question: how many dominoes do you need for mexican train

answers: A double-twelve set

title: Mexican Train

text: Train, and accommodates up to 8 players. Other sets are commonly used as well. The following alternate sets are common, depending on the number of people playing: In addition to dominoes, the game also requires: Many sets of dominoes include a station and special train-shaped tokens for markers, and packaged games with a central "station" and custom tokens are available. However, the station piece is not strictly needed, and anything from coins to poker chips to even pieces of candy or slips of paper can be used as markers. The object of all Trains games is to be the first

title: Mexican Train

text: train as possible. Any player that is unable to play on their first turn draws a domino, and may then begin their first turn or pass. When a player who has passed finally starts their train, they may play as many dominoes as they can string together. After starting their train, players are only permitted to play one domino at a time as usual, unless playing a double. This version allows a player to save their "first turn" string of dominoes for when they have a chance, instead of being stuck with all dominoes from the beginning. Branching Doubles variation:

title: Mexican Train

text: is an additional train that anyone may play on during their turn. They can start the train by playing a domino matching the engine (i.e. the double played at the beginning of the round) or add to the train. Mexican trains can be added as long as a space remains. When a double is played, it is placed perpendicular to the train. Subsequently, adding a domino to the double is called "finishing", "satisfying the double" or "covering the double." The player who played the double must take another turn. This additional turn follows exactly the same rules as any normal

title: Mexican Train

text: tile per train may be played (unless a double must be finished). Once a player cannot play on the next public train, or has looped around to their own train, their turn ends. While playing on each public train, the player may choose to play on the Mexican train or skip it when he comes to it, making the placement of the train somewhat strategical. This version makes for a much faster game. Mexican Train Mexican Train is a game played with number dominoes. The object of the game is for a player to play all the dominoes from his

title: Mexican Train

text: A train can be as long as the players can make it; it only ends when all dominoes that could match its endpoint have already been played. As a result, trains can become quite long, especially with an extended domino set. It is acceptable to "bend" the train 90° or 180° to keep the train on the playing surface, as long as it does not interfere with the endpoints of other trains. All trains begin the game as "public," and all players may play on them. When a player plays a domino on their train it then becomes "private." When

title: Mexican Train

text: all other players receive the sum of all pips (dots) on their dominoes. The person with the fewest points after all thirteen rounds have been played is the winner. In the case of a tie, the person with the most 0-point rounds is the winner. (If this is still a tie, the person with the lowest round total other than 0 is the winner). With four, six or eight players, the game can be played in teams of two, with partners sitting opposite each other. Rules are identical except that a player's train and their partner's train are considered one

title: Mexican Train

text: and the same (they will usually extend from opposite sides of the station), and thus a player can play on their own end or their partner's, and neither end becomes public until neither partner can play a tile. Scoring is also handled in pairs, with the player who went out scoring zero for their team (even though their partner will have dominoes remaining) and other teams summing their scores for a team score. There are a number of other versions of the rules for Mexican Train, varying the number of dominoes drawn by each player, the rules for playing doubles,

title: Mexican Train

text: player to place all of their dominoes. Dominoes may be placed onto the player's train, onto the Mexican train if available, or on the trains of other players under special circumstances. The middle tile counts as the start of a player's multiple tile train. At the start of each round, the dominoes are placed face side down, shuffled, and drawn by players to form their hands. Using the double-nine set, players draw dominoes as follows: Any remaining dominoes are placed to one side, forming the "boneyard". With a standard double-twelve set the double twelve is placed in the station. In

title: Mexican Train

text: or the number of tiles that can be played during one turn. For example: Fast Game variation: After the starting double has been placed, turns are ignored, and each player focuses on making their own train as long as possible. Once everyone has made as long of a train as they can, play reverts to turns, using the rules listed above. This speeds up the game, but eliminates some of the strategies of playing doubles. Delayed First Turn variation: Similar to the Fast Game variation listed above, instead of simultaneously, each person takes turns playing as many dominoes on their

title: Mexican Train

text: A double-twelve set of dominoes is marketed as the standard for Mexican Train, and accommodates up to 8 players.  Other sets are commonly used as well. The following alternate sets are common, depending on the number of people playing:

title: Mexican Train

text: a player draws a domino and is unable to play it, they must mark their train as "public" by placing a marker on their train. If a player is deemed to have made a strategic error the highest score of that round is added to theirs. Players have the option, whether they can play on their own train or not, of playing a domino on any train currently marked "public." When a player with a "public" train adds a domino to it, it becomes "private" again and may not be played on except by the train's owner. The Mexican Train

title: Mexican Train

text: "finishes the double". Play passes to the next player who can legally play on this train (if the train is theirs, or if they can legally play on "public" trains). If they cannot "finish the double", they must draw a domino, and if they cannot play it on the double, their own train becomes "public". Play continues like this until someone "finishes the double". Single and double blanks are considered wilds. Branching on doubles as in Chicken Foot is allowed as an option (see Variations below). At the end of each round, the player going out receives 0 points, while

title: Game

text: given number or multiple, or simply to play all dominoes from one's hand onto the board. Sets vary in the number of possible dots on one end, and thus of the number of combinations and pieces; the most common set historically is "double-six", though in more recent times "extended" sets such as "double-nine" have been introduced to increase the number of dominoes available, which allows larger hands and more players in a game. Muggins, Mexican Train, and Chicken Foot are very popular domino games. Texas 42 is a domino game more similar in its play to a "trick-taking" card game.

title: Mexican Train

text: turn. They may play anywhere they like, and do not have to "finish the double" on this turn. They may play elsewhere and, provided they make a legal play, do not have to mark their train for not finishing the double (unless the double was played on their own train). Blanks are wild. Like any other turn, if they cannot play they must draw a domino and mark their train as "public". If a double remains unfinished after it has been played, the train becomes a "public" train. No other train can be added to by any player until someone

title: Mexican Train

text: each successive round the next lower double is used until all doubles are used. The double-blank is the final round. Play continues to the left. Each person lays one legally placed domino per turn, or two if the player's first domino is a double. If they are unable to, they must draw a domino from the boneyard. If they are able to lay that domino, they must do so immediately. Otherwise, their turn is over and play continues to the left, each player trying to place all their dominoes by playing matching dominoes one at a time, end to end.

title: Dominoes

text: serve as spinners, i.e., they can be played on all four sides, causing the line of play to branch. Sometimes, the first tile is required to be a double, which serves as the only spinner. In some games such as Chicken Foot, all sides of a spinner must be occupied before anybody is allowed to play elsewhere. Matador has unusual rules for matching. Bendomino uses curved tiles, so one side of the line of play (or both) may be blocked for geometrical reasons. In Mexican Train and other train games, the game starts with a spinner from which various trains

title: Dominoes

text: domino sets commercially available are double six (with 28 tiles) and double nine (with 55 tiles). Larger sets exist and are popular for games involving several players or for players looking for long domino games. The number of tiles in a set has the formula formula_1 for a double-"n" set. The most popular type of play are layout games, which fall into two main categories, blocking games and scoring games. The most basic domino variant is for two players and requires a double-six set. The 28 tiles are shuffled face down and form the "stock" or "boneyard". Each player draws

title: Matador (domino game)

text: number of spots), each player gets five dominoes, with the leftover dominoes set aside in an area known as the "boneyard." During play, players must connect either end of the domino line not with a matching number on either end, but one causing the two connecting ends to have a total of seven pips, i. e. a six-spot end must be connected with a one-spot one, a four-spot with a three-spot, and a two-spot with a five-spot. Doubles are placed endwise and count the same as single dominoes. Blanks are closed to play of any domino other than a "matador."

title: Shut the Box

text: the tiles -- this also provides the option of using up to six dice if a Double 18 domino set is used. A deck of cards can also be used as tiles, and if so desired a complete conventional Western deck with the jokers (54 cards) can provide for the use of up to nine dice. As described below under Variants, the dominoes or cards can also be used in place of the dice if so desired. At the start of the game all levers or tiles are "open" (cleared, up), showing the numerals 1 to 9. During the game,

title: Dominoes

text: Dominoes Dominoes is a family of tile-based games played with rectangular "domino" tiles. Each domino is a rectangular tile with a line dividing its face into two square "ends". Each end is marked with a number of spots (also called "pips", "nips", or "dobs") or is blank. The backs of the dominoes in a set are indistinguishable, either blank or having some common design. The domino gaming pieces make up a domino set, sometimes called a "deck" or "pack". The traditional Sino-European domino set consists of 28 dominoes, featuring all combinations of spot counts between zero and six. A domino

title: Dominoes

text: also domino games of a very different character are played, such as solitaire or trick-taking games. Most of these are adaptations of card games and were once popular in certain areas to circumvent religious proscriptions against playing cards. A very simple example is a Concentration variant played with a double-six set; two tiles are considered to match if their total pip count is 12. A popular domino game in Texas is 42. The game is similar to the card game spades. It is played with four players paired into teams. Each player draws seven dominoes, and the dominoes are played

title: Chicken foot (game)

text: Chicken foot (game) Chicken foot, also known as Chicken dominoes, Chickie dominoes, and Chickie, is a dominoes game of the "Trains" family, similar to Mexican Train. Chicken Foot is played in rounds, one round for each double domino in the set. The game is normally played by 2 to 8 players using any of the common sets (double-six, double-nine, double-twelve, double-fifteen or double-eighteen). If a player does not tap their last domino on the table when they are down to one and the next player plays a domino they must draw from the bone yard. The goal of the game

title: 42 (dominoes)

text: can lose a trick. Looper is not widely played and is rarely allowed by legitimate 42 players. In some houses of play, no stacking of dominoes is allowed regardless of the winning bid. In others, a bid of one mark entitles the contract-winning team to stack the won tricks in two stacks of equal height, where a bid of two or more marks entitles them to stack the won tricks in a single stack. 42 (dominoes) 42, also known as Texas 42, is a trick-taking game played with a standard set of double six dominoes. 42 is often referred to

title: 42 (dominoes)

text: 42 (dominoes) 42, also known as Texas 42, is a trick-taking game played with a standard set of double six dominoes. 42 is often referred to as the "national game of Texas". Tournaments are held in many towns, and the State Championship tournament is held annually in Hallettsville, Texas on the first Saturday of March each year. In 2011 it was designated the official State Domino Game of Texas. According to a 1985 news article written by Christopher Evans of the Fort Worth Star-Telegram, the game originated in Garner, Texas. Two local boys, William Thomas and Walter Earl, developed the

title: Domino, Texas

text: $37,083 versus $21,429 for females. The per capita income for the town was $11,795. There were 11.8% of families and 16.1% of the population living below the poverty line, including 16.7% of under eighteens and 22.2% of those over 64. Domino is served by the Queen City Independent School District. Domino, Texas Domino is a town in Cass County, Texas, United States. The population was 93 at the 2010 census, up from 52 at the 2000 census. Domino is the only town in Cass County that is wet. Domino is located in northeastern Cass County at . It is north

title: Dominoes

text: branch off. Most trains are owned by a player and in most situations players are allowed to extend only their own train. In blocking games, scoring happens at the end of the game. After a player has emptied their hand, thereby winning the game for the team, the score consists of the total pip count of the losing team's hands. In some rules, the pip count of the remaining stock is added. If a game is blocked because no player can move, the winner is often determined by adding the pips in players' hands. In scoring games, each individual can

title: Dominoes

text: 03-01 (reversed) pairs, and generic backsides. Dominoes Dominoes is a family of tile-based games played with rectangular "domino" tiles. Each domino is a rectangular tile with a line dividing its face into two square "ends". Each end is marked with a number of spots (also called "pips", "nips", or "dobs") or is blank. The backs of the dominoes in a set are indistinguishable, either blank or having some common design. The domino gaming pieces make up a domino set, sometimes called a "deck" or "pack". The traditional Sino-European domino set consists of 28 dominoes, featuring all combinations of spot counts

title: Dominoes

text: double leads with that double, for example "double-six". If no one has it, the next-highest double is called: "double-five?", then "double-four?", etc. until the highest double in any of the players' hands is played. If no player has an "opening" double, the next heaviest domino in the highest suit is called - "six-five?", "six-four?". In some variants, players take turns picking dominoes from the stock until an opening double is picked and played. In other variants, the hand is reshuffled and each player picks seven dominoes. After the first hand, the winner (or winning team) of the previous hand is

title: Matador (domino game)

text: A "matador" can be either the double-blank domino or one containing a total of seven pips (4-3, 5-2, and 6-1). A player can also place a "matador" at any time without any regard to the numbers at either end of the domino line. When a player does not have a domino that connects with either end of the domino line, the player must pick a domino from the "boneyard" and see if this is playable. If it is, the domino must be played; otherwise one must pick another domino repeatedly until a playable one turns up. If the "boneyard" is

title: Dominoes

text: played as a series of "ends". In each "end", the objective is for players to attach a domino from their hand to one end of those already played so that the sum of the end dominoes is divisible by five or three. One point is scored for each time five or three can be divided into the sum of the two dominoes, i.e. four at one end and five at the other makes nine, which is divisible by three three times, resulting in three points. Double five at one end and five at the other makes 15, which is divisible

title: Mexican Train


question: who declared war on the united states four days after pearl harbor

answers: Fascist Italy

answers: Nazi Germany

title: Four Freedoms

text: Four Freedoms The Four Freedoms were goals articulated by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt on Monday, January 6, 1941. In an address known as the (technically the 1941 State of the Union address), he proposed four fundamental freedoms that people "everywhere in the world" ought to enjoy: Roosevelt delivered his speech 11 months before the surprise Japanese attack on U.S. forces in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii that caused the United States to declare war on Japan, December 8, 1941. The State of the Union speech before Congress was largely about the national security of the United States and the threat

text: United States declaration of war on Japan On December 8, 1941, the United States Congress declared war () on the Empire of Japan in response to that country's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor the prior day. It was formulated an hour after the "Infamy Speech" of US President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Japan had sent a message to the United States to its embassy in Washington earlier, but because of problems at the embassy in decoding the very long message – the high-security level assigned to the declaration meant that only personnel with very high clearances could decode it, which slowed

title: Bob Feller

text: States entered World War II with the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Feller heard about the bombing while returning from a visit to his terminally ill father at Des Moines to Chicago where he was to sign a new Indians contract. Two days later, he volunteered for the United States Navy, becoming the first American professional athlete to enlist. Originally he tried to enlist as a fighter pilot but failed hearing tests. Feller attended basic training at Norfolk Naval Base and served as a physical fitness instructor there. He also pitched in baseball games hosted by the

title: Day of Deceit

text: Day of Deceit Day of Deceit: The Truth About FDR and Pearl Harbor is a book by Robert Stinnett. It alleges that Franklin Roosevelt and his administration deliberately provoked and allowed the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor to bring the United States into World War II. Stinnett argues that documentary evidence shows that the attacking fleet was detected by radio and intelligence intercepts, but the information was deliberately withheld from Admiral Husband E. Kimmel, the commander of the Pacific Fleet at that time. First released in December 1999, it received a nuanced review in "The New York Times" and is

text: Italian declaration of war on the United States On December 11, 1941, Italy declared war on the United States in response to that country's declaration of war upon the Empire of Japan following the attack on Pearl Harbor four days earlier. Germany also declared war on the U.S. the same day. The US immediately responded by declaring war on Germany and Italy, thus thrusting the United States in fighting two major fronts across the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans in World War II. On December 7, 1941, 353 aircraft of the Empire of Japan attacked the U.S. naval base at Pearl

title: Four Freedoms Monument

text: Four Freedoms Monument The Four Freedoms Monument was commissioned by President Franklin D. Roosevelt following his articulation of the "Four Freedoms" in his 1941 State of the Union Address. This was yet before the Attack on Pearl Harbor and the participation of the United States in World War II. Roosevelt felt that, through the medium of the arts, a far greater number of people could be inspired to appreciate the concept of the Four Freedoms. According to Roosevelt, the four fundamental freedoms are: The statue was created by sculptor Walter Russell later that year, and was dedicated in 1943 before

title: Four Freedoms

text: reproduced as postage stamps by the United States Post Office in 1943, in 1946, and in 1994, the centenary of Rockwell's birth. Four Freedoms The Four Freedoms were goals articulated by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt on Monday, January 6, 1941. In an address known as the (technically the 1941 State of the Union address), he proposed four fundamental freedoms that people "everywhere in the world" ought to enjoy: Roosevelt delivered his speech 11 months before the surprise Japanese attack on U.S. forces in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii that caused the United States to declare war on Japan, December 8,

title: No-No Boy

text: Navy launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor. The following day, December 8, the United States declared war on Japan. Many Americans rushed to join the military. After Pearl Harbor, all citizens of Japanese ancestry had been classified 4-C, "enemy aliens", and denied entry into the armed forces. In the spring of 1942, the government began removing Japanese and Japanese American families from their homes and sending them to live in remote internment camps. As the war continued, the need for more soldiers increased. In 1943, the War Department, along with the War Relocation Authority (WRA) created a bureaucratic means

title: Frank Jack Fletcher

text: was serving as Commander Cruiser Division Four when the Japanese attacked the Naval Base at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. He became Commander Cruisers, Scouting Force, with additional duty as Commander Cruiser Division Four, on December 31, 1941. Here he was in command of one of the two Task Forces participating in operations in the Marshall-Gilbert Islands in the February 1942, and the following month was second in command in the Salamaua-Lae operations. Responding to reports from US Marines on Wake Island of Japanese bombardment and a subsequent invasion attempt in the first week after Pearl Harbor, Fletcher was

title: Consequences of the attack on Pearl Harbor

text: On December 11, 1941, Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy declared war on the United States, and the United States reciprocated, formally entering the war in Europe.

title: Attack on Pearl Harbor

text: Kazuo Sakamaki, was captured. The surprise attack came as a profound shock to the American people and led directly to the American entry into World War II in both the Pacific and European theaters. The following day, December 8, the United States declared war on Japan, and several days later, on December 11, Germany and Italy each declared war on the U.S. The U.S. responded with a declaration of war against Germany and Italy. Domestic support for non-interventionism, which had been fading since the Fall of France in 1940, disappeared. There were numerous historical precedents for unannounced military action by

title: First engagement of neutral United States in World War II before the attack on Pearl Harbor

text: first American-caused casualties occurred on 7 December 1941 when the attacked and sank a Japanese midget submarine near the entrance to Pearl Harbor prior to the commencement of the Japanese air attack upon Hawaii later that day. As a result of the attack on Hawaii, America declared war on Japan on 8 December 1941. Germany and Italy declared war on the United States three days later. The first planned offensive action by the United States in World War II came in January 1942 when the aircraft carrier attacked Japanese bases in the Marshall Islands. First engagement of neutral United States

title: Military history of the United States during World War II

text: Congress on 8 December 1941. The motion passed with only one vote against it, in both chambers. Just three days later, on 11 December 1941 Adolf Hitler declared war on the United States, and had already remarked on the evening of the date of the Japanese attack that "We can't lose the war at all. We now have an ally which has never been conquered in 3,000 years". Within hours of Pearl Harbor Japanese air forces from Formosa destroyed much of the U.S. Far East Air Force, based near Manila. The Japanese army invaded and trapped the American and Filipino

title: Henry T. Waskow

text: before rejoining his unit at Camp Edwards in Falmouth, Massachusetts. While there, he was promoted to captain. In early April 1943, sixteen months after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, on December 7, 1941 and the subsequent German declaration of war on the United States, four days later, which brought the United States into World War II, the 36th Division, commanded by Major General Fred L. Walker, a distinguished World War I veteran, was shipped from New York Harbor to Oran, Algeria, and was then stationed in Rabat in Morocco. The division, originally slated to participate in "Operation Husky", the

title: Day of Deceit

text: another nation would trigger the mutual assistance provision of the Axis Tripartite Pact. Day of Deceit Day of Deceit: The Truth About FDR and Pearl Harbor is a book by Robert Stinnett. It alleges that Franklin Roosevelt and his administration deliberately provoked and allowed the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor to bring the United States into World War II. Stinnett argues that documentary evidence shows that the attacking fleet was detected by radio and intelligence intercepts, but the information was deliberately withheld from Admiral Husband E. Kimmel, the commander of the Pacific Fleet at that time. First released in December

title: Franklin D. Roosevelt

text: Japan. After the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor, antiwar sentiment in the United States largely evaporated overnight. On December 11, 1941, Hitler and Mussolini declared war on the United States, which responded in kind. A majority of scholars have rejected the conspiracy theories that Roosevelt, or any other high government officials, knew in advance about the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. The Japanese had kept their secrets closely guarded. Senior American officials were aware that war was imminent, but they did not expect an attack on Pearl Harbor. Roosevelt had expected that the Japanese would attack either the Dutch East

title: Attack on Pearl Harbor

text: Empire of Japan. Congress obliged his request less than an hour later. On December 11, Germany and Italy declared war on the United States, even though the Tripartite Pact did not require it. Congress issued a declaration of war against Germany and Italy later that same day. The UK actually declared war on Japan nine hours before the U.S. did, partially due to Japanese attacks on Malaya, Singapore and Hong Kong, and partially due to Winston Churchill's promise to declare war "within the hour" of a Japanese attack on the United States. The attack was an initial shock to all

title: National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day

text: Territory, without warning and without a declaration of war, killing 2,403 Americans, and injuring 1,178 others. The attack sank four U.S. Navy battleships and damaged four others. It also damaged three cruisers, three destroyers, and one minelayer. Aircraft losses were 188 destroyed and 159 damaged. Canada declared war on Japan within hours of the attack on Pearl Harbor, the first Western nation to do so. On December 8, the United States declared war on Japan and entered World War II on the side of the Allies. In a speech to Congress, President Franklin D. Roosevelt called the bombing of Pearl

title: Japanese war crimes

text: "III – The Opening of Hostilities". They decided not to issue a proper declaration of war anyway as they feared that doing so would expose the possible leak of the secret operation to the Americans. Some conspiracy theorists charged that President Franklin D. Roosevelt willingly allowed the attack to happen in order to create a pretext for war, but no credible evidence supports that claim. The day after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Japan declared war on the U.S. and the U.S. declared war on Japan in response the same day. Simultaneously with the bombing of Pearl Harbor on December

title: Hirabayashi v. United States (1987)

text: the morning of December 7, 1941, Japanese military planes attacked Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Later that day, President Franklin D. Roosevelt called for a proclamation of war with the Japanese empire. and issued Presidential Proclamation No. 2525 which provides the Secretary of War broad authority to restrict the liberties of Japanese aliens. On February 19, 1942, President Roosevelt issued Executive Order No. 9066 which provides the Secretary of War (or anyone he delegates) "the authority to establish military areas from which any or all persons, citizens as well as aliens, might be excluded." The next day, Secretary of War Henry L.

title: USS Omaha (CL-4)

text: She was ordered to "execute WPL (war plan) 46 (Rainbow 5) against Japan." Captain Chandler mustered the crew to read them the message. On 8 December, the US Congress would officially declare war on the Japan with Germany declaring war on the US three days later, on 11 December 1941. While "Omaha" was on patrol with "Jouett" on 8 May 1942, she came across the Swedish ship "Astri". "Omaha"s boarding party found Ensign John F. Kelly, USNR, from the US freighter , along with six members of her armed guard detachment and eight crewmen. She had been sunk on 23

text: as required by diplomatic traditions. The United Kingdom declared war on Japan nine hours before the US did, partially due to Japanese attacks on the British colonies of Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong; and partially due to Winston Churchill's promise to declare war "within the hour" of a Japanese attack on the United States. President Roosevelt formally requested the declaration in his Infamy Speech, addressed to a joint session of Congress and the nation at 12:30 p.m. on December 8. The declaration was quickly brought to a vote; it passed the Senate, and then passed the House at 1:10 p.m.

text: Harbor and inflicted mass destruction to American life and property, beginning a war between Japan and the United States. On December 8, 1941, the U.S. declared war upon Japan in response to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Three days later, Italian dictator, Benito Mussolini, made his declaration first - from the balcony over the Piazza Venezia in Rome - pledging the "powers of the pact of steel" were determined to win. Then Adolf Hitler made his announcement at the Reichstag in Berlin saying he had tried to avoid direct conflict with the U.S. but, under the Tripartite Pact signed

text: into the war at a time when he had not yet acquired full control of continental Europe — on the very day of the Pearl Harbor attack, Hitler himself had issued his Nacht und Nebel decree, concerning the suppression of resistance activities within Nazi-occupied lands. Hitler, who had previously declared the Japanese "Honorary Aryans" claimed that "this is what happens when your allies are not Anglo-Saxons". However, he decided war with the United States was unavoidable, and the Pearl Harbor attack, the publication of Rainbow Five, and Roosevelt's post-Pearl Harbor address, which focused on European affairs as well as the

title: Declaration of war by the United States

text: the five wars in which the United States has formally declared war against eleven foreign nations. The only country against which the United States has declared war more than once is Germany, against which the United States has declared war twice (though a case could be made for Hungary as a successor state to Austria-Hungary). In World War II, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Germany and Italy, led respectively by Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini, declared war on the United States, and the U.S. Congress responded in kind. In other instances, the United States has engaged

text: Japanese declaration of war on the United States and the British Empire The declaration of war by the Empire of Japan on the United States and the British Empire was published on December 8, 1941 (Japan time; December 7 in the United States), after Japanese forces had executed an attack on the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor and attacks on British forces in Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong. The declaration of war was printed on the front page of all Japanese newspapers' evening editions on December 8. The document was subsequently printed again on the eighth day of

title: German declaration of war against the United States

text: already engaged in a "de facto" war with German U-Boats. Roosevelt's desire to help the UK, despite the objections of the influential US isolationist lobby, and legal impediments imposed by Congress which prevented direct involvement in the war, brought the US to push hard against the traditional boundaries of neutrality. On December 7, 1941, the Empire of Japan launched an attack on the US naval and army base on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, beginning a war between Japan and the United States. Japan had not informed its ally, Germany, in advance of the attack, although the Japanese ambassador had informed

text: comments and took refuge in a telephone booth until United States Capitol Police cleared the cloakroom. Two days later, a similar war declaration against Germany and Italy came to vote; Rankin abstained. Nine other women voted in favor of the declaration of war. Roosevelt signed the declaration at 4:10 p.m the same day. The power to declare war is assigned exclusively to Congress in the United States Constitution, making it an open question whether his signature was technically necessary. However, his signature was symbolically powerful and resolved any doubts. United States declaration of war on Japan On December 8, 1941,

title: Robert Stinnett

text: Robert Stinnett Robert B. Stinnett (March 31, 1924 – November 6, 2018) was an American sailor, photographer and author. He earned ten battle stars and a Presidential Unit Citation. He was the author of "Day of Deceit", regarding alleged U.S. government advance knowledge of the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor, plunging the United States into World War II. Stinnett participated in World War II from 1942 to 1946 as a naval photographer in the Pacific theater, serving in the same aerial photo group as George H. W. Bush. After the war he worked as a journalist and photographer for the

title: 1941 Oregon State Beavers football team

text: state threw the Beavers a big banquet at Portland's Multnomah Hotel. Governor Charles Sprague was one of the speakers, as was Secretary of State and future governor, Earl Snell, and the Mayor of Portland and Oregon State graduate, Earl Riley. Four days later, on December 7, 354 planes from the six carriers of the Kidō Butai took off and attacked Oahu for 90 minutes in two waves. Japan declared war later in the day. The United States of America declared war on Japan the following day. With the United States' entry into World War II, there was concern about a

short_answers:
Fascist Italy
Nazi Germany


question: when did red bull come to the united states

answers: 1997

title: Red Bull Racing Team

text: Red Bull Racing Team Red Bull Racing Team, also known as Team Red Bull, was a NASCAR team owned by Red Bull founders Dietrich Mateschitz and Chaleo Yoovidhya. The team was based in Mooresville, North Carolina in the United States and was managed by Jay Frye. The team suspended operations on December 8, 2011 and their cars were sold to BK Racing. After moving to a newer location, Roger Penske decided to sell his old facility. Then, on January 26, 2006, the newly formed team said that they would purchase the facility, and would hire 75 workers. However, the team

title: Red Bull GmbH

text: debuted in the Nextel Cup Series at Lowe's Motor Speedway. The team was shut down in December 2011 and its assets acquired by BK Racing. In motorcycling, Red Bull is a title sponsor of Red Bull KTM Factory Racing and Red Bull Honda World Superbike Team, as well as main sponsor of Repsol Honda. The Stock Car Brasil team WA Mattheis was sponsored by Red Bull between 2009 and 2016; Cacá Bueno has won the 2009, 2011 and 2012 championships. Also, the Australian V8 Supercars' Triple Eight Race Engineering is sponsored by Red Bull since 2013. 7 time champion Jamie

title: Red Bull

text: Red Bull Red Bull is an energy drink sold by Red Bull GmbH, an Austrian company created in 1987. Red Bull has the highest market share of any energy drink in the world, with 6.302 billion cans sold in a year (). Austrian entrepreneur Dietrich Mateschitz was inspired by an existing energy drink named Krating Daeng, which was first introduced and sold in Thailand by Chaleo Yoovidhya. He took this idea, modified the ingredients to suit the tastes of Westerners, and, in partnership with Chaleo, founded Red Bull GmbH in 1987 in Chakkapong, Thailand. In Thai, "daeng" means red, and

title: Dietrich Mateschitz

text: its previous owners, Ford, and renamed it Red Bull Racing. In September 2005, Mateschitz joined forces with his close friend and former Formula One driver, Gerhard Berger, to purchase the Italian-registered Minardi team from its Australian owner Paul Stoddart. The team was renamed "Scuderia Toro Rosso", "Toro Rosso" meaning Red Bull in Italian. In 2010, Red Bull Racing won the Formula One World Constructors' Championship and Drivers' Championship with Sebastian Vettel. They then went on to win both titles for the next three years running in 2011, 2012, and 2013, making Vettel and Red Bull Racing four-time world champions. From

title: Dietrich Mateschitz

text: Austrian football club SV Austria Salzburg and in March 2006, he bought the American club MetroStars; both clubs were subsequently renamed after his famous drink, as Red Bull Salzburg and New York Red Bulls, respectively. In 2007, Red Bull founded Red Bull Brasil, a football team based in Campinas, Brazil. The team was promoted to the 1st division of the São Paulo championship in 2014, the most competitive state championship of the country. In May 2009, he founded a German football club called RB Leipzig after bought the club license of SSV Markranstädt. Since 2012, he is also the owner

title: Red Bull Racing

text: Red Bull Racing Red Bull Racing (also known as Red Bull or RBR and competing as Aston Martin Red Bull Racing) is a Formula One racing team, racing under an Austrian licence and based in the United Kingdom. The team raced under a British licence from to and has raced under an Austrian licence since . It is one of two Formula One teams owned by beverage company Red Bull GmbH, the other being Scuderia Toro Rosso. The team won four successive Constructors' Championship titles, in , , , and , becoming the first Austrian licensed team to win the

title: Red Bull GmbH

text: Red Bull GmbH Red Bull GmbH is an Austrian company, which is well-known for its Red Bull energy drink. The company is also known for its sponsorship of a range of sporting events and teams. In 2016, a total of 6.062 billion cans of Red Bull were sold worldwide in over 171 countries. About 11,800 employees generated $7.4 billion in revenue (in 2017). The headquarters of Red Bull GmbH are located in Fuschl am See, Austria. Austrian entrepreneur Dietrich Mateschitz and Thai businessman Chaleo Yoovidhya founded Red Bull GmbH in 1984. While working for German manufacturer Blendax (later acquired by

title: Red Bull Racing

text: title. The team also won four drivers' championships in a row (2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013) with Sebastian Vettel. Managed by Christian Horner since 2005, the team has used Renault engines since 2007, subsequently branded as TAG Heuer from the season. Beginning in , they will run Honda engines. The current Red Bull team can trace its origins back to the Stewart Grand Prix outfit that made its debut in . Jackie Stewart sold his team to the Ford Motor Company late in 1999, and Ford made the decision to rebrand the team Jaguar Racing, with little subsequent success over

title: Red Bull Racing

text: driver Scott Speed, who rose through the ranks in the American equivalent of Red Bull Junior Team, Red Bull Driver Search, was Red Bull Racing's third driver in 2005 for the Canadian and United States Grands Prix. Speed was attractive to Red Bull because of his American nationality, which would raise the profile of both Red Bull and Formula One in America, a market where the sport has traditionally struggled to make an impact. On 23 April 2005, the team announced a deal to use Ferrari engines in . This coincided with a rule change mandating the use of V8

title: Red Bull

text: In 1992, the product expanded to international markets: Hungary and Slovenia. It entered the United States via California in 1997 and the Middle East in 2000.  In 2008, Forbes magazine listed both Chaleo and Mateschitz as the 250th richest people in the world with an estimated net worth of US$4 billion.

title: Dany Bahar

text: Fritz Kaiser, a wealth management entrepreneur based in Vaduz, Liechtenstein. While working for Fritz Kaiser, Dany Bahar met Dietrich Mateschitz, Red Bull's Austrian co-founder and a partner of Kaiser. He subsequently worked with Dietrich Mateschitz at Red Bull, responsible for its entry into Formula One with the launch of Red Bull Racing and Scuderia Toro Rosso, as well as into US-based NASCAR. Alongside auto racing, Dany Bahar also oversaw Red Bull’s purchase of football clubs in Salzburg, New York City and Ghana in a series of acquisitions that saw the New York MetroStars rebranded as the New York Red Bulls.

title: Red Bull GmbH

text: Whincup has won 3 titles driving for the Red Bull Holden Racing Team, in 2013, 2014 and 2017 and team-mate Shane van Gisbergen won the 2016 championship. The company has also been highly active in association football. On April 6, 2005, Red Bull bought the Austrian club SV Austria Salzburg and renamed it to Red Bull Salzburg, a move which has been heavily criticised by supporter groups within Austria and across Europe. They also purchased FC Liefering as Salzburg's feeder club. In 2005, Red Bull purchased the MetroStars, a team in Major League Soccer representing New York City, from Anschutz

title: FC Red Bull Salzburg

text: One racing teams, Red Bull Racing and Scuderia Toro Rosso. Red Bull, however, would not completely follow this precedent when it acquired the MetroStars club in Major League Soccer (MLS) in the United States; while it rebranded the team as the New York Red Bulls, it chose to recognise the MetroStars' history. The traditional supporters tried to resist the radical changes and formed their own movement in order to regain some of the tradition. Several fan-clubs throughout Europe voiced their support in what they saw as a fight against the growing commercialisation of football. However, after five months of protests

title: Red Bull GmbH

text: also sponsored England Cricketer Ben Stokes, there branding is visible on the back of his bat. Red Bull has also extended its presence to purchasing and entirely re-branding a number of sports teams. In motorsport, these teams include Red Bull Racing (previously Jaguar Racing) and Scuderia Toro Rosso, previously Minardi F1 Team. (Scuderia Toro Rosso is Italian for "Team Red Bull".) Both teams have scored Grand Prix victories, and Red Bull Racing won the Constructors Championship for the 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013 seasons. In 2006, Red Bull announced they would be sponsoring the NASCAR Red Bull Racing Team. They

title: Scuderia Toro Rosso

text: the podium as Kimi Räikkönen retired after a disastrous pit stop and having Lewis Hamilton behind, but lost the position, ending in a brilliant P4. Sports sponsorship is a major part of Red Bull's marketing strategy, and Scuderia Toro Rosso is not the first sports team to be bought and completely re-branded: it has done the same for Red Bull Racing (formerly Jaguar Racing), the Austrian football club Red Bull Salzburg (formerly "SV Austria Salzburg"), German football club RB Leipzig (previously SSV Markranstädt), Austrian Ice Hockey team Red Bull Salzburg EC and MLS' Red Bull New York (previously "Metrostars"). On

title: Guenther Steiner

text: States. Feeling the F1 team had become overcrowded, Steiner consulted his wife and agreed to move to Mooresville, North Carolina, where he served as Team Red Bull's technical director from 1 April 2006 to April 2008. Steiner remained in Mooresville after leaving Red Bull, where he founded manufacturing company Fibreworks Composites in January 2009. While the US F1 Team was in development, Steiner met Joe Custer and Gene Haas of Stewart-Haas Racing, who had declined to invest in the project, at a steakhouse. He proposed they themselves enter F1 by ordering a customer car from an established constructor, but delays

title: Red Bull GmbH

text: Robert Wickens and teammate John Michael Edwards in the Champ Car Atlantic Series, as well as rally driver Travis Pastrana, MotoGP riders Dani Pedrosa, Marc Márquez, Maverick Viñales, Stefan Bradl and Jack Miller, American Superbike (AMA) riders Eric Bostrom, Ben Bostrom and Jake Zemke and British Super bike (BSB) riders Jonathan Rea, Eugene Laverty and Ryuchi Kiyonari. Red Bull is sponsoring two new NASCAR teams under 2007; racing under the new Toyota Camry label. Aside from that, its Thai unit and its Philippine partner has been responsible in forming, licensing and funding the Red Bull Barako basketball team in the

title: Red Bull GmbH

text: Entertainment Group and renamed the franchise; Red Bull New York is the name of the Red Bull subsidiary that operates the team, while the squad itself is known as the New York Red Bulls. Anschutz Entertainment Group was about to begin building the MetroStars their own stadium, but groundbreaking was delayed a month as AEG completed the sale of the team. The company paid for the team's new stadium, Red Bull Arena, which had its match opener March 20, 2010. In 2007, Red Bull established the lower-division Red Bull Brasil team in São Paulo. Most recently in June 2009, the

title: Wesley Wan

text: Min (雲大棉). In June 2011, after Scuderia Toro Rosso driver Jaime Alguersuari took a Red Bull Show Car run to the Chinese city state, demoing a Red Bull around Lung Wo Road and performing a number of short sprints, burnouts and donuts. Wesley Wan told the South China Morning Post. "This is the first step in gaining the support of the people, we want to raise the exposure of F1 by staging this live show, and I hope it will lead to Hong Kong hosting a grand prix race one day. My dream is that Hong Kong, like Singapore, Malaysia

title: Formula One sponsorship liveries

text: Ford on 15 November 2004 by the energy drink company. Red Bull's involvement in Formula One dates back to , when it first sponsored the Sauber team. The deal with Sauber lasted until the end of the season. Since its first season in the car livery did not change much, always keeping Red Bull as the main sponsor. This changed in 2013, when Infiniti became the team's title sponsor and Red Bull's branding on the car was reduced. Red Bull have used special liveries on multiple occasions, supporting the release up upcoming films and company's charity program Wings for Life.

title: Chaleo Yoovidhya

text: the two launched an export version labelled "Red Bull", for which Chaleo provided the original formula (adapted for Western tastes under Mateschitz's guidance), and Mateschitz the marketing. Each put up US$500,000 for 49 per cent of the Red Bull energy drink franchise, with Chaleo's son, Chalerm, owning the remaining two per cent. Chaleo continued to own TC Pharmaceuticals, which manufactured other energy drinks in Thailand, and was part-owner of Piyavate Hospital, a private hospital in Thailand. The Yoovidhya family co-owns the sole authorized importer of Ferrari cars into Thailand. Chaleo died in Bangkok on 17 March 2012. Chaleo Yoovidhya Chaleo

title: Red Bull Junior Team

text: by Red Bull making it into Formula One: As well as these, Red Bull supports many up-and-coming young drivers: In 2004 Red Bull bought Jaguar Racing and renamed the team Red Bull Racing for the season. Red Bull Driver Search was an American scheme run from 2002 to 2005 in parallel with the Red Bull Junior Team. Its aim was "Searching for the future American F1 Champion". Another goal was to create "the "first ever" All-American Formula 1 team." There has been one clear star of Red Bull Driver Search: Scott Speed. After being one of four winners of the

title: Red Bull RB8

text: Red Bull RB8 The Red Bull RB8 is a Formula One racing car designed by Red Bull Racing which competed in the 2012 Formula One season. The car was driven by reigning World Drivers' Champion Sebastian Vettel, and Mark Webber, with former Scuderia Toro Rosso driver Sébastien Buemi filling the role of test driver. The car was launched online on 6 February, and made its debut at the first pre-season test at Jerez. Before the start of the season, it was reported that the team were in no hurry to copy the reactive ride-height system developed by Lotus into the

title: Red Bull GmbH

text: having a presence in the Australian V8 Supercars sponsoring the 888 race team, DTM (Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters) especially the Abt Audi team, Dakar Rally sponsoring the KAMAZ Master, VW Race Touareg Team and Peugeot Sport, KTM Factory Motocross Team, MotoGP, British Superbike's (BSB) Red Bull Honda and HM Plant Red Bull Honda teams, World Rally Championship with the Citroën, Volkswagen, M-Sport Ford and Škoda teams, the SEAT team in the World Touring Car Championship, in Champ Car with Neel Jani and PKV Racing, Rhys Millen's Pontiac in Formula D, sponsoring the GP2 Series team owner by Red Bull Racing team

title: Dietrich Mateschitz

text: his Laucala Island resort in Fiji. Mateschitz's brands are consistently marketed as associated with the physical and mental attributes needed for various types of extreme sports through commercial sponsorship. Red Bull formerly owned more than 60 percent of the Sauber Formula One motor racing team, and was the team's main sponsor. However, Red Bull ended its relationship with Sauber at the end of 2001 after the team opted to sign Kimi Räikkönen as one of their drivers for the 2001 season instead of Red Bull protege Enrique Bernoldi. In November 2004, Mateschitz bought the Jaguar Racing Formula One team from

title: Dietrich Mateschitz

text: 2006 to 2011, Mateschitz also owned Team Red Bull who competed in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series and the K&N Pro Series East. In late 2004, he bought the A1-Ring racing circuit, which had formerly hosted the Formula One Austrian Grand Prix, and renamed it the Red Bull Ring. The circuit re-opened in May 2011 and hosted a round of the 2011 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters season. Although Mateschitz had stated that there were no plans for it to return to the Formula One calendar, in December 2012 Red Bull notified the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile they would be open to

title: Red Bull KTM Factory Racing

text: as the final test at Losail International Circuit just two weeks before the first Grand Prix of 2017 in March. The team unveiled the bike at their headquarters at the end of February along with Red Bull KTM Ajo's Moto3 title defender and their new Moto2 KTM competitor. The team made their debut in the MotoGP category at the 2017 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix; qualifying in 22nd and 23rd, they were able to finish in 16th and 17th six seconds apart. The team scored their first points in their second grand prix in Argentina, finishing 14th and 15th. At the

title: Red Bull RB5

text: Red Bull RB5 The Red Bull RB5 is a Formula One racing car designed by the Red Bull Racing team for the 2009 Formula One season. It was driven by Sebastian Vettel, who drove for Red Bull's sister team Toro Rosso in the 2008 season, and Mark Webber. The car was launched on 9 February 2009 at the Circuito de Jerez in Spain. The car gave the team its first pole position, first win and first ever 1–2 finish at the 2009 Chinese Grand Prix. Over the course of the season the car turned out to be competitive as it

title: Red Bull RB11

text: Ricciardo in Singapore. Red Bull had a terrible start to the 2015 Formula One season with a lack of performance from its Renault power unit compounded by reliability problems. Red Bull and Renault both stated that they seemed to have 'moved backwards' in performance terms from the previous year. After the first four races, Red Bull still continued to struggle for reliability and performance, only scoring 23 points, the team's worst start since the 2008 Formula One season. Red Bull faced more problems at the , as Daniel Ricciardo's Renault V6 engine gave up as he exited the final corner

title: Red Bull RB13

text: Red Bull RB13 The Red Bull RB13 is a Formula One racing car designed and constructed by Red Bull Racing to compete during the 2017 FIA Formula One World Championship. The car was driven by Daniel Ricciardo and Max Verstappen. It made its competitive debut at the 2017 Australian Grand Prix. The pre-season testing proved that the car was a long way behind the two leaders, i.e. Ferrari and Mercedes in both pace and reliability. The team opted for a low drag design philosophy for , similar to the Williams team. The proved that the team was the 3rd quickest

title: Red Bull


question: when was the last time the crows were in the grand final

answers: 2017

title: Adelaide Football Club

text: Medal for the best and fairest player in the AFL in a three-way tie with Adam Goodes and Nathan Buckley. The Crows returned to finals in 2005 and recorded a famous win in what to this day remains the only Showdown match against rivals in the semi-finals. They then lost once more at the penultimate stage (preliminary final), to West Coast at Subiaco Oval by 16 points. This was a feat the club unfortunately repeated in 2006 when they again lost to West Coast in the preliminary final, this time at home and by an even smaller margin. Remarkably, Adelaide

title: 2017 Adelaide Football Club season

text: beaten the Giants, the Crows finished minor premiers in spite of losing their last two games. When Rory Sloane had surgery to have his appendix removed before the finals, the Crows were forced to play without him in the first week. Without Sloane, the Crows still thrived in wet conditions, keeping to just 11 points, the lowest half-time score in a final since the 1960 VFL Grand Final. The Crows went on to win by 36 points after leading at half time by 44 points, setting up a home preliminary final. This came at the cost of defender Brodie Smith,

title: 2017 Adelaide Football Club season

text: playing in the SANFL finals campaign. The Crows also delisted Luke Lowden and Keenan Ramsey at the end of the season. The only trade that the Crows were involved in was that of midfielder Jarryd Lyons, who was traded to . After the trade period they delisted two more players: midfielder Mitch Grigg and utility Ricky Henderson. Henderson went on to be signed as a delisted free agent by . The final player to be dropped off of the senior list was Sam Shaw, who retired due to the effects concussion was having on his career. He was later re-drafted

title: Mark Ricciuto

text: finished one match short of the 2005 decider. Late in the 2006 season, Ricciuto was ruled out of the Crows' final few matches due to a "mystery ailment" which was later found to be parvovirus B19. Nevertheless, Ricciuto led the Crows to their second straight top-two finish in 2006 and thus a more direct path to the preliminary final, again against the West Coast Eagles where again the Crows finished one match short of the decider, losing the preliminary final by just 10 points. Ricciuto played his 300th AFL game on 21 July 2006 against North Melbourne. He kicked 5

title: Adelaide Football Club

text: of the 2015 season (a season in which he won the club's best and fairest) and Don Pyke, a former premiership player and assistant coach with who had also been an assistant coach at Adelaide from 2005 to 2006, was appointed Adelaide's senior coach for at least three years. Adelaide was widely tipped to slide out of the finals in 2016 but the Crows proved to be one of the successes of the season, comfortably qualifying for a home elimination final and defeating by 62 points, before being eliminated the next week by eventual beaten grand finalists, in the semi-finals.

title: 1997 AFL Grand Final

text: system at the time (which has since been altered), were drawn to play a home semifinal against the higher-ranked Geelong at Football Park, despite the Crows finishing two places lower than the Cats on the ladder. In a tense, hard-fought encounter, they eventually overcame the Cats by 8 points, in a game best remembered for a crucial mark by Geelong's Leigh Colbert during a critical period in the third quarter which was not awarded by field umpire Grant Vernon. Capitalising on this good fortune, the Crows then progressed to a preliminary final against the Western Bulldogs at the MCG, a

title: 2017 Adelaide Football Club season

text: but the Crows came back again and in the dying seconds Collingwood's lead had been diminished to 6 points. Mitch McGovern took a huge pack mark for the Crows seconds before the siren went, and he kicked a goal after the siren to draw the game. This was the Crows' first draw since 1994. Adelaide followed this up with a record-breaking 84-point win in the second Showdown of the season, and a 43-point win over , guaranteeing them a top two spot and a home Qualifying Final. In Round 22, they played against , who after starting winless had won

title: Adelaide Football Club

text: in front with less than two minutes remaining. This allowed the Crows to qualify for their first AFL Grand Final, to be played against at the MCG a week later. St Kilda, chasing their second Premiership in VFL/AFL history, were warm favourites to win the Grand Final, having come first in the minor round and won both of their finals by margins of 46 and 31 points, against an Adelaide side without Tony Modra, Mark Ricciuto and goalsneak Peter Vardy due to injury. However, the Crows again overcame a half-time deficit, kicking 14 second-half goals to win by 31 points,

title: Sam Jacobs (footballer)

text: into the Grand Final, which they lost. After three years as a rookie, Jacobs was promoted to the senior list at the end of the 2009 season. He played 13 games for the Blues and 10 for the Bullants during the 2010 season, again playing in a VFL Grand Final. At the end of the season, Jacobs requested to be traded back home to the Adelaide Crows. On 11 October, Jacobs was traded to the Crows in exchange for draft picks 34 (used for Patrick McCarthy) and 67 (used for Andrew McInnes). Jacobs played his first game for Adelaide in

title: Adelaide Football Club

title: Adelaide Football Club

text: the AFL and instead the Crows were, effectively, meant to be the 'state team' that was going to represent South Australia in the AFL. They are a composite team originally owned by the SANFL (later gaining independence) and played their first season in 1991. They won both the 1997 and 1998 Grand Finals, and have appeared in 15 finals series in their 27-year history. The club is currently captained by Taylor Walker and coached by Don Pyke. Walker was appointed captain prior to the 2015 season, while Pyke permanently succeeded the late Phil Walsh as head coach in October 2015.

title: Adelaide Football Club

text: margins (they finished the regular season fifth on the ladder, with a record of 13-9). The Crows were well beaten by Melbourne in the qualifying final at the MCG by 48 points, and at the time, looked far from a premiership threat. Since season 2000, a loss in the finals by a team outside the top four would result in instant elimination, but the Crows benefited from a quirk in the McIntyre finals system that was in use during the 90's and still progressed to the second week, drawn to play a semi final against the Sydney Swans at the

title: Bruce Abernethy

text: his key role in his second trifecta of Port Adelaide premierships from 1988 to 1990, including a Jack Oatey Medal winning performance in the 1988 Grand Final, ensured that recruiting scouts continued to entice him to return to the VFL. When the Adelaide Crows were formed in 1991, Abernathy was one of their first recruits. He finished his career with a seventh premiership with Port Adelaide in 1992. At the time, when contracted Crows players were not selected for the AFL team or they were out injured, they would play for the SANFL team they were either recruited from or

title: Brent Reilly

text: as coach in mid-2004 significantly helped his development, with the youngster beginning to earn selection on a consistent basis, and winning the club's first AFL Rising Star nomination for four years in round 16 against . He played every home-and-away game in the 2005 season and the first final, before missing the last two with a hamstring injury, and ever since he has been a regular in the Crows' 22, renowned for his long and accurate kicking. In 2009, with many younger players pressing their claims for selection, Reilly was one of a number of players with their places in

title: History of the Adelaide Football Club

text: Final, with the winner to play Carlton in the Grand Final. Whilst technically a Crows home game, the match was played at the MCG due to an agreement with the Melbourne Cricket Club that a match had to be played at the MCG during every week of the finals. Against Essendon, the Crows led by 42 points at half-time before collapsing to lose by 11: 17.9 (111) to 14.16 (100). Adelaide player Mark Bickley later suggested that the players' poor performance during the second half may have been caused by the team's lack of concentration and resolve during the coach's

title: 2017 Adelaide Football Club season

text: points late in the fourth quarter two late goals were not enough to overcome Melbourne. Needing a win in their final against Collingwood to make the grand final, the Crows came back to win. After being down at three-quarter time by 7 points, the Crows scored 32 points in the final quarter while holding the Magpies to only a behind. Adelaide started the grand final strongly with a goal only 20 seconds into the match by Kellie Gibson. In front the whole match after that kick, the Crows weathered a late comeback to win the first-ever AFLW final by six

title: 2018 Adelaide Football Club season

text: to ensure a close finish, but the Crows held on to win the game by 4 points. With the win they went into the top two for the first time of the season. The Crows went into their final match against Collingwood as favourites and were expected to win and make their way into the Grand Final to defend their premiership. Crows co-captain Chelsea Randall suffered a head knock late in the second quarter and was forced to sit out the rest of the match. Randall had been instrumental in getting the Crows their 10-point lead at half-time, and without

title: Tony Modra

text: won the Coleman Medal for the most goals in the season, and was also selected in the AFL All-Australian team. However a torn Anterior cruciate ligament injury sustained during a marking contest in the preliminary final caused Modra to miss the Crows' first premiership win when they defeated in the Grand Final. After returning from the knee injury 10 months later in 1998 he failed to regain form and was not considered for the 1998 AFL Grand Final. He was thus one of the few leading Crows players who did not receive a premiership medallion in either of the Crows

title: 2008 Adelaide Football Club season

text: only one point in the first quarter. The Crows slipped to 6th on the premiership ladder after the loss with a percentage of only 109.09. In round 15, Adelaide travelled to Melbourne to face Collingwood at the MCG. The Crows led by as much as 22 points midway through the second term but faded after half-time to lose by 32 (106–74). This was the first time the team had lost four games in a row under Neil Craig. Added to the loss were injuries to Burton (knee) and Porplyzia (shoulder), the former of which would end his season. In front

title: 1998 AFL Grand Final

text: second Grand Final in three years, after their triumph in the 1996 AFL Grand Final. The Crows were competing in their second consecutive Grand Final, and were seeking back-to-back premierships after winning the 1997 AFL Grand Final. Craig Sholl for the Kangaroos was to play his 200th game. At the conclusion of the home and away season, North Melbourne had finished first on the AFL ladder with 16 wins and 6 losses, winning the McClelland Trophy. They had won their last nine matches. Adelaide had finished fifth with 13 wins and 9 losses. Adelaide fell to a heavy loss in

title: James Thiessen

text: the Adelaide Crows for the 1998 season and played in their winning Grand Final that year against North Melbourne. He remained with them for two more seasons before returning to Norwood. ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1993 ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | 1998 ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1999 ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2000 ! colspan=3| Career ! 51 ! 24 ! 29 ! 461 ! 226 ! 687 ! 148 ! 58 ! 0.5 ! 0.6 ! 9.0 ! 4.4 ! 13.5 ! 2.9 ! 1.1 James Thiessen James Thiessen (born 10 February 1974) is a former Australian rules footballer who played

title: Brent Reilly

text: the side under pressure, being dropped a number of times. However, he responded with a string of strong performances, and again entrenched himself in the Crows' best side. With the departure of Robert Shirley at the end of the season, Reilly began to make his name in 2010 in a new role as a tagger, most notably in the club's upset victory over Geelong, in which he kept superstar Gary Ablett to only 19 possessions. Reilly played his 150th game against in round 18, 2011, in what was to be Neil Craig's final game as coach. Late in the season

title: Mark Ricciuto

text: the Brownlow Medal, with Collingwood's Nathan Buckley and Sydney's Adam Goodes. In 2004 he came second in the Bronwlow medal. In 2004 and 2005 he earned his seventh and eighth All-Australian guernsey. However at the end of the 2005 season Ricciuto was suspended following an incident in the Crows' final regular season match against West Coast; thus ruling him out of Brownlow Medal contention and the Crows' first qualifying final against fourth placed , hampering the Crows' attempts at a straight path to the preliminary final. Indeed, the Crows lost this match by just eight points, and ultimately the Crows

title: Adelaide Football Club

text: , who had finished second but were forced to play away due to losing in the previous week to . The Crows won narrowly: 11.10 (76) to 9.14 (68). This set up an away Preliminary Final against the at the MCG. Despite losing Coleman Medallist Tony Modra, who had kicked 84 goals for the season, to an ACL injury in the first quarter and trailing by 31 points at half time, the Crows kicked four unanswered goals in the last quarter to record a two-point victory, 12.21 (93) to 13.13 (91), with Darren Jarman kicking a goal to put Adelaide

title: Adelaide Football Club

text: undone at the penultimate stage, losing the Collingwood in the Preliminary Final at the MCG. Ben Hart won his second Malcolm Blight Medal in 2002, with Tyson Edwards finishing runner-up. Brett Burton led the Crows' goalkickers with 51. Hart and Mark Ricciuto were both named as All-Australians. Adelaide then extracted some revenge by defeating Collingwood in the pre-season competition in 2003, a first win of its kind for the club. The Crows' impressive 2003 season was eventually halted by the at the Gabba in the semi-finals. That season Adelaide captain Mark Ricciuto became the first Crow to win the Brownlow

title: 1997 AFL Grand Final

text: the last quarter to eventually win by 31 points. The Crows kicked 8 straight goals to the Saints 4.3 in the final quarter which sealed the premiership. Adelaide became the first team to win four consecutive finals to claim the premiership - a feat matched by the Western Bulldogs in 2016. Andrew McLeod won his first Norm Smith Medal for being judged the best player afield. Shane Ellen, typically a defensive player for the Crows, provided a cameo at full-forward in place of Modra and finished with five goals, while Darren Jarman booted a grand final record of five in

title: 1997 AFL Grand Final

text: decider since losing the 1971 VFL Grand Final, and looking to win just their second premiership after their famous one point win against Collingwood in 1966. The Crows were appearing in their first grand final since entering the competition in 1991. It was a very even home and away season, with St Kilda finishing on top of the AFL ladder after 22 rounds, winning the McClelland Trophy. Their record of 15 wins and 7 losses was the lowest season tally to win the award in the modern era. The Saints had won their last seven matches to overtake Geelong and

title: 2018 Adelaide Football Club season

text: final three goals of the game to win by 10 points. Among the Crows' best players were Gibbs (with 27 possessions and a goal) and Matt Crouch (with 36 disposals), who was dominant in the stoppages. Acting captain Lynch was also impressive as a link-up forward. Talia returned from injury and joined the team for the first time of the year, along with Sloane, Greenwood, Eddie Betts, Richard Douglas and Kyle Hartigan, with the Crows fielding 25 players in the pre-season derby against crosstown rivals . Again the Crows had a commanding lead at half-time but allowed their opposition to

title: 2017 Adelaide Football Club season

text: top of the ladder with their best start to any season. Now premiership favourites, the Crows expected an easy win against , who had only won one game and were on the bottom of the ladder. They were then shell-shocked when North Melbourne kept them scoreless for the first quarter and won the game by 59 points. The Crows tried to bounce back the next week against , and the led by 28 points halfway through the second quarter, but Melbourne went on to kick the next nine goals and won by 41 points. The Crows then got a chance

title: Andrew McLeod

text: play in the midfield; and, in a thrilling contest, McLeod and the Crows would win the match by two points to reach the Grand Final for the first time in the club's history. In the Grand Final against St Kilda, McLeod would take his first significant step in his journey towards joining the game's elite. Accumulating 31 disposals and 11 marks, he was judged best on ground against the Saints, winning the prestigious Norm Smith Medal while helping his team win the AFL premiership. This was followed shortly thereafter with a gold jacket when he was named as the Crows

title: Adelaide Football Club

long_answer: Star midfielder for many years Patrick Dangerfield left the club at the end of the 2015 season (a season in which he won the club's best and fairest) and Don Pyke, a former premiership player and assistant coach with West Coast who had also been an assistant coach at Adelaide from 2005 to 2006, was appointed Adelaide's senior coach for at least three years. Adelaide was widely tipped to slide out of the finals in 2016 but the Crows proved to be one of the successes of the season, comfortably qualifying for a home elimination final and defeating North Melbourne by 62 points, before being eliminated the next week by eventual beaten grand finalists, Sydney in the semi-finals. The club had a dominant 2017 season, winning their opening six games and never falling below second place for the entire season. Adelaide claimed their second McClelland Trophy as minor premiers. The Adelaide Crows entered the 2017 finals series as favourites for the premiership; they defeated Greater Western Sydney and Geelong by 36 and 61 points respectively to qualify for the Grand Final, their first since 1998, where they faced Richmond. Despite starting as favourites, the Crows lost the match by 48 points.


question: what is the scientific name for the calf muscle

answers: gastrocnemius

answers: soleus

answers: gastrocnemius muscle

title: Calf (leg)

text: and 1425. Historically, the "absence of calf", meaning a lower leg without a prominent calf muscle, was regarded by some authors as a sign of inferiority: "it is well known that monkeys have no calves, and still less do they exist among the lower orders of mammals". Calf (leg) The calf (Latin: sura) is the back portion of the lower leg in human anatomy. The muscles within the calf correspond to the posterior compartment of the leg. The two largest muscles within this compartment are known together as the calf muscle and attach to the heel via the Achilles tendon.

title: Triceps surae muscle

text: flexion (sagittal plane) and stabilization of the ankle complex in the transverse plane. Functional activities include primarily movement in the sagittal plane, stabilization during locomotion (walking, running), restraining the body from falling and power jumping. By controlling the disequilibrium torque, the triceps surae can affect force through the exchange of potential into kinetic energy. A torn calf muscle occurs when the calf muscle is pulled apart from the Achilles tendon. Severe pain is often felt by the victim and is often, but not always, accompanied by a "pop" sound. This injury happens during acceleration or changes in direction. The torn

title: Belgian Blue

text: mutation also interferes with fat deposition, resulting in very lean meat. The truncated myostatin gene is unable to function in its normal capacity, resulting in accelerated lean muscle growth. Muscle growth is due primarily to physiological changes in the animal's muscle cells (fibers) from hypertrophy to a hyperplasia mode of growth. This particular type of growth is seen early in the fetus of a pregnant dam, which results in a calf that is born with two times the number of muscle fibers at birth than a calf with no myostatin gene mutation. In addition, a newborn double-muscled calf's birth weight

title: Muscle

text: from the Latin "musculus" meaning "little mouse" perhaps because of the shape of certain muscles or because contracting muscles look like mice moving under the skin. The anatomy of muscles includes gross anatomy, which comprises all the muscles of an organism, and microanatomy, which comprises the structures of a single muscle. Muscle tissue is a soft tissue, and is one of the four fundamental types of tissue present in animals. There are three types of muscle tissue recognized in vertebrates: Cardiac and skeletal muscles are "striated" in that they contain sarcomeres that are packed into highly regular arrangements of bundles;

title: Calf raises

text: external rotation) to exercise unilaterally and double the weight lifted. It can also be executed by using a weight, such as a barbell, to provide resistance to the action of the calf muscles. The exercise is performed from a seated position while the weight rests on the upper leg, just above the knee. The person engaged in this exercise lifts the weight by pushing down on the balls of the feet. Due to the discomfort of higher weights on a bar, barbells used for seated calf raises are frequently padded or wrapped in a towel. There are also seated calf

title: Calf (leg)

text: provides innervation. Medical conditions that result in calf swelling among other symptoms include deep vein thrombosis compartment syndrome, Achilles tendon rupture, and varicose veins. Idiopathic leg cramps are common and typically affect the calf muscles at night. Edema also is common and in many cases idiopathic. In a small study of factory workers in good health, wearing compression garments helped to reduce edema and the pain associated with edema. A small study of runners found that wearing knee-high compression stockings while running significantly improved performance. The circumference of the calf has been used to estimate selected health risks. In Spain,

title: Epitrochleoanconeus muscle

text: studies in other animals. In animals with a discrete developed epitrochleoanconeus the muscle acts as an adductor of the olecranon and a supinator of the forearm. A variety of names have been given to this muscle in different species including flexor antebrachii ulnaris, epitrochleo-cubitalis and entepicondylo-ulnaris. The epitrochleoanconius is common amongst tetrapods being found in reptiles, amphibians, mammals and birds. The epitrochleoanconeus is found widely amongst mammals having been characterised in the mid 19th century in a variety of species including two-toed sloth, duck billed platypus and echidna. Galton (1874) gave an overview of the several species characterised at that

title: Biarticular muscle

text: knee and ankle joints. However, the origin point of the muscle is so close to the axis of rotation of the knee joint that the muscle's effective lever arm would be very small, especially compared to its large lever arm at the ankle (needs citation!). As a result, even though it spans two joints, the strong bias in lever arms allows it to function primarily as an ankle flexor. Other muscles, such as the hamstrings, do not display such biases, so their function is not immediately evident from anatomy alone. Biarticular muscles can fulfill a range of functions during movement.

title: Peroneus longus

text: lateral side of the leg. The terms Peroneus (i.e., Longus and Brevis) and Peroneal (i.e., Artery, Retinaculum) are derived from the Greek word Perone (pronounced Pair-uh-knee) meaning pin of a brooch or a buckle. In medical terminology, both terms refer to being of or relating to the fibula or to the outer portion of the leg. Peroneus longus In human anatomy, the peroneus longus (also known as fibularis longus) is a superficial muscle in the lateral compartment of the leg, and acts to evert and plantarflex the ankle. The muscle, the longest and most superficial of the three peroneus muscles,

title: Gastrocnemius muscle

text: Along with the soleus muscle, the gastrocnemius forms half of the calf muscle.  Its function is plantar flexing the foot at the ankle joint and flexing the leg at the knee joint.

title: Calf Sound

text: Calf Sound Calf Sound () is a body of water which separates the Calf of Man island from the mainland of the Isle of Man. The sound - technically a strait - is about 700 yards in width, and contains the small islet of Kitterland (home to a large colony of seals, up to 30 can be seen on Kitterland on occasion). A visitor centre overlooking the Calf Sound holds multimedia exhibits giving information about the wildlife and history of the area. The centre, operated by Manx National Heritage also includes a café with both indoor and outdoor seating. The

title: Sarcomere

text: Sarcomere A sarcomere (Greek "sarx" "flesh", "meros" "part") is the basic unit of striated muscle tissue. It is the repeating unit between two Z lines. Skeletal muscles are composed of tubular muscle cells (myocytes called muscle fibers or myofibers) which are formed in a process known as myogenesis. Muscle fibers contain numerous tubular myofibrils. Myofibrils are composed of repeating sections of sarcomeres, which appear under the microscope as alternating dark and light bands. Sarcomeres are composed of long, fibrous proteins as filaments that slide past each other when a muscle contracts or relaxes. Two of the important proteins are myosin,

title: Muscle

text: Muscle Muscle is a soft tissue found in most animals. Muscle cells contain protein filaments of actin and myosin that slide past one another, producing a contraction that changes both the length and the shape of the cell. Muscles function to produce force and motion. They are primarily responsible for maintaining and changing posture, locomotion, as well as movement of internal organs, such as the contraction of the heart and the movement of food through the digestive system via peristalsis. Muscle tissues are derived from the mesodermal layer of embryonic germ cells in a process known as myogenesis. There are

title: Anatomical terminology

text: thigh (the part of the limb between the hip and the knee) and the leg (which refers only to the area of the limb between the knee and the ankle). The thigh is the femur and the femoral region. The kneecap is the patella and patellar while the back of the knee is the popliteus and popliteal area. The leg (between the knee and the ankle) is the crus and crural area, the lateral aspect of the leg is the peroneal area, and the calf is the sura and sural region. The ankle is the tarsus and tarsal, and the

title: Quadriceps femoris muscle

text: include the squat and leg press. The isolation movement (i.e. targeting solely the quadriceps) is the leg extension exercise. In body building communities, this muscle is colloquially referred to as the "leg triceps". The proper Latin plural form of the adjective "quadriceps" would be "quadricipites". In modern English usage, "quadriceps" is used in both singular and plural. The singular form "quadricep", produced by back-formation, is frequently used. Quadriceps femoris muscle The quadriceps femoris (, also called the quadriceps extensor, quadriceps or quads) is a large muscle group that includes the four prevailing muscles on the front of the thigh. It

title: Double-muscled cattle

text: meat tenderness in some cuts of meat. The enlarged muscles of dam and calf at birth leads to increased difficulty of calving, and in some breeds frequently necessitates birth by cesarean section. Some breeds of cattle don’t possess the myostatin gene that helps regulate muscle growth. This causes them to have more muscle mass and yields more meat for the cattle farmers. Two of the breeds that possess the double muscle gene are the Piedmontese and the Parthenais. The Piedmontese was discovered in Italy 1897, and the Parthenais were found in France in 1893.. The Belgian Blue is another cattle

title: Tendon

text: with a longer tendon and a shorter muscle. Successful bodybuilders will generally have shorter tendons. Conversely, in sports requiring athletes to excel in actions such as running or jumping, it is beneficial to have longer than average Achilles tendon and a shorter calf muscle. Tendon length is determined by genetic predisposition, and has not been shown to either increase or decrease in response to environment, unlike muscles, which can be shortened by trauma, use imbalances and a lack of recovery and stretching. Traditionally, tendons have been considered to be a mechanism by which muscles connect to bone as well as

title: Nikkur

text: the tendon] from without and from within, and on the calf [of leg] which is called [in Arabic] "sā‘ed", [it requires removing the tendon] from without and from within, and on the flesh which is upon it, which grows from the bunch of converging sinews [in the calf] (Heb. "Ṣūmmat Hagīdīm"), called [in Arabic] "suqleh", with all of the fat of the tendon, in every place where it is to be found. Now there are found on the two sides of the [hollow of the] thigh which is called [in Arabic] "mukheh" and in its socket [what are known as]

title: Tear of meniscus

text: than a half inch diameter of the cleat tip, and at most, a three-eighths inch of cleat length. The second way to prevent a meniscus tear is to strengthen and stretch the major leg muscles. Those muscles include the hamstrings, quadriceps, and calf muscles. One popular exercise used to strengthen the hamstrings is the leg curl. It is also important to properly stretch the hamstrings; doing standing toe touches can do this. Seated leg extensions strengthen the quadriceps and doing the quadriceps stretch will help loosen the muscles. Toe raises are used to strengthen and stretch the calves. Adequate muscle

title: Sartorius muscle

text: tendons attach onto the anteromedial proximal tibia. When inflammation of the bursa underlying the tendons occurs they separate from the head of the tibia. Sartorius comes from the Latin word "sartor", meaning tailor, and it is sometimes called the tailor's muscle. This name was chosen in reference to the cross-legged position in which tailors once sat. In French, the muscle name itself "couturier" comes from this specific position which is referred to as "sitting as a tailor" (in French : "s'asseoir en tailleur"). There are other hypotheses as to the genesis of the name. One is that it refers to

title: Human leg

text: group of a superficial and a deep layer. Functionally, the muscles of the leg are either extensors, responsible for the dorsiflexion of the foot, or flexors, responsible for the plantar flexion. These muscles can also classified by innervation, muscles supplied by the anterior subdivision of the plexus and those supplied by the posterior subdivision. The leg muscles acting on the foot are called the extrinsic foot muscles whilst the foot muscles located "in" the foot are called intrinsic. Dorsiflexion (extension) and plantar flexion occur around the transverse axis running through the ankle joint from the tip of the medial malleolus

title: Tiptoe

text: calf muscle, along with various other muscles in the foot and shin to stabilize the joint. Even with this, the form is often less stable, requiring the engaging of muscles within the torso and a better sense of weight for the person to stay balanced. There is generally some movement, even subtle, in the ankle, as holding it statically would make balance difficult, so it is the first to give. Raising up on the toes will increase someone's height and reach. It is used often to make someone appear taller, whether in an engagement, or when measuring one's height. It

title: Human leg

text: In human anatomy, the lower leg is the part of the lower limb that lies between the knee and the ankle. The thigh is between the hip and knee and makes up the rest of the lower limb. The term lower limb or "lower extremity" is commonly used to describe all of the leg. This article generally follows the common usage. The leg from the knee to the ankle is called the "crus" or "cnemis" . The calf is the back portion, and the tibia or shinbone together with the smaller fibula make up the front of the lower leg.

title: Surface anatomy

text: The leg (between the knee and the ankle) is the crus and crural area, the lateral aspect of the leg is the peroneal area, and the calf is the sura and sural region. The ankle is the tarsus and tarsal, and the heel is the calcaneus or calcaneal. The foot is the pes and pedal region, and the sole of the foot the planta and plantar. As with the fingers, the toes are also called the digits, phalanges, and phalangeal area. The big toe is referred to as the hallux. Following are lists of surface anatomical features in humans and

title: Calf of Man

text: Calf of Man Calf of Man () is a island, off the southwest coast of the Isle of Man. It is separated from the Isle of Man by a narrow stretch of water called the Calf Sound. Like the nearby rocky islets of Chicken Rock and Kitterland, it is part of the parish of Rushen. It has only two seasonal inhabitants. The word 'calf' derives from the Old Norse word "kalfr" which means a small island lying near a larger one. It is possible to reach the Calf of Man by boat from both Port Erin and Port St Mary.

title: Limbs of the horse

text: bone or the pedal bone. Below the navicular bone is the navicular bursa. There are three main muscle groups of the forelimb. The triceps muscle straightens the elbow and foreleg, running from the elbow to the bottom of the shoulder blade. The muscles which extend the lower leg are called extensor muscles, while the flexion of the lower leg joints is achieved through movement of the flexor muscles. There are five main muscles and muscle groups in the hind legs. The vastus muscle flexes the hind leg and runs from stifle to hip, while the gluteal muscles, the large muscles

title: Flexor pollicis longus muscle

text: (FDP). While the FPL is not a separate muscle belly in extant great apes, a distinct tendon from the FDP belly might be present. In some individuals this tendon tend to act more like a ligament which restricts extension of the interphalangeal joint of the thumb. In orangutans there is a tendon similar in insertion and function to the FPL in humans, but which has an intrinsic origin on the oblique head of the adductor pollicis. Lesser apes (i.e. gibbons) and Old World monkeys (e.g. baboons) share an extrinsic FPL muscle tendon with humans. In most lesser apes the FPL

title: Knee

text: particularly horses, ungulates, and elephants, the layman's term "knee" also commonly refers to the forward-facing joint in the foreleg, the carpus, which is homologous to the human wrist. In birds, the "knee" refers to the joints between the femur and tibiotarsus, and also the patella (when present). The layman's term "knee" may also refer to the (lower and often more visible due to not being covered by feathers) joint between the tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus, which is homologous to the human ankle. In insects and other animals, the term knee widely refers to any hinge joint. Knee In humans and other

title: Myofibril

text: and myosin filaments themselves do not change length, but instead slide past each other. This is known as the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction. Myofibril A myofibril (also known as a muscle fibril) is a basic rod-like unit of a muscle cell. Muscles are composed of tubular cells called myocytes, known as muscle fibers in striated muscle, and these cells in turn contain many chains of myofibrils. They are created during embryonic development in a process known as myogenesis. Myofibrils are composed of long proteins including actin, myosin, and titin, and other proteins that hold them together. These proteins

title: Calf

text: Calf A calf (plural, calves) is the young of domestic cattle. Calves are reared to become adult cattle, or are slaughtered for their meat, called veal, and for their calfskin. The term "calf" is also used for some other species. See "Other animals" below. "Calf" is the term used from birth to weaning, when it becomes known as a "weaner" or "weaner calf", though in some areas the term "calf" may be used until the animal is a yearling. The birth of a calf is known as "calving". A calf that has lost its mother is an orphan calf, also

title: Gastrocnemius muscle

short_answers: gastrocnemius soleus