question: what is a whistle blower suit under the false claims act

answers: qui tam

title: Qui tam

text: tam" provisions have helped recover more than $48 billion in taxpayer money. The act of filing such actions is informally called "whistleblowing." Persons filing under the Act stand to receive a portion (usually about 15-25 percent) of any recovered damages. The Act provides a legal tool to counteract fraudulent billings turned in to the federal government. Claims under the law have been filed by persons with insider knowledge of false claims which have typically involved health care, military, or other government spending programs. The False Claims Act allows a private person, known as a "relator," to bring a lawsuit on

title: Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2011

text: fraud at Satyam). The Directorate of Income Tax Intelligence and Criminal Investigation is one of the only agencies empowered for whistle blower protection. The bill aims to balance the need to protect honest officials from harassment with protecting persons making a public-interest disclosure. It outlines sanctions for false complaints. However, it does not provide a penalty for attacking a complainant. The Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) was designated in 2004 to receive public-interest disclosures through government resolution; there have been a few hundred complaints every year. The provisions of the bill are similar to that of the resolution. Therefore, it is

title: Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2011

text: Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2011 Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2014 is an Act in the Parliament of India which provides a mechanism to investigate alleged corruption and misuse of power by public servants and also protect anyone who exposes alleged wrongdoing in government bodies, projects and offices. The wrongdoing might take the form of fraud, corruption or mismanagement. The Act will also ensure punishment for false or frivolous complaints. The Act was approved by the Cabinet of India as part of a drive to eliminate corruption in the country's bureaucracy and passed by the Lok Sabha on 27 December 2011.

text: to whistleblower protections, as required by the Prohibited Personnel Practices Act (5 USC § 2302). The law forbids retaliation for whistleblowing. (See: U.S. Labor Law and Policy above.) The False Claims Act (a.k.a.: the Lincoln Law) states details describing the process of an employee who files a complaint that turns out not to be valid. Congress enacted the law to provide a legal framework to deal with military contractors engaged in defrauding the federal government. This fraud occurred through either the overcharging of products or providing defective war material, including food and weapons. The original issue that spurred congressional action

title: False Claims Act

text: both appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court. The Court denied "certiorari" for both cases, however, declining to resolve the divergent appeals court decisions. In 2009, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), Government Accountability Project (GAP) and OMB Watch filed suit against the Department of Justice challenging the constitutionality of the "seal provisions" of the FCA that require the whistleblower and the court to keep lawsuits confidential for at least 60 days. The plaintiffs argued that the requirements infringe the First Amendment rights of the public and the whistleblower, and that they violate the division of powers, since courts are not

title: Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2011

text: to create more awareness about corruption in India. To encourage the fight against corruption, CVC has provided on their website, a "Lodge Complaints Online" portal. The earlier publicized portal Blow your whistle is no longer functional. Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2011 Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2014 is an Act in the Parliament of India which provides a mechanism to investigate alleged corruption and misuse of power by public servants and also protect anyone who exposes alleged wrongdoing in government bodies, projects and offices. The wrongdoing might take the form of fraud, corruption or mismanagement. The Act will also ensure punishment

title: Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2011

text: The Bill was passed by Rajya Sabha on 21 February 2014 and received the President's assent on 9 May 2014. An Act to establish a mechanism to receive complaints relating to disclosure on any allegation of corruption or willful misuse of power or willful misuse of discretion against any public servant and to inquire or cause an inquiry into such disclosure and to provide adequate safeguards against victimization of the person making such complaint and for matters connected therewith and incidental thereto. There have been multiple instances of threatening, harassment and even murder of various whistleblowers. An engineer, Satyendra Dubey,

text: was the sale of defective cannons. These cannons were known to blow up and cause casualties among Union troops. This law specifies that the employee filing the complaint can only be held accountable for a false claim if they knew that their claim was invalid to begin with when they decided to file it. If it is found that the person knew what they were claiming was not true, then they are liable for no less than double of the damages. The law provides for civil, but not criminal, penalties and provided a financial incentive for whistleblowers. The incentive equals

title: Corruption in India

text: the institution of Lokpal to inquire into allegations of corruption against certain public functionaries in India. Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2011, which provides a mechanism to investigate alleged corruption and misuse of power by public servants and also protect anyone who exposes alleged wrongdoing in government bodies, projects and offices, has received the assent of the President of India on 9 May 2014, and (as of 2 August) is pending for notification by the Central Government. At present there are no legal provisions to check graft in the private sector in India. Government has proposed amendments in existing acts and

title: False Claims Act

title: Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2011

text: If enacted, the law to protect whistleblowers will assist in detecting corruption, ensuring better information flow and paving the way for successful prosecution of corrupt individuals through clear and protected processes. However, the public in India have a low level of confidence in fighting corruption because they fear retaliation and intimidation against those who file complaints. Another worry pertains to the delay in disposing of these cases. Without public debate on the provisions of this proposed law, it is clear that people cannot measure its effectiveness when the draft bill comes into force as law. The Central Vigilance Commission plans

title: Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2011

text: and regulatory authorities be brought under the whistleblowers' protection bill to check corruption and the willful misuse of power. The bill was passed by the Lok Sabha on 27 December 2011 The Bill was pass by the Rajya Sabha on 21 February 2014. The Bill received the President's assent on 9 May 2014. According to Indian law reports, the bill has faced considerable criticism because its jurisdiction is restricted to the government sector and encompasses only those who are working for the Government of India or its agencies; it does not cover the state-government employees. However, the draft bill aimed

title: Project On Government Oversight

text: Congress and the agencies involved. In 1998, POGO, the Department of Justice, and other plaintiffs filed a lawsuit under the False Claims Act, suing the largest oil and gas companies operating in the United States. The lawsuit alleged that the companies had defrauded the government by underpaying royalties owed for drilling on federal lands. By 2002, 15 companies had settled, paying a total of almost $440 million. POGO was awarded about $1.2 million from the settlements in 1998. That year, POGO shared its settlement with two federal employee whistleblowers, saying the payment was a "Public Service Award" to the whistleblowers.

title: Whistleblower

text: specifically to protect whistleblowers was the 1863 United States False Claims Act (revised in 1986), which tried to combat fraud by suppliers of the United States government during the American Civil War. The Act encourages whistleblowers by promising them a percentage of the money recovered by the government and by protecting them from employment retaliation. Another US law that specifically protects whistleblowers is the Lloyd–La Follette Act of 1912. It guaranteed the right of federal employees to furnish information to the United States Congress. The first US environmental law to include an employee protection was the Clean Water Act of

title: Education Management Corporation

text: initiated a federal lawsuit in 2011 on behalf of eleven states and the District of Columbia. The civil lawsuit was filed under the False Claims Act, which allows whistleblowers to file lawsuits when they believe the federal government has been defrauded. The lawsuit seeks to recoup $11 billion, the amount of federal money EDMC institutions received in the form of federal student aid between 2003 and 2011. The Department of Justice argued that EDMC violated federal rules banning incentive-based compensation and therefore acquired the federal funds illegally. In response to the charges, EDMC stated that the compensation plan in question

title: United Nations Ethics Office - Whistle Blower Protection

text: In October 2013, Florin Postica and Ai Loan Nguyen-Kropp won a public hearing with a UN Judge ruling that ""Two whistle-blowers exposed evidence-tampering by a top official within the UN office who is supposed to investigate corruption in the world body's operations and suffered retaliation for it."" In November 2014, Peter A. Gallo filed a lawsuit in the Manhattan Supreme Court against his supervisor that he was allegedly defamed, falsely accused of crimes and subjected to discipline, all in retaliation for charging his boss with misconduct. The Director of the Ethics Office, Elia Yi Armstrong, was appointed in August 2015

title: Whistleblower Office

text: lawsuits. While the Whistleblower Office has the power to assign investigation to other offices within the IRS, it mainly works jointly with other branches within the IRS to investigate claims. The changes to the program through the 2006 amendments were meant to encourage insiders to "blow the whistle on people who are not paying their taxes," in order to close the tax gap and assist the IRS in collecting additional tax revenue. As part of the amendments, Congress created an office within the IRS to handle claims under the IRS Whistleblower program. Part of that act requires the Secretary of

title: Political corruption

text: (OAS or OEA), the African Union, and in 2003, at the universal level under that of the United Nations Convention against Corruption. A whistleblower (also written as whistle-blower or whistle blower) is a person who exposes any kind of information or activity that is deemed illegal, unethical, or not correct within an organization that is either private or public. The information of alleged wrongdoing can be classified in many ways: violation of company policy/rules, law, regulation, or threat to public interest/national security, as well as fraud, and corruption. Those who become whistleblowers can choose to bring information or allegations to

title: Whistleblower Protection Act

text: 98%, respectively. The most common characteristics for a court claim that are encompassed within the protection of the Act include: that the plaintiff is an employee or person covered under the specific statutory or common law relied upon for action, that the defendant is an employer or person covered under the specific statutory or common law relied upon for the action, that the plaintiff engaged in protected whistleblower activity, that the defendant knew or had knowledge that the plaintiff engaged in such activity, that there was retaliatory action taken against the one doing the whistleblowing and that the unfair treatment

title: Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2011

text: CVC as the nodal agency. In March 2011, the Supreme Court refused to frame guidelines for protection of whistle blowers in the country, saying that it cannot make law. However, the court allowed the petitioners to approach the high court for protection of whistleblowers in a specific case. In August 2013, a bench of Justices K S Radhakrishnan and Arjan Kumar Sikri ruled that identity of whistleblower can never be revealed to the accused facing prosecution under Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988. In June 2011, a parliamentary panel recommended that ministers, the higher judiciary, security organisations, defence and intelligence forces

title: Franklin v. Parke-Davis

text: the District of Massachusetts in Boston under the False Claims Act, a federal statute which permits private citizen-whistleblowers (also known as "relators") to sue on behalf of the federal government for fraud involving federal money. Franklin's suit proposed a novel theory, that Warner-Lambert had perpetrated a fraud against the federal government by causing doctors and patients to submit claims for reimbursement to Medicaid that Medicaid should not pay for, since by law, Medicaid only pays for treatments that are either approved by the FDA, or are otherwise "medically accepted" (as evidenced, for instance, by being included in an approved list

title: Whistleblower Protection Act

text: Whistleblower Protection Act The Whistleblower Protection Act of 1989, 5 U.S.C. 2302(b)(8)-(9), Pub.L. 101-12 as amended, is a United States federal law that protects federal whistleblowers who work for the government and report the possible existence of an activity constituting a violation of law, rules, or regulations, or mismanagement, gross waste of funds, abuse of authority or a substantial and specific danger to public health and safety. A federal agency violates the Whistleblower Protection Act if agency authorities take (or threaten to take) retaliatory personnel action against any employee or applicant because of disclosure of information by that employee or

title: False Claims Act

text: Federal government (tax fraud is excepted). The Act prohibits: Certain claims are not actionable, including: There are unique procedural requirements in False Claims Act cases. For example: In addition, the FCA contains an anti-retaliation provision, which allows a relator to recover, in addition to his award for reporting fraud, double damages plus attorney fees for any acts of retaliation for reporting fraud against the Government. This provision specifically provides relators with a personal claim of double damages for harm suffered and reinstatement. Under the False Claims Act, the Department of Justice is authorized to pay rewards to those who report

title: Tax evasion in the United States

text: of any recovery by the IRS which comes to at least $2 million including all penalties, interests and any other monies collected from the government. The whistle blower program seeks information based on evidence and analysis which can provide a solid basis for further investigation rather than speculation and hearsay. The program is designed to provide incentive to ordinary citizens to inform on tax cheats. The program provides far greater incentives for whistle blowers than previous programs because under prior programs the government was not required to compensate whistleblowers. Under this program, a taxpayer may file a lawsuit in court

title: Whistleblower

text: in any way in an investigation, proceeding, or lawsuit arising under said action. Federal whistleblower legislation includes a statute protecting all government employees. In the federal civil service, the government is prohibited from taking, or threatening to take, any personnel action against an employee because the employee disclosed information that he or she reasonably believed showed a violation of law, gross mismanagement, and gross waste of funds, abuse of authority, or a substantial and specific danger to public safety or health. To prevail on a claim, a federal employee must show that a protected disclosure was made, that the accused

title: Huffman v. Office of Personnel Management

text: underlying the Whistleblower Protection Act: to encourage employees to come forward when they uncover serious wrongdoing during the course of their employment." The Office of Special Counsel noted that under the court's ruling employees are not protected when they make disclosures during the course of performing their duties, "an auditor at the Department of Defense, for example, who uncovers massive fraud and waste of funds, would not be protected against retaliation when he reports the fraud as part of his job duties up the chain of command. Similarly, a meat inspector with the Department of Agriculture would not be protected

title: Whistleblower

text: Whistleblower A whistleblower (also written as whistle-blower or whistle blower) is a person who exposes any kind of information or activity that is deemed illegal, unethical, or not correct within an organization that is either private or public. The information of alleged wrongdoing can be classified in many ways: violation of company policy/rules, law, regulation, or threat to public interest/national security, as well as fraud, and corruption. Those who become whistleblowers can choose to bring information or allegations to surface either internally or externally. Internally, a whistleblower can bring his/her accusations to the attention of other people within the accused

title: Whistleblower

text: in accordance with The Act. As of June 2014, a total of 9 reports have been tabled in Parliament. The Act also established the Public Servants Disclosure Protection Tribunal (PSDPT) to protect public servants by hearing reprisal complaints referred by the Public Sector Integrity Commissioner. The Tribunal can grant remedies in favour of complainants and order disciplinary action against persons who take reprisals. PSIC's current Commissioner is Mr. Mario Dion. Previously, he has served in various senior roles in the public service, including as Associate Deputy Minister of Justice, Executive Director and Deputy Head of the Office of Indian Residential

text: Whistleblower protection in the United States A whistleblower is a person who exposes any kind of information or activity that is deemed illegal, unethical, or not correct within an organization that is either private or public. The Whistleblower Protection Act was made into federal law in the United States in 1989. Whistleblower protection laws and regulations guarantee freedom of speech for workers and contractors in certain situations. Whistleblowers are protected from retaliation for disclosure of information which the employee or applicant reasonably believes evidences a violation of any law, rule, or regulation, or gross mismanagement, a gross waste of funds,

title: False Claims Act

text: which the allegations are based" refers to the relator's allegations and not the publicly disclosed allegations; the terms "allegations" is not limited to the allegations in the original complaint, but includes, at a minimum, the allegations in the original complaint as amended; (3) relator's knowledge with respect to the pondcrete fell short of the direct and independent knowledge of the information on which the allegations are based required for him to qualify as an original source; and (4) the government's intervention did not provide an independent basis of jurisdiction with respect to the relator. In a 2008 case, "Allison Engine

title: False Claims Act

long_answer: The False Claims Act, also called the "Lincoln Law") is an American federal law that imposes liability on persons and companies (typically federal contractors) who defraud governmental programs. It is the federal Government's primary litigation tool in combating fraud against the Government. The law includes a qui tam provision that allows people who are not affiliated with the government, called "relators" under the law, to file actions on behalf of the government (informally called "whistleblowing" especially when the relator is employed by the organization accused in the suit). Persons filing under the Act stand to receive a portion (usually about 15–25 percent) of any recovered damages. As of 2012, over 70 percent of all federal Government FCA actions were initiated by whistleblowers. Claims under the law have typically involved health care, military, or other government spending programs, and dominate the list of largest pharmaceutical settlements. The government recovered $38.9 billion under the False Claims Act between 1987 and 2013 and of this amount, $27.2 billion or 70% was from qui tam cases brought by relators.


question: who won the first medal in olympics for india

answers: Norman Pritchard

title: India at the 2008 Summer Olympics

text: India, at the 1900 Paris Olympics and one silver medal won by the 2008 flagbearer Rajyavardhan Rathore at the 2004 Athens Olympics. Sushil Kumar won the second ever wrestling medal for India, the first being the bronze earned by Khashaba Dadasaheb Jadhav in the 1952 Helsinki Olympics. Vijender Singh won a bronze medal in the middleweight boxing category, having lost in the semifinals. This was India's first-ever Olympic medal in boxing. The 2008 Beijing Olympics saw the best ever performance by an Indian contingent, in terms of the number of medals. They won three medals in all (one gold and

title: Indian women at the Olympics

text: a medal in Badminton at the Olympics, by winning the Bronze medal at the London Olympics 2012 on 4 August 2012. Geeta Phogat became the first ever Indian woman to qualify for the women's 55kg wrestling in the London Olympics 2012. Women's wrestling was announced in 2004. P.V. Sindhu became the first ever Indian woman to win the Silver medal at the Olympics, by reaching the Badminton final at Rio Olympics 2016. However, she lost to Carolina Marín of Spain in the final on 19 August 2016. She became the youngest Indian woman to win an Olympic medal. Indian women

title: Indian women at the Olympics

text: Indian women at the Olympics Several Indian women have participated in the Olympics in the past. Currently the total is 5. Five women from India have won an Olympic medal and their names are as follows:- Karnam Malleswari, Mary Kom, Saina Newhwal, P.V. Sindhu & Sakshi Malik. Sakshi is a Freestyle Wrestler and she won the nation a Bronze in the Rio 2016 summer Olympics. Information for the rest can be found below. The first Indian woman to ever win an Olympic medal was Karnam Malleswari who won a bronze medal at the Sydney Olympics in the Women's 69 kg

title: Athletics in India

text: till now no Indian athlete won any medal at the Olympics. At 2016 Summer Olympics Lalita Babar becomes the first Indian athlete since 1984 to reach Olympics finale in the event of Women's 3000 metres steeplechase, before her, P.T. Usha reach the finale of Women's 400 metres hurdles at 1984 Summer Olympics. P.T. Usha won multiple gold medals in different editions of Asian Games and Asian Athletics Championships. Lavy Pinto was the first Indian to win a gold medal in the Asian Games which he won in the first Asian Games held at New Delhi in 1951 in 100 and

title: India at the 2016 Summer Olympics

text: qualified one artistic gymnast into the Olympic competition for the first time since 1964. Dipa Karmakar became the first Indian female ever to book an Olympic spot in the apparatus (vault, balance beam, uneven bars and floor exercise) events and all-around event at the Olympic Test Event in Rio de Janeiro. India has qualified one judoka for men's middleweight category (90 kg) for the olympic. Avtar Singh earned a continental quota from the Asian region, as the highest-ranked Indian judoka outside of direct qualifying position in the IJF World Ranking List of 30 May 2016. India has qualified one boat

title: India at the 2012 Summer Olympics

text: Olympics). Two medals each were awarded to the athletes in shooting and wrestling. India also set a historical milestone for the female athletes who won two Olympic medals. Badminton player and world junior champion Saina Nehwal became the first Indian athlete to win an Olympic bronze medal in the women's singles. Boxer Mary Kom, on the other hand, lost to Great Britain's Nicola Adams in the semi-final match, but settled for the bronze in the first ever women's flyweight event. Six Indian archers qualified for the London Olympics – 3 in women's recurve and 3 in men's recurve. Fourteen Indian

title: Shooting sports in India

text: in the 2012 Olympics was when Gagan Narang won the bronze in the 10m Air Rifle event. This was the same event in which Abhinav Bindra won India's first individual gold medal in the 2008 Summer Olympics Beijing. The second medal came from the unheralded army man Vijay Kumar when he won the silver in the 25m rapid fire pistol event after finishing 4th in the qualification rounds. He had to fend off some tough competition from the third placed Chinese Ding Feng. A notable performance was made by Joydeep Karmakar who finished 4th in the 50m rifle prone event.

title: Indian women at the Olympics

text: category in Weightlifting. In the London Olympics, women's boxing was featured as a sport for the first time. India was represented by five-time world champion Mary Kom who was the only Indian to qualify for the event. However, she lost to Nicola Adams of the UK in the semi-final. She stood third in the competition and earned herself an Olympic Bronze medal. Sakshi Malik became the first Indian woman to win a medal in Wrestling. She won the Bronze medal in Women's 58 kg freestyle wrestling in 2016 Summer Olympics held in Rio.Saina Nehwal was the first Indian to win

title: India at the Olympics

text: over 50 sportspersons representing several sport, each selected by its sports federation, to the Summer Olympics. The delegation was headed by a chef-de-mission. Thus, India's Summer Olympic delegation in the early Olympic Games was as follows: At the 2008 Beijing Olympics, Abhinav Bindra won gold in the Men's 10 metre air rifle event becoming the first Indian to win an individual gold medal at the Olympic Games. Vijender Singh got the country's first medal in boxing with his bronze medal in Middleweight category. The 2012 Summer Olympics saw an 83-member Indian contingent participating in the games and setting a new

title: India at the Olympics

title: Sport in India

text: in the 2008 Olympics. Indian shooters who have excelled at the world stage include Abhinav Bindra, Jitu Rai, Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore, Vijay Kumar, Gagan Narang, Apurvi Chandela, Ronjan Sodhi and Anjali Bhagwat. The Indian shooting contingent for the 2012 London was one of the largest to date. There were a total of 11 shooters including 4 female shooters. India's first medal in the 2012 Olympics was when Gagan Narang won the bronze in the 10m Air Rifle event. This was the same event in which Abhinav Bindra won India's first individual gold medal in the 2008 Summer Olympics Beijing. The

title: Gul Dev

text: Gul Dev Gul Mustafa Dev was the first Olympian from the state of Jammu and Kashmir who represented Team India for the first time in Olympics with two other participants at the 1988 Winter Olympics held at Calgary Canada (see India at the 1988 Winter Olympics). Apart from participating in the Olympics, Gul Dev was among the first to represent team India at the first Asian Winter Games, which were held from 1 to 8 March 1986 in Sapporo, Hokkaidō, Japan. He also went as a national coach for team India to the Junior Asian Winter Games held at China

title: India at the 2012 Summer Olympics

text: featured several Olympic medalists from Beijing, including rifle shooter and Olympic gold medalist Abhinav Bindra, who failed to advance into the final rounds of his event in London. Wrestler and Olympic bronze medalist Sushil Kumar managed to claim another medal by winning silver in the men's freestyle wrestling. The Indian Olympic Association also appointed him to be the nation's flag bearer at the opening ceremony. This was India's most successful Olympics in terms of total medal tally, having won a total of 6 medals (2 silver and 4 bronze), doubling the nation's previous record (3 medals at the 2008 Beijing

title: India at the 2016 Summer Olympics

text: London 2012 bronze medalist Gagan Narang, and multiple-time Worlds medalist Jitu Rai. Aiming to appear at his fourth Olympics, Manavjit Singh Sandhu became the twelfth Indian to join the team, as the NRAI decided to exchange a spot in the 50 m rifle 3 positions (won by Sanjeev Rajput) with the men's trap. India has received a Universality invitation from FINA to send two swimmers (one male and one female) to the Olympics. India has entered four athletes into the table tennis competition at the Games. 2012 Olympian Soumyajit Ghosh and Manika Batra secured the Olympic spot each in the

title: India at the 1948 Summer Olympics

text: India at the 1948 Summer Olympics India competed at the 1948 Summer Olympics in Wembley Park, London, England. 79 competitors, all men, took part in 39 events in 10 sports. It was the first time that India competed as an independent nation at the Olympic Games. Ten cyclists represented India in 1948 Also represented India: Netai Chand Bysack Sohrab Bhoot and Nariman Saugar were administrators for the cycling team. The Indian field hockey team defeated the British team to win the country's first gold medal at the 1948 Summer Olympics. It was the country's first Olympic gold medal since India

title: Sudha Singh

text: 2018 Asian Games in Jakarta and has represented India at two consecutive Olympic Games in 2012 and 2016. Singh was conferred with India's second highest sporting honour, the Arjuna Award in 2012. Singh's breakthrough performance came in the 2010 Asian Games in Guangzhou, China when she won the gold medal with a time of 9:55.67; she became the first Asian Champion in the discipline as it was the first instance of the 3000 meters steeplechase at the Asian Games. In June 2012, Singh qualified for Olympic Games 2012 after she broke her own 3,000m steeplechase national record with a timing

title: India at the 2016 Summer Olympics

text: athletes making the cut. Among the sporting events represented by its athletes, India made its Olympic debut in golf (new to the 2016 Games) and women's artistic gymnastics. The Indian roster featured three Olympic medalists from London, including badminton star Saina Nehwal, freestyle wrestler and four-time Olympian Yogeshwar Dutt, and rifle shooter Gagan Narang. Tennis ace and 1996 bronze medalist Leander Paes topped the roster lineup by competing at his record seventh Olympics, while air rifle marksman Abhinav Bindra, who became the nation's first and only individual gold medalist in history (2008), led the Indian delegation as the flag bearer

title: India at the 2016 Summer Olympics

text: in the opening ceremony at his fifth consecutive Games. Other notable Indian athletes also included tennis player Sania Mirza in the women's doubles, artistic gymnast and Commonwealth Games bronze medalist Dipa Karmakar, and multiple-time world medalist Jitu Rai in men's pistol shooting. India left Rio de Janeiro with only two medals, saving its pride from the humiliation of returning empty-handed for the first time since Barcelona 1992. These medals were awarded only to female athletes for the first time in history, a silver to badminton player P. V. Sindhu in the women's singles, and a bronze to freestyle wrestler Sakshi

title: Russell Mark

text: India's first ever individual Olympic medalist at the Athens Olympics by winning a silver medal. In 2006 Mark competed at the Melbourne Commonwealth Games where he won a gold medal. He participated in the 2008 Summer Olympic Games in Beijing where he finished 5th in Olympic men's double trap. He declared in 2010 that he would attempt to make his sixth Olympic Games as a competitor at the 2012 London Games. On 7 June 2012, Mark was named in the Olympic team. As well as Mark's six Olympic Appearances he also contested a total of six Commonwealth Games (1990, 1994,

title: Manu Bhaker

text: the Gold in this event. Youth Olympics 2018, Manu Bhaker shot 236.5 to stand at the top of the points table in the women’s 10m air pistol event. The Indian flag bearer at the opening ceremony of the Youth Olympics is also the World Cup and Commonwealth Games gold medalist.The 16-year-old Manu became the first shooter from India and the first female athlete from India to grab a gold medal at the Youth Olympics games. Manu Bhaker Manu Bhaker is an Indian sport shooter. She represented India at the 2018 ISSF World Cup and won two gold medals. She is

title: Sakshi Malik

text: Sakshi Malik Sakshi Malik (born 3 September 1992) is an Indian freestyle wrestler. At the 2016 Summer Olympics, she won the bronze medal in the 58 kg category, becoming the first Indian female wrestler to win a medal at the Olympics and the fourth female Olympic medalist from the country. She is a part of the JSW Sports Excellence Program, along with fellow female wrestlers Vinesh Phogat, Babita Kumari and Geeta Phogat. Malik had previously won the silver medal at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow, and the bronze medal at the 2015 Asian Wrestling Championships in Doha. Chandgi Ram's

title: Karnam Malleswari

text: woman to win an Olympic medal. She is also the first and only Indian woman weightlifter to win an Olympic medal. Malleswari was born in Voosavanipeta, a hamlet in Andhra Pradesh. She has four sisters and all are well trained in weightlifting. She started her career when she was 12 and was trained under coach Neelamshetty Appanna. She moved to Delhi with her sister and was soon spotted by the Sports Authority of India. Then in 1990, Malleshwari joined the national camp and four years later, she was a world championship winner in the 54-kg class. In 1997, she married

title: Kavita Tungar

text: yards gold at the 1958 Cardiff Commonwealth Games. It was also the first individual track medal by an Indian woman athlete in the history of Commonwealth Games. She also won the silver medal in the 10,000 metres race at the 2010 Asian Games held at Guangzhou, China on 21 November 2010 with a timing of 31:51.44, which is her personal best. The medal was a double victory for India, as Preeja Sreedharan won the gold in the same event with a timing of 31:50.47 setting a record for India's best. She started the following season with a 5000/10,000 m double

title: India at the 2016 Summer Olympics

text: Malik in the women's 58 kg. Several Indian athletes came close to increasing the medal haul, including tennis tandem Mirza and Rohan Bopanna in the mixed doubles; Bindra, who narrowly missed out the podium by a half-point in the men's 10 m air rifle before retiring from the sport; and Karmakar, who surprised the global audience with her high-risk Produnova routine in the women's vault. For the first time, the Indian shooters failed to earn a single medal since 2004, and the boxers since 2008. The following is the list of number of competitors participating in the Games. Note that

title: Sport in India

text: time of 51.46 seconds. She is second gold medalist in athletics at IAAF World U20 Championships after Neeraj Chopra who won Men's javelin throw gold at 2016 IAAF World U20 Championships by setting world junior record with a throw of 86.48 m. Later Neeraj went on to win the Men's javelin throw gold at 2018 Commonwealth Games. Performances at Olympics Games are not satisfactory, till now no Indian athlete won any medal at the Olympics. At 2016 Summer Olympics Lalita Babar becomes the first Indian athlete since 1984 to reach Olympics finale in the event of Women's 3000 metres steeplechase,

title: Randhir Singh (sport shooter)

text: He went on to win multiple titles at national level in both skeet and trap shooting. He became the first Indian shooter to win continental gold at the 1978 Asian Games in Bangkok. On home soil four years later, he won team silver at the 1982 Asian Games in New Delhi. He competed at five Olympic Games from 1968 to 1984 in Mixed Trap. He was the second Indian, after Karni Singh, to compete at five Olympics. His best Olympic performance was 17th at the 1968 Olympics, two points behind Karni Singh and four points from bronze. He also competed

title: Sports in Andhra Pradesh

text: Indian woman Grandmaster (after Koneru Humpy). She was awarded the Arjuna Award in 2007. Karnam Malleswari, the first female Indian to win an Olympic medal, hails from Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh. She won the bronze medal on 19 September 2000, in the 69 kg category with a lift of 240 kg. Pullela Gopichand, is a former Indian badminton player. He won the All England Open Badminton Championships (2001), to becoming the second Indian to achieve it after Prakash Padukone. He won his National Badminton Championship 5 times in a row (1996-2000). He won two gold and one silver at

title: Narender Singh (judoka)

text: Narender Singh (judoka) Narender Singh Kodan (28 May 1969 – 5 February 2016) was an Indian judoka who competed at two Olympic Games. Singh, who was born in Delhi, won his first national championship in 1985. He represented his country for the first time at the 1989 South Asian Games and won a gold medal. In the 1990 Commonwealth Games in Auckland he was the joint bronze medallist in the Extra Lightweight division. He is the first judoka to have represented India twice at the Summer Olympic Games. At his first appearance in Barcelona in 1992 he was eliminated in

title: Sudhir Saha

text: devoted his time to coaching and judge/refereeing. During his early coaching career, K.P. Rai and Nirmal Bose, from Panchanan Bayam Samity, one of India's oldest wrestling club, represented India in the 1948 London Olympics. Four years later, the 1952 Helsinki Olympic training camp was held at Panchanan Bayam Samity. Two of Sudhir's trainees, Nirmal Bose and Niranjan Das, from Panchanan Bayam Samity represented India in the 1952 Helsinki Olympics. One of Sudhir's trainees, K.D. Jadhav, won the bronze medal in the Bantam weight Category in the 1952 Helsinki Olympics. This was independent India's first individual Olympic medal. In 1957, Sudhir

title: Chandgi Ram

text: the world championships medallist Abolfazl Anvari of Iran. In the final, he defeated Japan's Shizuo Yada, there by winning gold medal. For the 1972 Summer Olympics, he shifted to lower weight category and represented India in the 90 kg freestyle event. He lost his first bout to Canada's George Saunders. And was eliminated after losing his next bout to the eventual silver medallist Gennady Strakhov. After participating in the 1972 Olympics, he shifted from Haryana to Delhi, where he opened up his wrestling training centre in 1975 – "Chandgi Ram Vyayamshala". Ram's struggle to introduce women's wrestling in India begun

title: India at the Olympics

long_answer: India first participated at the Olympic Games in 1900, with a lone athlete (Norman Pritchard) winning two medals- both silver- in athletics. The nation first sent a team to the Summer Olympic Games in 1920, and has participated in every Summer Games since then. India has also competed at several Winter Olympic Games beginning in 1964. Indian athletes have won a total of 28 medals so far, all at the Summer Games. For a period of time, India national field hockey team was dominant in Olympic competition, winning eleven medals in twelve Olympics between 1920 and 1980. The run included 8 gold medals total and six successive gold medals from 1928–1956


question: where did the northernmost land action of the american civil war occur

answers: St. Albans, Vermont

title: Battle of Salineville

text: Morgan’s place of surrender at West Point is considered to be the northernmost point reached by an officially organized Confederate body during the Civil War. Battle of Salineville The Battle of Salineville occurred July 26, 1863, near Salineville, Ohio during Morgan's Raid in the American Civil War. Except for the St. Albans (Vermont) Raid, it was the northernmost military action involving the Confederate States Army. The Union victory shattered John Hunt Morgan's remaining Confederate cavalry and led to his capture later that day. In June 1863, Confederate Brig. Gen. John Hunt Morgan departed his camp in Tennessee on a raid

title: St. Albans Raid

text: The dispute arises over meaning of the word "battle". The St. Albans raiders were not an official command of the Confederate army but connected to the Confederate Secret Service to conduct the St. Albans Raid. General Morgan's place of surrender at West Point, Ohio is considered to be the northernmost point reached by an officially organized Confederate military body during the Civil War. The northernmost battle of the war came at sea at the Battle of Cherbourg (1864) at 49 degrees north latitude. The 1954 film "The Raid" was loosely based on this incident. St. Albans Raid The St. Albans

title: Amphibious warfare

text: operation against Russia at Bomarsund, Finland on 8 August 1854. During the American Civil War of 1861-1865 the United States made several amphibious assaults along the coastlines of the Confederate States. Actions at Hatteras Inlet (August 1861) and at Port Royal, South Carolina were the first of many attacks, others occurring on Roanoke Island, NC; Galveston, TX; Fort Sumter, Morris Island and James Island, SC; and several more. The largest such clash happened in January 1865 at Fort Fisher - the largest and most powerful fort in the world at the time - which protected the entrance of Wilmington, North

title: Alonzo Jackman

text: 1864, the northernmost action of the Civil War, General Jackman commanded troops along the Canada–US border. Jackman died suddenly at his home in Northfield, Vermont on February 24, 1879. Earlier that day he reported feeling ill and sent word to the university president that he would be unable to teach as scheduled. He died while wearing his uniform and standing at his living room window, falling to the floor after an apparent heart attack. He is buried in Northfield's Elmwood Cemetery. "A treatise on the doctrine of numerical series, both ascending and descending" (1846); "Who Originated the Oceanic Telegraph?" (1846);

title: Conclusion of the American Civil War

text: disposed of thirteen Union merchantmen. The "Shenandoah" destroyed one more prize in the Sea of Okhotsk, north of Japan, then continued to the Aleutians and into the Bering Sea and Arctic Ocean, crossing the Arctic Circle on June 19. Continuing then south along the coast of Alaska the "Shenandoah" came upon a fleet of Union ships whaling on June 22. She opened continuous fire, destroying a major portion of the Union whaling fleet. Capt. Waddell took aim at a fleeing whaler, "Sophia Thornton", and at his signal, the gunner jerked a wrist strap and fired the last two shots of

title: Battle of Fort Myers

text: repelled, Fort Myers was abandoned by its garrison in early March. Battle of Fort Myers The Battle of Fort Myers was fought on February 20, 1865, in Lee County, Florida during the last months of the American Civil War. This small engagement is known as the "southernmost land battle of the Civil War." (However, see Battle of Palmito Ranch.) Fort Myers had been abandoned after the Seminole Indian Wars and was reoccupied by Union soldiers in December 1863. It was the only federally occupied fort in South Florida. Union commanders planned to send horse soldiers into the area north of

title: Kinston, North Carolina

text: city on December 14, 1862. The Battle of Wyse Fork "aka" 'Battle of Southwest Creek' (March 7–10, 1865) also occurred very near the city. It was at this later battle that the Confederate Ram "Neuse" was scuttled to avoid capture by Union troops. Remnants of the ship have been salvaged, and are on display at Richard Caswell Park on West Vernon Ave. A climate-controlled museum has been built on downtown Queen Street, and has moved the hulk there to prevent further deterioration of the original ship's remains. A full-scale replica vessel ("Ram Neuse II") has been constructed near the original's

title: Fort Johnston (North Carolina)

text: Battle of Gettysburg. In late 1864, President Abraham Lincoln, determined to deal a "mortal blow" to the Confederacy, developed a strategy with his military advisors to cease the only significant sustained blockade running activity, that originating from the Cape Fear River outlet. On 24 December 1864, Union warships began an intense bombardment of nearby Fort Fisher, and after a persistent onslaught, Union forces captured the vastly undermanned Fort Fisher on the evening of 15 January 1865. Brigadier General Louis Jagger Hébert then commanded Fort Pender. Facing thousands of Union troops, the Confederate garrisons in the area withdrew to Wilmington, North

title: Lincoln Sea

text: Todd Lincoln, then United States Secretary of War, on Adolphus W. Greely's 1881–1884 Arctic expedition into Lady Franklin Bay. Alert, the northernmost station of Canada, is the only populated place on the shore of Lincoln Sea. The body of water to the east of Lincoln Sea (east of Cape Morris Jesup) is Wandel Sea. Because of the severe ice conditions that last year-round, oceanographic measurements of the Lincoln Sea have been all but impossible. Before the 1980s, only low-flying aircraft samplings and ground observations from ice islands could be attempted; these did not stray far from the shores of Greenland

title: St. Albans Raid

text: The St. Albans Raid was the northernmost land action of the American Civil War. It was a controversial raid from Canada by Confederate soldiers meant to rob banks to raise money and to trick the Union Army into diverting troops to defend their northern border against further raids. It took place in St. Albans, Vermont, on October 19, 1864.

title: Fairway Rock

text: and mentioned within the accounts of John Muir's voyage aboard the "Corwin" in 1881 and Roald Amundsen aboard the "Gjøa" in 1906. What is considered the last offensive action of the American Civil War happened in this area: the CSS "Shenandoah" fell upon a fleet of whalers working the waters near Alaska's Little Diomede Island and sank more than two dozen ships on June 22, 1865. This is chronicled in the book "The Last Shot". In 1964, the U.S. Coast Guard icebreaker USCGC "Northwind" (WAGB-282) visited the rock, and installed an unmanned, propane-powered oceanographic station in order to measure water

title: John H. Morgan Surrender Site

text: was at the northernmost point in which a Confederate command pierced Northern territory during the Civil War, except for the St. Albans Raid in Vermont. In June 1863, Brigadier General John Hunt Morgan took command of a force of 2500 Confederate men in Kentucky. The purpose of the detachment was to recruit volunteers from the border state and to provide a distraction for Union General Ambrose Burnside who was planning an invasion of Tennessee. Morgan's superior, General Braxton Bragg, specifically ordered Morgan not to cross the Ohio river into Union territory. Morgan disobeyed his orders and, from June 11 to

title: USS Argosy (1863)

text: Dorn on 7 May — the Southern push did not materialize, but Argosy's operations on this occasion were typical of her service throughout the remaining two years of the Civil War. By this time, the South's naval forces had been swept from the Mississippi River and its branches; and Vicksburg, Mississippi, and Port Hudson, Louisiana, the last Confederate riverside forts blocking Northern shipping, were about to fall. Thus, other than routine patrol and escort duty, little work was left for the gunboat. One exception occurred on 6 September 1863 when a party from "Argosy" landed at Bruinsburg, Mississippi, to destroy

title: St. Albans Raid

text: drawn into the conflict without its consent. The Confederate agents in Canada realized this and no further raids were made. Only one of the three banks still stands, the Franklin County Bank, which became the Franklin Lamoille Bank and is now a TD Bank branch. Other sites surviving are Taylor Park and the American House, where some of the raiders stayed. The Confederate raid by Confederate Brig. Gen. John Hunt Morgan into Ohio and Indiana in July 1863, and culminating in the Battle of Salineville is considered by many historians to be the northernmost land battle of the Civil War.

title: American Civil War

text: Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Texas) as well as southern part of the Mississippi River (Port Hudson and south). Union Naval activities were dictated by the Anaconda Plan. One of the earliest battles of the war was fought at Port Royal Sound, south of Charleston. Much of the war along the South Carolina coast concentrated on capturing Charleston. In attempting to capture Charleston, the Union military tried two approaches, by land over James or Morris Islands or through the harbor. However, the Confederates were able to drive back each Union attack. One of the most famous of the land attacks

title: New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War

text: the westernmost engagement of the Civil War. Ultimately, the goal of expanding Confederate influence into southern California and to the Pacific Ocean was never realized. Following the Battle of Picacho Pass at Picacho Peak, about northwest of Tucson, the lead detachment of Colonel James H. Carleton's California Column drove the Confederates out of Tucson and advanced on Mesilla, the capital of Confederate Arizona. By July the Confederates had retreated to Texas, where they continued to manage the territorial government from El Paso. Carleton's troops later fought the Battle of Apache Pass, during which they were ambushed by Apache warriors led

title: Parallel 36°30′ north

text: Gold Rush ruled out any such idea. In fact, California was immediately admitted to the union as a free state During the American Civil War (1861–65), all of the states located wholly south of 36°30′ north joined the Confederate States of America. All of the states with land north of the parallel, except Virginia, stayed in the Union, although Kentucky and Missouri had Confederate legislatures that were elected in parallel with their regular legislatures. Also Maryland, another slave state, was occupied by the Union Army under the commands of President Abraham Lincoln, and its legislature was thus pressured into voting

title: Battle of Fort Myers

text: Battle of Fort Myers The Battle of Fort Myers was fought on February 20, 1865, in Lee County, Florida during the last months of the American Civil War. This small engagement is known as the "southernmost land battle of the Civil War." (However, see Battle of Palmito Ranch.) Fort Myers had been abandoned after the Seminole Indian Wars and was reoccupied by Union soldiers in December 1863. It was the only federally occupied fort in South Florida. Union commanders planned to send horse soldiers into the area north of the Caloosahatchee River to confiscate livestock from area cattle ranches, thereby

title: Vermont

text: any state. During the American Civil War, Vermont sent 33,288 men into United States service. 5,224 Vermonters, over 15%, were killed or mortally wounded in action or died of disease. The northernmost land/battle action of the war, the St. Albans Raid, took place in Vermont. However, the raiders were forced to return the possessions after the Canadians captured them at their border. Beginning in the mid-19th century, Vermont attracted numerous Irish, Scots-Irish and Italian immigrants, adding to its residents of mostly English and French-Canadian ancestry. Many migrated to Barre, where the men worked as stonecutters of granite, for which there

text: Lower Seaboard Theater of the American Civil War The Lower Seaboard Theater of the American Civil War encompassed major military and naval operations that occurred near the coastal areas of the Southeastern United States: in Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Texas) as well as southern part of the Mississippi River (Port Hudson and south). Inland operations are included in the Western Theater or Trans-Mississippi Theater, depending on whether they were east or west of the Mississippi River. Coastal operations in Georgia, including the culmination of Sherman's March to the Sea, are included in the Western Theater. The campaign

title: Battle of Salineville

text: Battle of Salineville The Battle of Salineville occurred July 26, 1863, near Salineville, Ohio during Morgan's Raid in the American Civil War. Except for the St. Albans (Vermont) Raid, it was the northernmost military action involving the Confederate States Army. The Union victory shattered John Hunt Morgan's remaining Confederate cavalry and led to his capture later that day. In June 1863, Confederate Brig. Gen. John Hunt Morgan departed his camp in Tennessee on a raid with 2,460 troopers, intending to divert the attention of the Union Army of the Ohio from Southern forces in the state. On July 8, 1863,

title: New York – New Jersey Line War

text: it would later become known, established the northernmost branch of the Delaware River at latitude 41°40′ North. Based on this information, the Duke designated the following points as the northern stations for the boundary line between New York and New Jersey: and to the Northward as far as the Northernmost branch of the said Bay or River of Delaware, which is forty one Degrees and forty minutes of Latitude and crosseth over thence in a straight line to Hudson's River in forty one Degrees of Latitude If the northernmost branch of the Delaware had been found at 41°40′ little doubt

title: Northern United States

text: within the West Region. Before 19th-century westward expansion, the "Northern United States" corresponded to the present day New England region. By the 1830s it corresponded to the present day Northeastern United States. During the American Civil War, the Northern United States was composed of the U.S. states that supported the United States of America, the Union states. In this context, "The North" is synonymous with the Union. In this context, "The South" is composed of the states that attempted secession from the U.S. to form the Confederate States of America. However, which states comprised "The North" in this context can

title: Battle of Island Number Ten

text: likely much improved. Abbreviations used in these notes: Battle of Island Number Ten The Battle of Island Number Ten was an engagement at the New Madrid or Kentucky Bend on the Mississippi River during the American Civil War, lasting from February 28 to April 8, 1862. The position, an island at the base of a tight double turn in the course of the river, was held by the Confederates from the early days of the war. It was an excellent site to impede Union efforts to invade the South by the river, as ships had to approach the island bows

title: Washington in the American Civil War

text: would be used by the Confederacy and alerted the Navy, which sent the to patrol the waters near Victoria. "The Southern Association" failed to carry out their intentions to outfit a privateer. Washington in the American Civil War The history of Washington in the American Civil War is atypical, as the territory was the most remote from the battlefields of the American Civil War. The territory raised a small number of volunteers for the Union Army, who did not fight against the Confederate States Army but instead maintained defensive positions against possible foreign naval or land attacks. Although the Indian

title: Eastern Theater of the American Civil War

text: the Confederacy because of the vital seaport of Wilmington and because the Outer Banks were valuable bases for ships attempting to evade the Union blockade. Benjamin Butler sailed from Fort Monroe and captured the batteries at Hatteras Inlet in August 1861. In February 1862, Brig. Gen. Ambrose Burnside organized an amphibious expedition, also from Fort Monroe, that captured Roanoke Island, a little-known but important Union strategic victory. The Goldsboro Expedition in late 1862 marched briefly inland from the coast to destroy railroad tracks and bridges. The remainder of operations on the North Carolina coast began in late 1864, with Benjamin

title: Chester, West Virginia

text: of the American Civil War in April 1861, this location was part of Virginia and was the northernmost point in any slave state. Chester remains the northernmost point in the Southern United States, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, yet is located at the same latitude as parts of New York City (e.g., Staten Island). The following highways pass through Chester: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all of it land. As of the census of 2010, there were 2,585 people, 1,209 households, and 696 families residing in the

title: Pacific Coast Theater of the American Civil War

text: forces did not meet directly within the Pacific Department except in New Mexico Territory. However, operations were directed against Confederate irregulars in California and strong garrisons were placed in Southern California and southern New Mexico Territory to control the region which had strong secessionist sympathies. Confederate States Navy warships operated in the Pacific Ocean, but the naval operations did not succeed in interrupting commerce to the Eastern United States. The last of these commerce raiders, CSS "Shenandoah", fired the last shot of the War in the Bering Sea off the coast of Alaska. Attempts by the Confederacy to buy or

title: USS Albatross (1858)

text: she took the schooner "Alabama" off the mouth of the Potomac River on 14 September. Next ordered back to waters off the outer banks of North Carolina, "Albatross", except for periodic runs to Hampton Roads for fuel and provisions and a trip to Baltimore, Maryland, for repairs, operated near Beaufort, North Carolina until April 1862 when she was transferred to the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron. The highlight of this stint of service off Beaufort was her discovery and destruction of the grounded 800-ton British ship "York" of Dublin, Ireland, near Bogue Inlet on 16 January 1862. After reporting to Flag

title: River of Blood (monument)

text: Potomac River!" Historians say no such event ever took place at this site. One local historian, Craig Swain, cited the killing of two soldiers by citizens in 1861 as the only Civil War event that occurred on the island. Two years later, on June 27–28, 1863, General J.E.B. Stuart led 4,500 Confederate soldiers north across the Potomac at Rowser's Ford from the Lowes Island area, on the ride to Gettysburg, but no fatalities were recorded. According to the president of the Mosby Heritage Area Association, the only Civil War battle in the area was the Battle of Ball's Bluff, 11

title: St. Albans Raid


question: what has been the origin of most classical dances of india

answers: the Sanskrit text Natya Shastra

answers: Natya Shastra

answers: The Natya Shastra

title: Dance in mythology and religion

text: dance in the Hinduism used to be a part of a sacred temple ritual, especially in South and Eastern India, where the female priestesses devadasi's worshiped different aspects of the Divine through the elaborate language of mime and gestures. Natyashastra is the most ancient and the most elaborate scripture describing every element and aspect of this sacred art-worship. The temple dance gradually evolved into what is known today as the South Indian Classical Dance that still preserves many ritualistic elements of Hinduism. Some of the classical Indian dancers are believed to be incarnations of apsaras. See Seungmu In the Protoevangelium

title: Dance in India

text: imprint but has become a folk dance and lost its texts or schools. A tribal dance is a more local form of folk dance, typically found in one tribal population; typically tribal dances evolve into folk dances over a historic period. The origins of dance in India go back into the ancient times. The earliest paleolithic and neolithic cave paintings such as the UNESCO world heritage site at Bhimbetka rock shelters in Madhya Pradesh shows dance scenes. Several sculptures found at Indus Valley Civilization archaeological sites, now distributed between Pakistan and India, show dance figures. For example, the Dancing Girl

title: Dance in India

text: The Sangeet Natak Akademi currently confers classical status on eight Indian classical dance styles: Bharatanatyam (Tamil Nadu), Kathak (North, West and Central India), Kathakali (Kerala), Kuchipudi (Andhra Pradesh), Odissi (Odisha), Manipuri (Manipur), Mohiniyattam (Kerala), and Sattriya (Assam). All classical dances of India have roots in Hindu arts and religious practices. The tradition of dance has been codified in the Natyashastra and a performance is considered accomplished if it manages to evoke a "rasa" (emotion) among the audience by invoking a particular "bhava"(gesture or facial expression). Classical dance is distinguished from folk dance because it has been regulated by the rules

title: Culture of India

text: The Indian art of dance as taught in these ancient books, according to Ragini Devi, is the expression of inner beauty and the divine in man. It is a deliberate art, nothing is left to chance, each gesture seeks to communicate the ideas, each facial expression the emotions. Indian dance includes eight classical dance forms, many in narrative forms with mythological elements. The eight classical forms accorded classical dance status by India's "National Academy of Music, Dance, and Drama" are: "bharatanatyam" of the state of Tamil Nadu, "kathak" of Uttar Pradesh, "kathakali" and "mohiniattam" of Kerala, "kuchipudi" of Andhra Pradesh,

title: Dance in India

text: to different parts of the country. Classical and folk dance forms also emerged from Indian traditions, epics and mythology. Classical dance of India has developed a type of dance-drama that is a form of a total theater. The dancer acts out a story almost exclusively through gestures. Most of the classical dances of India enact stories from Hindu mythology. Each form represents the culture and ethos of a particular region or a group of people. The criteria for being considered as classical is the style's adherence to the guidelines laid down in Natyashastra, which explains the Indian art of acting.

title: Dance in India

text: and vary according to the local tradition of the respective state, ethnic or geographic regions. Contemporary dances include refined and experimental fusions of classical, folk and Western forms. Dancing traditions of India have influence not only over the dances in the whole of South Asia, but on the dancing forms of South East Asia as well. Dances in Indian films like Bollywood Dance for Hindi films, are often noted for freeform expression of dance and hold a significant presence in popular culture of the Indian subcontinent. A classical dance is one whose these theory, cultyre.training, means and rationale for expressive

title: Dance in India

text: and other classical dances in India were ridiculed and suppressed during the colonial British Raj era. In the post-colonial period, it has grown to become the most popular classical Indian dance style in India and abroad, and is considered to be synonymous with Indian dance by many foreigners unaware of the diversity of dances and performance arts in Indian culture. Kathakali ("katha", “story”; "kali", “performance”) is a highly stylized classical dance-drama form which originated from Kerala in the 17th century. This classical dance form is another "story play" genre of art, but one distinguished by its elaborately colorful make-up, costumes

title: Dance in India

text: of dance by various artists. Uday Shankar and Shobana Jeyasingh have led modern Indian ballet which combined classical Indian dance and music with Western stage techniques. Their productions have included themes related to Shiva-Parvati, Lanka Dahan, Panchatantra, Ramayana among others. The presentation of Indian dance styles in film, Hindi Cinema, has exposed the range of dance in India to a global audience. Dance and song sequences have been an integral component of films across the country. With the introduction of sound to cinema in the film Alam Ara in 1931, choreographed dance sequences became ubiquitous in Hindi and other Indian

title: Dance in India

text: song is unlikely but not rare. The dances in Bollywood can range from slow dancing, to a more upbeat hip hop style dance. The dancing itself is a fusion of all dance forms. It could be Indian classical, Indian folk dance, belly dancing, jazz, hip hop and everything else you can imagine. Since India's independence from colonial rule, numerous schools have opened to further education, training and socialization through dance classes, or simply a means to exercise and fitness. Major cities in India now have numerous schools that offer lessons in dances such as "Odissi", "Bharatanatyam", and these cities host

title: Indian classical dance

text: Indian classical dance, or Shastriya Nritya, is an umbrella term for various performance arts rooted in religious Hindu musical theatre styles, whose theory and practice can be traced to the Sanskrit text Natya Shastra.

title: North Indian culture

text: Panthi from Chhattisgarh; from Jagars and Pandva Nritya from Uttarakhand to Rouf of Kashmir celebrates the richness of culture and traditions of North India. Kathak is one of the eight classical dance forms as conferred by Sangeet Natak Akademi. This dance form traces its origins to the nomadic bards of ancient northern India, known as Kathaks, or storytellers. Some believe it evolved from Lord Krishna's raas lilas, forms of which have also evolved into the popular Garba-style dances popular in other parts of region and Gujarat. It was quintessential theatre, using instrumental and vocal music along with stylized gestures, to

title: Sattriya

text: 36 chapters. The text, states Natalia Lidova, describes the theory of Tāṇḍava dance (Shiva), the theory of rasa, of bhāva, expression, gestures, acting techniques, basic steps, standing postures – all of which are part of Indian classical dances. Dance and performance arts, states this ancient text, are a form of expression of spiritual ideas, virtues and the essence of scriptures. The history of dance arts in Assam go back into antiquity, as evidenced by copper plate inscriptions and sculpture relating to Shaivism and Shaktism traditions. Singing and musical traditions, similarly, have been traced to Assamese chorus singing tradition for the

title: North Indian culture

text: Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni, with five interspersed half-notes, resulting in a 12-note scale. The rhythmic organization is based on rhythmic patterns called Taal. The melodic foundations are called ragas. Noted representatives of Shastriya Sangeet with a worldwide acclaim are Pandit Ravi Shankar and Ustad Ali Akbar Khan. The rich cultural diversity of North India is most clearly shown by the many different folk dance styles found here. Starting with Bhangra (men’s dance) and Giddha (women’s dance) from Punjab to Kathak in Uttar Pradesh; from Ghoomar and Kalbeliya dance from Rajasthan to Nati from Himachal Pradesh; Karma from Jharkhand to

title: India

text: "garba" and "dandiya" of Gujarat, "ghoomar" of Rajasthan, and the "lavani" of Maharashtra. Eight dance forms, many with narrative forms and mythological elements, have been accorded classical dance status by India's National Academy of Music, Dance, and Drama. These are: "bharatanatyam" of the state of Tamil Nadu, "kathak" of Uttar Pradesh, "kathakali" and "mohiniyattam" of Kerala, "kuchipudi" of Andhra Pradesh, "manipuri" of Manipur, "odissi" of Odisha, and the "sattriya" of Assam. Theatre in India melds music, dance, and improvised or written dialogue. Often based on Hindu mythology, but also borrowing from medieval romances or social and political events, Indian theatre

title: Dance

text: drama, in which dance plays an important part in Indian culture. It categorizes dance into four types – secular, ritual, abstract, and, interpretive – and into four regional varieties. The text elaborates various hand-gestures ("mudras") and classifies movements of the various limbs, steps and so on. A strong continuous tradition of dance has since continued in India, through to modern times, where it continues to play a role in culture, ritual, and, notably, the Bollywood entertainment industry. Many other contemporary dance forms can likewise be traced back to historical, traditional, ceremonial, and ethnic dance. Dance is generally, though not exclusively,

title: Dance in India

text: hundreds of shows every year. Dances which were exclusive to one gender, now have participation by both males and females. Many innovations and developments in modern practice of classical Indian dances, states Anne-Marie Geston, are of a quasi-religious type. Some traditions of the Indian classical dance are practiced in the whole Indian subcontinent, including Pakistan and Bangladesh, with which India shares several other cultural traits. Indian mythologies play significant part in dance forms of countries in South East Asia, an example being the performances based on Ramayana in Javanese dances. Sangeet Natak Akademi organizes dance festivals around India. Dance in

title: Classical Indian musical theatre

text: is too vigorous and difficult for them. Indian dancing is not just physical movements of hands and legs, it is a form of physical art with body and mind for both men and women alike as well as a form of worship to the Almighty Divine Gods. An important feature of Indian classical dances is the use of Mudras or hand gestures. Mudras are used by the artists to express their feeling or even the whole story. Ancient Sanskrit drama had a highly stylized nature with an emphasis on spectacle, where music, dance and gesture combined "to create a vibrant

title: Dance in India

text: and Theyyam in Kerala, Dalkhai in Western Odisha, Bhangra & Giddha in Punjab, Kalbelia, Ghoomar, Rasiya in Rajasthan, Perini Dance in Telangana, Chholiya dance in Uttarakhand and likewise for each state and smaller regions in it. Lavani, and Lezim, and Koli dance is most popular dance in Maharashtra. Tribal Dances in India are inspired by the tribal folklore. Each ethnic group has its own distinct combination of myths, legends, tales, proverbs, riddles, ballads, folk songs, folk dance, and folk music. The dancers do not necessarily fall rigidly into the category of “tribal”. However, these forms of dance closely depict their

title: Culture of Odisha

text: dance and music are classical forms. Odissi has a tradition of 2,000 years, and finds mention in the "Natyashastra" of Bharatamuni, possibly written circa 200 BCE. However, the dance form nearly became extinct during the British period, only to be revived after India's independence by a few proponents, such as Guru Deba Prasad Das, Guru Pankaj Charan Das, Guru Raghunath Dutta and Kelucharan Mohapatra. Odissi classical dance is about the divine love of Krishna and his consort Radha, mostly drawn from compositions by the notable Odia poet Jayadeva, who lived in the 12th century CE. "Chhau dance (or Chau dance)"

title: History of dance

text: dance. Many disapproved it. In 1947, India won her freedom and for dance an ambience where it could regain its past glory. Classical forms and regional distinctions were re-discovered, ethnic specialties were honored and by synthesizing them with the individual talents of the masters in the line and fresh innovations emerged dance with a new face but with classicism of the past. In Sri Lanka, the ancient Sinhalese chronicle "Mahavamsa" states that when King Vijaya landed in Sri Lanka in 543 BCE he heard sounds of music and dancing from a wedding ceremony. The origins of the dances of Sri

title: Dance in India

text: of the Natyashastra and all classical dances are performed only in accordance with them. Dating back to 1000 BC, "barathanatyam" is a classical dance from the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu, practiced predominantly in modern times by women. The dance is usually accompanied by classical Carnatic music. Bharatnatyam is a major genre of Indian classical dance that originated in the Hindu temples of Tamil Nadu and neighboring regions. Traditionally, Bharatanatyam has been a solo dance that was performed exclusively by women, and expressed Hindu religious themes and spiritual ideas, particularly of Shaivism, but also of Vaishnavism and Shaktism. Bharatanatyam

title: Music in ancient India

text: has its roots in the prehistoric era of Indian and South Asian culture The "Nātya Shastra" is an ancient Indian treatise on the performing arts, embracing Indian theatre, early Indian classical dance and Indian classical music. It was written between 200 BC and 200 AD, during the classical period of Indian history. This text, which contains 6000 shlokas, is attributed to a muni whose name was Bharata Muni. The "Nātya Shastra" is based upon a much older text called the "Nātya Veda", which contained 36,000 shlokas. No copies of the "Nātya Veda" have survived. Some scholars believe that it may

title: Hindu texts

text: forms in India such as music, dance, sculptures, architecture, astronomy, science, mathematics, medicine and wellness. Valmiki's Ramayana (500 BCE to 100 BCE) mentions music and singing by Gandharvas, dance by Apsaras such as Urvashi, Rambha, Menaka, Tilottama Panchāpsaras, and by Ravana's wives who excelling in "nrityageeta" or "singing and dancing" and "nritavaditra" or "playing musical instruments"). The evidence of earliest dance related texts are in "Natasutras", which are mentioned in the text of Panini, the sage who wrote the classic on Sanskrit grammar, and who is dated to about 500 BCE. This performance arts related Sutra text is mentioned in

title: Culture of India

text: "yakshagana" of Karnataka, "manipuri" of Manipur, "odissi (orissi)" of the state of Odisha and the "sattriya" of Assam. In addition to the formal arts of dance, Indian regions have a strong free form, folksy dance tradition. Some of the folk dances include the "bhangra" of Punjab; the "bihu" of Assam; the zeliang of Nagaland; the Jhumair, Domkach, chhau of Jharkhand; the Ghumura Dance, Gotipua, Mahari dance and Dalkhai of Odisha; the qauwwalis, birhas and charkulas of Uttar Pradesh; the jat-jatin, nat-natin and saturi of Bihar; the "ghoomar" of Rajasthan and Haryana; the "dandiya" and "garba" of Gujarat; the kolattam of

title: Dance in India

text: Punjab Kikri, Sammi, Karthi, Jhumar Rajasthan Banjaara, Fire dance, Tera tali, Kachhi Ghori, Geedar Sikkim Pang Toed Chaam (Chaam means dance) performed during the Pang Lhabsol festival in honour of the Guardian deity Khang-Chen-Dzonga, Maruni (Nepali Dance) and Tamak. Tamil Nadu Karakam, Puravai Attam, Ariyar Natanam, Podikazhi Attam, Kummi, Kavadi, Kolattam, Navasandhi, Kuravaik Koothu, Mayilaattam, Oyil Kummi, Pavakkuthu West Bengal Santali dance, Jatra, Gazan Tribal Gypsies Lozen, Gouyen Contemporary dance in India encompasses a wide range of dance activities currently performed in India. It includes choreography for Indian cinema, modern Indian ballet and experiments with existing classical and folk forms

title: Culture of India

text: Andhra Pradesh and Telangana; the "yakshagana" of Karnataka; "lavani" of Maharashtra; "Dekhnni" of Goa. Recent developments include adoption of international dance forms particularly in the urban centres of India, and the extension of Indian classical dance arts by the Kerala Christian community, to tell stories from the Bible. Indian drama and theatre has a long history alongside its music and dance. Kalidasa's plays like Shakuntala and Meghadoota are some of the older dramas, following those of Bhasa. Kutiyattam of Kerala, is the only surviving specimen of the ancient Sanskrit theatre, thought to have originated around the beginning of the Common

title: Dance

text: decades long debate, has been traced to present day Mithila, Odisha region's dance form of Odissi (Orissi), indicate influence of dances in cultural interactions between different regions. The Punjab area overlapping India and Pakistan is the place of origin of Bhangra. It is widely known both as a style of music and a dance. It is mostly related to ancient harvest celebrations, love, patriotism or social issues. Its music is coordinated by a musical instrument called the 'Dhol'. Bhangra is not just music but a dance, a celebration of the harvest where people beat the dhol (drum), sing Boliyaan (lyrics)

title: Dance in India

text: with origins in the Krishna-centered Vaishnavism monasteries of Assam, and attributed to the 15th century Bhakti movement scholar and saint named Srimanta Sankardev. One-act plays of "Sattriya" are called "Ankiya Nat", which combine the aesthetic and the religious through a ballad, dance and drama. The plays are usually performed in the dance community halls ("namghar") of monastery temples ("sattras"). The themes played relate to Krishna and Radha, sometimes other Vishnu avatars such as Rama and Sita. Manipuri, also known as Jagoi, is named after the region of its origin – Manipur, a state in northeastern India bordering with Myanmar (Burma).

title: Indian classical dance

text: in order to glorify and gift a state of joyful consciousness. The communication through symbols is in the form of expressive gestures (mudras or hastas) and pantomime set to music. The gestures and facial expressions convey the "ras" (sentiment, emotional taste) and "bhava" (mood) of the underlying story. In Hindu classical dances, the artist successfully expresses the spiritual ideas by paying attention to four aspects of a performance: Indian classical dance Indian classical dance, or Shastriya Nritya, is an umbrella term for various performance arts rooted in religious Hindu musical theatre styles, whose theory and practice can be traced to

title: Kathak

text: to one of the major classical dance form primarily found in northern India, with a historical influence similar to Bharatanatyam in south India, Odissi in east India and other major classical dances found in South Asia. It differs from the numerous folk dance forms found in north and other parts of the Indian subcontinent. The Kathak dancers, in the ancient India, were traveling bards and were known as. "Kathakas", or "Kathakar". Kathak has inspired simplified regional variants, such as the "Bhavai" – a form of rural theatre focussing on the tales of Hindu goddesses (Shakti), and one which emerged in

title: Indian classical dance

short_answers:
Natya Shastra
the Sanskrit text Natya Shastra


question: what are the colors of the netherlands flag

answers: blue

answers: white

answers: red

title: Flag of the Netherlands

text: added to the flag. There are special non-holiday festivities or remembrance occasions when the flag is flown, such as at the homes of students who have just graduated. The flag is then often accompanied by the graduate's school bag hung from the tip of the flagpole. The flag can also be displayed at times of sadness at half-staff as a sign of respect or national mourning. The holidays on which flags are put out by the government are: The public does not show the national flag very often; the holidays on which flags are put out by the public are:

title: Flag of the Orange Free State

text: 1849–1890) to give the new state which bore the Dutch royal family's name a flag and coat of arms. The king graciously agreed. A flag and coat of arms were designed by the Hoge Raad van Adel. They duly arrived in the Orange Free State in January 1856, and the Volksraad (legislature) resolved on 28 February 1856 that "the design of the flag sent by the King of the Netherlands shall be adopted". It was officially taken into use a year later, on 23 February 1857, the third anniversary of the republic. It was used until the republic came to

title: Flag of the Netherlands

text: initials and its meaning is not known. For the majority of the existence of the Netherlands East Indies the flag of the Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (English: Dutch East India Company) was used. When the VOC became bankrupt and was formally dissolved in 1800. its possessions and debt were taken over by the government of the Batavian Republic. The VOC's territories became the Netherlands East Indies and were expanded over the course of the 19th century to include the whole of the Indonesian archipelago. As such the flag of the Batavian Republic and Kingdom of the Netherlands were used. The flag

title: Flags of New York City

text: refer to the colors of the historical Dutch flag. Orange is the color the Dutch adopted after their leader William I, Prince of Orange. The Committee's report stated that "the order of arrangement follows the practice found in the French, Belgian and other tri-colors, of placing the darkest bar next to the staff." The New-York Historical Society originally proposed adopting a horizontal tricolor to be more reflective of the historical Dutch flags, but the Committee kept the vertical orientation. Although the City Code states that the seal's Latin legend is to be omitted from the flag, the city's own webpage

title: Kit (association football)

text: neither of which appear on the flag, and the Dutch national team wear orange, the colour of the Dutch Royal House. Shirts are normally made of a polyester mesh, which does not trap the sweat and body heat in the same way as a shirt made of a natural fibre. Most professional clubs have sponsors' logos on the front of their shirts, which can generate significant levels of income, and some also offer sponsors the chance to place their logos on the back of their shirts. Depending on local rules, there may be restrictions on how large these logos may

title: Flag of the Netherlands

text: in the upper left corner. In one hand she bore a shield with the Roman fasces and in the other a lance crowned with the cap of liberty. This flag had a life as short as that of the Batavian Republic for which it was created. Louis Bonaparte, made king of Holland by his brother the Emperor Napoleon, wished to pursue a purely Dutch policy and to respect national sentiments as much as possible. He removed the maiden of freedom from the flag and restored the old tricolour. His pro-Dutch policies led to conflicts with his brother, however, and the

title: National symbols of the Netherlands

text: especially widely used with football. Wilhelmus The colour orange has long been associated with the Netherlands due to Willem van Orange. Other things commonly associated with the Netherlands include tulips, clogs, Gouda cheese and windmills. National symbols of the Netherlands Symbols of the Netherlands are items or symbols that have symbolic meaning to, or represent, the Netherlands.There symbols are seen in official capacities, such as flags, coats of arms, postage stamps, and currency, and in URLs. They appear less formally as recurring themes in literature, art and folk art, heraldry, monuments, clothing, personal decoration, and as the names of parks,

title: SC Heerenveen

text: Skoatterwald. The facilities are shared with VV Heerenveen and Sc Heerenveen (women). The crest on the club emblem is the symbol of the flag of Friesland. The flag of Friesland is based on the arms of the 15th century. The stripes and waterlily leaves represent the districts of Friesland. A unique tradition in the Dutch Eredivisie is that the Frisian national anthem is played and sung before every domestic match. UEFA does not allow this tradition in European matches. Nevertheless, the anthem is sung by the supporters anyway. Heerenveen retain a very fierce rivalry with SC Cambuur. One of the

title: Coat of arms of the Orange Free State

text: by the Volksraad (legislature). The seal depicted a tree of liberty, sheep, a lion, and an ox-wagon. When Boshof placed the flag and coat of arms designs before the Volksraad on 28 February 1856, the legislators decided that The design of the flag sent by the King of the Netherlands shall be adopted, and to the coat of arms sent by the above shall be added the already existing arms in the Great Seal of the State, with omission of the orange stripe. The coat of arms, as actually adopted, then displayed the design of the Great Seal between the

title: Flag of the Netherlands

text: The flag of the Netherlands (Dutch: Vlag van Nederland) is a horizontal tricolor of red, white, and blue. The tricolor flag is almost identical to that of Luxembourg, except that it is shorter and its blue stripe is a darker shade.

title: Netherlands–United States relations

text: Amsterdam later became New York City. The present-day flag of New York City is based on the flag of Republic of the United Netherlands. Though the action was disavowed by the government of the Netherlands, on November 16, 1776, the fort at St. Eustatius gave the first formal salute (firing its guns nine times) to a ship flying the American flag. On 19 April 1782, John Adams was received by the States General in The Hague and recognized as Minister Plenipotentiary of the United States of America. By doing so, it became the second foreign country to recognize the United

title: Flags of the Dutch royal family

text: are empty, the upper left corner bears the orange horn taken from the arms of the Principality of Orange and the lower left quarter has a personal figure, taken from their personal coat of arms. In both cases, the coat of arms of the kingdom is at the center of the cross. Flags of the Dutch royal family The flags of the Dutch royal family are a set of flags used to identify a member of the royal family. The current system of flags for the Dutch monarch, princes, and princesses was introduced in 1908. The current system of personal

title: Vlieter Incident

text: council of war therefore unanimously decided to lower the flag of the Batavian Republic and declare themselves prisoners of war. They refused, however, to hoist the Orange flag. This may seem a minor point, but it signified that the officers did not defect. When Mitchell accepted the surrender, he did this in the name of the Prince of Orange. He therefore ordered the flag of the Prince to be hoisted, with which order some of the officers complied. This little act was to cost them dearly later on, as it was interpreted as an act of treason. Meanwhile, in the

title: Canada–Netherlands relations

text: Civic Hospital in which Princess Margriet was born was temporarily declared to be extraterritorial by the Canadian government, thereby allowing her citizenship to be solely influenced by her mother's Dutch citizenship. To commemorate the birth, the Canadian Parliament flew the Dutch flag over Peace Tower. This is the only time a foreign flag has flown over the Canadian Parliament Building. During 1945, the First Canadian Army was responsible for liberating the Netherlands, which they did through battles such as the Battle of the Scheldt and the Liberation of Arnhem. The liberation of the Randstad, one of the most densely populated

title: Flags of the Dutch royal family

text: Flags of the Dutch royal family The flags of the Dutch royal family are a set of flags used to identify a member of the royal family. The current system of flags for the Dutch monarch, princes, and princesses was introduced in 1908. The current system of personal flags for the monarch and other members of the royal family was introduced in 1908. In 1907, minor modifications were introduced to the Dutch coat of arms; likewise, a new flag for the Dutch monarch was introduced the following year. These flags are designed by the High Council of Nobility (who are

title: Flags of the Dutch royal family

text: mark the presence of an individual in certain buildings, when on vehicles (e.g. a car or ship), or in an army unit. The flag of the monarch is flown above Huis ten Bosch Palace in The Hague (the king's private residence) and above Noordeinde Palace in The Hague (the king's official residence) when the monarch is in the Netherlands, but not necessarily when he is actually resident. Besides these two residences, the royal standard is flown above other palaces, castles or estates where and when the King is actually staying. The flags are never flown at half-mast; during a period

title: Flag of Groningen (province)

text: also did two other proposals where he used the colors of the coat-of-arms of the province of Groningen. The design of the current flag was made by Jan Tuin, member of the Gedeputeerde Staten of the province of Groningen and later mayor of the city of Groningen. They couldn't agree upon which flag would become the flag of the province. Jan Tuin proposed to design a new flag, this design was accepted. On 17 February 1950 it was decided by Gedeputeerde Staten that this would become the flag of the province of Groningen. Six days later the ruling was officially

title: New Netherland

text: the flag of New York City, of Albany and of Nassau County are those of the "Prinsenvlag" ("Prince's Flag"), introduced in the 17th century as the "Statenvlag" ("States Flag"), the naval flag of the States-General of the Dutch Republic. They are also seen in materials from New York's two World's Fairs and the uniforms of the New York Knicks basketball club, the New York Mets baseball club, and the New York Islanders hockey club. The seven arrows in the lion's left claw in the Republic's coat of arms, representing the seven provinces, was a precedent for the thirteen arrows in

title: Prince's Flag

text: remains in occasional, unofficial use in contexts of national sentiment. For example, it was raised from the old Matthias church tower in Warmond in 2013 as part of the celebrations of the 200th anniversary of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The flag is also used as a symbol of the Greater Netherlands and Dutch pan-nationalist politics. It is frequently used by right-wing parties such as the Dutch People's Union (NVU) and "Voorpost", as well as the (now defunct) Nationalist People's Movement (NVB). In 2011, two members of parliament for the Party for Freedom (PVV) had the Prince's flag hanging in

title: Flags of the Dutch royal family

text: of arms of the Kingdom (which originates as a composite of features taken from the arms of the house of Nassau and the arms of the Dutch republic) surmounted by a royal crown and surrounded by the insignia of the Grand Cross of the Military William Order. Each quarter shows a bugle-horn which originates in arms of the principality of Orange. Upon the accession of King Willem-Alexander in 2013, the monarch's flag was slightly modified: Instead of a rosette, a bow is placed in the ribbon of the Military William Order. Furthermore, the tassels on the horns now both hang

title: Coat of arms of the Netherlands

text: Coat of arms of the Netherlands The coat of arms of the Kingdom of the Netherlands was originally adopted in 1815 and later modified in 1907. The arms are a composite of the arms of the former Dutch Republic and the arms of the House of Nassau, it features a checkered shield with a lion grasping a sword in one hand and a bundle of arrows in the other and is the heraldic symbol of the monarch (King Willem-Alexander) and the country. The monarch uses a version of the arms with a mantle () while the government of the Netherlands

title: International reactions to Fitna

text: that they would instead try to block access to individual pages carrying "Fitna". On April 2, a Dutch consulate in the Indonesian city of Medan was the scene of a student protest. The Dutch national flag was torn from its pillar and burned, and about 50 students broke through the consulate gates. In a letter to the state-owned Indonesian news agency Antara, Dutch ambassador Nikolaos van Dam said how Dutch society is one of peaceful co-existence, with respect for the law, which guarantees safety and freedom of speech and freedom of religion. He said that Holland has a tradition of

title: Kingdom of the Netherlands

text: into 12 provinces: Drenthe, Flevoland, Friesland, Gelderland, Groningen, Limburg, Noord-Brabant, Noord-Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland, and Zuid-Holland. The provinces are divided into municipalities. The Prime Minister of the Netherlands is Mark Rutte. The Netherlands has the euro as its currency, except in the special municipalities of the Caribbean Netherlands (BES islands), where the Netherlands Antillean guilder was replaced by the US dollar in 2011. The special municipalities of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba (referred to as Caribbean Netherlands or "BES islands") are part of the Netherlands proper but do not form part of a province. They resemble ordinary Dutch municipalities in

title: Flag of Amsterdam

text: Flag of Amsterdam The flag of Amsterdam is the official flag for Amsterdam, the capital city of the Netherlands. The current design of the flag depicts three Saint Andrew's Crosses and is based on the escutcheon in the coat of arms of Amsterdam. Design journalist Roman Mars declared it during a TED Talk in 2015 to be the most "badass" city flag in the world, as well as an example to others. He particularly praised the simplicity and popular appeal that led to its widespread use. The colours of the flag are derived primarily from the shield of Amsterdam's coat

title: Jack (flag)

text: the Netherlands has several unofficial ones. In some countries, ships of other government institutions may fly the naval jack, e.g. the ships of the U.S. Coast Guard and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in the case of the jack of the United States. Certain organs of the British government have their own departmental jacks. Commercial or pleasure craft may fly the flag of an administrative division (state, province, land) or municipality at the bow. Merchant ships may fly a house flag. Yachts may fly a club burgee or officer's flag or the owner's private signal at the bow. Practice

title: Batavian flag

text: 1 March 1796, the Batavian flag was introduced for the Dutch fleet. The flag was also used in the early days of the Kingdom of Holland (since 5 June 1806). The Statenvlag's replacement at the fleet led some sailors to uproar, as they were used to the old flag under which they had won many sea battles. In August 1806, as the Dutch navy was fighting losing battles against Britain, especially in the Dutch East Indies, a riot broke out amongst the crew of the Texel squadron and the warships of Amsterdam, stating they no longer wished to sail under

title: Coat of arms of the Netherlands

text: based on the Royal Arms. For more details see (in Dutch) or (in French). Wapens van de Nederlanden : de historische ontwikkeling van de heraldische symbolen van Nederland, België, hun provincies en Luxemburg / Hubert de Vries. Uitgeverij Jan Mets, Amsterdam, 1995 Website: Dutch Royal House Website: Dutch ministry of Foreign Affairs Website: International Civic Heraldry Website: Nassau - Ottonian Line Coat of arms of the Netherlands The coat of arms of the Kingdom of the Netherlands was originally adopted in 1815 and later modified in 1907. The arms are a composite of the arms of the former Dutch Republic

title: Flag of Amsterdam

text: arms of two other Dutch cities, Dordrecht and Delft, the middle stripe symbolises water. In regards to Amsterdam, this black strip becomes the River Amstel. This could be why other references state that the three crosses represent three fordable places in the river Amstel. The flag was officially adopted on February 5, 1975 although it was already before this date, seen for example on the cover of the day program of the 1928 Summer Olympics held in Amsterdam. Before its official adoption there was also an unofficial use of a flag with the cities coat of arms in the middle

title: Coat of arms of the Netherlands

text: the sinister paw seven arrows tight together Azure. The colours of this version where derived from the most important of the seven provinces, the county of Holland (its arms are still in use since being adopted by the counts of Holland c. 1198). After c. 1668 the colours where reversed and the arms became Gules a crowned lion Or armed and langued Azure holding in his dexter paw a sword Argent hilted Or and in the sinister paw seven arrows Argent pointed and tight together Or. The arrows symbolize the seven provinces that made up the Republic, the sword the

title: Dutch Republic Lion

text: and the old Dutch devise "Eendracht maakt macht" ("Unity makes strength") around the shield. Exemplary for the innovation in Napoleon's heraldry are the two hands coming out of clouds from behind the shield holding swords, designating King Louis as "Connétable de France". When William VI of Orange returned to the Netherlands in 1813 and was proclaimed Sovereign Prince of the Netherlands, he quartered the former Arms of the Dutch Republic (1st and 4th quarter) with the "Châlon-Orange" arms (2nd and 3rd quarter), which had come to symbolize Orange. As an in escutcheon he placed his ancestral arms of Nassau. (See

title: Flag of the Netherlands

short_answers: blue red white