Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act to the presidency. Once in office, President Arthur pushed through legislation for civil reform. On January 16, 1883 Congress passed the Civil Service Act, which is sometimes referred to as the Pendleton Act after Senator George H. Pendleton of Ohio, one of the primary sponsors. The Act was written by Dorman Bridgman Eaton, a staunch opponent of the patronage system who was later first chairman of the United States Civil Service Commission. However, the law would also prove to be a major political liability for Arthur. The law offended machine politicians, or politicians who belong to a small clique that
James A. Garfield appointing William H. Robertson to the lucrative post of Collector of the Port of New York, starting a fracas that ended with Robertson's confirmation and Conkling's resignation from the Senate. Garfield advocated agricultural technology, an educated electorate, and civil rights for African Americans. He also proposed substantial civil service reform, eventually passed by Congress in 1883 and signed into law by his successor, Chester A. Arthur, as the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act. On July 2, 1881, he was shot at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station in Washington D.C. by Charles J. Guiteau, a disappointed office seeker. The wound Luther Meade Blackman lives on Bat Creek, is convinced that Blackman is the forger. Blackman was an engraver who lived near the Tipton farm. He was also a neighbor of Jim Lawson. Blackman held a Federal Patronage job from 1870 to about 1890. It was during this time that President Grover Cleveland created the 1883 Pendleton Act to fix the Pensions Claims Office and the Postal Service. Cleveland let many Republicans be replaced by Democrats, and this increased the tension between the Democratic and Republican parties. It has been suggested that the L. C. Houk political machine that ran the Republicans in East Spoils system good service. By the late 1860s, citizens began demanding civil service reform. Running under the Liberal Republican Party in 1872, they were soundly defeated by Ulysses S. Grant. After the assassination of James A. Garfield by a rejected office-seeker in 1881, the calls for civil service reform intensified. Moderation of the spoils system at the federal level came with the passage of the Pendleton Act in 1883, which created a bipartisan Civil Service Commission to evaluate job candidates on a nonpartisan merit basis. While few jobs were covered under the law initially, the law allowed the President to transfer jobs John Sherman concurred by a vote of 155–47. Arthur signed the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act into law on January 16, 1883. There was relatively little financial legislation in the 1880s. By that time, fewer bonds were necessary, as the government now ran a consistent surplus which by 1882 reached $145 million. Opinions varied on how to balance the budget; Democrats wished to lower tariffs to reduce revenues and the cost of imported goods, while Republicans believed that high tariffs ensured high wages in manufacturing and mining. They preferred the government spend more on internal improvements and reduce excise taxes. Congress passed George H. Pendleton to the United States Senate. During his only term, from 1881 to 1885, he served concurrently as the Chairman of the Democratic Conference. Following the 1881 assassination of James A. Garfield, he passed his most notable legislation, known as the Pendleton Act of 1883, requiring civil service exams for government positions. The Act helped put an end to the system of patronage in widespread use at the time, but it cost Pendelton politically, as many members of his own party preferred the spoils system. He was thus not renominated to the Senate. Instead, President Grover Cleveland appointed him Envoy Extraordinary Presidency of Chester A. Arthur of Congress; the Senate approved the bill 38–5 and the House soon concurred by a vote of 155–47. Arthur signed the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act into law on January 16, 1883. The bill created a civil service commission to oversee civil service examinations and outlawed the use of "assessments," fees that political appointees were expected to pay to their respective political parties as the price for their appointments. These reforms had previously been proposed by the Jay Commission, which had investigated Arthur during his time as Collector of the Port of New York. In just two years' time, an Thomas F. Bayard ... for the public service and not for the private use of incumbents." The Senate approved the bill 38–5 and the House soon concurred by a vote of 155–47. Arthur signed the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act into law on January 16, 1883. Despite his rebukes at the Democratic national conventions in 1876 and 1880, Bayard was again considered among the leading candidates for the nomination in 1884. Tilden again was ambiguous about his willingness to run, but by 1883 New York's new governor, Grover Cleveland, began to surpass Tilden as a likely candidate. After Tilden definitively bowed out in Moynihan Commission on Government Secrecy 1917. The U.S. Civil Service Commission, established by the Pendleton Act in 1883, was debarring persons relating to "loyalty" as late as 1921. The Commission Report quotes Max Weber, Every bureaucracy seeks to increase the superiority of the professionally informed by keeping their knowledge and intentions secret...Bureaucracy naturally welcomes a poorly informed and hence a powerless parliament—at least insofar as ignorance somehow agrees with the bureaucracy's interests. In March 1947 President Truman issued Executive Order 9835, establishing the Federal Employee Loyalty Program, providing uniform investigation standards and procedures, and authorizing the creation of Loyalty Review Boards across the Government. The George H. Pendleton the 1869 Ohio gubernatorial election, he temporarily left politics. He served as the president of the Kentucky Central Railroad before returning to Congress. Pendleton won election to the U.S. Senate in 1879 and served a single term, becoming Chairman of the Senate Democratic Conference. After the assassination of President James A. Garfield, he wrote and helped pass the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883. The act required many civil service hires to be based on merit rather than political connections. Passage of the act lost him support in Ohio and he was not nominated for a second term in Stalwarts (politics) the Republican Party. The most prominent issue between Stalwarts and Half-Breeds was patronage. The Half-Breeds worked to get civil service reform, and finally created the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act. This was signed by Arthur, who became President after the assassination of James A. Garfield, a Half-Breed. Stalwarts favored traditional machine politics. The Stalwarts were mostly identifiable through their support of the presidency and re-election of Ulysses S. Grant. The 1880 Republican National Convention was the event in which the group participated most prominently. Of the Stalwarts present, most were from former Confederate states, with others being from New York, Chester A. Arthur term Arthur assumed the presidency upon the assassination of his predecessor by a mentally ill Stalwart. At the outset, Arthur struggled to overcome a negative reputation as a Stalwart and product of Conkling's machine. To the surprise of reformers, he took up the cause of civil service reform. Arthur advocated for and enforced the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act. He presided over the rebirth of the United States Navy, but was criticized for failing to alleviate the federal budget surplus, which had been accumulating since the end of the Civil War. Arthur signed the Chinese Exclusion Act, which resulted in Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act (ch. 27, ) is a United States federal law enacted in 1883 that mandated that positions within the federal government should be awarded on the basis of merit instead of political affiliation. The act provided selection of government employees by competitive exams, rather than ties to politicians or political affiliation. It also made it illegal to fire or demote government officials for political reasons and prohibited soliciting campaign donations on Federal government property. To enforce the merit system and the judicial system, the law also created the United States U.S. Civil Service Reform law in January 1883; it was sponsored by Democratic Senator George H. Pendleton of Ohio. It was drafted by Dorman Bridgman Eaton, a leading reformer who became the first chairman of the U.S. Civil Service Commission. Its most famous commissioner was Theodore Roosevelt (1889–95). The new law prohibited mandatory campaign contributions, or "assessments", which amounted to 50–75% of party financing in the Gilded Age. Second, the Pendleton Act required entrance exams for aspiring bureaucrats. At first it covered very few jobs but there was a ratchet provision whereby outgoing presidents could lock in their own appointees by converting their jobs Human resource management in public administration Jackson's presidency and opposition against the system began to grow. During the presidency of Ulysses S. Grant corruption and inefficiency began to reach staggering proportion. This led to a larger outcry against the system and helped bring about change in 1883. George H. Pendleton: Senator from Ohio sponsored the Civil Service Reform Act in 1883, which sought to implement a merit-based program in the federal government. Its principal tenets include: Chester Barnard: taught an organization was the cooperation of human activity and to survive an organization needed to have efficiency and effectiveness. His definition of effectiveness: being able to accomplish Anson Phelps Stokes political opinion or refusal to render party service. The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act in 1883 made it law that government positions should be awarded on merit, however the Association continued to push for compliance, improvements, efficiencies and reforms in the U.S Civil Service. Stokes became chairman of the National Association of Anti-Imperialist Clubs, a movement formed in 1898 to oppose the annexation of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines at the end of the Spanish‐American War. He was also an active member and supporter of the free trade league and first president of the New York Reform Club. Thomas F. Bayard civil service reform. Leaders of both parties, including Bayard, realized that they could attract the votes of reformers by turning against the spoils system and, by 1882, a bipartisan effort began in favor of reform. In 1880, Democratic Senator George H. Pendleton of Ohio introduced legislation that required selection of civil servants based on merit as determined by an examination, but the bill did not pass. After the 1882 congressional elections, in which Democrats campaigned successfully on the reform issue, the Pendleton bill was proposed again, and again Bayard supported it, saying that "the offices of this Government are created Mary F. Hoyt her childhood nickname "Minnie". She was raised and grew up in Norwalk. After high school, she attended Vassar College in New York City, graduating in 1880. Her first job was a favorable position for a young lady, a clerk with the Census Bureau in Washington, D.C. Hoyt was the first woman selected to a US civil service position. The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act, also known as the Civil Service Act, is a federal law established in 1883 which decided that government jobs should be awarded on the basis of merit and examination scores instead of political affiliation. US president Edmund Pendleton resolution at the Second Congress, he said: "The ground and foundation of the present unhappy dispute between the British Ministry and Parliament and America, is a Right claimed by the former to tax the Subjects of the latter without their consent, and not an inclination on our part to set up for independency, which we utterly disavow and wish to restore to a Constitutional Connection upon the most solid and reasonable basis." Pendleton served as President of the Virginia Committee of Safety from August 16, 1775 to July 5, 1776 (effectively serving as governor of the colony) and as President Presidency of Chester A. Arthur unrepentant Stalwart had become the president who ushered in long-awaited civil service reform. Even after Arthur signed the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act into law, proponents of the act doubted Arthur's commitment to reform. The act initially applied only to ten percent of federal jobs and, without proper implementation by the president, would not have affected the remaining civil service positions. To the surprise of his critics, Arthur acted quickly to appoint the members of the newly-created Civil Service Commission, naming reformers Dorman Bridgman Eaton, John Milton Gregory, and Leroy D. Thoman as commissioners. The chief examiner, Silas W. Burt, Presidency of Chester A. Arthur Cleveland. Garfield chose Arthur as his running mate in the 1880 United States presidential election due to the latter's association with the Republican Party's Stalwart faction, and Arthur struggled to overcome his reputation as a New York machine politician. He embraced the cause of civil service reform, and his advocacy and enforcement of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act became the centerpiece of his administration. Though patronage remained a powerful force in politics, the Pendleton Act laid the foundations for a professional civil service that would emerge in subsequent decades. Facing a budget surplus, Arthur signed the Tariff of 1883, George Hunt Pendleton House George Hunt Pendleton House The George H. Pendleton House is a historic house at 559 Liberty Hill in the Prospect Hill Historic District of Cincinnati, Ohio. It was built in 1870 in the French Second Empire style. From 1879 until his death in 1889, this was the residence of Senator George Hunt Pendleton (1825-89). As a U.S. Senator (1879-1885), Pendleton spearheaded civil service reform, meeting here in 1882 to draft the Pendleton Act, which created the Civil Service merit system. The building, now in mixed commercial and residential use, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964. The George H. Benjamin Harrison gave Wanamaker a check for $10,000 to pay for the cottage. Civil service reform was a prominent issue following Harrison's election. Harrison had campaigned as a supporter of the merit system, as opposed to the spoils system. Although some of the civil service had been classified under the Pendleton Act by previous administrations, Harrison spent much of his first months in office deciding on political appointments. Congress was widely divided on the issue and Harrison was reluctant to address the issue in hope of preventing the alienation of either side. The issue became a political football of the time and United States Postal Service enlarged during the tenure of President Andrew Jackson. As the Post Office expanded, difficulties were experienced due to a lack of employees and transportation. The Post Office's employees at that time were still subject to the so-called "spoils" system, where faithful political supporters of the executive branch were appointed to positions in the post office and other government corporations as a reward for their patronage. These appointees rarely had prior experience in postal service and mail delivery. This system of political patronage was replaced in 1883, after passage of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act. In 1823, ten years after Chester A. Arthur civil service reform legislation and Pendleton again introduced his bill, but Congress did not pass it. Republicans lost seats in the 1882 congressional elections, in which Democrats campaigned on the reform issue. As a result, the lame-duck session of Congress was more amenable to civil service reform; the Senate approved Pendleton's bill 38–5 and the House soon concurred by a vote of 155–47. Arthur signed the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act into law on January 16, 1883. In just two years' time, an unrepentant Stalwart had become the president who ushered in long-awaited civil service reform. At first, the act John O. Pendleton to the 51st United States Congress Congress and served from March 4, 1889, to February 26, 1890, when he was succeeded by George W. Atkinson, who successfully contested the election. Pendleton was elected as a Democrat to the 52nd and 53rd Congresses (March 4, 1891 – March 3, 1895). He served as chairman of the Committee on Private Land Claims (Fifty-third Congress). He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1894. He resumed the practice of law in Wheeling, W.Virginia, and died there December 24, 1916. He was interred in Greenwood Cemetery. John O. Pendleton John Overton Pendleton (July 4, St. George Tucker with creating a long-desired code of the laws then in effect in Virginia. Tucker also wrote several pamphlets during this time, including a discussion as to what extent the United States had adopted the common law, and several works under the pseudonym "Columbus" in support of the Democratic-Republican Party. Tucker also published a pamphlet under the name "Sylvestris" proposing that the Louisiana Territory be considered for settlement by free blacks. Justice Edmund Pendleton of the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals died on October 23, 1803, and on January 6, 1804, the Virginia Assembly appointed Tucker to the state Supreme Court Philip Pendleton Barbour weakening Marshall Court nationalism. While Barbour did not spend enough time on the court to amass a lengthy composition of judicial opinions, he authored two dissents for cases "Kendall v. United States ex rel. Stokes" (1838) and "Holmes v. Jennison" (1840). Justice Barbour's two dissents demonstrated his aim to diminish federal authority by supporting Jacksonian political aspirations and opposing restrictions to state sovereignty. The case, "Kendall v. United States ex rel. Stokes" dealt with judicial supervision of executive acts. In 1835, President Jackson appointed Amos Kendall the Postmaster General for the United States. The firm Stockton and Stokes had contract George W. Atkinson Legislature in 1876. He worked as an Internal Revenue agent from 1879 to 1881. His success at interfering with moonshiners (who sold their product without collecting taxes or reporting their income) led to his appointment as a United States Marshall, serving until 1885. In 1888, he ran for Congress as a Republican against Democrat John O. Pendleton. The election was contested, and although Pendleton had presented his credentials and served in the seat for nearly a year, Atkinson was eventually declared the winner by Congress and seated. Atkinson defeated Democratic Party candidate Cornelius Clarkson Watts in the 1896 election for William Medill to the United States House of Representatives in 1838, serving from 1839 to 1843. He lost a bid for a third term in 1842. After briefly serving as the second assistant postmaster general, Medill was appointed by President Polk as Commissioner of Indian Affairs. He returned to Ohio in 1850 to serve as the President of the 1850–1851 Constitutional Convention. Elected to the new post of Lieutenant Governor of Ohio in 1851, Medill entered office in 1852, serving until the resignation of Governor Reuben Wood on July 13, 1853 to take up a Consular office in Chile. Medill was re-elected William Lawrence (Ohio Republican) chairman of the Committee on War Claims arising from the American Civil War. Lawrence was appointed by President Rutherford B Hayes in 1880 to serve as the First Comptroller of the Treasury, a post he held until 1885. Lawrence then appealed on behalf of Clara Barton to Hayes' successor, James Garfield, to support the creation of the American Red Cross on May 21, 1881. He then served as the organization's first Vice President. Lawrence and Barton were also instrumental in persuading the United States to ratify the Geneva Convention in 1882. In 1891, Lawrence was appointed President of the National Theodore Roosevelt office of Speaker of the New York State Assembly, but was defeated by Titus Sheard in a 41 to 29 vote of the GOP caucus. In his final term, Roosevelt served as Chairman of the Committee on Affairs of Cities; he wrote more bills than any other legislator. With numerous presidential hopefuls to choose from, Roosevelt supported Senator George F. Edmunds of Vermont, a colorless reformer. The state GOP preferred the incumbent president, New York City's Chester Arthur, who was known for passing the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act. Arthur, at the time, was suffering from Bright's disease, unknown to Washington Navy Yard an almost meridian brightness. You never saw a drawing room so brilliantly lighted as the whole city was that night." From its beginning, the navy yard had one of the biggest payrolls in town, with the number of civilian mechanics and laborers and contractors expanding with the seasons and the naval Congressional appropriation. Prior to the passage of the 1883 Pendleton Act on 16 January 1883, applications for employment at navy yard were informal based largely on connections, patronage and personal influence. On occasion, a dearth of applicants required a public announcement, the first such documented advertisement was by Commodore Fairfax Harrison the Southern Railway. Harrison was elected chairman of a coordinating committee of railroad presidents, known as the War Board. Its five members were tasked with eliminating bottlenecks, and fostering cooperation between the various railroads. The board's efforts failed to meet the government's expectations; in December 1917, Woodrow Wilson, the President of the United States, ordered the federal government to take control of the railroads, setting up a United States Railroad Administration (USRA) to run them. Harrison worked for the USRA during the war and, under its regulations, was required to step down as chairman of the Southern Railway. By the Clarence M. Pendleton Jr. Reagan appointee, was vice chairman under Pendleton. He described "an intellectual sea change" at the agency with the conservative view dominant at that time. Authorized under the Civil Rights Act of 1957, the commission was reconstituted by a 1983 law of Congress after Reagan dismissed three commissioners critical of his policies. In the spring of 1986, "The Los Angeles Times" urged that the outspoken Pendleton either be removed from the commission or that his policies be reversed in the interest of minorities and women. A reader of the "Los Angeles Times" challenged the newspaper's position regarding Pendleton in a Letter Franklin Pierce died the next day. The office of vice president remained vacant for the remainder of Pierce's term, as the Constitution then had no provision for filling the vacancy. This extended vacancy meant that for nearly the entirety of Pierce's presidency the Senate President pro tempore, initially David Atchison of Missouri, was next in line to the presidency. Pierce sought to run a more efficient and accountable government than his predecessors. His Cabinet members implemented an early system of civil service examinations which was a forerunner to the Pendleton Act passed three decades later. The Interior Department was reformed by Secretary Clinton L. Riggs earlier resignation. Riggs served in that position for four years. In 1913, President Woodrow Wilson appointed General Riggs to the Philippine Commission. As Secretary of Commerce and Police, Riggs clashed with Governor General Francis Burton Harrison about who had authority over the Philippine Constabulary. In November 1914, Harrison cabled Washington to request the dismissal of Riggs from his post on the commission. In February 1928, while living in Catonsville, Maryland, Riggs served as chairman of the Wood Memorial Fund, which sought to raise $2 million to eradicate leprosy in the Philippines. Riggs did business in real estate and served as Enforcement Act of 1870 act would develop from separate legislative actions in the House and Senate. H.R. 1293 was introduced by House Republican John Bingham from Ohio on February 21, 1870, and discussed on May 16, 1870. S. 810 grew from several bills from several Senators. Senator George F. Edmunds from Vermont submitted the first bill, followed by Sen. Oliver P. Morton from Indiana, Sen. Charles Sumner from Massachusetts, and Sen. William Stewart from Nevada. After three months of debate in the Committee on the Judiciary, the final Senate version of the bill was introduced to the Senate on April 19, 1870. The act Nathaniel Pendleton was nominated by President George Washington on September 24, 1789, to a new seat created by 1 Stat. 73, as Judge for the United States District Court for the District of Georgia. Pendleton was confirmed by the United States Senate on September 26, 1789, and received his commission that day. He resigned on September 1, 1796, and returned to private practice in Dutchess County, New York. At some point thereafter, he became a county judge for Dutchess County, and held that position until his death in Hyde Park, New York. In 1804, he served as a "second" to Alexander Hamilton Francis Burt (Nebraska) President Franklin Pierce appointed Burt Third Auditor of the United States Treasury Department in 1853. The next year Pierce needed to select a governor for the newly created Nebraska Territory. After William Orlando Butler declined the position, the President selected Burt. The new governor was commissioned on August 2, 1854 and left his home in Pendleton for Nebraska on September 11. Burt's son Armistead and several of his neighbors accompanied him of the four-week trip to the new territory. The new governor had suffered from digestive problems for several years and experienced an intensification of symptoms while en route. His Assassination of James A. Garfield written called "I am Going to the Lordy". He requested an orchestra to play as he sang the poem; it was denied. Part of Charles Guiteau's preserved brain is on display at the Mütter Museum at the College of Physicians of Philadelphia. Guiteau's bones and more of his brain, along with Garfield's backbone and a few ribs, are kept at the National Museum of Health and Medicine, at the Army's Forest Glen Annex in Silver Spring, Maryland. Garfield's assassination was instrumental to the passage of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act on January 16, 1883. Garfield himself had called for Chester A. Arthur a conviction tarnished the administration's image, but Arthur did succeed in putting a stop to the fraud. Garfield's assassination by a deranged office seeker amplified the public demand for civil service reform. Both Democratic and Republican leaders realized that they could attract the votes of reformers by turning against the spoils system and, by 1882, a bipartisan effort began in favor of reform. In 1880, Democratic Senator George H. Pendleton of Ohio introduced legislation that required selection of civil servants based on merit as determined by an examination. In his first annual presidential address to Congress in 1881, Arthur requested James M. Pendleton the Forty-fourth Congress. He served as member of the State house of representatives 1879-1884. He served as chairman of the State board of charities and corrections 1884-1889. He died in Westerly, Rhode Island, February 16, 1889. He was interred in River Bend Cemetery. James M. Pendleton James Monroe Pendleton (January 10, 1822 – February 16, 1889) was a U.S. Representative from Rhode Island. Born in North Stonington, Connecticut, Pendleton attended school in North Stonington and Suffield, Connecticut. He moved to Westerly, Rhode Island, and engaged in mercantile pursuits and later in the insurance business and banking. He served in the John F. Lewis from January 26, 1870, to March 4, 1875. He served on the Committee on the District of Columbia in the Forty-third Congress. He was not a candidate for reelection as the Republicans had already become a minority party by 1874 and wouldn't control either house on their own in Virginia for the rest of the 19th century. He returned home and was appointed by Presidents Ulysses S. Grant and Rutherford B. Hayes as the United States Marshal for the western district of Virginia 1875-1882, when he resigned. Lewis was again elected lieutenant governor in 1881, alongside Readjuster Party candidate William George Wythe served on a committee with Thomas Jefferson and Edmund Pendleton to revise and codify its laws, and also helped establish the new state court system. Although few of their 100+ separate proposed bills were ever passed, some concepts such as religious freedom, public records access, and education became important concepts in the new republic, as did the concept of intermediate appellate courts. When a fall incapacitated Pendleton, Jefferson and Wythe redrafted his portion (much to Pendleton's dismay). Wythe also replaced Pendleton as Speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates the following term (1777–1778). Wythe also continued working to establish the Ulysses S. Grant civil service reform. Grant's Secretary of Interior Jacob D. Cox fired unqualified clerks, implemented a merit testing system, and rebuffed mandatory party contributions. On October 3, 1870, Cox resigned office under pressure from Republican party bosses and a dispute with Grant over a patent claim. On March 3, 1871 Congress authorized Grant to create the Civil Service Commission. Grant appointed reformer George William Curtis to head of the Commission, that advocated competitive exams, and the end of forced political payments. The Commission's rules took effect the next year, but Department heads, assistants, and higher level officials were exempted. In November Meritocracy of United States President James A. Garfield by a disappointed office seeker in 1881 proved its dangers. Two years later in 1883, the system of appointments to the United States Federal Bureaucracy was revamped by the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act, partially based on the British meritocratic civil service that had been established years earlier. The act stipulated that government jobs should be awarded on the basis of merit, through competitive exams, rather than ties to politicians or political affiliation. It also made it illegal to fire or demote government employees for political reasons. To enforce the merit system and John O. Pendleton John O. Pendleton John Overton Pendleton (July 4, 1851 – December 24, 1916) was a U.S. Representative from West Virginia. Born in Wellsburg, West Virginia (then part of Virginia), Pendleton moved with his parents to Wheeling, West Virginia (also then part of Virginia), in 1851. He attended Aspen Hill Academy, Louisa County, Virginia from 1865 to 1869, and Bethany College, West Virginia from 1869 to 1871. He studied law. He was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Wheeling, in 1874. He was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for State senator in 1886. He presented credentials as a Democratic Member-elect Alexander Caldwell (Virginia) Virginia (now West Virginia) in 1820. On October 28, 1825, Caldwell received a recess appointment from John Quincy Adams to a seat on the United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia vacated by the resignation of Philip C. Pendleton. Formally was nominated on December 13, 1825, Caldwell was confirmed by the United States Senate on January 3, 1826. He served as judge until his death, in Wheeling, in 1839 at age 67. He was succeeded by Isaac S. Pennybacker. Alexander Caldwell (Virginia) Alexander Caldwell (November 1, 1774 – April 8, 1839) was a federal judge from Virginia. Patronage well as proprietor of the Metropolitan Hotel. At times he was a member of the United States House of Representatives, the New York City Board of Advisors, and the New York State Senate. In 1873, Tweed was convicted for diverting between $40 million and $200 million of public monies. Six months after James Garfield became president in 1881, Charles J. Guiteau, a disappointed office-seeker, assassinated him. To prevent further political violence and to assuage public outrage, Congress passed the Pendleton Act in 1883, which set up the Civil Service Commission. Henceforth, applicants for most federal government jobs would have to Charles Pinckney James "Revised Statutes of the United States" during the 1870s. He was appointed by President Andrew Johnson in 1866 and re-appointed by President Ulysses S. Grant in 1870 as one of three commissioners tasked to revise and consolidate existing federal statutes. The first edition of the "Revised Statutes" was adopted by Congress in 1874. In 1877, commissioner George S. Boutwell prepared the second edition of the "Revised Statutes" with the assistance of James. James appears to have been the only person to have worked on both the first and second editions of the "Revised Statutes". On July 24, 1879, James received James Henry McLean Louis Medical College in 1863, and continued expansion of his business enterprises, a monthly newspaper and almanacs. His patent medicines, including "McLean's Strengthening Cordial and Blood Purifier", were so successful that he employed an international sales force, and operated fleets of wagons, ships and railroad cars to facilitate their distribution. Mclean was elected as a Republican to the Forty-seventh Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Thomas Allen and served from December 15, 1882 to March 3, 1883. During his career Mclean also patented several inventions, including a dredging machine. In the early 1880s McLean patented an Richard Randolph McMahon appointed to a position in the office of the United States Comptroller of the Treasury in the administration of Grover Cleveland. Beginning in 1885 McMahon practiced law in Washington, D.C. and Harper's Ferry. In the 1890s McMahon became a Republican. In addition to attending numerous party conventions at the local, state and national levels as a Delegate, McMahon served on the West Virginia University Board of Regents during the administration of Governor George W. Atkinson. McMahon was also a longtime member of the Columbia Hospital for Women's Board of Directors, and was President of the board from 1908 to 1914. Edgar L. McGowan Health Act, the first in the country, creating the South Carolina Department of Labor. "Whenever the OSHA act was passed, I saw the opportunity in South Carolina to assist both businessmen and employees of the state because I knew we could run a better program than the feds". Once the agency was created, Governor John C. West appointed McGowan in 1971 to temporarily head the new agency. McGowan was reappointed by Governor James B. Edwards and Governor Richard Riley. Following the election of Carroll A. Campbell Jr. in 1987, McGowan retired when his term expired in 1989. In his role Edmund H. Pendleton Hyde Park. Edmund H. Pendleton Edmund Henry Pendleton (1788 – February 25, 1862) was a U.S. Representative from New York. Born in Savannah, Georgia, Pendleton received a liberal schooling as a youth. He graduated from Columbia College in 1805, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1809, and practiced in Hyde Park, New York. He was judge of Dutchess County, New York from 1830 to 1840. He was elected as an Anti-Jacksonian to the Twenty-second Congress (March 4, 1831 – March 4, 1833). He died in New York City on February 25, 1862, and was interred in St. James' Horatio Bridge European, and Pacific waters, he was called to Washington and appointed Chief of the Navy's Bureau of Provisions and Clothing. He handled with great skill the responsible duties of this office. Of the skill and ability which he showed in its management, Senator James Grimes testified in a debate in 1865: "No Bureau of this government has been more admirably and accurately managed then the Bureau of Provisions and Clothing." To this, Senator John P. Hale, added; "I think a great reason, and a very important one, is because there is at the head of that Bureau an honest, vigilant, John Sherman became president. After completing a long-planned visit to Yellowstone National Park and other Western sites with his brother William, Sherman returned to a second special session of Congress in October 1881. Garfield's assassination by an office-seeker amplified the public demand for civil service reform. Both Democratic and Republican leaders realized that they could attract the votes of reformers by turning against the spoils system, and by 1882 a bipartisan effort began in favor of reform. In the previous Congress, Sherman's fellow Ohio Senator, Democrat George H. Pendleton, had introduced legislation that required selection of civil servants based on merit as Presidency of Chester A. Arthur addition to his two Supreme Court appointments, Arthur also appointed four circuit court judges and fourteen district court judges. In the early 1880s, American politics operated on the spoils system, a political patronage practice in which victorious candidates rewarded their loyal supporters, family, and friends by installing them in government civil service positions. Movements calling for Civil Service Reform arose in the wake of the corruption in the Grant Administration. In 1880, Democratic Senator George H. Pendleton of Ohio had introduced legislation to require the selection of civil servants based on merit as determined by an examination. The measure failed Jim Hogg antitrust law. With the support of farmers, ranchers, and small merchants, Hogg won the election for Governor of Texas in 1890. At the same time, voters approved the constitutional amendment allowing for a Railroad Commission by a wide margin. On April 3, 1891, the legislature overwhelmingly passed a bill to create the Railroad Commission. Hogg appointed the three members, with U.S. Senator John H. Reagan, creator of the Interstate Commerce Act, as chairman. Hogg also named his old friend, Captain Bill McDonald, to succeed Samuel A. McMurry as the captain of Texas Rangers Company B, Frontier Battalion, a position that Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution House, also lobbied several Democrats to vote in favor of the measure. Representative Thaddeus Stevens later commented that "the greatest measure of the nineteenth century was passed by corruption aided and abetted by the purest man in America"; however, Lincoln's precise role in making deals for votes remains unknown. Republicans in Congress claimed a mandate for abolition, having gained in the elections for Senate and House. The 1864 Democratic vice-presidential nominee, Representative George H. Pendleton, led opposition to the measure. Republicans toned down their language of radical equality in order to broaden the amendment's coalition of supporters. In order to Presidencies of Grover Cleveland more of Cleveland's appointments were decided by merit alone than was the case in his predecessors' administrations. During his first term, Cleveland also expanded the number of federal positions subject to the merit system (under the terms of the recently passed Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act) from 16,000 to 27,000. Partly due to Cleveland's efforts, between 1885 and 1897, the percentage of federal employees protected by the Pendleton Act would rise from twelve percent to approximately forty percent. Nonetheless, many Mugwumps were disappointed by Cleveland's unwillingness to promote a truly nonpartisan civil service. Cleveland was the first Democratic president subject Francis Burt (Nebraska) Mary Eliza, Katherine, and George Abbott. Burt entered politics as a member of South Carolina's Nullification Convention, being one of the 136 delegates voting in support of the Ordinance of Nullification. In addition to the convention, 1832 saw Burt elected to the South Carolina General Assembly. He remained in the state legislature until 1844 when he was elected State Treasurer. Burt left office after a single term and served as editor of the "Pendleton Messenger" from 1847 till 1851. In 1852 he was a member of the South Carolina Constitutional Convention. Due to his active participation in the Democratic Party, James S. Robinson 1865 and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on July 23, 1866. After the war, Robinson returned to Ohio and resumed his civilian career. He served as chairman of the Republican State Executive Committee of Ohio 1877-1879. In January 1880, he was appointed as a commissioner of railroads and telegraphs for the state. Robinson was elected as a Republican to the Forty-seventh and Forty-eighth Congresses and served from March 4, 1881 to January 12, 1885, when he resigned. He then served as the Secretary of State of Ohio from 1885-1889. James S. Robinson died in Kenton, Ohio, on January John Aaron Rawlins The law put all Mormons in the Utah Territory under control of the U.S. Marshal and U.S. Attorney. Two more anti-Mormon bills were passed including the Edmunds Act (1882), signed into law by President Chester A. Arthur, and the Edmunds–Tucker Act (1887), signed into law by President Grover Cleveland. According to the unofficial Arlington National Cemetery website, Rawlins "was Grant's alter ego, discharging with objectivity the duties and responsibilities of intimate friend, military and political adviser, editor, and, on perhaps a few occasions, apostle of sobriety, although it would seem that he played this role far less than is popularly John Pendleton when he was three years old. After admission to the Virginia bar in 1824, Pendleton began his legal practice in Culpeper County, Virginia. Culpeper's voters elected Pendleton as their representative to the Virginia House of Delegates from 1831 to 1833, and not long after Rappahannock County, Virginia was created from part of Culpeper County, Rappahannock County voters selected him to represent them from 1836 to 1839. President John Tyler, a fellow Whig from Virginia, appointed Pendleton Chargé d'Affaires to Chile in 1841, and he served until 1844 when he was elected a Whig to the United States House of Representatives. Reed Smoot 1932 election. In 1916, William Kent was the lead sponsor in the House of Representatives of legislation to establish the National Park Service. Smoot sponsored the similar Senate bill. The legislation passed the House of Representatives on July 1, 1916, passed the Senate on August 5, and was signed by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson on August 25, 1916. The agency was placed within the cabinet Department of Interior. Smoot was Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee from 1923 to 1933, and served on the Senate Appropriations Committee. He became active in the national Republican Party and served as a delegate George Hunt Pendleton House the individuals hired. Although Pendleton appears to not have been a strong advocate of civil service reform, a Senate subcommittee met in his Cincinnati home in early 1882 to complete a draft civil service reform bill. This bill, enacted later in 1882 following widespread popular calls for civil service reform, was known as the Pendleton Act, and represents the birth of the modern merit-based civil service that has operated since. Pendleton's involvement in the bill cost him reelection in 1884, due to a lack of support from party operatives who had opposed the reforms. After Pendleton's death, the house went George H. Pendleton and Minister Plenipotentiary to Germany the year that he left office, which he served until April 1889. Five months later, during his return trip to the United States, he died in Brussels, Belgium. Pendleton had a very Jacksonian commitment to the Democratic Party as the best, perhaps the only, mechanism through which ordinary Americans could shape government policies. Mach (2007) argues that Pendleton's chief contribution was to demonstrate the Whig Party's willingness to use its power in government to achieve Jacksonian ideals. While his Jacksonian commitment to states' rights and limited government made him a dissenter during the Civil War, John Lord O'Brian O'Brian left the State Assembly to take that position in 1909. O'Brian served as the U.S. Attorney throughout the subsequent administration of President William Howard Taft. O'Brian also continued in that office into the administration of Democratic President Woodrow Wilson, thus beginning a bipartisan path of serving as an appointed office holder under both Republican and Democratic administrations. In his role as the federal government's principal attorney in western New York, O'Brian in 1913 filed an antitrust lawsuit alleging that the Eastman Kodak Company was maintaining an unlawful monopoly on photographic films and equipment. In 1915, O'Brian was a delegate John Sherman on immigration, business competition law, and the regulation of interstate commerce. Sherman was the principal author of the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, which was signed into law by President Benjamin Harrison. In 1897, President William McKinley appointed him Secretary of State. Failing health and declining faculties made him unable to handle the burdens of the job, and he retired in 1898 at the start of the Spanish–American War. Sherman died at his home in Washington, D.C. in 1900. Sherman was born in Lancaster, Ohio to Charles Robert Sherman and his wife, Mary Hoyt Sherman, the eighth of their 11 Pleasant Porter the Secretary of the Interior, whose department administered Native American affairs, officially recognized Joseph Perryman as the Principal Chief, although he was not elected by the Council. Under the terms of the Dawes Act, the Creek Nation had to agree to an allotment of former tribal lands to individual households, in an effort to force adaptation to European-American styles of farming and property ownership. Porter headed another Creek commission to negotiate the terms with Federal officials. Agreement was announced September 27, 1897 and incorporated as part of the Curtis Act, passed by Congress in June 1898. The US insisted that William L. Maginnis Although he had been appointed by the President and confirmed by the U.S. Senate for a four-year term, his tenure was in jeopardy after Cleveland's defeat by Republican Benjamin Harrison in November 1888. During the next several months there were extensive discussions and representations in Wyoming and Washington, D.C., about a possible successor to Maginnis. Shortly after taking office in March 1889, Harrison began removing territorial governors, secretaries, and judges appointed by his Democratic predecessor. In June 1889, the new U.S. Attorney General sent an examiner, James W. Nightingale, to review several territorial offices, including that of Clerk of the Philip Pendleton Barbour congressional power in his dissent in "Holmes v. Jennison", served to illuminate the idea of a stronger state's rights constitutionalism and proponent of slaveholder's rights. Barbour's opinions began to unravel the work of Marshall's Court, and set a precedent for future cases as the country became more polarized. Barbour's arguments for the authority of President to interpret the Constitution as the President desires in "Kendall v. United States ex rel. Stokes," and the expansion of states' policing power and power afforded to governing officials and Barbour's argument for lack of judicial power on the basis of the Eleventh Amendment in James A. Garfield This act reversed the "spoils system" where office seekers paid up or gave political service to obtain or keep federally appointed positions. Under the act, appointments were awarded on merit and competitive examination. To ensure the reform was implemented, Congress and Arthur established and funded the Civil Service Commission. The Pendleton Act, however, covered only 10% of federal government workers. For Arthur, previously known for having been a "veteran spoilsman," civil service reform became his most noteworthy achievement. A marble statue of Garfield by Charles Niehaus was added to the National Statuary Hall Collection in the Capitol in Washington D.C., Levi Branson Reeder Levi Branson Reeder Levi Branson "Lee" Reeder (September 7, 1865 – January 26, 1930) was an attorney and Republican politician from Pendleton in the US state of Oregon. A native of Illinois, he served as Speaker of the Oregon House of Representatives from 1901–1903. Levi Reeder was born in Eureka, Woodford County, Illinois, to Daniel A. and Eliza Reeder (née Kelsay) on September 7, 1865. At the age of nine the family immigrated to Oregon, settling in Eastern Oregon. Reeder attended school in Athena and Weston before enrolling in college at Christian College (now Western Oregon University) in Monmouth. He Steamboat Inspection Service Act of 1871 created the Steamboat Inspection Service. Furthermore, it established a Supervisory Inspector General directly responsible to the United States Secretary of the Treasury, extended licensing requirements to all masters and chief mates, provided for the revocation of licenses, authorized periodic inspection, and gave the Board of Supervisory Inspectors the authority to prescribe nautical rules of the road. On February 14, 1903, congressional action transferred the Steamboat Inspection Service to the newly created United States Department of Commerce and Labor. When that department was split in 1913, the service came under the control of the new United States Department James Augustine Healy his family in Boston. He applied for a commission in the Revenue Cutter Service (predecessor to the Coast Guard) and was accepted as a Third Lieutenant, his commission being signed by President Lincoln. In 1880, Healy was assigned command of a US government ship. (Since the late 20th century, he has become known as the first African American to gain such command.) During the last two decades of the 19th century, Captain Healy was essentially the federal government's law enforcement presence in the vast Alaska Territory. Commissioned in 1999, the U.S. Coast Guard research icebreaker USCGC "Healy" (WAGB-20) is named William N. Pendleton William N. Pendleton William Nelson Pendleton (December 26, 1809 – January 15, 1883) was an American teacher, Episcopal priest, and soldier. He served as a Confederate general during the American Civil War, noted for his position as Gen. Robert E. Lee's chief of artillery for most of the conflict. After the war, Pendleton returned to his priestly duties and also wrote religious materials. Camp Pendleton in Virginia Beach, Virginia, is named in his honor. William Nelson Pendleton was born in 1809 near Richmond, Virginia. He grew up on the Caroline County plantation belonging to his parents, Edmund Pendleton Jr., grandnephew George Meade Bowers Fair commissioners for West Virginia in 1893 and United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries from 1898 to 1903, and subsequently Director of the United States Bureau of Fisheries from 1903 to 1913, when he resigned. Bowers was elected as a Republican to the Sixty-fourth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of William G. Brown, Jr. and was reelected to the Sixty-fifth, Sixty-sixth, and Sixty-seventh Congresses and served from May 9, 1916, to March 3, 1923. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1922 to the Sixty-eighth Congress. After leaving Congress, he was president of the George Wythe the law became his mission for the rest of his life. Wythe was elected to serve as a federal judge on the Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture in 1780, but declined to serve. Wythe particularly despised lawyers who protracted litigation at great cost to the parties, though to their own benefit, and even in his last days regretted the burden delays placed upon those seeking justice from his court. In the judicial reorganization of 1788, Wythe became sole Judge of the Chancery Court of Virginia, refusing to be promoted with Edmund Pendleton to the Supreme Court of Appeals United States Revenue Cutter Service the Treasury George S. Boutwell, under President Ulysses S. Grant, to reorganize the service. He appointed N. Broughton Devereux on 1 July 1869 as chief of an interim Revenue Marine Bureau that included the Revenue Cutter Service, the Steamboat Inspection Service, the Marine Hospital Service and the Life-Saving Service. Devereaux appointed two boards to study the problems facing the service; one investigated personnel requirements, the other analyzed the requirements for the cutter fleet. The fleet board produced a study that was presented to Congress on 26 May 1870, the result of which was that of the twenty-four steaming cutters in Alphonso Taft against George H. Pendleton. Taft did not serve in the Union Army during the Civil War. He was a judge of the Superior Court of Cincinnati from 1866 to 1872 when he resigned to practice law with two of his sons. He was the first president of the Cincinnati Bar Association, serving in 1872. In the 1870 court case Board of Education of Cincinnati vs. Minor, Taft played a role in overturning the decision made by the Superior Court of Cincinnati in 1869 regarding the reading the Bible in public schools. Taft asserted that the school board had overstepped their Simon Sterne of abuses in railroad management, which resulted in the appointment of a board of railroad commissioners for the state of New York. He was also a leader in the movement that resulted in the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission, drafting the interstate commerce bill in conjunction with the committee of the United States Senate. In 1885 he was appointed by President Cleveland a commissioner to examine and report on the relations between the railroads and the governments of western Europe. An essay that he read before the American Bar Association on "Slip-shod Legislation" led to the appointment in 1888 Philip Pendleton Barbour "Circuit Court of this district had not power to issue writ in question, and consequently, was of opinion that the judgment demanding a peremptory mandamus should by reversed." Even though the Postmaster General was subject to direction and control of the President with respect of the duties imposed by law, when the law is 'ministerial,' Congress can limit and regulate the executive officials. Because Congress created the executive office, then Congress could monitor executive decisions, but the President is not controlled by the federal courts. While the opinion of the case served to further define separation of powers by holding George H. Pendleton the Senate. President Grover Cleveland appointed him as the ambassador to the German Empire. He served in that position until 1889, dying later that same year. Pendleton was born in Cincinnati, Ohio on July 19, 1825. He was the son of Jane Frances (née Hunt) Pendleton (1802–1839) and U.S. Representative and Nathanael Greene Pendleton (1793–1861). He attended the local schools and Cincinnati College and the University of Heidelberg in Germany. Pendleton studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1847 and commenced practice in Cincinnati. Pendleton was elected as a member of the Ohio Senate, serving from 1854 to Robert J. Walker the post of United States Minister to China, but Walker declined. Walker at first opposed the Compromise of 1850, but was won over later by the arguments of Illinois Senator Stephen A. Douglas. He was appointed governor of Kansas Territory on May 27, 1857 by President James Buchanan, but resigned in December because of his opposition to the Lecompton Constitution. In a to Secretary of State Lewis Cass dated December 15, 1857, he cited clear voting fraud and improper political pressure from the Administration. He did not, however, break with his party immediately, and favored the so-called English Bill. Partly Virginia Conventions was in revolt by Lord Dunmore and fighting between his royal forces and militia forces in the Hampton Roads area. Edmund Pendleton served as President of the Convention, succeeding Peyton Randolph who had died in October 1775. The Convention declared that Virginians were ready to defend themselves "against every species of despotism." The convention passed another ordinance to raise additional troops. Back in Britain, in December 1775, the King's Proclamation of Rebellion had declared the colonies outside his protection, but throughout the first four Virginia Conventions, there was no adopted expression in favor of independence from the British Empire. By Robert P. Kennedy from 1878 to 1883. He was the Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1885–87. Kennedy was elected from Ohio's 8th District as a Republican to the Fiftieth and Fifty-first Congresses (March 4, 1887 – March 4, 1891). He was not a candidate for renomination in 1890.He was appointed by President William McKinley in 1899 as a member of the Insular Commission, which was directed to investigate and report upon conditions existing in Cuba and Puerto Rico and served as its president. Robert P. Kennedy died in Columbus, Ohio. Kennedy was a member of the Grand Army of the Republic, a Scottish Samuel J. Randall without success. Garfield was elected with 214 electoral votes—including those of Pennsylvania. Worse still for Randall, Garfield's victory had swept the Republicans back into a majority in the House, meaning Randall's time as Speaker was at an end. When Randall returned to Washington in 1881 to begin his term in the 47th Congress, the legislature was controlled by Republicans. After Garfield's assassination later that year, Vice President Chester A. Arthur assumed the presidency. Arthur, like most Republicans, favored high tariffs, but he sought to simplify the tariff structure and to reduce excise taxes. Randall, who had returned to his seat Clarence M. Pendleton Jr. to race and background." On December 23, 1983, with two Democratic members named by the House dissenting, Pendleton was reelected to a second term as commission chairman. He drew the backing of Reagan's new appointee, Esther Buckley, an educator from Laredo, Texas. Under Pendleton's tenure, the commission was split by an internal debate over fundamental principles of equality under the law. The commission narrowed the description of legal and political rights at the expense of social and economic claims. The debate centered principally between Pendleton and Berry, an original appointee of President Jimmy Carter. Democrat Morris B. Abram, also a Benjamin Harrison its kind to that point in American history, a problem exacerbated by Pension Bureau commissioner James R. Tanner's expansive interpretation of the pension laws. An investigation into the Pension Bureau by Harrison's Secretary of Interior John Willock Noble found evidence of lavish and illegal handouts under Tanner. Harrison, who privately believed that appointing Tanner had been a mistake, due to his apparent loose management style and tongue, asked Tanner to resign and replaced him with Green B. Raum. Raum was also accused of accepting loan payments in return for expediting pension cases. Harrison, having accepted a dissenting Congressional Republican investigation Peter Force his collection of original documents for $100,000, augmenting the expansion of the Library of Congress conducted by Ainsworth Rand Spofford, who directed the Library from 1865 to 1897. During the 1820s, Force was a member of the prestigious society, Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences and served as the president. He was also elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1851. Force died January 23, 1868 at the age of 77. His son, Manning Force, was an officer during the American Civil War. Peter Force, alongside his wife, is buried in Rock Creek Cemetery, Force's Clarence M. Pendleton Jr. "probably the looniest idea since Looney Tunes came on the screen." The headlines from his remarks dominated and distorted the debate over the issue. Under the Pendleton chairmanship, congressional funding for the agency was reduced. This prompted some staff members either to lose their positions or to leave the agency in discouragement. Pendleton was considered acerbic by his liberal critics. William Bradford Reynolds, Reagan's Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights, described his friend Pendleton as "a man of candor who felt very deeply that the individuals in America should deal with one another as brothers and sisters totally without regard Institutional racism reforms of the spoils system in place since the 1830s, and abuses of the post-war Grant-Jacksonian era; when Congress authorized the president to appoint a Civil Service Commission and prescribe regulations for admission to public service. A dis-satisfied office-seeker assassinated President Garfield in 1881 and Congress was motivated to pass the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act in 1883 which firmly established civil service. During reconstruction, this enabled the federal government to provide jobs for newly freed blacks in the south (primarily the Postal Service) where no other employment opportunities existed for them. Since the inception of the merit system in Albert C. Thompson appointed by President William McKinley as chairman of the commission to revise and codify the criminal and penal laws of the United States on June 21, 1897. Thompson served as a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio. Thompson received a recess appointment from President William McKinley on September 23, 1898, to a seat vacated by George Read Sage and was nominated on December 13, 1898, to the same seat. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 20, 1898, and received his commission the same day. He served Asa S. Bushnell (governor) company of men for the 152nd Ohio Infantry, a 100 days regiment, and served as captain from May to September 1864. He was a Presidential elector in 1884 for Blaine/Logan. A business executive, Bushnell served as the Ohio State Republican Party Chair in 1885. He succeeded William McKinley as governor, serving two two-year terms from 1896 to 1900. During the Bushnell administration, Ohio took an early leadership role in trust-busting. The Valentine Anti-Trust Act was signed into law by Bushnell. This Act prohibited price fixing, and production limitation. All of these practices helped businesses by driving up the prices for Jacob Thompson 1851. He was appointed to the United States Senate in 1845 but never received the commission, and the seat went to Joseph W. Chalmers. Thompson was the chairman of the Committee on Indian Affairs in the 29th Congress. He lost reelection to the 32nd Congress and went back to practicing law until 1857, when newly elected President James Buchanan appointed Thompson United States Secretary of the Interior. In the later years of the Buchanan administration, the cabinet members argued with one another on issues of slavery and secession. In an 1859 speech, Thompson advanced a moderate unionist position. He denounced Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act Civil Service Commission. This board would be in charge of determining the rules and regulations of the act. The act also allowed for the president, by executive order, to decide which positions would be subject to the act and which would not. A result was the shift of the parties to reliance on funding from business, since they could no longer depend on patronage. In 1877, there was growing interest in the United States concerning the effects of the spoils system on the American political system. New York City established the Civil Service Reform Association to help address the issues, Homer Loring extended the maturity of $40 million worth of bonds by fifteen years. He also installed George Hannauer as president and brought on John Frank Stevens as an advisor. Loring resigned as chairman on September 24, 1928. In December 1922, Governor Channing H. Cox nominated Loring to serve on the newly created State Commission on Administration and Finance. Loring was the commission's chairman as well as the budget commissioner. He resigned in September 1924 to fully devote his time to his duties as B&M chairman. In October 1928, Loring and associates bought into the Seneca Textile Corporation of New York. On Spoils system and their current holders into the system, thus giving the holder a permanent job. The Pendleton Act's reach was expanded as the two main political parties alternated control of the White House every election between 1884 and 1896. After each election the outgoing President applied the Pendleton Act to jobs held by his political supporters. By 1900, most federal jobs were handled through civil service and the spoils system was limited only to very senior positions. The separation between the political activity and the civil service was made stronger with the Hatch Act of 1939 which prohibited federal employees from Habeas Corpus Suspension Act (1863) to send the bill to a conference committee on February 19. The House appointed Thaddeus Stevens, John Bingham, and George H. Pendleton to the conference committee. The Senate agreed to a conference the following day and appointed Lyman Trumbull, Jacob Collamer, and Waitman T. Willey. Stevens, Bingham, Trumbull, and Collamer were all Republicans; Willey was a Unionist; Pendleton was the only Democrat. On February 27, the conference committee issued its report. The result was an entirely new bill authorizing the explicit suspension of habeas corpus. In the House, several members left, depriving the chamber of a quorum. The Sergeant-at-Arms was