question: when did the smoking ban in public places start

answers: August 2, 1990

answers: 1995

title: Smoking ban

text: ban on smoking in all workplaces. In Norway, similar legislation was put into force on 1 June the same year. The Scottish ban on smoking in public areas was introduced on 26 March 2006 by the then Minister for Health and Community Care, Andy Kerr. Smoking was banned in all public places in the whole of the United Kingdom in 2007, when England became the final region to have the legislation come into effect (the age limit for buying tobacco was also raised from 16 to 18 on 1 October 2007). On 12 July 1999, a Division Bench of the

title: Smoking ban in England

text: smoking, doing so in May 2006. Tobacco advertising had been banned in England gradually starting with a ban on Television Advertising of cigarettes in 1965 to a complete ban on all Tobacco Advertising in 2005. On 16 November 2004 a Public Health white paper proposed a smoking ban in almost all public places in England and Wales. Smoking restrictions would be phased in, with a ban on smoking in NHS and government buildings by 2006, in enclosed public places by 2007, and pubs, bars and restaurants (except pubs not serving food) by the end of 2008. On 26 October 2005,

title: Smoking ban

text: the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution), Act 1981." In 2003, India introduced a law that banned smoking in public places like restaurants, public transport or schools. The same law also made it illegal to advertise cigarettes or other tobacco products. In 2010, Nepal was going to enact a new anti-smoking bill that will ban smoking in public places and outlaw all tobacco advertising to prevent young people from smoking. On 31 May 2011 Venezuela introduced a restriction upon smoking in enclosed public and commercial spaces. Smoking was first restricted in schools, hospitals, trains, buses and train stations in Turkey

title: Smoking ban

text: 2017, President Rodrigo Duterte signed an executive order for the disestablishment of public smoking areas, both indoor and outdoor, implementing a nationwide smoking ban. Smoking in public places was banned in Poland on 15 November 2010 by a change in parliamentary act "On Defending Health Against Results of Tobacco and Tobacco Products Usage" ("Ustawa o ochronie zdrowia przed następstwami używania tytoniu i wyrobów tytoniowych"). The smoke ban includes all public places, regardless of ownership, that is restaurants, pubs, workplaces, hospitals, universities, public transport stops and stations and sports facilities (institutions of primary and secondary education had been declared smoke-free already

title: Smoking ban

text: buildings. The former UK Secretary of State for Health John Reid claimed that restrictions upon smoking in public places may lead to more people smoking at home. However, both the House of Commons Health Committee and the Royal College of Physicians disagreed, with the former finding no evidence to support Reid's claim after studying Ireland, and the latter finding that smoke-free households increased from 22% to 37% between 1996-2003. In January 2010, the mayor of Boston, Massachusetts, Thomas Menino, proposed a restriction upon smoking inside public housing apartments under the jurisdiction of the Boston Housing Authority. In May 2008, research

title: Smoking ban in England

text: the smoking ban was symptomatic of MPs' failure to understand risk on 7 June 2006. The ban came into force on 1 July 2007, as announced on 30 November 2006 by former Secretary of State for Health Patricia Hewitt, who called it "a huge step forward for public health". On 30 June 2010, the recently formed Coalition Government announced that it would not be reviewing the ban. An attempt in October 2010 by Conservative MP David Nuttall to amend the law to exempt private members' clubs and pubs from the smoking ban was defeated in the House of Commons on

title: Smoking ban

text: health from tobacco smoke and the consequences of smoking that introduced a ban on smoking in all closed public areas in compliance with the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control took effect on 1 June 2013. At first smoking ban abusers were not fined - the mechanism was still under consideration. The law prohibits smoking at schools and universities, cultural and sporting organizations, beaches, stadiums, on playgrounds and in hospitals, in sanatoriums and at health resorts, inside the offices of public organizations and at filling stations. Smoking is banned aboard aircraft, on the subway and all kinds of public transport.

title: Smoking in India

text: initiative. Smoking in public places was prohibited nationwide from 2 October 2008 under the "Prohibition of Smoking in Public Places Rules, 2008" and COTPA. The nationwide smoke-free law pertains only to public places. Places where smoking is restricted include auditoriums, cinemas, hospitals, public transport (aircraft, buses, trains, metros, monorails, taxis) and their related facilities (airports, bus stands/stations, railway stations), restaurants, hotels, bars, pubs, amusement centres, offices (government and private), libraries, courts, post offices, markets, shopping malls, canteens, refreshment rooms, banquet halls, discothèques, coffee houses, educational institutions and parks. Smoking is allowed on roads, and inside one's home or vehicle. Then

title: Smoking ban

text: magnitude of this reduction. Also in 2009, a systematic review and meta-analysis found that bans on smoking in public places were associated with a significant reduction of incidence of heart attacks. The lead author of this meta-analysis, David Meyers, said that this review suggested that a nationwide ban on smoking in public places could prevent between 100,000 and 225,000 heart attacks in the United States each year. Legislating on smoking of tobacco in public places has reduced the cause of heart disease among adults. Such legislations include banning smoking in restaurants, buses, hotels and workplaces. Institute of Medicine (IOM) convened

title: List of smoking bans in the United States

text: In 1995, California was the first state to enact a statewide smoking ban; throughout the early to mid-2000s, especially between 2004 and 2007, an increasing number of states enacted a statewide smoking ban of some kind.  As of July 2017, the most recent statewide smoking ban is North Dakota's, which was ratified by voters on November 6, 2012.

title: Patricia Hewitt

text: public places, which came into force on 1 July 2007. Her predecessor, John Reid had been in favour of limiting the Government's proposed smoking ban as much as possible, and Labour's 2005 election manifesto had included only a limited pledge, proposing to only ban smoking in places where food was served. Even though he had been moved to Secretary of State for Defence, Reid was the main opponent of her proposals, and a leading figure in the decision of the Cabinet to grant an exemption for private clubs and pubs that did not serve food. However, the exemption in the

title: Smoking in China

text: certain public places in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region has been banned from 1 January 2007 under the government's revised Smoking (Public Health) Ordinance (Cap. 371), first enacted in 1982 with several amendments subsequently. The latest amendment enlarges the smoking ban to include indoor workplaces, most public places including restaurants, Internet cafés, public lavatories, beaches and most public parks. Some bars, karaoke parlors, saunas and nightclubs were exempt until 1 July 2009. Smoking bans in lifts, public transport, cinemas, concert halls, airport terminal and escalators had been phased in between 1982 and 1997. The ban in shopping centres, department

title: Tobacco smoking

text: for designated smoking areas. In Victoria, smoking is restricted in railway stations, bus stops and tram stops as these are public locations where second-hand smoke can affect non-smokers waiting for public transport, and since 1 July 2007 is now extended to all indoor public places. In New Zealand and Brazil, smoking is restricted in enclosed public places including bars, restaurants and pubs. Hong Kong restricted smoking on 1 January 2007 in the workplace, public spaces such as restaurants, karaoke rooms, buildings, and public parks (bars which do not admit minors were exempt until 2009). In Romania smoking is illegal in

title: Women and smoking

text: of cities, municipalities, and states have passed legislation prohibiting smoking in public places, such as bars, restaurants, and an assortment of other public venues. This is a growing phenomenon, which will help to reduce smoking rates in the United States. The overall smoking rate in the United States has dropped from approximately 46% in 1950 to approximately 21% in 2004. In Edo period or earlier than it, tobacco had come to Japan. were the main smokers among Japanese women by the early 19th century. In 2010 the Hamas-led Islamist government of Gaza imposed a ban on women smoking the popular

title: Smoking (Public Health) Ordinance

text: (expired August 2009). Any licensed bar and karaoke could apply under a paper exercise to receive "Qualified Establishment" status, which was granted by the Department of Health. The Smoking Ban, as it is commonly referred to, bans smoking indoors in restaurants which sell more food than liquor, indoor workplaces other than exempted bars, mahjong parlours, saunas and karaoke centres, schools, as well as beaches, swimming pools, sports grounds and most public parks. The latest extension of the ban came into force on 1 January 2007. The establishments exempt from the ban would have to be smoke-free by August 2009. The

title: Smoking in Hong Kong

text: 371), first enacted in 1982 with several amendments subsequently. The latest amendment enlarges the smoking ban to include indoor workplaces, most public places including restaurants, Internet cafés, public lavatories, beaches and most public parks. Some bars, karaoke parlors, saunas and nightclub were exempt until 1 July 2009. Smoking bans in lifts, public transport, cinemas, concert halls, airport terminal and escalators had been phased in between 1982 and 1997. The ban in shopping centres, department stores, supermarkets, banks, game arcades has been in place since July 1998. An anomaly to the smoking ban are on cross-border trains between Hong Kong and

title: Smoking ban

text: to smoke in any public enclosed places and any public transport vehicles (according to Law 25357 issued on 27 November 1991 and its regulations issued on 25 November 1993 by decree D.S.983-93-PCM). There is also legislation restricting publicity, and it is also illegal (Law 26957 21 May 1998) to sell tobacco to minors or directly advertise tobacco within 500m of schools (Law 26849 9 Jul 1997). On 3 December 2003, New Zealand passed legislation to progressively implement a smoking ban in schools, school grounds, and workplaces by December 2004. On 29 March 2004, the Republic of Ireland implemented a nationwide

title: Smoking ban in England

text: 2007 leading to a rapid decline in shisha bars. A legal blunder by Stoke-on-Trent City Council meant that, while the smoking ban still applied in the city, the council were unable to issue fines to people caught flouting the law until 16 July 2007. The blunder caused the city to briefly be dubbed Smoke-on-Trent. A group calling themselves "Freedom To Choose", launched a campaign for a judicial review of the smoke-free workplace regulations claiming a breach of the Human Rights Act 1998, as it does not respect the right to privacy of people who wish to smoke in public. Supporters

title: Smoking in China

text: new daily average [after the extended smoking ban] was less than half of what was reported in the first four months of this year, when the city's firefighters had to put out 325 fires caused by cigarette butts, or 2.7 per day." In 2007, Guangzhou and Jiangmen became Guangdong's first two cities for experimental enforcement of total smoking ban at some public places. The public places for smoking ban included restaurants, entertainment outlets, schools, supermarkets, and governmental offices. However, by March 2010, the Guangzhou Municipal People's Congress prepared to lift the smoking ban in work places, including offices, conference rooms

title: Smoking (Public Health) Ordinance

text: law also empowers the government to designate certain public areas, mainly public transport interchanges, as no-smoking areas. The first group of such places went smoke-free on 1 September 2009. Starting from 31 March 2016, 8 bus interchanges located at tunnel portal areas are also zoned as no-smoking areas. Apart from a smoking ban in public places, the newly revised ordinance also imposes more stringent restrictions on sale of tobacco products. Packets must bear health warnings that contain images portraying consequences of smoking. Subsequently, a bill was presented to the same Legislative Council that streamlined the penalty procedures for someone caught

title: Smoking ban

text: 2003. The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 prohibits smoking inside a public building or an enclosed public place including public vehicles and other means of transport or in any enclosed area outside of one’s private residence, private place of work or any duly designated smoking area. The Tobacco Regulation Act also prohibits smoking in public places, like schools, public transportation terminals, malls, and places with fire hazards, like gas stations. Cancer survivors support the planned smoking ban in order for local government units to strictly implement the regulations set by the Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003. On May 16,

title: Stewart Maxwell

text: being the architect of the ban on smoking in enclosed places in Scotland. He laid a motion in the Scottish Parliament stating that he intended to bring forward a bill to ban smoking in public places in July 2003 and went on to introduce the Bill to ban tobacco smoking in enclosed public places in February 2004. The Scottish Executive at first opposed this proposal, but were eventually forced to accept the idea after it received widespread support. They eventually published their own bill which was passed on 30 June 2005 and the ban came into effect on 26 March

title: Smoking ban

text: was one of the last countries in the world not to have anti-smoking legislation in place. However, in October 2012, Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev commenced an anti-tobacco strategy that has led to proposals from the Russian Health Ministry to cease advertising, increase tax on cigarette sales and ban smoking in public spaces. The Prime Minister lamented the smoking death rate in the country with 400,000 citizens dying every year of smoking-related causes and this is also compounded by the fact that a pack of cigarettes in Russia typically costs around the £1 mark. A strict law aimed to protect people’s

title: Smoking (Public Health) Ordinance

text: flouting the smoking ban and made it on par with littering offences. The bill was passed on 2008 and took effect on 1 September 2009. Under the new law, anyone caught smoking in prohibited areas would receive a fixed penalty of HK$1,500. Smoking (Public Health) Ordinance The Smoking (Public Health) Ordinance is a law in Hong Kong enacted in 1982 for smoking bans and regulation of sales of tobacco products. It has been amended several times ever since and the latest substantial amendment, known as the Smoking (Public Health) (Amendment) Ordinance 2006, was passed by the Legislative Council on 19

title: Smoking in China

text: ban of smoking in public places. With an explicitly stated objective of "building smoke-free environments for the sake of enjoying healthy life", the report has received strong support and praise from the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, a U.S. health advocacy group based in Washington, D.C. In addition, the report suggested a strong likelihood of success for the implementation of complete public smoking bans in seven major urban areas on the basis of demonstrated widespread popular support for such measures. According to an analysis by the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, polling data in the Ministry of Health report revealed: "Overwhelming public

title: Smoking ban

text: contributing factor to the closure of hundreds of small rural pubs, with almost 440 fewer licences renewed in 2006 than in 2005." Smoke-free restrictions came into effect in the Isle of Man on 30 March 2008. Chandigarh became the first city-state of India to become smoke-free in July 2007. Social activist Hemant Goswami did pioneering work to make Chandigarh smoke-free. Inspired by the success of Chandigarh, the then Union Health Minister Dr. Ambumani Ramadoss enacted the new smoke-free regulation in 2008. India banned smoking in public places on 2 October 2008. Nearly a decade earlier, on 12 July 1999, a

title: Smoking ban in England

text: 24 November that Chief Medical Officer Liam Donaldson nearly quit over the partial ban, but decided to stay to champion a total ban. On the same day, the government released the results of the public consultation, after Cancer Research UK demanded them under the Freedom of Information Act, which revealed that nearly 9 out of 10 respondents wanted a total ban. On 11 January 2006, the government further announced that it would give MPs a free vote on an amendment to the Health Bill, submitted by the Health select committee, to instigate a comprehensive smoke-free workplace regulations. Health Secretary Patricia

title: Smoking ban in England

text: This was attributed to more smokers supporting the legislation. Smoking ban in England A smoking ban in England, making it illegal to smoke in all enclosed work places in England, came into force on 1 July 2007 as a consequence of the Health Act 2006. Similar bans had already been introduced by the rest of the United Kingdom: in Scotland on 26 March 2006, Wales on 2 April 2007 and Northern Ireland on 30 April 2007. Before the ban many businesses voluntarily introduced bans on smoking mainly as a result of public feedback. The pub chain Wetherspoons was the first

title: Smoking ban in England

text: in practice as regards defining what is public and private. Several universities have imposed a blanket ban on smoking including halls of residence. As part of the implementation of the smoking ban, Transport for London announced that smoking would be no longer permitted on taxis, private hire vehicles and all London Buses premises, including all bus stop shelters. The Association of Train Operating Companies and Network Rail introduced an extended ban on smoking covering all railway property including all National Rail station platforms whether enclosed or not. The ban has since been extended to cover the use of Electronic cigarettes.

title: Smoking in Greece

text: legislation was not very efficient, a new, stricter law was passed. Effective from 1 September 2010, this law banned smoking and consumption of tobacco products by other means, in all working places, transportation stations, taxis and passenger ships (in trains, buses and airplanes smoking was already prohibited), as well as in all enclosed public places including restaurants, night clubs, etc., without any exception. Casinos and bars bigger than 300 sq m were given eight months to apply the law. Smoking is also prohibited in atria and internal areas with removable roof covers or tents as well as in external seating


question: who ordered the forbidden city to be built

answers: Zhu Di

title: Forbidden City

text: to Beijing, and construction began in 1406 on what would become the Forbidden City. Construction lasted 14 years and required more than a million workers. Material used include whole logs of precious "Phoebe zhennan" wood () found in the jungles of south-western China, and large blocks of marble from quarries near Beijing. The floors of major halls were paved with "golden bricks" (), specially baked paving bricks from Suzhou. From 1420 to 1644, the Forbidden City was the seat of the Ming dynasty. In April 1644, it was captured by rebel forces led by Li Zicheng, who proclaimed himself emperor

title: Forbidden City

text: has seen an average of 15 million visitors annually, and received more than 16 million visitors in 2016 and 2017. The common English name "Forbidden City" is a translation of the Chinese name "Zijin Cheng" (). The name "Zijin Cheng" first formally appeared in 1576. Another English name of similar origin is "Forbidden Palace". The name ""Zijin Cheng"" is a name with significance on many levels. "Zi", or "Purple", refers to the North Star, which in ancient China was called the "Ziwei" Star, and in traditional Chinese astrology was the heavenly abode of the Celestial Emperor. The surrounding celestial region,

title: Forbidden City

text: Forbidden City The Forbidden City is a palace complex in central Beijing, China. The former Chinese imperial palace from the Ming dynasty to the end of the Qing dynasty (the years 1420 to 1912), it now houses the Palace Museum. The Forbidden City served as the home of emperors and their households as well as the ceremonial and political center of Chinese government for almost 500 years. Constructed from 1406 to 1420, the complex consists of 980 buildings and covers 72 hectares (over 180 acres). The palace exemplifies traditional Chinese palatial architecture, and has influenced cultural and architectural developments in

title: History of the Forbidden City

text: of the empire. However, scarcely nine months after their construction, the three main halls including the throne room burnt down, and it would be 23 years before they were rebuilt. From 1420 to 1644, the Forbidden City was the seat of the Ming Dynasty. In April 1644, rebel forces led by Li Zicheng captured it, and Chongzhen, the last emperor of the Ming Dynasty, hanged himself on Jingshan Hill. Li Zicheng proclaimed himself emperor of the Shun Dynasty at the Hall of Military Eminence. However, he soon fled before the combined armies of former Ming general Wu Sangui and Manchu

title: Forbidden City

text: was the residence of the Emperor and his family, and was used for day-to-day affairs of state. (The approximate dividing line shown as red dash in the plan above.) Generally, the Forbidden City has three vertical axes. The most important buildings are situated on the central north–south axis. Entering from the Meridian Gate, one encounters a large square, pierced by the meandering Inner Golden Water River, which is crossed by five bridges. Beyond the square stands the Gate of Supreme Harmony (F). Behind that is the Hall of Supreme Harmony Square. A three-tiered white marble terrace rises from this square.

title: Imperial City, Beijing

text: and ascended to the throne to become Yongle Emperor in 1402. In 1403, the name of Beiping was changed to Beijing (literally "the Northern Capital"), and in 1406 a plan was drafted to move the capital to Beijing. In 1406, construction of the Forbidden City began, copying the layout of the existing palaces in Nanjing. The new imperial palace was placed in the site of Yuan palace. For "feng shui" reasons, earth dug up from construction of the moat were used to construct Jingshan Hill to the north of the imperial palace. On the basis of the Yuan Imperial City,

title: Forbidden City

text: is a double-eaved building, and set on a single-level white marble platform. It is connected to the Gate of Heavenly Purity to its south by a raised walkway. In the Ming dynasty, it was the residence of the Emperor. However, beginning from the Yongzheng Emperor of the Qing dynasty, the Emperor lived instead at the smaller Hall of Mental Cultivation (N) to the west, out of respect to the memory of the Kangxi Emperor. The Palace of Heavenly Purity then became the Emperor's audience hall. A caisson is set into the roof, featuring a coiled dragon. Above the throne hangs

title: History of Beijing

text: later Forbidden City, housed the imperial offices. The city's construction drew builders from all over the Mongols' Asian empire, including local Chinese as well as those from places such as Nepal and Central Asia. Liu Bingzhong was appointed as the supervisor of the construction of the imperial city and a chief architect was Yeheidie'erding. The pavilions of the palaces took on various architectural styles from across the empire. The entire palace complex occupied the south central portion of Dadu. Following Chinese tradition, the temples for ancestral rites and harvest rites were built, respectively, to west and east of the palace.

title: Beijing city fortifications

text: Palace. It was finished the following year. In 1409 Jianshouling was completed at Mount Tianshou in the Changping District. Construction work began in 1416 on the Forbidden City complex, in a style that imitated the original Nanjing Imperial Palace. The Forbidden City's halls, palaces, and pavilions, such as Taimiao, Ancestor Hall, Mount Wansui, Taiye Lake, residences of the Ten Kings, residences of the imperial princes, residences of the officials and the Drum and Bell Towers were built at this time. The southern city walls were moved south by to allow more space for the future Imperial City complex. In 1421

title: History of the Forbidden City

title: Forbidden City

text: Researchers now believe that the axis was designed in the Yuan dynasty to be aligned with Xanadu, the other capital of their empire. The Forbidden City is surrounded by a high city wall and a deep by wide moat. The walls are wide at the base, tapering to at the top. These walls served as both defensive walls and retaining walls for the palace. They were constructed with a rammed earth core, and surfaced with three layers of specially baked bricks on both sides, with the interstices filled with mortar. At the four corners of the wall sit towers (E)

title: City Wall of Nanjing

text: walls ever constructed in China. The enclosed Nanjing City is about 55 square kilometers. The first Ming emperor was proclaimed in 1368 and a great deal of preparation was done prior to this to have an imperial city and all the imperial trappings ready. The name of the city was changed again to Yingtianfu (responding to heaven). A "new city" was built to the east of the old one to be used as a new palace or "forbidden" city. This city was laid out in much the same pattern as Beijing; indeed Nanjing’s was the pattern for Beijing’s Forbidden City.

title: Horace H. F. Jayne

text: minor palace outside the Forbidden City. The palace was built by Wang Cheng'en, a eunuch and loyal attendant to the last Ming emperor, Chongzhen Emperor (reign: 1628-1644). Li Zicheng and the Shun rebel army began their invasion of Beijing on April 24, 1644. The next day, the emperor and his imperial household committed suicide. The building was constructed of wood, but its columns rested upon stone footings and its roof was of tile. The interior of the main room – 26 ft (7.92 m) tall, 45 ft (13.72 m) wide, and 35.5 ft (10.82 m) deep – featured beams and

title: History of the Forbidden City

text: and construction began in 1406 of what would become the Forbidden City. The Forbidden City's plan was designed by many architects and designers, and then it was examined by the Emperor's Ministry of Work. The chief architects and engineers include Cai Xin, Nguyen An, a Vietnamese eunuch, Kuai Xiang, Lu Xiang and others. Construction lasted 14 years and employed the work of 100,000 skilled artisans and up to a million labourers. The pillars of the most important halls were made of whole logs of precious "Phoebe zhennan" wood () found in the jungles of south-western China. Such a feat was

title: History of the Forbidden City

text: History of the Forbidden City The history of the Forbidden City begins in the 15th century when it was built as the palace of the Ming emperors of China. It is located in the centre of Beijing, China, and was the Chinese imperial palace from the mid-Ming Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty in 1912. It has been a museum since the 1920s. Built from 1406 to 1420, the palace complex has undergone many changes. After serving as the imperial palace for some five hundred years, the Forbidden City became a museum, the Palace Museum, in 1925. In

title: Chang'an

text: and the city. These passages were controlled by underground gatehouses and their existence was unknown. In 200 BC after marking the boundaries of the three prefectures, which comprised the metropolitan region of Xianyang, Liu Bang appointed Xiao He to design and build the new capital. He chose to site the city on ruins of the Qin Dynasty Apex Temple (formerly, Xin Palace). This old Qin palace was meant to be the earthly mirror of Polaris, the apex star, where the heavenly emperor resided. This site, thus represented the center of the earth lying under the center of heaven with an

title: Forbidden City

text: of the Shun dynasty. He soon fled before the combined armies of former Ming general Wu Sangui and Manchu forces, setting fire to parts of the Forbidden City in the process. By October, the Manchus had achieved supremacy in northern China, and a ceremony was held at the Forbidden City to proclaim the young Shunzhi Emperor as ruler of all China under the Qing dynasty. The Qing rulers changed the names on some of the principal buildings, to emphasise "Harmony" rather than "Supremacy", made the name plates bilingual (Chinese and Manchu), and introduced Shamanist elements to the palace. In 1860,

title: Forbidden City

text: the west lies Zhongnanhai, a former royal garden centred on two connected lakes, which now serves as the central headquarters for the Communist Party of China and the State Council of the People's Republic of China. To the north-west lies Beihai Park, also centred on a lake connected to the southern two, and a popular royal park. To the south of the Forbidden City were two important shrines – the Imperial Shrine of Family or the Imperial Ancestral Temple () and the Imperial Shrine of State or Beijing Shejitan (), where the Emperor would venerate the spirits of his ancestors

title: Beijing

text: had practically restricted it to the upper class. Today, Houhai, Sanlitun and Wudaokou are Beijing's nightlife hotspots. In 2012 Beijing was named as City of Design and became part of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network. At the historical heart of Beijing lies the Forbidden City, the enormous palace compound that was the home of the emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties; the Forbidden City hosts the Palace Museum, which contains imperial collections of Chinese art. Surrounding the Forbidden City are several former imperial gardens, parks and scenic areas, notably Beihai, Shichahai, Zhongnanhai, Jingshan and Zhongshan. These places, particularly Beihai

title: House of Zhu

text: According to a popular legend, the capital was moved when the emperor's advisers brought the emperor to the hills surrounding Nanjing and pointed out the emperor's palace showing the vulnerability of the palace to artillery attack. The Yongle Emperor also ordered to build a massive network of structures in Beijing in which government offices, officials, and the imperial family itself resided. After a painfully long construction time, the Forbidden City was finally completed and became the political capital of China for the next 500 years. 皇孫府 The Ming dynasty modified and made changes from the Tang dynasty system for regulating

title: Collections of the Palace Museum

text: and his household, and the ceremonial and political centre of Chinese government. Built from 1406 to 1420, the complex consists of 980 surviving buildings with 8,707 bays of rooms and covers 720,000 square metres. The palace complex exemplifies traditional Chinese palatial architecture, and has influenced cultural and architectural developments in East Asia and elsewhere. The Forbidden City was declared a World Heritage Site in 1987, and is listed by UNESCO as the largest collection of preserved ancient wooden structures in the world. Built from 1406 to 1420, the Forbidden City was the Chinese imperial palace from the early Ming Dynasty

title: Forbidden City

text: the central axis of the Forbidden City and the ancient city of Beijing itself, and leads all the way from the Gate of China in the south to Jingshan in the north. Only the Emperor may walk or ride on the Imperial Way, except for the Empress on the occasion of her wedding, and successful students after the Imperial Examination. Traditionally, the Forbidden City is divided into two parts. The Outer Court () or Front Court () includes the southern sections, and was used for ceremonial purposes. The Inner Court () or Back Palace () includes the northern sections, and

title: Chinese palace

text: and austere Forbidden City where it stayed until 1924, when the Last Emperor was expelled by a republican army. Empress dowager Cixi (慈禧太后) built the Summer Palace or Yiheyuan (頤和園 - "The Garden of Nurtured Harmony") near the Old Summer Palace, but on a much smaller scale than the Old Summer Palace. Some other palaces include: The Potala Palace in Lhasa, Tibet was used by the Dalai Lama. Recently, Chinese archaeologists have announced that they have found the ruins of an ancient Chinese palace in Dadiwan. Chinese palace A Chinese palace is an imperial complex where the royal court and

title: Forbidden City

text: the Forbidden City. In 2005, the Imperial City and Beihai (as an extension item to the Summer Palace) were included in the shortlist for the next World Heritage Site in Beijing. The design of the Forbidden City, from its overall layout to the smallest detail, was meticulously planned to reflect philosophical and religious principles, and above all to symbolise the majesty of Imperial power. Some noted examples of symbolic designs include: The collections of the Palace Museum are based on the Qing imperial collection. According to the results of a 1925 audit, some 1.17 million pieces of art were stored

title: Forbidden City

text: state, Tiananmen Square. While development is now tightly controlled in the vicinity of the Forbidden City, throughout the past century uncontrolled and sometimes politically motivated demolition and reconstruction has changed the character of the areas surrounding the Forbidden City. Since 2000, the Beijing municipal government has worked to evict governmental and military institutions occupying some historical buildings, and has established a park around the remaining parts of the Imperial City wall. In 2004, an ordinance relating to building height and planning restriction was renewed to establish the Imperial City area and the northern city area as a buffer zone for

title: Shangdu

text: in Beijing. The most visible modern-day remnants are the earthen walls though there is also a ground-level, circular brick platform in the centre of the inner enclosure. The city, originally named Kaiping (, "Kāipíng"), was designed by Chinese architect Liu Bingzhong from 1252 to 1256, and Liu implemented a "profoundly Chinese scheme for the city's architecture". In 1264 it was renamed Shangdu. At its zenith, over 100,000 people lived within its walls. In 1369 Shangdu was occupied by the Ming army, put to the torch and renamed to Kaiping. The last reigning Khan, Toghun Temür, fled the city, which was

title: History of the Forbidden City

text: to demolish the "Four Olds". From 1966 to 1971, all gates to the Forbidden City were sealed, saving it from more destruction. The Forbidden City was declared a World Heritage Site in 1987 by UNESCO as the "Imperial Palace of the Ming and Qing Dynasties", due to its significant place in the development of Chinese architecture and culture. Currently, the Palace Museum is responsible for the preservation and restoration of the Forbidden City. Building heights around the Forbidden City are restricted. In 2005, a sixteen-year restoration project was started to repair and restore all buildings in the Forbidden City to

title: History of the Forbidden City

text: for example, "Huangji Dian", the "Hall of Imperial Supremacy", was changed to "Taihe Dian", the "Hall of Supreme Harmony". In addition, signs and name plates were made bilingual (Chinese and Manchu), and the main part of the Empress's official bedchamber, the Hall of Earthly Tranquility, became a Shamanist shrine. The Forbidden City thus became the power centre of the Qing Dynasty. In 1860, during the Second Opium War, Anglo-French forces took control of the Forbidden City and occupied it until the end of the war. In 1900 Empress Dowager Cixi fled from the Forbidden City during the Boxer Rebellion, leaving

title: History of the Forbidden City

text: it to be occupied by forces of the treaty powers until the following year. After being home to twenty-four emperors, fourteen of the Ming Dynasty and ten of the Qing Dynasty, the Forbidden City ceased to be the political centre of China in 1912, with the abdication of Puyi, the last Emperor of China. However, under an agreement signed between the Qing imperial house and the new Republic of China government, Puyi was allowed, in fact required, to live within the walls of the Forbidden City. Puyi and his family retained the use of the Inner Court, while the Outer

title: China: The Forbidden City

text: China: The Forbidden City China: The Forbidden City is a 1998 adventure video game by Cryo Interactive Entertainment, Canal+ and Réunion des Musées Nationaux. The game is set in 1775 in the Forbidden City. Superintendent Anjing is summoned by the Qianlong Emperor in the early hours to investigate the death of chief eunuch Wang. He retrieves a letter from the Empress dowager, in which Wang reveals a conspiracy where he was forcedly implicated in the illegal copying of documents and imperial seals, part of a vast plot to kill and replace the emperor. To unravel the plot and expose the

title: History of the Forbidden City

long_answer: The site of the Forbidden City was situated on the Imperial city during the Mongol Yuan Dynasty. After the collapse of the Yuan Dynasty, the Hongwu Emperor of the Ming Dynasty moved the capital from Beijing in the north to Nanjing in the south, and in 1369 ordered that the Yuan palaces be razed. His son Zhu Di was created Prince of Yan with his seat in Beijing. In 1402, Zhu Di usurped the throne and became the Yongle Emperor. He made Beijing a secondary capital of the Ming empire, and construction began in 1406 of what would become the Forbidden City. The Forbidden City's plan was designed by many architects and designers, and then it was examined by the Emperor's Ministry of Work. The chief architects and engineers include Cai Xin, Nguyen An, a Vietnamese eunuch, Kuai Xiang, Lu Xiang and others.


question: who was the greatest pool player of all time

answers: Efren Manalang Reyes

title: Luther Lassiter

text: Luther Lassiter Luther Lassiter (November 5, 1918 – October 25, 1988), born Luther Clement Lassiter, Jr. and nicknamed Wimpy, was a world-renowned American pool player from Elizabeth City, North Carolina. The winner of six world championships and numerous other titles, Lassiter is most well known for his wizardry in the game of nine-ball at which he is widely considered one of the greatest players in history, if not the greatest. He was inducted into the Billiards Congress of America's Hall of Fame in 1983. That same year, he was also inducted into the North Carolina Sports Hall of Fame. He

title: Jean Balukas

text: Jean Balukas Jean Balukas (born June 28, 1959) is an American pool player from Brooklyn, New York, and ranks among the stellar players in the history of the sport. At least through the 1990s, when Allison Fisher began her ascendancy, Balukas was widely acknowledged as the sole candidate for greatest female player ever. Described as a "trailblazer, a child prodigy, a loner who rebelled against dress codes for women—the pool equivalent of Billie Jean King", she is a five-time Billiards Congress of America (BCA) Player of the Year, was the youngest inductee into the BCA Hall of Fame and the

title: Earl Strickland

text: Earl Strickland Earl "the Pearl" Strickland (born June 8, 1961 in Roseboro, North Carolina) is an American professional pool player who is considered one of the best nine-ball players of all time. He has won numerous championship titles and, in 2006, was inducted into the Billiard Congress of America's Hall of Fame. He is also known as one of the sport's most controversial players for his outspoken views and his sometimes volatile behavior at tournaments. Strickland started playing pool at the age of 9. After intensive practice, he entered his first professional tournament aged 16. Strickland rose to national prominence

title: Darren Appleton

text: 2014 World Cup of Pool playing with Karl Boyes for Team England. On 2 February 2015, Darren Appleton won the 2015 Chinese Pool World Championship, defeating Mark Selby 21–19 in the final. Darren Appleton Darren "Dynamite" Appleton (born 8 February 1976) is an English pool player, best known for playing Nine-ball and Ten-ball pool. Appleton won the 2008 WPA World Ten-ball Championship (the inaugural 10-ball world championship) against Wu Jia-qing who was the former world champion in both nine-ball and eight-ball from Taiwan. With the victory, he became the second male player from Britain to win a world championship after

title: Ronnie Allen (pool player)

text: Ronnie Allen (pool player) Ronnie Monroe "Fast Eddie" Allen (July 12, 1938 – February 6, 2013) was labeled as a pool "super star" in the prime of his pool-shooting career by his peers during pool's golden era. He was an American professional pool player. For several decades from the 1960s to 1980s, Allen was the most dominant one pocket player in the world. He was inducted into the One Pocket Hall of Fame in 2004 for his contributions to the pocket billiard game of one pocket. Allen's gift of gab often lured crowds to congregate around his table. He was

title: Steve Mizerak

text: Steve Mizerak Stephen Mizerak Jr. (October 12, 1944 – May 29, 2006), better known as Steve Mizerak, was a world champion pool player dominant during the 1970s and early 1980s, especially in the game of 14.1 continuous (straight pool) and nine-ball. Nicknamed "the Miz", he also had a brief turn as professional snooker player. He was born in Perth Amboy, New Jersey. Mizerak, a lefty, began playing pool under the guidance of his father, who for many years had been the New Jersey State Champion. At the age of 13, he won the Perth Amboy City Championship and turned professional.

title: Efren Reyes

text: Reyes took home the largest single event purse in pool history. Many analysts, fans, and current and former players consider Reyes to be the greatest pool player of all time. Reyes was born in Pampanga in the Philippines in 1954. He moved to Manila with his family at the age of 5. In Manila, he worked as a billiards attendant at his uncle's billiards hall, where he started learning the various cue sports. Because he was not tall enough to reach the pool table, he played while standing on Coca-Cola cases that he moved around. At night, while he was

title: Steve Mizerak

text: BCA Hall of Fame in 1980. He was ranked number 6 among the "Billiards Digest" "50 Greatest Players of the Century". Mizerak died on May 29, 2006 at the age of 61, survived by his wife Karen, two sons, and two grandchildren. Steve Mizerak Stephen Mizerak Jr. (October 12, 1944 – May 29, 2006), better known as Steve Mizerak, was a world champion pool player dominant during the 1970s and early 1980s, especially in the game of 14.1 continuous (straight pool) and nine-ball. Nicknamed "the Miz", he also had a brief turn as professional snooker player. He was born in

title: Luther Lassiter

text: many pool players during those years claim he was still one of the greatest players alive, and a force to be reckoned with on the pool table. Lassiter did come out of retirement, along with many other pool greats, to compete twice in "The Legendary Stars of Pocket Billiards Tournament," once in January 1982 at Harrah's Marina Hotel and Casino in Atlantic City, and again in 1983, at the Claridge Hotel and Casino, also in Atlantic City. The players who competed in the 1982 tournament were Lassiter, Joe Balsis, Babe Cranfield, Jimmy Moore, U.J. Puckett, Irving Crane, Minnesota Fats, and

title: Efren Reyes

title: Cornbread Red

text: popular pool room in Detroit, Michigan, in an era when gambling was considered the norm in American pool. Though he never had a job, he devoted his life to pocket billiards. He was always looking for a game, and it did not matter what game because he could play all games well. Burge is an American legendary pool player. He is heralded as one of the greatest money players and proposition men of all time. When asked how much was the most money he ever played for, he said it was a race to 6 for US$100,000. He died at

title: Efren Reyes

text: than anyone... In my opinion we're watching probably the greatest player in my lifetime and I've been watching pool for the better part of forty years." In 1995 "Billiards Digest Magazine" named Reyes the Player of the Year. The following year, when Reyes was ranked number one on the U.S.'s Pro Billiards Tour, the June 1996 issue of the magazine featured a poll of "billiard cognoscenti"—pro players, billiards writers, industry insiders and the like—to pick the best in billiards in various categories. Billiards' own elite named Reyes the best one-pocket player of all time. The magazine wrote, "While a bevy

title: Jim Rempe

text: Jim Rempe James Rempe (born November 4, 1947, in Scranton, Pennsylvania, US) is an American professional pocket billiards (pool) player, and was inducted into the Billiard Congress of America's Hall of Fame in 2002. Rempe began playing pool at the age of 6. he turned pro at the age of 22, winning over 100 major championships, and taking 11 world titles, including the World Straight Pool Championship, WPA World Nine-ball Championship, the World One-pocket Championship, All-Around World Championship and, later, the Mizerak Senior Tour. He accumulated 23 tournament wins between 1972 and 1978, more than any other pool player in

title: Danny DiLiberto

text: 2011, Diliberto was inducted into the Billiard Congress of America's Hall of Fame. The ceremony took place alongside the 36th annual US Open 9-Ball Championships. Danny DiLiberto Danny DiLiberto (born February 19, 1935 in Buffalo, New York) is an American professional pool player, nicknamed "Buffalo Dan". A veteran player from the Johnston City era, a teacher, an author, and today working as a commentator for Accu-Stats, DiLiberto is an active member of the pocket billiards community. He was elected into the One Pocket Hall of Fame in 2004 for his "outstanding contribution to the legacy of the game of one

title: Thorsten Hohmann

text: Thorsten Hohmann Thorsten Hohmann (born July 14, 1979 in Fulda, West Germany) is a German professional pool player, nicknamed "the Hitman." He is a three-time world champion, winning the WPA World Nine-ball Championship in 2003, and 2013, and five-time World Straight pool champion, winning in 2006, 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2018. Thorsten was born and raised in Fulda, Germany and at a very young age had always been interested in sports, playing football, table tennis and badminton. At the age of nine Thorsten's father took him to a local pool hall. On his 10th birthday Thorsten received a miniature pool

title: Larry Lisciotti

text: Larry Lisciotti Larry Lisciotti (born Manchester, Connecticut, U.S.; died February 9, 2004) was an American professional pool player and notable road hustler, nicknamed "the Prince of Pool". Lisciotti had eaten up the local before he graduated from high school, but as soon as he obtained a high school diploma, he hit the road. He remembered it as the best time of his life, as there were times when he spent only US$6 on a motel room, but won thousands of dollars in a local tavern. As a road player in the early 1970s in Charlotte, North Carolina, Lisciotti was playing

title: Pat Fleming (pool player)

text: the Greatest Players wing, and 12 enshrined for Meritorious Service. Pat Fleming (pool player) Pat Fleming (born 1948) is an American professional pocket billiards player and the founder of Accu-Stats Video Productions. Fleming is the fifty-third inductee into the Billiard Congress of America's Hall of Fame, recognized in the Meritorious Service category on June 12, 2008. His Total Performance Average statistical analysis is a standard metric for professional performance. As a child, Fleming had a keen interest in statistics. At the age of nine, when he began learning the game of pocket billiards, he made detailed records of his runs,

title: Oliver Ortmann

text: that same tournament in 2010 in defeating Mika Immonen. As the straight pool tournament continues to be held without sanctioning from the WPA, Ortmann remains being the last official world straight pool champion. Oliver Ortmann Oliver Ortmann (born 11 June 1967) is a German top professional pool player whose nickname is "The Machine". Ortmann won the 1995 WPA World Nine-ball Championship, and European Nine-ball Championship on six occasions. Ortmann has also won the world championship in the discipline of 14.1 or straight pool on two occasions. He was inducted into the Straight Pool Hall of Fame, during a ceremony in

title: Ray Martin (pool player)

text: Ray Martin (pool player) Ray Martin (born 1936) is an American professional pool player, nicknamed "Cool Cat". He acquired his nickname when he calmly won a world title in 1971 in California when during the event an earthquake was in progress. He held the World Champion title in straight pool in 1971, 1974 and 1978. In 1994, Martin was inducted into the Billiard Congress of America's Hall of Fame. He is one of only seven players in the last century to win three or more world 14.1 titles. He has also won several nine-ball tournaments, including the 1980 Caesars Tahoe

title: Chris Melling (pool player)

text: back. Chris Melling (pool player) Christopher "The Magician" Melling is a British professional pool and snooker player and former world number 1 at World Rules British 8-Ball. He won the English Pool Association World Rules World Championship twice, in 2001 and 2003. He was ranked #1 in 2003 by the World Eight-ball Pool Federation. He has also twice won the International Pool Masters (2001 and 2002) and the European Professional title (2002). He was the first player to win two International Tour events back to back. In 2001 he reached the last 16 of the World 9-Ball Championship in Cardiff,

title: Willie Mosconi

text: Willie Mosconi William Joseph Mosconi (; June 27, 1913 – September 17, 1993) was an American professional pool (pocket billiards) player from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Between the years of 1941 and 1957, he won the World Straight Pool Championship an unmatched fifteen times. For most of the 20th century, his name was essentially synonymous with pool in North America – he was nicknamed "Mr. Pocket Billiards" – and he was among the first Billiard Congress of America Hall of Fame inductees. Mosconi pioneered and regularly employed numerous trick shots, set many records, and helped to popularize pool as a national recreation

title: Tom Jennings (pool player)

text: Open championship. Jennings' 158 balls to Lane's 1 over the last eleven and a half innings has been called "Billiards' Biggest Comeback." Tom Jennings (pool player) Tom Jennings (born 1951) is an American professional pocket billiards (pool) player and mathematics professor. He won US Open 14.1 Pocket Billiards Championships in 1976 and 1977, being the first player since Steve Mizerak to win consecutive championships. He won both titles while also a full-time mathematics professor at Middlesex County College in New Jersey. At 17 years of age, Jennings was a highly skilled player capable of making runs of 300. In August

title: Larry Lisciotti

text: gambler. The article was written by Jay Levin, entitled, "Larry Lisciotti, Pool Hustler". Lisciotti died of cancer in 2004. "Billiards: The Basics and the Best", Key Media Aspen Studio, featuring Larry Lisciotti, Mike Sigel, Jimmy Mataya, and Jim Rempe. Larry Lisciotti Larry Lisciotti (born Manchester, Connecticut, U.S.; died February 9, 2004) was an American professional pool player and notable road hustler, nicknamed "the Prince of Pool". Lisciotti had eaten up the local before he graduated from high school, but as soon as he obtained a high school diploma, he hit the road. He remembered it as the best time of

title: Hippie Jimmy Reid

text: went on the road shooting pool as a teenager during pool's golden years. By the time he entered the Johnston City pool tournaments in Johnston City, Illinois, produced by brothers George and Paulie Jansco in the 1960s, he was playing championship-level pool. At the Lexington All Star 9-Ball Championship in 1994, Jimmy Reid was voted as the "Best Money Player in the World for the previous 25 years," from 1969 to 1994 by his peers, Johnny Archer, Francisco Bustamante, Wade Crane, Kim Davenport, Roger Griffis, Buddy Hall, Allen Hopkins, Bob Ogburn, Efren Reyes, Mike Sigel, Earl Strickland, Nick Varner, and

title: Oliver Ortmann

text: Oliver Ortmann Oliver Ortmann (born 11 June 1967) is a German top professional pool player whose nickname is "The Machine". Ortmann won the 1995 WPA World Nine-ball Championship, and European Nine-ball Championship on six occasions. Ortmann has also won the world championship in the discipline of 14.1 or straight pool on two occasions. He was inducted into the Straight Pool Hall of Fame, during a ceremony in New York City, in August 2013. A native-born Hamburger, Ortmann is one of the most successful European players. He first came to prominence by defeating Steve Mizerak to win the 1989 US Open

title: Niels Feijen

text: in 2nd place losing to Karl Boyes of Great Britain. He would reach the finals of that same tournament again the next year, and was defeated by Dennis Orcollo of the Philippines. 2014 has been the best year so far for Feijen, who won the European Straight Pool Championship, the European 9-ball Championship and the 2014 WPA World Nine-ball Championship. In 2015 he was voted Most Valuable Player of the Mosconi Cup for the fourth time in the last five years. Niels Feijen Niels Feijen (born 3 February 1977, The Hague) is a professional pool player, from the Hague, Netherlands.

title: Cornbread Red

text: Cornbread Red Billy Joe "Cornbread Red" Burge (December 17, 1931 – February 13, 2004), was an American pool player. Inducted into the One-pocket Hall of Fame in 2004 and Legends of Bank Pool in 2005, Cornbread Red is revered as "one of the most talented and entertaining characters in the history of pool". Red was born in Paducah, Kentucky to a sharecropping family during the Great Depression, which is when he acquired a passion and talent for billiards. He learned the rules of the road from notorious hustlers, gamblers, con men, and world-class pool champions. Burge frequented The Rack, a

title: Karen Corr

text: times. Member – BCA Hall of Fame (Greatest Player Category) WPBA Tournament Championships International championships Karen Corr Karen Corr (born 10 November 1969) is a professional pool and former snooker and English billiards player representing Northern Ireland, and was inducted in the BCA Hall of Fame in 2012. Karen was born in Ballymoney, Northern Ireland and spent her early childhood near Maghera. When she was 8 years old, her family moved to England. She loved watching snooker matches on television and joined a snooker club at the age of 14 with her dad and her brother. Her friends in Bourne

title: Keith McCready

text: audiences each day. "A worthy champion and a colorful, exciting player, he deserved to win," writes pool veteran Grady Mathews. Pool players go through definite streaks, according to Bruce Venzke of "The National Billiard News", the oldest existing pool, billiard, and snooker publication in America: "Who can forget the one for Keith McCready." When the lines on the 1983 Lake Tahoe Classic were made on which players were the "Tahoe Favorites," McCready was described as "Mr. Cool, the Ultimate Nine-ball Player." At the 5th Sands Regent Open nine-ball tournament in Reno, Nevada, June 3–7, 1987, won by Earl Strickland, McCready

title: Chris Melling (pool player)

text: Chris Melling (pool player) Christopher "The Magician" Melling is a British professional pool and snooker player and former world number 1 at World Rules British 8-Ball. He won the English Pool Association World Rules World Championship twice, in 2001 and 2003. He was ranked #1 in 2003 by the World Eight-ball Pool Federation. He has also twice won the International Pool Masters (2001 and 2002) and the European Professional title (2002). He was the first player to win two International Tour events back to back. In 2001 he reached the last 16 of the World 9-Ball Championship in Cardiff, beating

title: Efren Reyes

long_answer: Efren Manalang Reyes, OLD, PLH (born August 26, 1954), nicknamed the Magician and Bata, is a Filipino professional pool player. A winner of over 70 international titles, Reyes was the first player to win world championships in two different disciplines in pool. Among his numerous titles Reyes is a four-time World Eight-ball Champion, the 1999 WPA World Nine-ball Champion, a three-time US Open winner, a two-time World Pool League winner and a 14-time Derby City Classic winner – including an unprecedented five Master of the Table crowns. By defeating Earl Strickland in the inaugural Color of Money event in 1996, Reyes took home the largest single event purse in pool history. Many analysts, fans, and current and former players consider Reyes to be the greatest pool player of all time.


question: the world famous corn belt is in which country

answers: United States

answers: the United States

title: Midwestern United States

text: networks which place extension agents in each state. Iowa State University became the nation's first designated land-grant institution when the Iowa Legislature accepted the provisions of the 1862 Morrill Act on September 11, 1862, making Iowa the first state in the nation to do so. The Corn Belt is a region of the Midwest where corn has, since the 1850s, been the predominant crop, replacing the native tall grasses. The "Corn Belt" region is defined typically to include Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, southern Michigan, western Ohio, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, southern Minnesota, and parts of Missouri. , the top four corn-producing

title: Lloyd Hulbert

text: Erosion ha[d] become serious." The highly productive agricultural zone—the 'corn belt' is located where there used to be prairie so it was very important to learn about the soil in that area. In the mid-1960s Hulbert spent 18 months trying to find an area of prairie that would be suitable for his ecological research. Once an appropriate area was found, Lloyd Hulbert and biologist Richard Marzolf went to Washington D.C. to try to get federal funds, but were unsuccessful. The Nature Conservancy was interested in providing funds and after negotiations with landowners, the first portion of land was bought. It

title: Ontario

text: relocate jobs to Thailand. The area defined as the Corn Belt covers much of the southwestern area of the province, extending as far north as close to Goderich, but corn and soy are grown throughout the southern portion of the province. Apple orchards are a common sight along the southern shore of Nottawasaga Bay (part of Georgian Bay) near Collingwood and along the northern shore of Lake Ontario near Cobourg. Tobacco production, centred in Norfolk County, has decreased, allowing an increase in alternative crops such as hazelnuts and ginseng. The Ontario origins of Massey Ferguson, once one of the largest

title: Corn Palace

text: including: a Corn Palace in Sioux City, Iowa, that was active from 1887–1891; a Corn Palace in Gregory, South Dakota; a Grain Palace in Plankinton, South Dakota; and a Bluegrass Palace in Creston, Iowa. The original Mitchell Corn Palace (known as "The Corn Belt Exposition") was built in 1892 to showcase the rich soil of South Dakota and encourage people to settle in the area. It was a wooden castle structure on Mitchell's Main Street, built on land donated by Louis Beckwith, a member of the First Corn Palace Committee. In 1904–1905, the city of Mitchell mounted a challenge to

title: Grain Belt (beer)

text: introduction, Grain Belt became the company's flagship product. It was brewed at the original Grain Belt brewery in Minneapolis, Minnesota until 1976. A series of other owners followed, and Schell took over the product line in 2002. The name refers to the "Grain Belt" of the American Midwest where much of the world's supply of barley, corn, soybeans and other grains are produced. The diamond-shaped logo was introduced early on, though it wasn't until the late 1930s that a rendering of a bottlecap was added in the background. Grain Belt Golden, a traditional golden German-style lager, was popular, but Prohibition

title: Northern Illinois

text: Corn Belt. The headquarters for John Deere farming equipment are located in Moline. Additional smaller cities in this area include Kankakee, LaSalle-Peru, Ottawa, Freeport, Dixon, and Sterling-Rock Falls, which still have predominantly manufacturing and agricultural economies. Northern Illinois is also one of the world's busiest freight railroad and truck traffic corridors. Interstate 80 is sometimes referenced as the informal southern boundary of Northern Illinois, and is often used in weather reports as a reference point, as in "south of Interstate 80 will see sleet and rain, but north of Interstate 80 can expect mostly snow." Interstate 88 (the Ronald Reagan

title: North Dakota

text: major crop. In addition, this development has adversely affected habitats of wildlife and birds, and the balance of the ecosystem. The state is the largest producer in the U.S. of many cereal grains, including barley (36% of U.S. crop), durum wheat (58%), hard red spring wheat (48%), oats (17%), and combined wheat of all types (15%). It is the second leading producer of buckwheat (20%). , corn became the state's largest crop produced, although it is only 2% of total U.S. production. The Corn Belt extends to North Dakota, but is more on the edge of the region instead of

title: Midwestern United States

text: (for example, Northwestern University in Illinois). Agriculture is one of the biggest drivers of local economies in the Midwest, accounting for billions of dollars worth of exports and thousands of jobs. The area consists of some of the richest farming land in the world. The region's fertile soil combined with the steel plow has made it possible for farmers to produce abundant harvests of grain and cereal crops, including corn, wheat, soybeans, oats, and barley, to become known today as the nation's "breadbasket". Farms spread from the colonies westward along with the settlers. In cooler regions, wheat was often the

title: Nikita Khrushchev

text: Khrushchev had risen to power. Since the 1940s, Khrushchev had advocated the cultivation of corn (maize) in the Soviet Union. He established a corn institute in Ukraine and ordered thousands of acres to be planted with corn in the Virgin Lands. In February 1955, Khrushchev gave a speech in which he advocated an Iowa-style corn belt in the Soviet Union, and a Soviet delegation visited the U.S. state that summer. While their intent was to visit only small farms, the delegation chief was approached by farmer and corn salesman Roswell Garst, who persuaded him to insist on visiting Garst's large

title: Corn Belt

text: The Corn Belt is a region of the Midwestern United States that, since the 1850s, has dominated corn production in the United States.  More generally, the concept of the "Corn Belt" connotes the area of the Midwest dominated by farming. Many towns in this area are connected to powerful farm organizations with lobbying power.

title: Grain Belt (beer)

text: Grain Belt (beer) Grain Belt is a brand of beer brewed in the American state of Minnesota, by the August Schell Brewing Company. The beer has been produced in a number of varieties. Grain Belt Golden was the original style introduced in 1893. The current offerings are: Grain Belt Premium, first introduced in 1947; Grain Belt Premium Light; Grain Belt Nordeast, introduced in April 7, 2010; and the newest offering, Grain Belt Lock & Dam, introduced in 2016. It was originally produced by the Minneapolis Brewing Company which formed with the merger of four smaller brewers in 1891. Soon after

title: Land O'Corn

text: Land O'Corn The Land O'Corn was a streamlined passenger train operated by the Illinois Central Railroad between Chicago, Illinois, and Waterloo, Iowa, from 1941 until 1967. Its inception was due in no small part to John W. Rath of Ackley, IA and part owner of the Rath Packing Co. of Waterloo, Iowa as well as a member of the Illinois Central's board of directors. It featured a wide range of equipment over its existence, including self-propelled Motorailers and steam locomotives, before finally adopting conventional diesel locomotives and lightweight cars. The Illinois Central discontinued the "Land O'Corn" in 1967; Amtrak later

title: Rust Belt

text: local economies in these states specialized in large-scale manufacturing of finished medium to heavy industrial and consumer products, as well as the transportation and processing of the raw materials required for heavy industry. The area was referred to as the Manufacturing Belt, Factory Belt, or Steel Belt as distinct from the agricultural Midwestern states forming the so-called Corn Belt and Great Plains states that are often called the "bread-basket of America". The flourishing of industrial manufacturing in the region was caused in part by the close proximity to the Great Lakes waterways, and abundance of paved roads, water canals and

title: Patos de Minas

text: agriculture. Patos is known nationally for its corn production. The "Princess of the Alto Paranaíba" as it is called, has become the national capital of corn, a fact that has attracted investors from all over the country to set up industries in agro-industry, garments, beverages, and packaging. It is also one of the most important seed producing centers in the country. Corn is so important in the life of the town that every May Patos puts on a festival, the biggest in the state, called Fenamilho, the Festa Nacional do Milho (National Corn Festival), in which there are rodeos and

title: Upper Midwest

text: of Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wisconsin, and the upper peninsula of Michigan in the region. The USDA reported that corn, soybean, sunflower and sugar beet crops saw harvest gains in 2018, but were still below the five year averages. In North Dakota, for example, 49% of corn was harvested by November 4th compared with the five year average of 97%. This was partially due to weather conditions in October that effected the harvest. The region has dramatic variations between summer and winter temperatures; summers are very hot and winters are very cold. For example, Sioux Falls averages 25

title: Flint Hills

text: of Cassoday, "the Prairie Chicken Capital of the World", and the Konza Prairie which is managed as a tallgrass prairie biological research station by Kansas State University. Flint Hills The Flint Hills historically known as Bluestem Pastures or Blue Stem Hills, is a region in eastern Kansas and north-central Oklahoma named for the abundant residual flint eroded from the bedrock that lies near or at the surface. It consists of a band of hills stretching from Kansas to Oklahoma, extending from Marshall and Washington counties in the north to Cowley County, Kansas and Kay and Osage counties in Oklahoma in

title: Wheat production in the United States

text: 10% was fed to livestock, with the remaining 4% set aside for seed. Wheat harvesting occurs on land area of 60–63 million acres. Genetically modified wheat, which "is not approved for cultivation anywhere in the world", was found in an Oregon farm in June 2013. The grain was modified by Monsanto to tolerate weed killer treatments. It is not known whether the unapproved wheat is present elsewhere. In the North American plains, the wheat production axis that extends over a length of in a north-south direction from central Alberta to central Texas is known as the Wheat Belt. Hard red

title: Corn Belt Conference

text: Corn Belt Conference The Corn Belt Conference was a high school athletic conference in the Illinois High School Association (IHSA), based in Central Illinois. The conference consisted of medium-sized and small high schools. The Corn Belt Conference was originally formed in 1950 by Clinton, Normal Community, Pontiac Township, Trinity (later Central Catholic), and University High Schools. The conference was incorporated into the former Heart of Illinois Conference in 1972 but was reformed in 1978. Eureka High School left the Corn Belt Conference for the Heart of Illinois Conference after the 2015-2016 school year. U-High and Mahomet-Seymour will depart for the

title: Dent corn

text: Dent corn Dent corn also known as yellow dent corn, Reid's yellow dent corn, white dent corn, or field corn, is a variety of maize or corn with a high soft starch content. It received its name because of the small indentation ("dent") at the crown of each kernel on a ripe ear of corn. It is a variety developed by northern Illinois farmer James L. Reid. Reid and his father, Robert Reid, moved from Brown County, Ohio to Tazewell County, Illinois in 1846 bringing with them a red corn variety known as "Johnny Hopkins", and crossed it with varieties

title: Green Country

text: and Stroud, the southwestern most town in the region. Green Country Green Country, sometimes referred to as Northeast Oklahoma, is the northeastern portion of the U.S. state of Oklahoma, which lies west of the northern half of Arkansas, the southwestern corner of Missouri, and south of Kansas. The region is noted for its mild rainy climate and beautiful scenery. Its name was devised in the 1960s by the Oklahoma Department of Tourism and Recreation as one of six travel destination regions within the state, but is the most historically significant of all of them, as the name's usage can be

title: Waxy corn

text: grains were produced. From World War II until 1971, all the waxy maize produced in the U.S. was grown under contract for food or industrial processors. In fact, most of the maize was grown in only a few counties in Iowa, Illinois, and Indiana. But in 1970, the Southern corn leaf blight epidemic (Helminthosporium maydis Nisik. and Miyake) swept the U.S. corn belt. At the same time, at least 80% of the maize being grown in the U.S. was susceptible to the blight because this maize contained the “Texas type” male-sterile cytoplasm, which allowed production of hybrid seed without mechanical

title: Taber, Alberta

text: As well, sand and gravel are mined here. To a smaller extent, there is also a significant oil and gas component to the economy. Cornfest is an annual summer festival held on the last full weekend in August, and includes a midway (rides, booths, and tests of skill) and a stage with performers. It is the largest free family festival in Western Canada, and is organized by the Taber and District Chamber of Commerce. There are a number of corn-based activities, such as corn tasting and stuffing. Corn stuffing involves two people, one wearing an over-sized coverall. One of the

title: Grande Prairie

text: barley, wheat, canola, and oats are grown in the area. Livestock such as cattle and buffalo (bison) are also raised in the area. Despite being north of the 55th parallel, the climate is mild enough to allow for farming on a large scale to prosper. Longer daylight hours during the summer at this latitude aid in crop production. The Peace Country is the northernmost major farming region in North America. Land within the region is still being cleared for new farmland. Although some oil and gas drilling has been ongoing in the area since the 1950s, oil and gas exploration

title: Indiana

text: of biopharmaceutical related jobs. Indiana is located within the U.S. Corn Belt and Grain Belt. The state has a feedlot-style system raising corn to fatten hogs and cattle. Along with corn, soybeans are also a major cash crop. Its proximity to large urban centers, such as Indianapolis and Chicago, assure that dairying, egg production, and specialty horticulture occur. Other crops include melons, tomatoes, grapes, mint, popping corn, and tobacco in the southern counties. Most of the original land was not prairie and had to be cleared of deciduous trees. Many parcels of woodland remain and support a furniture-making sector in

title: Land O'Corn

text: part of the "Land O'Corn"'s route 1974–1981 when it operated a train between Chicago and Dubuque, Iowa. Amtrak proposed naming this train the "Land O'Corn", but Illinois (which funded the service) preferred a more Illinois-centric name, so Amtrak named it the "Black Hawk". Land O'Corn The Land O'Corn was a streamlined passenger train operated by the Illinois Central Railroad between Chicago, Illinois, and Waterloo, Iowa, from 1941 until 1967. Its inception was due in no small part to John W. Rath of Ackley, IA and part owner of the Rath Packing Co. of Waterloo, Iowa as well as a member

title: Corn, Oklahoma

text: schools annexed the Washita Heights district. According to the National Weather Service, the town is credited for having the first-ever U.S. tornado to be captured in movie form. Jon Gossen of rural Corn, filmed a tornado that struck the south side of the town with his home movie camera on June 8, 1951. The tornado itself would later be featured in an edition of The Saturday Evening Post. Corn was also home to the grandmother of Henry John Deutschendorf Jr., who found fame as a popular singer and songwriter and changed his name to John Denver. As of the census

title: Chatsworth, Illinois

text: on a paved highway, at first known as the Corn Belt Trail, which soon became Route 24 and formed an important east-west route across Illinois. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,265 people, 533 households, and 338 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,412.8 people per square mile (542.7/km²). There were 581 housing units at an average density of 648.9/sq mi (249.3/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 98.81% White, 0.32% African American, 0.16% Native American, 0.16% Asian, 0.08% from other races, and 0.47% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any

title: Prairie

text: Less than one tenth of one percent (<0.09%) of the original landcover of the tallgrass prairie biome remains. States formerly with landcover in native tallgrass prairie such as Iowa, Illinois, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Nebraska, and Missouri have become valued for their highly productive soils and are included in the Corn Belt. As an example of this land use intensity, Illinois and Iowa rank 49th and 50th, out of 50 US states, in total uncultivated land remaining. Drier shortgrass prairies were once used mostly for open-range ranching. But the development of the barbed wire in the 1870s, and improved irrigation techniques, means

title: Clay Belt

text: Clay Belt The Clay Belt is a vast tract of fertile soil stretching between the Cochrane District in Ontario, and Abitibi County in Quebec, covering in total with of that in Ontario. It is generally subdivided into the Great Clay Belt to the north running eastward from Kapuskasing, past Lake Abitibi and on to Amos, and the V-shaped Lesser Clay Belt to its south, running from Englehart down to the Wabi River to the northern tip of Lake Timiskaming, and long the eastern side of Timiskaming and back up to Rouyn-Noranda. The Clay Belt is the result of the draining

title: Belt Pulley

text: an article on the settlers of the Corn Belt breaking the sod with the first steel plow made by John Deere. This article, in turn, led Dr. Bishop into a series of articles on "Deere and Company" tractors and farm machinery, which included the Waterloo Boy tractor, the "John Deere" Model D tractor, the "John Deere" Model A tractor, the "John Deere" Model B tractor, the "John Deere" Model H and Model M tractors. Bishop closed out the series of articles on Deere and Company with an "Overview" of the company. The longest serving and most prolific writer for the

title: Corn Belt

short_answers:
United States
the United States


question: who is the ceo of crate and barrel

answers: Neela Montgomery

title: Barbara Turf

text: Barbara Turf Barbara Turf (February 28, 1943 – July 12, 2014) was an American business executive and former schoolteacher who served as the CEO of Crate & Barrel, a houseware and furniture retail chain, from 2008 until 2012. Crate & Barrel is headquartered in Northbrook, Illinois. Turf was born Barbara Dorini to Italian immigrant parents in Chicago. She was raised in the Little Village neighborhood of Chicago. Her mother, Minnie Dorini, was a seamstress, while her father, Angelo Dorini, worked for the city of Chicago. She earned a bachelor's degree from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign and began her

title: Crate & Barrel

text: via a franchise agreement with Falabella (retail store). Crate opened its first store in San José, Costa Rica, inside Avenida Escazú mall. Barbara Turf, first hired in 1968, succeeded Gordon Segal as CEO of the company in May 2008. In November 2008, it was reported that sales for the prior year for the chain were $1.3 billion. Turf retired in 2012. Sascha Bopp was named to replace her. Due to lackluster performance during the 2013 holiday season, poor operational decisions regarding policies and staffing, and growing disenchantment from employees, Bopp was removed from his position and terminated from the company

title: Barbara Turf

text: She also launched CB2, a division of Crate & Barrel aimed at a younger, hipper consumer demographic. Turf became CEO of Crate & Barrel in 2008, succeeding retiring CEO and company founder, Gordon Segal. As CEO, Barbara Turf expanded Crate & Barrel into new overseas emerging markets in Asia and the Middle East. She also shepherded the company during the Financial crisis of 2007–08 and the resulting economic downturn during the following years. Turf retired as CEO in 2012, but remained with Crate & Barrel by joining its board of directors. In addition to Crate & Barrel, Turf served on

title: Darrell Crate

text: Darrell Crate Darrell W. Crate (born 1967) is an American investor, private equity manager, and philanthropist. He served as the chief financial officer of Affiliated Managers Group. He is currently a managing principal of Easterly Capital, a private equity firm in Beverly, Massachusetts he founded in 2009. A native of New York City, Crate attended Bates College in Lewiston, Maine before attending Columbia Business School in New York City. After his career as an investment banker at Chase Manhattan Bank, he was hired as the managing director of Financial Institutions Group based in London. He was soon after asked to

title: Crate & Barrel

text: international expansion in Canada and possibly other countries is also reportedly planned. In the fall of 2009, the company reported plans to open two stores in Dubai in 2010 via a franchise agreement with Al Tayer Group. Crate & Barrel opened its first Asian store in Singapore in January 2013, occupying two floors at Ion Orchard. Crate & Barrel has two stores in Taiwan, one is in Taipei and the other in Taichung. Crate & Barrel opened its first store in Peru in 2015, and opened its first store in Colombia on December 2016 in Bogota- Parque La Colina Mall,

title: Crate & Barrel

text: Crate & Barrel opened its first location outside the United States, at Yorkdale Shopping Centre in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. A new two story building, similar to other newly opened stores in the U.S., was constructed. A second Canadian store, in Calgary, opened in October 2009. A third Canadian store opened in Mississauga, Ontario, on October 28, 2010, at Square One Shopping Centre. Further stores opened in 2011 in Edmonton, Alberta at Southgate Centre, another one in Spring 2012 at Carrefour Laval Shopping Centre in Laval, Quebec and another in Oakridge Centre mall in Vancouver, British Columbia in early 2013. Future

title: Crate & Barrel

text: Crate & Barrel Euromarket Designs, Inc. (d/b/a Crate & Barrel) is a 105+ chain of retail stores in US and Canada, based in Northbrook, Illinois, specializing in housewares, furniture (indoor and out), and home accessories. Its corporate name is Euromarket Designs, Inc. The company is wholly owned by Otto GmbH. Gordon and Carole Segal opened the first Crate & Barrel store on December 7, 1962, at age 23. The space in part of an old elevator factory was located at 1516 North Wells Street in the then-bohemian Old Town neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois. The inspiration was their honeymoon in the

title: Crate & Barrel

text: Manhattan. After selling a majority stake to German mail order company the Otto Group in 1998, the company had financing to increase its rate of expansion. (Otto became the sole owner in 2011.) By 2002, it had grown to approximately 100 locations, and over 135 locations by late 2004. Crate & Barrel's flagship store, located in Chicago on Michigan Avenue in the "Magnificent Mile", closed in January 2018; the building will become a giant Starbucks coffee roastery and retail space. Today there are 90 Crate and Barrel Stores, including 8 outlets, in the United States and Canada. In September 2008,

title: Crate & Barrel

text: online and in 40 stores starting March 7. Crate & Barrel Euromarket Designs, Inc. (d/b/a Crate & Barrel) is a 105+ chain of retail stores in US and Canada, based in Northbrook, Illinois, specializing in housewares, furniture (indoor and out), and home accessories. Its corporate name is Euromarket Designs, Inc. The company is wholly owned by Otto GmbH. Gordon and Carole Segal opened the first Crate & Barrel store on December 7, 1962, at age 23. The space in part of an old elevator factory was located at 1516 North Wells Street in the then-bohemian Old Town neighborhood of Chicago,

title: Crate & Barrel

text: Doug Diemoz, formerly with competitors Restoration Hardware and Williams-Sonoma, became CEO of Crate & Barrel on August 1, 2015. Doug Diemoz departed April 2017. It was announced Neela Montgomery would assume his role.

title: Darrell Crate

text: was appointed the vice president of the Westminster Kennel Club. According to "Boston.com", Crate served as treasurer and a member of the executive committee of the Romney for President campaign in 2012, a role that he also held during the 2008 cycle. From 2003 to 2007, Crate served as the chairman of the Massachusetts Republican Party. Darrell Crate Darrell W. Crate (born 1967) is an American investor, private equity manager, and philanthropist. He served as the chief financial officer of Affiliated Managers Group. He is currently a managing principal of Easterly Capital, a private equity firm in Beverly, Massachusetts he

title: Stonewall Kitchen

text: and baked goods. After selling at multiple venues, the operation branched out into selling wholesale. In 1993, Crate & Barrel approached them for 2,500 jars of their Orange Cranberry Marmalade. The order was filled but it took a month to do it. To increase production capacity, they purchased and renovated an eighteenth-century barn in Kittery, Maine. Then moved again to a larger property in nearby York, Maine. The owners attended the Fancy Food Show in New York City. Gaining the Outstanding Preserve award for their Roasted Garlic Onion Jam. They also earned a second award, for Outstanding Product Line. Afterward,

title: The Land of Nod (company)

text: by Crate and Barrel since 2001, was rebranded in March 2018 as "Crate and Kids". The Land of Nod, which only had physical stores in California, Illinois, Massachusetts, and Washington state, will now appear as "Crate and Kids" in more than 40 Crate and Barrel stores across the country, beginning April 4, 2018. The Land of Nod (company) The Land of Nod is a catalog, internet and retail store company, based in Morton Grove, Illinois, specializing in children's furniture, bedding and accessories. The company designs the majority of their items themselves. Scott Eirinberg and Jamie Cohen launched the company in

title: Crate & Barrel

text: the home. The company was an innovator of this style, which has since become more widely used. Crate & Barrel has two sister brands. CB2 is a home furnishings division geared toward young adults created in 2000. The brand, open since 2000, now has 15 stores across the U.S. and Canada. An additional store is planned to open in Denver later this year. Crate and Barrel's kids brand The Land of Nod, acquired in 2001, plans to close all stores by the end of Spring 2018 and will become Crate&Kids, a kids furnishings, home goods and gifts product offering launching

title: Darrell Crate

text: join Affiliated Managers Group as its chief financial officer–a position he held from 1998 until 2011. Crate was born in New York City in 1967. Crate received his Bachelor of Arts in economics from Bates College in 1989 and his M.B.A. from Columbia Business School in 1995. Crate began his career in the investment banking division at Chase Manhattan in New York. He departed as the managing director of the Financial Institutions Group based in London and New York, focusing exclusively on investment management firms. From 1998 to 2011, he served as the chief financial officer of Affiliated Managers Group

title: Darrell Crate

text: the chairman of Easterly Government Properties, Inc., a publicly traded REIT on the New York Stock Exchange that is focused primarily on the acquisition, development and management of Class A commercial properties that are leased to U.S. Government agencies that serve essential functions. According to "Business Wire", Crate became the chairman of Easterly Acquisition Corp., a publicly traded blank check company in July 2015. Crate currently lives in Hamilton, Massachusetts. Crate is involved with a number of non-profit, political, and charitable organizations. He has been a trustee of Bates College since 2003 and served on the college's advancement and investment

title: Darrell Crate

text: committees. On February 8, 2016, the college announced that Crate was among seven families to donate $19 million to endow professorships and launch the college’s new digital and computational studies program. Crate also serves as a trustee of Think of Us, a not-for-profit technology platform with the ultimate goal of helping foster youth successfully transition into a prosperous adulthood. Crate has also been a trustee of Islesboro Island Trust (2002), AOPA (2004), IYRS (2008), Adams Memorial Foundation (2011), Ethel Walker School (2015), and an advisor to The Trustees of Reservations (2002) and RFK Children's Action Corp (2006). In 2015, he

title: Highland Village Shopping Center

text: in Houston. He also led an initiative in the early 2000s to reshape Highland Village and attract large national stores to the center. Crate & Barrel opened a 39,000 square foot location at Highland Village in 2000. The Crate & Barrel building was later described by architectural historian Stephen Fox as Houston's most ambitious work of retail architecture of the 2000s. By 2004, Barbouti's work at developing and repositioning the center was being recognized throughout the region and the per-square-foot volumes of Highland Village stores such as Williams-Sonoma and Pottery Barn were estimated to be in the top 10 percent

title: Barbara Turf

text: career as a teacher at Mater Christi Catholic School and Longfellow Public School. In 1967, Turf began working as a temporary summer employee at Crate & Barrel's original store on Wells Street in Chicago. She soon left the teaching profession to join Crate & Barrell as a full-time employee. She began working at the company's headquarters in 1974. Turf worked in the personnel, merchandising and marketing departments during her first twenty years with the company. In 1996, Turf was promoted to President of Crate & Barrel. Under Turf, the company acquired The Land of Nod, a children's brand, in 2000.

title: Crate & Barrel

text: display items in their Chicago store. The Segals were originally going to call their company "Barrel and Crate", but a friend suggested that they reverse the order of the words. They turned over the crates and barrels that the merchandise came in, let the wood excelsior spew out, and stacked up the china and glass. This helped emphasize their strongest selling point, that their products were direct imports. In 1966, Segal and the designer Lon Habkirk visited the Design Research store in Cambridge, Massachusetts, which had an "enormous influence" on their retailing approach. Habkirk later remarked: "Eventually we took the

title: Crate & Barrel

text: a flourishing of world trade in home furnishings due to the early 1960s round of talks about the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. The Segals sought out small European companies that were not represented in America and negotiated direct purchases from these factories that could be sold to the consumer while avoiding a wholesaler's markup. To this day, a majority of Crate & Barrel's products are direct imports from Europe, though Thai, Mexican and Indian glass and textiles can also be found in their stores. The Segals derived the company name by the materials that they originally used to

title: Barbara Turf

text: the boards of directors for Ann Taylor Stores Corp. and the Gucci Group. Turf was diagnosed with the pancreatic cancer. Crate & Barrel's founders, husband and wife Gordon and Carol Segal, established the Chicago Pancreatic Cancer Initiative in her honor and donated millions to pancreatic cancer research. Barbara Turf died from pancreatic cancer on July 12, 2014, at the age of 71. She was survived by her husband of forty years, Robert Turf, three children and two grandchildren. She had resided in Winnetka, Illinois, since 1998. Barbara Turf Barbara Turf (February 28, 1943 – July 12, 2014) was an American

title: Darrell Crate

text: a publicly traded asset management holding company. During his tenure at AMG, assets under management grew from $50 billion to over $340 billion through mutual fund, pension, and high-net-worth accounts globally, with over half of its clients domiciled outside the United States. Over this same period, the company’s valuation increased materially, from $450 million to $6 billion. In 2009, Crate founded Easterly Capital, LLC, a firm based in Beverly, Massachusetts, that builds operating businesses to gain exposure to the growth in both asset management and non-bank finance sectors. He joined the firm full-time in 2011. In February 2015, Crate became

title: The Kenwood Collection

text: retailers to work through this challenging situation. We want to assure Crate and Barrel customers that we remain committed to serving them at this location. We invite shoppers to come and see for themselves – Crate & Barrel is alive and well at Kenwood Towne Place!" Kroger closed their store in Kenwood Towne Place on May 30, 2010. Kroger Executive states this is the first time that they have had to close a new store. Adding to the ongoing trouble for this development is the fact that the Current Fire Chief has declared that without work, the site is becoming

title: Crate Entertainment

text: Crate Entertainment Crate Entertainment is an independent video game developer based in Massachusetts. The company was publicly announced on February 18, 2008 by former members of Iron Lore Entertainment. Following Iron Lore Entertainment's failure to secure funding for its next project, it was announced on February 18, 2008 that former members of Iron Lore had created a new company. Several days later it was announced that the company would be working as a contractor for fellow Massachusetts based Demiurge Studios, providing art and design leadership on one of the company's projects. Several months later on August 19, 2008 Crate announced

title: James W. Keyes

text: James W. Keyes James W. Keyes is currently the Chairman of Wild Oats Marketing LLC. Previously, Keyes served as Chief Executive officer of 7-Eleven, Inc., and Chairman & CEO of Blockbuster, Inc. Keyes graduated cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa with a Bachelor's degree from the College of the Holy Cross. He also obtained an MBA from Columbia Business School in 1980. Keyes served as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Blockbuster, Inc., from 2007 to 2011. Whilst at Blockbuster, Keyes made the famously incorrect prediction ""Neither RedBox nor Netflix are even on the radar screen in terms of competition,"

title: George Heller

text: George Heller George Heller is a Canadian businessperson. He was the president and CEO of Hudson's Bay Company from 1999 to 2006, when the company was acquired by Jerry Zucker. He continued to serve as Senior Director of the Board until late 2008. He was President and CEO of the Victoria, British Columbia. Commonwealth Games Committee, which organized the 1994 XV Commonwealth Games. In 1995, he became President for North America and Europe of Bata Industries Ltd. He became President and CEO of Kmart's Canadian unit in 1997. In February 1998, he became President and CEO of Zellers and Executive

title: Doug Dalton

text: the world and in 2012 had a gross revenue of over $7 million. Doug Dalton Doug Dalton is an American entrepreneur and investor. He is the current owner of the FutureBars, the parent company of several San Francisco establishments including: Bourbon and Branch, Rickhouse, Swig, Cask, Local Edition, and Tradition. From 1990 to 1994, Dalton received his Bachelor's degree in Computer Science from Emory & Henry College. He continued his education at George Mason University, receiving his Master's degree in Computer Science in 1996. During his time as a lead engineer at Sprint, Dalton created the company's foundation for domestic

title: Zola (company)

text: in 2018. In October 2018, home decor retailer Crate & Barrel and Zola initiated a partnership which allows Zola users to register for more than 3,500 Crate & Barrel products. In December 2018, Zola announced it would be opening its first brick-and-mortar location in New York City in early 2019. Zola (company) Zola is an online wedding registry, wedding planner, and retailer. It is a female led e-commerce company that allows couples to register for gifts, experiences, and cash funds as well as add gifts from other stores. Zola has expanded into wedding planning with free wedding websites, invitations, and

title: Doug Dalton

text: Doug Dalton Doug Dalton is an American entrepreneur and investor. He is the current owner of the FutureBars, the parent company of several San Francisco establishments including: Bourbon and Branch, Rickhouse, Swig, Cask, Local Edition, and Tradition. From 1990 to 1994, Dalton received his Bachelor's degree in Computer Science from Emory & Henry College. He continued his education at George Mason University, receiving his Master's degree in Computer Science in 1996. During his time as a lead engineer at Sprint, Dalton created the company's foundation for domestic internet. From there he went on to work on the core technology for

title: Crate & Barrel