question: who wrote the book my country my life

answers: L. K. Advani

title: My Country My Life

text: in June 2005. About the controversy generated by this visit, he says, ‘I have no regrets.’ Writing in the Hindustan Times, Vir Sanghvi remarks that the book is significant note for what it says, but for what it doesn't. He says, "Advani’s strengths and weaknesses are captured in his new book, My Country My Life, (Rupa). It is a readable, rewarding and often racy account of his political career. Written from the heart, it is part-memoir and part-manifesto". Lata Jagtiani in her detailed book review says: "One may or may not agree with the BJP’s view of the direction that

title: My Country, My Country

text: My Country, My Country My Country, My Country is a 2006 documentary film about Iraq under U.S. occupation by the filmmaker Laura Poitras. Laura Poitras spent over eight months working on her own and for some time following a US Army Civil Affairs team during the elections in Iraq filming the documentary. The film shows life in Iraq for average Iraqis under U.S. occupation. Poitras focuses primarily on Dr. Riyadh al-Adhadh, an Iraqi medical doctor, father of six and Sunni political candidate. The film was well received by critics and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.

title: My Country, My Country

text: by US officials. My Country, My Country My Country, My Country is a 2006 documentary film about Iraq under U.S. occupation by the filmmaker Laura Poitras. Laura Poitras spent over eight months working on her own and for some time following a US Army Civil Affairs team during the elections in Iraq filming the documentary. The film shows life in Iraq for average Iraqis under U.S. occupation. Poitras focuses primarily on Dr. Riyadh al-Adhadh, an Iraqi medical doctor, father of six and Sunni political candidate. The film was well received by critics and was nominated for an Academy Award for

title: My Own Country

text: My Own Country My Own Country is Abraham Verghese's first book. First published in 1994, it made that year's "New York Times Notable Book" list. It is used in colleges and medical schools throughout North America and across the world because of the way it communicates the sense of empathy and compassion so often missing in medical school education in an era of high technology and reliance on computers as primary diagnostic tools. "My Own Country" traces the story of a young infectious-disease physician in the mid-80s in Johnson City, Tennessee, who began to treat patients with a then unknown

title: Brian Kahn

text: My Country' was published in 2015 (Social Sciences Editorial, Havana) and presented at the Havana International Book Fair. Brian Kahn Brian Kahn is an American author, journalist, and public radio host. His weekly public affairs program "Home Ground" is broadcast on 50+ stations/translators in the Rocky Mountain west. On the air since 1996, it has been named Montana's Outstanding Non-Commercial Radio Program Kahn is the winner of the 2009 Montana Governor's Award for the Humanities. A lawyer, he is former president of the California Fish and Game Commission. His book "Real Common Sense", "a well-written, well-intentioned reflection on what it

title: My Country

text: My Country "My Country" is an iconic patriotic [poem]about [Australia], written by Dorothea Mackellar (1885–1968) at the age of 19 while homesick in the United Kingdom. After travelling through Europe extensively with her father during her teenage years, she started writing the poem in London in 1904 and re-wrote it several times before her return to Sydney. The poem was first published in "The Spectator" in London on 5 September 1908 under the title "Core of My Heart". It was reprinted in many Australian newspapers, quickly becoming well known and establishing Mackellar as a poet. Mackellar's family owned substantial properties

title: My Life (Golda Meir autobiography)

text: My Life (Golda Meir autobiography) My Life is the autobiography of the first female Prime Minister of Israel, Golda Meir. The book was first published by Weidenfeld & Nicolson with the title "A Land of our own" and later by G. P. Putnam's Sons in 1975. The first German translation was published 1973 by the Scherz Verlag in Bern. The book became a "New York Times" best-seller. The title has the double-entendre of a life story and a well-known Jewish expression. The book was well received by Kirkus Reviews who described the book as "both frank and very revealing of

title: Abraham Verghese

text: resulted in his being awarded the Grover E. Murray Distinguished Professorship of Medicine at the Texas Tech School of Medicine. During these years in El Paso, he also wrote and published his first book, the bestseller "My Own Country: A Doctor's Story", about his experiences in East Tennessee, but also pondering themes of displacement, Diaspora, responses to foreignness and the many individuals and families affected by the AIDS epidemic. This book was one of five chosen as "Best Book of the Year" by "Time" magazine and it was later made into a movie by Mira Nair with "Lost" star Naveen

title: In My Country

text: In My Country In My Country is a 2004 drama film directed by John Boorman, starring Samuel L. Jackson and Juliette Binoche. The movie is centered around the story of Afrikaner poet Anna Malan (Binoche) and an American journalist, Langston Whitfield (Jackson), sent to South Africa to report about the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission hearings. The screenplay, written by Ann Peacock, was based on Antjie Krog's memoir "Country of My Skull". A special screening of the film was held for Nelson Mandela in December 2003 in the presence of John Boorman, Juliette Binoche and Robert Chartoff. The film

title: My Country My Life

title: My Own Country

text: of prejudice, from his giving of so much time and comfort, and the unraveling of his own domestic life and from the seeming hopelessness of the situation came a book of such richness and humanity that the story is uplifting and hopeful even as it plumbs the depths of human sadness. The book was adapted for a 1998 TV movie starring Naveen Andrews. My Own Country My Own Country is Abraham Verghese's first book. First published in 1994, it made that year's "New York Times Notable Book" list. It is used in colleges and medical schools throughout North America and

title: Abraham Verghese

text: tenured associate professor there), he encountered the first signs of a second epidemic, that of rural AIDS. His work with the patients he cared for and his insights into his personal transformation from being "homoignorant", as he describes it, to having an understanding of his patients resulted a few years later in his first book, "My Own Country". Exhausted from the overwhelming nature of his work with his patients, with his first marriage under strain and by then having begun to write seriously, he decided to take a break. He applied to and was accepted to the Iowa Writers Workshop

title: Country of My Skull

text: to, inspired by, and grounded in the TRC (see President Nelson Mandela and Archbishop Desmond Tutu). Third, it is biographical, in terms of the author being extremely honest, open, and self-analytical about her own position and experience relative to the TRC - racially as a white Afrikaner, professionally as a radio journalist, emotionally as someone grappling with her nation's bloody past, and personally as her experiences covering the TRC affect her intimate life. "Country of My Skull" is written as an amalgamation of journalism, prose, personal narrative, and poetry - all of which Krog has been celebrated for - with

title: Country of My Skull

text: the goal of capturing the overwhelming moral, emotional, and historical complexity of the Truth and Reconciliation process in South Africa. In 2004, the book was adapted into the film "In My Country" by director John Boorman starring Samuel L. Jackson and Juliette Binoche. Country of My Skull Country of My Skull is a 1998 nonfiction book by Antjie Krog primarily about the findings of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC). The book is, in reality, an intersectional, interdisciplinary analysis of the Commission's potential and realized effects on post-Apartheid South Africa. The book can be understood as having three

title: Alex Boraine

text: of the Advisory Board of Directors and a Global Visiting Professor of Law at the NYU School of Law's Hauser Global Law School Program. He published five books, including "A Country Unmasked", published by Oxford University Press in November 2000, and "A Life in Transition", published by Struik Publishers in June 2008. Boraine was awarded the Order of the Baobab in 2014. Other awards include the 2000 honour from Italy, the President's Medal for Human Rights. He survived prostate cancer in 2008 but by 2015 he was diagnosed with bone cancer with three to 12 months to live. He died

title: Laura Poitras

text: Laura Poitras Laura Poitras (; born February 2, 1964) is an American director and producer of documentary films. She lives in New York City. Poitras has received numerous awards for her work, including the 2015 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature for "Citizenfour", about Edward Snowden, while "My Country, My Country" received a nomination in the same category in 2007. She won the 2013 George Polk Award for "national security reporting" related to the NSA disclosures. The NSA reporting by Poitras, Glenn Greenwald, Ewen MacAskill, and Barton Gellman contributed to the 2014 Pulitzer Prize for Public Service awarded jointly to

title: Home Country (book)

text: column became a huge success and was eventually being featured in more than 200 newspapers. He eventually wrote columns from places as distant as the northern reaches of Alaska, Hawaii, Mexico, and South America. Pyle described life in conditions as disparate as the tropics of South America and the 1930s Great Plains Dust Bowl. He wrote about prominent people, such as Walt Disney around 1935, and unknown everyday people such as the woman who was on her way to commit suicide and ended up becoming a trapper in Alaska. Home Country (book) The Home Country is a collection of articles

title: Home Country (book)

text: Home Country (book) The Home Country is a collection of articles written by the columnist Ernie Pyle for Scripps-Howard Newspapers between 1935 and 1940. It was compiled and published in 1947 by William Sloan Associates, Inc., after his death in 1945. Pyle, tired of his desk editing job, badgered the Scripps-Howard syndicate for a road job. Based on some other articles that he wrote during a lengthy road trip, he was assigned to be a roving reporter. He drove through the United States in his car and wrote columns about the people he met and the places he visited. The

title: Edward Wong

text: War, "My Country, My Country", and in Dexter Filkins' book, "The Forever War". He has appeared on "The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer" and "The Charlie Rose Show", and speaks regularly on NPR, BBC and CBC. Edward Wong Edward Wong (born in Washington, D.C.) is an American journalist and a foreign correspondent for "The New York Times". Wong served as one of the Times' primary correspondents in Baghdad, covering the Iraq War from November 2003 through June 2007. He then moved to the paper's Beijing bureau in April 2008, following a sabbatical at Middlebury College and the International Chinese Language Program

title: Jaerock Lee

text: of "My Life, My Faith", Lee writes about the USA, China and the EU and says that in the future, the world will have these three major powers. He also claims that Christians can be healed from diseases by faith. Bulawayo 24 News gave the books a favourable review. In the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, the books "My Life, My Faith" has been published with official permission from its government in its vernacular language by Vietnam Religion Publisher (VRP). The Italian Christian publisher Evangelista Media published "Understanding the Message of the Cross of Jesus Christ". Richard R. Blake reviewed the

title: My Country

text: The last line of the third stanza, ""And ferns the warm dark soil"" was originally ""And ferns the crimson soil"". Her second anthology, "The Witch Maid & Other Verses", published in 1914, included the original version. A recording of "My Country" made by the radio and TV actor Leonard Teale became so popular in the 1970s that his reading of the first lines of the second stanza were often used to parody him. My Country "My Country" is an iconic patriotic [poem]about [Australia], written by Dorothea Mackellar (1885–1968) at the age of 19 while homesick in the United Kingdom. After

title: Adewale Maja-Pearce

text: Ezenwa. Adewale Maja-Pearce Adewale Maja-Pearce (born 1953) is an Anglo-Nigerian writer, journalist and critic, who is best known for his documentary essays. He is the author of several books, including the memoirs "In My Father's Country" (1987) and "The House My Father Built" (2014), several other non-fiction titles and a collection of short stories entitled "Loyalties and Other Stories" (1986). Adewale Maja-Pearce was born in London, England, to British and Yoruba parents. He grew up in Lagos, Nigeria, attending St. Gregory's College, Obalende (1965–69), and returned to Britain to be educated at the University College of Wales, Swansea (BA, 1972–75),

title: Brian Hill (author)

text: Brian Hill (author) Brian Hill (born in Kitchener, Ontario, Canada) is an actor, director and writer living in New York City. He is best known for writing the book for the Broadway musical "The Story of My Life" with composer/lyricist Neil Bartram. For his work on that show he was nominated for a Drama Desk Award for outstanding book of a musical. Among other pieces, he wrote the musical "Somewhere in the World", which ran for five seasons at the Charlottetown Festival, and "Not Wanted on the Voyage", a musical adaptation of Timothy Findley's novel of the same title about

title: Adewale Maja-Pearce

text: Adewale Maja-Pearce Adewale Maja-Pearce (born 1953) is an Anglo-Nigerian writer, journalist and critic, who is best known for his documentary essays. He is the author of several books, including the memoirs "In My Father's Country" (1987) and "The House My Father Built" (2014), several other non-fiction titles and a collection of short stories entitled "Loyalties and Other Stories" (1986). Adewale Maja-Pearce was born in London, England, to British and Yoruba parents. He grew up in Lagos, Nigeria, attending St. Gregory's College, Obalende (1965–69), and returned to Britain to be educated at the University College of Wales, Swansea (BA, 1972–75), and

title: The 3 Mistakes of My Life

text: country were not too impressed with the book and some even suggested that it was not as good as his previous work. The public reception was good and "The 3 Mistakes of My Life" sold a lot of copies in the first few weeks. This English national bestseller has been published in Gujarati language by a leading Gujarati book publisher, M.B.D., based in Ahmedabad & Mumbai. This book has been translated into Tamil and is published by Diamond Pocket Books. The French translation was released by Cherche Midi publisher in March 2010 as "Les 3 erreurs de ma vie". It

title: Dorothy Hamilton Brush

text: her work with Margaret Sanger and the birth control movement became a central focus, Brush continued her writing. She co-wrote (using her maiden name Dorothy Adams Hamilton) with Walter S. Hayward the books, The American People: A Popular History of the United States, 1865-1941 (1943) and Your Land and My Land: The American People from Lincoln to Roosevelt (1943). Brush also wrote travel articles for the magazine World Traveller and a few children's plays for the Samuel French Company that were published in the late 1920s. In addition to these published materials, Brush also authored a number of manuscripts on

title: Peter Kemp (writer)

text: during the troubles that led to independence as Zaire, and also covered revolutions in Central and South America as the foreign correspondent for The Spectator. His first book "Mine Were of Trouble" described his experiences in the Spanish Civil War, "No Colours or Crest" his wartime experiences in Albania and Poland as a Special Operations Executive agent, and "Alms for Oblivion" his post-war experiences in Bali and Lombok. Before his death he produced an autobiography in 1990 called "The Thorns of Memory". Peter Kemp (writer) Peter Mant MacIntyre Kemp (Bombay, 19 August 1913 – London, 30 October 1993), known as

title: Vera Lynn

text: Lynn said: "These boys gave their lives and some came home badly injured, and for some families life would never be the same. We should always remember, we should never forget, and we should teach the children to remember." In September 2008 Lynn helped launch a new social history recording website, "The Times of My Life", at the Cabinet War Rooms in London. Lynn published her autobiography, "Some Sunny Day", in 2009. She had written two previous memoirs: "Vocal Refrain" (1975) and "We'll Meet Again" (1989). In February 2009 it was reported that Lynn was suing the British National Party

title: Ian Brown (journalist)

text: "This American Life". Ian Brown was the editor of "What I Meant to Say: The Private Lives of Men" a 2006 collection of twenty-nine essays by prominent Canadian writers, including Greg Hollingshead, David MacFarlane, Don Gillmor, Bert Archer, and Brown himself, who asked his contributors to write on subjects that they'd like to discuss with women but had never been able to. Ian Brown has also published four books, including "Freewheeling" (1989) about the Billes family, owners of Canadian Tire, and "Man Overboard". "The Boy in the Moon: A Father's Search for His Disabled Son.", a book-length version of Brown's

title: Mickey Herskowitz

text: of them jointly written autobiographies of famous Americans in politics, sports and media (including Gene Autry, Nolan Ryan, Paul “Bear” Bryant, George Allen, Tom Kite, John Connally and Prescott Bush), and others ghostwritten autobiographies of celebrities in similar fields (including Dan Rather, Mickey Mantle, Howard Cosell, Bette Davis, Shirley Jones, Marty Ingels and Gene Tierney). Herskowitz held many meetings with the then-Texas Governor George W. Bush in preparation for an upcoming project, and soon struck a deal with Bush in 1999 about a ghost-written autobiography, a book which was eventually titled "A Charge to Keep". The contract that both parties

title: My Country My Life

long_answer: My Country My Life is an autobiographical book by L. K. Advani, an Indian politician who served as the Deputy Prime Minister of India from 2002 to 2004, and was the Leader of the Opposition in the 15th Lok Sabha. The book was released on 19 March 2008 by Abdul Kalam, the eleventh President of India. The book has 1,040 pages and narrates autobiographical accounts and events in the life of Advani. It became the best seller book in the non-fiction category and Advani joined Archer as a bestseller author. The book website claims the book sold an excess of 1,000,000 copies. The book alongside mentions the event in Indian politics and India's history from 1900 till date.


question: when did the east india company take control of india

answers: in 1757

answers: 1757

answers: 1799

answers: 1612

title: Company rule in India

text: Governor-General, Warren Hastings, and became directly involved in governance. By 1818, with the defeat of the Marathas, followed by the pensioning of the Peshwa and the annexation of his territories, British supremacy in India was complete. The East India Company was a private company owned by stockholders and reporting to a board of directors in London. Originally formed as a monopoly on trade, it increasingly took on governmental powers with its own army and judiciary. It seldom turned a profit, as employees diverted funds into their own pockets. The British government had little control, and there was increasing anger at

title: India Office Records

text: early 18th century, and eventually came to hold large swaths of land in the subcontinent. In the mid-18th century, the Company began to undertake a governmental role in large parts of India, in order to organize the nascent colony to better facilitate trade. In an effort to increase its own involvement in the administration of India, the British Government passed Pitt's India Act in 1784, which established the Board of Control to direct the East India Company in its governing role. In 1858, in the aftermath of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the British government abolished the East India Company's

title: Kingdom of Great Britain

text: in power and the East India Company battled for the spoils with the French East India Company ("Compagnie française des Indes orientales") during the Carnatic Wars of the 1740s and 1750s. Victories at the Battle of Plassey and Battle of Buxar by Robert Clive gave the Company control over Bengal and made it the major military and political power in India. In the following decades it gradually increased the extent of territories under its control, ruling either directly or in cooperation with local princes. Although Britain itself only had a small standing army, the Company had a large and well

title: History of India

text: European powers controlled various coastal regions of southern and eastern India during the ensuing century, they eventually lost all their territories in India to the British, with the exception of the French outposts of Pondichéry and Chandernagore, and the Portuguese colonies of Goa, Daman and Diu. In 1617 the British East India Company was given permission by Mughal Emperor Jahangir to trade in India. Gradually their increasing influence led the "de jure" Mughal emperor Farrukh Siyar to grant them "dastaks" or permits for duty-free trade in Bengal in 1717. The Nawab of Bengal Siraj Ud Daulah, the "de facto" ruler

title: Dharmaśāstra

text: (Hindus, Jains, Buddhists, Sikhs). In 18th century, the earliest British of the East India Company acted as agents of the Mughal emperor. As the British colonial rule took over the political and administrative powers in India, it was faced with various state responsibilities such as legislative and judiciary functions. The East India Company, and later the British Crown, sought profits for its British shareholders through trade as well as sought to maintain effective political control with minimal military engagement. The administration pursued a path of least resistance, relying upon co-opted local intermediaries that were mostly Muslims and some Hindus in

title: Company rule in India

text: felt decades later, even becoming, a century later, the subject of Bankim Chandra Chatterjee's novel "Anandamath". In 1772, under Warren Hastings, the East India Company took over revenue collection directly in the Bengal Presidency (then Bengal and Bihar), establishing a Board of Revenue with offices in Calcutta and Patna, and moving the pre-existing Mughal revenue records from Murshidabad to Calcutta. In 1773, after Oudh ceded the tributary state of Benaras, the revenue collection system was extended to the territory with a Company Resident in charge. The following year—with a view to preventing corruption—Company "district collectors", who were then responsible for

title: East India Company

text: and had only indirect control until 1657 when permanent joint stock was established. During its first century of operation, the focus of the company was trade, not the building of an empire in India. Company interests turned from trade to territory during the 18th century as the Mughal Empire declined in power and the East India Company struggled with its French counterpart, the French East India Company ("Compagnie française des Indes orientales") during the Carnatic Wars of the 1740s and 1750s. The battles of Plassey and Buxar, in which the British defeated the Bengali powers, left the company in control

title: Abhayapuri

text: an annual delivery of 68 elephants. During the last two decades of the 17th century, the Mughals lost their influence on Assam while the East India Company gradually started strengthening their foothold in different parts of India including Bengal. The East India Company was awarded the 'diwani' or overlordship of Bengal by the empire following the Battle of Buxar in 1764 and the company came to an agreement (known as Permanent Settlement) with Bengali landlords in 1793 to fix revenues to be raised from land. With the Treaty of Yandaboo in 1826, the East India Company finally took control of

title: East India Company

text: profits because the financial backers in England took high risks: their money for possible profits or losses through shipwrecks, wars or calamities. The increasingly large territory the Company was annexing and collecting taxes was also run by the local Nawabs. In essence, it was a dual administration. Between 1765 and 1772 Robert Clive gave the responsibility of tax collecting, diwani, to the Indian deputy and judicial and police responsibilities to other Indian deputies. The Company concentrated its new power of collecting revenue and left the responsibilities to the Indian agencies. The East India Company took the beginning steps of British

title: East India Company

title: East India Company

text: Eventually, the East India Company seized control of Bengal and slowly the whole Indian subcontinent with its private armies, composed primarily of Indian sepoys. As historian William Dalrymple observes, In 1613, during the rule of Tokugawa Hidetada of the Tokugawa shogunate, the British ship "Clove", under the command of Captain John Saris, was the first British ship to call on Japan. Saris was the chief factor of the EIC's trading post in Java, and with the assistance of William Adams, a British sailor who had arrived in Japan in 1600, he was able to gain permission from the ruler to

title: East India Company

text: the Indian Mutiny or Sepoy Mutiny) resulted in widespread devastation in India: many condemned the East India Company for permitting the events to occur. In the aftermath of the Rebellion, under the provisions of the Government of India Act 1858, the British Government nationalised the company. The Crown took over its Indian possessions, its administrative powers and machinery, and its armed forces. The company remained in existence in vestigial form, continuing to manage the tea trade on behalf of the British Government (and the supply of Saint Helena) until the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 came into effect,

title: East India Company

text: takeover of power in India for centuries to come. In 1772 the Company made Warren Hastings, who had been in India with the Company since 1750, its first governor general to manage and overview all of the annexed lands. The dual administration system came to an end. Hastings learned Urdu and Persian and took great interest in preserving ancient Sanskrit manuscripts and having them translated into English. He employed many Indians as officials. Hastings used Sanskrit texts for Hindus and Arabic texts for Muslims. This is still used in Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi courts today in civil law. Hastings also

title: India Office Records

text: and records, manuscripts, photographs, printed maps and private papers. These items take up approximately nine miles of shelving units. The historical scope of the records begins in 1600, when the East India Company was granted exclusive rights to trade in much of Asia, including the entire Indian subcontinent. During its first 100 years, much of the East India Company's energy was involved in maintaining its trade privileges, as it faced competition from domestic and international companies. Although the East India Company was established as a trading company, it became more and more involved in local affairs in India during the

title: East India Company

text: (later known as the East India Company Act 1773), the Parliament of Great Britain imposed a series of administrative and economic reforms; this clearly established Parliament's sovereignty and ultimate control over the company. The Act recognised the company's political functions and clearly established that the "acquisition of sovereignty by the subjects of the Crown is on behalf of the Crown and not in its own right". Despite stiff resistance from the East India lobby in parliament and from the company's shareholders, the Act passed. It introduced substantial governmental control and allowed British India to be formally under the control of

title: Colonial India

text: Olson concludes that the East India Company's attempt to annexe and expand its direct control of India, by arbitrary laws such as Doctrine of Lapse, combined with employment discrimination against Indians, contributed to the 1857 Rebellion. The East India Company officers lived like princes, the company finances were in shambles, and the company's effectiveness in India was examined by the British crown after 1858. As a result, the East India Company lost its powers of government and British India formally came under direct British rule, with an appointed Governor-General of India. The East India Company was dissolved the following year

title: East India Company

text: a big pension but lose the throne. The British East India Company gradually took over most of India by threat, intimidation, bribery or outright war. The East India Company was the first company to record the Chinese usage of orange-flavoured tea, which led to the development of Earl Grey tea. The East India Company introduced a system of merit-based appointments that provided a model for the British and Indian civil service. Widespread corruption and looting of Bengal resources and treasures during its rule resulted in poverty. Famines, such as the Great Bengal famine of 1770 and subsequent famines during the

title: East India Company

text: across India by 1820. 10,000 British troops and countless Indians died during this pandemic. Between 1760 and 1834 only some 10% of the East India Company's officers survived to take the final voyage home. In the early 19th century the Indian question of geopolitical dominance and empire holding remained with the East India Company. The three independent armies of the company's Presidencies, with some locally raised irregular forces, expanded to a total of 280,000 men by 1857. The troops were first recruited from mercenaries and low-caste volunteers, but in time the Bengal Army in particular was composed largely of high-caste

title: India

text: gave rise to new Indian commercial and political elites along the coasts of southern and eastern India. As the empire disintegrated, many among these elites were able to seek and control their own affairs. By the early 18th century, with the lines between commercial and political dominance being increasingly blurred, a number of European trading companies, including the English East India Company, had established coastal outposts. The East India Company's control of the seas, greater resources, and more advanced military training and technology led it to increasingly flex its military muscle and caused it to become attractive to a portion

title: Kingdom of Great Britain

text: to the colony. It arrived in January 1788. India was not directly ruled by the British government, instead certain parts were seized by the East India Company, a private, for-profit corporation, with its own army. The "John Company" (as it was nicknamed) took direct control of half of India and built friendly relations with the other half, which was controlled by numerous local princes. Its goal was trade, and vast profits for the Company officials, not the building of the British empire. Company interests expanded during the 18th century to include control of territory as the old Mughal Empire declined

title: Manusmriti

text: South Asia and early Western perceptions about the ancient and medieval Indian society. In the 18th century, the earliest British of the East India Company acted as agents of the Mughal emperor. As the British colonial rule took over the political and administrative powers in India, it was faced with various state responsibilities such as legislative and judiciary functions. The East India Company, and later the British Crown, sought profits for its British shareholders through trade as well as sought to maintain effective political control with minimal military engagement. The administration pursued a path of least resistance, relying upon co-opted

title: Pitt's India Act

text: set up for political activities and Court of directors for financial activities. By 1773 the East India Company was in dire financial straits and asked for assistance from the British Government. Faced with corruption and nepotism amongst the company officials in India, the British Government enacted the Regulating Act in 1773 to control the activities of the Company. The Act set up a system whereby it supervised (regulated) the work of the Company but did not take power for itself. This act was the stepping stone for the rule of British in India. The Act provided for not more than

title: Economy of India under Company rule

text: the company provided little relief either through reduced taxation or by relief efforts, and the economic and cultural impact of the famine was felt decades later, even becoming, a century later, the subject of Bankim Chandra Chatterjee's novel "Anandamath". In 1772, under Warren Hastings, the East India Company took over revenue collection directly in the Bengal Presidency (then Bengal and Bihar), establishing a Board of Revenue with offices in Calcutta and Patna, and moving the existing Mughal revenue records from Murshidabad to Calcutta. In 1773, after Oudh ceded the tributary state of Benaras, the revenue collection system was extended to

title: First wave of European colonization

text: among others. The fractured debilitated kingdoms of India were gradually taken over by the Europeans and indirectly controlled by puppet rulers. In 1600, Queen Elizabeth I accorded a charter, forming the East India Company to trade with India and eastern Asia. The British landed in India in Surat in 1624. By the 19th century, they had assumed direct and indirect control over most of India. The arrival of the "conquistadores" caused the annihilation of most of the Amerindians. However, contemporary historians now generally reject the Black Legend according to which the brutality of the European colonists accounted for most of

title: Company rule in India

text: Burke's effort had the effect of creating a sense of responsibility in British public life for the Company's dominion in India. Soon rumblings appeared amongst merchants in London that the monopoly granted to the East India Company in 1600, intended to facilitate its competition against Dutch and French in a distant region, was no longer needed. In response, in the Charter Act of 1813, the British Parliament renewed the Company's charter but terminated its monopoly except with regard to tea and trade with China, opening India both to private investment and missionaries. With increased British power in India, supervision of

title: History of India

text: in India. The British East India Company extended its control over the whole of Bengal. After the Battle of Buxar in 1764, the company acquired the rights of administration in Bengal from de jure Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II; this marked the beginning of its formal rule, which within the next century engulfed most of India. The British East India Company monopolised the trade of Bengal. They introduced a land taxation system called the Permanent Settlement which introduced a feudal-like structure in Bengal, often with taluqdars and zamindars set in place. As a result of the three Carnatic Wars, the

title: Company rule in India

text: punishment cases to the "Nawāb". By the mid-18th century, the British too had completed a century and a half in India, and had a burgeoning presence in the three "presidency" towns of Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta. During this time the successive Royal Charters had gradually given the East India Company more power to administer justice in these towns. In the charter granted by Charles II in 1683, the Company was given the power to establish "courts of judicature" in locations of its choice, each court consisting of a lawyer and two merchants. This right was renewed in the subsequent charters

title: History of colonialism

text: various regions of southern and eastern India during the ensuing century, they would eventually lose all their territories in India to the British, with the exception of the French outposts of Pondicherry and Chandernagore, the Dutch port in Travancore, and the Portuguese colonies of Goa, Daman, and Diu. The English East India Company had been given permission by the Mughal emperor Jahangir in 1617 to trade in India. Gradually the Company's increasing influence led the "de jure" Mughal emperor Farrukh Siyar to grant them "dastaks" or permits for duty-free trade in Bengal in 1717. The Nawab of Bengal Siraj Ud

title: East India Company

text: the Marquess of Hastings led to the company's gaining control of all India (except for the Punjab and Sindh), and some part of the then kingdom of Nepal under the Sugauli Treaty. The Indian Princes had become vassals of the company. But the expense of wars leading to the total control of India strained the company's finances. The company was forced to petition Parliament for assistance. This was the background to the Charter Act of 1813 which, among other things: The Industrial Revolution in Britain, the consequent search for markets, and the rise of "laissez-faire" economic ideology form the background

title: East India Company

text: to Archives" catalogues. Many of the East India Company records are freely available online under an agreement that the Families in British India Society has with the British Library. Published catalogues exist of East India Company ships' journals and logs, 1600–1834; and of some of the company's daughter institutions, including the East India Company College, Haileybury, and Addiscombe Military Seminary. "The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British India and its Dependencies", first issued in 1816, was sponsored by the East India Company, and includes much information relating to the EIC. East India Company: General: East India Company The East

title: East India Company

long_answer: By 1803, at the height of its rule in India, the British East India company had a private army of about 260,000—twice the size of the British Army, with Indian revenues of £13,464,561, and expenses of £14,017,473. The company eventually came to rule large areas of India with its private armies, exercising military power and assuming administrative functions. Company rule in India effectively began in 1757 and lasted until 1858, when, following the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the Government of India Act 1858 led to the British Crown's assuming direct control of the Indian subcontinent in the form of the new British Raj.


question: who is the founder of google and when was it founded

answers: 1998

answers: Sergey Brin

answers: Larry Page

answers: Larry Page and Sergey Brin

title: Nivio Ziviani

text: Technologies in 2000, bought by Google in 2005. With Akwan, Google started its R & D Center in Latin America located in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Among his most recent activities, he was co-founder of a start-up called Kunumi, co-founder of the Information Retrieval Research Group at the Federal University of Minas Gerais, General Co-Chair of the 28th ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, co-founder and member of the Steering Committee of the International Conference on String Processing and Information Retrieval. Nivio Ziviani Nivio Ziviani, a Brazilian researcher born in the city of Belo Horizonte on August

title: History of Google

text: Google was the owner of the domain name "gbrowser.com". These were later proven when Google released Google Chrome. This corporate feud boiled over into the courts when Kai-Fu Lee, a former vice-president of Microsoft, quit Microsoft to work for Google. Microsoft sued to stop his move by citing Lee's non-compete contract (he had access to much sensitive information regarding Microsoft's plans in China). Google and Microsoft reached a settlement out of court on December 22, 2005, the terms of which are confidential. Click fraud also became a growing problem for Google's business strategy. Google's CFO George Reyes said in a

title: Justin Rosenstein

text: science at Stanford in 2004 to join Google as a product manager. At Google, Rosenstein led projects in Google's communication and collaboration division. His projects initially included Google Page Creator, the precursor to Google Sites, and a project internally codenamed “Platypus,” which eventually became Google Drive. He also invented and wrote the original prototype for Gmail Chat and many of the features in Google’s rich text editor. In May 2007, Rosenstein left Google to become an engineering lead at Facebook, working closely with Mark Zuckerberg and Dustin Moskovitz. He was technical lead in charge of Facebook's Pages, the Facebook Like

title: Eytan Elbaz

text: of Domain Channel at Google from 2003 to 2007. Eytan Elbaz Eytan Elbaz is an American entrepreneur and investor best known for co-founding, along with his brother Gil Elbaz and Adam Weissman, Applied Semantics (ASI), which would later become Google AdSense. He is an angel investor and founder of many Los Angeles companies, most notably Scopely, a mobile gaming startup. He is also the founder and Chairman of the Board of Render Media, a new-age digital media start up. Beginning in 1991, Eytan attended the University of California, Los Angeles, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Computer

title: Google for Entrepreneurs

text: Google for Entrepreneurs Google for Entrepreneurs is a business incubator started by Google in 2011, partnering with local startup communities as well as a network of co-working spaces popularly known as Google Campus (not to be confused with Googleplex) for tech startup entrepreneurs. It offers access to Google's devices as well as tools and workshops for the local tech community. Google has claimed that the startups in its Campuses have raised over 250 million dollars and created more than 4600 new jobs, as well as supported entrepreneurs across 125 countries. In March 2012, Campus London was first launched in East

title: Ramanathan V. Guha

text: Guha founded Alpiri in late 2000 which created TAP, a semantic web application and knowledge base. In 2002, he became a researcher at IBM Almaden Research Center. In 2005 Guha joined Google and became a Google Fellow. While at Google he has been responsible for Google Custom Search and a number of enhancements to Adwords. He is also one of the founders of Schema.org. On January 26, 2013, Guha was named as a Distinguished Alumnus of the Indian Institute of Technology Madras. December 8, 2015 named as a 2015 ACM Fellow "For contributions to structured data representation and specification and

title: University of California, Los Angeles

text: and Frank Pearce (BA '90) are the founders of Blizzard Entertainment, developer of the award-winning "Warcraft", "StarCraft" and "Diablo" computer game franchises. Tom Anderson is a co-founder of the social networking website Myspace. Ben Horowitz (MS '90) is a co-founder of the Silicon Valley venture capital firm Andreessen Horowitz. Computer scientist Vint Cerf ('70, '72) is Vice President and Chief Internet Evangelist at Google and the person most widely considered the "father of the Internet." Henry Samueli ('75) is co-founder of Broadcom Corporation and owner of the Anaheim Ducks. Susan Wojcicki (MBA '98) is the CEO of YouTube. Travis Kalanick

title: Lior Ron (business executive)

text: in 1997 and from there joined Israeli Army Intelligence where he served until 2004. He left the Israeli Army to attend The Stanford Graduate School of Business where he earned his MBA. Then in 2007 he joined Google as the Product Lead for Google Maps. According to The New York Times, “he also worked in the company’s Motorola mobile phone business for three years and then in its secretive robotics research effort.” In 2016 Ron left Google to found Otto, a company that makes self-driving kits to retrofit big rig trucks. Quoted in Wired, Ron said he left Google because

title: History of Google

text: take the company public, despite their financial issues. They were not ready to give up control over Google. Following the closing of the $25 million financing round, Sequoia encouraged Brin and Page to hire a CEO. Brin and Page ultimately acquiesced and hired Eric Schmidt as Google's first CEO in March 2001. In October 2003, while discussing a possible initial public offering of shares (IPO), Microsoft approached the company about a possible partnership or merger. The deal never materialized. In January 2004, Google announced the hiring of Morgan Stanley and Goldman Sachs Group to arrange an IPO. The IPO was

title: Google

title: Ramanathan V. Guha

text: their impact on the Web" Ramanathan V. Guha Ramanathan V. Guha (born 1965) is the creator of widely used web standards such as RSS, RDF and Schema.org. He is also responsible for products such as Google Custom Search. He was a co-founder of Epinions and Alpiri. He currently works at Google as a Google Fellow. Guha did his schooling from Loyola High School, Pune and graduated with Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Master of Science from University of California, Berkeley and Ph.D from Stanford University. Guha was one of the early co-leaders

title: Dan Fredinburg

text: Southern California, and partially completed other graduate programs at Stanford University and the University of California, Berkeley. He began working for Google in 2007. Fredinburg was head of privacy at Google X, an advisor on Project Loon, and the co-founder of The Laundry SF and Save the Ice. He launched "Google Adventure Team", an effort to map geological areas and formations on Earth at a similar level of detail to Google Earth's street-level view of cities, towns, and other populated areas (including the Great Barrier Reef, the floors of the oceans, and high and/or remote mountains and mountain ranges, including

title: Omid Kordestani

text: in May 1999, leading the development and implementation of the company's initial business model and was Google's senior vice president of worldwide sales and field operations until April 16, 2009. Kordestani played a part in Google's worldwide revenue generation efforts as well as the day-to-day operations of the company’s sales organization. On July 18, 2014, Kordestani came back to Google to fill the vacancy of Chief Business Officer at Google after Nikesh Arora, who was recruited to Google by Kordestani himself, left for SoftBank. Initially interim, his post became permanent in October. On October 14, 2015, Kordestani left Google and

title: Christophe Bisciglia

text: engineer on search quality. He founded and lead Google's Academic cloud computing initiative which provides Google hosted computational resources to facilitate education and research to universities around the world. In February 2008, the National Science Foundation joined this initiative to distribute Google's computational resources to the national research community. In 2008, Fortune (magazine) named Bisciglia as one of the 10 most fascinating Googlers and in 2010 he was one of the smartest people in tech. He left Google in 2008 in order to co-found Cloudera. Cloudera is a Palo Alto-based company providing tools, services, and support around Apache Hadoop. WibiData

title: Hiroshi Lockheimer

text: we’re doing, but I think you’re really going to be excited about it. You should come talk to us'. Lockheimer joined Google's Android team in April 2006, 19 months before the public unveiling of Android 1.0. Lockheimer initially started as Android's executive director, and was promoted to vice president of engineering in 2011. As of October 2015, Lockheimer is Google's senior vice president of Android, Chrome, Chrome OS & Play. Hiroshi Lockheimer Hiroshi Lockheimer (born 1975) is a Japanese German software engineer and business executive. He is one of the founding members of the Android team at Google, which was

title: Alon Halevy

text: and Engineers (PECASE) in 2000. He is the founder of two technology companies, Nimble Technology (now Actuate Corporation) and Transformic Inc. At Google he was involved in Google Fusion Tables. Alon Halevy Alon Yitzchack Halevy (until 2000: Levy) is an Israeli-American computer scientist and a leading researcher in the area of data integration. He was a research scientist at Google from 2005 to 2015, when he left to become head of Recruit Institute of Technology. Until 2006, he was a professor of computer science at the University of Washington. He received his PhD from Stanford University in 1993. He is

title: David Lawee

text: channel marketing worldwide. During Lawee’s time at Google, the company has acquired approximately 100 companies. Before joining Google, Lawee was a founder of Xfire, a leading online gaming community, which was acquired by Viacom for $108M. He also previously co-founded three other start-ups including Mosaic Venture Partners, a leading Toronto-based venture capital firm. He began his career as a management consultant at McKinsey & Company. Lawee's experience as a serial entrepreneur, VC and leader of Google's M&A organization, gives him a unique lens on technology growth equity investing. He is extremely well respected in Silicon Valley. It has been noted

title: Larry Page

text: in its design because it would help the search results load faster. Before Silicon Valley's two most prominent investors, Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers and Sequoia Capital, agreed to invest a combined total of $50 million in Google, they applied pressure on Page to step down as CEO so that a more experienced leader could build a "world-class management team." Page eventually became amenable to the idea after meeting with other technology CEOs, including Steve Jobs and Intel's Andrew Grove. Eric Schmidt, who had been hired as Chairman of Google in March 2001, left his full-time position as the CEO

title: Salar Kamangar

text: Prior to that, Kamangar created the company's first business plan and was responsible for its legal and finance functions. From there, he became a founding member of Google's product team, where he worked on consumer projects including the acquisition of DejaNews and the subsequent launch of Google Groups. Salar Kamangar Salar Kamangar (; born 1977 in Tehran) is a senior executive at Google and former CEO of Google's YouTube brand. Salar Kamangar (born in Tehran, Iran) holds a bachelor's degree in Biological Sciences with honors from Stanford University and was the 9th employee to join Google. He joined after graduating

title: Jens Eilstrup Rasmussen

text: Lars started Where 2 Technologies, a mapping project that developed the prototype of their mapping application called Expedition. Google acquired Where 2 Technologies in October 2004, and the Rasmussen brothers then became Google employees. Both brothers were on the team that launched Google Maps in early 2005. Rasmussen invented Google Wave in 2004, while the brothers were in talks with Google about selling Where 2 Technologies to Google. The Rasmussen brothers started working on Google Wave in 2006, and in 2007 Jens moved to Sydney, Australia, where he continued working with Lars and a small team on the Google Wave

title: GreenBorder

text: them. GreenBorder was founded in 2001 by Vlad Dabija (founding CEO until 2004), Úlfar Erlingsson (founding CTO until 2002), Rosen Sharma and Srinivasan Keshav (as founding board members). The initial investors were Rajeev Motwani, Sevin Rosen Funds, and Labrador Ventures, joined in Series B by TPG Ventures. Bernard Harguindeguy joined the team in 2005 as the CEO and lead the turnaround before selling the company to Google. GreenBorder, which is based in Mountain View, California, where Google has its headquarters, posted a message at its website announcing that it had been bought by Google. Google confirmed the purchase of GreenBorder,

title: Rajen Sheth

text: graduated with Electrical Engineering and got a master's degree in Computer Engineering from Stanford University in 1999 and then joined Microsoft. At that time, Microsoft was reshaping their email service, Hotmail. After a year at Microsoft, he moved to a Silicon Valley startup known as Zaplet, where he built what he calls “future email technologies.” In 2004, he joined Google. Rajen Sheth Rajen Sheth is an executive at Google, where he currently runs product management at cloud AI and machine learning team. The idea of an enterprise version Google's email service Gmail was pitched by Rajen in a meeting with

title: Eric Schmidt

text: in August 2001. At Google, Schmidt shared responsibility for Google's daily operations with founders Page and Brin. Prior to the Google initial public offering, Schmidt had responsibilities typically assigned to the CEO of a public company and focused on the management of the vice presidents and the sales organization. According to Google, Schmidt's job responsibilities included "building the corporate infrastructure needed to maintain Google's rapid growth as a company and on ensuring that quality remains high while the product development cycle times are kept to a minimum." Upon being hired at Google, Eric Schmidt was paid a salary of $250,000

title: Tristan Harris

text: slide deck was eventually viewed by tens of thousands of Google employees and sparked conversations about the company's responsibilities long after he left the company. Harris holds several patents from his previous work at Apple, Wikia, Apture, and Google. Harris left Google in December 2015 to focus on a nonprofit called Time Well Spent, which he co-founded. Through the Time Well Spent movement, Harris hoped to mobilize support for an alternative built around core values at tech corporations, chief of which is helping us spend our time well, instead of demanding more of it. Harris is convinced that all human

title: Tristan Harris

text: Harris dropped out of the master's program at Stanford. He launched a startup called Apture, which was focused on bringing instantaneous search to content on the web. Google acquired Harris’ company Apture in 2011 and he ended up working on Google Inbox. While working at Google in February 2013, Harris sent around a presentation to a handful of coworkers which was titled “A Call to Minimize Distraction & Respect Users’ Attention”. In that presentation, Harris suggested that Google, Apple and Facebook should “feel an enormous responsibility” to make sure humanity doesn't spend its days buried in a smartphone. The 141

title: History of Google

text: are rightfully his, that they do not infringe any trademark rights Google may own, and that all Google's registered GOOGLE® marks should be cancelled since "Google" is now a common generic word worldwide that means "to search the Internet." In 2004, Google formed a non-profit philanthropic wing that gave all the details to the user with a non profit aim and determination unlike, Google.org, giving it a starting fund of $1 billion. The express mission of the organization is to help with the issues of climate change (see also global warming), global public health, and global poverty. Among its first

title: Christophe Bisciglia

text: and Tsinghua University. Christophe Bisciglia Christophe Bisciglia (born 1980) is a Silicon Valley-based entrepreneur known for his work with big data and cloud computing. Known for helping to popularize the programming model MapReduce while working at Google, and in addition he co-founded Cloudera and WibiData. Bisciglia was raised primarily in Gig Harbor, Washington. Bisciglia attended the University of Washington from 1999 to 2003 and graduated in 2003 with a bachelor of science degree from the department of Computer Science and Engineering. In 2015 he received an Honorary Doctorate degree from University of Washington. After graduating college he joined Google to

title: Paul Buchheit

text: Paul Buchheit Paul T. Buchheit is an American computer engineer and entrepreneur. He was the creator and lead developer of Gmail. He developed the original prototype of Google AdSense as part of his work on Gmail. He also suggested Google's former company motto "Don't be evil" in a 2000 meeting on company values. That motto was initially coined in 1999 by engineer Amit Patel. Buchheit grew up in New York. He attended Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio where he rowed crew. Buchheit worked at Intel and later became the 23rd employee at Google. At Google he began developing

title: Frank Quattrone

text: Project—that at the very moment he was found guilty of the government's charges, he realized that there must be other innocent people who were in prison but unlike him they lacked the resources to fight for justice. In March 2008, Quattrone founded Qatalyst Group, a high-end corporate advisory firm focused on technology. Almost immediately after the firm issued its founding press release, it was reported to be advising Google on the Yahoo takeover deal pending with Microsoft. The article reporting the collaboration said: "That Mr. Schmidt (CEO of Google Inc.) would call on Mr. Quattrone is no surprise. The two

title: Wesley Chan

text: both early employees at Google. Previously, Chan joined Google Ventures in 2009 as one of the early General Partners. In 2014, he transitioned to a role as Entrepreneur-in-Residence at the fund. As an investor, he led investments in and sat on the Board of Directors of software and web startups, cleantech companies, and biotech firms, including AngelList, iPerian (exited to Bristol Myers-Squibb), UberConference, The Climate Corporation (exited to Monsanto), Coolplanet Energy Systems, Parse (exited to Facebook), and Optimizely. Prior to joining Google Ventures, Chan helped to write and launch Google AdWords and AdSense and also founded and launched Google Analytics

title: Google

long_answer: Google Inc. is an American multinational technology company that specializes in Internet-related services and products. These include online advertising technologies, search, cloud computing, software, and hardware. Google was founded in 1998 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were Ph.D. students at Stanford University, in California. Together, they own about 14 percent of its shares, and control 56 percent of the stockholder voting power through supervoting stock. They incorporated Google as a privately held company on September 4, 1998. An initial public offering (IPO) took place on August 19, 2004, and Google moved to its new headquarters in Mountain View, California, nicknamed the Googleplex. In August 2015, Google announced plans to reorganize its various interests as a conglomerate called Alphabet Inc. Google, Alphabet's leading subsidiary, will continue to be the umbrella company for Alphabet's Internet interests. Upon completion of the restructure, Sundar Pichai was appointed CEO of Google; he replaced Larry Page, who became CEO of Alphabet.

short_answers:
1998
Larry Page
Larry Page and Sergey Brin
Sergey Brin


question: who did the dominican republic gain its independence from

answers: Haiti

title: Antihaitianismo

text: modern Dominican Republic). During the 1790s and early 19th century, the French and Spanish battled back and forth across the island; by 1809 the Haitian Revolution had resulted in the overthrow of both French and Spanish control. The Spanish briefly retook the eastern portion that same year, but in 1821 lost control again in another rebellion. Shortly afterwards, Haitian forces again briefly controlled the entire island, from 1822 to 1844. In 1844 the secret revolutionary movement called "La Trinitaria" took place and the Dominican Republic declared its independence defeating the Haitian forces. After several tumultuous decades, the Spanish briefly acquired

title: Dominican War of Independence

text: Francisco del Rosario Sánchez, Ramón Matías Mella, and Pedro Santana, a wealthy cattle-rancher from El Seibo who commanded a private army of peons who worked on his estates. On February 27, 1844, some 100 Dominicans seized the fortress of Puerta del Conde in the city of Santo Domingo, and the following day the Haitian garrison surrendered. As these Haitian troops withdrew to the west side of the island, they pillaged and burned. Mella headed the provisional governing junta of the new Dominican Republic. On March 14, Duarte finally returned after recovering from his illness and was greeted in celebration. Haitian

title: Juan Pablo Duarte

text: of many who wanted to be rid of the Haitians who ruled over Dominicans led to the proclamation of independence on February 27, 1844 (Dominican War of Independence). However, Duarte had already been exiled to Caracas, Venezuela the previous year for his insurgent conduct. He continued to correspond with members of his family and members of the independence movement . Independence could not be denied and after many struggles, the Dominican Republic was born. A republican form of government was established where a free people would hold ultimate power and, through the voting process, would give rise to a democracy

title: Dominican Republic–Haiti relations

text: Republic, became independent from Spain on December 1, 1821, after more than 300 years of Spanish rule. By the end of the eighteenth century, the French colony was populated primarily by black African slaves who spoke Kreyòl, a language derived from West African languages, and practiced voodoo, a religion influenced by West African spirituality. The people living in the Spanish colony, however, who represented less than one-fifth of the French colony's population, were primarily white and mulatto Spanish-speaking Roman Catholics. In the midst of the Haitian Revolution, Spain ceded the Spanish part of Hispaniola to France in return for lands

title: Dominican War of Independence

text: the time. However, due to the Haitian government's mismanagement, heavy military disputes, and an economic crisis the Haitian government became increasingly unpopular. A conspiracy of Dominicans in Santo Domingo called La Trinitaria hastened the end of the Haitian occupation. Late in 1821 the leader José Núñez de Cáceres proclaimed Santo Domingo's adhesion to the new “Republic of Gran Colombia”, created by Simón Bolívar, but the determination of the island elite to perpetuate their privileged status by maintaining intact all colonial-era institutions such as social hierarchy, land titles, and slavery doomed this limited experiment in liberty to failure two months later.

title: La Trinitaria (Dominican Republic)

text: in August 1843 as a result of his dissident activities. La Trinitaria's other members continued the fight in Duarte's absence. One of them was Francisco del Rosario Sánchez, who corresponded with Duarte during the latter's exile in Venezuela, and Matías Ramón Mella, who along with Duarte and Sanchez became known as the founding fathers of the Dominican Republic. On January 16, 1844 La Trinitaria's manifesto in favor of independence was released, and the fight for independence began to gain the necessary momentum. On the heels of La Trinitaria's work, and after many battles and much bloodshed, the Dominican Republic was

title: Dominican Republic

text: faltered and taxation became more onerous. Rebellions occurred even by Dominican freedmen, while Dominicans and Haitians worked together to oust Boyer from power. Anti-Haitian movements of several kinds – pro-independence, pro-Spanish, pro-French, pro-British, pro-United States – gathered force following the overthrow of Boyer in 1843. In 1838 Juan Pablo Duarte founded a secret society called La Trinitaria, which sought the complete independence of Santo Domingo without any foreign intervention. and Francisco del Rosario Sánchez and Ramon Matias Mella, despite not being among the founding members of La Trinitaria, were decisive in the fight for independence. Duarte, Mella, and Sánchez are

title: Dominican Republic–Spain relations

text: seventeen years of independence, President Pedro Santana asked Spain to make Santo Domingo a Spanish colony again. Spain agreed and Santo Domingo returned as a colony in 1863. As soon as Spain regained the colony, a guerrilla war broke out known as the Dominican Restoration War where rebels fought against Spanish forces to regain independence from Spain. The insurgents burned and looted property and raped and murdered Spaniards; the Spanish shot or hung those they suspected of being or helping the rebels. In 1865, the Spanish Cortes (Parliament) decided that it no longer wanted to fund a war to keep

title: Detlev Peukert

text: was interested in youth policy in the Dominican Republic and spent much time in the "barrios" (slums) of Santo Domingo working as a volunteer helping poor teenagers. In 1986, Peuket published a book in Spanish "Anhelo de Dependencia Las Ofertas de Anexion de la Republica Dominicana a los Estados Unidos en siglo XIX" about the debate concerning American plans to annex the Dominican Republic in the 19th century. Always a politically engaged historian, Peukert engaged in city planning for Santo Domingo and criticized the Dominican government for not doing more to help with the problems of poverty. At the time

title: Dominican War of Independence

text: The Dominican Independence War gave the Dominican Republic autonomy from Haiti on February 27, 1844. Before the war, the island of Hispaniola had been united under the Haitian government for a period of 22 years when the newly independent nation, then known as the Republic of Spanish Haiti, was invaded by Haiti in 1822. Previously known as the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo, the criollo class within the country overthrew the Spanish crown in 1821 before unifying with Haiti a year later.

title: Juan Vicente Moscoso

text: Caceres in 1815. When the university was closed by the Haitian authorities, he became an independent instructor at the plazas of the city of Santo Domingo using the Socratic method as his method of teaching which gave him the name of the ""Dominican Socrates"". The founding father of the Dominican Republic, Juan Pablo Duarte, was his disciple and obtained his superior studies (latin, philosophy and law) from him due to the closure of the university. He became the instructor of many other famous Dominican intellectuals such as Felix Maria del Monte. After his exile to Cuba by the Haitian authorities,

title: Buenaventura Báez

text: Spanish-speaking side of the island with a governor appointed by Paris, in exchange for guns and warships to compel or fight Port-au-Prince for a retreat. Consul Levasseur was very well disposed and constantly exchanged correspondence between Paris and the conspirators. When the Independence revolution started, he opposed the Trinitarians and even imprisoned some of them, tried futilely to prevent the publication of a copy of the Act of Independence in January 1844 in Azua, and in February he did not allow the flag of the newly Dominican state to be raised in the city plaza; in part, he was very

title: Dominican Restoration War

text: to establish a tobacco monopoly on behalf of his friends, he himself was overthrown by a movement supported by his own brother General Juan Antonio Polanco, Pedro Antonio Pimentel and Benito Moncion who appointed Benigno Filomeno de Rojas as president and Gregorio Luperón as vice-president in January 1865. Given the respite in fighting, the provisional junta organized a new constitution, and when that was adopted, General Pedro Antonio Pimentel became the new president effective March 25, 1865. By this time, the outcome of the American Civil War was no longer in serious doubt. On the other side of the Atlantic,

title: Ramón Emeterio Betances

text: over their country. Betances was also a collaborator of Dominican priest (and later Archbishop of Santo Domingo and one-time president of the country), Fernando Arturo de Meriño, who was the revolt's ideological leader (as well as its delegate in Puerto Rico when he was himself exiled by the restored republican government). These two friendships would prove to be key to Betances' own efforts to achieve Puerto Rican independence later on. The volatility of the Dominican situation was severe at the time: Luperón fought a guerrilla war against the Spanish and Santana and became vice-president of the country (in 1863), only

title: Unification of Hispaniola

text: Dominican War of Independence" In February 1844 a group of Dominican independence fighters moved to restore their freedom from military-enforced Haitian rule in the Spanish-speaking two-thirds of the island. Called the "La Trinitaria" ("The Trinity"), this organization was composed of Spanish Creoles, mulattoes, and blacks, and led by Juan Pablo Duarte, Francisco del Rosario Sánchez and Matías Ramón Mella. Independence was proclaimed in the city of Santo Domingo on 27 February 1844, but on the following day a group of ex-slaves led by Santiago Basora, announced its opposition to the independentists. These men suspected that the rebels intended to reintroduce

title: White Dominicans

text: and Toussaint Louverture was governor from 1801-1802. The Unification of Hispaniola lasted from 1822 until 1844, and sometime during this span, a totalitarian military government took place that forbade the Dominican people by law from taking public office, were on permanent curfew since early dusk and had the public university closed down on the pretext that it was a subversive institution. Due to political instability, most white families fled the country between 1795 and 1978, mainly to Venezuela, Puerto Rico, and Cuba. Many Dominican historians and intellectuals, such as Américo Lugo, Joaquín Balaguer and Antonio del Monte y Tejada, deplored

title: Juan Pablo Duarte

text: of Independence. Duarte helped inspire and finance the Dominican War of Independence, paying a heavy toll which would eventually ruin him financially. His liberal views made him a controversial figure among conservative and powerful Dominicans of the time, and he was exiled at numerous occasions after the founding of the new nation. His liberal views went against the conservative elites who sought for heavy-handed control of the nation, and wanted to maintain the traditional regionalisms of the past. Duarte had strong disagreements with the republic's first president, Pedro Santana, as Santana was a tyrannical figure. Ultimately, Duarte would spend many

title: History of the Dominican Republic

text: History of the Dominican Republic The recorded history of the Dominican Republic began when the Genoa-born navigator Christopher Columbus, working for the Spanish Crown, happened upon a large island in the region of the western Atlantic Ocean that later came to be known as the Caribbean. It was inhabited by the Taíno, an Arawakan people, who variously called their island Ayiti, Bohio, or Quisqueya (Kiskeya). Columbus promptly claimed the island for the Spanish Crown, naming it La Isla Española ("the Spanish Island"), later Latinized to Hispaniola. What would become the Dominican Republic was the Spanish Captaincy General of Santo Domingo

title: Frank Moya Pons

text: much work into slavery in the Dominican Republic and Caribbean. Moya has a Degree in 'Philosophy' at the Autonomous University of Santo Domingo (UASD); has a Master in both 'Latin American History' and 'European History' at Georgetown University. Moya has a Ph.D. in 'Latin American History', 'Economic Development' and 'Quantitative Methods' from Columbia University. Moya Pons has taught history at the Pontifical Catholic University Mother and Teacher in the Dominican Republic, in Columbia and Florida universities in the USA, and has been Research Professor at City College. Moya was President of the Dominican Academy of History. In 2013, he published

title: Frank Moya Pons

text: "Bibliografía de la Historia Dominicana 1730-2010". Frank Moya Pons Dr. Rafael Francisco “Frank” Moya Pons is one of the leading contemporary historians of the Dominican Republic. He has published many important books in the history and cultural heritage of the country. One of his best-known works is "Manual de historia dominicana" (1992), now in its tenth edition which is a staple work of Dominican historiography. In 1985 he authored the book "Between Slavery and Free Labor: The Spanish", in 1998 "The Dominican Republic: A National History" and in 2007 " History of the Caribbean: plantations, trade, and war in the

title: History of the Dominican Republic

text: controversial tax reforms so as to deal with the government's troublesome fiscal situation encountered by the new administration. History of the Dominican Republic The recorded history of the Dominican Republic began when the Genoa-born navigator Christopher Columbus, working for the Spanish Crown, happened upon a large island in the region of the western Atlantic Ocean that later came to be known as the Caribbean. It was inhabited by the Taíno, an Arawakan people, who variously called their island Ayiti, Bohio, or Quisqueya (Kiskeya). Columbus promptly claimed the island for the Spanish Crown, naming it La Isla Española ("the Spanish Island"),

title: Concepción Bona

text: prominent in the national independence movement and co-founder of the La Trinitaria secret society. The Haitian occupation of Santo Domingo began two years before her birth, and she grew up under Haitian rule. When Jean-Pierre Boyer took possession of the Dominican territory in 1822, the result was a political and cultural clash between the two countries, since the cultural base of the Haitians was Franco-African, while that of the Dominican people was Hispanic. For this reason the country was placed under military repression under , who set about recruiting youths for the military service of the Dominican Republic. Bona grew

title: Dominican War of Independence

text: the rallying point for their insurrection against the Haitian government. On the morning of 24 February 1844, El Conde rang with the shots of the plotters, who had emerged from their secret meetings to openly challenge the Haitians. Their efforts were successful, and for the next ten years, Dominican military strongmen fought to preserve their country's independence from their Haitian neighbors. Under the command Faustin Soulouque Haitian soldiers tried to gain back control of lost territory, but this effort was to no avail as the Dominicans would go on to decisively win every battle henceforth. In March 1844, a 30,000-strong

title: History of the Dominican Republic

text: the Spanish obtained stolen merchandise—foodstuffs, ships, enslaved persons—that were sold in Hispaniola's ports, with profits accruing to individual sea raiders. These practices of human traffic and terror facilitated capital accumulation. The revenue acquired in these acts of piracy was invested in the economic expansion of the colony and led to repopulation from Europe. Dominicans constituted one of the many diverse units which fought alongside Spanish forces under Bernardo de Gálvez during the conquest of British West Florida (1779–81). As restrictions on colonial trade were relaxed, the colonial elites of St. Domingue offered the principal market for Santo Domingo's exports of

title: Pedro Guillermo

text: Guillermo Bastardo, who later became President of the Republic. Pedro Guillermo Pedro Guillermo y Guerrero (born Hato Mayor, June 29, 1814 – died Santo Domingo, February 18, 1867) was a soldier, merchant, and politician from the Dominican Republic. He served as president of the provisional government junta of the Dominican Republic from November 15, 1865 until December 8 of that year. He fought in the Dominican War of Independence, specifically in the Battle of Azua, Battle of Estrelleta, Battle of El Número, and the Battle of Las Carreras. During the annexation of Spain in 1861, Guillermo was opposed and organized

title: History of the Dominican Republic

text: 1874, the "Rojo" governor of Puerto Plata, Ignacio Maria González Santín, staged a coup in support of an "Azul" rebellion, but was deposed by the "Azules" two years later. In February 1876, Ulises Espaillat, backed by Luperón, was named President, but ten months later troops loyal to Báez returned him to power. One year a new rebellion allowed González to seize power, only to be deposed by Cesáreo Guillermo in September 1878, who was in turn deposed by Luperón in December 1879. Ruling the country from his hometown of Puerto Plata, enjoying an economic boom due to increased tobacco exports

title: History of the Dominican Republic

text: the French are richer than us, we are still the true inheritors of this island. In our veins runs the blood of the heroic "conquistadores" who won this island of ours with sword and blood.' When the War of Jenkins' Ear between Spain and Britain broke out in 1739, Spanish privateers, particularly from Santo Domingo, began to troll the Caribbean Sea, a development that lasted until the end of the eighteenth century. During this period, Spanish privateers from Santo Domingo sailed into enemy ports looking for ships to plunder, thus harming commerce with Britain and New York. As a result,

title: Franklin Franco

text: exile in Puerto Rico, Venezuela, Cuba, United States and Mexico. In 1962, after Trujillo’s assassination, he returned to the country, got involved in political party activities and joined the faculty of the Planning and Social Sciences Institute. He has been a professor of history and Director of Scientific Research at the Autonomous University of Santo Domingo and has functioned as editor of the Dominican Encyclopedia. In 1966, he received the Casa de Las American Essay Prize, in Cuba, for “Republica Dominicana: clases, crisis, y commandos”. Due to his continued research, he is considered an important figure in modern historiography and

title: History of the Dominican Republic

text: almost two decades. The son of a Haitian father and a mother from St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, Lilís was distinguished by his blackness from most Dominican political leaders, with the exception of Luperón. He served as President 1882–1883, 1887, and 1889–1899, wielding power through a series of puppet presidents when not occupying the office. Incorporating both "Rojos" and "Azules" into his government, he developed an extensive network of spies and informants to crush potential opposition. His government undertook a number of major infrastructure projects, including the electrification of Santo Domingo, the beginning of telephone and telegraph service, the construction of

title: Juan Pablo Duarte

text: by the Haitian authorities. After the exile of Dr. Moscoso to Cuba, his role was continued by the priest Gaspar Hernández. In December 1821, when Duarte was eight years old, members of a Creole elite of Santo Domingo's capital proclaimed its independence from Spanish rule, calling themselves "Haití Español". Historians today call this elite's brief courtship with sovereignty the Ephemeral Independence. The most prominent leader of the coup against Spanish colonial government was one of its former supporters, José Núñez de Cáceres. These individuals were tired of being ignored by the Crown, and some were also concerned with the new

title: Dominican War of Independence