1
SPEAKER_00
 what the causes were, they could figure out, first of all, that 80% of their lifespan was determined by how they lived, not their genetics.
1
SPEAKER_01
You mean the way they felt about themselves, the people they hung out with, their environment, the activities they took on, or what do you mean?
1
SPEAKER_00
Well, mostly their lifestyle, what they ate, did they smoke, did they drink, did they exercise, those are the big keys.
1
SPEAKER_01
Did they sleep well, all that stuff.
1
SPEAKER_00
Right, and those that did all the good things, the same genetics, twins, born the same day, one could live 10 years longer than the other.
1
SPEAKER_00
 Now this is what I'm curious about.
1
SPEAKER_01
Were these twins hanging out all the time?
1
SPEAKER_01
Because usually when you're hanging out with someone all the time, you pick up the similar habits, right?
1
SPEAKER_01
You pick up a similar lifestyle habit as your parents, as your partner, and you kind of eat the same things.
1
SPEAKER_01
It's really hard to be like, I'm gonna drink every day and I'm not gonna drink every day if you're living together and in the same room, right?
1
SPEAKER_00
So I wonder how that is.
1
SPEAKER_00
Yeah.
1
SPEAKER_00
Maybe they got separated at birth or something.
1
SPEAKER_00
Interesting.
1
SPEAKER_00
 But it does tell you a lot.
1
SPEAKER_00
The fact that 80% of our future health is in our own hands is liberating.
1
SPEAKER_00
Because often we think, ah, it's not gonna make a big difference.
1
SPEAKER_00
It really makes a big difference how you live your life every day.
1
SPEAKER_00
Focus on that.
1
SPEAKER_00
And one thing that I do is I look at my future self and I ask myself, what's that guy saying to me today if he could speak to me?
1
SPEAKER_00
What's he saying?
1
SPEAKER_01
Please don't eat that.
1
SPEAKER_00
Exactly.
1
SPEAKER_00
Please don't drink that anymore.
1
SPEAKER_01
You had enough, you're gonna hurt me in 10 years.
1
SPEAKER_01
Yes, that's how you need to think about it.
1
SPEAKER_01
 It's coaching yourself 10, 20, 30 years out.
1
SPEAKER_01
It's interesting, I asked David Perlmutter, I said, what are some things you wish you would have done sooner to improve the quality of your health?
1
SPEAKER_01
And he was like,
1
SPEAKER_01
 flossing he was like he's like I and I didn't go deeper into that but I remember him saying that I was like there's wisdom and whatever it is maybe had some gum issues or something he had to deal with at one point that was really affecting him for a year or two I don't know I'm just making this up but if he can go back he'd be like I wish you would have done this better so I didn't have to suffer later
1
SPEAKER_01
 Right?
1
SPEAKER_01
Yeah.
1
SPEAKER_01
What are the things you've done or you're doing now that your 10-year-old self will be so happy for?
1
SPEAKER_01
Like if he was in front of you right now he'd just be hugging you and high-fiving you non-stop.
1
SPEAKER_01
The things you're doing that he will appreciate in 10 years.
1
SPEAKER_01
 And then what are a few things that he's gonna say, man, I really wish you wouldn't do that right now?
1
SPEAKER_00
Oh yeah, okay.
1
SPEAKER_00
All right, so let's see.
1
SPEAKER_00
So I measure myself so I can speak scientifically, not just that it makes me feel good.
1
SPEAKER_00
 It's the one meal one main meal a day.
1
SPEAKER_00
He would be grateful for I'm sure of it.
1
SPEAKER_00
And and as a result, I'm leaner and You know more ripped I look lean I am lean look really I've gone over the last two years from 150 pounds to 133.
1
SPEAKER_01
Yeah, you look leaner even from when I the first time I had you on your face is leaner and chiseled and
1
SPEAKER_00
 Yeah, I don't think I wanna lose anymore.
1
SPEAKER_00
I need to go back to the gym and do a little bit more.
1
SPEAKER_01
So the one meal a day, but you weren't doing one meal a day, what, five, 10 years ago?
1
SPEAKER_00
No, I only started during the pandemic.
1
SPEAKER_00
Yeah, this is new for me too.
1
SPEAKER_00
It's hard actually, when you begin, you feel hungry, because you've got those crashes that make you really hungry, and you've got this hormone called ghrelin that makes you hungry.
1
SPEAKER_00
 But once you get through that, it takes about three weeks.
1
SPEAKER_00
So anyone who tries it, make sure that you don't give up early.
1
SPEAKER_00
Just power through and then your liver will wake up.
1
SPEAKER_00
One main meal a day.
1
SPEAKER_00
So that's one.
1
SPEAKER_00
The other thing I think that he will be happy is don't eat sugary foods.
1
SPEAKER_00
 Yeah, don't eat that cake.
1
SPEAKER_00
So at a restaurant when they said you want dessert, I always say no, but then I'm hoping that someone at the table orders what I want.
1
SPEAKER_00
But that's all I need, I need to taste it.
1
SPEAKER_01
I don't need to fill myself with a cake.
1
SPEAKER_00
Gotcha.
1
SPEAKER_01
 Because you still want to enjoy your life and live a full life But you don't want to in ten years be like why do they eat cake every day?
1
SPEAKER_00
It's not worth it.
1
SPEAKER_00
Yeah, really your future self will thank you for it.
1
SPEAKER_00
Mmm Lifting weights.
1
SPEAKER_00
I know you do that.
1
SPEAKER_00
So I need to do more of that.
1
SPEAKER_00
I I got a standing desk and
1
SPEAKER_00
 So most of the day I'm standing, which is great.
1
SPEAKER_00
Again, you have to get used to it.
1
SPEAKER_00
You'll feel tired for the first few weeks.
1
SPEAKER_00
Your legs will.
1
SPEAKER_00
I'm now mostly focused on eating plants.
1
SPEAKER_00
When did you start that?
1
SPEAKER_00
That's recently.
1
SPEAKER_00
Eating mostly plants.
1
SPEAKER_00
 Yeah, I've switched.
1
SPEAKER_00
I love meat.
1
SPEAKER_00
I wish that I could eat more.
1
SPEAKER_00
But you just got to look at the science.
1
SPEAKER_00
There's some really good studies of thousands of people.
1
SPEAKER_00
You just look at how long people live and what they eat.
1
SPEAKER_00
And I mean, it's not even an argument.
1
SPEAKER_01
 But there's so many people that bring in the argument, well, all these people have cured these diseases or whatever, gotten rid of these things from meat only.
1
SPEAKER_01
But people make the argument, right?
1
SPEAKER_01
You see it online, people making the argument for meat, meat, meat.
1
SPEAKER_01
So where are they finding these research studies of people living longer on an only meat diet?
1
SPEAKER_01
I don't know.
1
SPEAKER_01
 But you're not seeing them.
1
SPEAKER_01
You're not seeing studies of anyone that lives over 100 that all they do is eat meat.
1
SPEAKER_00
Well, they might be one person or two, but when you look at 10,000 people, what they eat, it's the vegan and the pescatarian that win out.
1
SPEAKER_00
In the blue zones, right.
1
SPEAKER_00
Yeah, and the numbers are something like, you drop it down to, you've got 88% less chance, or actually it's 12% chance for most diseases.
1
SPEAKER_00
So most diseases are protected by these diets.
1
SPEAKER_00
Really?
1
SPEAKER_00
 Wait a minute, 80% less chance of what?
1
SPEAKER_00
Of dying at any one point.
1
SPEAKER_00
 in the age range of the study, which is 60 and older.
1
SPEAKER_01
By being a pescetarian.
1
SPEAKER_00
Yeah, yeah.
1
SPEAKER_00
So it's vegan, pescetarian, those are the best.
1
SPEAKER_00
Then above that would be, actually pescetarian was better than vegetarian.
1
SPEAKER_00
A little bit of meat seemed to help, but it has to be fish.
1
SPEAKER_00
With the omega-3s in there, right?
1
SPEAKER_00
Yeah, and particularly oleic acid's good, which is found in avocados and olive oil.
1
SPEAKER_00
 That activates one of the protective enzymes that we study in the lab.
1
SPEAKER_00
Which acid?
1
SPEAKER_00
Oleic.
1
SPEAKER_00
O-L-E-I-C.
1
SPEAKER_00
What is some of that, but not a lot of that?
1
SPEAKER_00
It's a monounsaturated fatty acid, or a MUFA.
1
SPEAKER_00
If you have a bit of olive oil, there's a supplement online that I get that has high levels of oleic acid in it that I take every day.
1
SPEAKER_01
Okay, cool.
1
SPEAKER_00
With the DHA and EPA.
1
SPEAKER_00
Yeah, all that stuff, yeah.
1
SPEAKER_00
All that good stuff.
1
SPEAKER_00
Yes, okay.
1
SPEAKER_00
So that's my fish intake, is a pill.
1
SPEAKER_00
You don't eat fish?
1
SPEAKER_00
Or do you eat very little?
1
SPEAKER_00
 Well, you know, I'm evolving my diet.
1
SPEAKER_00
So I've gone from a Mediterranean diet over the last 10 years, to the last two, three months, to all plant based, no dairy.
1
SPEAKER_00
And yeah, no meat.
1
SPEAKER_00
 And I'm just seeing what happens to my body.
1
SPEAKER_00
I'm measuring things.
1
SPEAKER_00
It's an experiment.
1
SPEAKER_00
It's not a philosophy.
1
SPEAKER_00
And if things don't work out biologically, I'll go back.
1
SPEAKER_00
I mean, I'd love to go back to a state.
1
SPEAKER_00
I'm Australian after all.
1
SPEAKER_00
But you know, I'm driven by science, and that's all it is.
1
SPEAKER_01
Yeah.
1
SPEAKER_01
Okay, so you got these four.
1
SPEAKER_01
Was there another thing that your future self would thank you for?
1
SPEAKER_01
One meal a day.
1
SPEAKER_01
Don't eat sugary foods.
1
SPEAKER_01
That's gotta be one of the most challenging for me.
1
SPEAKER_01
Lifting weights.
1
SPEAKER_01
Eating mostly plants.
1
SPEAKER_01
Was there anything else?
1
SPEAKER_01
 get control over psychological stress.
1
SPEAKER_00
Oh, yeah.
1
SPEAKER_00
Why is this so important?
1
SPEAKER_00
Well, the main problem is you have high levels of cortisol when you're stressed out psychologically.
1
SPEAKER_00
 and it's clear that people who have really high levels of stress are chronically ill, and even it accelerates gray hair.
1
SPEAKER_00
That's actually a fact.
1
SPEAKER_00
It's not just a myth.
1
SPEAKER_00
You really are getting older if you have stress.
1
SPEAKER_01
Really, this is scientifically proven that if you're stressed out all the time, or more frequently, you're gonna get older, biologically.
1
SPEAKER_01
Correct.
1
SPEAKER_00
Wow.
1
SPEAKER_01
Can you reverse gray hair?
1
SPEAKER_00
 Without dyes?
1
SPEAKER_00
Yes.
1
SPEAKER_00
Really?
1
SPEAKER_00
Well, not routinely.
1
SPEAKER_00
But there are examples of that.
1
SPEAKER_00
There are some drugs that have shown in the clinic that make hair go from gray to brown.
1
SPEAKER_00
The best example I can tell you is that when people are stressed out, let's say they're in the banking world and they're losing their minds, you can find hairs that start to turn gray.
1
SPEAKER_00
 Okay, so you look at them, and they're a little bit gray at the bottom.
1
SPEAKER_00
Oh, good, turning gray, okay.
1
SPEAKER_00
Then they get given a vacation, and they go away for a couple weeks.
1
SPEAKER_00
And guess what happens to the hair shaft?
1
SPEAKER_00
It gets brown.
1
SPEAKER_00
It's brown again.
1
SPEAKER_00
Come on.
1
SPEAKER_00
You can find these gray-brown segments of hair.
1
SPEAKER_00
 Interesting.
1
SPEAKER_00
Yeah.
1
SPEAKER_00
And what they tracked it down to was that the cells that make the hair pigment start to shut down, but they can be reinvigorated.
1
SPEAKER_00
But I suspect once you've been gray for a number of years, it's really hard to get back again.
1
SPEAKER_00
It's hard to reverse that, yeah.
1
SPEAKER_00
 I'm the first person to say aging is not unidirectional.
1
SPEAKER_00
In my lab, we're driving it forwards and backwards at will.
1
SPEAKER_00
It's not really difficult anymore once you figure it out.
1
SPEAKER_00
Any high school student could do it these days in a mouse at least.
1
SPEAKER_01
To drive the aging process faster and also reverse it at any time.
1
SPEAKER_01
Right.
1
SPEAKER_00
Just by doing a few of these things.
1
SPEAKER_00
Well, those things will certainly slow it down and may
1
SPEAKER_00
 retard it, and maybe even reverse it by a couple of years.
1
SPEAKER_00
The Mediterranean diet, there was a study that came out, what is it, last year.
1
SPEAKER_00
 and people on a Mediterranean diet, which I think most people know.
1
SPEAKER_00
So it's a lot of plants, it's focusing on good fats, the avocado kind of, and olive oil.
1
SPEAKER_00
Think Greek kind of food.
1
SPEAKER_00
A little bit of meat, but mostly fish.
1
SPEAKER_00
That's Mediterranean, and a bit of red wine.
1
SPEAKER_00
So that's that.
1
SPEAKER_00
That, if you give that to people or tell them to eat it for a year, they will be younger at the end of that year than people who didn't switch.
1
SPEAKER_00
 But age reversal is a little different.
1
SPEAKER_00
I don't think just by avoiding sugar you're going to reverse your age.
1
SPEAKER_00
Otherwise, you'd have people living a thousand years.
1
SPEAKER_00
But what we do know is that you can actually flip a switch and reset the body, at least a human cell or a mouse, to be about 50% younger, even more than that.
1
SPEAKER_00
By not eating sugar?
1
SPEAKER_00
 Or by all these other things.
1
SPEAKER_00
By my lab at Harvard.
1
SPEAKER_00
It's not mainstream yet, but we hope it will be.
1
SPEAKER_00
So we're developing medicines that can reverse the age.
1
SPEAKER_00
Can reverse aging.
1
SPEAKER_00
Reverse, yeah.
1
SPEAKER_00
By 50% you're saying.
1
SPEAKER_00
 At least 50%.
1
SPEAKER_00
We do it in the eye all the time.
1
SPEAKER_00
We just published this about a year ago that we could reset the age of a mouse's eyes so that it went from being blind to having a young eye again.
1
SPEAKER_00
That's crazy.
1
SPEAKER_00
And then it stays young.
1
SPEAKER_00
And then the mice get old and die with young eyes.
1
SPEAKER_00
No way.
1
SPEAKER_01
So they can keep looking like sharp and clear and 20-20 vision.
1
SPEAKER_01
 but the body shuts down.
1
SPEAKER_00
How is that possible?
1
SPEAKER_00
Yeah, so now what we've done is we've learned how to age mice.
1
SPEAKER_00
We can do that.
1
SPEAKER_00
We understand aging well enough to do that.
1
SPEAKER_00
So we drive their age forward.
1
SPEAKER_00
So we have twin mice.
1
SPEAKER_00
If you come to my lab, and you've got to come.
1
SPEAKER_00
I've got to see this.
1
SPEAKER_00
In Boston?
1
SPEAKER_00
Yep, at Harvard Medical School.
1
SPEAKER_00
We have mice that are twins, and they're born with black hair.
1
SPEAKER_00
And when we age them, they get gray hair.
1
SPEAKER_00
 And so you've got these twins in the same cage, they've grown up, eating the same stuff.
1
SPEAKER_00
One's gray and one's black, same age, but we've aged one 50%.
1
SPEAKER_00
That we've been doing for a decade.
1
SPEAKER_00
That's in my book, that we've been able to do.
1
SPEAKER_00
That's not hard.
1
SPEAKER_00
You've been able to age them.
1
SPEAKER_00
Aging things has been easy.
1
SPEAKER_00
I know, it sounds crazy.
1
SPEAKER_00
Eat poorly, don't sleep well, have a stressful environment, yes.
1
SPEAKER_00
Well, we do it a little bit more differently.
1
SPEAKER_00
We use an enzyme to cut their chromosomes and that accelerates the changes.
1
SPEAKER_00
Oh, wow, interesting, okay.
1
SPEAKER_00
 But here's the thing, now we can take those mice, what we're doing in the lab now is not just reprogramming and resetting the age of the eyes of those old mice, but the whole body.
1
SPEAKER_00
And you've already done that?
1
SPEAKER_00
It's in progress.
1
SPEAKER_00
We have a mouse called Lisa, who's our first test case, and she's having her age reversed right now.
1
SPEAKER_00
Have you been seeing like, so she had white hair or gray hair?
1
SPEAKER_00
 Yeah.
1
SPEAKER_00
And frailty and sickness?
1
SPEAKER_00
Well, we'll see.
1
SPEAKER_00
It's in progress.
1
SPEAKER_00
The bones are like, yeah.
1
SPEAKER_00
We're hopeful.
1
SPEAKER_00
We've reprogrammed a middle-aged mouse and let it go for a year, and it seemed healthier.
1
SPEAKER_00
It didn't have any more cancer.
1
SPEAKER_00
If anything, it had less cancer.
1
SPEAKER_00
But here's the thing with science.
1
SPEAKER_00
You have to do what the reviewers, the judges of your paper tell you to do if you want to publish it, which is our currency.
1
SPEAKER_00
 And this paper we published a year ago, which was in the journal Nature, which is really hard to get into, the reviewers said, you have to prove to us that this treatment, which is a gene therapy, we turn on three genes in the body of the mouse, in the eye of the mouse, prove to us that it doesn't cause cancer.
1
SPEAKER_00
Right, that's one.
1
SPEAKER_00
Yeah, but how do you prove that?
1
SPEAKER_00
Well, we had these mice that we had, we're hoping to make live for another three years instead of two years.
1
SPEAKER_00
But they're all the mice we had, so we had to kill our precious mice that we were testing age-reverse on to see if there was any cancer in them.
1
SPEAKER_00
 Now there wasn't, there was slightly less, but we've had to go back and restart.
1
SPEAKER_00
But there are technical challenges to reversing aging right now.
1
SPEAKER_00
The gene therapy is, it's not easy to give the genes to the mouse or the human.
1
SPEAKER_00
 I mean, theoretically, you'd come to my lab, we could inject ourselves and see what happens.
1
SPEAKER_00
We won't do that, but theoretically, you could.
1
SPEAKER_00
But the problem with it is, A, we don't know human safety.
1
SPEAKER_00
The other problem technically is that trying to give these genes to all the cells in the body is hard.
1
SPEAKER_00
If we inject a mouse with these gene therapies, so they're viruses that carry genes,
1
SPEAKER_00
 We can get it into the eye, just put it in the eye in a needle.
1
SPEAKER_00
And it won't go through the rest of the body?
1
SPEAKER_00
No, it stays in the eye.
1
SPEAKER_00
That's what's great about that as therapy.
1
SPEAKER_00
It's not gonna cause cancer in the liver because it's stuck in the eye.
1
SPEAKER_00
It's also not gonna ignite or turn on your immune system if it's just in the eye.
1
SPEAKER_00
It's called immune privileged.
1
SPEAKER_00
The eyeball is.
1
SPEAKER_00
Yeah.
1
SPEAKER_01
Isn't it connected to the brain?
1
SPEAKER_01
Isn't it a part of the brain?
1
SPEAKER_00
Yeah.
1
SPEAKER_01
From Huberman saying it's a piece of the brain?
1
SPEAKER_00
It does.
1
SPEAKER_01
So does it go into the brain that way or does it stop in the eye?
1
SPEAKER_01
 No, gene therapy will travel all the way into the brain.
1
SPEAKER_01
But that doesn't go into the immune system?
1
SPEAKER_00
No, no, it stops there.
1
SPEAKER_00
But does it cause tumors in the brain?
1
SPEAKER_00
No, thank goodness.
1
SPEAKER_00
No, we haven't seen any evidence of tumors.
1
SPEAKER_01
Interesting.
1
SPEAKER_00
But what we need to do is develop these viruses and eventually chemicals and a pill and a supplement that can do the same thing and spread this age reversal throughout the body evenly.
1
SPEAKER_00
 And we don't have good technology to do that yet.
1
SPEAKER_00
Mostly it goes to the liver and to some other parts of the body, like the spleen.
1
SPEAKER_00
So it spreads right now.
1
SPEAKER_00
Spreads, but imagine being able to take a pill.
1
SPEAKER_00
So what we're doing in my lab right now, some people forget that I'm a professor because I profess too much.
1
SPEAKER_00
 But I have a lab of 20 people, a lot of students, and budding what we call postdoc PhDs.
1
SPEAKER_00
And their goal, one of them, is to understand how do you reset the body?
1
SPEAKER_00
Where is the backup copy of youth?
1
SPEAKER_00
We don't know where that is yet.
1
SPEAKER_00
We know how to flip a switch.
1
SPEAKER_00
But where it's stored, we don't know.
1
SPEAKER_00
We're looking for the hard drive.
1
SPEAKER_00
So there's that.
1
SPEAKER_00
But also, I think one of the coolest things is, can you reverse the age of the body with chemicals?
1
SPEAKER_00
And by chemicals, I mean maybe a plant molecule or something in food.
1
SPEAKER_00
 And there's some evidence, there's a study that just came out of a chemical that we all make in our bodies, not a lot of it, called alpha-ketoglutarate.
1
SPEAKER_00
There's probably 10 grams of it in our bodies, my guess.
1
SPEAKER_00
But if you give people, I think it was a gram a day, but don't quote me on that, but it's a high dose, and measure their biological age with this test that I was telling you about, looking at the chemicals on the DNA,
1
SPEAKER_00
 They claim, all right, it's a big claim that within eight months, no, seven months, they went back eight years in age.
1
SPEAKER_00
I know, it's crazy, isn't it?
1
SPEAKER_01
So they did, there was this study that already came out.
1
SPEAKER_01
It was a recent study.
1
SPEAKER_01
A few months ago.
1
SPEAKER_01
Are you guys, now what happens in the scientific world?
1
SPEAKER_01
Do you guys, I mean, scientists go and try to discredit this or disprove it?
1
SPEAKER_00
Oh yeah, that's our job.
1
SPEAKER_01
Our job is to be skeptic.
1
SPEAKER_01
So you go in and say, okay, I'm gonna use the exact same protocol you used,
1
SPEAKER_01
 and see if I can discredit this.
1
SPEAKER_01
But if you do it and then it works and you take the blood draw and the biological age is the same, then you say, okay, I reviewed this paper and it either works or it didn't work.
1
SPEAKER_01
 So what happens, what needs to happen in order for a paper to actually be credible in the science world?
1
SPEAKER_00
Lewis, that's a really important question, because science works this way, and a lot of people don't understand how hard it is to get something proven in science.
1
SPEAKER_00
If you show it once, no one's gonna believe you.
1
SPEAKER_00
It has to be shown not just once, but probably 10 times, and it has to be done and reproduced independently by someone who's not your best friend, who gives no crap about your career,
1
SPEAKER_00
 And if they cannot disprove you, after a few years, you might actually be right.
1
SPEAKER_00
But it takes this vetting.
1
SPEAKER_00
So these new studies that come out in the press about, oh, eat this, you'll be fitter.
1
SPEAKER_00
But if it's one study, it doesn't mean anything.
1
SPEAKER_00
No.
1
SPEAKER_00
Usually it's, yeah, pull the other one.
1
SPEAKER_00
Interesting.
1
SPEAKER_00
Like this one.
1
SPEAKER_00
Fortunately, I haven't had that happen to me, where we put out something that was disproven.
1
SPEAKER_00
But it happens all the time.
1
SPEAKER_00
Right.
1
SPEAKER_00
 But I think scientists shouldn't be fearful of making mistakes.
1
SPEAKER_00
It's the same in business.
1
SPEAKER_00
You gotta take a risk and go for it, and that's progress.
1
SPEAKER_00
But it's pretty brutal when scientists make a mistake.
1
SPEAKER_00
Sometimes it's inadvertent, sometimes it's just too complicated or they make wrong conclusions.
1
SPEAKER_00
But you can have careers destroyed by being really wrong about something.
1
SPEAKER_01
So what's this paper giving you hope about then?
1
SPEAKER_01
Even though it's not fully vetted yet in the science world, but what is it telling you?
1
SPEAKER_00
 Well, let's imagine that even only 10% of it is true, and you can go back a year or two.
1
SPEAKER_00
That's still a freaking big deal.
1
SPEAKER_00
And that's by just taking what, a supplement?
1
SPEAKER_00
It's a supplement, alpha-ketoglutarate.
1
SPEAKER_00
I have nothing to do with the company.
1
SPEAKER_00
Have you taken this before?
1
SPEAKER_00
No.
1
SPEAKER_00
 I am taking it actually.
1
SPEAKER_00
Now you are.
1
SPEAKER_00
I'm taking it after that study.
1
SPEAKER_00
Really?
1
SPEAKER_00
To see what happens.
1
SPEAKER_00
I'm measuring my biological age fairly frequently to see what happens.
1
SPEAKER_00
I'm the guinea pig.
1
SPEAKER_00
You're the guinea pig.
1
SPEAKER_00
Alpha, what is it?
1
SPEAKER_00
Keto.
1
SPEAKER_00
Keto.
1
SPEAKER_00
Glutarate.
1
SPEAKER_00
It's just a little chemical that the body uses in what's called the citric acid cycle or TCA cycle.
1
SPEAKER_00
It makes energy in the body.
1
SPEAKER_00
But it also has this other role.
1
SPEAKER_00
It's used as fuel to control the clock.
1
SPEAKER_00
 And I can draw it if you want.
1
SPEAKER_00
I know we have a white pad somewhere.
1
SPEAKER_00
All right, let's do that.
1
SPEAKER_00
I'm left-handed, I'll see if I can do this for everybody.
1
SPEAKER_00
So here's what I'm gonna draw for Lewis and the rest of you.
1
SPEAKER_00
All right, DNA is a long string of a chemical in a cell, which is six foot long in every cell.
1
SPEAKER_00
A DNA is a six foot long chemical in a cell.
1
SPEAKER_00
Yes, but it has to be wrapped up.
1
SPEAKER_00
 In the cell?
1
SPEAKER_00
It's wrapped up in the cells because it has to fit into a microscopic little bag of membranous bag.
1
SPEAKER_00
Okay.
1
SPEAKER_00
And there's six of those, six feet of those.
1
SPEAKER_01
Okay.
1
SPEAKER_00
When you add that up over your whole body, you can go to the moon and back eight times.
1
SPEAKER_00
That's crazy.
1
SPEAKER_00
That's how long this chemical is and how
1
SPEAKER_00
 But it has to fit in your body and into a cell, it has to be wrapped up.
1
SPEAKER_00
And that's partly what's controlling which genes are on and which genes are off.
1
SPEAKER_00
So let me draw DNA as a line here.
1
SPEAKER_00
All right, so I've drawn little circles on a board, and these are called histones.
1
SPEAKER_00
These are the DNA packing proteins.
1
SPEAKER_00
These allow that string to be put into a microscopic size.
1
SPEAKER_00
And the way they do it is that the DNA, and this is now DNA is this little line I'm drawing, it goes around about two times.
1
SPEAKER_00
It's so fascinating, the human body.
1
SPEAKER_00
 You know, when you see how complicated the body is, it's hard to imagine how it actually happened.
1
SPEAKER_00
But four billion years is a long time for something to happen.
1
SPEAKER_00
All right.
1
SPEAKER_00
So now we've got this DNA molecule wrapped around proteins.
1
SPEAKER_00
My point is that these packing proteins are not evenly distributed.
1
SPEAKER_00
Some parts of the DNA are totally packed.
1
SPEAKER_00
So this is your DNA.
1
SPEAKER_00
This is your double helix.
1
SPEAKER_00
And there's a code on here.
1
SPEAKER_00
 A, some of these are T's, some of these are C's, and some of these are G's.
1
SPEAKER_00
Okay, and that's the code, but it could be A, C, T. Okay, it can be any order though.
1
SPEAKER_00
Yeah.
1
SPEAKER_00
A, T, C, G. Yeah, and there's billions of them in this strand that make up this chemical.
1
SPEAKER_00
And, you know, we have 23 different chromosomes, so they're split in 23 chunks.
1
SPEAKER_00
Okay.
1
SPEAKER_00
Okay, six feet divided by 23.
1
SPEAKER_00
 And this letter code is what tells the cell how to make new proteins, how to behave, and it also
1
SPEAKER_00
 encodes the genes for every type of cell in the body.
1
SPEAKER_00
So this code here might be the gene for a nerve cell.
1
SPEAKER_00
But there's a problem.
1
SPEAKER_00
This DNA is also going to be in a liver cell.
1
SPEAKER_00
So what the heck would a liver cell want to do with a nerve cell, with a nerve gene?
1
SPEAKER_00
It doesn't need it.
1
SPEAKER_00
It doesn't need it.
1
SPEAKER_00
But it's still in the cell.
1
SPEAKER_00
So the cell has a problem.
1
SPEAKER_00
The gene is there, but it doesn't need it.
1
SPEAKER_00
In fact, not only does it not need it,
1
SPEAKER_00
 It's a bad thing if it turns it on.
1
SPEAKER_00
It turns into cancer or tumors or what?
1
SPEAKER_00
Yeah, it'll start to function like a nerve cell and it's supposed to be a liver cell and vice versa.
1
SPEAKER_00
So when we're developing in the embryo and we start to get, because we're multicellular, we have a trillion cells, each cell starts to package things differently.
1
SPEAKER_00
So this packaging here in a nerve cell is gonna be different than a liver cell.
1
SPEAKER_00
So this is what's called silencing.
1
SPEAKER_00
So this gene is off.
1
SPEAKER_00
 because it's in the liver, but you don't need it, so it's turned off.
1
SPEAKER_00
And this gene here, in this little segment here, we're gonna say that's on, because that's needed for the nerve cell.
1
SPEAKER_00
So now you've got off, on, off, on.
1
SPEAKER_01
So it's a strand of genes throughout the body, and some are turned off,
1
SPEAKER_01
 in certain areas of the body that don't need to be turned on.
1
SPEAKER_00
Yeah.
1
SPEAKER_00
And that's what gives our cells specificity.
1
SPEAKER_00
It's how they know how to behave when we're young.
1
SPEAKER_00
It's why we work optimally when we're young.
1
SPEAKER_00
Because this structure, this pattern of on-off, on-off is perfect.
1
SPEAKER_00
But... We mess it up as adults.
1
SPEAKER_00
It changes over time.
1
SPEAKER_00
And we can measure that because there's a chemical that binds to this C letter
1
SPEAKER_00
 called a methyl.
1
SPEAKER_00
I'm calling it ME for short.
1
SPEAKER_00
So that ME is a DNA methyl.
1
SPEAKER_00
A methyl is pretty simple.
1
SPEAKER_00
It's just a carbon with three hydrogens on it.
1
SPEAKER_00
But it's a chemical tag that says, in this cell, can you please keep this gene off forever?
1
SPEAKER_00
But this doesn't have methyls, so that's on.
1
SPEAKER_00
So that's the way the cell says,
1
SPEAKER_00
 Off on is with the methyls the methyls in part.
1
SPEAKER_00
Yeah, it's a major thing But what we can do now we go into the lab and I take your DNA and I can see oh wow In some of your cells that methyl got taken away.
1
SPEAKER_01
Hmm.
1
SPEAKER_00
Holy crap.
1
SPEAKER_00
So it's on when it's supposed to be off, right?
1
SPEAKER_00
which is not good and now your brain cell is
1
SPEAKER_00
 is partially behaving like a liver cell, which is bad news.
1
SPEAKER_00
You do not want that.
1
SPEAKER_00
And that, I believe, sir, is what is aging.
1
SPEAKER_01
So what happens when this methyl, when does this start to not function?
1
SPEAKER_00
 Well, it'll be removed over time through all sorts of issues.
1
SPEAKER_00
One is a broken chromosome will cause these problems, accelerate aging.
1
SPEAKER_00
Crushing a nerve will accelerate it.
1
SPEAKER_00
Really bad damage to a cell takes these away.
1
SPEAKER_00
So you want these to stick around.
1
SPEAKER_01
How do you strengthen those then?
1
SPEAKER_01
 And how do you get them to stick around, all these things you're talking about?
1
SPEAKER_00
The things that we do in our daily lives, we know preserve that pattern.
1
SPEAKER_00
So nerve cells remember that they need to be nerve cells.
1
SPEAKER_00
But here's the thing, now we have the technology to put them back on where they belong.
1
SPEAKER_00
We do?
1
SPEAKER_00
Yeah, the reprogramming stuff I just told you about.
1
SPEAKER_00
And somehow there's a backup copy of this pattern in cells that we can turn on, and it takes a few weeks.
1
SPEAKER_00
 But that's how we reinstate youthfulness in the body.
1
SPEAKER_00
That's pretty cool.
1
SPEAKER_00
It's really cool, and I don't even know how it works.
1
SPEAKER_00
Somehow the cell remembers that if that's missing, it needs to go back on there.
1
SPEAKER_00
And it puts it back in.
1
SPEAKER_00
We don't know how.
1
SPEAKER_00
Maybe there's some other chemical on here that we don't know that is a flag that says this is where it should go if you want to be young again.
1
SPEAKER_00
 And we're looking for that right now.
1
SPEAKER_01
That's fascinating.
1
SPEAKER_01
So that is aging right there.
1
SPEAKER_01
I think so.
1
SPEAKER_01
When those things are turned off when they're not, when they were removed when they're not supposed to be removed.
1
SPEAKER_00
 Yeah.
1
SPEAKER_00
And sometimes you get one over here that shouldn't be here as well.
1
SPEAKER_00
But it's this what we call DNA methylation pattern that changes over time.
1
SPEAKER_00
And I can read that and tell you how old you are exactly within about 5% error and predict when you're going to die unless you change your life.
1
SPEAKER_00
 we can draw a graph right when you're young you age pretty quickly surprisingly even before birth and then it's linear you get a straight line okay and this is what is this let's call this 80 years at the bottom here so i can take someone's blood
1
SPEAKER_00
 Let's take Lewis's blood.
1
SPEAKER_00
Lewis, I'm going to say, is pretty young.
1
SPEAKER_00
He's been doing the right things, doesn't drink a lot.
1
SPEAKER_00
And what, you're 39?
1
SPEAKER_00
Yep.
1
SPEAKER_00
All right.
1
SPEAKER_00
Let's put you halfway through life.
1
SPEAKER_00
You're going to come out here compared to people who have smoked, drank, didn't exercise, didn't get a standing desk.
1
SPEAKER_00
They will come out here.
1
SPEAKER_00
And that means they're much closer to death than you are.
1
SPEAKER_00
Wow.
1
SPEAKER_00
 But here's the good news.
1
SPEAKER_00
You can slow this down.
1
SPEAKER_00
You can change the trajectory.
1
SPEAKER_00
If you're here and you know you're gonna die in the year 2070, you can slow that down so that you can extend your life that way.
1
SPEAKER_01
By doing the right things.
1
SPEAKER_00
And eventually we'll be able to take that person and bring them back down to there.
1
SPEAKER_00
We did that already in the eye.
1
SPEAKER_00
 So you can do it in the eye, but not in the whole body yet.
1
SPEAKER_00
Give us a few years.
1
SPEAKER_00
Yeah, give it a few years.
1
SPEAKER_00
Well, we're not just working on it.
1
SPEAKER_00
There's been billions of dollars now invested in this.
1
SPEAKER_00
I'm sure, yeah.
1
SPEAKER_00
Jeff Bezos and the like have put money into it.
1
SPEAKER_01
Yeah, I'm sure.
1
SPEAKER_01
They're trying to live longer, too.
1
SPEAKER_01
They want to extend this.
1
SPEAKER_00
Well, yeah.
1
SPEAKER_00
Imagine a world where you could do that for people.
1
SPEAKER_00
And it's not about living forever.
1
SPEAKER_00
This is really important, Louis, is that the reason I do this is because I think medicine can be done better.
1
SPEAKER_00
We're treating aging at the end of life.
1
SPEAKER_00
 when diseases caused by aging have taken hold.
1
SPEAKER_00
Trying to treat Alzheimer's without taking into account aging is crazy.
1
SPEAKER_00
That's like putting a Band-Aid on the thing that's actually cutting you.
1
SPEAKER_00
So we far too often ignore the thing that's causing the problem.
1
SPEAKER_00
 And 90% of the diseases in old age are caused by aging itself, probably by that process that I was drawing before.
1
SPEAKER_00
And so by reversing the age of a part of the body, we can actually make diseases go away, which is better than just trying to slow them down.
1
SPEAKER_00
And we know, well, I should say we don't know.
1
SPEAKER_00
In biology, we never know anything.
1
SPEAKER_00
It's not like physics.
1
SPEAKER_00
So in biology, we think what's going on is that if you can reverse the age of an Alzheimer's brain, that mouse will not have Alzheimer's.
1
SPEAKER_00
And we're doing this in the lab right now.
1
SPEAKER_01
 That's crazy.
1
SPEAKER_01
Can you when someone has or you know, if someone already has Alzheimer's Are you able to reverse that or is that very challenging to do?
1
SPEAKER_01
Well right now it's impossible There's no solution for right now once you have it It's like just trying to do what keep the brain active enough to like maintain the memory and that activity as long as you can Yes
1
SPEAKER_00
 Yes, but that's because the cause of the disease, which is aging, is not being addressed.
1
SPEAKER_00
The age of the brain is old.
1
SPEAKER_00
You don't get Alzheimer's when you're 20 and 30.
1
SPEAKER_00
There's a reason, because the brain is young and youthful and can repair itself.
1
SPEAKER_01
And so you've got to think of what are the activities that will keep my brain young?
1
SPEAKER_01
 Longer right long enough until we can de-age your brain.
1
SPEAKER_01
Mm-hmm.
1
SPEAKER_01
And then so we and these are the things you're talking about right here That'll help that's a brain do those things to these five things.
1
SPEAKER_01
Yeah, and you'll hopefully Prevent Alzheimer's or you'll you'll wait longer until you have well, yeah, I mean that that's that's not even debatable We know the people who do those
2
SPEAKER_00
 things, the kind of things that I do in my life delay those diseases by a lot.
2
SPEAKER_00
 independent of genetics.
2
SPEAKER_00
Now, there are some bad genes.
2
SPEAKER_00
There's one called ApoE4 allele, it's called, that predisposes to Alzheimer's.
2
SPEAKER_00
And we've put that and gene variants like that into mice, and we're giving them the equivalent of Alzheimer's.
2
SPEAKER_00
And we also age their brains so that the mouse doesn't have a two-year-old brain that's like a 30, 40-year-old mouse brain.
2
SPEAKER_00
So remember, we can drive aging forwards.
2
SPEAKER_00
But we can also take away aging.
2
SPEAKER_00
And we've de-aged those mouse brains that have gotten dementia, Alzheimer's.
2
SPEAKER_00
 And guess what happens?
2
SPEAKER_00
What?
2
SPEAKER_00
They can learn again.
2
SPEAKER_00
No way.
2
SPEAKER_00
Really.
2
SPEAKER_00
Yeah, that's in the lab right now.
2
SPEAKER_00
We haven't published it, so I don't want to stop myself.
2
SPEAKER_00
It's not peer-reviewed yet.
2
SPEAKER_00
It's not peer-reviewed, but I can tell you what's happening.
2
SPEAKER_01
That's pretty cool.
2
SPEAKER_00
And we can also do this in the dish.
2
SPEAKER_00
We grow little brains from human cells.
2
SPEAKER_00
 I could make a mini Lewis Howell brain in a lab.
2
SPEAKER_00
You can make a little brain?
2
SPEAKER_00
I could make brains.
2
SPEAKER_00
From what?
2
SPEAKER_00
I'd take some skin back to the lab.
2
SPEAKER_00
Really?
2
SPEAKER_00
What I would do is de-differentiate, which means put them back to a stem cell state.
2
SPEAKER_00
So make them age zero instead of age 85% less, go to 100% less.
2
SPEAKER_00
Now that cell will make millions of copies of itself.
2
SPEAKER_00
 will have dishes of your cells, and then by applying the right genes and chemicals, I can make anything from those.
2
SPEAKER_00
What?
2
SPEAKER_00
Well, not a car.
2
SPEAKER_00
You can make a brain.
2
SPEAKER_00
But biologically... You can make a brain.
2
SPEAKER_01
We do this every month in my lab.
2
SPEAKER_01
So you can see an actual, you can take my cells or my skin, put it in a test tube, and then... It's a little plate like that.
2
SPEAKER_01
A little dish.
2
SPEAKER_01
It's a Petri dish, yeah.
2
SPEAKER_01
Petri dish.
2
SPEAKER_01
And you can, how big can this brain actually get to?
2
SPEAKER_00
 Pretty big.
2
SPEAKER_00
Well, you know, it's like a pea, a big pea.
2
SPEAKER_00
But they think, they've got brain waves, we can measure the electrical activity.
2
SPEAKER_00
They think?
2
SPEAKER_00
Yeah, I think they might even dream at night.
2
SPEAKER_00
I'm not sure about that.
2
SPEAKER_00
But they definitely have brain waves.
2
SPEAKER_00
Wow.
2
SPEAKER_01
It won't grow bigger though, huh?
2
SPEAKER_00
Well, the longer you leave it, the bigger they grow.
2
SPEAKER_00
But eventually, they don't have a bloodstream, so it's hard for the oxygen to get in.
2
SPEAKER_00
But they have parts of the brain with different cell types, even immune cells in there.
2
SPEAKER_01
 Well, I hear they're growing organs and ears and all these other things, right?
2
SPEAKER_01
I mean, this has been happening for a long time now.
2
SPEAKER_00
Exactly.
2
SPEAKER_00
This is the cutting edge of biology right now.
2
SPEAKER_00
But here's one of the cool things is you can see these things, and I've got whole plates of shaking little brains.
2
SPEAKER_00
If you go to my Instagram, I've got some photos of this.
2
SPEAKER_00
I want to see this.
2
SPEAKER_00
Check it out.
2
SPEAKER_00
They're really cute.
2
SPEAKER_00
Little brains.
2
SPEAKER_00
We call them the little guffs.
2
SPEAKER_00
Do you have a brain, a little baby brain?
2
SPEAKER_00
I don't have my own brain.
2
SPEAKER_00
Why not?
2
SPEAKER_01
 Well, I think Harvard frowns on that.
2
SPEAKER_01
Okay, gotcha.
2
SPEAKER_01
You're getting like little mice brain or something, or like little.
2
SPEAKER_01
Oh, that we can do, that's easy.
2
SPEAKER_00
But what we do is we take skin cells from people that have gotten Alzheimer's disease, or are already old, versus normal people who don't get Alzheimer's typically, and we can make mini brains out of those, and have a look what happens when we age them to 80 years, and then reverse them.
2
SPEAKER_00
And that's what we're doing now, and it's working.
2
SPEAKER_01
 Wow, so what will you be able to do then?
2
SPEAKER_01
Will you be able to take the stem cells and inject that into a person who has Alzheimer's?
2
SPEAKER_01
Is that like, you know, in the future, what that would be like, or how is that, to help them?
2
SPEAKER_00
Well, so my philosophy in biology, it's better to fix what you've got, because it's already assembled.
2
SPEAKER_00
Prevent what you have, yeah.
2
SPEAKER_00
Well, prevent's the most important.
2
SPEAKER_00
What we talk about today, that you do in your life, that's number one.
2
SPEAKER_00
That doesn't take a lot of technology.
2
SPEAKER_00
In fact, that just takes a bit of willpower.
2
SPEAKER_00
 and a change of lifestyle and habit.
2
SPEAKER_00
Discipline, yeah.
2
SPEAKER_00
Yeah.
2
SPEAKER_00
So that's easy to do.
2
SPEAKER_00
But stay alive till these technologies come online over the next 5, 10, 20 years.
2
SPEAKER_00
The important part of it is that we can actually fix what's in place.
2
SPEAKER_00
So in the case of the eye, when we reprogrammed the mouse's eye, we didn't add any new cells.
2
SPEAKER_00
We just woke them up from being old.
2
SPEAKER_00
 we rejuvenated them.
2
SPEAKER_00
And then they could see like normal, like a young mouse again.
2
SPEAKER_00
And that's so much easier than trying to replace the cells by putting stem cells in the eye.
2
SPEAKER_00
To me, that is just technically challenging.
2
SPEAKER_01
So you just wake it up.
2
SPEAKER_00
Yeah.
2
SPEAKER_00
And I think we forget that the body still has the information, the DNA, to be young.
2
SPEAKER_00
It's just not packaged correctly.
2
SPEAKER_00
It's the methanols, right?
2
SPEAKER_00
The methyls.
2
SPEAKER_00
Methyls that get messed up.
2
SPEAKER_00
 Yeah.
2
SPEAKER_00
And put those back on and make those bundles and those loops that say off and on go back to the original pattern.
2
SPEAKER_00
In the same way, it's like polishing a scratch CD, if anyone remembers an old CD.
2
SPEAKER_00
Instead of skipping songs, you polish it.
2
SPEAKER_00
Now it can read the right songs or the right genes at the right time.
2
SPEAKER_00
And that's youth again.
2
SPEAKER_01
That's interesting.
2
SPEAKER_00
But how cool is that?
2
SPEAKER_00
And someone who is 100 years old, who looks 100,
2
SPEAKER_00
 Most of their cells could be young.
2
SPEAKER_00
They have the information in their DNA to be young again, just put the methyls back on.
2
SPEAKER_00
Could it make them look younger too?
2
SPEAKER_01
Well, of course.
2
SPEAKER_01
So if you're 100, you can make you look, what, 70?
2
SPEAKER_01
I mean, how young could you look potentially?
2
SPEAKER_00
 Well, yeah, this is where my colleagues start to get upset.
2
SPEAKER_00
But there's no biological law that says we can't rejuvenate externally and internally.
2
SPEAKER_00
We've done internally.
2
SPEAKER_00
That's easy.
2
SPEAKER_00
The eye looked younger when we looked at it.
2
SPEAKER_00
Its shape, the structures that are complicated, went back to being young again.
2
SPEAKER_00
It should be true for the hair and the skin as well.
2
SPEAKER_00
 But we don't have, we haven't seen it yet.
2
SPEAKER_00
Well, we've got that experiment in progress.
2
SPEAKER_00
Lisa is being rejuvenated right now.
2
SPEAKER_00
That's fascinating.
2
SPEAKER_00
Do you have a video of Lisa somewhere on your Instagram?
2
SPEAKER_01
I wanna see this.
2
SPEAKER_01
Yeah, Lisa is on my Instagram.
2
SPEAKER_01
Okay, I'll check it out.
2
SPEAKER_01
Yeah, it's a couple of mice.
2
SPEAKER_01
The brother is there.
2
SPEAKER_01
Oh my gosh, this is fascinating stuff.
2
SPEAKER_01
What are the three technologies that are coming in five, 10, 20 years that will be connected to us or will be using to really help reverse aging?
2
SPEAKER_00
 Well, connected to us is important.
2
SPEAKER_00
We're living in an age where we're going to be fused or at least stuck to machines that measure us all the time.
2
SPEAKER_00
That's happening now with Levels and these other devices, right?
2
SPEAKER_00
Yeah, Levels is just the first foray into that.
2
SPEAKER_00
I talk a lot about it in my book, about where we're going from having a big patch that measures one thing to having a patch under the skin that measures thousands of things.
2
SPEAKER_00
 And in the future, and it's not that far away, we will have on our phones an avatar that tells us how we're doing and what we should eat, where we should go for lunch, we're deficient in that, or if we're gonna have a heart attack next week, get to the doctor now.
2
SPEAKER_01
That's fascinating.
2
SPEAKER_00
So why couldn't we live another decade on top of what I'm doing just by predicting diseases, by measuring things constantly?
2
SPEAKER_00
How crazy is it that we go to the doctor once a year for a checkup and they say, oh, how are you feeling?
2
SPEAKER_00
 That's not medicine.
2
SPEAKER_00
We should be measured 1,000 times a second.
2
SPEAKER_00
And there are devices that do that.
2
SPEAKER_00
I have one that I put on my chest.
2
SPEAKER_00
If I didn't put it down, I might even have it still in my pocket.
2
SPEAKER_00
Hold on.
2
SPEAKER_00
So this normally goes on my chest.
2
SPEAKER_00
 What is it?
2
SPEAKER_00
It ran out of batteries, but it lasts for two weeks.
2
SPEAKER_00
It's called a biobutton.
2
SPEAKER_00
You stick it on?
2
SPEAKER_00
Stick it on your chest.
2
SPEAKER_00
You leave it there?
2
SPEAKER_00
Leave it there.
2
SPEAKER_00
You can swim and shower with it.
2
SPEAKER_00
And it's measuring the body at a thousand times a second.
2
SPEAKER_00
Really?
2
SPEAKER_00
Oh, it just flashed.
2
SPEAKER_00
And it communicates with your phone, and it tells your doctor and you if you have any heart issues, but it also measures your body temperature, your movement, your sleep, even can tell if you have a cold or a flu or COVID.
2
SPEAKER_00
 What's this called?
2
SPEAKER_00
It's called a biobutton.
2
SPEAKER_00
Biobutton.
2
SPEAKER_00
Yeah, and it's actually FDA approved, which means your hospital, your doctor can send you home with one of these, and you'll be monitored by a nurse or a doctor 24-7 in case something goes wrong.
2
SPEAKER_01
That's crazy.
2
SPEAKER_00
And the moment that somebody dies from a heart attack where the doctor didn't give them one of these for 20 bucks, there's gonna be a lawsuit that says, why didn't you give my dad or mom one of these biobuttons for 20 bucks?
2
SPEAKER_00
 that would predict when a heart attack is coming.
2
SPEAKER_00
Could have saved his or her life.
2
SPEAKER_00
And then these will become ubiquitous.
2
SPEAKER_00
Your doctor will probably send you one of these in the mail a week before you come in for a checkup.
2
SPEAKER_00
Eventually, we'll all not want to leave the home without one.
2
SPEAKER_00
We'll sleep with them.
2
SPEAKER_00
Because, I mean, who wants to die from a heart attack if you can prevent it?
2
SPEAKER_01
That's what these will do.
2
SPEAKER_01
That's amazing.
2
SPEAKER_01
So there's devices out there like the BioButton, like Levels, like OuraRing, that are telling us information now.
2
SPEAKER_00
 And they're exploding.
2
SPEAKER_00
I get my heart rate and my sleep patterns done by my bed every night.
2
SPEAKER_00
And it's adjusting the temperature.
2
SPEAKER_00
The bed is doing that for you?
2
SPEAKER_00
The bed does all of that, yeah.
2
SPEAKER_00
My bed knows more about my sex life than probably everybody but my partner.
2
SPEAKER_00
Which bed do you have?
2
SPEAKER_01
It's called Eight Sleep.
2
SPEAKER_01
Eight Sleep, I know that one, yeah.
2
SPEAKER_01
And that tells you...
2
SPEAKER_01
 It's what, tracking your body temperature?
2
SPEAKER_01
Temperature and movement, heart rate.
2
SPEAKER_01
Really, and then what, make it cooler or hotter based on how you're sleeping?
2
SPEAKER_00
I don't know if it's got that much feedback, but you can adjust it to your preferences.
2
SPEAKER_00
It lowers your body temperature through the night, and then warms up when you need to wake up, and there's even a vibration in there that wakes you up in the morning.
2
SPEAKER_01
Yeah, that's pretty interesting.
2
SPEAKER_01
 I ate sleep.
2
SPEAKER_01
What else is coming?
2
SPEAKER_01
What do you think is good?
2
SPEAKER_01
What are the crazy things that are gonna be happening in five, 10, 20 years in terms of devices or technologies?
2
SPEAKER_00
Well, so when I wrote Lifespan, this was end of 2019, I predicted a world where we wouldn't need to go to the doctor and we'd have these telemedicine things and they'd send the drugs in the mail.
2
SPEAKER_00
It's pretty funny.
2
SPEAKER_00
It's only two years later and that's the world already.
2
SPEAKER_00
 Trying to predict the world 10, 20 years from now is really hard.
2
SPEAKER_00
It's going super fast.
2
SPEAKER_00
And medicine is going faster than probably any other thing on the planet, with perhaps the exception of NFTs right now.
2
SPEAKER_00
NFTs and crypto, right?
2
SPEAKER_00
Yeah, the metaverse.
2
SPEAKER_00
Yeah, all that's going crazy.
2
SPEAKER_00
But medicine is totally different as well.
2
SPEAKER_00
The iPhone isn't changing much these days.
2
SPEAKER_00
But what's the data coming into the iPhone, or I should say any phone, is what's going to change.
2
SPEAKER_01
How will the metaverse and being in
2
SPEAKER_01
 virtual reality affect us in aging or anti-aging?
2
SPEAKER_01
If we're in five, 10 years, let's say we're all hooked up to devices, staring into a world that we could never imagine in the real world through our devices, or working eight to 10 hours a day on these devices, playing games, watching movies, hanging out with friends in the virtual world,
2
SPEAKER_01
 What do you think would happen to our bodies, our minds, our eyes, and the longevity of our genes by being hooked up on this device?
2
SPEAKER_00
This is what my next book is about.
2
SPEAKER_00
The world that we built and the pluses and minuses and how the heck do we get out of this mess we've created over the last million years.
2
SPEAKER_00
 And so I've thought about this.
2
SPEAKER_00
There are pluses and minuses to the metaverse.
2
SPEAKER_00
The pluses are the following, that if you have friends or a pet, it's known that that's going to make you live longer.
2
SPEAKER_00
Actually, the strongest effect
2
SPEAKER_00
 There was a study done at Harvard of men who, after it was the First World War, I believe, they tracked their whole lives and then found out what made them live the longest.
2
SPEAKER_00
And some of it was food, some of it was exercise, but the biggest effect was having a reliable partner.
2
SPEAKER_00
 So there you go.
2
SPEAKER_00
Or get a pet if you don't have a human partner.
2
SPEAKER_01
Friends, a healthy partner, and pets.
2
SPEAKER_00
Yeah.
2
SPEAKER_00
Help you live longer.
2
SPEAKER_00
Right.
2
SPEAKER_00
And the metaverse could help there.
2
SPEAKER_00
Okay.
2
SPEAKER_00
You could have lots of friends there.
2
SPEAKER_00
Okay.
2
SPEAKER_00
That's the upside.
2
SPEAKER_00
I would imagine you could also be doing meditation and relaxation in there.
2
SPEAKER_00
 The downsides, there are a number.
2
SPEAKER_00
So I have a 14-year-old son, Benjamin.
2
SPEAKER_00
He's got a couple of virtual reality headsets.
2
SPEAKER_00
And if he's not in virtual reality, he's got screens.
2
SPEAKER_00
 So that's not gonna make you live longer.
2
SPEAKER_00
I mean, your brain will stay active, there's some brain benefits, but mostly it's bad, poor sleep from all the blue light coming in at night.
2
SPEAKER_00
And mostly, honestly, it's a lack of exercise.
2
SPEAKER_01
Right, well now they're trying to do, you see all the boxing videos of people wearing like the goggles and then they're like boxing in there.
2
SPEAKER_01
I guess if you're moving and you're doing something where you're moving, that's good, but the light constantly is probably still not good for you, right?
2
SPEAKER_00
 Right, right.
2
SPEAKER_00
Now there's some movement.
2
SPEAKER_00
I mean, in virtual reality, there's a little bit of movement.
2
SPEAKER_00
Right, right.
2
SPEAKER_00
Some lightsabers and whatever.
2
SPEAKER_00
But for the most part, if I look at my son, for example, he's not getting enough exercise like a normal kid who's outside.
2
SPEAKER_00
You know, I was talking to my brother about this the other day that we used to, and you're probably the same, we used to get scratched up and we'd always have bruises.
2
SPEAKER_01
Yeah, of course.
2
SPEAKER_00
 Kids these days, they rarely get a bruise.
2
SPEAKER_01
Too safe.
2
SPEAKER_01
They get a bruise hitting their head on something when they're in the virtual reality world.
2
SPEAKER_01
But grazes and scratches and dirt on their knees.
2
SPEAKER_01
No, you never see that.
2
SPEAKER_01
They're too clean, right?
2
SPEAKER_01
They never get scuffed up.
2
SPEAKER_01
So imagine someone's in this, let's say eight hours a day, because I think in the future, well, based on what I'm seeing Facebook wants is people working in the metaverse in the future is what I saw in his kind of like videos.
2
SPEAKER_01
It's like, once you're in here, you'll be able to work and do all these things.
2
SPEAKER_01
 If someone's out in the goggles eight hours a day, would that make them live longer or less, do you think?
2
SPEAKER_01
Even if they're moving in the goggles and all these other things, do you think they could extend their life?
2
SPEAKER_00
 No.
2
SPEAKER_00
I think that the downsides don't outweigh the benefits, unfortunately.
2
SPEAKER_00
I think just moving in the 3D world is extremely beneficial.
2
SPEAKER_00
Interacting with people in 3D, physically moving.
2
SPEAKER_00
I mean, unless you're on a treadmill with your virtual headset, which I don't think people are going to want to do, you're not getting enough exercise.
2
SPEAKER_00
Lifting weights is very important.
2
SPEAKER_00
Do yoga, if that's not your thing.
2
SPEAKER_00
 All that good stuff and socializing with meals and whatever.
2
SPEAKER_00
That's real life.
2
SPEAKER_00
These are real benefits to longevity.
2
SPEAKER_00
Mark Zuckerberg, I'm afraid, I'm just telling you my thoughts.
2
SPEAKER_01
Yeah, I mean, maybe everything in moderation.
2
SPEAKER_01
Maybe you get on there for an hour a day and that's not gonna hurt you.
2
SPEAKER_01
That's true.
2
SPEAKER_01
But if you're on eight hours a day, I'm hearing you say, that's probably not gonna benefit you in living longer and healthier.
2
SPEAKER_00
I think it's just gonna make the obesity epidemic worse.
2
SPEAKER_01
 Because it's just more sugar, more, you know, sodas, more bad food, quick stuff to get calories in while you're in goggle land, I guess.
2
SPEAKER_00
Well, it's a lot like the ending to WALL-E, the Disney movie, the Pixar movie.
2
SPEAKER_00
Just sitting around with eating.
2
SPEAKER_00
And I see this with Benjamin that, I mean, if he has a choice, he'll be on a game all day eating and drinking.
2
SPEAKER_00
 Without moving.
2
SPEAKER_01
Yeah, right.
2
SPEAKER_01
So how do you discipline your kids?
2
SPEAKER_01
And how can parents discipline, not discipline, but educate, inspire, and create structure around kids today so that their 25, 45-year-old selves will thank you, the parents, for setting them up as opposed to them having health challenges in their 20s, 30s, and 40s because of sitting in front of screens all day and eating sugar all day?
2
SPEAKER_00
 Yeah.
2
SPEAKER_00
Well, that's a really important point is that I think a lot of parents don't think about this, but it's super important to know this, is that the way you raise your kids in terms of not just socially, but what they eat, how much they eat, when they eat.
2
SPEAKER_00
Of course, they need a lot more food than someone my age for their growth and everything, and you need to make sure nutrition is all there.
2
SPEAKER_00
 But if you allow your kid to become really obese and not exercise, that's going to affect them 30, 40, 50 years later, because that clock is ticking from conception.
2
SPEAKER_00
So you've got to look after your kids.
2
SPEAKER_00
And the kind of things that we talked about, the kind of foods that are healthy, certainly meat is fine for kids.
2
SPEAKER_00
I'm not saying that.
2
SPEAKER_00
 but focus on less per meal if it's a big, fatty, fried meal.
2
SPEAKER_01
That's not good.
2
SPEAKER_00
No, I mean, once in a while, you've got to live, but most kids will thrive on fresh food, homemade food if you've got the time and money to do that.
2
SPEAKER_00
 for sure, get them out of the chair.
2
SPEAKER_00
But the one big thing that I've been quite militaristic about with my kids, much to their chagrin, is sugar.
2
SPEAKER_00
Because they want it all the time.
2
SPEAKER_00
Well, it feels good.
2
SPEAKER_00
It tastes good.
2
SPEAKER_00
But there are brands of sodas that don't have any
2
SPEAKER_00
 unnatural sweeteners, or just stevia.
2
SPEAKER_00
What's the Ollipop or something?
2
SPEAKER_00
Ollipop is the one that I give myself.
2
SPEAKER_01
I've been drinking that recently, I really like that.
2
SPEAKER_01
Yeah, yeah.
2
SPEAKER_01
It doesn't taste that good when I first had it, but the more you drink it, I'm like, this tastes great.
2
SPEAKER_01
Even the grape one is great.
2
SPEAKER_01
Yeah, I know, so that's the kind of thing, Ollipop for kids.
2
SPEAKER_01
 Which is what, way less sugar, and it's like got probiotics or something?
2
SPEAKER_00
It does, and the sugar that's in there is low glycemic index, doesn't spike it, and it's all natural, yeah.
2
SPEAKER_01
Have you tested it with the levels and making sure that it doesn't spike too much for you?
2
SPEAKER_01
I have.
2
SPEAKER_01
Yeah, and it seems like it's not too bad.
2
SPEAKER_00
Yeah, it didn't change it at all.
2
SPEAKER_00
Yeah, I was really impressed.
2
SPEAKER_00
Interesting.
2
SPEAKER_00
Yeah, so that's what my kids drink now.
2
SPEAKER_00
That's, look at you, I like that.
2
SPEAKER_01
 I wanted to ask you, I asked you beforehand about what you think would be, uh, make this powerful.
2
SPEAKER_01
And you mentioned what your greatest fears are.
2
SPEAKER_01
So with all the research you've done, all the science you've done, what are the things that bring you the most hope?
2
SPEAKER_01
And also what has caused the most fear or created the most fear inside of you?
2
SPEAKER_00
 Yeah, so as a kid and to this day, I've often looked at humanity from above as though I'm an alien observing us and judging us.
2
SPEAKER_00
My grandmother taught me to do that.
2
SPEAKER_00
She said that humanity is capable of great things, but very horrible things too.
2
SPEAKER_00
And she lived through World War II and the aftermath in Europe and Hungary.
2
SPEAKER_00
And so I like to look at us as a species that's capable of very horrible things.
2
SPEAKER_00
 And we know that from history, but amazing things.
2
SPEAKER_00
I believe any problem is solvable.
2
SPEAKER_00
Any, if we just work on it.
2
SPEAKER_00
The fact that we've built these phones and the internet and all that.
2
SPEAKER_00
I mean, how amazing is that?
2
SPEAKER_00
It's magical.
2
SPEAKER_01
Incredible.
2
SPEAKER_00
We don't stop to think of it much.
2
SPEAKER_00
I'm going to fly home.
2
SPEAKER_01
100 years ago, it had been the craziest thing to see something flying.
2
SPEAKER_00
 Yeah, and now we expect Wi-Fi.
2
SPEAKER_00
This is unbelievable.
2
SPEAKER_00
Right, yeah.
2
SPEAKER_00
So, humanity's fantastic.
2
SPEAKER_00
And I do want to stick around to see where we go from here.
2
SPEAKER_01
Yeah, now you can FaceTime someone in seconds.
2
SPEAKER_01
And 20 years ago, we couldn't do that.
2
SPEAKER_00
Yeah.
2
SPEAKER_00
Where are the video phones?
2
SPEAKER_00
Oh, here they are.
2
SPEAKER_00
Crazy, isn't it?
2
SPEAKER_00
 It is great.
2
SPEAKER_00
But my fear is that humanity is not going to reach its potential.
2
SPEAKER_00
And then to some extent that I'm not going to reach my potential.
2
SPEAKER_00
So I have a fear of being irrelevant and to have wasted my life.
2
SPEAKER_00
 Really?
2
SPEAKER_00
It's like I've been given this chance to bend the needle of humanity towards good, not bad.
2
SPEAKER_00
And I have this finite number of years, hopefully not, maybe a little longer than I thought, but it will be finite.
2
SPEAKER_01
What would make you the most proud of yourself if you reach what potential?
2
SPEAKER_01
If you solve what problem, if you help in what way?
2
SPEAKER_01
Let's say you live to as long as you want to live.
2
SPEAKER_01
 You extend life as long as it'll take you while being sharp and functional and healthy, not just suffering and extending the suffering.
2
SPEAKER_01
What would be the thing where you look back and say, man, I did exactly what I felt like my potential was?
2
SPEAKER_00
Wow.
2
SPEAKER_00
So I have three great kids.
2
SPEAKER_00
So that for me is one type of immortality.
2
SPEAKER_00
Yes.
2
SPEAKER_00
But for myself, what I'd like to leave behind is
2
SPEAKER_00
 proof that you can make medicines that slow or reverse the aging process and that that's the best way to address diseases.
2
SPEAKER_00
Because I believe aging itself is a medical condition, we just ignore it because it's so common.
2
SPEAKER_00
But it should be treatable aggressively and we should be working on it way more than we are right now.
2
SPEAKER_01
Interesting.
2
SPEAKER_01
So creating technologies and medicines to solve that.
2
SPEAKER_00
Right.
2
SPEAKER_00
Hopefully saving millions of lives, that would be one thing that I'm hoping to achieve in my lifetime.
2
SPEAKER_00
 But what I'm also doing, the reason that I'm here, and I'm writing books, and I have a podcast, is that I need help.
2
SPEAKER_00
I can't just do this all by myself.
2
SPEAKER_00
And so I'm educating what to do in your life today, and what kind of research we need, and where to spend your research dollars or donations if you want to help.
2
SPEAKER_00
 and change the way people think about medicine.
2
SPEAKER_00
So when they go to their doctor and the doctor says, oh, we don't need to give you that medicine because it's for someone who's sick, they can say, well, why not give it to me before I get sick?
2
SPEAKER_00
So there's a drug called metformin, which is for type 2 diabetes, high blood sugar.
2
SPEAKER_00
 that looks promising as an anti-aging drug.
2
SPEAKER_00
It protects against cancer and heart disease and frailty and Alzheimer's even.
2
SPEAKER_00
But doctors most are reticent to give it to people who are not sick yet because it's approved only to treat a disease.
2
SPEAKER_00
But aging isn't a disease, so doctors can't treat it yet.
2
SPEAKER_00
So if aging becomes a disease, then that's another thing that I'll die happy knowing.
2
SPEAKER_00
How do you make aging a disease?
2
SPEAKER_00
 Well, the government has to regulate it.
2
SPEAKER_00
And they could do it tomorrow if they wanted to.
2
SPEAKER_00
The World Health Organization, two years ago, they had this handbook of diseases, about 400 diseases that we can all suffer from.
2
SPEAKER_00
It's great reading.
2
SPEAKER_00
But they changed it.
2
SPEAKER_00
There was an MG42 code that they put in called old age.
2
SPEAKER_00
And for the first time, the WHO said aging is a medical condition.
2
SPEAKER_00
And I rejoiced.
2
SPEAKER_00
That's a first step.
2
SPEAKER_00
 FDA needs to step up.
2
SPEAKER_00
Let's do that.
2
SPEAKER_00
Recently, there were protests from some doctors around the world saying old age cannot be a disease.
2
SPEAKER_00
So they changed it back.
2
SPEAKER_01
Oh, wow.
2
SPEAKER_00
Yeah, it's a real setback.
2
SPEAKER_00
Why are they wanting to change it?
2
SPEAKER_00
Or why are they saying that, that old age is not a disease?
2
SPEAKER_00
 Well, it's very common, and the definition of a disease is something that happens to less than 50% of people.
2
SPEAKER_00
And this happens to everyone, essentially, right?
2
SPEAKER_00
If you're lucky, yeah.
2
SPEAKER_00
Aging, if you don't die before, yeah, earlier.
2
SPEAKER_00
Right, but the symptoms are the same.
2
SPEAKER_00
It causes deterioration, suffering, pain, can cause death.
2
SPEAKER_00
Yes.
2
SPEAKER_00
Why is that not a disease?
2
SPEAKER_01
Right.
2
SPEAKER_01
 Because it happens to everyone, I guess, right?
2
SPEAKER_00
So what?
2
SPEAKER_01
Then we should be working on it even more than other rare diseases.
2
SPEAKER_01
Why, when you were a kid, did this become such a fascinating thing for you to become driven to be a top scientist in the world, to be at Harvard, to be doing this type of research?
2
SPEAKER_01
Why have you been driven your whole life?
2
SPEAKER_01
Or has it not been your whole life?
2
SPEAKER_01
Has it been more in your younger adulthood?
2
SPEAKER_00
 I was quite a precocious little kid.
2
SPEAKER_00
My grandmother raised me in part.
2
SPEAKER_00
My father was taken away from my grandmother because she was 15 in high school.
2
SPEAKER_00
And so she didn't have a kid to raise.
2
SPEAKER_00
Then I came along, her first grandkid, and she put a lot of energy.
2
SPEAKER_00
And she was a philosopher and an artist and just instilled in me all of these things that I've been telling you.
2
SPEAKER_00
 including make every day count.
2
SPEAKER_00
So from an early age, not only did I try to make every day count, I was told by my grandmother that I could do it.
2
SPEAKER_00
So if you're a parent, trust me, if you give your kids positive feedback, it'll have a big difference, because they can actually believe it.
2
SPEAKER_00
I truly believed I could change the world.
2
SPEAKER_00
And how was that, what did that belief do for you?
2
SPEAKER_00
It gave me the,
2
SPEAKER_00
 the courage to attempt it and to believe in myself.
2
SPEAKER_00
And if I look back at my life, it was crazy to think that I'd be here today with you.
2
SPEAKER_00
I mean, I was a kid in the suburbs of Sydney who, you know, you wouldn't have looked at me and said, you know, that I was anything special.
2
SPEAKER_00
I was okay at science, but I wasn't a good speaker.
2
SPEAKER_00
I wasn't outgoing.
2
SPEAKER_00
I was pretty shy.
2
SPEAKER_00
And
2
SPEAKER_00
 So to get here is quite something.
2
SPEAKER_00
I've had to change my personality.
2
SPEAKER_00
I've had to become smarter and focus and much more resilient, less shy as well.
2
SPEAKER_00
But I think I've done that because I believed that I could do it.
2
SPEAKER_00
And the fear of failing was way worse than trying it.
2
SPEAKER_00
 and not succeed.
2
SPEAKER_00
So the fear of not attempting it is the problem.
2
SPEAKER_00
I would rather die with no regrets and having failed.
2
SPEAKER_00
But I'll take on big things.
2
SPEAKER_00
But because they're big things, I do worry that they might fail.
2
SPEAKER_00
So it's this dichotomy of these overachievers that, wow, I'm going to build a company or I'm going to get a job at Harvard.
2
SPEAKER_00
And then I get a company and I get a job at Harvard.
2
SPEAKER_00
 Oh, crap.
2
SPEAKER_00
Now what?
2
SPEAKER_00
Now what, yeah.
2
SPEAKER_00
Yeah, so that's what gets me out of the bed in the morning, but also the knowledge that as I've gone in my career, I have a greater chance of actually making a difference.
2
SPEAKER_00
Now, what am I, 52?
2
SPEAKER_00
I'm in a position that I really could only dream of having, of being able to talk to the world and make discoveries that can impact the world and make medicines, hopefully, that can save millions of lives.
2
SPEAKER_00
 So that drives me now is that every moment that's wasted every day that I don't succeed another hundred thousand people die.
2
SPEAKER_01
Oh Because what is 150 to 180 thousand people die every day.
2
SPEAKER_01
Is that this from old age?
2
SPEAKER_01
Yeah from 100,000 a day from old age.
2
SPEAKER_01
Yeah, roughly.
2
SPEAKER_01
Yeah, cuz I think it's more it's more Yeah, I think I saw 150,000 on average die every day in the world.
2
SPEAKER_01
I don't know if that's from all causes or what but
2
SPEAKER_01
 That's fascinating.
2
SPEAKER_01
You talked about your grandmother giving you, instilling you the ability or the belief that you can really accomplish what you want to accomplish.
2
SPEAKER_01
What do you think instilling negativity or negative belief or doubt in someone does for their aging?
2
SPEAKER_01
Does it accelerate the aging process when we have negative thoughts or someone puts that in us?
2
SPEAKER_01
 Or does that give us any benefit of all of living longer with negative thoughts in our mind?
2
SPEAKER_01
Yeah.
2
SPEAKER_00
So I don't know of any research on that.
2
SPEAKER_00
That'd be interesting.
2
SPEAKER_00
It sure would.
2
SPEAKER_00
 The power of the mind is strong.
2
SPEAKER_00
And I'm saying that as a scientist, not just because a lot of people say it.
2
SPEAKER_00
It's been shown that parts of the brain control our longevity.
2
SPEAKER_00
There's a particular part of it that hangs down the base of our spine, of our brain, called the hypothalamus, which is secreting a whole bunch of molecules into the bloodstream, some of which control our immune system, but also our age.
2
SPEAKER_00
And so, again, we use mice to test this because we can manipulate them better.
2
SPEAKER_00
 And if you decrease inflammation in this hypothalamus, the mice will secrete less of a molecule that causes aging, and then the mice live longer.
2
SPEAKER_00
So I think that your mental attitude, being more resilient, don't worry so much, don't have chronic stress, have some confidence,
2
SPEAKER_00
 could have remarkable benefits on your long-term health.
2
SPEAKER_00
Because that's where the part of the brain that connects to this, is that what you're saying?
2
SPEAKER_00
Yeah, it's the drip feeder for hormones and chemicals from your brain.
2
SPEAKER_00
So what you think controls your body largely through that.
2
SPEAKER_00
There's some other nerves, like there's a vagus nerve as well.
2
SPEAKER_01
So this is science too, that your thoughts impact your immune system or inflammation or certain areas of the body that also make you age.
2
SPEAKER_00
 Yeah, right.
2
SPEAKER_00
And that's true.
2
SPEAKER_00
And there was a study just two weeks ago, again in mice, but usually these things are applicable, that they manipulated some nerves in the middle of the brain that are known to be affected by stress.
3
SPEAKER_02
 and they started to find more immune cell defenses in the gut of those mice controlled by these nerve cells in the brain.
3
SPEAKER_02
What does that mean?
3
SPEAKER_02
Well, if you're under a lot of chronic stress, and you know people say, oh, my immune system is depressed, I used to think, yeah, right, how's that possible?
3
SPEAKER_02
Now we know that it could be possible.
3
SPEAKER_02
So the more stress you have, potentially, the weaker your immune system.
3
SPEAKER_02
Yeah, through your brain actually reducing the amount of immune cells going around your body.
3
SPEAKER_00
 What do you do to eliminate stress or remove?
3
SPEAKER_00
Because obviously a certain amount of stress is good for the body, right?
3
SPEAKER_00
Not eating all the time, moving your body, you know, tearing the muscles in a healthy way, resistance, like having the courageous conversations to apologize or clear, you know, whatever things are happening in relationships.
3
SPEAKER_00
Like there's a certain amount of stress that's healthy.
3
SPEAKER_00
But how do you manage the unhealthy type of stress?
3
SPEAKER_02
 Hmm.
3
SPEAKER_02
 Well, I was a stressed out kid, so I've had to work at it.
3
SPEAKER_02
Everything worried me.
3
SPEAKER_02
You had to change your personality.
3
SPEAKER_01
I did.
3
SPEAKER_02
I did.
3
SPEAKER_02
I had to take the long view of life and not worry so much about what's happening today and think about, is this really gonna be a problem a year or two or 10 years from now?
3
SPEAKER_02
That helps a lot.
3
SPEAKER_02
Perspective.
3
SPEAKER_02
Perspective is good.
3
SPEAKER_02
Breathing.
3
SPEAKER_02
Jim Nestor does a lot of this.
3
SPEAKER_02
Yeah, he's great.
3
SPEAKER_02
So there's breathing.
3
SPEAKER_02
And very recently, though I'm enjoying it a lot, some meditation.
3
SPEAKER_02
 Yeah, I have a brain tap helmet.
3
SPEAKER_02
Have you seen these?
3
SPEAKER_02
It helps me.
3
SPEAKER_02
You put the helmet on?
3
SPEAKER_02
You do.
3
SPEAKER_02
And there's lights that flash at certain frequencies that are known to get your brain into a certain state.
3
SPEAKER_00
State of wave or whatever it's called.
3
SPEAKER_02
What's the helmet called?
3
SPEAKER_02
Oh, it's called brain tap.
3
SPEAKER_02
 Yeah, I'm sounding like a paid ad.
3
SPEAKER_02
But I do like their product.
3
SPEAKER_02
And now yes.
3
SPEAKER_02
And so I'm not a professional, or a longtime meditator.
3
SPEAKER_02
But every night I do a minimum of about 12 minutes, sometimes half an hour and find I can get by with less sleep as well.
3
SPEAKER_00
Really?
3
SPEAKER_00
 What's the pressure like being, you know, heading up this department at Harvard and, and putting these research papers out there and writing these books and now podcasts and a YouTube channel, putting your, you know, life's work out there while having Harvard on your, you know, next to your name, arguably one of the most credible institutions in the world.
3
SPEAKER_00
How, what's the pressure like and how do you manage that pressure?
3
SPEAKER_02
 Yeah, that's really stressful.
3
SPEAKER_02
When I first got this job, I was only 29.
3
SPEAKER_02
I think I was one or the youngest guy there.
3
SPEAKER_02
So biologically, a few years ago.
3
SPEAKER_02
Yeah, right.
3
SPEAKER_02
I'd become a little wiser, but I used to freak out.
3
SPEAKER_02
I'd pull into my car parking spot and sit in the car and think, David, what are you doing?
3
SPEAKER_02
You know, the imposter syndrome.
3
SPEAKER_00
How'd you get here at 29?
3
SPEAKER_02
Not just my age, but I didn't know how to run a lab,
3
SPEAKER_02
 I'm at this prestigious university they've just given me half a million bucks to work with.
3
SPEAKER_02
 Now what?
3
SPEAKER_02
Now that's the fear of failure coming in.
3
SPEAKER_02
I've got what I wanted, now what?
3
SPEAKER_02
And so I've been fearful of failing.
3
SPEAKER_02
But at Harvard, what I've done, so I've got an overdose of the FU gene.
3
SPEAKER_02
So the FU gene runs through my family.
3
SPEAKER_02
It's typically turned on in teenagers.
3
SPEAKER_02
But I've got a heavy dose of it even as an adult.
3
SPEAKER_02
I don't like being told what to do.
3
SPEAKER_02
You can talk to people around me who know.
3
SPEAKER_02
 But what I've liked to do at Harvard is to push the envelope.
3
SPEAKER_02
People say, that can't be done.
3
SPEAKER_02
And if you say that to me, that's kind of like, OK, let's try that.
3
SPEAKER_02
And I push the envelope, sometimes a little too far.
3
SPEAKER_02
I've got my hand slapped over the years.
3
SPEAKER_02
But in general, I've been slightly ahead of the curve.
3
SPEAKER_02
So 10 years ago, if I had a podcast, even five,
3
SPEAKER_02
 What are you doing?
3
SPEAKER_02
You're selling out.
3
SPEAKER_02
You're a salesperson.
3
SPEAKER_02
This is crazy.
3
SPEAKER_02
Now, you know, it's accepted.
3
SPEAKER_02
And in fact, it's probably liked that the university has a spokesperson.
3
SPEAKER_02
Same with companies.
3
SPEAKER_02
I was starting companies in my early 30s.
3
SPEAKER_02
A lot of people, my elders were saying, my mentors were saying, you can't start companies.
3
SPEAKER_02
That's not what scientists do.
3
SPEAKER_02
You contaminate with industry.
3
SPEAKER_02
 less trustworthy.
3
SPEAKER_02
So I kept doing good science, thankfully, so that trust was maintained.
3
SPEAKER_02
But now at Harvard, probably one out of four professors has some sort of company affiliation.
3
SPEAKER_01
Really?
3
SPEAKER_02
Yeah, it's a pretty normal thing, but you do that 20 years ago.
3
SPEAKER_02
You were like kicked out or something, yeah.
3
SPEAKER_02
Well, you're a pariah for sure.
3
SPEAKER_02
And there's a lot of gossip at a place like that.
3
SPEAKER_02
Sure, sure.
3
SPEAKER_02
 It's very clubby.
3
SPEAKER_02
And I was the Aussie kid who probably didn't belong there.
3
SPEAKER_02
I'm still there, thankfully.
3
SPEAKER_02
I have what's known as tenure, which means as long as I don't do something really bad to embarrass
3
SPEAKER_02
 The university.
3
SPEAKER_02
The university and the universe, yeah.
3
SPEAKER_02
I get to keep my job as long as I keep money coming in.
3
SPEAKER_02
So one of the other things I'm fearful of, like most scientists, is running out of money.
3
SPEAKER_02
Our labs exist on grants from the government and donors, and the university doesn't give us any.
3
SPEAKER_02
 Very little, it's a small amount of our salary.
3
SPEAKER_02
But other than that, I've got a few million bucks every year to raise to keep my experiments going.
3
SPEAKER_02
And people who visit my lab, they're shocked, because they think I'm just rolling in money.
3
SPEAKER_02
But I could, two years from now, I could be out of money and out of a job.
3
SPEAKER_02
And that never ends, it's this treadmill of a scientist.
3
SPEAKER_00
Constantly, yeah, trying to raise money, essentially.
3
SPEAKER_00
Let's just, hypothetical scenario.
3
SPEAKER_00
I don't really want to even put this out there, but hypothetically, let's say you could only
3
SPEAKER_00
 solve one problem.
3
SPEAKER_00
You had 10 years to solve the impossible.
3
SPEAKER_00
 and you put all of your energy and focus into solving this one problem that bugs you the most, what would be the problem and what would you solve?
3
SPEAKER_02
That's what I'm doing.
3
SPEAKER_02
In my lab, we like to say, just ask good questions and then figure out the rest later.
3
SPEAKER_02
So my question is, I think we figured out largely why we age.
3
SPEAKER_02
There's a lot of things going on I haven't talked about today, but I think we know that.
3
SPEAKER_02
But what I wanna know is,
3
SPEAKER_02
 How do you access the backup copy of youthfulness in the cells that we have?
3
SPEAKER_02
And can that be done with a pill?
3
SPEAKER_00
One pill, yeah.
3
SPEAKER_02
Simple question, big one.
3
SPEAKER_00
So that's what you're trying to figure out.
3
SPEAKER_00
That's it.
3
SPEAKER_02
And I've got 20 people in my lab working on it right now.
3
SPEAKER_00
That's amazing.
3
SPEAKER_02
And so why do we age them?
3
SPEAKER_02
 Is that what you're saying?
3
SPEAKER_02
Why do we age?
3
SPEAKER_02
Yes.
3
SPEAKER_02
Well, I believe it's the loss of information that we have as kids and that those bundles and loops of the DNA get messed up and you can reset those.
3
SPEAKER_02
But there are lots of other downstream, we call it, downstream causes.
3
SPEAKER_02
It's like a pyramid.
3
SPEAKER_02
 And so the other causes, there are things like protein misfolding, the mitochondria, the energy packs start to decline, you lose your stem cells, you get zombie cells in the body called senescent cells, which we're learning to fix now in my lab.
3
SPEAKER_02
And DNA damage is another thing that drives the clock forward, we've discovered.
3
SPEAKER_02
So those mice that get older, we actually just cut their chromosomes and then the clock advances.
3
SPEAKER_02
 So those are the groups of what we call the hallmarks of aging that we can measure in you and predict how old you are and when you're going to die.
3
SPEAKER_02
That's crazy.
3
SPEAKER_02
Including those methyl chemicals that we call the DNA methylation clock.
3
SPEAKER_00
Wow.
3
SPEAKER_00
Yeah.
3
SPEAKER_00
So do you know when you're going to die based on these markers?
3
SPEAKER_00
I do.
3
SPEAKER_00
What's the age that says right now?
3
SPEAKER_02
 So right now my age is tracking at There's a number of tests, but I'm typically five to ten years younger based on a variety of tests So that gives me that amount of time at the end.
3
SPEAKER_00
What is that?
3
SPEAKER_00
So 78 is that the average age right now?
3
SPEAKER_00
So it'd be like 88 90 or something or what do you mean?
3
SPEAKER_02
Yeah, 88 88 88, right?
3
SPEAKER_02
Yeah, so that's like 2058 that's nuts to think about isn't it?
3
SPEAKER_02
 that you have a dead date?
3
SPEAKER_02
It's crazy.
3
SPEAKER_02
I think about that day a lot.
3
SPEAKER_02
Wow.
3
SPEAKER_02
I actually set the year 2050 as my expiry date when I was a teenager and I've been working ever since to get stuff done.
3
SPEAKER_00
Right.
3
SPEAKER_00
2020, 50 as your expiration date.
3
SPEAKER_02
Yeah.
3
SPEAKER_00
And what is it now?
3
SPEAKER_02
 What year is it?
3
SPEAKER_02
No, I mean, what is the expiration date now?
3
SPEAKER_02
Oh, it's another eight to 10 years beyond that.
3
SPEAKER_02
But if we can reverse aging by one year every year, then all bets are off, right?
3
SPEAKER_02
Wow.
3
SPEAKER_02
And we're learning how to do that.
3
SPEAKER_00
Wow.
3
SPEAKER_00
That's fascinating.
3
SPEAKER_00
How often do you think about your death?
3
SPEAKER_02
Many times a day.
3
SPEAKER_00
Really?
3
SPEAKER_02
 What does that do for you when you think about it?
3
SPEAKER_02
It makes me want to work harder and get stuff done and call people I love and tell them that I love them.
3
SPEAKER_02
I think everybody should be aware of their own death.
3
SPEAKER_02
I watched my mother die in front of me.
3
SPEAKER_02
It wasn't pretty.
3
SPEAKER_02
And I think that's what a lot of us are going to experience.
3
SPEAKER_02
We just are in denial.
3
SPEAKER_02
 And until you're probably in your 60s and 70s, you can kind of forget about it.
3
SPEAKER_02
You're healthy, you don't have to worry about it.
3
SPEAKER_02
But I haven't been able to get that thought out of my mind.
3
SPEAKER_01
Right.
3
SPEAKER_02
Having an expiry date and a certain amount of time to achieve things.
3
SPEAKER_02
And when did your mom pass?
3
SPEAKER_00
 Oh, gee, 2014.
3
SPEAKER_00
OK.
3
SPEAKER_00
And it was smoking was the main cause.
3
SPEAKER_00
Well, old age is the cause, I guess, of everyone's death.
3
SPEAKER_00
But smoking was what accelerated it?
3
SPEAKER_00
Yeah.
3
SPEAKER_02
Accelerated the clock.
3
SPEAKER_02
And then some cell in her lung lost its identity, went back to age zero, started growing, became a tumor about the size of a grapefruit.
3
SPEAKER_00
In the lungs.
3
SPEAKER_02
In one of her lungs.
3
SPEAKER_02
Oh, man.
3
SPEAKER_02
She was coughing up blood.
3
SPEAKER_02
That was the first she knew about it.
3
SPEAKER_02
 when she coughed up blood?
3
SPEAKER_02
Yep.
3
SPEAKER_02
They took out one lung.
3
SPEAKER_02
That's vicious surgery.
3
SPEAKER_02
And then suffered through lack of breath for another 20 years.
3
SPEAKER_02
Oh, man.
3
SPEAKER_02
But it was more painful for her, but it was psychologically painful for me because I was so against the smoking that just every day I fight with my mother about
3
SPEAKER_02
 Don't smoke, you're going to kill yourself, you're going to get cancer.
3
SPEAKER_02
I was hiding her cigarettes, trying to save her life.
3
SPEAKER_02
Because, you know, I like to save lives.
3
SPEAKER_02
That's what I do.
3
SPEAKER_02
And the fact that I couldn't save my mom's life is still a pretty harsh thought, as you can tell by my face right now.
3
SPEAKER_00
So did she keep smoking after the surgery too?
3
SPEAKER_00
No.
3
SPEAKER_00
She stopped?
3
SPEAKER_02
 Right, having a lung taken out is a pretty good way to stop smoking.
3
SPEAKER_02
But she did stop, right.
3
SPEAKER_02
She was in a lot of pain for many years.
3
SPEAKER_02
It's quite, because they have to cut through your ribs to get the lungs out.
3
SPEAKER_02
Oh my gosh.
3
SPEAKER_02
Yeah, it's not good.
3
SPEAKER_02
But I mean, in the end, the other lung gave out.
3
SPEAKER_02
It was slow, progressive, and she would struggle for air at night when she was asleep, and even with oxygen, couldn't get enough.
3
SPEAKER_02
And you know, suffocating is not pleasant.
3
SPEAKER_02
So she spent many years suffocating slowly.
3
SPEAKER_02
That's exhausting.
3
SPEAKER_02
And eventually, that's how she went.
3
SPEAKER_02
 Yeah, so if you smoke, please quit, please.
3
SPEAKER_02
It's not worth it.
3
SPEAKER_02
I know it's hard.
3
SPEAKER_02
The addiction is really hard for a lot of people.
3
SPEAKER_02
But I've seen what it can do.
3
SPEAKER_02
It's just really, really tragic.
3
SPEAKER_02
What is the best way to die?
3
SPEAKER_02
In your sleep.
3
SPEAKER_02
 I don't think it happens that often though.
3
SPEAKER_02
Does it ever happen?
3
SPEAKER_02
Rarely, yeah.
3
SPEAKER_02
I was just talking with Tom Bilyeu the other day and he saw somebody die actually.
3
SPEAKER_02
Somebody had a stroke at one of his events in his 40s and there was nothing he could do.
3
SPEAKER_02
He watched them just right in front of him die?
3
SPEAKER_02
Yeah.
3
SPEAKER_02
 Yeah, and they were trying to revive him.
3
SPEAKER_02
Oh, they can't do anything.
3
SPEAKER_02
No, his brain basically had popped.
3
SPEAKER_00
Oh, my gosh.
3
SPEAKER_02
But you realize, you know, this is a 40 year old in his prime, that you can die, we could, one of us could die this afternoon.
3
SPEAKER_02
We got to live life like that.
3
SPEAKER_00
 How does a stroke happen like that if you're healthy or seeming healthy?
3
SPEAKER_00
Is there some underlying condition?
3
SPEAKER_00
There can be, yeah, there are some weak blood vessels in some people, generically.
3
SPEAKER_02
But being overweight and having high blood pressure will make it a problem.
3
SPEAKER_00
 What are three things we can do medically every year?
3
SPEAKER_00
Is it just check with the doctor once a year and do some tests?
3
SPEAKER_00
Or what would you say are three things, whether it be see a doctor, take this test every year to at least have like a baseline of understanding of the information about our bodies?
3
SPEAKER_00
 you know, our blood work, I guess, what are those things we can do?
3
SPEAKER_00
That you were like, this is a bare minimum, do these three things.
3
SPEAKER_02
All right.
3
SPEAKER_02
So the best predictor of your long-term longevity that we know of is your blood sugar.
3
SPEAKER_02
And there's a readout called HbA1c.
3
SPEAKER_02
HbA1c.
3
SPEAKER_02
HbA1c.
3
SPEAKER_02
What is this?
3
SPEAKER_01
Ask your doctor.
3
SPEAKER_02
 It's the amount of glucose that's become fused, attached to your hemoglobin.
3
SPEAKER_02
And when you've got high blood sugar, it attaches to a lot of proteins in your body.
3
SPEAKER_02
You become caramelized.
3
SPEAKER_02
And hemoglobin, you can measure in a blood test.
3
SPEAKER_02
And HB stands for hemoglobin, and A1C is the version that's got sugar on it.
3
SPEAKER_02
And doctors measure this routinely.
3
SPEAKER_02
 for diabetics, but they don't measure it routinely for regular people.
3
SPEAKER_02
But you want to make sure, and the reason you want to measure HbA1c rather than just your fasting blood glucose, which is quite variable, is the HbA1c, it's a snapshot of a month, because your hemoglobin gets turned over every few months.
3
SPEAKER_02
So it's like an average of a month.
3
SPEAKER_02
Now you can do it with a monitor from levels if you want.
3
SPEAKER_02
 But if you don't have that, then this HbA1c number gives you an idea.
3
SPEAKER_02
So if you're around 5 or lower, you're super young and healthy.
3
SPEAKER_02
If you're in the mid-range, up to about 7, you're pre-diabetic.
3
SPEAKER_02
And above that, you're type 2 diabetic.
3
SPEAKER_02
So having this information every year is important, is what you're saying?
3
SPEAKER_02
It is.
3
SPEAKER_02
And not just every year.
3
SPEAKER_02
You can do it more often.
3
SPEAKER_00
 every month, every week, every year?
3
SPEAKER_02
Well, I do it every few months, inside trackers, I guess, through them.
3
SPEAKER_02
And I'm seeing things go up, and as they go up, I bring them down.
3
SPEAKER_02
You make adjustments.
3
SPEAKER_02
I do.
3
SPEAKER_02
Yeah, I mean, that's the point of having this data.
3
SPEAKER_02
Otherwise, you get sick and it's too late.
3
SPEAKER_00
Yeah, so having the information about this is a huge thing you can do a few times a year.
3
SPEAKER_02
Right, and there's another one that I'd measure for heart disease, which is called hs, little hs, and then capital C, capital R, capital P.
3
SPEAKER_02
 high sensitivity CRP.
3
SPEAKER_02
So this C-reactive protein is a good measure of cardiovascular inflammation, and you want that to be low.
3
SPEAKER_00
How low do you want it to be?
3
SPEAKER_00
I forget the units.
3
SPEAKER_00
Okay, but you just want it to be low.
3
SPEAKER_02
Yeah, and then there's a new type of cholesterol, not new, but new
3
SPEAKER_02
 to mainstream called LP little a it's a little a capital L little p and then in parentheses a
3
SPEAKER_02
 And that is the new measure of cholesterol.
3
SPEAKER_02
That genetic variance of that, if you have a lot of it, and it's a little particle, a really small particle, then it'll oxidize.
3
SPEAKER_02
And that's what likely predicts your heart attack of the future.
3
SPEAKER_02
But most doctors either don't know about it and don't measure it routinely.
3
SPEAKER_02
Lp, little a, talk to your doctor.
3
SPEAKER_00
 And what are the three supplements we should be taking on a consistent basis?
3
SPEAKER_00
Well, I don't recommend anything.
3
SPEAKER_00
I'm just a PhD.
3
SPEAKER_00
Okay.
3
SPEAKER_00
What are three things that you want to take consistently?
3
SPEAKER_02
Yeah, if I could only take three, I would take resveratrol.
3
SPEAKER_02
I take a gram with a bit of yogurt.
3
SPEAKER_02
NMN.
3
SPEAKER_02
We haven't talked about NMN.
3
SPEAKER_02
And then metformin.
3
SPEAKER_02
NMN.
3
SPEAKER_02
Yep.
3
SPEAKER_02
It's a supplement.
3
SPEAKER_02
It is.
3
SPEAKER_02
Okay.
3
SPEAKER_02
 I don't sell any supplements, by the way.
3
SPEAKER_02
I'm not making any money.
3
SPEAKER_02
But you would take these, yes?
3
SPEAKER_02
I would, I would, because our research has said that that's what works, in animals at least, in some clinical trials.
3
SPEAKER_02
We've done plenty of studies in others, in resveratrol, long-term benefits.
3
SPEAKER_02
I've been on it for 13 years.
3
SPEAKER_02
Activates the genetic pathways we've worked on.
3
SPEAKER_02
Controls the epigenome.
3
SPEAKER_02
 NMN.
3
SPEAKER_02
NMN also activates the same epigenetic structures.
3
SPEAKER_02
Okay.
3
SPEAKER_02
Makes them stay young, we think.
3
SPEAKER_02
And the third one again?
3
SPEAKER_02
Metformin.
3
SPEAKER_02
This is the type 2 diabetes drug that controls blood sugar.
3
SPEAKER_00
That doctors aren't able to give out right now?
3
SPEAKER_02
They're reticent, but they can if they want to.
3
SPEAKER_02
Interesting.
3
SPEAKER_00
Interesting.
3
SPEAKER_02
 I believe there's a website online.
3
SPEAKER_02
Check that out.
3
SPEAKER_02
What's it called?
3
SPEAKER_02
I don't remember.
3
SPEAKER_02
Okay, but Google it.
3
SPEAKER_00
You could Google it.
3
SPEAKER_00
You'd see it.
3
SPEAKER_00
Interesting.
3
SPEAKER_00
But these are the three things you would take daily if you could only take these.
3
SPEAKER_02
Right now.
3
SPEAKER_02
I mean, I've got some other things in the hopper that I'm trying.
3
SPEAKER_02
The alpha-ketoglutarate might be promising, the age reversal one.
3
SPEAKER_02
Let's see if that's got merit.
3
SPEAKER_02
You're trying all these.
3
SPEAKER_02
Well, I add them one at a time or two at a time, and then I measure.
3
SPEAKER_02
It's all scientific.
3
SPEAKER_02
Interesting.
3
SPEAKER_02
 And so I've optimized myself.
3
SPEAKER_02
You can actually, I've got graphs where you see a 20-year-old's numbers on average, a male, and an 80-year-old's numbers, and where am I?
3
SPEAKER_02
I'm trying to be down here.
3
SPEAKER_02
And mostly, so far, so far so good.
3
SPEAKER_00
 I've only got a couple minutes left with you We'll have to have you come back on and do more on this because I have a ton more questions That we didn't get to but you have an amazing new podcast that Rob finally convinced you to launch lifespan.
3
SPEAKER_00
It's also on Spotify Apple audio lifespan and also YouTube which is
3
SPEAKER_00
 Inspiring that you're on YouTube as well, and you've already blown up on there So make sure we subscribe to you David Sinclair all of our social media David Sinclair PhD Lifespan the podcast lifespan and David Sinclair on YouTube make sure you guys subscribe if you want more science research
3
SPEAKER_00
 and to look at this beautiful man's face in front of you all the time on YouTube.
3
SPEAKER_00
But really, you're breaking down the science and teaching all this stuff in way more in-depth.
3
SPEAKER_00
If you want the whiteboard in your face, you'll get that more with the YouTube videos as well.
3
SPEAKER_00
And you're making science more simplified for people like me to understand.
3
SPEAKER_00
 where I think it's extremely important for us.
3
SPEAKER_00
So I really acknowledge you, David, for constantly making this your mission, to serve people, to help people live longer, to help people eliminate diseases, things that cause suffering and pain, because we don't have all the information out there yet.
3
SPEAKER_00
And a lot of it is mixed information, people saying all these different things.
3
SPEAKER_00
So for you to be committed to doing the science and now teaching it more and more to the masses, I really acknowledge you and appreciate your energy, your effort in doing this.
3
SPEAKER_00
 and look forward to having you back on many, many times in the future.
3
SPEAKER_00
I'll ask you one final question.
3
SPEAKER_00
We've asked you this a couple times before.
3
SPEAKER_00
It's called the three truths.
3
SPEAKER_00
So I'm curious to see if this is different than the last time we had you on.
3
SPEAKER_00
And I don't remember what I said.
3
SPEAKER_00
Exactly.
3
SPEAKER_00
So imagine it's your last day on Earth, and for whatever reason, you've got to take all of your work with you, all of your content, your work, your books, your videos, podcasts, research.
3
SPEAKER_00
It's got to go with you to the next place.
3
SPEAKER_00
We don't have access to it anymore.
3
SPEAKER_00
Hypothetical.
3
SPEAKER_00
 but you get to leave behind three lessons to the world or three things you know to be true from all of your life experiences, your work, your relationships, anything at all.
3
SPEAKER_00
What would those three truths be?
3
SPEAKER_02
Number one would be find your soulmate and don't rush it.
3
SPEAKER_02
Your partner will determine your happiness more than anything.
3
SPEAKER_02
Second would be
3
SPEAKER_02
 Make every day count.
3
SPEAKER_02
Act as though it's your last day on earth.
3
SPEAKER_02
Work hard, make great decisions, and tell those you love that you love them.
3
SPEAKER_02
And then third, look after your future self, because you will be that person one day.
3
SPEAKER_00
 Thank you so much for listening.
3
SPEAKER_00
I hope you enjoyed today's episode and inspired you on your journey towards greatness.
3
SPEAKER_00
Make sure to check out the show notes in the description for a full rundown of today's show with all the important links.
3
SPEAKER_00
And also make sure to share this with a friend and subscribe over on Apple podcasts as well.
3
SPEAKER_00
 I really love hearing feedback from you guys, so share a review over on Apple and let me know what part of this episode resonated with you the most.
3
SPEAKER_00
And if no one's told you lately, I want to remind you that you are loved, you are worthy, and you matter.
3
SPEAKER_00
And now it's time to go out there and do something great.