Chemical element of metals. Cu comes from Cuprum, Fe comes from Ferrum, Ag from Argentum. The symbols were not followed by a period (full stop) as with abbreviations. Later chemical elements were also assigned unique chemical symbols, based on the name of the element, but not necessarily in English. For example, sodium has the chemical symbol 'Na' after the Latin "natrium". The same applies to "W" (wolfram) for tungsten, "Fe" (ferrum) for iron, "Hg" (hydrargyrum) for mercury, "Sn" (stannum) for tin, "K" (kalium) for potassium, "Au" (aurum) for gold, "Ag" (argentum) for silver, "Pb" (plumbum) for lead, "Cu" (cuprum) for copper, and Sodium Sodium Sodium is a chemical element with symbol Na (from Latin "natrium") and atomic number 11. It is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal. Sodium is an alkali metal, being in group 1 of the periodic table, because it has a single electron in its outer shell that it readily donates, creating a positively charged ion—the Na cation. Its only stable isotope is Na. The free metal does not occur in nature, but must be prepared from compounds. Sodium is the sixth most abundant element in the Earth's crust and exists in numerous minerals such as feldspars, sodalite, and rock Sodium sodium fires are prevented using different design measures called catch pan systems. They collect leaking sodium into a leak-recovery tank where it is isolated from oxygen. Sodium Sodium is a chemical element with symbol Na (from Latin "natrium") and atomic number 11. It is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal. Sodium is an alkali metal, being in group 1 of the periodic table, because it has a single electron in its outer shell that it readily donates, creating a positively charged ion—the Na cation. Its only stable isotope is Na. The free metal does not occur in nature, but must Sodium hypobromite the synthesis of 3-aminopyridine from nicotinamide. The chemical formula of sodium hypobromite can be rearranged to NaBrO, which could be read as "Na Bro". This has provoked several jokes and memes on the internet, pointing out this seemingly hilarious coincidence. Sodium hypobromite Sodium hypobromite in the inorganic compound with the formula NaOBr. It is usually obtained as the pentahydrate, so the material that is usually called sodium hypobromite has the formula NaOBr.5HO. It is a yellow-orange solid that is soluble in water. It is the Na salt of OBr. It is the bromine analogue of sodium hypochlorite, the active ingredient Sodium chloride Sodium chloride Sodium chloride , also known as salt (though sea salt also contains other chemical salts), is an ionic compound with the chemical formula NaCl, representing a 1:1 ratio of sodium and chloride ions. With molar masses of 22.99 and 35.45 g/mol respectively, 100 g of NaCl contains 39.34 g Na and 60.66 g Cl. Sodium chloride is the salt most responsible for the salinity of seawater and of the extracellular fluid of many multicellular organisms. In its edible form of table salt, it is commonly used as a condiment and food preservative. Large quantities of sodium chloride are Sodium bicarbonate Sodium bicarbonate Sodium bicarbonate (IUPAC name: sodium hydrogen carbonate), commonly known as baking soda, is a chemical compound with the formula NaHCO. It is a salt composed of a sodium cation (Na) and a bicarbonate anion (HCO). Sodium bicarbonate is a white solid that is crystalline, but often appears as a fine powder. It has a slightly salty, alkaline taste resembling that of washing soda (sodium carbonate). The natural mineral form is nahcolite. It is a component of the mineral natron and is found dissolved in many mineral springs. Because it has long been known and is widely used, the Sodium propionate 281). Sodium propionate Sodium propanoate or sodium propionate is the sodium salt of propionic acid which has the chemical formula Na(CHCOO). This white crystalline solid is deliquescent in moist air. It is produced by the reaction of propionic acid and sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide. It is used as a food preservative and is represented by the food labeling E number E281 in Europe; it is used primarily as a mold inhibitor in bakery products. It is approved for use as a food additive in the EU, USA and Australia and New Zealand (where it is listed by its INS Sodium propionate Sodium propionate Sodium propanoate or sodium propionate is the sodium salt of propionic acid which has the chemical formula Na(CHCOO). This white crystalline solid is deliquescent in moist air. It is produced by the reaction of propionic acid and sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide. It is used as a food preservative and is represented by the food labeling E number E281 in Europe; it is used primarily as a mold inhibitor in bakery products. It is approved for use as a food additive in the EU, USA and Australia and New Zealand (where it is listed by its INS number Sodium iodide Sodium iodide Sodium iodide (chemical formula NaI) is an ionic compound formed from the chemical reaction of sodium metal and iodine. Under standard conditions, it is a white, water-soluble solid comprising a 1:1 mix of sodium cations (Na) and iodide anions (I) in a crystal lattice. It is used mainly as a nutritional supplement and in organic chemistry. It is produced industrially as the salt formed when acidic iodides react with sodium hydroxide. Sodium iodide, as well as potassium iodide, is commonly used to treat and prevent iodine deficiency. Iodized table salt contains 10 ppm iodide. Sodium iodide is used Sodium iodide even bromide: Sodium iodide Sodium iodide (chemical formula NaI) is an ionic compound formed from the chemical reaction of sodium metal and iodine. Under standard conditions, it is a white, water-soluble solid comprising a 1:1 mix of sodium cations (Na) and iodide anions (I) in a crystal lattice. It is used mainly as a nutritional supplement and in organic chemistry. It is produced industrially as the salt formed when acidic iodides react with sodium hydroxide. Sodium iodide, as well as potassium iodide, is commonly used to treat and prevent iodine deficiency. Iodized table salt contains 10 ppm iodide. Sodium iodide Sodium oxide sodium oxide, 70% silica (silicon dioxide) and 9% lime (calcium oxide). The sodium carbonate "soda" serves as a flux to lower the temperature at which the silica melts. Soda glass has a much lower melting temperature than pure silica, and has slightly higher elasticity. These changes arise because the silicon dioxide and soda react to form sodium silicates of the general formula Na[SiO][SiO]. Sodium oxide Sodium oxide is a chemical compound with the formula NaO. It is used in ceramics and glasses, though not in a raw form. It is the base anhydride of sodium hydroxide, so when water is Chemical equation arrow symbol (formula_1, usually read as "yields") and each individual substance's chemical formula is separated from others by a plus sign. As an example, the equation for the reaction of hydrochloric acid with sodium can be denoted: This equation would be read as "two HCl plus two Na yields two NaCl and H two." But, for equations involving complex chemicals, rather than reading the letter and its subscript, the chemical formulas are read using IUPAC nomenclature. Using IUPAC nomenclature, this equation would be read as "hydrochloric acid plus sodium yields sodium chloride and hydrogen gas." This equation indicates that sodium Sodium orthovanadate Sodium orthovanadate Sodium orthovanadate is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaVO·2HO (sodium orthovanadate dihydrate). It is a salt of the oxyanion. It is a colorless, water-soluble solid. Sodium orthovanadate is produced by dissolving vanadium(V) oxide in a solution of sodium hydroxide: The salt features tetrahedral centers linked to octahedral Na sites. Acidification of orthovanadate induces condensation to polyoxovanadates, specifically decavanadate. Vanadates exhibit a variety of biological activities, in part because they serve as structural mimics of phosphates. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of ATPases, alkaline and acid phosphatases, and protein-phosphotyrosine phosphatases, and its inhibitory effects can be Sodium triacetoxyborohydride Sodium triacetoxyborohydride Sodium triacetoxyborohydride, also known as sodium triacetoxyhydroborate, commonly abbreviated STAB, is a chemical compound with the formula Na(CHCOO)BH. Like other borohydrides, it is used as a reducing agent in organic synthesis. This colourless salt is prepared by protonolysis of sodium borohydride with acetic acid: Sodium triacetoxyborohydride is a milder reducing agent than sodium borohydride or even sodium cyanoborohydride. It reduces aldehydes but not most ketones. It is especially suitable for reductive aminations of aldehydes and ketones. However, unlike sodium cyanoborohydride, the triacetoxyborohydride hydrolyzes readily, nor is it compatible with methanol. It reacts only slowly with ethanol and isopropanol Skeletal formula full in order to accentuate their presence when they participate in reaction mechanisms. Shown below for comparison are a ball-and-stick model of the actual three-dimensional structure of the ethanol molecule in the gas phase (determined by microwave spectroscopy, left), the Lewis structure (centre) and the skeletal formula (right). All atoms that are not carbon or hydrogen are signified by their chemical symbol, for instance Cl for chlorine, O for oxygen, Na for sodium, and so forth. These atoms are commonly known as heteroatoms in the context of organic chemistry. There are also symbols that appear to be chemical element symbols, Sodium triacetoxyborohydride and can be used with these. NaBH(OAc) may also be used for reductive alkylation of secondary amines with aldehyde-bisulfite adducts. Sodium triacetoxyborohydride Sodium triacetoxyborohydride, also known as sodium triacetoxyhydroborate, commonly abbreviated STAB, is a chemical compound with the formula Na(CHCOO)BH. Like other borohydrides, it is used as a reducing agent in organic synthesis. This colourless salt is prepared by protonolysis of sodium borohydride with acetic acid: Sodium triacetoxyborohydride is a milder reducing agent than sodium borohydride or even sodium cyanoborohydride. It reduces aldehydes but not most ketones. It is especially suitable for reductive aminations of aldehydes and ketones. However, unlike Sodium oxide Sodium oxide Sodium oxide is a chemical compound with the formula NaO. It is used in ceramics and glasses, though not in a raw form. It is the base anhydride of sodium hydroxide, so when water is added to sodium oxide NaOH is produced. The alkali metal oxides MO (M = Li, Na, K, Rb) crystallise in the antifluorite structure. In this motif the positions of the anions and cations are reversed relative to their positions in CaF, with sodium ions tetrahedrally coordinated to 4 oxide ions and oxide cubically coordinated to 8 sodium ions. Sodium oxide is produced by Sodium oxybate normal metabolite of GABA that interacts with the GABA receptor. It is rapidly absorbed and is about 88% bioavailable; very little is bound to plasma protein. The average time to peak plasma concentration ranges from 0.5 to 1.25 hours. Very little of the drug is excreted; instead it is mostly metabolized through several steps into carbon dioxide and water. Sodium oxybate is the sodium salt of γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB). Its systematic chemical name is sodium 4-hydroxybutanoate, though synonyms like sodium γ-hydroxybutyrate are commonly used. Its condensed structural formula is (molecular formula: ) and its molar mass is 126.09 g mol. Sodium thiocyanate Sodium thiocyanate Sodium thiocyanate (sometimes called sodium sulphocyanide) is the chemical compound with the formula NaSCN. This colorless deliquescent salt is one of the main sources of the thiocyanate anion. As such, it is used as a precursor for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and other specialty chemicals. Thiocyanate salts are typically prepared by the reaction of cyanide with elemental sulfur: Sodium thiocyanate crystallizes in an orthorhombic cell. Each Na center is surrounded by three sulfur and three nitrogen ligands provided by the triatomic thiocyanate anion. It is commonly used in the laboratory as a test for the presence of Fe Sodium orthovanadate reversed by dilution or the addition of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Orthovanadate is activated by boiling and adjusting pH to ~10; this depolymerizes decavanadate into the active inhibitor, monovanadate. Sodium orthovanadate Sodium orthovanadate is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaVO·2HO (sodium orthovanadate dihydrate). It is a salt of the oxyanion. It is a colorless, water-soluble solid. Sodium orthovanadate is produced by dissolving vanadium(V) oxide in a solution of sodium hydroxide: The salt features tetrahedral centers linked to octahedral Na sites. Acidification of orthovanadate induces condensation to polyoxovanadates, specifically decavanadate. Vanadates exhibit a variety of biological activities, in part because Sodium that sodium is readily oxidized by giving up its 11th electron. In contrast, the second ionization energy is very high (4562 kJ/mol), because the 10th electron is closer to the nucleus than the 11th electron. As a result, sodium usually forms ionic compounds involving the Na cation. The most common oxidation state for sodium is +1. It is generally less reactive than potassium and more reactive than lithium. Sodium metal is highly reducing, with the standard reduction potential for the Na/Na couple being −2.71 volts, though potassium and lithium have even more negative potentials. Sodium compounds are of immense commercial Sodium hydride air. Sodium hydride Sodium hydride is the chemical compound with the empirical formula NaH. This alkali metal hydride is primarily used as a strong, yet combustible base in organic synthesis. NaH is representative of the saline hydrides, meaning it is a salt-like hydride, composed of Na and H ions, in contrast to the more molecular hydrides such as borane, methane, ammonia and water. It is an ionic material that is insoluble in organic solvents (although soluble in molten Na), consistent with the fact that H remains an unknown anion in solution. Because of the insolubility of NaH, all reactions involving Sodium hydride Sodium hydride Sodium hydride is the chemical compound with the empirical formula NaH. This alkali metal hydride is primarily used as a strong, yet combustible base in organic synthesis. NaH is representative of the saline hydrides, meaning it is a salt-like hydride, composed of Na and H ions, in contrast to the more molecular hydrides such as borane, methane, ammonia and water. It is an ionic material that is insoluble in organic solvents (although soluble in molten Na), consistent with the fact that H remains an unknown anion in solution. Because of the insolubility of NaH, all reactions involving NaH Sodium alkyl sulfate concentrate in the food chain. Branched alkenes are resistant to degradation by bacteria and hence linear alkyl sulfonates are used in detergents. Sodium alkyl sulfate Sodium alkyl sulfates (SAS) are water-soluble salts that act as detergents or wetting agents. Sodium alkyl sulfate is the singular of a group of generic salts called sodium alkyl sulfates, which is a mixture of different alkyls as the term implies, e.g. sodium lauryl sulfate. They are pale yellow solids/ powders or thick liquids, which smell of detergent. They are water-soluble and can form soap bubbles. The chemical formula is CHOSOO Na. The CAS Number Sodium ferrioxalate Sodium ferrioxalate Sodium ferrioxalate, also known as sodium oxalatoferrate, is a chemical compound with the formula Na[Fe(CO)], where iron is in the +3 oxidation state. It is an octahedral transition metal complex in which three bidentate oxalate ions act as ligands bound to an iron centre. Sodium acts as a counterion, balancing the -3 charge of the complex. Crystals of the hydrated form of the complex, <chem>Na3[Fe(C2O4)3].\mathit{x}H2O</chem>, are lime green in colour. In solution the complex dissociates to give the ferrioxalate anion, [Fe(CO)], which appears a deep apple green in colour. The bonds to the iron atom are dative covalent Sodium ferrioxalate them to transition metal ligand chemistry, as well as to redox chemistry in now-obsolete photographic processes. A number of other iron oxalates are known Sodium ferrioxalate Sodium ferrioxalate, also known as sodium oxalatoferrate, is a chemical compound with the formula Na[Fe(CO)], where iron is in the +3 oxidation state. It is an octahedral transition metal complex in which three bidentate oxalate ions act as ligands bound to an iron centre. Sodium acts as a counterion, balancing the -3 charge of the complex. Crystals of the hydrated form of the complex, <chem>Na3[Fe(C2O4)3].\mathit{x}H2O</chem>, are lime green in colour. In solution the complex Sodium alkyl sulfate Sodium alkyl sulfate Sodium alkyl sulfates (SAS) are water-soluble salts that act as detergents or wetting agents. Sodium alkyl sulfate is the singular of a group of generic salts called sodium alkyl sulfates, which is a mixture of different alkyls as the term implies, e.g. sodium lauryl sulfate. They are pale yellow solids/ powders or thick liquids, which smell of detergent. They are water-soluble and can form soap bubbles. The chemical formula is CHOSOO Na. The CAS Number is 68955-19-1. SAS decomposes with boiling, hydrolyzing at 50 degree C. Sodium alkyl sulfates can be used in detergents, dish washing liquids, Sodium bromide Sodium bromide Sodium bromide is an inorganic compound with the formula NaBr. It is a high-melting white, crystalline solid that resembles sodium chloride. It is a widely used source of the bromide ion and has many applications. NaBr crystallizes in the same cubic motif as NaCl, NaF and NaI. The anhydrous salt crystallizes above 50.7 °C. Dihydrate salts (NaBr·2HO) crystallize out of water solution below 50.7 °C. NaBr is produced by treating sodium hydroxide with hydrogen bromide. Sodium bromide can be used as a source of the chemical element bromine. This can be accomplished by treating an aqueous solution of Sodium phenoxide Sodium phenoxide Sodium phenoxide is an organic compound with the formula NaOCH. It is a white crystalline solid. Its anion, phenoxide, also known as phenolate, is the conjugate base of phenol. It is used as a precursor to many other organic compounds, such as aryl ethers. Most commonly, solutions of sodium phenoxide are produced by treating phenol with sodium hydroxide. Anhydrous derivatives can be prepared from phenol and sodium: Like other sodium alkoxides, crystalline sodium phenolate adopts a complex structure involving multiple Na-O bonds. Solvent-free material is polymeric, each Na center being bound to three oxygen ligands as well as Sodium perborate Sodium perborate Sodium perborate is chemical compound whose chemical formula may be written , , or, more properly, ·. Its name is sometimes abbreviated as PBS. The compound is commonly encountered in anhydrous form or as a hexahydrate (commonly called "monohydrate" or PBS-1 and "tetrahydrate" or PBS-4, after the early assumption that would be the anhydrous form). They are both white, odorless, water-soluble solids. This salt is widely used in laundry detergents, as one of the peroxide-based bleaches. Unlike sodium percarbonate and perphosphate, the compound is not simply an adduct with hydrogen peroxide. Rather, it contains a perborate dianion consisting Period 3 element Period 3 increases, the amount of energy required to remove its electrons (Ionization energy) increases. "Sodium" (symbol Na) is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal and is a member of the alkali metals; its only stable isotope is Na. It is an abundant element that exists in numerous minerals such as feldspars, sodalite and rock salt. Many salts of sodium are highly soluble in water and are thus present in significant quantities in the Earth's bodies of water, most abundantly in the oceans as sodium chloride. Many sodium compounds are useful, such as sodium hydroxide (lye) for soapmaking, and sodium Sodium perborate a result, their use has been automatically banned in cosmetic products in the EU, in any concentration, starting 1 December 2010. That extends to the use of perborates for tooth whitening. Sodium perborate Sodium perborate is chemical compound whose chemical formula may be written , , or, more properly, ·. Its name is sometimes abbreviated as PBS. The compound is commonly encountered in anhydrous form or as a hexahydrate (commonly called "monohydrate" or PBS-1 and "tetrahydrate" or PBS-4, after the early assumption that would be the anhydrous form). They are both white, odorless, water-soluble solids. This salt is widely used Sodium fluoroacetate Sodium fluoroacetate Sodium fluoroacetate is the organofluorine chemical compound with the formula FCHCONa. This colourless salt has a taste similar to that of sodium chloride and is used as a metabolic poison. Potassium fluoroacetate occurs naturally as an anti-herbivore metabolite in various plants, but can also be produced synthetically. It is a derivative of fluoroacetic acid, a carboxylic acid. The more common fluorinated acetic acid (trifluoroacetic acid) and its derivatives are far less toxic. The effectiveness of sodium fluoroacetate as a rodenticide was reported in 1942. The name "1080" refers to the catalogue number of the poison, which became its Sodium metasilicate Sodium metasilicate Sodium metasilicate is the chemical substance with formula , which is the main component of commercial sodium silicate solutions. It is an ionic compound consisting of sodium cations and the polymeric metasilicate anions [––]. It is a colorless crystalline hygroscopic and deliquescent solid, soluble in water (giving an alkaline solution), but not in alcohols. The anhydrous compound can be prepared by fusing silicon dioxide (silica, quartz) with sodium oxide in 1:1 molar ratio. The compound crystallizes from solution as various hydrates, such as In the anhydrous solid, the metasilicate anion is actually polymeric, consisting of corner-shared {SiO} tetrahedra, Sodium laureth sulfate Sodium laureth sulfate Sodium laureth sulfate (SLES), an accepted contraction of sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES), is an anionic detergent and surfactant found in many personal care products (soaps, shampoos, toothpaste etc.). SLES is an inexpensive and very effective foaming agent. SLES, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), ammonium lauryl sulfate (ALS), and sodium pareth sulfate are surfactants that are used in many cosmetic products for their cleaning and emulsifying properties. They behave similarly to soap. Its chemical formula is CH(CH)(OCHCH)OSONa. Sometimes the number represented by "n" is specified in the name, for example laureth-2 sulfate. The product is heterogeneous in the Sodium silicate Sodium silicate Sodium silicate is a generic name for chemical compounds with the formula or ·, such as sodium metasilicate , sodium orthosilicate , and sodium pyrosilicate . The anions are often polymeric. These compounds are generally colorless transparent solids or white powders, and soluble in water in various amounts. Sodium silicate is also the technical and common name for a mixture of such compounds, chiefly the metasilicate, also called waterglass, water glass, or liquid glass. The product has a wide variety of uses, including the formulation of cements, passive fire protection, textile and lumber processing, manufacture of refractory ceramics, Sodium Latin name of "sodanum" was used as a headache remedy. The name sodium is thought to originate from the Arabic "suda", meaning headache, as the headache-alleviating properties of sodium carbonate or soda were well known in early times. Although sodium, sometimes called "soda", had long been recognized in compounds, the metal itself was not isolated until 1807 by Sir Humphry Davy through the electrolysis of sodium hydroxide. In 1809, the German physicist and chemist Ludwig Wilhelm Gilbert proposed the names "Natronium" for Humphry Davy's "sodium" and "Kalium" for Davy's "potassium". The chemical abbreviation for sodium was first published in 1814 Sodium silicate clearing agent, though, sodium silicate is sometimes confused with isinglass which is prepared from collagen extracted from the dried swim bladders of sturgeon and other fishes. Eggs preserved in a bucket of waterglass gel, and their shells are sometimes also used (baked and crushed) to clear wine. Sodium silicate gel is also used as a substrate for algal growth in aquaculture hatcheries. Sodium silicate Sodium silicate is a generic name for chemical compounds with the formula or ·, such as sodium metasilicate , sodium orthosilicate , and sodium pyrosilicate . The anions are often polymeric. These compounds are generally colorless Sodium tetrafluoroborate Sodium tetrafluoroborate Sodium tetrafluoroborate is an inorganic compound with formula NaBF. It is a salt that forms colorless or white water-soluble rhombic crystals and is soluble in water (108 g/100 mL) but less soluble in organic solvents. Sodium tetrafluoroborate is used in some fluxes used for brazing and to produce Boron trifluoride. Sodium tetrafluoroborate can be prepared by neutralizing tetrafluoroboric acid with sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide. Alternatively the chemical can be synthesized from boric acid, hydrofluoric acid, and sodium carbonate: On heating to its melting point, sodium tetrafluoroborate decomposes to sodium fluoride and boron trifluoride: It is a source Sodium hydrosulfide tons of NaHS are produced annually. Its main uses are in cloth and paper manufacture as a makeup chemical for sulfur used in the kraft process, as a flotation agent in copper mining where it is used to activate oxide mineral species, and in the leather industry for the removal of hair from hides. Sodium hydrosulfide Sodium hydrosulfide is the chemical compound with the formula NaHS. This compound is the product of the half-neutralization of hydrogen sulfide (HS) with sodium hydroxide. NaHS is a useful reagent for the synthesis of organic and inorganic sulfur compounds, sometimes as a solid reagent, Sodium stannate Sodium stannate Sodium stannate, formally sodium hexahydroxostannate(IV), is the inorganic compound with the formula Na[Sn(OH)]. This colourless salt forms upon dissolving metallic tin or tin(IV) oxide in sodium hydroxide, and is used as a stabiliser for hydrogen peroxide. In older literature, stannates are sometimes represented as having the simple oxyanion SnO, in which case this compound is sometimes named as sodium stannate–3–water and represented as NaSnO·3HO, a hydrate with three waters of crystallisation. The anhydrous form of sodium stannate, NaSnO, is recognised as a distinct compound with its own CAS Registry Number, and a distinct materials safety data sheet. Alkali Sodium hypobromite Sodium hypobromite Sodium hypobromite in the inorganic compound with the formula NaOBr. It is usually obtained as the pentahydrate, so the material that is usually called sodium hypobromite has the formula NaOBr.5HO. It is a yellow-orange solid that is soluble in water. It is the Na salt of OBr. It is the bromine analogue of sodium hypochlorite, the active ingredient in common bleach. In practice the salt is usually encountered as an aqueous solution. Sodium hypobromite arises by treatment of aqueous solution of bromine with base: It can be prepared "in situ" for use as a reagent, such as in Sodium chloride sodium chloride has a melting point of 801 °C. Thermal conductivity of sodium chloride as a function of temperature has a maximum of 2.03 W/(cm K) at and decreases to 0.069 at . It also decreases with doping. The attraction between the Na and Cl ions in the solid is so strong that only highly polar solvents like water dissolve NaCl well. When dissolved in water, the sodium chloride framework disintegrates as the Na and Cl ions become surrounded by the polar water molecules. These solutions consist of metal aquo complex with the formula [Na(HO)], with the Na–O distance of Sodium tungstate also known for its anti-diabetic effects; researchers have identified the pathways through which sodium tungstate improves pancreatic function and beta cell proliferation. Sodium tungstate Sodium tungstate is the inorganic compound with the formula NaWO. This white, water-soluble solid is the sodium salt of tungstic acid. It is useful as a source of tungsten for chemical synthesis. It is an intermediate in the conversion of tungsten ores to the metal. The predominant route to this salt is the extraction of tungsten ores, almost all of which are tungstates. Thus, the ores are treated with a base to give sodium tungstate, as Sodium azide Sodium azide Sodium azide is the inorganic compound with the formula NaN. This colorless salt is the gas-forming component in many car airbag systems. It is used for the preparation of other azide compounds. It is an ionic substance, is highly soluble in water, and is very acutely toxic. Sodium azide is an ionic solid. Two crystalline forms are known, rhombohedral and hexagonal. Both adopt layered structures. The azide anion is very similar in each form, being centrosymmetric with N–N distances of 1.18 Å. The ion has octahedral geometry. Each azide is linked to six Na+ centers, with three Na-N Sodium bisulfite Sodium bisulfite Sodium bisulfite (or sodium bisulphite, sodium hydrogen sulfite) is a chemical compound with the chemical formula NaHSO. Sodium bisulfite is a food additive with E number E222. This salt of bisulfite can be prepared by bubbling sulfur dioxide in a solution of sodium carbonate in water. Sodium bisulfite in contact with chlorine bleach (aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite) will generate heat and form sodium bisulfate and sodium chloride. Sodium bisulfite can be prepared by bubbling excess sulfur dioxide through a solution of suitable base, such as sodium hydroxide or sodium bicarbonate. Sodium bisulfite is a weakly acidic species Sodium perchlorate Sodium perchlorate Sodium perchlorate is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaClO. It is a white crystalline, hygroscopic solid that is highly soluble in water and in alcohol. It usually encountered as the monohydrate. The compound is noteworthy as the most water-soluble of the common perchlorate salts. In 2011, a study by the Georgia Institute of Technology unveiled the presence of sodium perchlorate on the planet Mars. Its heat of formation is −382.75 kJ/mol, i.e. it is favorable for it to decompose into sodium chloride and dioxygen. It crystallizes in the rhombic crystal system. Sodium perchlorate is the precursor Sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), synonymously sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), or sodium laurilsulfate, is a synthetic organic compound with the formula CH(CH)SO Na. It is an anionic surfactant used in many cleaning and hygiene products. The sodium salt is of an organosulfate class of organics. It consists of a 12-carbon tail attached to a sulfate group, that is, it is the sodium salt of "dodecyl hydrogen sulfate," the ester of dodecyl alcohol and sulfuric acid. Its hydrocarbon tail combined with a polar "headgroup" give the compound amphiphilic properties and so make it useful as a detergent. Also derived Sodium bromate 80 °C. Sodium bromate Sodium bromate, the inorganic compound with the chemical formula of NaBrO, is the sodium salt of bromic acid. It is a strong oxidant. Sodium bromate is mainly used in continuous or batch dyeing processes involving sulfur or vat dyes and as a hair-permagent, chemical agent, or gold solvent in gold mines when used with sodium bromide. Sodium bromate is produced by passing bromine into a solution of sodium carbonate. It may also be produced by the electrolytic oxidation of sodium bromide. Alternatively, it can also be created by the oxidation of bromine with chlorine to sodium Sodium bromate Sodium bromate Sodium bromate, the inorganic compound with the chemical formula of NaBrO, is the sodium salt of bromic acid. It is a strong oxidant. Sodium bromate is mainly used in continuous or batch dyeing processes involving sulfur or vat dyes and as a hair-permagent, chemical agent, or gold solvent in gold mines when used with sodium bromide. Sodium bromate is produced by passing bromine into a solution of sodium carbonate. It may also be produced by the electrolytic oxidation of sodium bromide. Alternatively, it can also be created by the oxidation of bromine with chlorine to sodium hydroxide at Sodium bifluoride carcinogenic. Sodium bifluoride does not bioaccumulate. It typically only remains in the environment for several days. Sodium bifluoride Sodium bifluoride is the inorganic compound with the formula NaHF. It is a salt of sodium cation (Na) and bifluoride anion (HF). It is a white, water-soluble solid that decomposes upon heating . Sodium bifluoride is non-flammable, hygroscopic, and has a pungent smell. Sodium bifluoride has a number of applications in industry. Sodium bifluoride dissociates to hydrofluoric acid and sodium fluoride: The reverse of this reaction is employed to remove HF from elemental fluorine (F) produced by electrolysis. This equilibrium is manifested Sodium nitride a semiconductor. It adopts the anti-ReO structure with a simple lattice made up of NNa octahedra. The compound has N-Na bond lengths of 236.6 pm. This structure has been confirmed through X-ray diffraction and more recently neutron diffraction on powder and single-crystals. Sodium nitride Sodium nitride (NaN) is the inorganic compound with the formula NaN. In contrast to lithium nitride and some other nitrides, sodium nitride is an extremely unstable alkali metal nitride. It can be generated by combining atomic beams of sodium and nitrogen deposited onto a low-temperature sapphire substrate. It readily decomposes into its elements: Sodium nitride can Sodium tellurite physiological resistance to its toxicity. Sodium tellurite Sodium tellurite is an inorganic tellurium compound with formula NaTeO. It is a water-soluble white solid and a weak reducing agent. Sodium tellurite is an intermediate in the extraction of the element, tellurium; it is a product obtained from anode slimes and is a precursor to tellurium. The main source of tellurium is from copper anode slimes, which contain precious metals as well as various tellurides. These slimes are roasted with sodium carbonate and oxygen to produce sodium tellurite. This is a reaction with silver telluride. The telluride is oxidized to tellurite and Sodium amalgam Sodium amalgam Sodium amalgam, commonly denoted Na(Hg), is an alloy of mercury and sodium. The term amalgam is used for alloys, intermetallic compounds, and solutions (both solid solutions and liquid solutions) involving mercury as a major component. Sodium amalgam is often used in reactions as strong reducing agents with better handling properties compared to solid sodium. They are less dangerously reactive toward water and in fact are often used as an aqueous suspension. No particular formula is assigned to "sodium amalgam". NaHg and NaHg are well defined compounds. In sodium amalgams, the Hg-Hg distances are expanded to around 5 Å Sodium amalgam escaping into the environment, the mercury cell process is generally being replaced by plants which use a less toxic cathode. Sodium amalgam Sodium amalgam, commonly denoted Na(Hg), is an alloy of mercury and sodium. The term amalgam is used for alloys, intermetallic compounds, and solutions (both solid solutions and liquid solutions) involving mercury as a major component. Sodium amalgam is often used in reactions as strong reducing agents with better handling properties compared to solid sodium. They are less dangerously reactive toward water and in fact are often used as an aqueous suspension. No particular formula is assigned to "sodium Sodium polonide °C. Like lithium polonide and potassium polonide, sodium polonide has the antifluorite structure. Sodium polonide Sodium polonide is a chemical compound with the formula NaPo. It is a polonide, a set of very chemically stable compounds of polonium. Due to the difference in electronegativity (ΔEN) between sodium and polonium (≈ 1.1 under the Pauling system) and the slight non-metallic character of polonium, it is intermediate between intermetallic phases and ionic compounds. This salt may be produced from the reaction between aqueous hydrogen polonide and sodium metal: This method of synthesis is hampered by the chemical instability of hydrogen polonide. Sodium Sodium polonide Sodium polonide Sodium polonide is a chemical compound with the formula NaPo. It is a polonide, a set of very chemically stable compounds of polonium. Due to the difference in electronegativity (ΔEN) between sodium and polonium (≈ 1.1 under the Pauling system) and the slight non-metallic character of polonium, it is intermediate between intermetallic phases and ionic compounds. This salt may be produced from the reaction between aqueous hydrogen polonide and sodium metal: This method of synthesis is hampered by the chemical instability of hydrogen polonide. Sodium polonide may also be produced by heating sodium and polonium together at 300–400 Sodium benzoate one a child can avoid." Sodium benzoate Sodium benzoate is a substance which has the chemical formula NaCHO. It is a widely used food preservative, with an E number of E211. It is the sodium salt of benzoic acid and exists in this form when dissolved in water. It can be produced by reacting sodium hydroxide with benzoic acid. Sodium benzoate is produced by the neutralization of benzoic acid, which is itself produced commercially by partial oxidation of toluene with oxygen. Sodium benzoate occurs naturally, along with benzoic acid and its esters, in many foods. Fruits and vegetables can be Sodium benzoate Sodium benzoate Sodium benzoate is a substance which has the chemical formula NaCHO. It is a widely used food preservative, with an E number of E211. It is the sodium salt of benzoic acid and exists in this form when dissolved in water. It can be produced by reacting sodium hydroxide with benzoic acid. Sodium benzoate is produced by the neutralization of benzoic acid, which is itself produced commercially by partial oxidation of toluene with oxygen. Sodium benzoate occurs naturally, along with benzoic acid and its esters, in many foods. Fruits and vegetables can be rich sources, particularly berries such Sodium arsenite Sodium arsenite Sodium arsenite usually refers to the inorganic compound with the formula NaAsO. Also called sodium "meta"-arsenite, it is the sodium salt of arsenous acid. Sodium "ortho"-arsenite is NaAsO. The compounds are colourless solids. A mixture of sodium "meta"-arsenite and sodium "ortho"-arsenite is produced by treating arsenic trioxide with sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide. Sodium arsenite is amorphous, typically being obtained as a powder or as a glassy mass. The compound consists of the polymer [AsO] associated with sodium cations, Na. The polymer backbone has the connectivity -O-As(O)-. Sodium arsenite can be inhaled or absorbed through the skin. Along Sodium aluminium hydride Sodium aluminium hydride Sodium aluminium hydride or sodium alanate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaAlH. It is a white pyrophoric solid that dissolves in tetrahydrofuran (THF), but not in diethyl ether or hydrocarbons. It has been evaluated as an agent for the reversible storage of hydrogen and it is used as a reagent for the chemical synthesis of organic compounds. Similar to lithium aluminium hydride, it is a salt consisting of separated sodium cations and tetrahedral AlH anions. Sodium tetrahydroaluminate adopts the structure of (is isostructural with) calcium tungstate. As such, the tetrahedral AlH centers are linked Sodium aluminium sulfate baking powders is seen by some consumers as a health concern. Sodium alum is also used as an acidity regulator in food, with E number E521. Sodium alum is also a common mordant for the preparation of hematoxylin solutions for staining cell nuclei in histopathology. Sodium aluminium sulfate Sodium aluminium sulfate is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaAl(SO)·12HO (sometimes written NaSO·Al(SO)·24HO). Also known as soda alum, sodium alum, or SAS, this white solid is used in the manufacture of baking powder and as a food additive. Like its potassium analog, sodium aluminum sulfate crystallizes as the dodecahydrate in Sodium arsenite proteins, and the formation of cytoplasmic stress granules The LD50 (oral, mouse) is 40 mg/kg. Sodium arsenite Sodium arsenite usually refers to the inorganic compound with the formula NaAsO. Also called sodium "meta"-arsenite, it is the sodium salt of arsenous acid. Sodium "ortho"-arsenite is NaAsO. The compounds are colourless solids. A mixture of sodium "meta"-arsenite and sodium "ortho"-arsenite is produced by treating arsenic trioxide with sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide. Sodium arsenite is amorphous, typically being obtained as a powder or as a glassy mass. The compound consists of the polymer [AsO] associated with sodium cations, Na. The polymer backbone Sodium sulfide sodium hydroxide, sodium sulfide is strongly alkaline and can cause skin burns. Acids react with it to rapidly produce hydrogen sulfide, which is highly toxic. Sodium sulfide Sodium sulfide is the chemical compound with the formula NaS, or more commonly its hydrate NaS·9HO. Both are colorless water-soluble salts that give strongly alkaline solutions. When exposed to moist air, NaS and its hydrates emit hydrogen sulfide, which smells like rotten eggs. Some commercial samples are specified as NaS·"x"HO, where a weight percentage of NaS is specified. Commonly available grades have around 60% NaS by weight, which means that "x" is around Renal sodium reabsorption Sodium passes along an electrochemical gradient (passive transport) from the lumen into the tubular cell, together with water and chloride which also diffuse passively. Water is reabsorbed to the same degree, resulting in the concentration in the end of the proximal tubule being the same as in the beginning. In other words, the reabsorption in the proximal tubule is isosmotic. Sodium is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb of loop of Henle, by Na-K-2Cl symporter and Na-H antiporter. It goes against its chemical driving force, but the high electrical driving force renders the overall electrochemical driving force positive anyway, availing Sodium metasilicate and not a discrete SiO ion. In addition to the anhydrous form, there are hydrates with the formula NaSiO·"n"HO (where "n" = 5, 6, 8, 9), which contain the discrete, approximately tetrahedral anion SiO(OH) with water of hydration. For example, the commercially available sodium silicate pentahydrate NaSiO·5HO is formulated as NaSiO(OH)·4HO, and the nonahydrate NaSiO·9HO is formulated as NaSiO(OH)·8HO. The pentahydrate and nonahydrate forms have their own CAS Numbers, 10213-79-3 and 13517-24-3 respectively. Sodium metasilicate Sodium metasilicate is the chemical substance with formula , which is the main component of commercial sodium silicate solutions. It is an ionic compound consisting Sodium polyacrylate Sodium polyacrylate Sodium polyacrylate, also known as waterlock, is a sodium salt of polyacrylic acid with the chemical formula [−CH−CH(CONa)−] and broad application in consumer products. This superabsorbent polymer has the ability to absorb as much as 100 to 1000 times its mass in water. Sodium polyacrylate is an anionic polyelectrolyte with negatively charged carboxylic groups in the main chain. While sodium neutralized polyacrylic acids are the most common form used in industry, there are also other salts available including potassium, lithium and ammonium. The origins of superabsorbent polymer chemistry trace back to the early 1960s when the U.S. Department Sodium bifluoride Sodium bifluoride Sodium bifluoride is the inorganic compound with the formula NaHF. It is a salt of sodium cation (Na) and bifluoride anion (HF). It is a white, water-soluble solid that decomposes upon heating . Sodium bifluoride is non-flammable, hygroscopic, and has a pungent smell. Sodium bifluoride has a number of applications in industry. Sodium bifluoride dissociates to hydrofluoric acid and sodium fluoride: The reverse of this reaction is employed to remove HF from elemental fluorine (F) produced by electrolysis. This equilibrium is manifested when the salt is dissolved and when the solid is heated. Characteristic of other bifluorides, it Sodium sulfide Sodium sulfide Sodium sulfide is the chemical compound with the formula NaS, or more commonly its hydrate NaS·9HO. Both are colorless water-soluble salts that give strongly alkaline solutions. When exposed to moist air, NaS and its hydrates emit hydrogen sulfide, which smells like rotten eggs. Some commercial samples are specified as NaS·"x"HO, where a weight percentage of NaS is specified. Commonly available grades have around 60% NaS by weight, which means that "x" is around 3. Such technical grades of sodium sulfide have a yellow appearance owing to the presence of polysulfides. These grades of sodium sulfide are marketed as Sodium pertechnetate not change chemically "in vivo" en route to the target organ. Sodium pertechnetate Sodium pertechnetate is the inorganic compound with the formula NaTcO. This colourless salt consists of the anion [TcO]. The radioactive TcO anion is an important radiopharmaceutical for diagnostic use. The advantages to Tc include its short half-life of 6 hours and the low radiation exposure to the patient, which allow a patient to be injected with activities of more than 30 millicuries. Na[TcO] is a precursor to a variety of derivatives that are used to image different parts of the body. [TcO] is the starting material for Sodium pertechnetate Sodium pertechnetate Sodium pertechnetate is the inorganic compound with the formula NaTcO. This colourless salt consists of the anion [TcO]. The radioactive TcO anion is an important radiopharmaceutical for diagnostic use. The advantages to Tc include its short half-life of 6 hours and the low radiation exposure to the patient, which allow a patient to be injected with activities of more than 30 millicuries. Na[TcO] is a precursor to a variety of derivatives that are used to image different parts of the body. [TcO] is the starting material for most of the chemistry of technetium. Pertechnetate salts are usually colorless. Sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide Sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide Sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide is the organosilicon compound with the formula ((CH)Si)NNa. This species, usually called NaHMDS (sodium hexamethyldisilazide), is a strong base used for deprotonation reactions or base-catalyzed reactions. Its advantages are that it is commercially available as a solid and it is soluble not only in ethers, such as THF or diethyl ether, but also in aromatic solvents, like benzene and toluene by virtue of the lipophilic TMS groups. NaHMDS is quickly destroyed by water to form sodium hydroxide and bis(trimethylsilyl)amine. Although the N-Na bond is polar covalent as a solid, when dissolved in nonpolar solvents this compound Sodium hypochlorite Sodium hypochlorite Sodium hypochlorite is a chemical compound with the formula NaOCl or NaClO, comprising a sodium cation () and a hypochlorite anion (or ). It may also be viewed as the sodium salt of hypochlorous acid. The anhydrous compound is unstable and may decompose explosively. It can be crystallized as a pentahydrate ·5, a pale greenish-yellow solid which is not explosive and is stable if kept refrigerated. Sodium hypochlorite is most often encountered as a pale greenish-yellow dilute solution commonly known as liquid bleach or simply bleach, a household chemical widely used (since the 18th century) as a disinfectant Sodium tetrafluoroborate of tetrafluoroborate anion, which is used in organic chemistry for the preparation of salts. Sodium tetrafluoroborate can be used for synthesis of ionic liquids, where tetrafluoroborate is the anion. Sodium tetrafluoroborate Sodium tetrafluoroborate is an inorganic compound with formula NaBF. It is a salt that forms colorless or white water-soluble rhombic crystals and is soluble in water (108 g/100 mL) but less soluble in organic solvents. Sodium tetrafluoroborate is used in some fluxes used for brazing and to produce Boron trifluoride. Sodium tetrafluoroborate can be prepared by neutralizing tetrafluoroboric acid with sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide. Alternatively the chemical can Sodium bismuth titanate of NaBiTiO. The extraordinarily large strain generated by a field-induced phase transition in sodium bismuth titanate-based solid solutions prompted researchers to investigate its potential as an alternative to lead zirconate titanate for actuator applications. Lead-Free Piezoelectrics, Ed. Shashank Priya and Sahn Nahm,(2012), Springer-Verlag, New York. DOI:10.1007/978-1-4419-9598-8. Sodium bismuth titanate Sodium bismuth titanate or bismuth sodium titanium oxide (NBT or BNT) is a solid inorganic compound of sodium, bismuth, titanium and oxygen with the chemical formula of NaBiTiO or BiNaTiO. This compound adopts the perovskite structure. NaBiTiO is not a naturally occurring mineral and several synthesis routes to obtain the compound Sodium decavanadate Sodium decavanadate Sodium decavanadate describes any member of the family of inorganic compounds with the formula Na[VO](HO). These are sodium salts of the orange-colored decavanadate anion [VO]. Numerous other decavanadate salts have been isolated and studied since 1956 when it was first characterized. The preparation of decavanadate is achieved by acidifying an aqueous solution of ortho-vanadate: The formation of decavanadate is optimized by maintaining a pH range of 4–7. Typical side products include metavanadate, [VO], and hexavanadate, [VO], ions. The decavanadate ion consists of 10 fused VO octahedra and has D symmetry. The structure of Na[VO]·18HO has been confirmed with Sodium percarbonate Sodium percarbonate Sodium percarbonate is a chemical substance with formula . It is an adduct of sodium carbonate ("soda ash" or "washing soda") and hydrogen peroxide (that is, a perhydrate) whose formula is more properly written as 2 · 3 . It is a colorless, crystalline, hygroscopic and water-soluble solid. It is sometimes abbreviated as SPC. The product is used in some eco-friendly bleaches and other cleaning products, and as a laboratory source of anhydrous hydrogen peroxide. Sodium percarbonate was first prepared in 1899 by Russian chemist Sebastian Moiseevich Tanatar () (7 October 1849, Odessa – 30 November 1917, Odessa). Sodium percarbonate Sodium percarbonate Sodium percarbonate is a chemical substance with formula . It is an adduct of sodium carbonate ("soda ash" or "washing soda") and hydrogen peroxide (that is, a perhydrate) whose formula is more properly written as 2 · 3 . It is a colorless, crystalline, hygroscopic and water-soluble solid. It is sometimes abbreviated as SPC. The product is used in some eco-friendly bleaches and other cleaning products, and as a laboratory source of anhydrous hydrogen peroxide. Sodium percarbonate was first prepared in 1899 by Russian chemist Sebastian Moiseevich Tanatar () (7 October 1849, Odessa – 30 November 1917, Odessa). Sodium sulfite Sodium sulfite Sodium sulfite (sodium sulphite) is a soluble sodium salt of sulfurous acid (sulfite) with the chemical formula NaSO. It is also used as a preservative to prevent dried fruit from discoloring, and for preserving meats, and is used in the same way as sodium thiosulfate to convert elemental halogens to their respective hydrohalic acids, in photography and for reducing chlorine levels in pools. In boiler systems, sulfite and bisulfite are the most commonly employed oxygen scavengers used to prevent pitting corrosion. Sodium sulfite is also a byproduct of sulfur dioxide scrubbing, a part of the flue-gas desulfurization process. Sodium hydride composed of sodium hydride and an alkali metal iodide (NaH:MI, M = Li, Na). The use of sodium hydride has been proposed for hydrogen storage for use in fuel cell vehicles, the hydride being encased in plastic pellets which are crushed in the presence of water to release the hydrogen. Sodium hydride is sold by many chemical suppliers usually as a mixture of 60% sodium hydride (w/w) in mineral oil. Such a dispersion is safer to handle and weigh than pure NaH. The compound is often used in this form but the pure grey solid can be prepared by rinsing
Chemical element "sulfur" over the British "sulphur". However, elements that are practical to sell in bulk in many countries often still have locally used national names, and countries whose national language does not use the Latin alphabet are likely to use the IUPAC element names. According to IUPAC, chemical elements are not proper nouns in English; consequently, the full name of an element is not routinely capitalized in English, even if derived from a proper noun, as in californium and einsteinium. Isotope names of chemical elements are also uncapitalized if written out, "e.g.," carbon-12 or uranium-235. Chemical element "symbols" (such as Cf Chemical formula according to the number of atoms of each element present in the formula according to these rules, with differences in earlier elements or numbers being treated as more significant than differences in any later element or number—like sorting text strings into lexicographical order—it is possible to collate chemical formulas into what is known as Hill system order. The Hill system was first published by Edwin A. Hill of the United States Patent and Trademark Office in 1900. It is the most commonly used system in chemical databases and printed indexes to sort lists of compounds. A list of formulas in Eulim + H2(g)') => #<Eulim::Chemistry::Reaction:0x00000002ce22f8 @equation="2Na(s) + 2HCl(aq) » 2NaCl(aq) + H2(g)", @species={:reactants=>{"Na"=>{:compound=>#<Eulim::Chemistry::Compound:0x00000002ce1d80 @formula="Na", @constituents={"Na"=>{:element=>#<Eulim::Chemistry::Element:0x00000002c88e10 @name="Sodium", @symbol="Na", @atomic_number=11, @atomic_mass=#<Unitwise::Measurement value=22.9897 unit=u», :atom_count=>1}}, @molecular_mass=#<Unitwise::Measurement value=22.9897 unit=u», :stoichiometry=>2, :state=>"solid"}, "HCl"=>{:compound=>#<Eulim::Chemistry::Compound:0x00000002cabdc0 @formula="HCl", @constituents={"H"=>{:element=>#<Eulim::Chemistry::Element:0x000000025e5ab8 @name="Hydrogen", @symbol="H", @atomic_number=1, @atomic_mass=#<Unitwise::Measurement value=1.0079 unit=u», :atom_count=>1}, "Cl"=>{:element=>#<Eulim::Chemistry::Element:0x00000002c82c90 @name="Chlorine", @symbol="Cl", @atomic_number=17, @atomic_mass=#<Unitwise::Measurement value=35.453 unit=u», :atom_count=>1}}, @molecular_mass=#<Unitwise::Measurement value=36.4609 unit=u», :stoichiometry=>2, :state=>"aqueous"}}, :products=>{"NaCl"=>{:compound=>#<Eulim::Chemistry::Compound:0x00000002c8cda8 @formula="NaCl", @constituents={"Na"=>{:element=>#<Eulim::Chemistry::Element:0x00000002c88e10 @name="Sodium", @symbol="Na", @atomic_number=11, @atomic_mass=#<Unitwise::Measurement value=22.9897 unit=u», :atom_count=>1}, "Cl"=>{:element=>#<Eulim::Chemistry::Element:0x00000002c82c90 @name="Chlorine", @symbol="Cl", @atomic_number=17, @atomic_mass=#<Unitwise::Measurement value=35.453 unit=u», :atom_count=>1}}, @molecular_mass=#<Unitwise::Measurement value=58.4427 unit=u», :stoichiometry=>2, :state=>"aqueous"},"H2"=>{:compound=>#<Eulim::Chemistry::Compound:0x00000002c6f938 @formula="H2", @constituents={"H"=>{:element=>#<Eulim::Chemistry::Element:0x000000025e5ab8 @name="Hydrogen", @symbol="H", @atomic_number=1, @atomic_mass=#<Unitwise::Measurement value=1.0079 unit=u», :atom_count=>2}}, @molecular_mass=#<Unitwise::Measurement value=2.0158 unit=u», :stoichiometry=>1, :state=>"gaseous"}}}, @is_valid=true, @is_balanced=true> Eulim Eulim is a Chemistry library written in Ruby under the MIT Chemical formula of chemical formulas. For example, alcohols may be represented by the formula CHOH ("n" ≥ 1), giving the homologs methanol, ethanol, propanol for "n"=1–3. The Hill system (or Hill notation) is a system of writing empirical chemical formulas, molecular chemical formulas and components of a condensed formula such that the number of carbon atoms in a molecule is indicated first, the number of hydrogen atoms next, and then the number of all other chemical elements subsequently, in alphabetical order of the chemical symbols. When the formula contains no carbon, all the elements, including hydrogen, are listed alphabetically. By sorting formulas Chemical element meaning "no life") for "nitrogen". For purposes of international communication and trade, the official names of the chemical elements both ancient and more recently recognized are decided by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), which has decided on a sort of international English language, drawing on traditional English names even when an element's chemical symbol is based on a Latin or other traditional word, for example adopting "gold" rather than "aurum" as the name for the 79th element (Au). IUPAC prefers the British spellings "aluminium" and "caesium" over the U.S. spellings "aluminum" and "cesium", and the U.S. Chemical formula on), and the visual aspects suggesting the structure of an endohedral fullerene. Chemical formulas most often use integers for each element. However, there is a class of compounds, called non-stoichiometric compounds, that cannot be represented by small integers. Such a formula might be written using decimal fractions, as in FeO, or it might include a variable part represented by a letter, as in FeO, where x is normally much less than 1. A chemical formula used for a series of compounds that differ from each other by a constant unit is called a "general formula". It generates a homologous series Systematic element name of each root, converting the first to a capital. This results in three-letter symbols instead of the one- or two-letter symbols used for named elements. , all 118 discovered elements have received individual permanent names and symbols, so currently, systematic names and symbols are only used for the undiscovered elements beyond element 118, oganesson. Systematic element name A systematic element name is the temporary name assigned to a newly synthesized or not yet synthesized chemical element. A systematic symbol is also derived from this name. In chemistry, a transuranic element receives a permanent name and symbol only after its synthesis Systematic element name Systematic element name A systematic element name is the temporary name assigned to a newly synthesized or not yet synthesized chemical element. A systematic symbol is also derived from this name. In chemistry, a transuranic element receives a permanent name and symbol only after its synthesis has been confirmed. In some cases, such as Transfermium Wars, such controversies have been protracted and highly political. In order to discuss such elements without ambiguity, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) uses a set of rules to assign a temporary systematic name and symbol to each such element. This approach Chemical element February 2010. The heaviest element that is believed to have been synthesized to date is element 118, oganesson, on 9 October 2006, by the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Dubna, Russia. Tennessine, element 117 was the latest element claimed to be discovered, in 2009. On 28 November 2016, scientists at the IUPAC officially recognized the names for four of the newest chemical elements, with atomic numbers 113, 115, 117, and 118. The following sortable table shows the 118 known chemical elements. Chemical element A chemical element is a species of atoms having the same number of protons in their Chemical element "Sb" (stibium) for antimony. Chemical symbols are understood internationally when element names might require translation. There have sometimes been differences in the past. For example, Germans in the past have used "J" (for the alternate name Jod) for iodine, but now use "I" and "Iod". The first letter of a chemical symbol is always capitalized, as in the preceding examples, and the subsequent letters, if any, are always lower case (small letters). Thus, the symbols for californium and einsteinium are Cf and Es. There are also symbols in chemical equations for groups of chemical elements, for example in comparative formulas. Chemical formula Chemical formula The connectivity of a molecule often has a strong influence on its physical and chemical properties and behavior. Two molecules composed of the same numbers of the same types of atoms (i.e. a pair of isomers) might have completely different chemical and/or physical properties if the atoms are connected differently or in different positions. In such cases, a structural formula is useful, as it illustrates which atoms are bonded to which other ones. From the connectivity, it is often possible to deduce the approximate shape of the molecule. A condensed chemical formula may represent the types and spatial Chemical element remaining naturally occurring chemical elements were identified and characterized by 1900, including: Elements isolated or produced since 1900 include: The first transuranium element (element with atomic number greater than 92) discovered was neptunium in 1940. Since 1999 claims for the discovery of new elements have been considered by the IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party. As of January 2016, all 118 elements have been confirmed as discovered by IUPAC. The discovery of element 112 was acknowledged in 2009, and the name "copernicium" and the atomic symbol "Cn" were suggested for it. The name and symbol were officially endorsed by IUPAC on 19 Formula |}{\underset{\underset{\underset{| \atop \displaystyle H}{C}}-H</chem>|caption=The structural formula for butane. There are three common non-pictorial types of chemical formulas for this molecule: A chemical formula identifies each constituent element by its chemical symbol and indicates the proportionate number of atoms of each element. In empirical formulas, these proportions begin with a key element and then assign numbers of atoms of the other elements in the compound, as ratios to the key element. For molecular compounds, these ratio numbers can all be expressed as whole numbers. For example, the empirical formula of ethanol may be written CHO because the molecules of ethanol all Chemical formula a different connectivity from other molecules that can be formed using the same atoms in the same proportions (isomers). The formula (CH)CH implies a central carbon atom connected to one hydrogen atom and three CH groups. The same number of atoms of each element (10 hydrogens and 4 carbons, or CH) may be used to make a straight chain molecule, "n"-butane: CHCHCHCH. In any given chemical compound, the elements always combine in the same proportion with each other. This is the law of constant composition. The law of constant composition says that, in any particular chemical compound, all samples of Naming of chemical elements element carbon. Even for elements such as nitrogen having only one stable allotrope, a name such as dinitrogen may be used to indicate its molecular structure N as well as its elemental composition. The naming of chemical compounds comprising more than one element is a complex subject, discussed at length in the article on chemical nomenclature. Naming of chemical elements Chemical elements may be named from various sources: sometimes based on the person who discovered it, or the place it was discovered. Some have Latin or Greek roots deriving from something related to the element, for example some use to Chemical formula arrangement of bonds in a simple chemical substance, though it does not necessarily specify isomers or complex structures. For example, ethane consists of two carbon atoms single-bonded to each other, with each carbon atom having three hydrogen atoms bonded to it. Its chemical formula can be rendered as CHCH. In ethylene there is a double bond between the carbon atoms (and thus each carbon only has two hydrogens), therefore the chemical formula may be written: CHCH, and the fact that there is a double bond between the carbons is implicit because carbon has a valence of four. However, a more Chemical element their atomic nucleus; so the atomic number of carbon is 6. Carbon atoms may have different numbers of neutrons; atoms of the same element having different numbers of neutrons are known as isotopes of the element. The number of protons in the atomic nucleus also determines its electric charge, which in turn determines the number of electrons of the atom in its non-ionized state. The electrons are placed into atomic orbitals that determine the atom's various chemical properties. The number of neutrons in a nucleus usually has very little effect on an element's chemical properties (except in the case of Chemical element Chemical element A chemical element is a species of atoms having the same number of protons in their atomic nuclei (that is, the same atomic number, or "Z"). For example, the atomic number of oxygen is 8, so the element oxygen consists of all atoms which have exactly 8 protons. 118 elements have been identified, of which the first 94 occur naturally on Earth with the remaining 24 being synthetic elements. There are 80 elements that have at least one stable isotope and 38 that have exclusively radionuclides, which decay over time into other elements. Iron is the most abundant Algebraic formula for the variance for the "n" by "m" cross-covariance matrix "between" two random vectors of length "n" and "m": where expectations are taken element-wise and formula_8 and formula_9 are random vectors of respective lengths "n" and "m". Note that this formula suffers from the same loss of significance as the formula for variance if used for calculating estimates of the covariance, and alternative algorithms should be used instead. Algebraic formula for the variance In probability theory and statistics, there are several algebraic formulae for the variance available for deriving the variance of a random variable. The usefulness of these depends on what is Chemical element for californium and Es for einsteinium), are always capitalized (see below). In the second half of the twentieth century, physics laboratories became able to produce nuclei of chemical elements with half-lives too short for an appreciable amount of them to exist at any time. These are also named by IUPAC, which generally adopts the name chosen by the discoverer. This practice can lead to the controversial question of which research group actually discovered an element, a question that delayed the naming of elements with atomic number of 104 and higher for a considerable amount of time. (See element naming controversy).