornton Chase, who, instead of entering college, left to become an officer in the Civil War. Chase later converted to the Bahá'í Faith and was a leading member in the United States. Smith did not stop writing. In addition to "My Country, 'Tis of Thee", Smith wrote over 150 other hymns and in 1843 teamed with Baron Stow to compile a Baptist hymnal, "The Psalmist". Professor and author Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. recommended Smith as a potential candidate for an honorary Doctor of Letters degree from Harvard University in 1893. Harvard president Charles William Eliot declined, noting that

title: John Isham (composer)

text: in the following year, Isham held both posts until his death in June 1726, when he was buried in St. Margaret's Church. Two anthems composed by Isham, "Unto Thee, O Lord", and "O sing unto the Lord a new song", are included in Croft's "Divine Harmony, or a New Collection of Select Anthems" (1712). With William Morley, he published, about 1710, a collection of songs; John Hawkins reprinted in his "General History of the Science and Practice of Music" a duet by Isham, "Bury delights my roving eye". Other songs are catalogued under the name of Isum in the British

title: How Great Thou Art

text: translation of verses 1, 2, and 7-9 was published in the United States in the "Covenant Hymnal" as "O Mighty God" in 1925. The first three Covenant hymnals in English used Johnson's translation, with "The Covenant Hymnal" (1973) including all nine verses of Boberg’s original poem. There was a desire to replace Johnson's version with the more popular version of British missionary Stuart K. Hine's "How Great Thou Art". Wiberg explains: The version that appeared in the 1973 edition of "The Covenant Hymnbook" was: In 1996 Johnson's translation was replaced in "The Covenant Hymnal—A Worshipbook" because "E Gustav Johnson’s version,

title: Glorious Things of Thee Are Spoken

text: Rogers Thomas also used the words for one of his sacred songs from "Hymns of the Church." Glorious Things of Thee Are Spoken "Glorious Things of Thee Are Spoken", also called "Zion, or the City of God", is an 18th-century English hymn written by John Newton, who also wrote the hymn "Amazing Grace". The hymn has often been set to the music of Joseph Haydn's "Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser" (known as "Austria" in English-speaking circles) or Arthur Sullivan's "Lux Eoi". In recent decades a third tune, Abbot's Leigh, has risen to prominence. This was written for this text by

title: Hymn

text: but is also credited as having written the first English hymn which was not a direct paraphrase of Scripture. Watts (1674–1748), whose father was an Elder of a dissenter congregation, complained at age 16, that when allowed only psalms to sing, the faithful could not even sing about their Lord, Christ Jesus. His father invited him to see what he could do about it; the result was Watts' first hymn, "Behold the glories of the Lamb". Found in few hymnals today, the hymn has eight stanzas in common meter and is based on Revelation 5:6, 8, 9, 10, 12. Relying

title: Mabel Jones Gabbott

text: Mabel Jones Gabbott Mabel Jones Gabbott (October 23, 1910 – February 13, 2004) was an American Latter-day Saint hymnwriter, and the author of the words to "Lord, Accept into Thy Kingdom," "In Humility Our Saviour" and "We Have Partaken of Thy Love," all now part of the 1985 LDS English hymnbook. Gabbott also wrote many hymns published by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in its Primary "Children's Songbook", 16 of which are included in the current English edition. These include "Jesus Came to John the Baptist", "Did Jesus Really Live Again", "Samuel Tells of the

title: Great Is Thy Faithfulness

short_answers:
Thomas Chisholm
William M. Runyan
written by Thomas Chisholm


question: what type of rock dominates the earth's surface

answers: Sedimentary

answers: sedimentary rock

answers: sedimentary

title: Earth

text: Earth is metamorphic rock, which is created from the transformation of pre-existing rock types through high pressures, high temperatures, or both. The most abundant silicate minerals on Earth's surface include quartz, feldspars, amphibole, mica, pyroxene and olivine. Common carbonate minerals include calcite (found in limestone) and dolomite. The elevation of the land surface varies from the low point of at the Dead Sea, to a maximum altitude of at the top of Mount Everest. The mean height of land above sea level is about . The pedosphere is the outermost layer of Earth's continental surface and is composed of soil

title: Rock (geology)

text: are homogeneous solids formed from a chemical compound arranged in an orderly manner. The aggregate minerals forming the rock are held together by chemical bonds. The types and abundance of minerals in a rock are determined by the manner in which it was formed. Many rocks contain silica (SiO); a compound of silicon and oxygen that forms 74.3% of the Earth's crust. This material forms crystals with other compounds in the rock. The proportion of silica in rocks and minerals is a major factor in determining their names and properties. Rocks are classified according to characteristics such as mineral and

title: Geology

text: may once more crystallize. To study all three types of rock, geologists evaluate the minerals of which they are composed. Each mineral has distinct physical properties, and there are many tests to determine each of them. The specimens can be tested for: Geologists also study unlithified materials (referred to as "drift"), which typically come from more recent deposits. These materials are superficial deposits that lie above the bedrock. This study is often known as Quaternary geology, after the Quaternary period of geologic history. In the 1960s, it was discovered that the Earth's lithosphere, which includes the crust and rigid uppermost

title: Rock (geology)

text: composition. Igneous rocks are divided into two main categories: The chemical abundance and the rate of cooling of magma typically forms a sequence known as Bowen's reaction series. Most major igneous rocks are found along this scale. About 64.7% of the Earth's crust by volume consists of igneous rocks, making it the most plentiful category. Of these, 66% are basalts and gabbros, 16% are granite, and 17% granodiorites and diorites. Only 0.6% are syenites and 0.3% peridotites and dunites. The oceanic crust is 99% basalt, which is an igneous rock of mafic composition. Granites and similar rocks, known as meta-granitoids,

title: Figure of the Earth

text: ranging from 2.6 g/cm at the surface (rock density of granite, etc.), up to 13 g/cm within the inner core, see Structure of the Earth. Also with implications for the physical exploration of the Earth's interior is the gravitational field, which can be measured very accurately at the surface and remotely by satellites. True vertical generally does not correspond to theoretical vertical (deflection ranges up to 50") because topography and all "geological masses" disturb the gravitational field. Therefore, the gross structure of the earth's crust and mantle can be determined by geodetic-geophysical models of the subsurface. The volume of the

title: Solid

text: thousands of known forms. In contrast, a rock sample is a random aggregate of minerals and/or mineraloids, and has no specific chemical composition. The vast majority of the rocks of the Earth's crust consist of quartz (crystalline SiO), feldspar, mica, chlorite, kaolin, calcite, epidote, olivine, augite, hornblende, magnetite, hematite, limonite and a few other minerals. Some minerals, like quartz, mica or feldspar are common, while others have been found in only a few locations worldwide. The largest group of minerals by far is the silicates (most rocks are ≥95% silicates), which are composed largely of silicon and oxygen, with the

title: Igneous rock

text: as extrusive rocks. Igneous rock may form with crystallization to form granular, crystalline rocks, or without crystallization to form natural glasses. Igneous and metamorphic rocks make up 90–95% of the top 16 km of the Earth's crust by volume. Igneous rocks form about 15% of the Earth's current land surface. Most of the Earth's oceanic crust is made of igneous rock. Igneous rocks are also geologically important because: In terms of modes of occurrence, igneous rocks can be either intrusive (plutonic and hypabyssal) or extrusive (volcanic). Intrusive igneous rocks are formed from magma that cools and solidifies within the crust

title: Geology

text: Geology Geology (from the Ancient Greek γῆ, "gē"("earth") and -λoγία, "-logia", ("study of", "discourse")) is an earth science concerned with the solid Earth, the rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by which they change over time. Geology can also refer to the study of the solid features of any terrestrial planet or natural satellite such as Mars or the Moon. Modern geology significantly overlaps all other earth sciences, including hydrology and the atmospheric sciences, and so is treated as one major aspect of integrated earth system science and planetary science. Geology describes the structure of the Earth

title: Geodynamics

text: fluid is in hydrostatic equilibrium. Since, over long periods, rocks readily deform under pressure, the Earth is in hydrostatic equilibrium to a good approximation. The pressure on rock depends only on the weight of the rock above, and this depends on gravity and the density of the rock. In a body like the Moon, the density is almost constant, so a pressure profile is readily calculated. In the Earth, the compression of rocks with depth is significant, and an equation of state is needed to calculate changes in density of rock even when it is of uniform composition. Elastic deformation

title: Sedimentary rock

title: Age of the Earth

text: Earth is difficult to determine. It is also difficult to determine the exact age of the oldest rocks on Earth, exposed at the surface, as they are aggregates of minerals of possibly different ages. Studies of strata, the layering of rocks and earth, gave naturalists an appreciation that Earth may have been through many changes during its existence. These layers often contained fossilized remains of unknown creatures, leading some to interpret a progression of organisms from layer to layer. Nicolas Steno in the 17th century was one of the first naturalists to appreciate the connection between fossil remains and strata.

title: Intrusive rock

text: formed from magma that cools and solidifies within the crust of the planet. In contrast, an "extrusion" consists of extrusive rock; rock formed above the surface of the crust. Large bodies of magma that solidify underground before they reach the surface of the crust are called plutons. Plutonic rocks form 7% of the Earth's current land surface. Coarse-grained intrusive igneous rocks that form at depth within the earth are called "abyssal" while those that form near the surface are called subvolcanic or "hypabyssal". Intrusive structures are often classified according to whether or not they are parallel to the bedding planes

title: Lithosphere

text: Lithosphere A lithosphere ( ["lithos"] for "rocky", and ["sphaira"] for "sphere") is the rigid, outermost shell of a terrestrial-type planet, or natural satellite, that is defined by its rigid mechanical properties. On Earth, it is composed of the crust and the portion of the upper mantle that behaves elastically on time scales of thousands of years or greater. The outermost shell of a rocky planet, the crust, is defined on the basis of its chemistry and mineralogy. The study of past and current formations of landscapes is called geomorphology. Earth's lithosphere includes the crust and the uppermost mantle, which constitute

title: Earth science

text: as rocks or river water), then they record their findings on charts and maps. The following fields of science are generally categorized within the Earth sciences: Plate tectonics, mountain ranges, volcanoes, and earthquakes are geological phenomena that can be explained in terms of physical and chemical processes in the Earth's crust. Beneath the Earth's crust lies the mantle which is heated by the radioactive decay of heavy elements. The mantle is not quite solid and consists of magma which is in a state of semi-perpetual convection. This convection process causes the lithospheric plates to move, albeit slowly. The resulting process

title: Canadian Shield

text: the sea upon the continent. It is the Earth's greatest area of exposed Archean rock. The metamorphic base rocks are mostly from the Precambrian Supereon (between 4.5 billion and 540 million years ago), and have been repeatedly uplifted and eroded. Today it consists largely of an area of low relief above sea level with a few monadnocks and low mountain ranges (including the Torngat and Laurentian Mountains) probably eroded from the plateau during the Cenozoic Era. During the Pleistocene Epoch, continental ice sheets depressed the land surface (see Hudson Bay), scooped out thousands of lake basins, and carried away much

title: Metamorphic rock

text: the Earth's surface, subjected to high temperatures and the great pressure of the rock layers above it. They can form from tectonic processes such as continental collisions, which cause horizontal pressure, friction and distortion. They are also formed when rock is heated by the intrusion of hot molten rock called magma from the Earth's interior. The study of metamorphic rocks (now exposed at the Earth's surface following erosion and uplift) provides information about the temperatures and pressures that occur at great depths within the Earth's crust. Some examples of metamorphic rocks are gneiss, slate, marble, schist, and quartzite. Metamorphic minerals

title: Mountain

text: includes any of the following: Using these definitions, mountains cover 33% of Eurasia, 19% of South America, 24% of North America, and 14% of Africa. As a whole, 24% of the Earth's land mass is mountainous. There are three main types of mountains: volcanic, fold, and block. All three types are formed from plate tectonics: when portions of the Earth's crust move, crumple, and dive. Compressional forces, isostatic uplift and intrusion of igneous matter forces surface rock upward, creating a landform higher than the surrounding features. The height of the feature makes it either a hill or, if higher and

title: Primary rock

text: geologic time scale divided crustal rocks into four types: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary. Darwin used the phrase "primary rocks" in 1838 in the Geological Introduction to Zoology of The Voyage of HMS Beagle Fossil Mammalia Described by Richard Owen The last two terms have survived on most geological time scales used in the 20th and 21st centuries. For an example of the extensive use and explication of this term as debated in the mid-18th century, see "On the Origin of Eruptive and Primary Rocks" by Thomas Macfarlane and published in three parts in The Canadian Naturalist and Geologist Journal

title: Aeolis quadrangle

text: One sign that they were altered was that it was easier to grind these rocks compared to the same types of rocks found on Earth. The first rock that "Spirit" studied was Adirondack. It turned out to be typical of the other rocks on the plains. Scientists found a variety of rock types in the Columbia Hills, and they placed them into six different categories. The six are: Clovis, Wishbone, Peace, Watchtower, Backstay, and Independence. They are named after a prominent rock in each group. Their chemical compositions, as measured by APXS, are significantly different from each other. Most importantly,

title: Geology

text: beneath its surface, and the processes that have shaped that structure. It also provides tools to determine the relative and absolute ages of rocks found in a given location, and also to describe the histories of those rocks. By combining these tools, geologists are able to chronicle the geological history of the Earth as a whole, and also to demonstrate the age of the Earth. Geology provides the primary evidence for plate tectonics, the evolutionary history of life, and the Earth's past climates. Geologists use a wide variety of methods to understand the Earth's structure and evolution, including field work,

title: Rock cycle

text: are forced to change as they encounter new environments. The rock cycle is an illustration that explains how the three rock types are related to each other, and how processes change from one type to another over time. This cyclical aspect makes rock change a geologic cycle and, on planets containing life, a biogeochemical cycle. When rocks are pushed deep under the Earth's surface, they may melt into magma. If the conditions no longer exist for the magma to stay in its liquid state, it cools and solidifies into an igneous rock. A rock that cools within the Earth is

title: Rock (geology)

text: nature of mining processes creates a potential negative impact on the environment both during the mining operations and for years after the mine has closed. This impact has led to most of the world's nations adopting regulations to manage negative effects of mining operations. Rock (geology) Rock or stone is a natural substance, a solid aggregate of one or more minerals or mineraloids. For example, granite, a common rock, is a combination of the minerals quartz, feldspar and biotite. The Earth's outer solid layer, the lithosphere, is made of rock. Rock has been used by humankind throughout history. The minerals

title: Earth

text: the Moon causes ocean tides, stabilizes Earth's orientation on its axis, and gradually slows its rotation. Earth is the densest planet in the Solar System and the largest of the four terrestrial planets. Earth's lithosphere is divided into several rigid tectonic plates that migrate across the surface over periods of many millions of years. About 71% of Earth's surface is covered with water, mostly by oceans. The remaining 29% is land consisting of continents and islands that together have many lakes, rivers and other sources of water that contribute to the hydrosphere. The majority of Earth's polar regions are covered

title: Canadian Shield

text: As mountains erode, their roots rise and are eroded in turn. The rocks that now form the surface of the Shield were once far below the Earth's surface. The high pressures and temperatures at those depths provided ideal conditions for mineralization. Although these mountains are now heavily eroded, many large mountains still exist in Canada's far north called the Arctic Cordillera. This is a vast deeply dissected mountain range, stretching from northernmost Ellesmere Island to the northernmost tip of Labrador. The range's highest peak is Nunavut's Barbeau Peak at above sea level. Precambrian rock is the major component of the

title: Igneous rock

text: of a planet, surrounded by pre-existing rock (called country rock); the magma cools slowly and, as a result, these rocks are coarse-grained. The mineral grains in such rocks can generally be identified with the naked eye. Intrusive rocks can also be classified according to the shape and size of the intrusive body and its relation to the other formations into which it intrudes. Typical intrusive formations are batholiths, stocks, laccoliths, sills and dikes. When the magma solidifies within the earth's crust, it cools slowly forming coarse textured rocks, such as granite, gabbro, or diorite. The central cores of major mountain

title: Rock (geology)

text: formed. This process is called metamorphism, meaning to "change in form". The result is a profound change in physical properties and chemistry of the stone. The original rock, known as the protolith, transforms into other mineral types or other forms of the same minerals, by recrystallization. The temperatures and pressures required for this process are always higher than those found at the Earth's surface: temperatures greater than 150 to 200 °C and pressures of 1500 bars. Metamorphic rocks compose 27.4% of the crust by volume. The three major classes of metamorphic rock are based upon the formation mechanism. An intrusion

title: Geologic time scale

text: and water and deposited as layers in the sea; heat then consolidated the sediment into stone, and uplifted it into new lands. This theory, known as "Plutonism", stood in contrast to the "Neptunist" flood-oriented theory. The first serious attempts to formulate a geologic time scale that could be applied anywhere on Earth were made in the late 18th century. The most influential of those early attempts (championed by Werner, among others) divided the rocks of Earth's crust into four types: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary. Each type of rock, according to the theory, formed during a specific period in Earth

title: Geomorphology

text: research styles and interests within the field. Earth's surface is modified by a combination of surface processes that shape landscapes, and geologic processes that cause tectonic uplift and subsidence, and shape the coastal geography. Surface processes comprise the action of water, wind, ice, fire, and living things on the surface of the Earth, along with chemical reactions that form soils and alter material properties, the stability and rate of change of topography under the force of gravity, and other factors, such as (in the very recent past) human alteration of the landscape. Many of these factors are strongly mediated by

title: Primary minerals

text: in the acidic igneous rocks and a second group of accessory minerals which were formed by deposition from the residual mother liquors. Modern soil science offers the following definition: "Primary Minerals: The thickness of the earth's crust varies from 10 km under the ocean to 30 km under the continents. Of the 88 naturally occurring elements on earth, only 8 make [up] most of the crust. The earth's crust and soils are dominated by the silicic acid in combination with Na, Al, K, Ca, Fe and O ions. ...Those elements are components of primary minerals, whereas primary minerals are components

title: Primary rock

text: Primary rock Primary rock is an early term in geology that refers to crystalline rock formed first in geologic time, containing no organic remains, such as granite, gneiss and schist as well as igneous and magmatic formations from all ages. Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary published in 1913 provides the following term as used in geology: Ninety years later the McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms published in 2003 places the term in the geologic field of petrology: The term dates from the late 18th century (see Giovanni Arduino and Abraham Gottlob Werner) when the first attempts to formulate a

title: Sedimentary rock

long_answer: The sedimentary rock cover of the continents of the Earth's crust is extensive (73% of the Earth's current land surface), but the total contribution of sedimentary rocks is estimated to be only 8% of the total volume of the crust. Sedimentary rocks are only a thin veneer over a crust consisting mainly of igneous and metamorphic rocks. Sedimentary rocks are deposited in layers as strata, forming a structure called bedding. The study of sedimentary rocks and rock strata provides information about the subsurface that is useful for civil engineering, for example in the construction of roads, houses, tunnels, canals or other structures. Sedimentary rocks are also important sources of natural resources like coal, fossil fuels, drinking water or ores.

short_answers:
sedimentary
sedimentary rock