question: the rule of the three rightly guided caliphs was called

answers: Rashidun

answers: the Rashidun

answers: The Rashidun Caliphs

title: Rashidun

text: Shia Muslims, the first three of the four were usurpers. Accepted traditions of both Sunni and Shia Muslims detail disagreements and tensions between the four rightly guided caliphs. They were called the "Rightly-Guided" because they have been seen as model Muslim leaders by Sunni Muslims. This terminology came into a general use around the world, since Sunni Islam has been the dominant Islamic tradition, and for a long time it has been considered the most authoritative source of information about Islam in the Western world. They were all close companions of Muhammad, and his relatives: the daughters of Abu Bakr

title: Elective monarchy

text: Muhammad, were originally elected by consensus of the community. The first four Caliphs were elected in this fashion as Sunni Muslims believed Muhammad had originally intended before Muawiyah, the sixth caliph, turned the Caliphate into what is known as the Umayyad Dynasty, a hereditary monarchy. In Sunni Islam, the first four elected caliphs were remembered as the Four Rightly Guided Caliphs. They were elected by a process known as Shura. Other monarchs, such as the former Shah of Iran, have been required to undergo a parliamentary vote of approval before being allowed to ascend to the throne. In 1858, the

title: Middle Eastern empires

text: Four Rightly Guided Caliphs. Uthman ibn Affan and Ali ibn Abi Talib also were called by the same title, while the Shi'a consider Ali to have been the first truly legitimate caliph, although they concede that Ali accepted his predecessors, because he eventually sanctioned Abu-Bakr. The rulers preceding these first four did not receive this title by consensus, and it was turned into a monarchy thereafter. After the first four caliphs, the Caliphate was claimed by dynasties such as the Umayyads, the Abbasids, and the Ottomans, and for relatively short periods by other, competing dynasties in al-Andalus, North Africa, and

title: Harun al-Rashid

text: al-Atahiya about the transitory nature of the power and pleasures of this world, an anecdote related about other caliphs as well. Harun al-Rashid Harun al-Rashid (; "Hārūn Ar-Rašīd"; "Aaron the Orthodox" or "Aaron the Rightly-Guided," 17 March 763 or February 766 – 24 March 809 (148–193 Hijri)) was the fifth Abbasid Caliph. His birth date is debated, with various sources giving dates from 763 to 766. His epithet "al-Rashid" translates to "the Orthodox," "the Just," "the Upright," or "the Rightly-Guided." Al-Rashid ruled from 786 to 809, during the peak of the Islamic Golden Age. His time was marked by scientific,

title: History of the Caliphs

text: History of the Caliphs History of the Caliphs () is a famous book written by Suyuti, the classic Sunni scholar, published in English in 1881 in Calcutta and republished in English at Oriental Press in 1970. The book covers several periods: "The History of the Khalifahs who took the Right Way" is a partial translation of "History of the Caliphs". Its translator, Abdassamad Clarke, chose to translate the biographies of the first four "Rightly Guided Caliphs" adding to them Imam Hasan ibn Ali, because of his action in healing the divisions in the early community and, according to Sunni Muslims'

title: History of the Caliphs

text: opinion, legitimately handing power over to Mu'awiyah ibn Abi Sufyan. History of the Caliphs History of the Caliphs () is a famous book written by Suyuti, the classic Sunni scholar, published in English in 1881 in Calcutta and republished in English at Oriental Press in 1970. The book covers several periods: "The History of the Khalifahs who took the Right Way" is a partial translation of "History of the Caliphs". Its translator, Abdassamad Clarke, chose to translate the biographies of the first four "Rightly Guided Caliphs" adding to them Imam Hasan ibn Ali, because of his action in healing the

title: Caliphate

text: the Rightly-Guided, because they are believed to have followed the Qur'an and the sunnah (example) of Muhammad. The Shia believe in the Imamate, a principle by which rulers are Imams who are divinely chosen, infallible and sinless and must come from the Ahl al-Bayt regardless of majority opinion, shura or election. They claim that before his death, Muhammad had given many indications, in the hadith of the pond of Khumm in particular, that he considered Ali, his cousin and son-in-law, as his successor. For the Twelvers, Ali and his eleven descendants, the twelve Imams, are believed to have been considered,

title: Prophethood (Ahmadiyya)

text: and is continuing, in the manner of the first 4 Caliphs of the Pious Caliphate of Muhammad. However, the Ahmadiyya Caliphate is seen as a re-establishment and continuation of the first Islamic Caliphate of Muhammad and the Ahmadiyya Caliphs as successors to the Promised Messiah as well as to Muhammad. The Rightly-Guided Caliphs of Islam (Pious Caliphs and Ahmadiyya Caliphs) are thought to be chosen by God through the agency of pious believers. The Rightly-Guided Caliphs are considered to be guided by God after their election to this office. Thus, the present Ahmadiyya Khalifa, Mirza Masroor Ahmad and also all

title: Al-Mahdi

text: order and decorum." Al-Mahdi, whose nickname means "Rightly-guided" or "Redeemer", was proclaimed caliph when his father was on his deathbed. His peaceful reign continued the policies of his predecessors. Rapprochement with the Alids in the Caliphate occurred under al-Mahdi's reign. The powerful Barmakid family, which had advised the Caliphs since the days of Abu al-‘Abbās as viziers, gained even greater powers under al-Mahdi's rule, and worked closely with the caliph to ensure the prosperity of the Abbasid state. Al-Mahdi reigned for ten years. He imprisoned his most trusted vizier Ya'qub ibn Dawud. In the year 167 AH/ 783 AD, al-Mahdi

title: Rashidun

text: The Rashidun Caliphs (Rightly Guided Caliphs; Arabic: الخلفاء الراشدون al-Khulafāʾu ar-Rāshidūn), often simply called, collectively, "the Rashidun", is a term used in Sunni Islam to refer to the 30-year reign of the first four caliphs (successors) following the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, namely: Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman ibn Affan, and Ali of the Rashidun Caliphate, the first caliphate.  The concept of "Rightly Guided Caliphs" originated with the later Abbasid Caliphate based in Baghdad. It is a reference to the Sunni imperative "Hold firmly to my example (sunnah) and that of the Rightly Guided Caliphs" (Ibn Majah, Abu Dawood).

title: Caliphate

text: defied Umayyad rule and united various local fiefdoms into an emirate. Rulers of the emirate used the title "emir" or "sultan" until the 10th century, when Abd al-Rahman III was faced with the threat of invasion by the Fatimid Caliphate. To aid his fight against the invading Fatimids, who claimed the caliphate in opposition to the generally recognised Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad, Al-Mu'tadid, Abd al-Rahman III claimed the title of caliph himself. This helped Abd al-Rahman III gain prestige with his subjects, and the title was retained after the Fatimids were repulsed. The rule of the Caliphate is considered as

title: Islamic history of Yemen

text: Kindi tribesman called Abdallah bin Yahya, known as Talib al-Haqq. He proclaimed himself caliph in Hadramawt, San'a, Mecca, and Medina. He was defeated in 747, but as a result the Ibadiyyah group in Hadramawt obtained the right to choose their own governors for a while. This is the dynastic name generally given to the caliphs of Baghdad, the second of the two great Sunni dynasties of the Arab Empire. The Abbasids overthrew the Umayyad caliphs from all their lands except Spain. The Abbasids continued the policy of the Umayyads with respect to Yemen. Frequently, a member of the highest Abbasid

title: Islam

text: caliph. Under Abu Bakr, Muslims put down a rebellion by Arab tribes in an episode known as the Ridda wars, or "Wars of Apostasy". The Quran was compiled into a single volume at this time. Abu Bakr's death in 634 resulted in the succession of Umar ibn al-Khattab as the caliph, followed by Uthman ibn al-Affan, Ali ibn Abi Talib and Hasan ibn Ali. The first four caliphs are known in Sunni Islam as "al-khulafā' ar-rāshidūn" ("Rightly Guided Caliphs"). Under them, the territory under Muslim rule expanded deeply into the parts of the Persian and Byzantine territories. When Umar was

title: Caliphate

text: were chosen through "shura, "a process of community consultation that some consider to be an early form of Islamic democracy. The fourth caliph, Ali, who, unlike the prior three, was from the same clan as Muhammad (Banu Hashim), is considered by Shia Muslims to be the first rightful caliph and Imam after Muhammad. Ali reigned during the First Fitna (656–661), a civil war between supporters of Ali and supporters of the assassinated previous caliph, Uthman, from Banu Umayya, as well as rebels in Egypt; the war led to the establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate under Muawiyah I in 661. The

title: Al-Muhtadi

text: Al-Muhtadi Abū Isḥāq Muḥammad ibn al-Wāṯiq (died 21 June 870), better known by his regnal name al-Muhtadī bi-'llāh (, "Guided by God"), was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from July 869 to June 870, during the "Anarchy at Samarra". Al-Muhtadi's mother was Qurb, a Greek slave. After the death of his father, Caliph al-Wathiq () in August 847, there were some officials who wanted to elect the young al-Muhtadi as caliph, but in the end, their choice fell on his uncle, al-Mutawakkil (). After the deposition and murder of his cousin al-Mu'tazz () on 15 July 869, the leaders of

title: Alid revolt of 762–763

text: it consolidated the power of the Abbasid dynasty. Following the death of Muhammad in 632, a strong body of opinion within the nascent Muslim community—the antecedents of the Shi'a—held the Family of Muhammad ("Al Muhammad") to be the only rightful leaders, who would have the divine guidance necessary to rule according to the Quran and bring justice. These sentiments were fed by the increasing discontent against the Umayyad dynasty, which ruled the Caliphate from 661 until 750. Initially, they were expressed by a succession of failed risings—most notably the Battle of Karbala in 680 and the uprising of Zayd ibn

title: Harun al-Rashid

text: Harun al-Rashid Harun al-Rashid (; "Hārūn Ar-Rašīd"; "Aaron the Orthodox" or "Aaron the Rightly-Guided," 17 March 763 or February 766 – 24 March 809 (148–193 Hijri)) was the fifth Abbasid Caliph. His birth date is debated, with various sources giving dates from 763 to 766. His epithet "al-Rashid" translates to "the Orthodox," "the Just," "the Upright," or "the Rightly-Guided." Al-Rashid ruled from 786 to 809, during the peak of the Islamic Golden Age. His time was marked by scientific, cultural, and religious prosperity. Islamic art and music also flourished significantly during his reign. He established the legendary library Bayt al-Hikma

title: Al-Mu'tadid

text: the chief intermediary between the caliphal government and the Turks. Assuming the honorific name al-Muwaffaq in the style of the caliphs, Talha soon became the effective ruler of the Caliphate, a position consolidated in 882 after a failed attempt by al-Mu'tamid to flee to Egypt led to his confinement in house arrest. Caliphal authority in the provinces collapsed during the "Anarchy at Samarra", with the result that by the 870s the central government had lost effective control over most of the Caliphate outside the metropolitan region of Iraq. In the west, Egypt had fallen under the control of Ahmad ibn

title: Caliphate

text: a caliphate as a "idealized future Muslim state" has grown ever stronger. Before the advent of Islam, Arabian monarchs traditionally used the title "malik "(King, ruler), or another from the same root. The term "caliph" (), derives from the Arabic word "" (, ), which means "successor", "steward", or "deputy" and has traditionally been considered a shortening of "Khalīfat Rasūl Allāh" ("successor of the messenger of God"). However, studies of pre-Islamic texts suggest that the original meaning of the phrase was "successor "selected by" God". Shortly before his death, Muhammad called all the Muslims who had accompanied him on the

title: Shura

text: caliphate. In later years, the followers of Ali (Shi'atu Ali) as the ruler of Muslims became one school of thought, while the followers of Abu Bakr became the Sunni school of thought. The Sunni school of thought believe that shura is recommended in the Qur'an (though some classical jurists maintained it is obligatory), The Qur'an, and by numerous hadith, or oral traditions of the sayings and doings of Muhammad and his companions. They say that most of the first four caliphs, or rulers of Islam, whom they call the Four Rightly-guided Caliphs, were chosen by shura. (See Succession to Muhammad,

title: Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah

text: ibn Husayn adopted a life of retirement and prayer, Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah became the visible head of the house of Ali (see Kaysanites Shia). It was in his name that Al-Mukhtar rebelled in Kufa in 686. In the hajj of 688, four men led their respective followers in the rites of pilgrimage, claiming the headship of Islam. One was Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah, leading the Shi'ites. The others were Abdullah ibn Zubayr, who ruled in Mecca; Abd al-Malik, the Umayyad, who ruled in Damascus; and Najdah ibn 'Amir, leader of the Kharijites. Ibn al-Hanafiyyah was called "the Mahdi," "the rightly-guided," which

title: Al-Mahdi

text: Al-Mahdi Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Abdallah al-Mansur (; 744 or 745 – 785), better known by his regnal name al-Mahdi (, "He who is guided by God"), was the third Abbasid Caliph who reigned from 775 to his death in 785. He succeeded his father, al-Mansur. Al-Mahdi was born in 744 or 745 AD in the village of Humeima (modern-day Jordan). His mother was called Arwi, and his father was al-Mansur. When al-Mahdi was ten years old, his father became the second Abbasid Caliph. When al-Mahdi was young, his father, the Caliph al-Mansur, needed to establish al-Mahdi as a powerful

title: Al-Mutawakkil

text: was sent to tighten the diplomatic relations between the Empire and the Caliphate in a state mission by the Emperor Michael III. Of his sons, al-Muntasir succeeded him and ruled until his death in 862, al-Mu'tazz reigned as Caliph from 866 to his overthrow in 869, and al-Mu'tamid reigned as Caliph in 870–892 with his brother al-Muwaffaq serving as an effective regent of the realm until his death in 891. Al-Mutawakkil Abu’l-Faḍl Jaʿfar ibn Muḥammad al-Muʿtaṣim bi’llāh (; March 822 – 11 December 861), better known by his regnal name al-Mutawakkil ʿAlā ’llāh (, "He who relies on God") was

title: Abbasid Caliphate

text: Abbasid Caliphate The Abbasid Caliphate ( or , "") was the third of the Islamic caliphates to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It was founded by a dynasty descended from Muhammad's uncle, Abbas ibn Abdul-Muttalib (566–653 CE), from whom the dynasty takes its name. They ruled as caliphs for most of the caliphate from their capital in Baghdad in modern-day Iraq, after having overthrown the Umayyad Caliphate in the Abbasid Revolution of 750 CE (132 AH). The Abbasid Caliphate first centred its government in Kufa, modern-day Iraq, but in 762 the caliph Al-Mansur founded the city of Baghdad, near the

title: Umayyad Caliphate

text: or elaboration of Islamic law." The Umayyads have met with a largely negative reception from later Islamic historians, who have accused them of promoting a kingship ("mulk", a term with connotations of tyranny) instead of a true caliphate ("khilafa"). In this respect it is notable that the Umayyad caliphs referred to themselves not as "khalifat rasul Allah" ("successor of the messenger of God", the title preferred by the tradition), but rather as "khalifat Allah" ("deputy of God"). The distinction seems to indicate that the Umayyads "regarded themselves as God's representatives at the head of the community and saw no need

title: Shura

text: follow leaders believed to be infallible imams. During and after Imam Ali's tenure as caliph, the Muslim community fell into civil war. Power was eventually grasped by the Ummayad caliphs and then by the Abbasid caliphs. There were also rival caliphates in Egypt and Al-Andalus, the latter of which is today known as Spain. Later the rulers of the Ottoman Empire inherited the caliphate. The Ottoman Caliphate was officially dissolved by the newly founded Grand National Assembly of Turkey in 1924. Few of the later caliphs had anything but nominal control over the many Islamic states, and none were chosen

title: Al-Mahdi

text: responsibility, to define the orthodox theology of Muslims to protect the "umma" against heresy. Al-Mahdi made great use of this broad, new power, and it would become important during the 'mihna' crisis of al-Ma'mun's reign. Al-Mahdi Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Abdallah al-Mansur (; 744 or 745 – 785), better known by his regnal name al-Mahdi (, "He who is guided by God"), was the third Abbasid Caliph who reigned from 775 to his death in 785. He succeeded his father, al-Mansur. Al-Mahdi was born in 744 or 745 AD in the village of Humeima (modern-day Jordan). His mother was called

title: Badr al-Jamali

text: read in the name of the Abbasid Caliph, thereby effectively deposing al-Mustansir. The prevailing anarchy left the Fatimid royal family destitute, the treasury empty, and various parts of the Fatimid empire under military occupation: the Turks in Cairo, the Lawata and other Berbers on the coast, the Nubians in Upper Egypt, and Syria under invasion by the Seljuk Turks. The Fatimids had already lost effective control over northern Syria in the early 1060s. In 1070 Mahmud ibn Mirdas of Aleppo ordered the Friday prayer to be read in the name of the Abbasid Caliph, while on 19 January 1071, the

title: Shawar

text: the Fatimid caliphate, while al-Adid was caliph (1160–1171). In the mid-12th century, the Fatimid caliphate was crumbling, and Egypt had descended into a condition of near anarchy. The official head of state was the Caliph, but the true power was the Egyptian vizier, and various Egyptian governors competed with each other for the position, often with great violence. During the 1150s, Shawar was the Fatimid governor of Upper Egypt for five years, but he made a deal with the Sultan of Damascus, Nur ad-Din Zangi, deserted the Fatimids and joined the Seljuks in Syria. Shawar initially used the Sultan's aid,

title: Caliphate

text: that Muhammad said: Muslim narrated on the authority of al-A'araj, on the authority of Abu Hurairah, that Muhammad said: Muslim reported on the authority of Abdel Aziz al-Muqrin, who said: Many Islamic texts, including several ahadith, state that the Mahdi will be elected caliph and rule over a caliphate. A number of Islamic figures titled themselves both "caliph" and "al-Mahdi", including the first Abbasid caliph As-Saffah. Al-Habbab Ibn ul-Munthir said, when the Sahaba met in the wake of the death of Muhammad, (at the thaqifa hall) of Bani Sa’ida: Upon this Abu Bakr replied: Then he got up and addressed

title: Rashidun

short_answers:
Rashidun
The Rashidun Caliphs
the Rashidun


question: how long is a whale shark in meters

answers: 12.65 m

answers: estimated at 9.7 m

answers: 9.7 m

title: Whale shark

text: whale sharks is estimated at and . Several specimens over in length have been reported. The largest verified specimen was caught on 11 November 1949, near Baba Island, in Karachi, Pakistan. It was long, weighed about , and had a girth of . Stories exist of vastly larger specimens – quoted lengths of and are common in the popular literature, but no scientific records support their existence. In 1868, the Irish natural scientist Edward Perceval Wright obtained several small whale shark specimens in the Seychelles, but claimed to have observed specimens in excess of , and tells of shark specimens

title: Gummy shark

text: crustaceans, marine worms, small fish and cephalopods such as octopus, squid, cuttlefish, etc. Compared to the world’s largest fish, the whale shark, more formally known as the Rhincodon typus, which reaches maximum lengths of up to 12 meters long, the gummy shark can reach a maximum length of 157 cm for males and 175 cm for female. That makes this species of shark about 14 percent of the size of the whale shark. The minimum size for both male and female is 45 cm measured from the rear-most gill slit to the base of the tail fin. At birth, these

title: Whale shark

text: surpassing . In a 1925 publication, Hugh M. Smith described a huge animal caught in a bamboo fish trap in Thailand in 1919. The shark was too heavy to pull ashore, but Smith estimated the shark was at least long, and weighed around 37 t. These measurements have been exaggerated to and a more precise in recent years. A shark caught in 1994 off Tainan County, southern Taiwan, reportedly weighed . There have even been unverified claims of whale sharks of up to and . In 1934, a ship named the "Maurguani" came across a whale shark in the southern

title: Whale shark

text: the females give birth to live young which are long. Evidence indicates the pups are not all born at once, but rather the female retains sperm from one mating and produces a steady stream of pups over a prolonged period. They reach sexual maturity at around 30 years and their lifespan is an estimated 70 to 100 years. On 7 March 2009, marine scientists in the Philippines discovered what is believed to be the smallest living specimen of the whale shark. The young shark, measuring only , was found with its tail tied to a stake at a beach in

title: Whale shark

text: two small eyes at the front. Whale sharks are grey with a white belly. Their skin is marked with pale yellow spots and stripes which are unique to each individual. The whale shark has three prominent ridges along its sides. Its skin can be up to thick. The shark has a pair of dorsal fins and pectoral fins. Juveniles' tails have a larger upper fin than the lower fin, while the adult tail becomes semilunate. The whale shark's spiracles are just behind its eyes. The whale shark is the largest non-cetacean animal in the world. The average size of adult

title: Whale shark

text: waters of the tropical oceans and is rarely found in the water below . Modeling suggests a lifespan of about 70 years, but measurements have proven difficult. Whale sharks have very large mouths and are filter feeders, which is a feeding mode that occurs in only two other sharks, the megamouth shark and the basking shark. They feed almost exclusively on plankton and small fishes, and pose no threat to humans. The species was distinguished in April 1828 after the harpooning of a specimen in Table Bay, South Africa. Andrew Smith, a military doctor associated with British troops stationed in

title: Whale shark

text: Whale shark The whale shark ("Rhincodon typus") is a slow-moving, filter-feeding carpet shark and the largest known extant fish species. The largest confirmed individual had a length of and a weight of about . The whale shark holds many records for size in the animal kingdom, most notably being by far the largest living nonmammalian vertebrate. It is the sole member of the genus Rhincodon and the only extant member of the family Rhincodontidae which belongs to the subclass Elasmobranchii in the class Chondrichthyes. Before 1984 it was classified as "Rhiniodon" into Rhinodontidae. The whale shark is found in open

title: Fin whale

text: arch their back high out of the water, but rarely raise their flukes out of the water. They then dive to depths of up to when feeding or a few hundred feet when resting or traveling. The average feeding dive off California and Baja lasts 6 minutes, with a maximum of 17 minutes; when traveling or resting they usually dive for only a few minutes at a time. Like many large rorquals, the fin whale is a cosmopolitan species. It is found in all the world's major oceans and in waters ranging from the polar to the tropical. It is

title: Pakistan Museum of Natural History

text: Ministry of Science and Technology. PMNH acquired a large whale shark which landed at Karachi Fish Harbour in 2012, according to PMNH. This whale shark had a length of and weighed 16 tonnes. Its liver weighed about , the stomach was about , and the ovary had a weight of and had about 1500 eggs. The shark was seen on February 6, 2012, in the "Gora Bari" area, in the Pakistani territory of the Arabian Sea, by local fishermen. According to them, it was alive at that time but died before they started hauling it towards the sea shore. The

title: Whale shark

title: Jonah

text: as having come off looking like a "buffoon". The largest whales—baleen whales, a group which includes the blue whale—eat plankton and "it is commonly said that this species would be choked if it attempted to swallow a herring." As for the whale shark, Dr. E. W. Gudger, an Honorary Associate in Ichthyology at the American Museum of Natural History, notes that, while the whale shark does have a large mouth, its throat is only four inches wide, with a sharp elbow or bend behind the opening, meaning that not even a human arm would be able to pass through it.

title: Whale shark

text: Djibouti, the Ad Dimaniyat Islands in the Gulf of Oman and Al Hallaniyat islands in the Arabian Sea; and, very rarely, Eilat, Israel and Aqaba, Jordan. Although typically seen offshore, it has been found closer to land, entering lagoons or coral atolls, and near the mouths of estuaries and rivers. Its range is generally restricted to about 30° latitude. It is capable of diving to depths of at least , and is migratory. On 7 February 2012, a large whale shark was found floating off the coast of Karachi, Pakistan. The length of the specimen was said to be between

title: Whale shark

text: whale sharks for years and others only for a very short period. The whale shark kept at Dubai's Atlantis, The Palm was rescued from shallow waters in 2008 with extensive abrasions to the fins and after rehabilitation it was released in 2010, having lived 19 months in captivity. Marine Life Park in Singapore had planned on keeping whale sharks, but scrapped this idea in 2009. Outside Asia, the first and so far only place to keep whale sharks is Georgia Aquarium in Atlanta, United States. This is unusual because of the comparatively long transport time and complex logistics required to

title: Stejneger's beaked whale

text: a light pattern on the bottom of the flukes that becomes more apparent with age. Like most species, scars occur on the males (from other males) and cookiecutter shark bites are present on both sexes. The length is at least 5.25 meters (17 feet 6 inches) for males and 5.5 meters (18 feet) for females. They are likely around 2.1 to 2.3 meters (7 to 8 feet) in length when born. This is the northernmost species of beaked whale in the Pacific Ocean, ranging up into the Bering Sea. They are distributed along both sides of the Pacific to Miyagi

title: Shark

text: 30 years. The spiny dogfish has one of the longest lifespans at more than 100 years. Whale sharks ("Rhincodon typus") may also live over 100 years. Earlier estimates suggested the Greenland shark ("Somniosus microcephalus") could reach about 200 years, but a recent study found that a specimen was 392 ± 120 years old (i.e., at least 272 years old), making it the longest-lived vertebrate known. Unlike most bony fish, sharks are K-selected reproducers, meaning that they produce a small number of well-developed young as opposed to a large number of poorly developed young. Fecundity in sharks ranges from 2 to

title: Tropical bottlenose whale

text: Maldives was 6 m (20 ft) in length, with a 1-m (3-ft) fetus, and the Japanese female was 6.5 m (22 ft) in length. Reports of tropical beaked whales put them even longer, in the 7– to 9-m (23– to 29.5-ft) range, which is larger than any mesoplodont and more typical of a bottlenose whale. No weight estimation or reproductive information is known. Strandings and sightings indicate the species ranges across the Indian Ocean from southern and eastern Africa to the Maldives, Sri Lanka, and east to Myanmar, with a Pacific range extending from Australia to Japan. However, if the

title: Hubbs' beaked whale

text: of 5.4 meters (18 feet) and weigh 1500 kg (3300 lbs) for both males and females. They are around 2.5 meters (8 feet) long when born, the longest in proportion for any beaked whale: 46% of the mother's length. The whale lives in the North Pacific, in the east it is limited to Japan and in the west it ranges from British Columbia to California. They may live in the open ocean in between the two areas, but no observations have been made. Because of their presumed small range, they may be rare, but nothing is known for certain about

title: Cuvier's beaked whale

text: one-quarter the body length. They live for around 40 years. Cuvier's beaked whales feed on several species of squid, including those in the families Cranchiidae, Onychoteuthidae, Brachioteuthidae, Enoploteuthidae, Octopoteuthidae, and Histioteuthidae; they also prey on deep-sea fish. In 2014, scientists reported that they had used satellite-linked tags to track Cuvier's beaked whales off the coast of California, and found the animals dived up to 2,992 m below the ocean surface and spent up to two hours and 17 minutes underwater before resurfacing, which represent both the deepest and the longest dives ever documented for any mammal. Cuvier's has a cosmopolitan

title: Whale shark

text: Pacific Ocean, rammed it, and the shark became stuck on the prow of the ship, supposedly with on one side and on the other. No reliable documentation exists for these claims and they remain "fish stories". The whale shark inhabits all tropical and warm-temperate seas. The fish is primarily pelagic, living in the open sea but not in the greater depths of the ocean, although it is known to occasionally dive to depths of as much as . Seasonal feeding aggregations occur at several coastal sites such as the southern and eastern parts of South Africa; Saint Helena Island in

title: Great white shark

text: estimates, making it one of the longest lived cartilaginous fish currently known. According to the same study, male great white sharks take 26 years to reach sexual maturity, while the females take 33 years to be ready to produce offspring. Great white sharks can swim at speeds of over , and can swim to depths of . The great white shark has no known natural predators other than, on very rare occasions, the killer whale. The great white shark is arguably the world's largest known extant macropredatory fish, and is one of the primary predators of marine mammals. It is

title: Whale shark

text: meaning 'many stars', after the appearance of the markings on the shark's back. In the Philippines, it is called "butanding" and "balilan". The whale shark is featured on the reverse of the Philippine 100-peso bill. By law snorkelers must maintain a distance of four feet from the sharks and there is a fine and possible prison sentence for anyone who touches the animals. The whale shark is also featured on the latest 2015–2017 edition of the Maldivian 1000 rufiyaa banknote, along with the green turtle. Whale shark The whale shark ("Rhincodon typus") is a slow-moving, filter-feeding carpet shark and the

title: Whale shark

text: Cape Town, described it the following year. The name "whale shark" refers to the fish's size, being as large as some species of whales, and also to its being a filter feeder like baleen whales. Whale sharks have a mouth that can be wide, containing 300 to 350 rows of tiny teeth and 10 filter pads which it uses to filter feed. Unlike many other sharks, whale sharks' mouths are located at the front of the head rather than on the underside of the head. Whale sharks have five large pairs of gills. The head is wide and flat with

title: Sowerby's beaked whale

text: and is mainly distinguished by the male's dual teeth positioned far back in the mouth. The whale's beak is moderately long, and the melon is slightly convex. The colouration pattern is a grey with light countershading on the bottom, and frequently has cookie cutter shark bites and scars from teeth (in males). The whale reaches 5 metres (16 ft) in females and 5.5 metres (18 ft) in males, with a weight of 1000-1300 kilograms (2200-2900 lb). The gestation period lasts for 12 months and the young are born at a length of 2.4 to 2.7 metres (8 to 9 ft)

title: Whale shark

text: its long lifespan and late maturation. It is listed, along with six other species of sharks, under the CMS Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation of Migratory Sharks. In 1998, the Philippines banned all fishing, selling, importing, and exporting of whale sharks for commercial purposes, followed by India in May 2001, and Taiwan in May 2007. In 2010, the Gulf of Mexico oil spill resulted in of oil flowing into an area south of the Mississippi River Delta, where one-third of all whale shark sightings in the northern part of the gulf have occurred in recent years. Sightings confirmed that

title: Whale shark

text: feeder, targeting concentrations of plankton or fish. It is able to ram filter feed or can gulp in a stationary position. This is in contrast to the passive feeding basking shark, which does not pump water. Instead, it swims to force water across its gills. A juvenile whale shark is estimated to eat 21 kg (46 pounds) of plankton per day. The BBC program "Planet Earth" filmed a whale shark feeding on a school of small fish. The same documentary showed footage of a whale shark timing its arrival to coincide with the mass spawning of fish shoals and feeding

title: Humpback whale

text: color. Females reach sexual maturity at age five, achieving full adult size a little later. Males reach sexual maturity around seven years of age. The long black and white tail fin can be up to a third of body length. Several hypotheses attempt to explain the humpback's pectoral fins, which are proportionally the longest fins of any cetacean. The higher maneuverability afforded by long fins and the usefulness of the increased surface area for temperature control when migrating between warm and cold climates possibly supported this adaptation. The varying patterns on the tail flukes distinguish individual animals. A study using

title: Toothed whale

text: and Ziphiidae) that have the highest quantities of wax esters and BCFAs in their blubber are also the species that dive the deepest and for the longest amount of time. Toothed whales have a two-chambered stomach similar in structure to terrestrial carnivores. They have fundic and pyloric chambers. Cetaceans have two flippers on the front, and a tail fin. These flippers contain four digits. Although toothed whales do not possess fully developed hind limbs, some, such as the sperm whale, possess discrete rudimentary appendages, which may contain feet and digits. Toothed whales are fast swimmers in comparison to seals, which

title: Sei whale

text: It can reach speeds of up to over short distances. However, it is not a remarkable diver, reaching relatively shallow depths for 5 to 15 minutes. Between dives, the whale surfaces for a few minutes, remaining visible in clear, calm waters, with blows occurring at intervals of about 60 seconds (range: 45–90 sec.). Unlike the fin whale, the sei whale tends not to rise high out of the water as it dives, usually just sinking below the surface. The blowholes and dorsal fin are often exposed above the water surface almost simultaneously. The whale almost never lifts its flukes above

title: Blainville's beaked whale

text: the longest and deepest divers of any cetacean, with the deepest documented dive being 1,599 m. The species dives primarily to forage for food in the deep ocean, usually diving >800 m when foraging. It is thought that foraging at these depths helps to avoid predators that hunt in mid-depth waters, such as large sharks or killer whales. In a study published in 2008, diving statistics of beaked whales were analyzed and no significant difference was found in diving behavior between day and night. For example, mean and max duration, number of deep dives, max depth, and ascent and descent

title: Sperm whale

text: dive. The blow is a noisy, single stream that rises up to or more above the surface and points forward and left at a 45° angle. On average, females and juveniles blow every 12.5 seconds before dives, while large males blow every 17.5 seconds before dives. A sperm whale killed south of Durban, South Africa after a 1-hour, 50-minute dive was found with two dogfish (Scymnodon sp.), usually found at the sea floor, in its belly. The sperm whale has the longest intestinal system in the world, exceeding 300 m in larger specimens. Similar to ruminants the sperm whale has

title: Whale shark

long_answer: The whale shark is the largest non-cetacean animal in the world. The average size of adult whale sharks is estimated at 9.7 m (31.82 ft) and 9 t (20,000 lb). Several specimens over 18 m (59.05 ft) in length have been reported. The largest verified specimen was caught on 11 November 1947, near Baba Island, in Karachi, Pakistan. It was 12.65 m (41.50 ft) long, weighed about 21.5 t (47,000 lb), and had a girth of 7 m (23.0 ft). Stories exist of vastly larger specimens – quoted lengths of 18 m (59 ft) and 45.5 t (100,000 lb) are common in the popular literature, but no scientific records support their existence. In 1868, the Irish natural scientist Edward Perceval Wright obtained several small whale shark specimens in the Seychelles, but claimed to have observed specimens in excess of 15 m (49.2 ft), and tells of shark specimens surpassing 21 m (68.9 ft).


question: yeh hai mohabbatein serial star cast real name

answers: Divyanka Tripathi and Karan Patel

title: Ye Hai Mohabbatein

text: the TRP chart in week 31 of the year 2018 occupying the 18th place with 3889 million viewerships. Ye Hai Mohabbatein Ye Hai Mohabbatein ( "This is Love") is an Indian soap opera which first aired on StarPlus on December 3, 2013. It was created by Ekta Kapoor and Shobha Kapoor and produced by their production company Balaji Telefilms. The show stars Divyanka Tripathi, Karan Patel and Anita Hassanandani. The story is partially based on Manju Kapur's novel, Custody. Set in Delhi, the show follows the love story of Tamil dentist Dr. Ishita Iyer and Punjabi CEO Raman Kumar Bhalla.

title: Ye Hai Mohabbatein

text: Ye Hai Mohabbatein Ye Hai Mohabbatein ( "This is Love") is an Indian soap opera which first aired on StarPlus on December 3, 2013. It was created by Ekta Kapoor and Shobha Kapoor and produced by their production company Balaji Telefilms. The show stars Divyanka Tripathi, Karan Patel and Anita Hassanandani. The story is partially based on Manju Kapur's novel, Custody. Set in Delhi, the show follows the love story of Tamil dentist Dr. Ishita Iyer and Punjabi CEO Raman Kumar Bhalla. Ishita is infertile and becomes emotionally attached to Raman's daughter,Ruhi, who lives with her divorced father. Raman's ex-wife,

title: Divyanka Tripathi

text: Divyanka Tripathi Divyanka Tripathi, also known by her married name Divyanka Tripathi Dahiya (born on 14 December 1984), is an Indian actress who works in the Hindi television industry. She rose to fame by playing a dual role in Zee TV's "Banoo Main Teri Dulhann" for which she won the Indian Television Academy Award for Best Actress - Popular. Later, she won the Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Lead Role and Gold Award for Best Actress in a Lead Role for portraying the character of Dr. Ishita Bhalla in Star Plus's "Ye Hai Mohabbatein". In 2017, she

title: Ye Hai Mohabbatein

text: We have together celebrated many successes and created iconic characters through generations. I look forward to working with them closely on this show and I am sure that the viewers will accept Ishita & Raman into their families”. The show was initially called "Mera Tera Rishta Purana" but was changed to "Ye Hai Mohabbatein". Television actress Divyanka Tripathi (who is known for her role as Vidya in "Banoo Main Teri Dulhann") was selected by Kapoor to play the lead role of Ishita. Cezanne Khan (of "Kasautii Zindagii Kay" fame) was first approached to play Raman, the male lead opposite Tripathi,

title: Mohabat Subh Ka Sitara Hai

text: parents' true intentions in arranging his marriage to Romaisa. He talks to his parents about it, and, disappointed with their attitude, decides to leave the house with Romaisa and Maham. Following are list of main cast of drama serial: While others roles were portrayed by Hassan Naaz, Akbar Salam, Humaira Banu, Kausar Siddiqui, Humaira Mughal, Mehreen, Javeria, Hanif Muhammad, Jia Bukhari, Ambar, Farhat Nazar, Arshma Khan, Urooj Abbas, Salma Qadir, Zahida Batool, Akbar Khan, Maryam, Anam Javed, Ali Hadi, Adnan Gabol, Waseem Dhamiyan, Farhad Fareed and Kiran. The Theme song of "Muhabbat Subha Ka Sitara Hai" is its original soundtrack,

title: Mohabat Subh Ka Sitara Hai

text: and produced by Momina Duraid. It was the fifth collaboration of Sakina with Ahmad since she directed her first ever serials "Wujood-e-Laraib" (2004) and "Amar Bail" (2005). The serial stars Meekal Zulfiqar, Sanam Jung and Adeel Hussain in lead roles with the supporting cast of Mansha Pasha, Farah Shah and Aini Zaidi. At 3rd Hum Awards it was nominated for twelve Hum Awards, winning two as Best Actor Popular for Meekal Zulfiqar and Best Supporting Actress for Mansha Pasha. "Mohabat Subh Ka Sitara Hai" was declared the one of the best fourteen drama serials of 2014. ==plot= The story revolves

title: Yeh Kaisi Mohabbat

text: Yeh Kaisi Mohabbat Yeh Kaisi Mohabbat is a 2002 Hindi musical drama romance cum thriller movie directed by Dinkar Kapur. It featured Deepak Tijori, Viveka Babajee, Krishna Abhishek and Mukesh Rishi in pivotal roles. Actress Deeksha was cast as a replacement for Sakshi Shivanand. Vicky is a happy go lucky boy. He is always in search of a rich girlfriend. Vicky lives in a motor garage with his friends. One day he falls in love with a girl Tina. Vicky represent himself as a rich man and started romancing with Tina. In another occasion, he rescues a wealthy man, Rahul

title: Sanam Saeed

text: telefilm "Dil Mera Dhadkan Teri", her third collaboration with Mehreen Jabbar. The telefilm was the remake of Waheed Murad's "1968 film of the same name". She featured in the role of "rich and spoiled brat". The telefilm received mixed reviews from critics, however Saeed's performance was praised by both critics and viewers. Saeed also starred in two other Eid special telefilms "Kahin Chand Na Sharma Jaye" opposite Goher Mumtaz and "Tamana ki Tamana" opposite Bilal Khan and Mathira. Saeed's only serial of 2014 was opposite Mohib Mirza, Noor Hassan Rizvi and Junaid Khan in the Hum TV serial "Firaaq". She

title: Goher Mumtaz

text: been acting in dramas which are being on aired on Geo TV, Hum TV and ARY Digital. The roles done by him got much fame in social media specially the character Sameer who was a music teacher in drama serial Uff Yeh Mohabbat and his negative character of Adil in "Ghayal." Recently Goher signed another TV serial called "Faisala" along with Sonia Mishal which is being on aired on ARY Digital Network. He is playing the lead role of a very nice guy Asad in this drama. Goher has alson written, composed and sung OST of the song which is

title: Ye Hai Mohabbatein

text: Ye Hai Mohabbatein (lit. This is love) is an Indian soap opera which first aired on Star Plus on 3 December 2013. It was created by Ekta Kapoor and is produced by her production company Balaji Telefilms. The show stars Divyanka Tripathi and Karan Patel.

title: Mera Naam Hai Mohabbat (1975 film)

text: Mera Naam Hai Mohabbat (1975 film) Mere Naam Hai Mohabaat () is a 1975 Pakistani film. It won the Nigar Award in 1975 for Best Film of the Year. The film was also released in China and became popular there. Babra Sharif rose to become one of the most popular actresses of Pakistani cinema for almost two decades following the success of this film. This film's story is based upon the famous romance novel 'Love Story' by the American writer Erich Segal. There was an American movie by the same name "Love Story (1970)" starring actress Ali MacGraw and actor

title: Resha Konkar

text: was cast in the series Yeh Hai Mohabbatein as Rinki Bhalla. In 2016, she was cast in the episodic roles in the horror serial Darr Sabko Lagta Hai, and a crime show Savdhaan India. In late 2017, she bagged the recurring role of Gauri Agarwal on Zee TV's Aap Ke Aa Jane Se. Resha Konkar Resha Konkar is an Indian television actress. She is known for portraying the role of Rinki Bhalla on "Yeh Hai Mohabbatein" and Gauri Agarwal on "Aap Ke Aa Jane Se" that airs on Zee TV. Konkar rose to fame in 2010, when she appeared as

title: Ye Hai Mohabbatein

text: Shagun, lives with her boyfriend, Ashok Khanna, and her son Aditya (Adi). Shagun left Ruhi with Raman when she was still a baby. Due to circumstances, Raman and Ishita marry each other then fall in love with each other. The show has won more than 50 awards. In February 2018, it was announced that "Ye Hai Mohabbatein" will have a spin-off named "Yeh Hai Chahatein". The show took a seven-year leap in April 2016 followed by a one-year leap in November 2016 and then a two-year leap in November 2017. On December 9, 2016 the show completed its 1,000th episode.

title: Phir Wohi Mohabbat

text: Phir Wohi Mohabbat Phir Wohi Mohabbat (lit: Again That Love) (Urdu پھر وہی محبت ) is a Pakistani television series which started airing on Hum TV on 16 March 2017 every Thursday at 8:00 pm. The show received negetive reviews and low trp rating. The team has been shoot 28 episodes of this series. But the low trp and not gain average time slot. The makers and channel decide to pull the plug of this series. It starred Ahmed Ali and Hania Amir as leads. The script was written by Mansoor Saeed and directed by Mohsin Mirza. The story begins

title: Mohabbat Aag Si

text: Mohabbat Aag Si Mohabbat Aag Si ( Love Like Fire) is a 2015 Pakistani romantic drama serial. The series is directed by Ahmed Kamran and produced by Moomal Entertainment. It stars Iffat Omar, Sarah Khan, Azfar Rehman, Tipu Shareef, Uzma Hassan and Faiza Gillani in leading roles. The program airs Wednesday and Thursday evenings. At 15th Lux Style Awards it received four nominations. Story revolves around Aapa Jee (Iffat Omar) and the mystery behind her real identity. In the daytime she acts very religious and people believe she can cure illnesses, however at night time she has a different identity

title: Ye Hai Mohabbatein

text: The show completed 1,500 episodes on June 13, 2018. It has filmed at several foreign locations including Australia, Budapest and London. This is a romantic soap opera about two different people and how their lives are linked by their daughter at start and finally how they fall in love with each other madly. Tamil dentist Ishita lyer (Divyanka Tripathi) and Punjabi businessman Raman Kumar Bhalla (Karan Patel) live in Delhi with their parents. Ishita, who is infertile, forms a motherly bond with Raman's troubled little daughter, Ruhi (Ruhanika Dhawan). To prevent Raman's ill-intentioned ex-wife, Shagun (Anita Hassanandani), from taking custody

title: Mohabbat Zindagi Hai (1975 film)

text: The music of the film is composed by M Ashraf and the songs are written by "Masroor Anwar". Playback singers are Ahmed Rushdi, Mehdi Hassan and Nahid Akhtar. One song of the film became very popular especially "Dil ko jalana hum ne chorr diya...". Mohabbat Zindagi Hai (1975 film) "Mohabbat Zindagi Hai" is a Pakistani Urdu colour film directed by "Iqbal Akhtar" and produced by "Begum Riaz". It is a romance film and a musical film. It cast Mohammad Ali, Zeba, Waheed Murad, Mumtaz, Nayyar Sultana, Qavi Khan, Saqi and Lehri. Waheed Murad played a secondary role and Zeba played

title: Ye Hai Mohabbatein

text: but was replaced by Karan Patel. Child artist Ruhanika Dhawan was chosen to play the important character of Ruhi. Actress and "Bigg Boss 6" fame Sayantani Ghosh was first considered but later Anita Hassanandani was selected to play the main negative role of the show of Shagun. The other cast included Aly Goni, Mihika Verma, Shruti Bapna, Neena Kulkarni, Shahnaz Rizwan, Kaushal Kapoor, Abhay Bhargava and Gautam Ahuja. A version of the series dubbed in English was broadcast in Africa on Glow TV and on Star Plus South Africa/Mauritius, with episodes broadcast three and a half hours after premiering in

title: Mera Naam Hai Mohabbat (1975 film)

text: like "Love Story (1970)". Mera Naam Hai Mohabbat (1975 film) Mere Naam Hai Mohabaat () is a 1975 Pakistani film. It won the Nigar Award in 1975 for Best Film of the Year. The film was also released in China and became popular there. Babra Sharif rose to become one of the most popular actresses of Pakistani cinema for almost two decades following the success of this film. This film's story is based upon the famous romance novel 'Love Story' by the American writer Erich Segal. There was an American movie by the same name "Love Story (1970)" starring actress

title: Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala

text: Gurung wrote about Aakriti Sharma, "With this super talented and super cute little bunny of Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala." "Ye Hai Mohabbatein"'s actress Santoshi aka Shahnaz Rizwan said, "The girl’s acting is very good. She is too talented. The direction of the show is very good and realistic." Sreejeeta Sen of Bollywood Life wrote: "While the show failed to create an impact with its launch, but now the show seems like a dark horse of the race." Akriti Sharma's mother, Dimple Sharma says, "Akrit showed keen interest in creative arts since a very young age. But we will not compromise on

title: Mohabbat Jaye Bhar Mein

text: Mohabbat Jaye Bhar Mein Mohabbat Jaye Bhar Mein is a Pakistani family comedy drama serial directed by Mazhar Moin. It is written by Fasee Bari and Produced Momina Duraid which airs on every sunday at 7:45 pm only on Hum TV. Mohabbat Jaye Bhar Mein is a story that focuses on characters from the middle class area of Karachi who live in the same apartment building. It mainly focuses on two females, Shagufta and Neeli. Neeli is a high school girl who loves to live in a fantasy world. Trying to break out of the struggles of a low income

title: Mera Naam Hai Mohabbat (1975 film)

text: Ryan O'Neal. Another source says the film was inspired by a Chinese folk story. This Pakistani film "Mera Naam Hai Mohabbat (1975)" introduced 2 new faces to the Pakistani silver screen, actor Ghulam Mohiuddin and actress Babra Sharif, propelling them into stardom due to the box-office success of this film. This film is a story of a sad romantic girl who has cancer. She tries to hide this from her lover. Her family is unaware of this problem also. The lovers are very idealistic and truly in love with each other and this film also has a tragic end just

title: Veena Malik

text: a mock marriage of Malik with Bashir. The judge sentenced Malik and Bashir and TV host Shaista Wahidi to 26 years each. Veena Malik Veena Malik (born Zahida Malik) is a Pakistani actress, TV host, reality television personality and model who has appeared in Lollywood and Bollywood films. Malik made her film debut in 2000 with Sajjad Gul's "Tere Pyar Mein". In 2002, she starred in Akbar Khan's "Yeh Dil Aap Ka Huwa" and "Sassi Punno" and later played roles in female-centric films such as "Koi Tujh Sa Kahan" (2005), "Mohabbatan Sachiyan" (2007), "Kyun Tum Se Itna Pyar Hai" (2005),

title: Kalyanam Mudhal Kadhal Varai

text: that Kalyanam Mudhal Kadhal Varai will be airing from Monday to Saturday, instead of Monday to Friday. Further on 12 November 2016, Vijay TV announced that the show will be airing from Monday to Friday at 9.30 pm IST. The show stars Priya Bhavani Shankar later in 2017 replaced by Chaitra Reddy and Amit Bhargav in the lead roles. The show is directed by Thai Singam and has dialogues written by Marudhu Shankar. The music is composed by Arun Prabhakar. The show is completely based on the Hindi show Ye Hai Mohabbatein, which is aired on Star Plus and is

title: Mere Bewafa

text: The drama features Sarah Khan and Agha Ali in lead. Zhalay Sarhadi playing the role of Antagonist. The title song was composed by Agha Ali and has more than 2 million views on YouTube. Mere Bewafa Mere Bewafa is a 2018 Pakistani drama serial that originally aired on A-Plus Entertainment from March 7 2018, 2015. It is directed by actress and director Sakina Samo and written by Zanjabeel Asim Shah and stars Agha Ali, Sarah Khan and Zhalay Sarhadi in pivot roles. Serial is directed by acclaimed actress and director Sakina Samo, known for "Mohabat Subh Ka Sitara Hai" and

title: Woh Teri Bhabhi Hai Pagle

text: get each one to tell their truth to Diya. Woh Teri Bhabhi Hai Pagle Woh Teri Bhabhi Hai Pagle (English: "She is your sister-in-law, O Crazy!!!") is an Indian fiction sitcom television series, which premiered on 18 January 2016, and is broadcast on SAB TV. The series is produced by Optimystix Entertainment of Vipul D. Shah. The series airs on every Monday to Friday midnights. Krishna Gokani and Ali Asgar play the female and male lead roles respectively. Krishna Gokani plays the role of a doctor, while Ather Habib becomes a doctor and Ali Asgar becomes a patient with the

title: Uff Yeh Mohabbat

text: Uff Yeh Mohabbat Uff Yeh Mohabbat () is a 2014 Pakistani romantic drama serial airing on Geo TV. It is written by Faiza Iftikhar, directed by Amin Ali and is a production of A&B Entertainment. The drama was first aired 19 January 2014 on Geo TV starring Goher Mumtaz as Sameer, Jugan Kazim as Ghazal, Meharbano as Dilkash, Hina Bayat as Firdous, Mnazoor Qureshi as Nana and others. The story revolves around two characters Sameer and Dilkash. Sameer is a mature guy who loves music, he will be appointed as a music teacher in the school where Dilkash is studying.

title: Ye Hai Mohabbatein

text: saving Rohan and Karan. Ruhi, Aliya, Mani and Simi reach the scene. It is then revealed that Rohan and Karan are actually Sudha's sons, Kaushalya is Sudha's younger sister and the marriage was a sham to dishonour Ruhi, Aliya and the Bhallas. The series, produced by Ekta Kapoor and Shobha Kapoor under the banner Balaji Telefilms is a family drama and also a love story. The show premiered at 11:00 pm (IST) on Monday on 3 December 2013 and airs episodes from Monday to Friday. Talking about the show, Ekta said, "My association with Star goes back a long way.

title: Ye Hai Mohabbatein

text: India. It also airs on MBC Digital 4 (Mauritius). The show has been remade in several languages: the show has received 15 Boroplus Gold Awards, 6 Indian Telly Awards, 3 Indian Television Academy Awards, a Big Star Entertainment Award, 2 Lions Gold Awards and an Asian Viewers Television Award. The show has also received 22 Star Parivaar Awards from its originating network, though these cannot be said to be impartial. Despite airing for nearly two years, "Ye Hai Mohabbatein" was still one of the highest-rated shows on Indian television in January 2016 when it was ranked third in TRP (Target

title: Madhura Naik

text: Nanad Ki Khushiyon Ki Chaabi… Meri Bhabhi", "Kayamath" on Star Plus, and "Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani" on STAR One. Her persona was used to comic effect in "Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani" as "T" contrary to her dramatic performance as the lead in "Hum Ne Li Hai- Shapath" on Life OK during which she became an exclusive face with Star Network and appeared in many live performances and stage shows with Life OK and Star. She also played Sheetal Kapoor in the popular Star Plus series "Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon". She was a co-host on UTV Bindass'

title: Ye Hai Mohabbatein


question: who was the girl in the video brenda got a baby

answers: Ethel "Edy" Proctor

title: Brenda's Got a Baby

text: the song after reading a story in the newspaper of a 12-year-old girl getting pregnant by her cousin and trying to dispose of the baby in a trash can. Parts of the video were included in "", a 2003 documentary on 2Pac's life, in a television show later in the music video of "Ghetto Gospel", in the music video of "Changes" and appears as a bonus in its entirety on the film's DVD. Part of the video and song was played in 2Pac's biopic film, "All Eyez on Me", released on June 16, 2017. The video was directed by the

title: Brenda's Got a Baby

text: Brenda's Got a Baby "Brenda's Got a Baby" is the solo debut single by Tupac Shakur, and tenth track from his debut album, "2Pacalypse Now". The song, which features R&B singer Dave Hollister, is about a 12-year-old girl named Brenda who lives in a ghetto and has a baby she can't support. The song explores the issue of teen pregnancy and its effect on young mothers and their families. Like many of Shakur's songs, "Brenda's Got a Baby" draws from the plight of the impoverished. Using Brenda to represent young mothers in general, Shakur criticises the low level of support

title: Brenda's Got a Baby

text: Hughes brothers. Brenda's Got a Baby "Brenda's Got a Baby" is the solo debut single by Tupac Shakur, and tenth track from his debut album, "2Pacalypse Now". The song, which features R&B singer Dave Hollister, is about a 12-year-old girl named Brenda who lives in a ghetto and has a baby she can't support. The song explores the issue of teen pregnancy and its effect on young mothers and their families. Like many of Shakur's songs, "Brenda's Got a Baby" draws from the plight of the impoverished. Using Brenda to represent young mothers in general, Shakur criticises the low level

title: Brenda's Got a Baby

text: from the baby's father, the government, and society in general. Shakur wrote the song when he read a newspaper article about a 12-year-old girl who became pregnant from her cousin and threw the baby into a trash compactor. The opening consists of a duet singing the song's title twice. Much of the rest of the song is one long verse performed by Tupac. The verse begins with Tupac telling a group that he has heard about Brenda's pregnancy. He also notes that she has had virtually no education, and calls this a "damn shame" because she has little hope of

title: Brenda's Got a Baby

text: but later retrieves it when she hears it crying. Her mother scolds her severely, and Brenda becomes so ashamed of herself that she runs away from home. Brenda is now forced to live alone, and unsuccessfully seeks employment. Her attempt to sell crack cocaine results in robbery, and eventually she views prostitution as her only way to earn money and survive. This life path leads to her getting murdered. The fates of her parents, her cousin, and the baby are left unexplained. The song's final minute consists of a chorus singing "Don't you know she's got a baby?" repeatedly. The

title: Weekend Special

text: successful commercially and became one of Brenda's signature songs. "Weekend Special" had an extended life in cover versions and remixes, including one by New York producer Van Gibbs in 1986 that spent eight weeks on Billboard magazine's Hot Black Singles chart. The song's international success led to Fassie touring the United States, Europe, Australia, and Brazil.As a full album, Weekend Special continues to sell well as a collector's item. In 1980,One of the singers from the group Joy fell pregnant (Anneline Malebo) went on maternity leave. Fassie then vocal sensation from Langa, Cape Town, who lived with producer Hendrick "Koloi"

title: Brenda Barrett

text: February 18, 2011. Jason agrees to walk her down the aisle to Sonny at their wedding. On February 1, Dante asks Brenda about what happened to the baby, because she never told him. Brenda tells him she was not able to talk about it before, but after having a conversation with Sam McCall about the loss of her daughter, her feelings about her own baby came back. She was able to talk about what happened. Brenda breaks down and tells Dante she lost the baby, a boy, while on a relief trip to Africa for ASEC. It is presumed Dante

title: Brenda and the Big Dudes

text: in as a lead singer. The group would also gain international prominence after "Weekend Special" was remixed by Van Gibbs in 1986. This Version entered the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart where it peaked at number 72 on April 12th 1986 and spent 8 weeks in the chart. Brenda and the Big Dudes Brenda and the Big Dudes is a South African recording group formed in 1983. The group's classic line up included Brenda Fassie (Vocals), Desmond Malotana (Keyboards), Dumisane Ngubeni (Keyboards), Job "Fats<nowiki>"</nowiki> Mlangeni (Drums), David Mabaso (Bass) and Rufus Klaas (Guitar). The group rose to fame after the release

title: Brenda Song

text: 18, 2005, receiving four million viewers, making it the most successful premiere for the Disney Channel in 2005. Critics often praised Song's performance in the "Suite Life" series. An April 2009 andPOP.com article stated that as London Tipton, "Song is the One to Steal the Spotlight" on the Disney Channel. It said, "if you ever watched an episode of 'The Suite Life with Zack & Cody' you should realize that show is watchable because of one character: London Tipton. Brenda plays the ditzy spoiled hotel heiress London (an allusion to Paris Hilton) and, if I could say so myself, she

title: Brenda's Got a Baby

text: The video of the song is in black-and-white. It was made to visualize what Shakur narrates. The first part shows Shakur and "Brenda" and then the actual story starts. Ethel "Edy" Proctor portrays Brenda.

title: Weekend Special

text: song in a club; the video received 174,451 views. In 1980 the South African music scene was going through a dry spell, South African talent was in abundance, but American hits had a strong hold on South Africa Musicians. Even top producer Tom Vuma and Peter Snyman — later to become Brenda’s long-time manager said About the song successes: For South African music-lovers, 1983 marked the beginning of a remarkable pop renaissance with a special song. Weekend Special "Weekend Special" is the debut single by the South African recording group Brenda and the Big Dudes taken from their debut studio

title: Brenda Barrett

text: because if she does not, Carly will. After starting to explain, Carly stands and pulls out the proof she has. Dante intervenes saying he claimed Brenda's child and signed over custody, but it was in friendship as Brenda was pregnant by someone else. After apologizing to Sonny, and claiming her love for him, she walks down the isle to leave. Sonny calmly stops her, and tells her he made that mistake once and would not make it again, and that her father lied to her (when he said she was not worth loving), and that Sonny loves her and still

title: Brenda Walsh (character)

text: imitate Brenda and not having the guts to confront the Walsh parents, as Brenda was able to do before. She will also send an announcement to Dylan at the latter's wedding. Or, in the last episode of the series illustrating the marriage of Donna and David, it is alluded to a party that Brenda had organized when they were still in high school. 14 years after her departure, Brenda is back in Beverly Hills. On the advice of Kelly to the new counselor, Brenda, become actress, is led to direct the musical of the high school. She will have to

title: Brenda Lee

text: Brenda Lee Brenda Lee (born Brenda Mae Tarpley; December 11, 1944) is an American performer and the top-charting solo female vocalist of the 1960s. She sang rockabilly, pop and country music, and had 47 US chart hits during the 1960s, and is ranked fourth in that decade surpassed by Elvis Presley, the Beatles and Ray Charles. She is known for her 1960 hit "I'm Sorry", and 1958's "Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree", which has become a Christmas standard. At 4 ft 9 inches tall (approximately 145 cm), she received the nickname Little Miss Dynamite in 1957 after recording the song

title: Kelly Taylor (90210)

text: and possibly Brenda's lingering feelings for former boyfriend Dylan McKay, as well as Brenda sleeping with Kelly's ex-boyfriend, Ryan Matthews, a teacher at West Beverly. Following Brenda's discovery that she could not have children, she and Kelly made amends once again. On the night of Donna's moving-back party, Kelly and Ryan met at a convenience store. She was told by a fortune teller that she would meet a man with a six-pack. In his hands, Ryan was holding a six-pack of beer. Kelly and Ryan then went to his apartment, where they were last seen making out. Ultimately, she and

title: Brenda and the Big Dudes

text: Brenda and the Big Dudes Brenda and the Big Dudes is a South African recording group formed in 1983. The group's classic line up included Brenda Fassie (Vocals), Desmond Malotana (Keyboards), Dumisane Ngubeni (Keyboards), Job "Fats<nowiki>"</nowiki> Mlangeni (Drums), David Mabaso (Bass) and Rufus Klaas (Guitar). The group rose to fame after the release of their debut maxi-single "Weekend Special" in 1983. The single became the best selling record in South Africa with sales of over 200,000 copies. The group was initially a backing band for another popular South African duo Blondie & Pappa until a young Brenda Fassie was brought

title: Brenda Barrett

text: to be happy more than anyone. On August 11, 2010 Brenda appears on-screen in Italy now a world-famous supermodel and the face of the "Alliance to Save Exploited Children". She is at a press conference. Just before she steps on stage, a man tries to kill her. Brenda's bodyguards stop him before he reaches her. Brenda finally faces the crowd, with tears in her eyes. Brenda is shocked to see Sonny in Italy. He reveals he is running from the police. After reminiscing about their tumultuous relationship, she persuades him to return home. When Brenda's security seems to be failing,

title: Sunny (singer)

text: Abagnale. The story was turned famous by the 2002 movie of the same name. She played a character named Brenda, who is the girlfriend of the male lead. Her performance received favorable reviews. Shin Yeong-seon from The Chosun Ilbo noted on Sunny's ability to understand the character and praised her well-portrayal of Brenda's "exaggerated cuteness and flippant acting". Jang Kyungjin of 10asia enjoyed her singing, "While Sunny wasn't a member in her group who put her vocals forth, she showed her power through Brenda's 'Fly, Fly Away' with her clean, firm voice, showing her potential to the audience." Sunny was

title: Brenda Song

text: Brenda Song Brenda Song (born March 27, 1988) is an American actress. Song started in show business as a child fashion model. Her early television work included roles in the television shows "Fudge" (1995) and "100 Deeds for Eddie McDowd" (1999). After many commercials and television roles in the late 1990s, Song won a Young Artist Award for her performance in "The Ultimate Christmas Present" (2000). In 2002, Song signed a contract with Disney Channel and starred in the 2002 Disney Channel Original Movie "Get a Clue" and then made significant contributions to the channel, including "Stuck in the Suburbs"

title: Brenda's Got a Baby

text: a future. Her family is very poor and her father is a drug addict. Brenda is impregnated by her unnamed boyfriend, who is also her cousin, but she is successfully able to hide her pregnancy. Tupac explains that her family wouldn't care if she gave birth, as long as they got their cut of the government assistance. Although she believes that her cousin (her baby's father) will stay with her and help her raise their child, he is merely a molester, and abandons her before she gives birth on the bathroom floor. She throws the baby into a trash bin

title: Brenda Bennett

text: Brenda Bennett Brenda Bennett (born January 24, 1962) is an American singer from Rhode Island and is best known as a member of the American group Vanity 6. Prince gave her a "tough-girl, cigarette-smoking" persona and enlisted her in the girlgroup that he was attempting to create in 1982. Bennett was married to Prince's lighting and set-designer / director Roy Bennett, and she had worked as Prince's "wardrobe mistress." Bennett started off as a member of a Columbia Records band called Ken Lyon and Tombstone, which toured with Mott the Hoople and Queen. Vanity 6 group broke up a year

title: Brenda Walsh (character)

text: show an uncertain girl who is learning about life and the struggles that take place, however episodes like "The Perfect Mom" also show how good friends and a supportive family plays such a strong role in her life. Brenda's relationships aside from the one she has with Dylan are prioritized in every episode, and she verbalizes this in the episode "Sleepover" when she tells her friend Kelly that she won't let a stupid boy come between her and her friends. At the West Beverly High spring dance, Brenda and Dylan make the decision to have sex for the first time.

title: Dylan McKay

text: this point, Jim proposes to send Brenda to France (in lieu of Kelly Taylor) for a summer French immersion program. With Brenda in Paris, Dylan starts spending a great deal of time with Kelly, helping her babysit her little sister and entering a doubles beach volleyball tournament with her. The two have a strictly physical affair, but Kelly ends it out of loyalty to Brenda. Upon returning from Paris, Dylan and Brenda reunite. This doesn't last long though, as Brenda (who also has had an affair) runs into the man she was seeing in Paris at a video store and

title: Weekend Special

text: Weekend Special "Weekend Special" is the debut single by the South African recording group Brenda and the Big Dudes taken from their debut studio album "Weekend Special" (1983). It was written by Melvyn Matthews, as was the B-side "Life Is Going On" a gospel-like tune dipped in the blues, a timeless ballad showing Brenda's vocal power in the style of Whitney Houston,Weekend Special features production by Blondie Makhene (one half of the famous 1970s duo Blondie & Pappa) and Matthews. The song was released by EMI Records as a maxi single titled "Weekend Special", in February 1983. The single was

title: Brenda Barrett

text: been hit by a car and killed, they immediately return to be there for the devastated Jason. Brenda later meets up with Carly in the hopes of coming to a truce, but Carly is uncooperative and refuses. Suzanne gives Lucian, her believed-to-be dead son, back to Brenda on April 5, 2011. Though shocked, she quickly falls in love with Lucian and bonds with him; however, Brenda and Sonny begin to have some difficulties. Brenda has doubts about raising Lucian in a mob environment. Sonny doubts the child is actually Brenda's. In May 2011, it was revealed Suzanne took Brenda's biological

title: Brenda Barrett

text: Brenda and Dante had a child together. Tracy throws the bouquet. Brenda catches it. She and Sonny then announce their engagement to the wedding guests. She returns to Jason's penthouse. Theo Hoffman stops by, informing her he is her new defence attorney, when he is really the Balkan. He questions her but she leaves to go on a walk. She runs into Dante and tells him she is considering telling Sonny about the baby, He says if the truth won't do any good, then she should not tell him. In January 2011, Brenda sets her and Sonny's wedding date for

title: Brenda Bennett

text: and features Susan and Apollonia in black leather working on cars. Brenda released several music videos on YouTube in 2011. It took her a long time to recover from the death of her brother and mother before she was able to make any music again. In 2013, Bennett released "Guiltier" (written by Charlie Mason, Rob Curti and Måns Ek) and Jemmima, "Guiltier" is a song about how it feels like to know your loved one is doing the wrong things behind your back. Bennett appeared on Ken Reid's "TV Guidance Counselor" podcast on February 24, 2016. Bennett lives in Jamestown,

title: Brenda Song

text: Thing" on another "Suite Life" episode. In these episodes, Song purposefully sang poorly to create the impression that her character, London Tipton, is tone-deaf. Ian Scott wrote and produced demo songs for her. The songs are credited to Mark Jackson Productions, which is associated with Warner Bros. Records. Song said in 2005, Hollywood grand-openings and award shows, I try to stay away from the parties. It's so easy to be swept away from that whole scene because it's expected of you. I've never drank or smoked in my entire life, but I've seen 15-year-olds drinking and smoking and I just

title: Dylan McKay

text: (one whole year) then got together again very briefly in Spring 1998, despite Dylan's claims. It is the only way the spring 1998 correspondence from Dylan/Brenda as a couple makes sense. In 2004, he fathered a son with Kelly, named Sammy. They broke up soon afterward. After Sammy's birth, Brenda continued to keep in contact with Dylan, telling him not to screw things up with Kelly. Dylan began to move around a lot and rarely visited Sammy. He also kept in contact with Brandon, from whom he obtained Brenda's email. In episode 6, Dylan calls Brenda while she is talking

title: Brenda Bezares

text: Brenda Bezares Brenda Bezares (born Brenda Yamile Jiménez Loya on April 26, 1968 in Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico) is a Mexican actress, singer, TV hostess and former model. She known better for "Vamos a ayudarnos", "Liliana" and "Mi vida eres tú". She graduated from the Faculty of Performing Arts in Monterrey, Nuevo León, and studied for two years Classical Dance at the Superior School of Music and Dance of Monterrey, as well as in courses of action with the actors and directors Xavier Marc and Sergio Jiménez. He began his career as a model at age 13, participating in innumerable

title: Brenda's Got a Baby


question: itai-itai disease was a form of poisoning associated with ingestion of

answers: cadmium

answers: Cadmium

title: Four Big Pollution Diseases of Japan

text: river, thus poisoning locals' source of water. Any person who drank that water or ate food that was grown with the contaminated water, such as rice, would be likely to show signs of itai-itai disease. The first symptoms were spine and leg pain. However, as the disease progresses symptoms include: Most victims of itai-itai disease were confined to bed because walking caused severe pain. Residents of the surrounding area that were harmed by this disease filed a lawsuit against Mitsui Mining & Smelting Company in 1968. Residents won this lawsuit and began to conduct negotiations. Mitsui Mining formally admitted that

title: Itai-itai disease

text: established protocols. Twenty-nine plaintiffs, consisting of 9 people with itai-itai disease and 20 of their family members, sued the Mitsui Mining and Smelting Co. in 1968 in the Toyama Prefectural court. In June 1971, the court found the Mitsui Mining and Smelting Co. guilty. Subsequently, the company appealed to the Nagoya District Court in Kanazawa, but the appeal was rejected in August 1972. The Mitsui Mining and Smelting Co. agreed to pay for the medical care of the people who had been affected, finance the monitoring of the water quality performed by the residents, and pay reparations to the people

title: Itai-itai disease

text: with the disease. People who believe that they have "itai-itai" disease have to contact the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare to have their claims assessed. Many people with itai-itai disease were not satisfied with government actions and demanded a change in the official procedures. This caused the government to review the criteria for recognizing a patient legally; the government also reassessed the treatment of the disease. A person is considered to have "itai-itai" disease if he or she lived in the contaminated areas, has kidney dysfunctions and softening of the bones, but not related heart problems. One hundred

title: Tetrodotoxin

text: the Emperor specifically decreed that soldiers were not permitted to eat it. There is also evidence from other sources that knowledge of such toxicity was widespread throughout southeast Asia and India. The first recorded cases of TTX poisoning affecting Westerners are from the logs of Captain James Cook from 7 September 1774. On that date Cook recorded his crew eating some local tropic fish (pufferfish), then feeding the remains to the pigs kept on board. The crew experienced numbness and shortness of breath, while the pigs were all found dead the next morning. In hindsight, it is clear that the

title: Palm Island mystery disease

text: Palm Island mystery disease In 1979 an outbreak of hepatoenteritis, also known as the Palm Island mystery disease, was reported and described a hepatitis-like illness (associated in many cases with dehydration and bloody diarrhoea) in 148 people (138 children and 10 adults) of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander descent in Palm Island, Queensland. The cause of the outbreak was determined to be the addition of excessive doses of copper sulfate to the water supply of Solomon Dam to target a cyanobacteria bloom of "Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii". The excessive dosing was following the use of least-cost contractors to control the algae, who

title: Itai

text: Itai Itai ("ee-tai") is a Hebrew biblical name, and also a Shona name. The name can also be written: Itai, Ittai, Ittay, Etay, Eitay, Itay, Ytai, Etai, Itaj, or Eatai. Itai () is a Biblical name that appears in the Books of Samuel (see below) and a very common name for men in Israel. In recent years Itai has become one of the most common names for boys in that country. Sometimes, in order to strengthen the connection to the Land of Israel of a baby who was converted to Judaism, or to bless a Jew who has become very

title: Thiamine deficiency

text: a year in the period 1878 to 1881, and 35% were cases of beriberi. In 1883, Takaki learned of a very high incidence of beriberi among cadets on a training mission from Japan to Hawaii, via New Zealand and South America. The voyage lasted more than nine months and resulted in 169 cases of sickness and 25 deaths on a ship of 376 men. With the support of the Japanese Navy, he conducted an experiment in which another ship was deployed on the same route, except that its crew was fed a diet of meat, fish, barley, rice, and beans.

title: Minamata disease

text: some kind of food poisoning, with contaminated fish and shellfish being the prime suspects. On November 4, the research group announced its initial findings: "Minamata disease is rather considered to be poisoning by a heavy metal, presumably it enters the human body mainly through fish and shellfish." As soon as the investigation identified a heavy metal as the causal substance, the wastewater from the Chisso plant was immediately suspected as the origin. The company's own tests revealed that its wastewater contained many heavy metals in concentrations sufficiently high to bring about serious environmental degradation, including lead, mercury, manganese, arsenic, thallium,

title: Palm Island mystery disease

text: were unqualified in the field. Toxins from the cyanobacteria itself had also been described as a possible cause. Early suggestions included Toxocariasis. Symptoms of hepatoenteritis included diarrhoea, vomiting attacks, loss of balance and disorientation. The perinatal effects of cyanobacteria contamination of drinking water include prematurity, low birth weight and congenital defects detected at birth. In 1996 there were 63 deaths attributed to drinking water contamination in Caruaru, Brazil. Palm Island mystery disease In 1979 an outbreak of hepatoenteritis, also known as the Palm Island mystery disease, was reported and described a hepatitis-like illness (associated in many cases with dehydration and

title: Itai-itai disease

text: Itai-itai disease (イタイイタイ病, itai-itai byō, "it hurts-it hurts disease") was the name given to the mass cadmium poisoning of Toyama Prefecture, Japan, starting around 1912. The term "itai-itai disease" was coined by locals for the severe pains (Japanese: 痛い itai) victims felt in the spine and joints. Cadmium poisoning can also cause softening of the bones and kidney failure. The cadmium was released into rivers by mining companies in the mountains, which were successfully sued for the damage.  Itai-itai disease is known as one of the Four Big Pollution Diseases of Japan. A similar thing is Onsan illness.

title: Itai

text: is implied is usually dictated by a person's family background. Those born into good fortune usually bear the positive whilst those born into poverty usually bear the negative. Itai is the title for the leader of Afe Annang, the leader of the governing council of Annang people of the Akwa Akpa kingdom of Nigeria. Itai Itai ("ee-tai") is a Hebrew biblical name, and also a Shona name. The name can also be written: Itai, Ittai, Ittay, Etay, Eitay, Itay, Ytai, Etai, Itaj, or Eatai. Itai () is a Biblical name that appears in the Books of Samuel (see below) and

title: Chagas disease

text: 1991, farm workers in the state of Paraíba, Brazil, were infected by eating contaminated food; transmission has also occurred via contaminated açaí palm fruit juice and garapa. A 2007 outbreak in 103 Venezuelan school children was attributed to contaminated guava juice. Chagas disease is a growing problem in Europe, because the majority of cases with chronic infection are asymptomatic and because of migration from Latin America. The presence of "T. cruzi" is diagnostic of Chagas disease. It can be detected by microscopic examination of fresh anticoagulated blood, or its buffy coat, for motile parasites; or by preparation of thin and

title: Ageratina altissima

text: milk become contaminated with the toxin. When milk or meat containing the toxin is consumed, the poison is passed on to humans. If consumed in large enough quantities, it can cause tremetol poisoning in humans. The poisoning is also called milk sickness, as humans often ingested the toxin by drinking the milk of cows that had eaten snakeroot. During the early 19th century, when large numbers of European Americans from the East, who were unfamiliar with snakeroot, began settling in the plant's habitat of the Midwest and Upper South, many thousands were killed by milk sickness. Notably, milk sickness was

title: Palm Island, Queensland

text: a hepatitis-like illness (associated with dehydration and bloody diarrhoea) in 138 children and 10 adults of Indigenous descent. This was proposed to have been caused by the toxin cylindrospermopsin, which was released from lysed cyanobacterial cells after the addition of excessive doses of copper sulfate to the water supply of Solomon Dam to target a bloom of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. A later report alternatively proposed that the excess copper in the water was the cause of the disease. The excessive dosing was following the use of least-cost contractors to control the algae, who were unqualified in the field. In December 1934

title: Chisso

text: The plant discharged wastewater from its acetaldehyde plant into Minamata Bay via Hyakken Harbour. The wastewater contained many pollutants and poisonous substances including methylmercury, a highly toxic chemical. This chemical was absorbed by fish and shellfish and bioaccumulated up the food chain. People who unknowingly ate the fish over many years suffered from severe mercury poisoning. Hajime Hosokawa, a doctor at a Shin Nichitsu's company hospital, officially reported on May 1, 1956 an "epidemic of an unknown disease of the central nervous system", marking the official discovery of Minamata disease. In 1963, doctors at Kumamoto University concluded that the cause

title: Milk sickness

text: Milk sickness Milk sickness, also known as tremetol vomiting or, in animals, as trembles, is a kind of poisoning, characterized by trembling, vomiting, and severe intestinal pain, that affects individuals who ingest milk, other dairy products, or meat from a cow that has fed on white snakeroot plant, which contains the poison tremetol. Although very rare today, milk sickness claimed thousands of lives among migrants to the Midwest in the early 19th century in the United States, especially in frontier areas along the Ohio River Valley and its tributaries where white snakeroot was prevalent. New settlers were unfamiliar with the

title: Itako

text: at the time. The law led to the arrest of mediums across Japan; by 1875, "itako" and their healing rituals were specifically targeted and could be arrested on sight. Arrests of "itako" were based on charges such as spreading superstition, to obstruction of medical practices. Newspaper accounts of these arrests indicate that "itako" were commonly attributing illnesses to possession of the ill by cats or foxes. Newspaper reports at the time tended to refer to "itako" in negative terms, and often associated the arrest of "itako" and the arrest of prostitutes. One editorial wrote, "These miko disgorge reckless and empty

title: Itai

text: ill, it is considered acceptable to change his name to Itai. This name is often explained as an acronym of "If I forget thee, O Jerusalem, let my right hand forget her cunning" (Psalms, 137:5)- "אם אשכחך ירושלים, תשכח ימיני" ("Im Eshkakhekh Yerushalaiym Tishkakh Yemini") or "Land of Israel, Torah of Israel"- "ארץ ישראל, תורת ישראל" ("Eretz YIsrael, Torat YIsrael"). Itai is the name of two Biblical characters: Itai HaGiti (Itai of Gath) and Itai Ben-Rivai. Itai HaGiti was one of King David's army Generals. He was not Hebrew, but rather a Philistine (plishti - an ancient people that lived

title: Milk sickness

text: is available. Milk sickness Milk sickness, also known as tremetol vomiting or, in animals, as trembles, is a kind of poisoning, characterized by trembling, vomiting, and severe intestinal pain, that affects individuals who ingest milk, other dairy products, or meat from a cow that has fed on white snakeroot plant, which contains the poison tremetol. Although very rare today, milk sickness claimed thousands of lives among migrants to the Midwest in the early 19th century in the United States, especially in frontier areas along the Ohio River Valley and its tributaries where white snakeroot was prevalent. New settlers were unfamiliar

title: Trial by ordeal

text: venereal disease (a rotting thigh). Some cultures, such as the Efik Uburutu people of present-day Nigeria, would administer the poisonous Calabar bean ("Physostigma venenosum"; known as "esere" in Efik) in an attempt to detect guilt. A defendant who vomited up the bean was innocent. A defendant who became ill or died was considered guilty. Residents of Madagascar could accuse one another of various crimes, including theft, Christianity, and especially witchcraft, for which the ordeal of "tangena" was routinely obligatory. In the 1820s, ingestion of the poisonous nut caused about 1,000 deaths annually. This average rose to around 3,000 annual deaths

title: Harold Wolferstan Thomas

text: in an expedition to study tropical diseases in the Amazon region. Along with Anton Breinl (1880-1944), he discovered in 1905 that the arsenic preparation Atoxyl killed trypanosomes, the causative agent of sleeping sickness. The studies were performed by infecting laboratory animals such as mice, dogs and monkeys with Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and then using of Atoxyl to effect a cure or delay the progression of the disease. Thomas died in 1931. Harold Wolferstan Thomas Harold Wolferstan Thomas (1875–1931) was a Canadian doctor, noted for his research in the field of tropical medicine. Harold Wolferstan Thomas was born in 1875 in

title: Senna occidentalis

text: of tribal children due to acute Encephalopathy (see Acute HME syndrome). Once the plant was identified as the cause, the number of deaths plummeted. The same thing happened in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil where 16 outbreaks were recorded. which was a record in comparison to the clinical study of 1979 at which 8 calves died after contracting dyspnea, neutrophilia and tachycardia from consumption of the plant. "C. occidentalis" L. Sp. Pl. 377. 1753; DC. Prodr. 2 : 497. 1825 ; Baker, in Hook. F. Fl. Brit. Ind. 2: 262, 1878; Heinig, Enum. 401. 1907 ; Ohashi in Hara, Fl.

title: Jean-Théodore Descourtilz

text: of the village. At the site there was a village that eventually became the city of Conceição do Castelo on the headwaters of the Rio Castelo, a tributary of the Itapemirim. Descourtilz explored the city of Itapemirim and nearby towns, gathering various minerals and a collection of crystals, all lodged with the National Museum of Rio de Janeiro, where he took up an appointment in 1854. Descourtilz was a member of the "Société Linnéenne de Paris" and of the "Société Auxiliaire de l'Industrie de Rio de Janeiro". He died of arsenic poisoning caused by chemicals he used in the preparation

title: Laogai

text: farms, where human excrement was used as fertilizer. Along with a poor diet came many diet-related diseases: beriberi, edema, scurvy, and pellagra were the most common, due to lack of vitamins. Other health problems caused by the lack of healthy food included severe diarrhea or constipation from the lack of oil and fiber. These two were often left untreated and, added to the continuous strain of 12 hours of manual labor, weakened the immune system. Eventually, death followed many of these conditions. Two diseases rampant among the populations of these camps were tuberculosis and hepatitis. Highly contagious, these were also

title: Seirogan

text: that beriberi, a disease that caused an even heavier death toll than typhoid, was caused by an undiscovered transmittable pathogens (in contrast, British-trained doctors in the navy correctly saw it as a nutritional disorder). Prompted by their misguided view, the army distributed vast quantities of Seirogan (with their proven antiseptic properties) among the troops to be administered daily throughout the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-5. In an army medical journal of 1901 there is mention of the pill as , but in the journals of 1904-5 appears the name . The name Seirogan was widely used as the academic term by

title: Milk sickness

text: the first person to learn the specific cause of the illness back in the 1830s. She first learned of the plant's properties and its effect on humans from an elder Shawnee woman, who had deep knowledge of herbs and plants in the area. Hobbs had migrated as a girl to the Illinois country with her parents. She returned to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to study medicine: her studies included nursing, midwifery and dental extraction, the sum of what women at the time could study in medicine. After her return to southern Illinois, she started practicing and also worked as a teacher. She

title: Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii

text: In 1979, "Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii" was attributed with causing hepatoenteritis (an infection of the liver resembling hepatitis) in 148 people off the northern coast of Queensland at Palm Island. The contamination of drinking water was attributed to copper sulfate treatment in the island's drinking-water supply, Solomon Dam. The copper sulfate was intended to control a dense algal bloom. However, copper sulfate causes lysis of cyanobacteria, leading to the release of any toxic cellular components. It was determined after an investigation that the contaminated water was all from Solomon Dam where the copper sulfate was applied. It was during this investigation that

title: Milk sickness

text: January 29, 1830, the Kentucky General Assembly offered a $600 reward to anyone discovering its cause. Many scientists in the area tried to determine the cause of the illness, but without success. Farmers found that only clearing the riverbanks and grazing cattle on tended fields ended the occurrence of milk sickness. American medical science did not officially identify the cause of milk sickness as the tremetol of the white snakeroot plant until 1928, when advances in biochemistry enabled the analysis of the plant's toxin. Dr. Anna Pierce Hobbs (1808–1869) of Hardin County, Illinois, is credited in the 21st century as

title: Takaki Kanehiro

text: nothing but rice. In 1883 Takaki learned of a very high incidence of beriberi among cadets on a training mission from Japan to Hawaii, via New Zealand and South America that lasted for 9 months. On board, 169 men out of 376 developed the disease and 25 died. Takaki made a petition to Emperor Meiji to fund an experiment with an improved diet for the seamen that included more meat, milk, bread and vegetables. He succeeded, and in 1884, another mission took the same route, but this time only sixteen beriberi cases among 333 seamen were reported. This experiment convinced

title: Itaya

text: in the subfamily Coryphoideae, the tribe Corypheae and the subtribe Thrinacinae Subsequent phylogenetic analysis showed that the Old World and New World members of the Thrinacinae were not closely related. As a consequence of this, "Itaya" and related genera were places in their own tribe, Cryosophileae. "Itaya amicorum" is found only in the western Amazon basin in Brazil, Colombia and Peru. Originally thought to be endangered due to its narrow distribution, the species is now known to be more widely distributed. The IUCN Red List categorises the species as data deficient. The Miraña, an indigenous Amerindian group in the Amazon,

title: Itai-itai disease

short_answers: Cadmium cadmium