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 When we eat too much sugar, okay, and these days the average American is eating a lot of sugar.
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Like a hundred times more than we were like a hundred years ago in the rest of human history.
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It's like this massive overload of this substrate.
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What that does is it causes...
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 Welcome to the School of Greatness.
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My name is Lewis Howes, a former pro athlete turned lifestyle entrepreneur.
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And each week, we bring you an inspiring person or message to help you discover how to unlock your inner greatness.
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Thanks for spending some time with me today.
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Now let the class begin.
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 Today's episode is a very powerful one because we've created a top masterclass from the best experts that will break down today's theme to help you improve the quality of your life.
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Are all bodies the same when it comes to how foods
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 I guess are consumed and assimilated through the body and the bloodstream and all these different things.
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Or is everybody different where some nutritional foods might impact positively, but negatively in other bodies, what should we be knowing about the body?
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Yeah, it's a great question.
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And first of all, I'm a scientist.
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So I will tell you
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 how you can tell that I'm a scientist is that real scientists tell you, we don't know everything.
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Okay.
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And it's the kind of humility that we have to start with because so often you think about, you know, scientists being very smart and things, real scientists spend their time talking about what we, what we don't know, not what we do know.
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So, but you're asking me what we do know.
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All right.
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So I'll give you that.
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So I'll give you that answer.
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Look, um, uh,
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 Our bodies are hardwired to be healthy.
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So when we're growing in our mom's womb, our body, as we're forming our bones and our heart and our organs and our limbs inside the form of the human that's being created, are these health defenses.
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So you think about the body like a fortress.
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 You know, we've all seen a medieval fortress, a castle, right?
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And basically, it's a happy community that lives inside there.
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You got a king, you got a queen, you got a princess, you got everything else going inside there.
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But that fortress has got to protect itself.
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So it's designed to repel enemies.
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It's got a moat.
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It's got a drawbridge.
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It's got the little slits you fire arrows out of.
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 It's got sloping walls, so enemies can't crawl up.
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It's got traps.
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And by the way, you know, like in a medieval fort, the thing that I never realized, having been to quite a few castles, is that when you go into the entrance, there is a hole right above you.
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And it's called a murder hole.
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And that's basically if the if people breach the drawbridge, they would just drop rocks, boulders down through the hole.
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All right.
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So the body,
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 is designed better than a medieval castle.
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We've got our own defense systems.
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And there's five of them that I know about.
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And I helped to kind of put together this picture, partly because I studied the biotechnology.
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How do you actually treat diseases using these systems?
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And we forget about the disease part.
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And you think about the health part.
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These are the systems, these five systems that maintain our health.
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So I'll tell you what they are.
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Okay.
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 First, the health defense system is called NGO Genesis is what I studied blood vessels a 60,000 mile channel that delivers oxygen and nutrients everywhere, got to have enough of them, or your body is in trouble.
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 second angiogenesis.
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This is, this is the channel of blood vessels or this is the, this is how this, this is how the body grows blood vessels.
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Okay.
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It is a whole system of growth.
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Okay.
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When we have just the right amount of blood vessels, our body is healthy.
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Now, are you going to go to work out?
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All right.
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 You're gonna pump some iron.
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Your muscles gotta grow.
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Now you need a few more blood vessels.
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All right.
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If you skin your knee and fall off a bike, gotta heal that wound.
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Underneath that scab, you got new blood vessels growing to heal.
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Now, the body never lets too many blood vessels to grow or causes problems.
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For example, cancers are forming in all of our bodies because we're filled with these dividing cells and some of them make mistakes.
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 but a microscopic cancer is completely harmless because it doesn't have a blood supply.
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And so our body prevents cancers from growing naturally by controlling the angiogenesis.
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So we just got enough for our good cells, not enough for the bad cells.
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So that's one of our health defenses.
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And there are treatments, including ones that I helped to develop that can cut off the blood supply to cancer by cutting off it by starving it.
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 So that's called anti androgenic therapy.
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And the same treat same approach has been used to prevent blindness.
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All right, so you don't have blood vessels leaking in the eye.
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However, turns out that sometimes your body needs a little help.
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So now you can actually use foods to actually amp up your body's androgenesis defenses.
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So that's just one of the defense.
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Okay, that's the first one.
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What's the second one?
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 All right, second one is our stem cells, right?
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So our, when we were kids, Louis, you know, like our grade school teachers told us salamanders can regenerate, starfish can regenerate, but people can't regenerate, right?
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 Wrong.
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You lose your hand.
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It's not going to grow back.
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Well, it turns out that people do regenerate.
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We can regenerate that quickly, but we and we regenerate from the inside out like a lizard can regenerate like a limb or tail.
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But we regenerate our organs continuously.
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Our lung regenerates, our liver regenerates.
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OK, the lining of our mouth regenerates.
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If you've ever eaten a chip.
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All right.
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And scratch the inside of your mouth and it hurts.
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 Next day, all fixed, right?
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Because of regeneration.
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All right.
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Now, here's the thing.
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Turns out that the way we naturally regenerate is through stem cells, not the kind you go to a strip mall to have injected into your knee, but this is the kind that we're born with.
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 Cause you know, like when, when we were, when you and I were, were like sperm and egg meeting in our mom's womb and dividing, that's what we were.
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These are stem cells.
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We were all formed from these primitive cells that could be anything.
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It could be an eye, it could be a nose, it could be a heart and they, and they formed our whole body.
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And, and there's always some overage.
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 Okay, and so you have more than you need to form your into a person.
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And when we're born, about 750 million stem cells are leftover, and they are packed up in a suitcase and stuffed into our bone marrow.
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 And so when we're born, even a little baby, inside their bone marrow, in this hollow of their bones, are 750 million stem cells, and they are stored there like bullets in a bandolier, waiting for when they're needed, so that when we grow up and we need to be regenerated,
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 You know, you have too many too much to drink now your liver needs to be regenerated, you cut yourself now you need to actually heal that wound.
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These stem cells come flying out of our bone marrow like beans out of a hive to regenerate renew us from the inside out and
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 There are biotech efforts that I've been a part of to try to grow new heart, grow new brain, regenerate nerves, not ready for prime time yet.
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But it turns out that foods can coax these stem cells out of our bone marrow.
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So we regenerate faster.
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Which foods?
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This is the second one, but I'm curious which foods can help us.
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There are a number of them.
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I'll give you one right from the get go is dark chocolate.
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 Oh, you're speaking my language now.
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Okay.
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So dark.
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Yeah.
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Can you eat too much dark chocolate?
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That's the question.
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You know, I have never seen anything about an overdose of cacao, but I will tell you that cacao has been shown to actually double the number of stem cells flowing in your bloodstream just by having two cups of hot chocolate made with 80% high flavanol chocolate dark.
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Come on.
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 Yeah, it's been done in people 60 year olds with heart disease.
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 So wait, what happens when you drink or you eat this dark chocolate?
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What happens?
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Yeah.
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The polyphenols in this dark chocolate that we know what they are, they're called proanthocyanidin.
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So I'm a scientist.
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So my job is to actually know what the inside chemicals actually are.
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These are natural chemicals.
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All right.
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Most people don't need to know that, but you drink it and it tastes good.
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That's all you need to know.
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But I'll tell you, these natural chemicals found in cacao actually trigger
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 a reaction in your body so that they call out the stem cells.
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So it is literally like bees flying out of a hive can double the number of stem cells.
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And what's the practical impact?
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Well, there was a study done at UCSF in San Francisco that looked at 60 year old men with heart disease.
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So these are people whose blood vessels were already not doing so well and their blood flow wasn't going so well either.
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And their blood vessels were kind of sick.
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 That's kind of the definition of heart disease.
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By having the stem cells coming out, they were able to actually double the resiliency, the function of their blood vessels.
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So they got better rebound, they're better agility.
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Their blood vessels are in better shape because their stem cells are regenerating their circulation.
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 Wow.
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So this is human studies, right?
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Like most, most of the time you hear about scientists talking about rats or mice or cells, I'm talking about human studies.
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And that's kind of where we are with food is medicine.
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It's not the kind of like the guesswork, like we can do serious research to get down to exactly what's actually happening at the human level.
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So that's the second health defense systems.
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Okay.
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Third one.
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 Third one is our gut microbiome.
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Now people have been talking about gut health and microbiome.
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It's almost like a buzzword these days.
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And people are saying, well, we can actually scoop your poop and we can actually measure your microbiome and we can tell you what you need to eat and what you don't need to eat.
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 Again, I'm a scientist, so I will tell you that there are 39 trillion bacteria in the typical body.
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That's more stars than in a night sky.
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We barely understand the gut bacteria, but what we do know
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 is that this gut bacteria actually controls our metabolism, communicates with our brain, actually can help us heal from the inside out.
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And very importantly, our gut bacteria basically lives, if you think of your gut like a garden hose,
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 It's a tube, and you were to cut a garden hose in half and you look inside it.
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There's a lining.
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Okay.
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The bacteria is inside the hose, but inside the wall of the garden hose.
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That's where your immune system 70% of our immune system lives inside our gut.
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 So our gut bacteria sent.
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So if you're feeding your gut a lot of bad foods, it's you're poisoning your immune system.
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You're preventing your gut bacteria.
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Now, I'll tell you what's interesting about the gut bacteria.
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Your gut bacteria talks to the immune system right through the walls of your gut immune systems in there.
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70% like a jelly roll, like the jelly in a jelly roll.
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The gut bacteria is inside.
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So think about like a college student.
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 in a freshman dorm, they are talking to their roommate by pounding on the wall, right?
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What do you want?
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What kind of pizza do you want?
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 All right.
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And they can answer you.
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And that's basically what our gut bacteria says to our immune system.
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So we got to keep that gut healthy.
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By the way, interestingly, and I've done research on this, certain gut bacteria can actually signal to your brain.
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It's a gut brain access and cause your brain to release social hormones.
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 Wow.
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Okay.
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And can affect your mood.
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So, you know, when you've got a crappy gut and you feel crummy in your gut, I guarantee you, like, it's not just cause you're irritated, it's affecting your brain as well.
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That's crazy.
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So.
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Yeah, we had, we had Dr. Emron Mayer on who has got the gut, I think it's the gut brain connection or the gut immune connection or something like that.
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So he's, he's got a lot of great research on that.
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 Yeah.
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So, well, the key thing though, is that foods can actually help right-size your gut health.
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Think about like an ecosystem, the Great Barrier Reef.
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So certain foods can support the ecology, the ecosystem, the Great Barrier Reef, and certain ones actually kill the coral, all right?
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And so, it continuously wanna keep it in good shape all the way through our lives.
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And by the way, even conditions like autism,
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 Alzheimer's and schizophrenia are all now seemingly connected to our gut bacteria.
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Really?
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Yeah.
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Now, is there a way if someone has those?
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Are they pretty easy to reverse though?
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Or is that hard?
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We're well, listen, we're just figuring this out.
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Because right now, medically, we prescribe medications to try to treat those things.
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And a lot of times those medications just blunt the symptoms.
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 Okay, they cover up the symptoms they don't get at the underlying cause.
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Now we don't know exactly how the gut bacteria communicates with the brain, completely yet but there's one giant nerve.
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 called the vagus nerve.
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It's like a giant shoe.
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It's about the thickness of a shoelace and it hangs from our brain all the way down into our gut.
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Okay.
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Goes right near, wraps around our esophagus on the way down.
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And we think the gut bacteria basically sends text messages up to the brain through this big nerve.
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Okay.
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So the key though, is that foods can actually influence our gut bacteria, either good bacteria or bad bacteria.
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So that's important.
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So that's a third health defense system.
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 Okay, so with the first- Antigenesis, number one.
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Yes.
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Stem cells, number two.
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 Gut microbiome, number three.
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Okay.
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The fourth one?
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Number four, our DNA.
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Now, if you watch CSI, DNA is just sort of like a genetic fingerprint, a code that you can find on a crime scene.
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Or if you're actually trying to do ancestry, look for your ancestors, you figure out how much of you is Neanderthal, right?
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I think I was 1% Neanderthal when I did it, yes.
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 Uh, so the, the, the key though, is it's DNA is a lot more than our genetic code.
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It actually protects us from the environment.
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Now, what am I, what do I mean by that?
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Well, you know how, if we are exposed to, uh, uh, we get sunburn, ultraviolet light, you damage your DNA and what happens?
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Cancer, skin cancer.
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 right?
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If you inhale lots of fumes from a chemical plant, it's going to actually damage your DNA in your lungs, you get lung cancer, right?
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But think about it.
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If you are in Los Angeles, and you're driving on the I-10, or if you're actually just walking on a beach, you are actually getting ultraviolet radiation.
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So how come we don't get skin cancer all the time?
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Because our DNA is hardwired to fix itself,
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 from damage.
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And so the DNA is a protective mechanism from the environment.
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I always tell people when you're pumping gas, if you still drive a gas vehicle, as opposed to an EV, I always ask people, do you stand upwind or downwind?
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 What do you do?
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Are you upwind or downwind?
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Do you know?
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Well, upwind, right?
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So you're not getting the fumes in.
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Is that what you mean?
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Right, right, right.
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Well, if you're standing downwind, you can smell the fumes, right?
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And if you're smelling the fumes, you are poisoning the DNA in your lung.
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 So how come we don't develop lung cancer after pumping gas, because our DNA is hardwired to fix itself.
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And so our DNA is sort of like a self defense mechanism against the environment radon from your basement, okay, off gassing from the from the new car you just got, or the Uber that you're riding in, you know, or the furniture that you got.
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 Right?
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So like, this is this is this incredible defense mechanism against our environment.
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And then and foods can actually speed up the repair, help fix holes that are in our DNA.
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And then the other kind of PS the resistance for our DNA is defense is that there's something called a telomere.
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I don't know if you've ever had anybody your show talk about telomeres telomeres.
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 Yeah, yes, these are these are see if you're at the long of the telomere, the the longer you can live or something.
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Right.
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Well, I'll tell you basically what the you know, like to to give a to remind you to remind your listeners and viewers.
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Basically, if your DNA is like a shoelace, the telomere is like the little plastic cap at the end of the shoelace.
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 And over time, that little cap kind of wears down, just like on a shoelace.
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And you know, when they when that cap is gone, man, that your shoelace just falls apart.
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And that's what happens to our DNA.
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So we need that cap.
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That's called a telomere.
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And it burns down like a life fuse.
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So you know, like Mission Impossible, like the fuse, right?
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So this thing is burning down.
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And when it burns down, that's it, your cells done.
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So what you want to do is to slow down your cellular aging.
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And
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 harsh things that you do to your body, smoking cigarettes, being in a couch potato, being exposed to damaging oxidative stress, actually just being stressed out like we are now with this frigging pandemic.
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Those things all shorten our telomeres.
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They burn the fuse faster.
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Stress.
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Yeah.
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But foods can slow it down and some foods can reverse it and lengthen the telomere.
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 which is really cool from an aging perspective.
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What are those top three foods that help lengthen the telomeres?
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Green tea is one of them.
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 coffee.
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I got a, I got a, yeah, it's amazing.
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I got, I got a little, I used to live in Italy and I just got into this habit of drinking espresso.
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Uh, so I got a little cup here.
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Amazingly coffee actually lengthens your telomere.
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Come on.
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I kid you not.
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It's, it's quite amazing.
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Um, uh, and, uh, leafy greens, some of the polyphenols and leafy greens can also, um, slow down as some of them actually look like they can lengthen the telomeres as well.
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So,
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 The key thing is that we, you know, we are not just hapless pawns of aging, we can actually do something about it.
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And we can also fight against our environment.
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Because, look, the tax that we pay for being on planet Earth, is you're exposed to stuff all the time.
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And we need to we count on our body's health defenses to fix it.
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So that's a fourth defense.
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 Maximizing your health is so important in today's age, but finding the time and figuring out what system to do consistently is hard sometimes.
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And if you're feeling like you just don't have much time to get a workout in during your day, don't worry.
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I've been there myself.
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I'm a busy entrepreneur.
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But now I always know I have an option to fit in a workout with Peloton.
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Because Peloton makes it so easy and quick to break a sweat right at home.
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You don't need to commute to the gym, so you save a lot of time on that.
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And no need to come up with your own workout every time and make it interesting.
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 they have interesting workouts all the time.
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And they have incredible workout instructors.
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I'm a big fan of Allie Love and so many other people in there that are inspiring, motivating, and so talented at what they do when they're teaching.
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Peloton instructors are highly trained fitness professionals who will motivate you through every workout, whether you're a regular at the gym or someone who's new, or you're trying to get back into working out.
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And our fifth defense is our immune system, which, you know, after two years, over the last two years, we all know how important our immune system is.
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But what if I told you that your immune system is so powerful that when it's in its best shape,
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 even when you're 80 years old, it is strong enough to fight cancer.
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In fact, it can even wipe out metastatic cancer that's spread all over your body.
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That's how strong your immune system is if you give it the chance.
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And so here's what the immune system does.
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It's like an army of super soldiers.
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 So rangers, seals, marines, special forces, these are all parts of the immune system, all cells of the immune system.
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And like the special forces, they've got their own weapons, their own training, their own tactics, but they all work together for the collective good.
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And what happens is that when you've got good, strong defenses, you can fight off invaders from the outside, bacteria and viruses, for example,
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 And, but it's not just outside invaders, you got inside invaders as well and those little microscopic cancers are inside invaders and so our immune system patrols our body.
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Okay, cops on a beat, and they're looking for things that don't look right.
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 And you see that microscopic cancer that is it can't grow because it doesn't have a blood vessel, but blood vessels feeding it and your Genesis, basically, it the immune system goes there and takes them right out.
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Okay, and takes a sniper shot and is gone.
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And so that's why we got to protect our immune system.
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And there are lots of foods that can actually boost our immunity as well.
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What would you be those?
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What would be those top three that boost the immune system?
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 Uh, blueberries are a food that definitely boosts the immune system.
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It's, uh, in young people, as well as older people, uh, uh, they, they boost the natural killer cells, which is really cool.
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Um, broccoli sprouts can boost our immune system.
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Now these are the three day old sprouts.
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These are like the three day old sprouts, right?
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Okay.
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Um, okay.
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I mean, okay, here's something, here's something most people don't know.
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 The big broccoli that when we eat broccoli, we really, you know, our moms told us to eat the treetops, right?
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They're all the same.
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You go to the freezer section of a grocery store and you buy some frozen broccoli and they all look the same.
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They're all the same size.
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That's not really what broccoli looks like.
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If you go to the farmer's market and you see a real broccoli, it's this gigantic stem.
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 with a little bit of treetop, okay?
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So what's in a broccoli?
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It's called sulforaphane.
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So that's what gives broccoli that unique taste of broccoli.
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It's a little sulfurous, okay?
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So you gotta put a little olive oil, a little bit of garlic, you know, and you can saute it up.
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Okay, so the sulforaphanes.
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We've done research now looking at what's in the treetops.
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And it turns out that these sulforaphanes can starve cancer
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 anti-angiogenic, help your body cut off the blood supply to cancer.
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Broccoli treetops have it.
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But guess what?
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The stalk of the broccoli has twice as much of the good stuff than the treetops.
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Eat the stalks.
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Eat the stalks.
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So man, like if you don't want to eat, if you don't want to saute the stalks, like a lot of cultures will just cut the stalks and saute them, stick it in a blender.
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You can make it into a smoothie or make a soup out of it.
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 And so there's a lot of good things you can do.
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Put a little broccoli stem, a little oregano powder.
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You can light it right up a little turmeric.
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It'll be really good smoothie or a soup.
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However, here's the thing.
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So imagine this adult broccoli having these sulforaphanes.
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Well, it turns out that these big broccoli plants used to be sprouts.
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 And the sprouts pretty much were born or sprouted from the seed with all the sulforaphane it's ever going to have.
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All right.
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So when it gets bigger, it just gets distributed with the stock closer to the ground, having more of it, of course, but the broccoli sprouts have 100 times more of the sulforaphane.
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It's a good stuff as a grownup broccoli.
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 So sprouts, broccoli sprouts.
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Now, studies have been done to show that if you give people a flu shot, people in the winter should get a flu shot, so you don't get the flu, all right?
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Just go to your drug store to get one.
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It turns out that if you, people, they did a study looking at people getting the flu shot, and they gave half the people a little shake made with broccoli sprouts,
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 And the other group just got a placebo.
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And the people who got the broccoli sprout shake and the flu shot, their beneficial response of their immune system is 22 times higher.
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Like it totally rocked if they actually had a broccoli sprout shake.
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So that's not food versus medicine.
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That is food and medicine, which is really cool.
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 Blood sugar management or control is one of the key factors of either being healthy or potentially linking to one of these other, I guess, diseases.
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Is that right?
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 That's right.
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Yeah.
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And, and what it really comes down to, which kind of gets at your question of what is metabolism, um, metabolism is fundamentally the way that we make energy in the body.
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So we eat food and, you know, food has, um, you know, fat and glucose in it and either fat or glucose, glucose is sugar.
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 can be used to convert into a type of energy that our cells can use, which is called ATP.
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So we take in this substrate, but we have to convert it through our mitochondria in our cells to a form of energy we can use, a currency that our body understands and can use.
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That process of conversion is metabolism, and this is happening in every single one of the 37 trillion cells in our body, and it has to work properly.
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So break it down for me then.
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Fat or glucose?
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 or I guess carbohydrates, enters the body through the foods we're eating, right?
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What happens after that?
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How is it processed in the body, through the cells, through the mitochondria?
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How is it processed?
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Yeah, so looking at carbohydrates, for instance, they go into our digestive tract, they're broken down and absorbed into the bloodstream, broken down into simple sugars.
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 like glucose and fructose.
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These go into the bloodstream, and let's say we're talking about glucose, which is blood sugar.
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This signals to the body, particularly an organ called the pancreas, to release insulin, which is a hormone.
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That hormone allows you to take that sugar out of the bloodstream through the cell membrane into the cell.
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Once it's inside the cell, it's broken down even further and then goes into the mitochondria to be
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 go through a chemical processing that then creates ATP, which is this molecule that can be then used to essentially power all the millions of cellular processes that are happening every second.
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So ATP is the power, is the fuel?
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It's the fuel.
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It's the battery in our body.
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 Okay.
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And so the way it's processed is it's based on the foods we eat, whether it be fat or sugar that comes through, does that determine how the quality of the energy or what does that mean within?
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Is it all equally the same when it converts an ATP or?
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 Well, I think the way to think about it is to really focus on the mitochondria.
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This is the energy factory of the cell.
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This is the powerhouse of the cell.
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And the thing that people really need to understand is that our diet and our lifestyle in the modern Western world, so past 50 to 100 years, so much of it is actually damaging the mitochondria.
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 of our cell and creating problems in that conversion process.
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So for instance, when we eat too much sugar, okay, and these days the average American is eating a lot of sugar, like a hundred times more than we were like a hundred years ago in the rest of human history.
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 this massive overload of this substrate, what that does is it causes stress on the mitochondria and creates damage.
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And one analogy I sometimes use is, imagine you had a factory that was making something like cheese, and all of a sudden you get 100 times more of the raw product, like milk, delivered to the factory.
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The workers would be like, we don't know where to put this, we can't work, they go on strike, there's nowhere to store it, there's no refrigerators, it would all go bad.
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All of a sudden you actually,
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 produce less cheese even though you have more substrate.
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We are giving so much of the substrate to the body that it's gumming up the system, it's breaking down the factory and creating problems.
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The molecular way this is happening is that each time you have these glucose spikes from eating these
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 refined products or added sugars, your body's releasing more of that insulin.
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It's saying, okay, more glucose in the bloodstream, so we have to produce more insulin to get it out of the bloodstream.
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And over time, the body sees all this insulin circulating and it's like, we can't bring more of this into the cell.
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There's too much.
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And so it actually puts up a block
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 which is called insulin resistance, which is that cellular process that leads you towards problems like diabetes.
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And so what's happening now is the body- And that's why you're storing fat or you're storing other dead cells that you don't need to keep in the body, I guess, right?
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Right, because insulin is the signal saying,
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 tons of glucose around for energy, so we don't need to burn fat for energy.
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So insulin is also a block on fat burning.
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So it's this chemical signal saying too much glucose around blocking it from getting into the cell and also telling the body not to burn fat.
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So of course, for people who are dealing with, um, trouble losing weight, insulin is the hormone we, a hormone we really, really need to be, um, thinking about.
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And so we, we reduce our insulin sensitivity.
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Um, now we have,
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 lots of glucose circulating in the bloodstream, but it's not able to efficiently get into the cell.
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And then you've got all these other things that can hurt our mitochondria.
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And really a mitochondria energy-centric view of health can really help us.
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Some other things that can hurt the mitochondria are oxidative stress.
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So I know you talked about this a little bit on the podcast with David Perlmutter, but aside from glucose, eating too much fructose, so this comes with like sodas or fruit juice or things that have really high concentration of fructose,
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 It's not gonna actually stimulate insulin in the way that glucose does, but what it does is it goes into the cell and it's converted into something called uric acid.
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And that uric acid creates oxidative stress, which is sort of this damaging reactive molecule in the mitochondria and creates mitochondrial damage.
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So now, again, you've got more trouble processing energy in the mitochondria.
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Environmental toxins are actually a huge problem as well.
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They can directly damage the machinery of the mitochondria.
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So we're thinking about things like
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 pesticides and a lot of the fragrances in our personal care products and a lot of the fragrances and chemicals in our home care products.
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These things actually go into our bodies, damage our mitochondria, make it difficult to produce energy effectively.
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Chronic stress can damage our mitochondria through cortisol and through our stress hormones.
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So it's interesting to think about how all these different aspects of modern life fundamentally feed down into damaging this precious
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 part of our cell that creates energy and when we have the mitochondria and when we have problems creating energy in our body
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 This can happen in any cell type.
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Again, 37 trillion cells, dozens of organs in the body.
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Where this is showing up most prominently in the body is where you're gonna see symptoms.
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And this is why metabolic dysfunction and blood sugar dysregulation can look like so many different things.
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It can masquerade as so many different symptoms.
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And in the conventional system, we see those all as separate.
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But when we think about it as, this is actually just where a fundamental core problem is showing up in different
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 Cell types and so if you can address that you can potentially kind of melt a lot of things away So just as some concrete examples if metabolic dysfunction is showing up in the blood vessels Well, if it's sort of most prominently showing up in the penis that could look like erectile dysfunction if it's happening in the heart it could look like you know heart disease and
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 If it's happening in the liver, it could look like fatty liver disease.
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If it's happening in the ovaries, it could look like polycystic ovarian syndrome, which is the leading cause of infertility in the United States, which is a metabolic problem.
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And if it's happening in the brain, it could look like Alzheimer's dementia.
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And so it's got all these different faces, but fundamentally is rooted in a core dysfunction in how our body is converting food,
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 to energy, and a lot of that has to do with this chronic overnutrition, overloading our cells with too much to process, gumming up these systems, and then the many other lifestyle factors like toxins, stress, sleep deprivation, and sedentary behavior that can also hurt the mitochondria.
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Right, so blood sugar management and metabolism management, is that right?
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Is that the main things we should be thinking about?
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Yeah.
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How does blood sugar and metabolism work together?
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 Yeah, so the way that those sort of things link up is that if your blood sugar is quite erratic, like let's say it's going up and down in big spikes and valleys.
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Every day, yeah, you're having lots of sugar, you're just eating poorly, you're stressed, you're overwhelmed.
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 The majority of foods on the shelves in our grocery stores now have added sugar, like well over 60%.
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So it's not unusual for an American to be on that blood sugar rollercoaster up, down, up, down, up, down.
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And that's called glycemic variability.
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And that process of glycemic variability is very damaging to our metabolism through the mechanisms we spoke about of causing insulin resistance by stressing the body to make too much insulin over and over.
1
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 But those high blood sugar spikes in their own right can cause damage as well.
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When your blood sugar acutely goes really high like after eating a Pop-Tart or eating a pastry or something like that or a big bowl of pasta, that spike can lead to inflammation.
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 it can lead to oxidative stress because of the way that it's overwhelming our systems and creating free radicals.
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It can also cause a process called glycation, which is where sugar sticks to things in the body.
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And so if you can imagine, if your concentration of blood sugar is really high, it's kind of gonna just stick to things more, like your blood vessels and proteins, and that's not good.
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That's like a signal for the body that something's wrong.
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And so all of these things kind of
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 coalesce to just creating problems.
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So the more that we can minimize our glycemic variability and go from spikes and valleys to more gentle rolling hills, the better we are, the better we're going to basically be treating our cells and
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 It's not just the sort of cellular optimization we're trying to do, it's also the way you feel.
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I think a lot of us have had that experience where we have a really high-carb meal, a big dessert, and we feel like we kind of have a crash afterwards.
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It's like that post-meal crash.
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We feel lethargic.
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We may need to have another cup of coffee or even feel jittery after a big high-carb meal.
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 We really understand how that works.
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The body sees a huge load of glucose from a high-carb meal.
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The body then surges out that insulin, overcompensates, soaks up all that glucose, and you crash.
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And in that crash state is when we feel fatigue, it's potentially some anxiety, and it's when people usually feel cravings.
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So by learning- You want more when you crash.
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You want more to bring yourself back
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 up because you've kind of crashed and then you're on the vicious cycle.
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And I think the majority of American bodies are on that cycle because you think about what we eat.
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It's like breakfast.
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It's cereal, juice, toast, pop tarts, pastries, you know, sweetened coffee beverages.
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That's
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 all refined sugar and refined grains.
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Then you go to lunch and it's bread, tortillas, wraps, chips, you know, all of that stuff.
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And then you go to dinner, pasta, potatoes, whatever, and then it's dessert.
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And it's like, if you're just going along the normal American cultural treadmill of what's normal to eat, you're on a glucose roller coaster.
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And that means that your day might be highly labile in terms of the energy, mood, performance, cravings, and so,
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 Learning just simple ways to balance out that glucose roller coaster can be an amazing life hack and really a superpower for essentially getting your day under better control, making you feel better in the moment.
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Yes.
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 How much does alcohol, smoking, or marijuana, or psychedelics actually affect lifespan?
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Do we have enough research on this?
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Well, we do on tobacco smoking.
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Obviously, it's very clear.
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That's a decade off your life.
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And what's interesting is that what we're learning about these various things that you can do to hurt yourself or to protect yourself is that what's happening is that your body is aging at a different rate.
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So smokers, you can measure it, are older biologically than people who've never smoked.
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 And it's why they look older, too.
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We can measure that now.
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In my lab, if I took your blood, I could tell you how old you are biologically, not just your chronology.
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I wanna do that.
1
SPEAKER_02
I saw you post this on Instagram, that you're like 46, is that right?
1
SPEAKER_02
Or you're 42, or what is it?
1
SPEAKER_01
I went down there, what was it, 44, I think, or 42.
1
SPEAKER_01
It bounces around, but it's usually a decade younger than that.
1
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That's cool.
1
SPEAKER_01
So what do you do, you take a blood sample,
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 And then you, what, measure the blood?
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There's two ways of doing it.
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There's one company that I advise called InsideTracker, and that's what I use often.
1
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I've had that too, yeah.
1
SPEAKER_01
You've done that?
1
SPEAKER_01
Yeah, yeah.
1
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So they come to your home, or you donate, and then you get this readout of, I think it's 40 different parameters, and they use an algorithm and tell you how old you are.
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So I'm 42 or something like that.
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I'm in the top 2% of people from my age for youthfulness.
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So I'm happy with that.
1
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Just dust it off, a little brag over there, I like it, yeah.
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 You better be if you're researching this and the top scientists in the world on this.
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SPEAKER_01
Oh yeah, I don't like to brag.
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That's not what Australians and scientists do.
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But what I do want to say is I use my body as an experiment and try to be a role model.
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And I've been optimizing my lifestyle for 20 years now based on this feedback from InsideTracker for the last 12, 13 years.
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And you can see the graphs of things going out of the optimal zone
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 and then I make a change based on science and it comes back or even better.
1
SPEAKER_01
So we know from smokers that their biological age is older when they smoke, is what you're saying, right?
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Yeah, well that's one test.
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The InsightTracker test is what I do routinely every few months.
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But there's a new type of test that my colleagues and in my lab we've developed.
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It's called the DNA methylation test.
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It's also known as the Horvath test, named after my friend Stephen Horvath at UCLA.
1
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 The way to think of this is, if you've ever heard of the epigenome.
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These are the control systems that control our DNA.
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It turns out that that system you can measure.
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It's chemicals on your DNA that change over time, predictably.
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And we've just developed a way to measure that 100 times cheaper than it was before.
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And I'm gonna bring this test to the public so that people can test their biological age.
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It should be a cheek swab, that's what we're developing.
1
SPEAKER_01
 So you don't have to prick or take blood or anything you do a cheese exactly what ship it in or something?
1
SPEAKER_01
Yeah, you'll post it in and then you get hopefully just a week later or less.
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Here's your credit score for your body That's cool.
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And then even better.
1
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Here's how you how do you slow it down or reverse it based on everything?
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We know about you Wow, that's cool.
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We'll take you on that journey.
1
SPEAKER_01
So do this eat this Swallow this that is cool
1
SPEAKER_01
 I got to take that test.
1
SPEAKER_01
Yeah, well, you can get on the waitlist if you want.
1
SPEAKER_01
Okay.
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There's a website because we are taking names right now.
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We may do some studies with early adopters too.
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That's cool.
1
SPEAKER_00
Where's the waitlist for that?
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It's called Tally.
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T-A-L-L-Y.
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Tallyhealth.com.
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 And the reason I'm excited about it is it's very hard to focus on what works, because we have no idea.
1
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You exercise, you hope that it's good.
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Is it too much, too little?
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If I eat this, does it help me?
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We need a dashboard for our bodies, and that's what these give you.
1
SPEAKER_02
That is really cool.
1
SPEAKER_02
Okay, so we know that smoking makes you age biologically.
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That's why it makes you look older, smoking.
1
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What about drinking alcohol?
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 We talked about wine and the substance in wine that could be supportive, but alcohol in general, does that affect biological age and aging?
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SPEAKER_01
Well, it all depends on quantity.
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SPEAKER_01
One glass a day, most doctors would say, especially if it's red wine, it's fine.
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SPEAKER_01
And the alcohol actually can help with the cardiovascular system, reduces bad cholesterol and more importantly, raises the good cholesterol HDL.
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SPEAKER_01
This is for red wine.
1
SPEAKER_01
 And the alcohol in white wine does a little bit of good too.
1
SPEAKER_01
But beer?
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SPEAKER_01
So beer will raise the levels of uric acid, which is a protein breakdown product that you can pee out.
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SPEAKER_01
 But if you have too much beer and other types of food that contain a lot of this type of protein, you will raise your uric acid level.
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SPEAKER_01
So why does that matter?
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SPEAKER_01
It's becoming very clear that if you have high uric acid levels, your body will age faster.
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SPEAKER_02
We just had Dr. Davin Perlmutter on, who has a book about uric acid, talking about like this is one of the root causes of
1
SPEAKER_02
 poor health and aging faster and things like that.
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SPEAKER_02
So alcohol, you talked to him a lot?
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SPEAKER_01
Yeah, yeah, I actually was one of the first people to read his book before it came out.
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SPEAKER_01
Yeah, it's really good.
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SPEAKER_01
It blew my mind.
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SPEAKER_01
I now measure my uric acid levels.
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SPEAKER_01
You can get little test strips.
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SPEAKER_01
You can just buy them, the usual.
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SPEAKER_01
You just pee on it?
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SPEAKER_01
No, you spit on it, and 10 seconds later, you see uric acid levels, yeah.
1
SPEAKER_02
 And so the lower the level, the better.
1
SPEAKER_02
The higher the level means there's risk for what?
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SPEAKER_01
Everything, according to David.
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SPEAKER_01
It's really bad for cancers and heart disease mainly.
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SPEAKER_01
But I think he's right, that it's a sign of accelerated aging.
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SPEAKER_01
The higher the uric level, the faster you're gonna be aging.
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SPEAKER_02
And a larger amount of consumption of alcohol, specifically beer, I'm hearing, raises that level.
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SPEAKER_01
 Beer in particular has a lot of the chemicals in it that will raise uric acid, unfortunately.
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SPEAKER_01
And that's from David Polnareff.
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SPEAKER_01
He gave me a list of foods.
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SPEAKER_01
I saw beer on there, like, oh, that sucks.
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SPEAKER_02
Now, is there any benefit to beer in biology, in science?
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Does it help you improve the quality of your health?
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SPEAKER_02
Does your brain get better?
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SPEAKER_02
Does your body, your system get better?
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SPEAKER_02
Does it make you younger at all?
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SPEAKER_02
Are there no benefits to beer biologically and in your brain?
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SPEAKER_01
 There are benefits, because there's alcohol in there, and a little bit of alcohol is good for your cardiovascular system, but.
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SPEAKER_01
But there's other things that's good for your cardiovascular system, too, right?
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SPEAKER_01
That you don't need.
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SPEAKER_01
So beer, on the list of alcohols, is at the bottom for health, mostly.
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SPEAKER_01
Unless it's full of sugar, like there's very sweet wines, I think would be a problem.
1
SPEAKER_01
But beer does have a lot of vitamin B, B group vitamins, B3, tons of it.
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SPEAKER_01
But you can get that in other ways, too.
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SPEAKER_01
You can.
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SPEAKER_01
 What can you do?
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SPEAKER_01
I mean, you've got to live as well.
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I don't prescribe a life that's prolonging and feels longer.
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SPEAKER_01
You've got to live a little.
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SPEAKER_01
Right, right.
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Enjoyment.
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SPEAKER_01
The enjoyment of the richness of life, yeah.
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SPEAKER_01
Right.
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SPEAKER_02
Though I am trying not to drink alcohol these days.
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SPEAKER_02
I've never been drunk in my life.
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SPEAKER_01
Yeah, amazing.
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SPEAKER_02
Never been drunk.
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SPEAKER_02
I don't find it amazing because I just never found the...
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SPEAKER_02
 I never had the desire to do it.
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SPEAKER_02
I like tasted some when I was 16 and I was like, I don't understand why I would ever drink this.
1
SPEAKER_02
Plus it was also for me, maybe that's one of the reasons in your mind I look younger, I look like I haven't aged more.
1
SPEAKER_02
 is because I found it as an advantage in sports.
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SPEAKER_02
When everyone else was drinking, I was like, oh, it's weakening their immune system, it's making them slower.
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SPEAKER_02
Mentally, this will give me an edge in athletics.
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SPEAKER_02
They were hungover after games, in practice, and I was like, I'm gonna be sharp.
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SPEAKER_02
And so I just kept on with it.
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SPEAKER_02
I was like, this is just gonna make me sharper.
1
SPEAKER_02
Now, I have my other vice.
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SPEAKER_02
I use sugar in other ways.
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SPEAKER_02
This is my vice, so I'm not perfect.
1
SPEAKER_02
 Does alcohol make you look older, too?
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SPEAKER_01
In excess.
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SPEAKER_02
In excess, gotcha.
1
SPEAKER_01
Yeah, yeah.
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SPEAKER_01
So a little bit every day is okay, a little bit.
1
SPEAKER_01
But most doctors, like physicians, would say if you overdo it, you will age.
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SPEAKER_01
And actually what you do as a researcher is you look at people who live a long time and compare them to either their twin, which has been done, or family members.
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SPEAKER_03
Interesting.
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SPEAKER_01
Yeah, and actually how you live your life has a massive impact on how long you live.
1
SPEAKER_01
 There's a twin study.
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SPEAKER_01
They took identical twins, genetically identical, in Denmark, and they said, OK, let's look at them through their life.
1
SPEAKER_01
And there were massive differences in how they looked and how long they lived.
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SPEAKER_01
And when they went back to see what the causes were, they could figure out, first of all, that 80% of their lifespan was determined by how they lived, not their genetics.
1
SPEAKER_02
 You mean the way they felt about themselves, the people they hung out with, their environment, the activities they took on, or what do you mean?
1
SPEAKER_01
Well, mostly their lifestyle, what they ate, did they smoke, did they drink, did they exercise?
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SPEAKER_02
Did they sleep well, all that stuff.
1
SPEAKER_01
Right, and those that did all the good things, the same genetics, twins, born the same day, one could live 10 years longer than the other.
1
SPEAKER_02
Now this is what I'm curious about.
1
SPEAKER_02
Were these twins hanging out all the time?
1
SPEAKER_02
 Or were they, because usually when you're hanging out with someone all the time, you pick up the similar habits, right?
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SPEAKER_02
You pick up a similar lifestyle habit as your parents, as your partner, and you kind of eat the same things.
1
SPEAKER_02
It's really hard to be like, I'm gonna drink every day and I'm not gonna drink every day if you're living together and in the same room, right?
1
SPEAKER_01
So I wonder how that is.
1
SPEAKER_01
Interesting.
1
SPEAKER_01
 But it does tell you a lot.
1
SPEAKER_01
The fact that 80% of our future health is in our own hands is liberating.
1
SPEAKER_01
Because often we think, ah, it's not gonna make a big difference.
1
SPEAKER_01
It really makes a big difference how you live your life every day.
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SPEAKER_01
Focus on that.
1
SPEAKER_01
And one thing that I do is I look at my future self and I ask myself, what's that guy saying to me today if he could speak to me?
1
SPEAKER_01
What's he saying?
1
SPEAKER_02
Please don't eat that.
1
SPEAKER_01
Exactly.
1
SPEAKER_02
Please don't drink that anymore.
1
SPEAKER_02
You had enough, you're gonna hurt me in 10 years.
1
SPEAKER_02
Yes, that's how you need to think about it.
1
SPEAKER_02
 It's coaching yourself 10, 20, 30 years out.
1
SPEAKER_02
It's interesting, I asked David Pearlmutter, I said, what are some things you wish you would have done sooner to improve the quality of your health?
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SPEAKER_02
And he was like,
1
SPEAKER_02
 Flossing he was like he's like I and I didn't go deeper into that But I remember him saying that I was like there's wisdom and whatever it is Maybe he had some gum issues or something.
1
SPEAKER_02
He had to deal with at one point.
1
SPEAKER_02
That was really Affecting him for a year or two.
1
SPEAKER_02
I don't know.
1
SPEAKER_02
I'm just making this up But if he can go back he'd be like I wish you would have done this better so I didn't have to suffer later
1
SPEAKER_02
 Right?
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SPEAKER_02
Yeah.
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SPEAKER_02
What are the things you've done or you're doing now that your 10-year-old self will be so happy for?
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SPEAKER_02
Like if he was in front of you right now, he'd just be hugging you and high-fiving you nonstop.
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SPEAKER_02
The things you're doing that he will appreciate in 10 years.
1
SPEAKER_02
 And then what are a few things that he's gonna say, man, I really wish you wouldn't do that right now?
1
SPEAKER_01
Oh yeah, okay.
1
SPEAKER_01
All right, so let's see.
1
SPEAKER_01
So I measure myself so I can speak scientifically, not just that it makes me feel good.
1
SPEAKER_01
 It's the one meal, one main meal a day.
1
SPEAKER_01
He would be grateful for.
1
SPEAKER_01
I'm sure of it.
1
SPEAKER_01
And as a result, I'm leaner and, you know, more ripped.
1
SPEAKER_01
I hate to say that word.
1
SPEAKER_01
You look lean.
1
SPEAKER_01
I am lean.
1
SPEAKER_01
You look really lean.
1
SPEAKER_01
I've gone over the last two years from 150 pounds to 133.
1
SPEAKER_02
Yeah, you look leaner even from when I, the first time I had you on.
1
SPEAKER_02
Your face is leaner and chiseled.
1
SPEAKER_01
 Yeah, I don't think I wanna lose anymore.
1
SPEAKER_01
I need to go back to the gym and do a little bit more.
1
SPEAKER_01
So the one meal a day, but you weren't doing one meal a day, what, five, 10 years ago?
1
SPEAKER_01
No, I only started during the pandemic.
1
SPEAKER_01
Yeah, this is new for me too.
1
SPEAKER_01
It's hard actually, when you begin, you feel hungry, because you've got those crashes that make you really hungry, and you've got this hormone called ghrelin that makes you hungry.
1
SPEAKER_01
 But once you get through that, it takes about three weeks.
1
SPEAKER_01
So anyone who tries it, make sure that you don't give up early.
1
SPEAKER_01
Just power through and then your liver will wake up.
1
SPEAKER_01
One main meal a day.
1
SPEAKER_01
So that's one.
1
SPEAKER_01
The other thing I think that he will be happy is don't eat sugary foods.
1
SPEAKER_01
 Yeah, don't eat that cake.
1
SPEAKER_01
So at a restaurant, when they said you want dessert, I always say no, but then I'm hoping that someone at the table orders what I want.
1
SPEAKER_01
But that's all I need, I need to taste it.
1
SPEAKER_02
I don't need to fill myself with a cake.
1
SPEAKER_02
 Because you still want to enjoy your life and live a full life But you don't want to in ten years be like, why do they eat cake every day?
1
SPEAKER_01
It's not worth it.
1
SPEAKER_01
Yeah, really your future self will thank you for it.
1
SPEAKER_01
Mmm Lifting weights.
1
SPEAKER_01
I know you do that.
1
SPEAKER_01
So I I need to do more of that.
1
SPEAKER_01
I I got a standing desk and
1
SPEAKER_01
 So most of the day I'm standing, which is great.
1
SPEAKER_01
Again, you have to get used to it.
1
SPEAKER_01
You'll feel tired for the first few weeks.
1
SPEAKER_01
Your legs will.
1
SPEAKER_01
I'm now mostly focused on eating plants.
1
SPEAKER_02
When did you start that?
1
SPEAKER_01
That's recently.
1
SPEAKER_01
Eating mostly plants.
1
SPEAKER_01
 Yeah, I've switched.
1
SPEAKER_01
I love meat.
1
SPEAKER_01
I wish that I could eat more.
1
SPEAKER_01
But you just got to look at the science.
1
SPEAKER_01
There's some really good studies of thousands of people.
1
SPEAKER_01
You just look at how long people live and what they eat.
1
SPEAKER_01
And I mean, it's not even an argument.
1
SPEAKER_02
 But there's so many people that bring in the argument, well, all these people have cured these diseases or whatever, gotten rid of these things from meat only.
1
SPEAKER_02
But people make the argument, right?
1
SPEAKER_02
You see it online, people making the argument for meat, meat, meat.
1
SPEAKER_02
So where are they finding these research studies of people living longer on an only meat diet?
1
SPEAKER_02
I don't know.
1
SPEAKER_02
 But you're not seeing them.
1
SPEAKER_02
You're not seeing studies of anyone that lives over 100 that all they do is eat meat.
1
SPEAKER_01
Well, they might be one person or two, but when you look at 10,000 people, what they eat, it's the vegan and the pescatarian that win out.
1
SPEAKER_01
In the blue zones, right.
1
SPEAKER_01
Yeah, and the numbers are something like, you drop it down to, you've got 88% less chance, or actually it's 12% chance for most diseases.
1
SPEAKER_01
So most diseases are protected by these diets.
1
SPEAKER_01
Really?
1
SPEAKER_01
 Wait a minute, 80% less chance of what?
1
SPEAKER_01
Of dying, at any one point.
1
SPEAKER_01
 in the age range of the study, which is.
1
SPEAKER_02
By being a pescetarian.
1
SPEAKER_01
Yeah, yeah.
1
SPEAKER_01
So it's vegan, pescetarian, those are the best.
1
SPEAKER_01
Then above that would be, actually pescetarian was better than vegetarian.
1
SPEAKER_01
A little bit of meat seemed to help, but it has to be fish.
1
SPEAKER_01
With the omega-3s in there, right?
1
SPEAKER_01
Yeah, and particularly oleic acid's good, which is found in avocados and olive oil.
1
SPEAKER_01
 That activates one of the protective enzymes that we study in the lab.
1
SPEAKER_01
Which acid?
1
SPEAKER_01
Oleic, O-L-E-I-C.
1
SPEAKER_01
What is some of that, but not a lot of that?
1
SPEAKER_01
It's a monounsaturated fatty acid, or a MUFA.
1
SPEAKER_01
If you have a bit of olive oil, there's a supplement online that I get that has high levels of oleic acid in it that I take every day.
1
SPEAKER_02
Okay, cool.
1
SPEAKER_01
With the DHA and EPA.
1
SPEAKER_01
Yeah, all that stuff, yeah.
1
SPEAKER_01
All that good stuff.
1
SPEAKER_01
Yes, okay.
1
SPEAKER_01
So that's my fish intake, is a pill.
1
SPEAKER_01
You don't eat fish, or do you eat very little?
1
SPEAKER_01
 Well, you know, I'm evolving my diet.
1
SPEAKER_01
So I've gone from a Mediterranean diet over the last 10 years to the last two, three months to all plant-based, no dairy, and yeah, no meat.
1
SPEAKER_01
 And I'm just seeing what happens to my body.
1
SPEAKER_01
I'm measuring things.
1
SPEAKER_01
It's an experiment.
1
SPEAKER_01
It's not a philosophy.
1
SPEAKER_01
And if things don't work out biologically, I'll go back.
1
SPEAKER_01
I mean, I'd love to go back to a state.
1
SPEAKER_01
I'm Australian after all.
1
SPEAKER_01
But you know, I'm driven by science, and that's all it is.
1
SPEAKER_02
Yeah.
1
SPEAKER_02
Okay, so you got these four.
1
SPEAKER_02
Was there another thing that your future self would thank you for?
1
SPEAKER_02
One meal a day.
1
SPEAKER_02
Don't eat sugary foods.
1
SPEAKER_02
That's gotta be one of the most challenging for me.
1
SPEAKER_02
Lifting weights.
1
SPEAKER_02
Eating mostly plants.
1
SPEAKER_02
Was there anything else?
1
SPEAKER_02
 get control over psychological stress.
1
SPEAKER_01
Oh, yeah.
1
SPEAKER_01
Why is this so important?
1
SPEAKER_01
Well, the main problem is you have high levels of cortisol when you're stressed out psychologically.
1
SPEAKER_01
 and it's clear that people who have really high levels of stress are chronically ill, and even it accelerates gray hair.
1
SPEAKER_01
That's actually a fact.
1
SPEAKER_01
It's not just a myth.
1
SPEAKER_01
You really are getting older if you have stress.
1
SPEAKER_02
Really, this is scientifically proven that if you're stressed out all the time, or more frequently, you're gonna get older, biologically.
1
SPEAKER_02
Correct.
1
SPEAKER_01
Wow.
1
SPEAKER_02
Can you reverse gray hair?
1
SPEAKER_01
 Without dyes?
1
SPEAKER_01
Yes.
1
SPEAKER_01
Really?
1
SPEAKER_01
Well, not routinely.
1
SPEAKER_01
But there are examples of that.
1
SPEAKER_01
There are some drugs that have shown in the clinic that make hair go from gray to brown.
1
SPEAKER_01
The best example I can tell you is that when people are stressed out, let's say they're in the banking world and they're losing their minds, you can find hairs that start to turn gray.
1
SPEAKER_01
 Okay, so you look at them and they're a little bit gray at the bottom.
1
SPEAKER_01
Oh good, turning gray, okay.
1
SPEAKER_01
Then they get given a vacation and they go away for a couple of weeks.
1
SPEAKER_01
And guess what happens to the hair shaft?
1
SPEAKER_01
It gets brown.
1
SPEAKER_01
It's brown again.
1
SPEAKER_01
Come on.
1
SPEAKER_01
You can find these gray-brown segments of hair.
1
SPEAKER_01
 in people.
1
SPEAKER_01
And what they tracked it down to was that the cells that make the hair pigment start to shut down, but they can be reinvigorated.
1
SPEAKER_01
But I suspect once you've been gray for a number of years, it's really hard to get back again.
1
SPEAKER_01
But I'm the first person to say aging is not unidirectional.
1
SPEAKER_01
In my lab, we're driving it forwards and backwards at will.
1
SPEAKER_01
It's not really difficult anymore once you figure it out.
1
SPEAKER_02
 Thank you so much for listening.
1
SPEAKER_02
I hope you enjoyed today's episode and inspired you on your journey towards greatness.
1
SPEAKER_02
Make sure to check out the show notes in the description for a full rundown of today's show with all the important links.
1
SPEAKER_02
And also make sure to share this with a friend and subscribe over on Apple podcasts as well.
1
SPEAKER_02
 I really love hearing feedback from you guys, so share a review over on Apple and let me know what part of this episode resonated with you the most.
1
SPEAKER_02
And if no one's told you lately, I want to remind you that you are loved, you are worthy, and you matter.
1
SPEAKER_02
And now it's time to go out there and do something great.