അതിനാൽ, ഉൽപ്പന്ന അനുപാതം R ഗ്രൂപ്പുകളുടെ സ്വഭാവത്തെ ആശ്രയിച്ചിരിക്കുന്നുവെന്ന് അദ്ദേഹം കണ്ടെത്തിയത്, R ഗ്രൂപ്പുകൾക്ക് ഇലക്ട്രോൺ donating അല്ലെങ്കിൽ ഇലക്ട്രോൺ withdrawing, എന്നിങ്ങനെ രണ്ട് തരം ആകാം.
కాబట్టి ప్రోడక్ట్ రేషియో R గ్రూప్ స్వభావంపై ఆధారపడి ఉంటుందని అతను కనుగొన్నారు, R ఎలక్ట్రాన్ డొనేషన్ లేదా ఎలక్ట్రాన్ విత్ డ్రాయింగ్, ఈ రెండు అయి ఉండవచ్చు.