question: how many times have the golden state warriors been to the playoffs

answers: nine

title: History of the Golden State Warriors

text: the playoffs for the second time in 19 years and the first time since the 2006–07 "We Believe" Warriors. This time, the local battlecry was "We Belong". The team finished the 2012–13 season with a record of 47–35, earning the sixth seed in the Western Conference, and defeated the Denver Nuggets in the first round of the playoffs by winning four out of six games. They lost in the second round to the San Antonio Spurs, four games to two. This was the first playoff experience for all of the starters of this group except for Andrew Bogut. Other highlights

title: History of the Golden State Warriors

text: streak for most games without back-to-back losses ended at 146 with a 94–87 loss to the Chicago Bulls. The streak eclipsed the previous record of 95 held by the Utah Jazz. The Warriors earned home-court advantage throughout the 2017 playoffs, thanks to a 2016–17 regular season record of 67–15. They were the first team in NBA playoff history to start 12–0, defeating in order the Trail Blazers, the Jazz, and the Spurs. The 2017 Finals once again pitted the Warriors against the Cavaliers, becoming the first time in NBA history that two teams met in the Finals for three consecutive

title: Golden State Warriors

text: the playoffs despite a 48–34 record, which is the best record in NBA history for a non-playoff team since the NBA playoffs had expanded to eight teams per conference. The Western Conference was very strong that season; every playoff team won 50 games, leaving the Warriors two games out of the last playoff spot. The Warriors sold out nearly every home game during the season averaging 19,631 per game, the highest in team history. In the 2008 offseason, Baron Davis opted to return to his home town and sign with the Los Angeles Clippers. With the 14th pick of that

title: Golden State Warriors

text: Chicago Bulls. The streak eclipsed the previous record of 95 held by the Utah Jazz. The Warriors earned home-court advantage throughout the 2017 playoffs, thanks to a 2016–17 regular season record of . They were the first team in NBA playoff history to start the playoffs 12–0, defeating the Trail Blazers, the Jazz, and the Spurs in consecutive series. The 2017 Finals once again pitted the Warriors against the Cavaliers, becoming the first time in NBA history that two teams met in the Finals for three consecutive years. The Warriors won the championship after going 4–1 in the Finals, and

title: Golden State Warriors

text: Warriors also achieved a milestone by completing their first ever 6–1 road trip in franchise history, including a 97–95 win over the defending champion Heat in Miami. On April 9, 2013, with a win over the Minnesota Timberwolves, the Warriors clinched the playoffs for the second time in 19 years and the first time since the 2006–07 "We Believe" Warriors. This time, the local battle cry was "We Belong". The team finished the season with a record of 47–35, earning the sixth seed in the Western Conference, and defeated the Denver Nuggets in the first round of the playoffs by

title: 2017 NBA Finals

text: record of , while Cleveland finished the regular season with a record. The Warriors entered the 2017 Finals after becoming the first team in NBA playoff history to start , while the Cavaliers entered the 2017 Finals with a record during the first three rounds of the postseason. The Warriors' start in the playoffs is the most consecutive postseason wins in NBA history and their record is the best winning percentage () in NBA Playoff history. This was the Golden State Warriors' third consecutive trip to the NBA Finals and ninth appearance overall, having come short of back-to-back titles in

title: 2015–16 Golden State Warriors season

text: Oklahoma City Thunder. In the game, Curry continued his streak of making a three-pointer in every playoff game he's ever played in and tied the NBA playoff record set by Reggie Miller of 44-straight. In their 95th and 96th games of the season, Golden State lost back-to-back games for the first time all season (105–133 and 94–118 losses to the Thunder, putting them down 1–3 in the Western Conference Finals). On May 26, Stephen Curry, Draymond Green and Klay Thompson were named to the 2015–16 All-NBA Team, the first time three Warriors have earned the accolade since the 1955–56 season

title: Golden State Warriors

text: only the fourth time in franchise history, finished 20 games over .500 for the first time in 22 years, and tied the 1991–92 squad for the franchise's all-time mark of 24 wins on the road. Even without Bogut, the Warriors battled the third-seed Los Angeles Clippers to a seventh and deciding game in the first round of the playoffs before their 2013–14 season came to an end. It was season of many thrilling moments; the Warriors played in 17 regular-season games decided by two points or less, six games decided by winning shots in the final three seconds, and seven

title: 2015–16 Golden State Warriors season

text: Game 6. The Warriors were outscored 11–31 by the Cavaliers in the first quarter, and Cleveland never relinquished their lead as Golden State lost 101–115. This was only the second time in 105 games this season (regular-season and postseason) that the Warriors lost at least two games in a row. The loss evened the series at three games apiece, forcing a Game 7, the first Game 7 in an NBA Finals appearance in Golden State franchise history. During the fourth quarter of Game 6, Stephen Curry, who set the record for most three-pointers in an NBA Finals series during the

title: Golden State Warriors

title: 2016–17 Golden State Warriors season

text: time in NBA history two teams have met for a third consecutive year. Golden State became the first team ever to start in the playoffs and their fifteen straight wins were the most consecutive postseason wins in NBA history. They also became the first team in all four major professional sports in America to start 15–0 in the postseason. The Warriors set the best playoff record in NBA history by going 16–1 (.941). Golden State won the Pacific Division title and Western Conference Championship for the third consecutive season. The Warriors became only the second team in NBA history to

title: 2017 NBA Playoffs

text: closer, but the Warriors still came out victors, going up 3–0 bringing them to 15–0 in the playoffs, the best ever start in NBA playoff history. The Cavs countered beating the Warriors 137–116 in Game four, with 86 points in the first half, setting an NBA Finals' record. On June twelfth, the Warriors bounced back and won game five at home 129-120, clinching the organization's fifth championship. Golden State's 16–1 record is an NBA playoff record since 03' for least games attempted to achieve an NBA championship. The title was all-star forward Kevin Durant's first and all-stars Stephen Curry's, Klay

title: 2016–17 Golden State Warriors season

text: win 30 road games in back-to-back seasons, joining the 1995–96 and 1996–97 Chicago Bulls. Stephen Curry set numerous three-point NBA records this season; including most three-pointers made in a single game with 13 and most consecutive games (regular-season and postseason combined) with a made three-pointer with 196. Curry also surpassed 300 three-pointers in the regular-season for the second time in NBA history; he finished with 324. Draymond Green won the Defensive Player of the Year Award at the NBA Awards, the first time a Warrior has won it. Kevin Durant won the NBA Finals MVP award, the third time a

title: 2016–17 Golden State Warriors season

text: Stephen Curry, Klay Thompson and Draymond Green. The Warriors broke over 20 NBA records on their way to equaling their 2014–15 regular-season record of , their second most wins in franchise history. In the postseason, Golden State clinched the top seed in the playoffs for the third successive year. The Warriors swept the Portland Trail Blazers 4–0 in the first round, the Utah Jazz 4–0 in the Western Conference semi-finals and the San Antonio Spurs 4–0 in the Western Conference Finals. The Warriors claimed their fifth NBA Championship by beating the Cleveland Cavaliers 4–1 in the NBA Finals, the first

title: George Karl

text: to the playoffs for the first time in ten years. In the first round of the playoffs, they faced the Utah Jazz in a best–of–five series. Each team won two close games at home setting up a decisive game 5 in Utah that the Warriors won to advance to the playoff semifinals. Matched up in the semifinals against the Los Angeles Lakers, who had won three championships in the past seven seasons, Karl's team was expected to be swept by the much more experienced Lakers, and promptly lost the first three games. Facing elimination in game 4, the Warriors overcame

title: NBA Finals

text: seed going into the playoffs, they only lost one game en route to defeating the Boston Celtics in the Eastern Conference Finals, setting up another match against the Warriors in the 2017 NBA Finals. The Warriors started strong with a 3-0 lead over the Cavs, eventually winning the series in five games with Durant being named Finals MVP. The Warriors set a playoffs record of 15 consecutive wins and a 16-1 final record, as well as a 13.5-point differential in the Finals. The Cavaliers traded away Kyrie Irving in the 2017 offseason and continued to change their roster throughout the

title: 2016–17 Golden State Warriors season

text: ever to start 15–0 in the playoffs and their fifteen-game win streak to start the playoffs set the record for most consecutive postseason wins in NBA history. Their 16–1 record is the best playoff record in NBA history, ousting the 2000–01 Los Angeles Lakers. <noinclude> <nowiki>*</nowiki> – Recorded statistics when playing for Golden State 2016–17 Golden State Warriors season The 2016–17 Golden State Warriors season was the 71st season of the franchise in the National Basketball Association (NBA), and its 55th in the San Francisco Bay Area. The Warriors won their fifth NBA Championship, setting the best postseason record in

title: NBA Finals

text: season, while the Warriors largely remained intact. Neither Cleveland nor Golden State earned the top playoff seed in the 2017-18 season. Both teams fell to 3-2 deficits in their respective Conference Finals, before both winning game 7s to ensure the rematch for a fourth consecutive Finals in 2018. LeBron James appeared in his eighth consecutive NBA Finals since 2011, four each with the Heat and the Cavaliers. The Warriors went on to sweep the Cavaliers in four games, and Durant was again named Finals MVP. The statistics below refer to series wins and losses, not individual games won and lost.

title: Golden State Warriors

text: time since 1994, but managed to win only 13 more games through the end of March due to injuries. Davis often found himself at odds with new head coach Mike Montgomery (used to dealing with college players in his long tenure at Stanford) and failed to remain healthy, playing in just 54 games. On April 5, 2006, the Warriors were officially eliminated from playoff contention in a 114–109 overtime loss to the Hornets, extending their playoff drought to 12 seasons. Entering the 2006–07 season, the Warriors held the active record (12) for the most consecutive seasons without a playoff appearance

title: 2017–18 Golden State Warriors season

text: the Pacific Division title and Western Conference Championship for the fourth consecutive season. In the playoffs, the Warriors defeated the San Antonio Spurs in the First Round 4–1 and the New Orleans Pelicans 4–1 in the Semifinals. They beat the top-seeded Houston Rockets 4–3 in the Western Conference Finals. The Warriors finished second in the Western Conference with a record of , their fifth most wins in franchise history. Golden State set the NBA record of 16 consecutive home wins in the playoffs, surpassing the 1990–91 Chicago Bulls. Stephen Curry set the NBA record for three-pointers made in an NBA

title: 2016–17 Golden State Warriors season

text: in the NBA history, beating out their record last season by two days. In the playoffs, the Warriors clinched the top seed in the playoffs for the third successive year. The Warriors swept the Portland Trail Blazers, Utah Jazz and San Antonio Spurs all 4–0, to reach their third NBA Finals in a row for the first time in franchise history. The Warriors won its fifth NBA Championship by defeating the Cleveland Cavaliers 4–1 in the Finals; it was the first time in NBA history two teams have met for a third consecutive year. The Warriors are the first team

title: 2005 NBA Playoffs

text: 2012 Spurs, 2016 Cavaliers, and the 2017 Warriors followed suit. No team (until 2016) has made the finals after going 8-0 in the first two rounds, let alone win 12 straight games going to the NBA Finals, though the Spurs came close in 2012 when they won their first 10 playoff games, then lost their next four to the Oklahoma City Thunder. In 2016, the Cleveland Cavaliers became the first team to go 8-0 through the first two rounds and make the NBA Finals. In 2017, the Golden State Warriors became the second team to go 8-0 through the first

title: 2017 NBA Finals

text: best winning percentage () in NBA playoffs history. LeBron James and Kyrie Irving tried their best to combat the Warriors offense but were unable to overcome a bad night from Kevin Love, who only had six points and a game low minus-21 in his 29 minutes, and the Cavaliers bench, which was outscored 7 to 35 by the Warriors' bench. The Cavaliers did come out aggressive early while Golden State dealt with a series of turnovers. Though the Warriors trailed 41-33 with 10:14 left in the second quarter, they chipped away at that deficit and eventually were able to take

title: 2008 NBA Playoffs

text: first time since . The 2008 Finals was also the first since 1998 to feature neither Shaquille O'Neal nor Tim Duncan. The Golden State Warriors won 48 games, more than 5 of the 8 playoff teams in the Eastern Conference. However, all eight qualifiers in the Western Conference finished with at least 50 wins, thus leaving the Warriors out of the postseason. The following teams clinched a playoff berth in the East: The following teams clinched a playoff berth in the West: This was the outlook for the 2008 NBA Playoffs. Teams in "italics" had home court advantage. Teams in

title: Bob Myers

text: in the 2016 off-season. This was his second Executive of the Year Title in three years as the Warriors once again had a league-best 67-15 record. The Warriors won the 2017 NBA Finals after avenging their loss to the Cavaliers, this time in five games. The title was the team's second in three years, which included the league's best postseason record of 16-1, and the best start to the postseason at 15-0. The Warriors won back-to-back title in the 2017-18 season after defeating the Cavaliers in four games in the 2018 NBA Finals. Myers and his wife, Kristen, have two

title: 2015–16 Golden State Warriors season

text: of 114–81, winning the series 4–1 and progressing to the Western Conference Semi-finals to face the Portland Trail Blazers. Klay Thompson became the first player in NBA history to make at least seven three-pointers in consecutive playoff games. On May 9, a 132–125 OT win over the Portland Trail Blazers put Golden State up 3–1 in the series, Steph Curry scored 40 points in his first game back after being out injured for 15 days with an MCL sprain. He scored 17 of his points in overtime, which broke the NBA record of 16 held by Gilbert Arenas for most

title: 2015–16 Golden State Warriors season

text: Golden State lost Game 3 by a blowout 90–120, they came back in Game 4 to win 108–97, to take a 3–1 series lead. The Warriors made 17 three-pointers, an NBA record for a single Finals game. The Warriors' win in Game 4 was their 88th of the season, which broke the 1995–96 Chicago Bulls record of 87 for most wins in an NBA season (regular-season and postseason combined). Late in the fourth quarter of Game 4, Draymond Green and LeBron James got into a scuffle. Green was retroactively charged with a Flagrant Foul 1 for swiping James in the

title: History of the Golden State Warriors

text: of the 2006–07 playoffs. Facing the Utah Jazz in the Conference Semifinals, the Warriors dropped two close games at EnergySolutions Arena to open the series. The Warriors had the chance to win both games late. In Game 1, Stephen Jackson missed a wide open 3 pointer that would have put the Warriors ahead with 6 seconds left. In Game 2, the Warriors led by 3 with 15 seconds left, but missed free throws allowed the Jazz to tie the game and eventually win in overtime. The series then shifted to the Oracle Arena, where the Warriors won Game 3 in

title: 2007 NBA Playoffs

text: (2–13 from the field with 8 points) to finish Dallas and become the first #8 seed to win a best-of-7 series in the first round, and just the third overall in NBA history, following the Denver Nuggets in 1994 and the New York Knicks en route to the 1999 NBA Finals. The Warriors also won their first playoff series since 1991. The Mavericks also became the second team who had a 65+ winning record not to win a championship, the first being the 1972–73 Boston Celtics, and the most recently, the 2017-18 Houston Rockets. To date, they are the only

title: 2015–16 Golden State Warriors season

text: of 28 which they set last season. They also became the fastest team ever in NBA history to clinch a playoff berth, accomplishing it in just 58 games. They bettered the 1985–86 Boston Celtics by just one day. This was also the earliest a team had clinched a playoff spot in February since the 1987–88 Los Angeles Lakers (although the season started almost two weeks earlier than the season did within their respective calendar years). In this game Stephen Curry also broke the single season three-point record (286), a record that he himself held, by making his 287th and 288th

title: Golden State Warriors

long_answer: The Golden State Warriors are an American professional basketball team based in the San Francisco Bay Area in Oakland, California. The Warriors compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the league's Western Conference Pacific Division. The Warriors play their home games at the Oracle Arena in Oakland. The Warriors have reached nine NBA Finals, winning five NBA championships in 1947, 1956, 1975, 2015 and 2017. Golden State's five NBA championships are tied for fourth-most in NBA history with the San Antonio Spurs, and behind only the Boston Celtics (17), Los Angeles Lakers (16) and Chicago Bulls (6).


question: who's the guy in call me maybe

answers: Holden Nowell

title: Call Me Maybe

text: Call Me Maybe "Call Me Maybe" is a song recorded by Canadian singer-songwriter Carly Rae Jepsen for her EP "Curiosity" (2012) which also appears on her second studio album, "Kiss" (2012). The song was written by Jepsen and Tavish Crowe as a folk song, but its genre was modified to pop following the production by Josh Ramsay. It was released as the lead single from the EP on September 20, 2011, through 604 Records. Jepsen was signed to Schoolboy Records, releasing her single in the United States through the label, as the first single from "Kiss". Musically, "Call Me Maybe"

title: Call Me Maybe

text: is a pop and teen pop track that alludes to the inconvenience that a love at first sight brings to a girl who hopes for a call back from a new crush. "Call Me Maybe" reached number one in Australia, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Hungary, Ireland, Luxembourg, New Zealand, Poland, Slovakia, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States, while peaking inside the top three in Austria, Belgium (Flanders & Wallonia), Germany, Israel, Japan, Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden. After reaching the top position on the Canadian Hot 100, Jepsen became only the fifth Canadian artist to do so

title: Call Me Maybe

text: Stone" journalist Melody Lau considered "Call Me Maybe" "a sugary dance-pop tune ... about hoping for a call back from a crush," while Kat George of VH1 described it as a eurodance tune, a "guilty pop pleasure." Emma Carmichael of Gawker did a long review on the track, which she described as the "new perfect pop song." Carmichael further added that the song is "flawless" and that "we will be virtually incapable of escaping the song and its strident disco strings and that horribly catchy hook." Nicole James of MTV revealed that "Call Me Maybe" is probably the catchiest song

title: Call Me Maybe

text: But here's my number, So call me maybe." Melody Lau of "Rolling Stone" wrote that "Call Me Maybe" is a "Taylor Swift meets Robyn" song. Jon O'Brien of AllMusic stated that the songs of "Curiosity" recall the bubblegum pop era of Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera, and added that "Call Me Maybe" is a teen pop song with "a chorus that just about straddles that fine line between sugary sweet and sickly." Tiffany Lee of Yahoo! Music deemed it as an instant summer hit, and added that "Call Me Maybe" has "a good beat, great melody and catchy lyrics; something

title: Call Me Maybe

text: have co-dependency issues when it comes to my music. When it's sad, I'm sad. When it's angry, I'm angry. And when it's ridiculously over-produced, up-tempo bubblegum pop with terrible lyrics on a beautiful day in Chicago when I'm wearing pink pants, I just kind of want to start skipping around handing my number out to random bros, you know?" Jim Farber of the "New York Daily News" said, "In lyrical construction, melodic flourish and instrumental arrangement, 'Maybe' has the urgency and sweep of the greatest teen pop songs ever recorded." Pitchfork Media named "Call Me Maybe" the 29th best song

title: Call Me Maybe

text: she has ever heard, and added that "I don't even want to tell you what the play count is in my iTunes for that song, but the moment you press play you're sucked in." "The Village Voice"s Maura Johnston deemed it as an "utterly earwormy" song. "RedEye"s Emily Van Zandt began her review of the track saying, "screw you, Internet. Thanks to a couple of posts on blogs that I refuse to own up to following, my afternoon has been dedicated to Carly Rae Jepsen's 'Call Me Maybe'." Van Zandt continued to state that "all I know is that I

title: Call Me Maybe

text: the music video. "The fact that they had to make me gay at the end of the video … it was all very … I didn't like being known as the gay guy in the 'Call Me Maybe' video. It was just something I wasn't used to," Nowell told iHeartRadio Canada. The original storyline called for the neighbor to kiss the male band member, but Nowell suggested the alternative storyline, where he just gave the guitarist his phone number: "I was like, 'I'm going to be completely honest with you. I'm not going to kiss a guy, especially for $500.'

title: Call Me Maybe

text: by Carly Rae Jepsen Tribute Team peaked at number 49 on the UK Singles Chart for one week and another version by Hit Masters spent the same amount of time on the chart but peaked 23 places lower, at number 72. American indie pop band Fun covered "Call Me Maybe" in an acoustic form at an in-studio session for Dutch radio's 3FM. On May 8, 2012, folk artist Ben Howard covered the song for BBC Radio. Renditions from other notable people include James Franco and Colin Powell. On July 30, 2012, video game developer Her Interactive, well known for the

title: Call Me Maybe

text: you and your friends can belt out in the car while driving to the beach, a party, and pretty much anywhere." Jon Caramanica of "The New York Times" wrote that the song is "breezy and sweet, an eyelash-fluttering flirtation run hard through the Disney-pop model of digitized feelings and brusque, chipper arrangements." According to Musicnotes.com, "Call Me Maybe" is written in the key of G major with a moderate tempo of 120 beats per minute. Jepsen's vocals span from G to C, and the song follows a key progression of C–G/D–C–G/D. The song received critical acclaim from music critics. "Rolling

title: Call Me Maybe

title: Call Me Maybe

text: quickly became a musical performance initiated by Djokovic and Franklin, with chair umpire Matthew Morrison (of the TV show "Glee") handing a microphone to the seemingly surprised Jepsen. During the number, the tennis court was filled with ball kids doing choreographed dance moves, a four-piece back-up band, a juggle, a marching band, Djokovic pushing a lawn mower as in the official video, and many other performers. Carly Rae Jepsen and Harvey Keitel performed "Call Me Maybe" alternating their own version of it during Comedy Central's Night of Too Many Stars Autism benefit show on October 21, 2012. In 2013, she

title: Call Me Maybe

text: The Roots, singing the song while performing it with classroom instruments. Credits adapted from "Curiosity" and "Kiss" album liner notes. !scope="col" colspan="3"| Streaming ! colspan="3"| Summaries Call Me Maybe "Call Me Maybe" is a song recorded by Canadian singer-songwriter Carly Rae Jepsen for her EP "Curiosity" (2012) which also appears on her second studio album, "Kiss" (2012). The song was written by Jepsen and Tavish Crowe as a folk song, but its genre was modified to pop following the production by Josh Ramsay. It was released as the lead single from the EP on September 20, 2011, through 604 Records.

title: Call Me Maybe

text: tour. Jepsen stated that the writing process was easy, and that she wasn't "over-thinking it. We brought in Josh, and he helped us kind of pop-ify it." The following days, she recorded the track at the Umbrella Studios in Richmond, British Columbia, Canada. Jepsen later stated that it is "basically a pick up. What person hasn't wanted to approach somebody before and stopped because it's scary? I know I have." "Call Me Maybe" had been first released in Canada only through 604 Records on September 20, 2011. In December 2011, dating pop singers Justin Bieber and Selena Gomez were in

title: Maybe I Should Call

text: Maybe I Should Call "Maybe I Should Call" is a song by American R&B singer K. Michelle released on November 4, 2014. It was the second single from the singer's second album, "Anybody Wanna Buy a Heart?". The song's lyrics talk about Michelle's past relationship with actor Idris Elba. The Couple had met at the 2013 Soul Train Awards and had an 8-month long relationship. Lyrically, the song specifically talks about the couples breakup and how she wishes she was the one with him, even though he already has a family. On the week of November 7, "Billboard" named "Maybe

title: Call Me Maybe

text: Sentence". Taiwan's CTi News morning show also uses the song as a segue between news and commercial segments and in its promo spots. An achievement/trophy in the 2013 video game "Grid 2" is named "Here's My Number, Call Me Maybe", a reference to the song. In the 2012 animated film "Hotel Transylvania", there's a parody of the song called 'Call Me Mavy'. The song is also used in the films "Suck Me Shakespeer 2", "Sing" and "Wilson." Jepsen also appeared on the late-night NBC talk show "Late Night with Jimmy Fallon", in which she joined Fallon and the house band,

title: Call Me Maybe

text: I said, 'I really don't think I'm comfortable kissing a guy for a music video [...] I said, 'You know what? What if instead of me kissing a guy at the end of the video, what if I just give a guy my number or something like that?'". On March 26, 2012, Jepsen visited WBBM-FM's Morning Show and performed two tracks of her EP, "Call Me Maybe" and "Curiosity". Days later, the singer made her US television debut during "The Ellen DeGeneres Show" performing "Call Me Maybe". Emily Exton of Pop Dust summarized the performance, writing, "delivering fairly true-to-radio vocals

title: Call Me Maybe

text: performance of "Set Fire to the Rain" by Adele, respectively. On December 11, 2012, "Call Me Maybe" was named "Song of the Year" for 2012 by MTV. In its 2012 Year-End issue, "Billboard" magazine ranked this song #2 in the Hot 100 Songs, Digital Songs, and Canadian Hot 100 charts, in each case behind "Somebody That I Used to Know", by Gotye featuring Kimbra. The song was also ranked number one by the Village Voice's annual Pazz and Jop poll, which compiles the votes of music critics from all over the United States. The song was the best-selling single worldwide

title: Call Me Maybe

text: made her US television debut, and at the 2012 "Billboard" Music Awards. "Call Me Maybe" has been covered by several artists, including Big Time Rush, Fun, Cimorelli, Lil Wayne and Cody Simpson, and parodied by Cookie Monster and some of the news staff of National Public Radio. It was also covered on "The New Rachel", the season premiere episode of the fourth season of "Glee". "Call Me Maybe" was nominated for two Grammy Awards, for Song of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance at the 55th Annual ceremony, but lost to "We Are Young" by Fun and the live

title: Call Me Maybe

text: of 2012, while "Rolling Stone" named it the 50th greatest single of that year. It was voted the best single of 2012 by "The Village Voice"s 40th annual Pazz & Jop critics' poll. As of April 2017, "Billboard" ranked at number 1 on list "The Best Chorus of the 21st Century". "Call Me Maybe" achieved commercial success in Canada, and later in the United States and around the world. The song is Jepsen's third single to enter the Canadian Hot 100, debuting at number 97 for the week of October 22, 2011. For the week of February 11, 2012, "Call

title: Curiosity (EP)

text: But here's my number, So call me maybe." Melody Lau of "Rolling Stone" wrote that "Call Me Maybe" is a "Taylor Swift meets Robyn" song. The title track, "Curiosity", has a similar sound to "Call Me Maybe", and features heavy dance beats and catchy hooks. In the song, Jepsen sings about being poorly treated by a bad boy, and begs for more of his love. "Picture" is a ballad that focuses on patience in a relationship. Critics noted that the song would work well during the climax of a motion picture due to its lyrical content. "Talk to Me" and

title: Carly Rae Jepsen

text: promoted the single through a post on Twitter and the following month, the song was featured in a viral video in which Bieber, Selena Gomez, and Ashley Tisdale lip-synced and danced to the track. Bieber's manager, Scooter Braun, signed Jepsen to a joint worldwide record deal with his own label, Schoolboy Records, and the major label Interscope Records. "Call Me Maybe" later peaked at number one on the Canadian Hot 100, making Jepsen the fourth Canadian artist to top the chart. In the United States, the single spent nine weeks at number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100, earning the

title: Call Me Maybe

text: Nancy Drew computer games, added a new video parody of the song about Nancy Drew, titled "Call Me Nancy, Second Chance Me", a reference to the "Second Chance" feature in its games. On the fourth season of "Glee" premiere episode "The New Rachel", they covered Call Me Maybe as a way to decide who the "new Rachel" will be. During the fourth season of "The X Factor" (Australia), the finalists recorded and performed a cover of "Call Me Maybe" as a charity single in aid of Sony Foundation's You Can program. Girls Aloud covered Call Me Maybe live during their

title: Curiosity (EP)

text: noting that it is "very childish but seem to work with the music nonetheless." "Call Me Maybe" was released as the lead single from the EP on September 20, 2011. After pop singers Justin Bieber and Selena Gomez tweeted about the song, Jepsen gained international attention and was signed to Schoolboy Records, releasing her single in the United States through the label. The song received generally positive reviews from contemporary critics, who praised its composition and clever lyrical content, while deeming it as the perfect pop song. "Call Me Maybe" has attained commercial success worldwide, topping the charts in several

title: Call Me (Go West song)

text: Call Me (Go West song) "Call Me" is a 1985 song by the British band Go West, which reached no. 12 in the UK Charts and no. 54 in the US. On 7" vinyl, the album version of the song appeared, along with the B-side "Man in My Mirror", which later appeared on the remix album "Bangs & Crashes". The 12" vinyl included the extended mix (labelled "The Indiscriminate Mix") along with either the album version of "Call Me" and "Man in My Mirror" on the second side in Europe, or "We Close Our Eyes (Complete Underhang Mix)" in North

title: Call Me Maybe

text: Me Maybe" was written by Jepsen and Crowe, with additional writing and song production by Josh Ramsay. Lyrically, the song describes the "infatuation and inconvenience of a love at first sight," as described by Bill Lamb of About.com. During the pre-chorus, Jepsen states how she suddenly becomes attracted to a person, singing, "Your stare was holding, ripped jeans, skin was showing/Hot night, wind was blowing/Where you think you're going, baby?" As the chorus begins, the background incorporates synthesized string chords, and Jepsen explains that her feelings towards the guy are unexpected, "Hey, I just met you, And this is crazy,

title: Call Me Maybe

text: MC Shan, and "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You" by Bryan Adams. Three weeks earlier, it had reached number one on the Digital Songs component chart. The track also reached number one on the Mainstream Top 40 chart. The song is Jepsen's first entry on the "Billboard" charts in the country, which made her the first lead woman since Kesha with her single "Tik Tok" to have her debut single peak at such position. "Call Me Maybe" holds the record for the longest run at number one on the US Hot 100 among female Canadian artists and tied

title: Call Me Maybe

text: Kingdom, the song debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart on April 8, 2012 ― for the week ending date April 14, 2012 ― where it stayed for 4 weeks, selling nearly 107,000 copies in the first week. The song became the third fastest selling single of 2012 in the country, behind DJ Fresh and Rita Ora's track "Hot Right Now" and Cheryl Cole's "Call My Name". "Call Me Maybe" remained at number one for a second week on April 15, 2012, keeping Justin Bieber's "Boyfriend" reaching such position after outselling it by two to one. In its

title: Call Me Maybe

text: in her home country since 2007. In the United States, the track reached number one on the Mainstream Top 40 chart, and is the first number one by a Canadian female artist on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart since 2007's "Girlfriend" by Avril Lavigne. An accompanying music video was directed by Ben Knechtel. In it, Jepsen seeks the attention of an attractive boy next door who is revealed at the close of the story to be attracted to a male band member. As part of promotion for the song, Jepsen performed the track on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show", where she

title: Call Me (Tweet song)

text: Call Me (Tweet song) "Call Me" is a song by American singer Tweet from her debut studio album, "Southern Hummingbird" (2002). It was written by Tweet and Missy Elliott, and produced by Timbaland. The song was released on April 22, 2002, as the album's second single. "Call Me" reached number 31 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and number nine on "Billboard"s Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, becoming Tweet's second consecutive top-10 entry on the latter chart. The accompanying music video was directed by Chris Robinson and released in May 2002. The song was used in television ads for Verizon Wireless' Freeup prepay

title: Call Me Maybe

text: Maybe" became New Zealand's best selling single in 2012, placed at the top spot by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand. "Call Me Maybe" performed well in Europe also, topping the charts in France, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Hungary, Luxembourg, Poland, Slovakia, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. The song debuted in the Republic of Ireland on March 15, 2012. The song went to number one the following week, March 22, 2012, and stayed consecutively at number one for four weeks. while attaining top three positions in Austria, Belgium (Flanders & Wallonia), Germany, Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden. In the United

title: Call Me Maybe

long_answer: The video begins with Jepsen spying on her attractive tattooed neighbour (Holden Nowell) as he is working on his lawn. As he takes his shirt off and notices she is staring at him, Jepsen slips on her high heels and falls below her window. She is reading the books Love at First Sight (Men In Uniform) by B.J. Daniels and Skylar's Outlaw by Linda Warren. The scene then cuts to her garage, where she is rehearsing the track with her band. Following the rehearsals, her bandmates push her to go and wash her car, where she tries to gain her neighbour's attention with various provocative poses only to fall from the hood of the car. She is briefly knocked out from the fall, during which she dreams of a romance novel-type encounter with her crush against the backdrop of Peggys Cove. As she comes to, the neighbour then helps her get up, and watches the band rehearse the track again. After turning and writing down her telephone number, Jepsen sees her neighbour pass one of her male bandmates (Tavish Crowe) his own number, indicating he doesn't like women at all and is gay, where the very end shows that Jepsen is taken aback by this. The video received three nominations on the 2012 MuchMusic Video Awards in the categories of UR Fave Video, Pop Video of the Year, and Video of the Year.


question: who did the united states fight in the war of 1812

answers: United Kingdom

title: Ozhaguscodaywayquay

text: live with his family in the United States. From 1814 to 1816 he served as a British civil magistrate and justice of the peace for the Indian territories. He never became an American citizen, and participated in the fur trade through his son's American citizenship, since they were born within American borders. Lewis, the oldest son, had served with the Royal Navy against the U.S. Taken prisoner during the war, he suffered poor treatment by US forces and rejected living under U.S. rule. After his release, he moved to Upper Canada. Ozhaguscodaywayquay's political influence grew after the War of 1812,

title: Thomas S. Hinde

text: a crucial role in negotiating early Indian treaties signed with the United States government, without defining his actions. Hinde served in the U.S. Army in the War of 1812 under William Henry Harrison, then governor of the Indiana Territory. Both from Virginia families, the two men were close in age. Hinde was made responsible for prisoners of war starting in 1813, when he was about 27 or 28 years old. Hinde served under Captain Oliver Hazard Perry, who was the commander at the Battle of Lake Erie. Captain Perry's decisive victory ensured American control of the lake, improved American morale

title: Canadian Volunteers

text: their losses, and were rewarded for their services with grants of land in the United States territory, in proportion to their rank. Canadian Volunteers The Canadian Volunteers was a unit composed of pro-United States citizens or inhabitants of Upper Canada which fought for the United States of America during the Anglo-American War of 1812. Before the war, Americans had been encouraged to settle in Upper Canada by generous grants of land. The Lieutenant Governors and military commanders in the province were concerned that in the event of war with America, the Americans would receive active help from many of these,

title: United States Daughters of 1812

text: in commemorating significant events from the time period of the War of 1812 such as the Battle of New Orleans. United States Daughters of 1812 The United States Daughters of 1812 is an association of female descendants of veterans of the War of 1812, established on January 8, 1892, in Cleveland. The United States Daughters of 1812 is a non-profit, women's organization based in Washington, D.C., dedicated to serving the "fraternal interests [of] women whose lineal ancestors served in the civil government, the army or the navy of the United States" between 1784 and 1815. It is a "volunteer women's

title: War of 1812

text: of the U.S. Navy became the heroes of their generation in the U.S. Decorated plates and pitchers of Decatur, Hull, Bainbridge, Lawrence, Perry, and Macdonough were made in Staffordshire, England, and found a ready market in the United States. Several war heroes used their fame to win election to national office. Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison both took advantage of their military successes to win the presidency, while Richard Mentor Johnson used his wartime exploits to help attain the vice presidency. During the war, New England states became increasingly frustrated over how the war was being conducted and how

title: History of the United States (1789–1849)

text: (the War of 1812) to uphold American honor at sea, and to end the Indian raids in the west, as well as to seize Canadian territory. Despite incompetent government management, and a series of defeats early on, Americans found new generals like Andrew Jackson, William Henry Harrison, and Winfield Scott, who repulsed British invasions and broke the alliance between the British and the Indians that held up settlement of the Old Northwest. The Federalists, who had opposed the war to the point of trading with the enemy and threatening secession, were devastated by the triumphant ending of the war. The

title: Samuel Garland Jr.

text: who was a sister of President James Madison. His uncle, John Garland, was a U.S. Army general and fought in many different wars including, the War of 1812, Seminole Wars, Mexican–American War, Utah War and very briefly in the American Civil War on the side of the Union. In his official report after the Battle of South Mountain, Garland's commanding officer, Maj. Gen. D.H. Hill memorialized him by writing, ""This brilliant service, however, cost us the life of that pure, gallant, and accomplished Christian soldier, General Garland, who had no superiors and few equals in the service."" The Samuel Garland

title: Military history of Asian Americans

text: the U.S. occurred in 1815 in the War of 1812. During the War of 1812, General Andrew Jackson recorded that "Manilamen" had fought under his general command in defense of New Orleans, under the direct command of Jean Baptiste Lafitte. Following the war, at least one Filipino American, Augustin Feliciano, continued to serve in the U.S. Navy. From the end of the War of 1812 to the beginning of the American Civil War, Asian Americans were not recorded in the annals of U.S. military history. Many more Asian Americans served in the forces of both sides of the Civil War,

title: United States Daughters of 1812

text: United States Daughters of 1812 The United States Daughters of 1812 is an association of female descendants of veterans of the War of 1812, established on January 8, 1892, in Cleveland. The United States Daughters of 1812 is a non-profit, women's organization based in Washington, D.C., dedicated to serving the "fraternal interests [of] women whose lineal ancestors served in the civil government, the army or the navy of the United States" between 1784 and 1815. It is a "volunteer women's service organization dedicated to promoting patriotism, preserving and increasing knowledge of the history of the American people" and is active

title: War of 1812

text: The War of 1812 (1812–1815) was a conflict fought between the United States, the United Kingdom, and their respective allies.  Historians in Britain often see it as a minor theatre of the Napoleonic Wars; in the United States and Canada, it is seen as a war in its own right.

title: War of 1812

text: knives, swords, rifles, clubs, arrows and muskets. Indian warriors were brave, but the need to avoid heavy losses meant that they fought only under the most favorable conditions and their tactics favored a defensive as opposed to offensive style. In the words of Benn, those Indians fighting with the Americans provided the U.S. with their "most effective light troops" while the British desperately needed the Indian tribes to compensate for their numerical inferiority. The Indians, regardless of which side they fought for, saw themselves as allies, not subordinates and Indian chiefs did what they viewed as best for their tribes,

title: Maritime history

text: not played a role in the American Revolution. James Lawrence was an American naval hero. During the War of 1812, he commanded in a single-ship action against (commanded by Philip Broke). He is probably best known today for his "Don't give up the ship!", which is still a popular naval battle cry. John H. Aulick was an officer in the United States Navy whose service extended from the War of 1812 to the end of the antebellum era. During the War of 1812, he served in and took part in her battle with on 4 September 1813. After that engagement

title: John Garland (general)

text: 1862. Fort Garland in Colorado was named for him. John Garland (general) John Garland (November 15, 1793June 5, 1861) was a career United States soldier in the Regular Army who had a long and distinguished career spanning fifty years of service during the War of 1812, Seminole Wars, Mexican–American War, Utah War and very briefly into the American Civil War. Garland was born in Virginia to Hudson Martin and Elizabeth Penn ("née" Phillips) Garland. His mother was the grandniece of William Penn. One of his brothers was James Garland. He joined the U.S. Army during the War of 1812 and

title: Indiana in the War of 1812

text: war. Led by future U.S. President William Henry Harrison, American forces from Indiana, Ohio, and Kentucky were able to turn the tide of war on land that initially begun badly for the United States. After driving tribal forces into Canada, the American forces proceeded to invade Canada, rout the British army, and secure victory of American forces in the Northwest. Beginning with the 1809 Treaty of Fort Wayne, tensions between the settlers in the Indiana Territory and the Indians began to increase dramatically. The events led to the Battle of Tippecanoe on November 6, 1811 during what is known as

title: James M. Elam

text: James M. Elam James Mason Elam (1796 - 1856) was a veteran of the War of 1812 and fought the Barbary Pirates. He was an unsuccessful Whig candidate for the United States House of Representatives in Louisiana in 1843. Elam was born in Nottoway County, Virginia on January 30, 1796, the son of Essex Elam and Lavinia Crowder. He enlisted in the army and served during the War of 1812, but saw no combat. He later served as Ensign aboard the U.S.S. "Guerriere" under the command of Captain Stephen Decatur, he was part of the crew that went on in

title: Zachary Taylor

text: temporarily called to Washington to testify for Wilkinson as a witness in a court-martial, and so he did not take part in the November 1811 Battle of Tippecanoe against the forces of Tecumseh, a Shawnee chief. During the War of 1812, in which U.S. forces battled the British Empire and its Indian allies, Taylor successfully defended Fort Harrison in Indiana Territory from an Indian attack commanded by Tecumseh. The September 1812 battle represented the first land victory of the war for the American forces, for which Taylor received wide praise, as well as a brevet (temporary) promotion to the rank

title: Isaac Hull

text: War/War of 1812 naval heroes: Decatur Street, named for Stephen Decatur; McDonough Street, named for Thomas Macdonough; Lawrence Street, named for James Lawrence; Bainbridge Street, named for William Bainbridge and Perry Street, named for Oliver Hazard Perry. Isaac Hull Isaac Hull (March 9, 1773 – February 13, 1843) was a Commodore in the United States Navy. He commanded several famous U.S. naval warships including ("Old Ironsides") and saw service in the undeclared naval Quasi War with the revolutionary French Republic (France) 1796–1800; the Barbary Wars (1801–1805, 1815), with the Barbary states in North Africa; and the War of 1812 (1812–1815),

title: Origins of the War of 1812

text: cause the war. Americans of every political stripe saw the need to uphold national honor, and to reject the treatment of the United States by Britain as a third class nonentity. Americans talked incessantly about the need for force in response. This quest for honor was a major cause of the war in the sense that most Americans who were not involved in mercantile interests or threatened by Indian attack strongly endorsed the preservation of national honor. The humiliating attack by HMS "Leopard" against USS "Chesapeake" in June 1807 was a decisive event. Many Americans called for war, but Jefferson

title: United States Army

text: small and after General St. Clair's defeat at the Battle of the Wabash, the Regular Army was reorganized as the Legion of the United States, which was established in 1791 and renamed the United States Army in 1796. The War of 1812, the second and last war between the United States and Great Britain, had mixed results. The U.S. Army did not conquer Canada but it did destroy Native American resistance to expansion in the Old Northwest and it validated its independence by stopping two major British invasions in 1814 and 1815. After taking control of Lake Erie in 1813,

title: John Minor Maury

text: survivors including Captain David Porter of the Essex which was destroyed in battle. John Minor Maury was promoted to first lieutenant, 1811; made flag captain to Commodore David Porter's fleet engaged in suppressing West Indian pirates, 1824. During the War of 1812, he participated in the Battle of Lake Champlain under Commander Thomas Macdonough in the complete victory over the British flotilla, which was captured or sunk. John Minor Maury wrote to a friend in Fredericksburg, "We have gained a glorious victory. I hope the most important result of it will be to confirm the wavering allegiance of New York

title: War of 1812

text: sailors into the Royal Navy. Incidents such as the "Chesapeake–Leopard" affair, which happened five years before the war, inflamed anti-British sentiment in the US. In 1811, the British were in turn outraged by the "Little Belt" affair, in which 11 British sailors died. Britain supplied Native Americans who raided American settlers on the frontier, hindering American expansion and provoking resentment. Historians debate whether the desire to annex some or all of British North America (Canada) contributed to the American decision to go to war. On June 18, 1812, US President James Madison, after heavy pressure from the War Hawks in

title: Samuel Edwards

text: war was on he supported the U.S. effort. In April 1813, he and Thomas D. Anderson applied to the state and provided their personal funds as bond for military provisions and ammunition to arm a company of Soldiers from Chester during the War of 1812. The military provisions were sent to the Battle of Frenchtown to help fight the attack by British Admiral George Cockburn. The Chester troops marched to Elkton, Maryland to resist the British Forces. In the summer of 1814, when Dr. Samuel Anderson raised the Mifflin Guards, Edwards joined as a private and served as company clerk.

title: William Conner

text: 1812, Conner began serving in several capacities as a "soldier, scout, interpreter, and spy." He also helped make sure that the Delaware remained loyal to the Americans. In addition, Conner accompanied William Henry Harrison, the governor of the Indiana Territory, to the Battle of the Mississinewa in 1812 and was present at the Battle of the Thames in 1813. Conner was among those who helped identify the mutilated body of Tecumseh, who was killed in the battle. Conner continued to serve as an interpreter for the federal government during treaty negotiations after the war. The treaties ceded Native American lands

title: Samuel South

text: capacity, he participated in several campaigns against the Indians. By the outbreak of the War of 1812, he had risen to colonel of the Kentucky Mounted Volunteers. He participated in both the Battle of the Thames and the Battle of New Orleans. For bravery at the Battle of New Orleans, he received a brevet to the rank of brigadier general. Years after the war, Richard Mentor Johnson called on South to verify his claim that he (Johnson) had killed the Shawnee chief Tecumseh at the Battle of the Thames. Following the war, South was made a justice of the peace

title: General Society of the War of 1812

text: may, make application for membership, and who is of good moral character and reputation, may become a member of the Society when approved of by said State Society, under such regulations as it may make for passing upon applications for membership. Female persons above the age of 18 who qualify, may apply to the United States Daughters of 1812. On January 9, 1854 (a day after the anniversary of the Battle of New Orleans), a group of over 1,500 War of 1812 veterans from across the United States met in convention at the Congress Hall in Philadelphia, having responded to

title: American frontier

text: in Canada in 1813. The death in battle of the Indian leader Tecumseh dissolved the coalition of hostile Indian tribes. Meanwhile, General Andrew Jackson ended the Indian military threat in the Southeast at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814 in Alabama. In general the frontiersmen battled the Indians with little help from the U.S. Army or the federal government. To end the War of 1812 American diplomats negotiated the Treaty of Ghent, signed in 1815, with Britain. They rejected the British plan to set up an Indian state in U.S. territory south of the Great Lakes. They explained the

title: Origins of the War of 1812

text: British claimed they were British deserters); third, the British military support for American Indians who were offering armed resistance to the expansion of the American frontier to the Northwest; fourth, a possible desire on the part of the United States to annex Canada. An implicit but powerful motivation for the Americans was the desire to uphold national honor in the face of what they considered to be British insults (such as the "Chesapeake" affair). American expansion into the Northwest (Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois and Wisconsin) was impeded by Indian raids. Some historians maintain that an American goal in the war

title: Jacob Brown

text: actions there, he was given a commission as a brigadier general in the regular army. The next year his army captured Fort Erie in Ontario. After, his army defeated a British army at the Battle of Chippawa. He was wounded twice at the Battle of Lundy's Lane, one of the bloodiest engagements of the war for both sides. His last battle of the war was the Siege of Fort Erie in 1814, which resulted in an American victory. His successes, in what was the northwest U.S. at that time, made him a national hero. To express its appreciation, Congress authorized

title: Oliver Hazard Perry

text: plot with his parents. Perry's son Christopher Raymond Perry graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1842. He served during the Mexican War and fought at the Battle of Palo Alto on May 8, 1846, and at the Battle of Resaca-de‑la‑Palma on May 9, 1846. He died on active duty as a 1st lieutenant in 1848. His extended family's descendants include Commander John Rodgers, the second person to become a United States naval aviator, and well known civilian aviator Calbraith Perry Rodgers, the first person to fly an airplane—the "Vin Fiz"—across the United States. Perry's nephew

title: John H. Winder

text: John H. Winder John Henry Winder (February 21, 1800 – February 7, 1865) was a career United States Army officer who served with distinction during the Mexican–American War. He later served as a Confederate general officer during the American Civil War. Winder was noted for commanding prisoner-of-war camps throughout the South during the war, and for charges of improperly supplying the prisoners in his charge. Winder was born at "Rewston" in Somerset County, Maryland, a son of U.S. Army Brig. Gen. William H. Winder and his wife Gertrude Polk. Winder's father fought in the War of 1812, most notably, as

title: War of 1812


question: when does the new episodes of supernatural start

answers: October 12, 2017

answers: May 3, 2018

answers: October 12, 2017

title: Supernatural (season 7)

text: The series was renewed for a seventh season on April 26, 2011, and remained on Fridays at 9:00 pm (ET). The CW announced on August 20, 2011, that the season would be increased to 23 episodes, up one episode from the 22-episode pickup the series had previously received. On January 11, 2012, it was announced by the executive producer of the show, Robert Singer, that there was another cliffhanger ending planned for season seven. Critical reception to the season has generally been positive. It received a positive review from the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, where it was reported as

title: Supernatural (season 10)

text: Supernatural (season 10) The tenth season of "Supernatural", an American dark fantasy television series created by Eric Kripke, premiered on October 7, 2014 on The CW, and concluded on May 20, 2015, consisting of 23 episodes. The season aired Tuesdays at 9:00 pm (ET), and moved to Wednesdays at 9:00 pm beginning March 18, 2015. This is the third season with Jeremy Carver as showrunner. The season was released on DVD and Blu-ray in region 1 on September 8, 2015. The tenth season had an average viewership of 2.02 million U.S. viewers. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> "Supernatural" was renewed for a tenth season

title: Supernatural (season 12)

text: Supernatural (season 12) The twelfth season of "Supernatural", an American dark fantasy television series created by Eric Kripke, premiered on October 13, 2016, on The CW and concluded on May 18, 2017. The season consisted of 23 episodes and aired on Thursdays at 9:00 pm (ET) for the first 8 episodes before moving to 8:00 pm (ET) in January 2017. This is the first season with Andrew Dabb and Robert Singer as showrunners. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> "Supernatural" was renewed for a twelfth season by The CW on March 11, 2016. The twelfth season is the final season to feature Mark A. Sheppard

title: Supernatural (season 14)

text: Supernatural (season 14) The fourteenth season of "Supernatural", an American dark fantasy television series created by Eric Kripke, premiered on October 11, 2018, on The CW. The season will consist of 20 episodes and airs on Thursdays at 8:00 pm (ET). This is the third season with Andrew Dabb and Robert Singer as showrunners. The thirteenth episode of the season will mark the 300th episode of the series. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Amyn Kaderali will direct the fourteenth episode of the season. On April 2, 2018, The CW renewed the series for a fourteenth season. In June, it was revealed that the fourteenth

title: Supernatural (season 8)

text: Supernatural (season 8) The eighth season of "Supernatural", an American dark fantasy television series created by Eric Kripke, premiered October 3, 2012, and concluded on May 15, 2013, airing 23 episodes. It is the first season headed by Jeremy Carver as executive producer and showrunner. It aired on Wednesdays at 9:00 pm (ET) on The CW. The season was released on DVD and Blu-ray in region 1 on September 10, 2013,<ref name="DVD/Blu"></ref> in region 2 on October 28, 2013, and in region 4 on September 25, 2014. The eighth season had an average viewership of 2.12 million U.S. viewers. In

title: Supernatural (season 11)

text: Supernatural (season 11) The eleventh season of "Supernatural", an American dark fantasy television series created by Eric Kripke, premiered on October 7, 2015, on The CW and concluded on May 25, 2016. The season consisted of 23 episodes and aired on Wednesdays at 9:00 pm (ET). This is the fourth and final season with Jeremy Carver as showrunner. The season was released on DVD and Blu-ray in region 1 on September 6, 2016. The eleventh season had an average viewership of 1.78 million U.S. viewers. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> "Supernatural" was renewed by The CW for an eleventh season on January 11, 2015.

title: Supernatural (season 9)

text: Supernatural (season 9) The ninth season of "Supernatural", an American dark fantasy television series created by Eric Kripke, premiered on October 8, 2013, concluded on May 20, 2014, and contained 23 episodes. This is the second season with Jeremy Carver as showrunner. The season was released on DVD and Blu-ray in region 1 on September 9, 2014, in region 2 on June 8, 2015, and in region 4 on October 8, 2014. The ninth season had an average viewership of 2.19 million U.S. viewers. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> On February 11, 2013, CW president Mark Pedowitz confirmed an early renewal of "Supernatural" for

title: Supernatural (season 3)

text: sold his soul to a demon and was given a year to live in exchange for Sam's resurrection—and wants to protect them from the new demonic leader Lilith. As Dean's deadline approaches, their efforts are further hindered by Bela Talbot (Lauren Cohan), a professional thief of occult items who is often at odds with the Winchesters. In the United States the season aired on Thursdays at 9:00 pm ET on The CW television network. The CW ordered 22 episodes for the season, but interference from the 2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike ultimately limited the season to 16 episodes. Some

title: Supernatural (season 6)

text: Supernatural (season 6) The sixth season of "Supernatural", an American dark fantasy television series created by Eric Kripke, premiered September 24, 2010, and concluded May 20, 2011, airing 22 episodes. This is the first season to have Sera Gamble as showrunner after the full-time departure of Kripke. The sixth season had an average viewership of 2.27 million U.S. viewers. The season begins a year after the happenings of the previous season finale with Dean Winchester (Jensen Ackles) living a happy and normal life. Mysteriously, Sam Winchester (Jared Padalecki) is freed from Lucifer's cage in Hell and teams up with Dean,

title: Supernatural (season 13)

text: The thirteenth season of Supernatural, an American fantasy horror television series created by Eric Kripke, premiered on October 12, 2017, on The CW and is set to conclude on May 17, 2018.  The season will consist of 23 episodes and air on Thursdays at 8:00 pm (ET). This is the second season with Andrew Dabb and Robert Singer as showrunners.

title: Supernatural (season 12)

text: as Crowley as the actor announced in May 2017 he would not be returning for season 13. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes currently reports a 86% approval rating for "Supernatural"'s twelfth season, with an average rating of 8/10 based on 7 reviews. Supernatural (season 12) The twelfth season of "Supernatural", an American dark fantasy television series created by Eric Kripke, premiered on October 13, 2016, on The CW and concluded on May 18, 2017. The season consisted of 23 episodes and aired on Thursdays at 9:00 pm (ET) for the first 8 episodes before moving to 8:00 pm (ET)

title: Supernatural (season 8)

text: the show to work on developing other projects. Jeremy Carver, a longtime writer on the series, took over as showrunner for the eighth season. On May 3, 2012 The CW officially renewed "Supernatural" for an eighth season. It aired on Wednesdays at 9:00 pm on the CW. Series star Jensen Ackles directed the first episode to be produced for this season but the third to air. "Trial and Error" was the thirteenth episode to be produced this season but the fourteenth to air. Ty Olsson was cast as Benny, a dark and dangerous vampire who helps Ackles' character Dean Winchester

title: Supernatural (season 9)

text: Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100% approval rating for "Supernatural"'s ninth season, with an average rating of 8.8/10 based on 8 reviews. Supernatural (season 9) The ninth season of "Supernatural", an American dark fantasy television series created by Eric Kripke, premiered on October 8, 2013, concluded on May 20, 2014, and contained 23 episodes. This is the second season with Jeremy Carver as showrunner. The season was released on DVD and Blu-ray in region 1 on September 9, 2014, in region 2 on June 8, 2015, and in region 4 on October 8, 2014. The ninth season had an average viewership

title: Supernatural (season 9)

text: its ninth season, with the season premiere debuting on Tuesday, October 8, 2013. It was later confirmed, on February 25, 2013, that Misha Collins would return as a regular cast member, after being a special guest member for the previous two seasons. It was also announced that he would direct an episode in season 9. A new character named Ennis was introduced in episode twenty of this season, which would serve as a backdoor pilot for "". On May 8, 2014 it was announced that the spin-off had not been picked up by the CW Network. The review aggregator website

title: Supernatural (season 10)

text: on February 12, 2014, after undergoing an 88% spike in viewership during its ninth season. Mark A. Sheppard, who had been recurring on the show since season 5 as Crowley, was promoted to series regular. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100% approval rating for "Supernatural"'s tenth season, with an average rating of 9/10 based on 5 reviews. Supernatural (season 10) The tenth season of "Supernatural", an American dark fantasy television series created by Eric Kripke, premiered on October 7, 2014 on The CW, and concluded on May 20, 2015, consisting of 23 episodes. The season aired Tuesdays

title: Supernatural (season 13)

text: Turner and Yadira Guevara-Prip as Kaia Nieves. The spin-off was ultimately not chosen to move forward as a series. The season also featured an animated crossover episode with "Scooby-Doo". <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> "Supernatural" was renewed for a thirteenth season by The CW on January 8, 2017. This season is the first season not to feature Mark A. Sheppard as Crowley since his introduction in the fifth season, as the actor announced in May 2017 he would not be returning after his character was killed off for the last time. Alexander Calvert, who was introduced as Jack in the twelfth season finale, was

title: Supernatural (season 2)

text: the decision to finish the main storyline were praised, the formulaic structure of the episodes was criticized. The season was internationally syndicated, airing in the United Kingdom on ITV, in Canada on Citytv and SPACE, and in Australia on Network Ten. It was released on DVD as a six-disc box set September 11, 2007, by Warner Home Video in Region 1. Although the season was split into two separate releases in Region 2, the complete set was released on October 29, 2007, and in Region 4 on October 3, 2007. The episodes are also available through digital retailers such as

title: Supernatural (season 7)

text: Supernatural (season 7) The seventh season of "Supernatural", an American dark fantasy television series created by Eric Kripke, premiered September 23, 2011, and concluded May 18, 2012, airing 23 episodes. The season focuses on protagonists Sam (Jared Padalecki) and Dean Winchester (Jensen Ackles) facing a new enemy called Leviathans, stronger than anything they have encountered so far as well as rendering their usual weapons useless. On January 12, 2012, the season won two People's Choice Awards including Best Network TV Drama. This is the second and final season of Sera Gamble as showrunner, with Jeremy Carver taking over the role

title: Supernatural (season 2)

text: was divided into two parts, being released on May 14, 2007, and September 10, 2007; the complete set was released on October 29, 2007. The season was also released in Region 4 on October 3, 2007. The second season was released on Region A Blu-ray Disc on June 14, 2011, including a new special feature–"The Devil's Road Map", an interactive guide featuring interviews about every episode. Supernatural (season 2) The second season of "Supernatural", an American dark fantasy television series created by Eric Kripke, premiered on September 28, 2006, and concluded on May 17, 2007, airing 22 episodes. The season

title: Supernatural (season 11)

text: of showrunner for the twelfth season. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes currently reports an 88% approval rating for "Supernatural"'s eleventh season, with an average rating of 7.6/10 based on 8 reviews. Supernatural (season 11) The eleventh season of "Supernatural", an American dark fantasy television series created by Eric Kripke, premiered on October 7, 2015, on The CW and concluded on May 25, 2016. The season consisted of 23 episodes and aired on Wednesdays at 9:00 pm (ET). This is the fourth and final season with Jeremy Carver as showrunner. The season was released on DVD and Blu-ray in region

title: Supernatural (U.S. TV series)

text: has been unleashed and the one-year contract Dean has before he goes to Hell. The third season consists of 16 episodes that aired on Thursdays at 9:00 pm beginning October 4, 2007, and ending May 15, 2008. Originally 22 episodes were ordered for the third season, but production was halted on December 5, 2007, upon completion of the twelfth episode by the 2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike. The season number was shortened to sixteen episodes, with four new episodes airing in April and May 2008. The season focuses on trying to save Dean from his deal and tracking down

title: Form and Void (Supernatural)

text: the premiere. We have a new Reaper, more jerk angels (seriously, will Heaven ever run out of jerk angels), and a new final resting place for the Winchester boys after they die. Again." Sean McKenna from "TV Fanatic", gave a 4.2 star rating out of 5, stating: "If anything, I'm just glad that Sam and Dean reunited by the end. Sure, there are plenty of questions I'd love to have answered, hopefully in due time, and I'm a bit hesitant when it comes to the new big bad. But the overall direction of "Supernatural" Season 11 is intriguing, and I'm

title: Supernatural (season 2)

text: use their father's journal to help them carry on the family business—saving people and hunting supernatural creatures. The season aired on Thursdays at 9:00 pm ET in the United States, and was the first season to air on The CW television network, a joint venture of The WB and UPN. The previous season was broadcast on The WB. It averaged only about 3.14 million American viewers, and was in danger of not being renewed. The cast and crew garnered many award nominations, but the episodes received mixed reviews from critics. While both the brotherly chemistry between the lead actors and

title: Supernatural (season 1)

text: the first season of "Smallville" as a "Season One Starter Pack", which was released on September 18, 2007. For Region 2, the season was split into two parts, being released on May 22, 2006, and August 21, 2006; the complete set was released on October 2, 2006. The season was also released in Region 4 on September 6, 2006, though the special features were removed. A "Special Collector's Edition" was later released on October 2, 2007, with the extras restored. The first season was released on Region A Blu-ray Disc on June 15, 2010, including new special features–"The Devil's Road

title: Supernatural (season 6)

text: who leaves his new life behind and becomes a hunter again. In the United States the season aired on Fridays at 9:00 pm (ET) on The CW television network. Special guest stars in this season included Brian Doyle-Murray and Robert Englund. The number in the first column represents the episode's number overall, whereas the number in the second column indicates the episode's number within this particular season (6). "U.S. viewers in millions" refers to how many Americans who watched the episode live or on the day of broadcast. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The show's creator Eric Kripke originally planned for the show to

title: Supernatural (U.S. TV series)

text: on Tuesdays at 9:00 pm beginning October 8, 2013, and ending May 20, 2014. In the first half of the ninth season, the angels have fallen to Earth and two angel factions are warring against each other while hunting Castiel. Rogue angels roam the Earth causing trouble. Castiel is now human and has to adjust to his new life while Crowley is held prisoner by Sam and Dean who are trying to use an old blood ritual to turn demon Crowley back into a human. Sam is left near-death from the Trials of God and Dean is forced to let

title: Out of the Darkness, Into the Fire

text: and setting up what feels like a compelling new direction with the Darkness. I know it's early, and "Supernatural" usually does premieres well, but I can't help but be excited to get back on the road with Sam and Dean." MaryAnn Sleasman of "TV.com" wrote, "I'm so happy, you guys. Hellatus was long and cold and sad. It was fraught with worry and doubt—what if Supernatural returned and it was terrible? Don't lie, you know it to be true. The utter disappointment that was 'Exile on Main Street' still stings when I think about it. The Js and the writers

title: Supernatural (U.S. TV series)

text: to four weeks after the initial airings. Beginning January 11, 2007, Australia's Network Ten also began offering full episodes for download via their website, through a deal with Warner Bros. Television. To combat piracy, Ten debuted the second-season premiere five days before its initial broadcast in the country, making "Supernatural" the first major network show available for free download in Australia before being aired. Subsequent episodes became available online just hours after being televised. Around the same time, episodes were also made available for download on Microsoft's Xbox Live Marketplace. In September 2008, Amazon.com launched its new on-demand TV service,

title: Supernatural (season 1)

text: on September 5, 2006, three weeks before the premiere of the second season. The cover art incorporated a stylized shot of the Winchester brothers in front of their car. Including all 22 episodes of the first season, the set also featured DVD extras such as episode commentaries, deleted scenes, bloopers, featurettes, and a DVD-ROM sneak-peek at the second season. The season was ranked No. 14 in DVD sales for its week of release, and slipped to No. 28 the following week, with cumulative sales during those two weeks coming to 150,376 sets for $5,264,942. The set was later packaged with

title: Supernatural (U.S. TV series)

text: ending May 20, 2011. Beginning with this season, Kripke did not return as showrunner, but still remained as a hands-on executive producer, leaving executive producer Sera Gamble to take over the reins. The sixth season begins a year after the conclusion of the fifth season, with Dean living a somewhat happy life with Lisa and Ben. When an emotionless Sam returns to Dean, he is forced to leave his new life behind and work with his resurrected grandfather Samuel to capture Alpha monsters for Crowley. The brothers are unable to get much help from Castiel since his time is occupied

title: Supernatural (season 13)


question: why was the plague that struck athens so devastating

answers: close quarters and poor hygiene

title: Plague of Athens

text: ground for disease and many citizens died including Pericles, his wife, and his sons Paralus and Xanthippus. In the history of epidemics the 'Plague' of Athens is remarkable for its one-sided affliction and bias on the ultimate outcome of a war. In his "History of the Peloponnesian War" the historian Thucydides, who was present and contracted the disease himself and survived, describes the epidemic. He writes of a disease coming from Ethiopia and passing through Egypt and Libya into the Greek world—a plague so severe and deadly that no one could recall anywhere its like, and physicians ignorant of its

title: Plague of Athens

text: Plague of Athens The Plague of Athens () was an epidemic that devastated the city-state of Athens in ancient Greece during the second year of the Peloponnesian War (430 BC) when an Athenian victory still seemed within reach. It is believed to have entered Athens through Piraeus, the city's port and sole source of food and supplies. Much of the eastern Mediterranean also saw outbreak of the disease, albeit with less impact. The plague returned twice more, in 429 BC and in the winter of 427/426 BC. Some 30 pathogens have been suggested as causing the plague. Sparta and its

title: Plague of Athens

text: identification is limited by the inability of some important pathogens to leave a "footprint" retrievable from archaeological remains after several millennia. The lack of a durable signature by RNA viruses means some etiologies, notably the hemorrhagic fever viruses, are not testable hypotheses using currently available scientific techniques. Plague of Athens The Plague of Athens () was an epidemic that devastated the city-state of Athens in ancient Greece during the second year of the Peloponnesian War (430 BC) when an Athenian victory still seemed within reach. It is believed to have entered Athens through Piraeus, the city's port and sole source

title: Plague of Athens

text: two. These [factors] point to a mass burial in a state of panic, quite possibly due to a plague." The plague also caused religious uncertainty and doubt. Since the disease struck without regard to a person's piety toward the gods, people felt abandoned by the gods and there seemed to be no benefit to worshiping them. The temples themselves were sites of great misery, as refugees from the Athenian countryside had been forced to find accommodation in the temples. Soon the sacred buildings were filled with the dead and dying. The Athenians pointed to the plague as evidence that the

title: Peloponnesian War

text: trained Spartan hoplites, relying instead on the fleet. The Athenian fleet, the most dominant in Greece, went on the offensive, winning a victory at Naupactus. In 430 BC an outbreak of a plague hit Athens. The plague ravaged the densely packed city, and in the long run, was a significant cause of its final defeat. The plague wiped out over 30,000 citizens, sailors and soldiers, including Pericles and his sons. Roughly one-third to two-thirds of the Athenian population died. Athenian manpower was correspondingly drastically reduced and even foreign mercenaries refused to hire themselves out to a city riddled with plague.

title: Plague of Athens

text: between DNA extracted from dental pulp of three teeth recovered from the Kerameikos cemetery (excavated 1994–95) in Athens and a known pathogen: typhoid fever. In January 1999, the University of Maryland devoted their fifth annual medical conference, dedicated to notorious case histories, to the Plague of Athens. They concluded that the disease that killed the Greeks and their military and political leader, Pericles, was typhus. "Epidemic typhus fever is the best explanation," said Dr. David Durack, consulting professor of medicine at Duke University. "It hits hardest in times of war and privation, it has about 20 percent mortality, it kills

title: Plague of Athens

text: nature not only were helpless but themselves died the fastest, having had the most contact with the sick. In overcrowded Athens, the disease killed an estimated 25% of the population. The sight of the burning funeral pyres of Athens caused the Spartans to withdraw their troops being unwilling to risk contact with the diseased enemy. Many of Athens' infantry and expert seamen died, as well as their general Pericles. After the death of Pericles, Athens was led by a succession of leaders Thucydides described as incompetent or weak. According to Thucydides, not until 415 BC had Athens recovered sufficiently to

title: Plague of Athens

text: gods favored Sparta, and this was supported by an oracle that Apollo himself (the god of disease and medicine) would fight for Sparta if they fought with all their might. An earlier oracle had warned that "War with the Dorians [Spartans] comes and at the same time death"." Thucydides is skeptical of these conclusions and believes that people were simply being superstitious. He relies upon the prevailing medical theory of the day, Hippocratic theory, and strives to gather evidence through direct observation. He notes that carrion-eating birds and animals disappeared as a result, though he leaves it an open question

title: Plague of Athens

text: whether they died after eating the corpses or refused to eat them and were driven away: Historians have long tried to identify the disease behind the Plague of Athens. The disease has traditionally been considered an outbreak of the bubonic plague in its many forms, but reconsiderations of the reported symptoms and epidemiology have led scholars to advance alternative explanations. These include typhus, smallpox, measles, and toxic shock syndrome. Based upon striking descriptive similarities with recent outbreaks in Africa, as well as the fact that the Athenian plague itself apparently came from Africa (as Thucydides recorded), Ebola or a related

title: Plague of Athens

title: Plague of Athens

text: mount a major offensive, the disastrous Sicilian Expedition. Accounts of the Athenian plague graphically describe the social consequences of an epidemic. Thucydides' account clearly details the complete disappearance of social morals during the time of the plague. The impact of disease on social and religious behavior was also documented during the worldwide pandemic best known as the Black Death. Thucydides states that people ceased fearing the law since they felt they were already living under a death sentence. Likewise, people started spending money indiscriminately. Many felt they would not live long enough to enjoy the fruits of wise investment, while

title: Typhoid fever

text: such access to basic public health needs is not in the near future. In 430 BC, a plague, which some believe to have been typhoid fever, killed one-third of the population of Athens, including their leader Pericles. Following this disaster, the balance of power shifted from Athens to Sparta, ending the Golden Age of Pericles that had marked Athenian dominance in the Greek ancient world. The ancient historian Thucydides also contracted the disease, but he survived to write about the plague. His writings are the primary source on this outbreak, and modern academics and medical scientists consider typhoid fever the

title: Plague of Athens

text: viral hemorrhagic fever has been considered. Given the possibility that profiles of a known disease may have morphed over time or the plague was caused by a disease that no longer exists, the exact nature of the Athenian plague may never be known. In addition, crowding caused by the influx of refugees into the city led to inadequate food and water supplies and a probable proportionate increase in insects, lice, rats, and waste. These conditions would have encouraged more than one epidemic disease during the outbreak. However, advancing scientific technologies may reveal new clues. In 2005 a correlation was made

title: Epidemiology of plague

text: outbreak in Philistia, and the Septuagint version says it was caused by a "ravaging of mice". In the second year of the Peloponnesian War (430 BC), Thucydides described an epidemic disease which was said to have begun in Ethiopia, passed through Egypt and Libya, then come to the Greek world. In the Plague of Athens, the city lost possibly one third of its population, including Pericles. Modern historians disagree on whether the plague was a critical factor in the loss of the war. Although this epidemic has long been considered an outbreak of plague, many modern scholars believe that typhus,

title: Epidemic typhus

text: was a devastating disease for humans and was responsible for hundreds of thousands of deaths during WWII. During the second year of the Peloponnesian War (430 BC), the city-state of Athens in ancient Greece was hit by a devastating epidemic, known as the Plague of Athens, which killed, among others, Pericles and his two elder sons. The plague returned twice more, in 429 BC and in the winter of 427/6 BC. Epidemic typhus is a strong candidate for the cause of this disease outbreak, supported by both medical and scholarly opinions. Typhus also arrived in Europe with soldiers who had

title: Plague of Athens

text: (Άγγελος Βλάχος), a member of the Academy of Athens and a diplomat, in his "Remarks on Thucydides" (in Greek: Παρατηρήσεις στο Θουκυδίδη, [1992] I: 177–-78) acknowledges and supports Gomme's opinion: "Today, according to Gomme, it is generally acceptable that it was typhus" ("Σήμερα, όπως γράφει ο Gomme, έχει γίνει από όλους παραδεκτό ότι ήταν τύφος"). The theory has also found support recent in a study of the plague by Greek epidemiologists. Other researchers disagree, noting prominently among other discrepancies, the absence in typhus of the dramatic gastrointestinal symptoms described by Thucydides. A different answer was found in a DNA study

title: Plague of Athens

text: which were fabricated in the same decade. Never again in antiquity was ivory used on such a large scale. A second ancient narrative suggesting hemorrhagic fever etiology is that of Titus Lucretius Carus. Writing in the 1st century B.C., Lucretius characterized the Athenian plague as having "bloody" or black discharges from bodily orifices. Lucretius cited and was an admirer of scientific predecessors in Greek Sicily Empedocles and Acron. While none of the original works of Acron, a physician, are extant, it is reported that he died ca. 430 B.C. after travel to Athens to combat the plague. Unfortunately DNA sequence-based

title: Plague of Athens

text: 565-day infectious potential recently demonstrated in a semen-transmitted infection, movement of Ebola via Nile commerce into the busy port of Piraeus is plausible. Ancient Greek intimacy with African sources is reflected in accurate renditions of monkeys in art of frescoes and pottery, most notably guenons ("Cercopithecus"), the type of primates responsible for transmitting Marburg virus into Germany and Yugoslavia when that disease was first characterized in 1967. Circumstantially tantalizing is the requirement for the large quantity of ivory used in the Athenian sculptor Phidias’ two monumental ivory and gold statues of Athena and of Zeus (one of the Seven Wonders),

title: Thucydides

text: he died while writing the book, although other explanations have been put forward. Inferences about Thucydides's character can only be drawn (with due caution) from his book. His sardonic sense of humour is evident throughout, as when, during his description of the Athenian plague, he remarks that old Athenians seemed to remember a rhyme which said that with the Dorian War would come a "great death". Some claimed that the rhyme originally mentioned a [death by] "famine" or "starvation" (, '), and was only remembered later as [death by] "pestilence" (, ') due to the current plague. Thucydides then remarks

title: Plague of Athens

text: mass graves. Sometimes those carrying the dead would come across an already burning funeral pyre, dump a new body on it, and walk away. Others appropriated prepared pyres so as to have enough fuel to cremate their own dead. Those lucky enough to survive the plague developed an immunity and so became the main caretakers of those who later fell ill. A mass grave and nearly 1,000 tombs, dated between 430 and 426 BC, have been found just outside Athens' ancient Kerameikos cemetery. The mass grave was bordered by a low wall that seems to have protected the cemetery from

title: Plague of Athens

text: the victim after about seven days, and it sometimes causes a striking complication: gangrene of the tips of the fingers and toes. The Plague of Athens had all these features." In typhus cases, progressive dehydration, debilitation and cardiovascular collapse ultimately cause the patient's death. This medical opinion is supported by the opinion of A. W. Gomme, who wrote a comprehensive annotated edition of Thucydides and who also believed typhus was the cause of the epidemic. This opinion is expressed in his monumental work "Historic Comments on Thucydides", completed after Gomme's death by A. Andrewes and K. J. Dover. Angelos Vlachos

title: Hadji Ali Haseki

text: imprison the population in their own city. Benizelos also records that in April 1778, the plague broke out in Athens. Although only a few adults died, about 600 children fell victims to it. Haseki returned as voivode in 1779, and exiled many of his Turkish opponents. The situation became so bad that large numbers of Athenians went to Constantinople, including a number of peasants who reportedly took their ploughshares with them and dramatically threw them down in a row before the Grand Vizier, asking the Sultan to give them another place in which to live, for Athens was unbearable. Haseki

title: Plague of Athens

text: some of the poor unexpectedly became wealthy by inheriting the property of their relatives. It is also recorded that people refused to behave honorably because most did not expect to live long enough to enjoy a good reputation for it. Another reason for the lack of honorable behavior was the sheer contagiousness of the illness. Those who tended to the ill were most vulnerable to catching the disease. This meant that many people died alone because no one was willing to risk caring for them. The dead were heaped on top of each other, left to rot, or shoved into

title: De rerum natura

text: explanation of some of the most striking natural appearances, especially thunder, lightning, hail, rain, snow, ice, cold, heat, wind, earthquakes, volcanoes, springs and localities noxious to animal life, which leads to a discourse upon diseases. This introduces a detailed description of the great pestilence that devastated Athens during the Peloponnesian War. With this episode, the book closes; this abrupt ending suggests that Lucretius might have died before he was able to finalize and fully edit his poem. Lucretius wrote this epic poem to "Memmius", who may be Gaius Memmius, who in 58 BC was a praetor, a judicial official deciding

title: Kerameikos

text: the besieged city in 430 BC. The epidemic lasted for two years and killed an estimated one third of the population. He wrote that bodies were abandoned in temples and streets, to be subsequently collected and hastily buried. The disease reappeared in the winter of 427 BC. Latest findings in the Kerameikos include the excavation of a 2.1 m tall Kouros, unearthed by the German Archaeological Institute at Athens under the direction of Professor Wolf-Dietrich Niemeier. This Kouros is the larger twin of the one now kept in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, and both were made

title: Pericles

text: the Peloponnese, this time taking 100 Athenian ships with him. According to Plutarch, just before the sailing of the ships an eclipse of the sun frightened the crews, but Pericles used the astronomical knowledge he had acquired from Anaxagoras to calm them. In the summer of the same year an epidemic broke out and devastated the Athenians. The exact identity of the disease is uncertain, typhus or typhoid fever are suspected, but this has been the source of much debate. In any case, the city's plight, caused by the epidemic, triggered a new wave of public uproar, and Pericles was

title: Plague of Athens

text: it is an unlikely cause of a plague emerging in the less urbanized Africa, as reported by Thucydides. Some researchers have disputed the findings from the dental pulp study, citing what they claim are serious methodologic flaws. It is true that contamination-induced false-positives are one of the major problems with the technique used, PCR (polymerase chain reaction), and the Kerameikos burial area is known to have been heavily trafficked in antiquity by hogs, carriers of "Salmonella" species that may have been confused with the "Salmonella" typhi that causes typhoid. However, the authors of the original study assert that the basis

title: Plague of Athens

text: of the objections is flimsy, and the methodology used to produce the disproof has been previously shown to give conflicting results. Thucydides' narrative pointedly refers to increased risk among caregivers, more typical of the person-to-person contact spread of viral hemorrhagic fever (e.g., Ebola virus disease or Marburg virus) than typhus or typhoid. Unusual in the history of plagues during military operations, besieging Spartan troops are described as not having been afflicted by the illness raging near them within the city. Thucydides' description further invites comparison with VHF in the character and sequence of symptoms developed, and of the usual fatal

title: Peloponnesian War

text: The fear of plague was so widespread that the Spartan invasion of Attica was abandoned, their troops being unwilling to risk contact with the diseased enemy. After the death of Pericles, the Athenians turned somewhat against his conservative, defensive strategy and to the more aggressive strategy of bringing the war to Sparta and its allies. Rising to particular importance in Athenian democracy at this time was Cleon, a leader of the hawkish elements of the Athenian democracy. Led militarily by a clever new general Demosthenes (not to be confused with the later Athenian orator Demosthenes), the Athenians managed some successes

title: Kerameikos

text: dug up a stele in April 1863. Archaeological excavations in the Kerameikos began in 1870 under the auspices of the Greek Archaeological Society. They have continued from 1913 to the present day under the German Archaeological Institute at Athens. During the construction of Kerameikos station for the expanded Athens Metro, a plague pit and approximately 1,000 tombs from the 4th and 5th centuries BC were discovered. The Greek archaeologist Efi Baziotopoulou-Valavani, who excavated the site, has dated the grave to between 430 and 426 BC. Thucydides described the panic caused by the plague, possibly an epidemic of typhoid which struck

title: Plague of Athens

long_answer: Sparta and its allies, with the exception of Corinth, were almost exclusively land based powers, able to summon large land armies that were very nearly unbeatable. Under the direction of Pericles, the Athenians pursued a policy of retreat within the city walls of Athens, relying on Athenian maritime supremacy for supply while the superior Athenian navy harassed Spartan troop movements. Unfortunately the strategy also resulted in adding many people from the countryside to an already well-populated city, introducing a severe crowding factor as well as resource shortages. Due to the close quarters and poor hygiene exhibited at that time Athens became a breeding ground for disease and many citizens died including Pericles, his wife, and his sons Paralus and Xanthippus. In the history of epidemics the 'Plague' of Athens is remarkable for its one-sided affliction and bias on the ultimate outcome of a war.