Christianity in Korea
Hangul, a phonemic Korean alphabet invented around 1446 by scholars in the court of Sejong the Great, was little used for several centuries because of the perceived cultural superiority of Classical Chinese (a position similar to that of Latin in Europe). However, the Catholic Church became the first Korean religious organization to officially adopt Hangul as its primary script. Bishop Siméon-François Berneux mandated that all Catholic children be taught to read it. Christian literature printed for use in Korea, including that used by the network of schools established by Christian missionaries, mostly used the Korean language and the easily learned Hangul script. This combination of factors resulted in a rise in the overall literacy rate, and enabled Christian teachings to spread beyond the elite, who mostly used Chinese. As early as the 1780s, portions of the Gospels were published in Hangul; doctrinal books such as the "Jugyo Yoji" (주교요지) appeared in the 1790s and a Catholic hymnal was printed around 1800. Statue of King Sejong (Gwanghwamun)
The statue of King Sejong was dedicated on 9 October 2009, in a ceremony attended by attended by President Lee Myung-bak and other Korean government official, on a Hangul Day in celebration of the 563rd anniversary of the invention of the Korean alphabet by King Sejong, two months after the Gwanghwamun Plaza opening. The golden statue is 6.2 meters high (another source gives the statue height as 9.5 meters and yet another, 6.7 meters) and weights 20 tons. The king has one hand raised and another placed on a book. Sides of the statue display all of the hangul alphabet characters. In front of the statue there are small models of a celestial globe, a rain gauge, and a sundial, the invention of which is also traditionally attributed to King Sejong in Korea. While King Sejong is best remembered for his invention of hangul, he is also considered to have been involved in promotion of agriculture, literature, science and technology, as well as Confucian philosophy, in Korea. Korea
Hangul Day (also spelled as Hangeul Day) is a day that celebrates the creation of the Hunminjeongeum (Hangul, Korean alphabet), which was inscribed to the UNESCO Memory of the World Register in 1997. Hangul was created by Sejong the Great in 1443 and proclaimed in 1446. Before the creation of Hangul, people in Korea (known as Joseon at the time) primarily wrote using Classical Chinese alongside native phonetic writing systems that predate Hangul by hundreds of years, including idu, hyangchal, gugyeol, and gakpil. However, due to the fundamental differences between the Korean and Chinese languages, and the large number of characters needed to be learned, there was much difficulty in learning how to write using Chinese characters for the lower classes, who often didn't have the privilege of education. To assuage this problem, King Sejong created the unique alphabet known as Hangul to promote literacy among the common people. Hangul Day was founded in 1926 during the Japanese occupation by members of the Korean Language Society, whose goal was to preserve the Korean language during a time of rapid forced Japanization. Today, both South Korea and North Korea celebrate Hangul Day as a national holiday.Sources Sejong the Great
Before the creation of Hangul, people in Korea (known as Joseon at the time) primarily wrote using Classical Chinese alongside phonetic writing systems based on Chinese script that predated Hangul by hundreds of years, including idu, hyangchal, gugyeol, and gakpil. However, due to the fundamental differences between the Korean and Chinese languages, and the large number of characters that needed to be learned, there was much difficulty in learning how to write using Chinese characters for the lower classes, who often lacked the privilege of education. To assuage this problem, King Sejong created the unique alphabet known as Hangul to promote literacy among the common people. His intention was to establish a cultural identity for Korea through its unique script. Hangul Day
Before the creation of Hangul, people in Korea (known as Joseon at the time) primarily wrote using Classical Chinese alongside native phonetic writing systems that predate Hangul by hundreds of years, including idu, hyangchal, gugyeol, and gakpil. However, due to the fundamental differences between the Korean and Chinese languages, and the large number of characters needed to be learned, there was much difficulty in learning how to write using Chinese characters for the lower classes, who often didn't have the privilege of education. To assuage this problem, King Sejong created the unique alphabet known as Hangul to promote literacy among the common people. Origin of Hangul
Ledyard holds that the Koreans adopted five core consonant letters from ’Phags-pa, namely ㄱ "g" , ㄷ "d" , ㅂ "b" , ㅈ "j" , and ㄹ "l" . These were the consonants basic to Chinese phonology, rather than the graphically simplest letters (ㄱ "g" , ㄴ "n" , ㅁ "m" , and ㅅ "s" ) taken as the starting point by the "Haerye." A sixth letter, the null initial ㅇ, was invented by Sejong. The rest of the consonants were developed through featural derivation from these six, essentially as described in the "Haerye"; a resemblance to speech organs was an additional motivating factor in selecting the shapes of both the basic letters and their derivatives. Hangul supremacy
Hangul supremacy is the belief, most widespread in Korea, that the Hangul alphabet developed by King Sejong the Great's Hall of Worthies in 1443 is the simplest, most logical, most beautiful and most scientific of the world's writing systems. In its extreme form, the belief holds that Hangul is in fact best suited for the expression of sounds in all languages.
Korean literature
In the mid-Joseon period, parable-like stories were published. By the end of the Joseon period, many writers had started to deviate from the orthodox conventions of classical Chinese literature, and literature about common people such as merchants, thieves, or gisaeng were commonplace.Oral literature includes all texts that were orally transmitted from generation to generation until the invention of Hangul (han'gul)--ballads, legends, mask plays, puppet-show texts, and p'ansori ("story singing") texts.
In spite of the highly developed literary activity from early in Korean history, song lyrics were not recorded until the invention of Hangul (han'gul). These orally transmitted texts are categorized as ballads and are classified according to singer (male or female), subject matter (prayer, labour, leisure), and regional singing style (capital area, western, and southern). The songs of many living performers, some of whom have been designated as "intangible national treasures" by the South Korean government, are still being recorded.
Legends include all those folk stories handed down orally and not recorded in any of the written records. These legends were for long the principal form of literary entertainment enjoyed by the common people. They deal with personified animals, elaborate tricks, the participation of the gods in human affairs, and the origin of the universe.
The mask plays are found in Hahoe, Chinju, T'ongyong, Kimhae, and Tongnae in North and South Kyongsang provinces; Yangju in Kyonggi Province; Pongsan in Hwanghae Province; and Pukch'ong in south Hamgyong Province. The most representative plays are the sandae kuk genre of Yangju, the pyolsin kut of Hahoe, and the okwangdae nori (five-actor play) of Chinju. Although the origin of these plays is uncertain, they are generally presumed to have developed from primitive communal ceremonies. Gradually, the ceremonial aspect of the plays disappeared, and their dramatic and comic possibilities were exploited. The dialogue was somewhat flexible, the actors being free to improvise and satirize as the occasion demanded. The plays were not performed on a stage, and there were no precise limits as to the space or time in which the performances took place. The audience also traditionally responded vocally to the play as well as passively watching it. The organization of the mask plays—through repetition and variety—achieves a remarkable effect of dramatic unity. (see also dramatic literature)
Only two puppet-show texts are extant, Kkoktukaksi nori (also called Pak Ch'omjikuk; "Old Pak's Play") and Mansok chung nori. Both titles are derived from names of characters in the plays. No theory has been formulated as to the origin and development of these plays. The plots of the puppet plays, like those of the mask plays, are full of satiric social criticism. The characters—Pak Ch'omji, governor of P'yongam, Kkoktukaksi, Buddhist monk, and Hong Tongji—dance and sing, enacting familiar tales that expose the malfeasance of the ruling classes. (see also puppetry)
The final type of folk literature is found in the texts of p'ansori of the Yi dynasty. These texts were first recorded in the 19th century as verse, but the written forms were later expanded into p'ansori fiction, widely read among the common people. This transformation from poetry to narrative fiction was easily accomplished, since p'ansori were always narrative. Originally the entire p'ansori performance repertoire consisted of 12 madang ("titles"). Although all 12 remain as narrative fiction, only five of them are sung today. The texts evolved gradually from the legends, which provided their sources and were altered and expanded as they were passed from one performer to another. ㅋ
ㅋ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅋ is U+314B. Hangul
Letters in the Korean alphabet are called "jamo" (자모). There are 19 consonants and 21 vowels used in the modern alphabet. They are firstly named in Hunmongjahoe, a hanja textbook written by Choe Sejin. Korean Language Society
Hangul Day was founded in 1926 during the Japanese occupation by members of the Korean Language Society, whose goal was to preserve the Korean language during a time of rapid forced Japanization. Choe Nam-seon
Choe published Korea's first successful modern magazine "Sonyeon" (Youth), through which he sought to bring modern knowledge about the world to Korea's youth. He coined the term "hangul" for the Korean alphabet and promoted it as a literary medium through his magazines. The author of the first “new-style” poem, “"Hae egeso Sonyeon ege"” ("The Ocean to the Youth", 1908), he is widely credited with pioneering modern Korean poetry. Choe sought to create a new style of literary Korean that would be more accessible to ordinary people. But at the same time, he was proud of classical Korean literature and he founded the Association of Korea's Glorious Literature in 1910 that sought to encourage ordinary people to read the classics of Korean literature that until then had been mostly read by the elites. Through the work of the Chinese nationalist writer Liang Qichao, Choe learned of the Western theories of Social Darwinism and the idea that history was nothing more than an endless struggle between various people to dominate each other with only the fittest surviving. Choe believed that this competition would only end with Korea ruling the world. In a 1906 essay, he wrote: "How long will it take us to accomplish the goal of flying our sacred national flag above the world and having people of the five continents kneeling down before it? Exert yourselves, our youth!". Choe's magazine "Sonyeon" was intended to popularize Western ideas about science and technology though a more readable Korean that would modernize the Korean nation for Social Darwinist competition for world domination. Sunil Ganguly
Sunil Ganguly (; 1 January 1938 – 12 June 1999) was an Indian instrumentalist from the city of Kolkata (Calcutta) who played the Hawaiian electric guitar. He created many albums from HMV, Concorde Records, Sagarika, during his long career (1957 - 1999) with his instrumental renditions of Indian Hindi film songs, Classical based songs, Ghazals of prominent composers like Mehdi Hassan, Ghulam Ali, Jagjit Singh, Bade Ghulam Ali, Bengali film songs and modern songs, Nazrulgeeti, Rabindrasangeet (Songs of Tagore) and popularised the Hawaiian guitar in India, with his unique style that touched the hearts of listeners. His renditions often had subtle twists and turns that made it even more melodious than the original song. At his peak, there used to be two LPs released during the yearly Puja celebration by HMV, one containing songs by Lata Mangeshkar, and the other having instrumentals by Sunil Ganguly. The instrumental film hits he recorded were hits with the youth, in Bengal as well as all over India. . Sunil Ganguly was a very busy artist in his heyday, and did many public performances all over India, including Kolkata, Mumbai, Delhi, Lucknow, Patna, Guwahati, Agartala etc. He did one-man whole night shows in Mumbai, played in reputed College fests like the IITs, Regional Engineering Colleges. He had a big group of musicians accompanying him on his performances, and recreating the songs, and some of the best musicians of the era, like Sri Y S Mulki, Sri Dilip Roy, Sri Samir Khasnabis, Sri Swapan Sen, Sri Manohari Singh accompanied him on his recordings and performances. A sample of the kind of atmosphere he created with his renditions can be found here. He was a regular performer at Doordarshan programs (TV) in Kolkata and Mumbai, AIR (All India Radio), Radio Ceylon (Sri Lanka). His radio programs (like Saaz aur Awaz on Radio Ceylon) were popular and were listened to by many all over India and abroad, and this program continues to this date, over the internet. He inspired an entire young generation to listen and play Indian music on the Hawaiian guitar. He had many number of successful students, who are continuing his style of playing songs and in turn are coaching students in India and abroad. Hang (instrument)
As of December 2013 PANArt announced that the Hang would no longer be made, as the PANArt tuners were completely concentrated on a new different instrument, the Gubal. In the following years PANArt developed a number of other instruments called "Hang Gudu", "Hang Urgu", "Hang Bal" and "Hang Gede" as well as a number of string instruments and created a collective improvised music form played with these "Pang instruments". Chinese family of scripts
The Hangul alphabet introduced in the 15th century was much simpler, and specifically designed for the sounds of Korean.
The alphabet makes systematic use of modifiers corresponding to features of Korean sounds.
Although Hangul is unrelated to Chinese characters, its letters are written in syllabic blocks that can be interspersed with Hanja. 
Such a Korean mixed script became the usual way of writing the language, with roots of Chinese origin denoted by Hanja and all other elements rendered in Hangul. Hanja is still used (but not very commonly like the Japanese) and is required in both North and South Korea. Origin of Hangul
The Korean alphabet is the native script of Korea, created in the mid fifteenth century by King Sejong, as both a complement and an alternative to the logographic Sino-Korean "hanja". Initially denounced by the educated class as "eonmun" (vernacular writing), it only became the primary Korean script following independence from Japan in the mid-20th century. Kim Tu-bong
After graduating from Bosungkobo (Bosung College) in 1908, Kim Tu-bong worked closely with a Linguistic professor from Bosungkobo named Ju Sigyeong who was at that time beginning his work in the study of Hangul for which his name would later be known for as he would dedicate his life to bring it about (the Korean script made by King Sae Jeong during the 15th century). He also worked as a teacher. In 1916 he spent a majority of his time working on compiling MalMooe, the first Korean dictionary. UNESCO King Sejong Literacy Prize
It is funded by the Government of the Republic of Korea which first offered the Prize in 1989, honouring the outstanding contribution made to literacy by Sejong the Great who created the Korean alphabet Hangul. The Prize specialises from other UNESCO Literacy Prizes that "it gives special consideration to the development and use of mother-tongue literacy education and training." Movable type
A potential solution to the linguistic and cultural bottleneck that held back movable type in Korea for 200 years appeared in the early 15th century—a generation before Gutenberg would begin working on his own movable-type invention in Europe—when Sejong the Great devised a simplified alphabet of 24 characters (hangul) for use by the common people, which could have made the typecasting and compositing process more feasible. But Korea's cultural elite, "appalled at the idea of losing hanja, the badge of their elitism", stifled the adoption of the new alphabet. Hancom
Hancom (KOSDAQ: HAANSOFT) is an office suite software developer in Korea. Established in 1990, the company created Hangul, a native word processing program for the Korean language. Hangul
The Korean neutral vowel was "i". The "yin" vowels were "eu, u, eo"; the dots are in the "yin" directions of 'down' and 'left'. The "yang" vowels were "ə, o, a," with the dots in the "yang" directions of 'up' and 'right'. The "Hunmin Jeong-eum Haerye" states that the shapes of the non-dotted letters were chosen to represent the concepts of "yin", "yang", and mediation: Earth, Heaven, and Human. (The letter "ə" is now obsolete except in the Jeju language.) Hangul
The Korean alphabet was originally called Hunminjeong'eum (), after the document that introduced the script to the Korean people in 1446. King Sejong Institute
Hangul, the Korean alphabet, is the written form of the official Korean language and has been used by Koreans since its creation in 1446 by Sejong the Great of the Joseon Dynasty. Most Korean language learning institutions outside Korea targeted second or third generation descendants of Korean immigrants, while Korean-language learners in South Korea were mostly foreign students, migrant workers, or spouses of Koreans. Hanja
Hanja were the sole means of writing Korean until King Sejong the Great promoted the invention of Hangul in the 15th century. Even after the invention of Hangul, however, most Korean scholars continued to write in "hanmun". Hanja
Although a phonetic Korean alphabet, now known as Chosŏn'gŭl or Hangul, had been created by Sejong the Great, it did not come into widespread official use until the late 19th and early 20th century. Thus, until that time it was necessary to be fluent in reading and writing Hanja in order to be literate in Korean, as the vast majority of Korean literature and most other Korean documents were written in Literary Chinese, using Hanja as its primary script. Today, a good working knowledge of Chinese characters is still important for anyone who wishes to study older texts (up to about the 1990s), or anyone who wishes to read scholarly texts in the humanities. Learning a certain number of Hanja is very helpful for understanding the etymology of Sino-Korean words, and for enlarging one's Korean vocabulary. Today, Hanja are not used to write native Korean words, which are always rendered in Hangul, and even words of Chinese origin—"Hanja-eo" ()—are written with the Hangul alphabet most of the time, with the corresponding Chinese character often written next to it in order to prevent confusion with other characters or words with the same phonetics. Hangul
It is the official writing system of North Korea and South Korea. It is a co-official writing system in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture and Changbai Korean Autonomous County in Jilin Province, China. It is sometimes used to write the Cia-Cia language spoken near the town of Bau-Bau, Indonesia. Gari Ledyard
Although several of the basic concepts of hangul came from Indic phonology through the Phagspa script, such as the relationships among the homorganic consonants and, of course, the alphabetic principle itself, Chinese phonology also played a major role. Besides the grouping of letters into syllables, along the lines of Chinese characters, it was Chinese phonology, not Indic, that determined which five consonants were basic, and therefore to be retained from Phagspa. These were the tenuis (non-voiced, non-aspirated) plosives, "g" for ㄱ , "d" for ㄷ , and "b" for ㅂ , which were basic to Chinese theory, but which were voiced in the Indic languages and not considered basic; as well as the sibilant "s" for ㅈ and the liquid "l" for ㄹ . (Korean ㅈ was pronounced in the 15th century.) Hangul
Modern styles that are more suited for printed media were developed in the 20th century. In 1993, new names for both Myeongjo () and Gothic styles were introduced when Ministry of Culture initiated an effort to standardize typographic terms, and the names "Batang" (, meaning "background") and "Dotum" (, meaning "stand out") replaced Myeongjo and Gothic respectively. These names are also used in Microsoft Windows. Korean literature
Sijo and gasa are closely linked to the development of hangul in the early Joseon period. As hangul was created, "akjang" was developed as a way to note musical scores using the Korean script. King Sejong himself is credited with a compilation of Buddhist songs. Korean literature
Modern literature is often linked with the development of hangul, which helped increase working class literacy rates. Hangul reached its peak of popularity in the second half of the 19th century, resulting in a major renaissance. Sinsoseol, for instance, are novels written in hangul. Hangul
The "Hunmin Jeong-eum" states that King Sejong adapted the ("gojeon", ""Gǔ" Seal Script") in creating the Korean alphabet. The has never been identified. The primary meaning of "gǔ" is "old" ("Old Seal Script"), frustrating philologists because the Korean alphabet bears no functional similarity to Chinese "zhuànzì" seal scripts. However, Ledyard believes "gǔ" may be a pun on "Měnggǔ" "Mongol", and that is an abbreviation of "Mongol Seal Script", that is, the formal variant of the 'Phags-pa alphabet written to look like the Chinese seal script. There were 'Phags-pa manuscripts in the Korean palace library, including some in the seal-script form, and several of Sejong's ministers knew the script well. History of Korea
In 1392, General Yi Seong-gye established the Joseon dynasty (1392–1910) after a coup d'état that overthrew the Goryeo dynasty in 1388. King Sejong the Great (1418–1450) implemented numerous administrative, social, scientific, and economic reforms, established royal authority in the early years of the dynasty, and is attributed with creating Hangul, the Korean alphabet. Sejong Science High School
In November 3, 2005, the project about establishing new science high school in Seoul was approved by Ministry of Education and Science Technology. The name of the school, Sejong Science High School, is named after Sejong the Great, the king who created the Korean alphabet; Hangul. In March 24, 2009, the school officially signed in the friendship exchange with DDG-991 Aegis Combat System, generally called "Sejong the Great Combat System". Hangul (word processor)
The software's name is derived from the Korean word Hangul (, "hangeul") for the alphabet used to write Korean. Origin of Hangul
Although the "Hunmin jeong-eum haerye" (hereafter "Haerye)" explains the design of the consonantal letters in terms of articulatory phonetics, it also states that Sejong adapted them from the enigmatic 古篆字 ""Gǔ" Seal Script". The identity of this script has long been puzzling. The primary meaning of the character 古 "gǔ" is "old", so 古篆字 "gǔ zhuānzì" has traditionally been interpreted as "Old Seal Script", frustrating philologists, because the Korean alphabet bears no functional similarity to Chinese 篆字 "zhuānzì" seal scripts. However, Gari Ledyard, Sejong Professor of Korean History Emeritus at Columbia University, notes that the character 古 "gǔ" also functions as a phonetic component of 蒙古 "Měnggǔ" "Mongol". Indeed, records from Sejong's day played with this ambiguity, joking that "no one is older (more 古 "gǔ)" than the 蒙古 "Měng-gǔ"". Ledyard deduces from palace records that 古篆字 "gǔ zhuānzì" was a veiled reference to the 蒙古篆字 "měnggǔ zhuānzì" "Mongol Seal Script", that is, a formal variant of the Mongol ’Phags-pa alphabet of the Mongolian-origin Chinese Yuan dynasty (1271-1368) that had been modified to look like the Chinese seal script, and which had been an official script of the empire. There were ’Phags-pa manuscripts in the Korean palace library from the Yuan Dynasty government, including some in the seal-script form, and several of Sejong's ministers knew the script well. If this was the case, Sejong's evasion on the Mongol connection can be understood in light of the political situation in the contemporary (ethnically Chinese) Ming Dynasty. The topic of the recent Mongol domination of China, which had ended just 75 years earlier, was politically sensitive, and both the Chinese and Korean literati regarded the Mongols as barbarians with nothing to contribute to a civilized society. Choe Manri
Choe Manri (?-1445, sometimes spelled Choi Malli) was an associate professor in the Hall of Worthies (집현전 부제학, 集賢殿副提學) who spoke against the creation of "hangul" (then called "eonmun") together with other Confucian scholars in 1444. He made the following submission that year to King Sejong against "hangul": Hwang Byungki
Hwang Byungki (31 May 1936, Seoul – 31 January 2018) was the foremost South Korean player of the gayageum, a 12-string zither with silk strings. He was also a composer and an authority on "sanjo", a form of traditional Korean instrumental music. Origin of Hangul
Similarly, the coronal consonants (舌音 "tongue sounds") are said to show the (front of the) tongue bent up to touch the palate, the bilabial consonants (脣音 "lip sounds") represent the lips touching or parting, the sibilants (齒音 "incisor sounds") represent the teeth (in sibilants the airstream is directed against the teeth), and the guttural consonants (喉音 "throat sounds"), including the null initial used when a syllable begins with a vowel, represent an open mouth and throat. The labiodental consonants (輕脣音 "light lip sounds") are derived from the bilabial series. In all cases but the labials, the plain (清 "clear") stops have a vertical top stroke, the non-stops lack that stroke, and the aspirate stops have an additional stroke. There were a few additional irregular consonants, such as the coronal lateral/flap ㄹ , which the "Haerye" only explains as an altered outline of the tongue, and the velar nasal ㆁ . The irregularity of the labials has no explanation in the "Haerye," but may be a remnant of the graphic origin of the basic letter shapes in the imperial ’Phags-pa alphabet of Yuan Dynasty China. ㅝ
ㅝ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅝ is U+315D. Homer Hulbert
Hulbert contributed to the advancement of Hangul with his research and study into the orthography and grammar of Hangul with Ju Si-gyeong. and he made the first han-geul (Korean) textbook '사민필지(Sa min pil ji)'. Hangul (word processor)
The Talos team of Cisco has reported vulnerabilities in Hangul, which have been exploited by malware dubbed NavRAT. Square peg in a round hole
Sejong the Great of Korea commented, in 1443, that using Chinese characters for Korean was “like trying to fit a square handle into a round hole”. He subsequently developed the Hangul phonetic alphabet. Hang (instrument)
The Hang (; plural form: Hanghang) is a musical instrument in the idiophone class created by Felix Rohner and Sabina Schärer in Bern, Switzerland. The name of their company is PANArt Hangbau AG. The Hang is sometimes referred to as a "hang drum", but the inventors consider this a misnomer and strongly discourage its use.
The instrument is constructed from two half-shells of deep drawn, nitrided steel sheet glued together at the rim leaving the inside hollow and creating the shape of a convex lens. The top ("Ding") side has a center 'note' hammered into it and seven or eight 'tone fields' hammered around the center. The bottom ("Gu") is a plain surface that has a rolled hole in the center with a tuned note that can be created when the rim is struck. History of Korea
During the 15th and 16th centuries, Joseon enjoyed many benevolent rulers who promoted education and science. Most notable among them was Sejong the Great (r. 1418–50), who personally created and promulgated Hangul, the Korean alphabet. This golden age saw great cultural and scientific advancements, including in printing, meteorological observation, astronomy, calendar science, ceramics, military technology, geography, cartography, medicine, and agricultural technology, some of which were unrivaled elsewhere. Hangul
Such an idea of writing Korean with Hangul jamo without being assembled into syllabic characters is of a historical interest only as it foregoes the most distinctive feature of the Hangul writing system, that is, the standard convention of 모아쓰기 ("mo-a-sseu-gi" 'assembled writing'). Origin of Hangul
Various fanciful speculations about the creation of Hangul were put to rest by the discovery in 1940 of the 1446 "Hunmin jeong-eum haerye" "Explanation of the "Hunmin Jeong-eum" with Examples". This document explains the design of the consonant letters according to articulatory phonetics and the vowel letters according to Confucian principles such as the "yin" and "yang" of vowel harmony (see below). Hangul
ㅇ is silent syllable-initially and is used as a placeholder when the syllable starts with a vowel. ㄸ, ㅃ, and ㅉ are never used syllable-finally. Hangul
The Korean alphabet was designed so that people with little education could learn to read and write. A popular saying about the alphabet is, "A wise man can acquaint himself with them before the morning is over; even a stupid man can learn them in the space of ten days."
The project was completed in late December 1443 or January 1444, and described in 1446 in a document titled "Hunminjeong'eum" ("The Proper Sounds for the Education of the People"), after which the alphabet itself was originally named. The publication date of the "Hunminjeongeum", October 9, became Hangul Day in South Korea. Its North Korean equivalent, Chosŏn'gŭl Day, is on January 15. Origin of Hangul
If Ledyard is correct, the graphic base of Hangul forms part of the great family of alphabets that spread from the Phoenician alphabet, through Aramaic, Brāhmī, and Tibetan. However, this is only one component of its derivation; Hangul did not derive from ’Phags-pa in the gradual and unconscious way that Tibetan derived from Brāhmī. Ledyard wrote in his doctoral thesis: Hangul
Another document published in 1446 and titled "Hunminjeong'eum Haerye" (""Hunminjeong'eum" Explanation and Examples") was discovered in 1940. This document explains that the design of the consonant letters is based on articulatory phonetics and the design of the vowel letters are based on the principles of "yin" and "yang" and vowel harmony. Hangul Day
In 1931, the celebration of the day was switched to October 29 of the Gregorian Calendar, the calendar which is in contemporary use. Three years later, the date was moved to October 28, to coordinate the date with that of the Julian Calendar, which had been in use during the 15th century, when King Sejong had made his proclamation. List of Hangul jamo
"Hanyang Private Use" is mapping system which is used in Hangul (word processor), version Wordian to 2007. This system maps old Hangul to the Private Use Area in Unicode. Since Hangul 2010, Hanyang PUA code was deprecated and replaced with Unicode Syllable-Initial-Peak-Final Encoding Approach system. ㅞ
ㅞ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅞ is U+315E. Hall of Worthies
Besides the invention of Hangul and published works such as Samgang Haengshildo, the Hall of Worthies was involved in publication of numerous scholarly and scientific writings, which contributed to reputation of Sejong's reign as the golden age of Korean culture. Origin of Hangul
Of these seven vowel sounds, three could not be iotized (preceded by a "y-" sound). These three were written with a single stroke: ㅡ "ɨ," ㆍ "ʌ," ㅣ "i." (The letter ㆍ "ʌ" is now obsolete except in Jeju dialect.) The "Hunmin Jeong-eum" states that the shapes of the strokes were chosen to represent the Confucian 三才 "sāncái" "three realms" of 天 heaven, a "yang" concept, represented with a dot for the sun, ; 地 earth, a "yin" concept, represented with a flat line, ; and 人 man, represented with an upright line, , who mediates between the two. The other four vowels, which could be iotized, were written as a dot next to a line: yin ㅓ "ə" and yang ㅏ "a" (which alternate under vowel harmony), yin ㅜ "u" and yang ㅗ "o" (which also alternate). Iotation was then indicated by doubling this dot: ㅕ "yə," ㅑ "ya," ㅠ "yu," ㅛ "yo."
There was presumably a third parameter in designing the vowel letters, not mentioned in the "Haerye," namely choosing horizontal ㅡ "ɨ" as the graphic base of "closed" (rounded) ㅜ "u" and ㅗ "o," and vertical ㅣ "i" as the base of "open" (unrounded) ㅓ "ə" and ㅏ "a." The horizontal letters ㅡㅜㅗ "ɨ u o" represented back vowels in the fifteenth century, as they do today, whereas the fifteenth-century sound values of ㅣㅓㅏ "i ə a" are uncertain. Some linguists reconstruct them as , respectively (and reconstruct obsolete ㆍ "ʌ" as ); others as (with ㆍ "ʌ" as ). In the latter case, the vertical letters would have represented front vowels, the dot the sole central vowel, and the vowel harmony, described as "shallow" vs "deep", would have been one of vowel height, with the "yang" vowels lower than their "yin" counterparts. Yeomillak
Yeominrak, which means "Enjoyment with the People", was created based on Korean court music that the king shared to his people to be enjoyed together. This song was created during his 29th year of reign (1447) and actually had lyrics from the Yongbi eocheonga, but only the melodic component is existent today. It is usually played on Hangul Day in South Korea to celebrate the promulgation of Hangul by King Sejong, and also in religious services for the Ancestral Shrine of the Royal family, honoring the Royal Court, and for the Civil and Military authorities. Hangul
The explanation of the letter "ng" also differs from the traditional account. Many Chinese words began with "ng", but by King Sejong's day, initial "ng" was either silent or pronounced in China, and was silent when these words were borrowed into Korean. Also, the expected shape of "ng" (the short vertical line left by removing the top stroke of ) would have looked almost identical to the vowel . Sejong's solution solved both problems: The vertical stroke left from was added to the null symbol to create (a circle with a vertical line on top), iconically capturing both the pronunciation in the middle or end of a word, and the usual silence at the beginning. (The graphic distinction between null and "ng" was eventually lost.) Origin of Hangul
In order to maintain the Chinese convention of initial and final, Sejong and his ministers needed a null symbol to refer to the lack of a consonant with an initial vowel. He chose the circle, ㅇ, with the subsequent derivation of the glottal stop ㆆ "’" , by adding a vertical top stroke by analogy with the other stops, and the aspirate ㅎ "h" , parallel the account in the "Haerye." (Perhaps the reason he created a new letter rather than adopting one from ’Phags-pa was that it was awkward to write these Chinese initials in ’Phags-pa, where ㅇ and ㆆ were both written as digraphs beginning with "y," ꡭꡝ and ꡗꡖ.) However, Ledyard's explanation of the letter ㆁ "ng" differs from the "Haerye" account; he sees it as a fusion of velar ㄱ "g" and null ㅇ, reflecting its variable pronunciation. The Korean alphabet was designed not just to write Korean, but to accurately represent Chinese. Many Chinese words historically began with , but by Sejong's day this had been lost in many regions of China, and was silent when these words were borrowed into Korean, so that only remained at the middle and end of Korean words. The expected shape of a velar nasal, the short vertical stroke (⃓) that would be left by removing the top stroke of ㄱ "g", had the additional problem that it would have looked almost identical to the vowel ㅣ "i" . Sejong's solution solved both problems: The vertical stroke left from ㄱ "g" was added to the null symbol ㅇ to create ㆁ "ng", iconically capturing both regional pronunciations as well as being easily legible. Eventually the graphic distinction between the two silent initials ㅇ and ㆁ was lost, as they never contrasted in Korean words. Choe Sejin
Choe Sejin is mostly known for his 1527 work, "Hunmong Jahoe" (훈몽자회). It is a textbook for children to learn the Chinese characters, and is known to be very practical in its teachings. During the Joseon Era, literacy in Chinese was an essential skill for advancement in society. Chinese was the dominant language of literature at this time, and children were taught Chinese from an early age to prepare for the future. Although hangul, the Korean orthography, existed by this time, it was not widely used in the country. Choe wanted to promote the usage of hangul through his work "Hunmong Jahoe". As a textbook for children to learn Chinese, "Hunmong Jahoe" incorporated hangul in the textbook to promote both the learning of Chinese characters, as well as hangul. The Chinese characters were annotated in hangul, and in order for one to understand and learn the Chinese characters, one must have a full grasp of hangul first to comprehend the annotations. Choe wanted people to use hangul more extensively, and he thought that this would encourage people to take some time to fully learn hangul, before starting to learn Chinese. He wrote that "it would take [only a single day] to learn Hangul", commenting on the simplicity of hangul, and afterwards, one would be able to learn Chinese on their own without an instructor if one knew hangul and utilized his textbook. Hangul orthography
한글맞춤법 (Hangeul matchumbeop) refers to the overall rules of writing the Korean language with Hangul. The current orthography was issued and established by Korean Ministry of Culture in 1998. The first of it is Hunminjungeum(훈민정음). In everyday conversation, 한글 맞춤법 is referred to as 맞춤법. Origin of Hangul
The five adopted letters were graphically simplified, retaining the outline of the ’Phags-pa letters but with a reduced number of strokes that recalled the shapes of the speech organs involved, as explained in the "Haerye." For example, the box inside ’Phags-pa ꡂ "g" is not found in the Korean ㄱ "g" ; only the outer stroke remains. In addition to being iconic for the shape of the "root" of the tongue, this more easily allowed for consonant clusters and left room for an added stroke to derive the aspirated consonant ㅋ "k" . But in contrast to the "Haerye" account, the non-stops "ng" , ㄴ "n" , ㅁ "m" , and ㅅ "s" were derived by "removing" the top stroke or strokes of the basic letters. (No letter was derived from ㄹ "l" .) This clears up a few points that had been problematic in the "Haerye." For example, while it is straightforward to derive ㅁ "m" from ㅂ "b" by removing the top of ㅂ "b" in Ledyard's account, it is not clear how one would derive ㅂ "b" by adding something to ㅁ "m", since ㅂ "b" is not analogous to the other stops: If ㅂ "b" were derived as in the "Haerye" account, it would be expected to have a horizontal top stroke similar to those of ㄱ "g" , ㄷ "d" , and ㅈ "j" . Joseon
During the rule of Sejong, Korea saw advances in natural science, agriculture, literature, traditional Chinese medicine, and engineering. Because of such success, Sejong was given the title "Sejong the Great". The most remembered contribution of King Sejong is the creation of Hangul, the Korean alphabet, in 1443; everyday use of Hanja in writing eventually was surpassed by Hangul in the later half of the 20th century. ㅑ
ㅑ(yah) is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅑ is U+3151. Holger Hesse
Dr. Holger Hesse was a German engineer. Together with his partner, Danish anesthetist Henning Ruben, he invented the world's first non-electric, self-inflating resuscitator, the Ambu bag, in 1956. Origin of Hangul
Except for the obsolete palatal stops, all 36 initials in the Chinese inventory had Korean equivalents: Hangul (disambiguation)
Hangul, Chosŏn'gŭl or (Hunmin) Jeong-eum is the native alphabet of the Korean language. Hunminjeongeum
Hunminjeongeum (lit. "The Correct/Proper Sounds for the Instruction of the People") is a document describing an entirely new and native script for the Korean language. The script was initially named after the publication, but later came to be known as hangul. It was created so that the common people illiterate in hanja could accurately and easily read and write the Korean language. It was announced in Volume 102 of the "Annals of King Sejong", and its formal supposed publication date, October 9, 1446, is now Hangul Day in South Korea. The Annals place its invention to the 25th year of Sejong's reign, corresponding to 1443–1444. ㅇ
ㅇ(iwng) is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅇ is U+3147. Hang (instrument)
There are only two people who built Hanghang, the inventors Felix Rohner and Sabina Schärer. They have a small workshop in Bern where every Hang has been created. Memoirs of Lady Hyegyeong
By the time Lady Hyegyong had begun writing in the late 1700s, the invention of hangul had already become the voice of female narratives, which began to appear and allowed female narratives to become more and more plentiful. Haboush determines this increase to be correlated with the decrease of yangban women's inheritance rights. As family structures began to change, women turned to the pen “to bear public witness to history” and express for themselves how customs and family structures were changing at the time. Similarly, by writing her own autobiographical memoirs, Lady Hyegyong was able to express for herself insights into life at the Joseon Court during an extraordinary time. Hangul
Today, South Koreans call the Korean alphabet "hangeul" (), a name coined by Korean linguist Ju Si-gyeong in 1912. The name combines the ancient Korean word "han" (), meaning "great", and "geul" (), meaning "script". The word "han" is used to refer to Korea in general, so the name also means "Korean script". It has been romanized in multiple ways: Sungkyunkwan
The primary written language of Sungkyunkwan was hanja. Although hangul was invented in 1443, it did not become the primary language of study because the literary elite believed that the difficult hanja was more sophisticated. Hangul was invented to solve the widespread illiteracy of the common people at the time, but it was considered a threat by many in the upper class to their status as literary scholars, leading them to resist its implementation. As a result, hanja remained the written language used at Sungkyunkwan requiring anyone who wished to rise to the top levels of the government to be capable of reading and writing the characters. Chinese family of scripts
Alphabetic: Hangul Origin of Hangul
Another letter composed of two elements to represent two regional pronunciations, now obsolete, was ㅱ, which transcribed the Chinese initial 微. This represented either "m" or "w" in various Chinese dialects, and was composed of ㅁ plus ㅇ. In ’Phags-pa, a loop under a letter, ꡧ, represented after vowels, and Ledyard proposes this rather than the null symbol was the source of the loop at the bottom, so that the two components of ㅱ reflected its two pronunciations just as the two components of ㆁ "ng" did. The reason for suspecting that this derives from ’Phags-pa ꡧ "w" is that the entire labio-dental series of both ’Phags-pa and the Korean alphabet6, used to transcribe the Chinese initials 微非敷 "w, v, f," have such composite forms, though in the case of ’Phags-pa these are all based on the letter ꡜ "h" (ꡤ "etc."), while in Hangul, which does not have an "h" among its basic consonants, they are based on the labial series ㅁ "m," ㅂ "b," ㅍ "p." Hangul
Ju Si-gyeong, the linguist who had coined the term Hangul to replace "Eonmun" or "Vulgar Script" in 1912, established the Korean Language Research Society (later renamed the Hangul Society), which further reformed orthography with "Standardized System of Hangul" in 1933. The principal change was to make the Korean alphabet as morphophonemically practical given the existing letters. A system for transliterating foreign orthographies was published in 1940. Ge Wang
Ge Wang (born November 2, 1977) is a Chinese American musician, computer scientist, designer, author, and professor, known for inventing the ChucK audio programming language 
and for being the co-founder, chief technology officer (CTO), and chief creative officer (CCO) of Smule, a company making iPhone and iPad music apps. He also helped create the Princeton Laptop Orchestra and later founded its Stanford counterpart Stanford Laptop Orchestra, as well as the Stanford Mobile Phone Orchestra. 
Wang is the designer of the Ocarina 
and Magic Piano iPhone apps. Wang is currently an Associate Professor at Stanford University’s Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics (CCRMA). Wang is the author of "Artful Design: Technology in Search of the Sublime (A MusiComic Manifesto)", a book on design and technology, art and life, created entirely in the format of a photo-realistic comic book, published by Stanford University Press in 2018. Hangul
Until the early 20th century, the Korean elite preferred to write using Chinese characters called Hanja. They referred to Hanja as "jinseo" (진서) or "true letters". Some accounts say the elite referred to the Korean alphabet derisively as "'amkeul" () meaning "women's script", and "'ahaetgeul" () meaning "children's script", though there is no written evidence of this. History of the Joseon dynasty
During the rule of Sejong, Korea saw technological advances in natural science, agriculture, literature, and traditional medicine. Because of his success, Sejong received the title "King Sejong the Great of Joseon". His most remembered contribution is the creation of Hangul, the Korean alphabet, in 1443. Before that, Korean literati had used the Hanja writing system—traditional Chinese characters with Korean pronunciation and meaning—and a written language known as Hanmun, which was basically Classical Chinese, for official court documents. Everyday written use of Hanja and Hanmun ended gradually in the latter half of the 20th century. Burling Hull
Hull claimed to be — and is generally credited as — the inventor of the Svengali deck of cards, which he patented in 1909. He claimed to have invented more than 500 magical effects and he was a prolific writer, with 52 published books to his name, including "Sealed Mysteries and Sleights", "The Encyclopedia of Stage Illusions", "Sealed Mysteries", and "How to Answer Questions for Crystal Gazing and Mind Reading Acts". He wrote on a wide variety of magical subjects, including card tricks, mentalism, escapes, razor blade swallowing, sightless vision, billiard ball manipulation, silk magic, second sight acts, publicity, and showmanship. Hangul Day
In 2009, in celebration of the 563rd anniversary of the invention of the Korean alphabet by King Sejong, the 6.2-meter high, 20-ton bronze statue of King Sejong the Great of Joseon at Gwanghwamun Plaza in Seoul, was unveiled to the public. ㅙ
ㅙ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅙ is U+3159. History of Sino-Korean relations
The Chinese character system, known as Hanja in Korean, was introduced into Korea through the spread of Buddhism during the Tang Dynasty. Hanja was used as the sole means of writing Korean until Sejong the Great promoted the invention of Hangul during the 15th century. Korea
The Korean alphabet hangul was also invented during this time by King Sejong the Great. Fanu
Fanu is the alias of music DJ, producer, and label founder Janne Hatula (born October 8, 1980). Based in Helsinki, Finland, Hatula composes drum and bass and electronic music. He began producing music at the age of twelve as a hobby before issuing his first recording in 2003. Also makes hip hop as FatGyver. He has collaborated with producer and composer Bill Laswell and vocalist Gigi. Sejong the Great
King Sejong the Great profoundly affected Korean history with his personal creation and introduction of hangul, the native phonetic writing system for the Korean language. Korea
Modern literature is often linked with the development of hangul, which helped spread literacy from the aristocracy to the common people. Hangul, however, only reached a dominant position in Korean literature in the second half of the 19th century, resulting in a major growth in Korean literature. "Sinsoseol", for instance, are novels written in hangul. Hangul
The Hangul Society, founded by Ju Si-gyeong, announced a proposal for a new, strongly morphophonemic orthography in 1933, which became the prototype of the contemporary orthographies in both North and South Korea. After Korea was divided, the North and South revised orthographies separately. The guiding text for orthography of the Korean alphabet is called "Hangeul Matchumbeop", whose last South Korean revision was published in 1988 by the Ministry of Education. ㅗ
ㅗ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅗ is U+3151. Hangul
In 1527, Choe Sejin reorganized the alphabet in Hunmongjahoe: Korean mixed script
In 1446, King Sejong the Great (朝鮮 世宗大王, 조선 세종대왕) introduced "hunminjeong-eum" (訓民正音, 훈민정음), 'correct pronunciation for teaching the people' in a proclamation, published with extensive description of the new alphabet. Sejong begins the document (in literary Chinese), 'Because our language is different from the Chinese language, our poor people cannot express themselves in Chinese writing. In my pity for them I create twenty-eight letters, which all can learn easily and use in their daily lives.' This script is now known as "hangul" in South Korea and "choseongul" in North Korea, with the proclamation celebrated as national holidays on the 9th of October in the south and the 15th of January in the north, respectively.
The new script spread rapidly among the segments of society that were traditionally denied access to education, such as women (except those in the higher classes), farmers, fishermen, rural merchants and children. Despite later attempts to ban the Korean alphabet, as commoners wrote disparaging this about rulers they disliked, and the fear that the upper classes would lose the privileges of being literate in Chinese led to attempts to ban the alphabet, but "hangul" survived. The twenty-eight letters, arranged into syllable blocks, actually facilitated the study of "hanja" as they were used in teaching guides to indicate the native word and the Sino-Korean pronunciation, and the upper class, despite their disdain, would often have to study the "gugyeol" system of knowing a Chinese character's meaning, Sino-Korean pronunciation and its native Korean equivalent, and "hangul" thus became an important tool in teaching "hanja". Nevertheless, its use as an exclusive writing system was mocked by the upper classess as "jinseo" (真書, 진서) or 'real script.' Sangoku Tsūran Zusetsu
A copy of "Sangoku Tsūran Zusetsu" was brought to Europe by Isaac Titsingh (1745-1812). In Paris, the text represented the first appearance of Korean han'gŭl in Europe. After Titsingh's death, the printed original and Titsingh's translation were purchased by Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat (1788-1832) at the Collège de France. After Rémusat's death, Julius Klaproth (1783-1835) at the "Institut Royal" in Paris published his version of Titsingh's work. In 1832, the Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland supported the posthumous abridged publication of Titsingh's French translation. Hangul
The alphabet consists of 14 consonants and 10 vowels. Its letters are grouped into syllabic blocks, vertically and horizontally. For example, the Korean word for "honeybee" ("kkulbeol") is written , not . As it combines the features of alphabetic and syllabic writing systems, it has been described as an "alphabetic syllabary" by some linguists. As in traditional Chinese writing, Korean texts were traditionally written top to bottom, right to left, and are occasionally still written this way for stylistic purposes. Today, it is typically written from left to right with spaces between words and western-style punctuation. Origin of Hangul
The seven basic vowel letters were not adopted from an existing script. They were straight lines, dots, and lines with dots that appear to have been designed by Sejong or his ministers to represent the phonological principles of Korean. At least two parameters were used in their design, vowel harmony and iotation. Gari Ledyard
The "Hunmin Jeong-eum" credits the 古篆字 ""Gu" Seal Script" as being the source King Sejong or his ministers used to create hangul. This has traditionally been interpreted as the "Old" Seal Script, and has confused philologists because hangul bears no functional similarity to the Chinese seal scripts. However, 古 "gǔ" had more than one meaning: besides meaning "old", it could be used to refer to the Mongols (蒙古 "Měng-gǔ"). Records from Sejong's day played with this ambiguity, joking that "no one is more "gu" than the "Meng-gu"". That is, "Gu Seal Script" may have been a veiled reference to the Mongol Seal Script, or Phagspa alphabet. ("Seal script" is a style of writing, used for name seals and official stamps. Phagspa had a seal script variant modeled after the appearance of the Chinese seal script of its day. In this guise it was called the 蒙古篆字 Mongol Seal Script, with only the initial character distinguishing it from the 古篆字 credited by the "Hunmin Jeong-eum" as the source of hangul.) There were many Phagspa manuscripts in the Korean palace library, and several of Sejong's ministers knew the script well. Hunminjeongeum Society
The Hunminjeongeum Society, sometimes called the "Hunminjeongeum Research Institute" in English-language newspaper accounts, is a private organization in Seoul dedicated to the propagation of Hangul to all the unwritten languages of the world. ("Hunminjeongeum" was the original name of hangul.) The society was founded by Lee Ki-nam, a retired real-estate agent, in 2007, after she had failed to bring hangul to the Tungusic Oroqen of Heilongjiang, China; the Chepang of Nepal; and the Lahu of Chiang Mai, Thailand; she attributed these failures to a reliance on Korean Christian missionaries in those countries, whose primary focus was not linguistics or literacy. Culture of South Korea
Prior to the 20th century, Korean literature was influenced by Classical Chinese literature. Chinese calligraphy was also extensively used by Koreans for over one thousand years in Korean literature. Modern literature is often linked with the development of hangul, which helped spread literacy from the dominant classes to the common people, including women. Hangul, however, only reached a dominant position in Korean literature in the second half of the 19th century, resulting in a major growth in Korean literature. "Sinsoseol", for instance, are novels written in hangul. McCune–Reischauer
The system was created in 1937 by George M. McCune and Edwin O. Reischauer. With a few exceptions, it attempts not to transliterate Korean hangul but to represent the phonetic pronunciation. , McCune–Reischauer was widely used outside Korea. Origin of Hangul
Although several of the basic concepts of the Korean alphabet were inherited from Indic phonology through the ’Phags-pa script, such as the relationships among the homorganic consonants and, of course, the alphabetic principle itself, Chinese phonology played a major role. Besides the grouping of letters into syllables, in functional imitation of Chinese characters, according to Ledyard it was Chinese phonology, not Indic, that determined which five consonants were basic, and were therefore to be retained from ’Phags-pa. These included the plain stop letters, ꡂ "g" for ㄱ "g" , ꡊ "d" for ㄷ "d" , and ꡎ "b" for ㅂ "b" , which were basic to Chinese theory, but which represented voiced consonants in the Indic languages and were not basic in the Indic tradition. The other two letters were the plain sibilant ꡛ "s" for ㅈ "j" (ㅈ was pronounced in the fifteenth century, as it still is in North Korea) and the liquid ꡙ "l" for ㄹ "l" . Source Han Sans
The Korean hangul characters, Japanese and Korean ideographs were designed by Sandoll Communication by Kang Ju-yeon directed by Chang Soo-young. CJK ideographs ranges 17627-51760 were designed by Changzhou SinoType. Sin Sukju
Shin was an accomplished polyglot, and was particularly well educated in the Chinese language. He served as a personal linguistic expert to King Sejong, and was intimately involved in the creation and application of the Korean alphabet known in modern times as Hangul. Sin used the newly created hangul system to create an accurate transcription of spoken Mandarin Chinese in 15th century Ming dynasty China.
These transcriptions haven proven accurate and reliable, and his transcriptions are now "an invaluable source of information on the pronunciations of Ming-era [Mandarin]." ㅘ
ㅘ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅘ is U+3158. Hangul (word processor)
Hangul was intended in 2009 to gain support for reading and writing of Office Open XML and OpenDocument files. Hall of Worthies
The Hall participated in various scholarly endeavors, of which the best-known may be the compilation of the "Hunminjeongeum", in which the hangul writing system was first formulated. In the Hunminjeongeum, King Sejong wrote a preface which explained the origin and purpose of the newly created alphabet, Hangul. He then instructed his scholars of the Jiphyeonjeon (Hall of Worthies) to write detailed explanations of each of its letters along with examples of each of them. The purpose of the Hunminjeongeum was to provide instructions on how to use the new alphabet. The definitive edition of the Hunminjeongeum is known as the Haerye Edition of Hunminjeongeum (Haerye refers to the explanations and examples of the Hall of Worthies scholars, which were previously missing in other known editions) History of Korean
The creation of the "Hunminjeongeum" ("Proper Sounds for the Instruction of the People"), the original name for Hangul, was begun in 1443, and promulgated in September or October 1446 by Sejong the Great, the fourth Joseon king. Hangul (word processor)
Hangul has many versions, the latest of which is Hangul NEO for Windows, Hangul 2008 Linux for Linux, and Hangul 2014 for Mac. History of printing in East Asia
A potential solution to the linguistic and cultural bottleneck that held back movable type in Korea for two hundred years appeared in the early 15th century—a generation before Gutenberg would begin working on his own movable type invention in Europe—when King Sejong devised a simplified alphabet of 24 characters called Hangul for use by the common people, which could have made the typecasting and compositing process more feasible. Hangul (word processor)
Haansoft was on the verge of bankruptcy after the release of its 2002 version, due to the widespread use of illegal copies. A campaign to support the development of Korean software and promote the purchase of legal copies of Hangul allowed Haansoft to recover.