Chemical element of metals. Cu comes from Cuprum, Fe comes from Ferrum, Ag from Argentum. The symbols were not followed by a period (full stop) as with abbreviations. Later chemical elements were also assigned unique chemical symbols, based on the name of the element, but not necessarily in English. For example, sodium has the chemical symbol 'Na' after the Latin "natrium". The same applies to "W" (wolfram) for tungsten, "Fe" (ferrum) for iron, "Hg" (hydrargyrum) for mercury, "Sn" (stannum) for tin, "K" (kalium) for potassium, "Au" (aurum) for gold, "Ag" (argentum) for silver, "Pb" (plumbum) for lead, "Cu" (cuprum) for copper, and Sodium Sodium Sodium is a chemical element with symbol Na (from Latin "natrium") and atomic number 11. It is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal. Sodium is an alkali metal, being in group 1 of the periodic table, because it has a single electron in its outer shell that it readily donates, creating a positively charged ion—the Na cation. Its only stable isotope is Na. The free metal does not occur in nature, but must be prepared from compounds. Sodium is the sixth most abundant element in the Earth's crust and exists in numerous minerals such as feldspars, sodalite, and rock Sodium sodium fires are prevented using different design measures called catch pan systems. They collect leaking sodium into a leak-recovery tank where it is isolated from oxygen. Sodium Sodium is a chemical element with symbol Na (from Latin "natrium") and atomic number 11. It is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal. Sodium is an alkali metal, being in group 1 of the periodic table, because it has a single electron in its outer shell that it readily donates, creating a positively charged ion—the Na cation. Its only stable isotope is Na. The free metal does not occur in nature, but must Natron sodium carbonate decahydrate (hydrated soda ash) that makes up most of the historical salt. The English and German word "natron" is a French cognate derived from the Spanish "natrón" through Latin "natrium" and Greek νίτρον "nitron". This derives from the Ancient Egyptian word "nṯry" 'natron'. "Natron" refers to Wadi El Natrun or Natron Valley in Egypt, from which natron was mined by the ancient Egyptians for use in burial rites. The modern chemical symbol for sodium, Na, is an abbreviation of that element's New Latin name "natrium", which was derived from "natron". Historical natron was harvested directly as a salt Period 3 element Period 3 increases, the amount of energy required to remove its electrons (Ionization energy) increases. "Sodium" (symbol Na) is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal and is a member of the alkali metals; its only stable isotope is Na. It is an abundant element that exists in numerous minerals such as feldspars, sodalite and rock salt. Many salts of sodium are highly soluble in water and are thus present in significant quantities in the Earth's bodies of water, most abundantly in the oceans as sodium chloride. Many sodium compounds are useful, such as sodium hydroxide (lye) for soapmaking, and sodium Chemical equation arrow symbol (formula_1, usually read as "yields") and each individual substance's chemical formula is separated from others by a plus sign. As an example, the equation for the reaction of hydrochloric acid with sodium can be denoted: This equation would be read as "two HCl plus two Na yields two NaCl and H two." But, for equations involving complex chemicals, rather than reading the letter and its subscript, the chemical formulas are read using IUPAC nomenclature. Using IUPAC nomenclature, this equation would be read as "hydrochloric acid plus sodium yields sodium chloride and hydrogen gas." This equation indicates that sodium Durkin Opening Durkin Opening The Durkin Opening (also known as the Durkin Attack or the Sodium Attack) is a rarely played chess opening beginning with the move: The Durkin Opening is named for Robert T Durkin (1923–?) of New Jersey. The name "Sodium Attack" (used by Eric Schiller in "Unorthodox Chess Openings") comes from the algebraic notation 1.Na3, as "Na" is the chemical symbol for the element sodium. This awkward development of the queen's knight does little to utilize White's advantage of the first move. From a3 the knight does not influence the center or possess much activity. It is likely that Sodium hypobromite the synthesis of 3-aminopyridine from nicotinamide. The chemical formula of sodium hypobromite can be rearranged to NaBrO, which could be read as "Na Bro". This has provoked several jokes and memes on the internet, pointing out this seemingly hilarious coincidence. Sodium hypobromite Sodium hypobromite in the inorganic compound with the formula NaOBr. It is usually obtained as the pentahydrate, so the material that is usually called sodium hypobromite has the formula NaOBr.5HO. It is a yellow-orange solid that is soluble in water. It is the Na salt of OBr. It is the bromine analogue of sodium hypochlorite, the active ingredient Sodium iodide even bromide: Sodium iodide Sodium iodide (chemical formula NaI) is an ionic compound formed from the chemical reaction of sodium metal and iodine. Under standard conditions, it is a white, water-soluble solid comprising a 1:1 mix of sodium cations (Na) and iodide anions (I) in a crystal lattice. It is used mainly as a nutritional supplement and in organic chemistry. It is produced industrially as the salt formed when acidic iodides react with sodium hydroxide. Sodium iodide, as well as potassium iodide, is commonly used to treat and prevent iodine deficiency. Iodized table salt contains 10 ppm iodide. Sodium iodide Sodium iodide Sodium iodide Sodium iodide (chemical formula NaI) is an ionic compound formed from the chemical reaction of sodium metal and iodine. Under standard conditions, it is a white, water-soluble solid comprising a 1:1 mix of sodium cations (Na) and iodide anions (I) in a crystal lattice. It is used mainly as a nutritional supplement and in organic chemistry. It is produced industrially as the salt formed when acidic iodides react with sodium hydroxide. Sodium iodide, as well as potassium iodide, is commonly used to treat and prevent iodine deficiency. Iodized table salt contains 10 ppm iodide. Sodium iodide is used Sodium bicarbonate salt has many related names such as baking soda, bread soda, cooking soda, and bicarbonate of soda. In colloquial usage, the names sodium bicarbonate and bicarbonate of soda are often truncated; forms such as sodium bicarb, bicarb soda, bicarbonate, and bicarb are common. The word "saleratus", from Latin "sal æratus" meaning "aerated salt", was widely used in the 19th century for both sodium bicarbonate and potassium bicarbonate. It is known as one of the E number food additives E500. The prefix "bi" in "bicarbonate" comes from an outdated naming system and is based on the observation that twice as much Sodium chloride Sodium chloride Sodium chloride , also known as salt (though sea salt also contains other chemical salts), is an ionic compound with the chemical formula NaCl, representing a 1:1 ratio of sodium and chloride ions. With molar masses of 22.99 and 35.45 g/mol respectively, 100 g of NaCl contains 39.34 g Na and 60.66 g Cl. Sodium chloride is the salt most responsible for the salinity of seawater and of the extracellular fluid of many multicellular organisms. In its edible form of table salt, it is commonly used as a condiment and food preservative. Large quantities of sodium chloride are Sodium oxide sodium oxide, 70% silica (silicon dioxide) and 9% lime (calcium oxide). The sodium carbonate "soda" serves as a flux to lower the temperature at which the silica melts. Soda glass has a much lower melting temperature than pure silica, and has slightly higher elasticity. These changes arise because the silicon dioxide and soda react to form sodium silicates of the general formula Na[SiO][SiO]. Sodium oxide Sodium oxide is a chemical compound with the formula NaO. It is used in ceramics and glasses, though not in a raw form. It is the base anhydride of sodium hydroxide, so when water is Sodium propionate 281). Sodium propionate Sodium propanoate or sodium propionate is the sodium salt of propionic acid which has the chemical formula Na(CHCOO). This white crystalline solid is deliquescent in moist air. It is produced by the reaction of propionic acid and sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide. It is used as a food preservative and is represented by the food labeling E number E281 in Europe; it is used primarily as a mold inhibitor in bakery products. It is approved for use as a food additive in the EU, USA and Australia and New Zealand (where it is listed by its INS Sodium propionate Sodium propionate Sodium propanoate or sodium propionate is the sodium salt of propionic acid which has the chemical formula Na(CHCOO). This white crystalline solid is deliquescent in moist air. It is produced by the reaction of propionic acid and sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide. It is used as a food preservative and is represented by the food labeling E number E281 in Europe; it is used primarily as a mold inhibitor in bakery products. It is approved for use as a food additive in the EU, USA and Australia and New Zealand (where it is listed by its INS number NAMI-A NAMI-A NAMI-A and KP1019 are two ruthenium anticancer agents that have entered clinical trials. Contrary to what can be found in some papers, "the nickname NAMI is not the acronym of “New Anticancer Metastasis Inhibitor”, but has a much more prosaic origin. It was created by a student as a short-form name of the chemical formula of the complex: “NA” comes from the symbol for sodium and “MI” from the word imidazole. The corresponding imidazolium salt was simply called NAMI-A to signify that it was an upgraded version of the prototype NAMI". NAMI-A and KP1019 are based primarily around the Renal sodium reabsorption Sodium passes along an electrochemical gradient (passive transport) from the lumen into the tubular cell, together with water and chloride which also diffuse passively. Water is reabsorbed to the same degree, resulting in the concentration in the end of the proximal tubule being the same as in the beginning. In other words, the reabsorption in the proximal tubule is isosmotic. Sodium is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb of loop of Henle, by Na-K-2Cl symporter and Na-H antiporter. It goes against its chemical driving force, but the high electrical driving force renders the overall electrochemical driving force positive anyway, availing Sodium alkyl sulfate Sodium alkyl sulfate Sodium alkyl sulfates (SAS) are water-soluble salts that act as detergents or wetting agents. Sodium alkyl sulfate is the singular of a group of generic salts called sodium alkyl sulfates, which is a mixture of different alkyls as the term implies, e.g. sodium lauryl sulfate. They are pale yellow solids/ powders or thick liquids, which smell of detergent. They are water-soluble and can form soap bubbles. The chemical formula is CHOSOO Na. The CAS Number is 68955-19-1. SAS decomposes with boiling, hydrolyzing at 50 degree C. Sodium alkyl sulfates can be used in detergents, dish washing liquids, Period 3 element chloride for use as a deicing agent and a nutrient. The free metal, elemental sodium, does not occur in nature but must be prepared from sodium compounds. Elemental sodium was first isolated by Humphry Davy in 1807 by the electrolysis of sodium hydroxide. The same ion is also a component of many minerals, such as sodium nitrate. "Magnesium" (symbol Mg) is an alkaline earth metal and has common oxidation number +2. It is the eighth most abundant element in the Earth's crust and ninth in the known universe as a whole. Magnesium is the fourth most common element in the Sodium alkyl sulfate concentrate in the food chain. Branched alkenes are resistant to degradation by bacteria and hence linear alkyl sulfonates are used in detergents. Sodium alkyl sulfate Sodium alkyl sulfates (SAS) are water-soluble salts that act as detergents or wetting agents. Sodium alkyl sulfate is the singular of a group of generic salts called sodium alkyl sulfates, which is a mixture of different alkyls as the term implies, e.g. sodium lauryl sulfate. They are pale yellow solids/ powders or thick liquids, which smell of detergent. They are water-soluble and can form soap bubbles. The chemical formula is CHOSOO Na. The CAS Number Sodium ferrioxalate Sodium ferrioxalate Sodium ferrioxalate, also known as sodium oxalatoferrate, is a chemical compound with the formula Na[Fe(CO)], where iron is in the +3 oxidation state. It is an octahedral transition metal complex in which three bidentate oxalate ions act as ligands bound to an iron centre. Sodium acts as a counterion, balancing the -3 charge of the complex. Crystals of the hydrated form of the complex, <chem>Na3[Fe(C2O4)3].\mathit{x}H2O</chem>, are lime green in colour. In solution the complex dissociates to give the ferrioxalate anion, [Fe(CO)], which appears a deep apple green in colour. The bonds to the iron atom are dative covalent Sodium hydride composed of sodium hydride and an alkali metal iodide (NaH:MI, M = Li, Na). The use of sodium hydride has been proposed for hydrogen storage for use in fuel cell vehicles, the hydride being encased in plastic pellets which are crushed in the presence of water to release the hydrogen. Sodium hydride is sold by many chemical suppliers usually as a mixture of 60% sodium hydride (w/w) in mineral oil. Such a dispersion is safer to handle and weigh than pure NaH. The compound is often used in this form but the pure grey solid can be prepared by rinsing Sodium triacetoxyborohydride Sodium triacetoxyborohydride Sodium triacetoxyborohydride, also known as sodium triacetoxyhydroborate, commonly abbreviated STAB, is a chemical compound with the formula Na(CHCOO)BH. Like other borohydrides, it is used as a reducing agent in organic synthesis. This colourless salt is prepared by protonolysis of sodium borohydride with acetic acid: Sodium triacetoxyborohydride is a milder reducing agent than sodium borohydride or even sodium cyanoborohydride. It reduces aldehydes but not most ketones. It is especially suitable for reductive aminations of aldehydes and ketones. However, unlike sodium cyanoborohydride, the triacetoxyborohydride hydrolyzes readily, nor is it compatible with methanol. It reacts only slowly with ethanol and isopropanol Sodium ferrioxalate them to transition metal ligand chemistry, as well as to redox chemistry in now-obsolete photographic processes. A number of other iron oxalates are known Sodium ferrioxalate Sodium ferrioxalate, also known as sodium oxalatoferrate, is a chemical compound with the formula Na[Fe(CO)], where iron is in the +3 oxidation state. It is an octahedral transition metal complex in which three bidentate oxalate ions act as ligands bound to an iron centre. Sodium acts as a counterion, balancing the -3 charge of the complex. Crystals of the hydrated form of the complex, <chem>Na3[Fe(C2O4)3].\mathit{x}H2O</chem>, are lime green in colour. In solution the complex Sodium oxide Sodium oxide Sodium oxide is a chemical compound with the formula NaO. It is used in ceramics and glasses, though not in a raw form. It is the base anhydride of sodium hydroxide, so when water is added to sodium oxide NaOH is produced. The alkali metal oxides MO (M = Li, Na, K, Rb) crystallise in the antifluorite structure. In this motif the positions of the anions and cations are reversed relative to their positions in CaF, with sodium ions tetrahedrally coordinated to 4 oxide ions and oxide cubically coordinated to 8 sodium ions. Sodium oxide is produced by Sodium Latin name of "sodanum" was used as a headache remedy. The name sodium is thought to originate from the Arabic "suda", meaning headache, as the headache-alleviating properties of sodium carbonate or soda were well known in early times. Although sodium, sometimes called "soda", had long been recognized in compounds, the metal itself was not isolated until 1807 by Sir Humphry Davy through the electrolysis of sodium hydroxide. In 1809, the German physicist and chemist Ludwig Wilhelm Gilbert proposed the names "Natronium" for Humphry Davy's "sodium" and "Kalium" for Davy's "potassium". The chemical abbreviation for sodium was first published in 1814 Sodium bicarbonate Sodium bicarbonate Sodium bicarbonate (IUPAC name: sodium hydrogen carbonate), commonly known as baking soda, is a chemical compound with the formula NaHCO. It is a salt composed of a sodium cation (Na) and a bicarbonate anion (HCO). Sodium bicarbonate is a white solid that is crystalline, but often appears as a fine powder. It has a slightly salty, alkaline taste resembling that of washing soda (sodium carbonate). The natural mineral form is nahcolite. It is a component of the mineral natron and is found dissolved in many mineral springs. Because it has long been known and is widely used, the Sodium triacetoxyborohydride and can be used with these. NaBH(OAc) may also be used for reductive alkylation of secondary amines with aldehyde-bisulfite adducts. Sodium triacetoxyborohydride Sodium triacetoxyborohydride, also known as sodium triacetoxyhydroborate, commonly abbreviated STAB, is a chemical compound with the formula Na(CHCOO)BH. Like other borohydrides, it is used as a reducing agent in organic synthesis. This colourless salt is prepared by protonolysis of sodium borohydride with acetic acid: Sodium triacetoxyborohydride is a milder reducing agent than sodium borohydride or even sodium cyanoborohydride. It reduces aldehydes but not most ketones. It is especially suitable for reductive aminations of aldehydes and ketones. However, unlike Sodium metabisulfite Sodium metabisulfite Sodium metabisulfite or sodium pyrosulfite (IUPAC spelling; Br. E. sodium metabisulphite or sodium pyrosulphite) is an inorganic compound of chemical formula NaSO. The substance is sometimes referred to as "disodium" metabisulfite. It is used as a disinfectant, antioxidant, and preservative agent. Sodium metabisulfite can be prepared by evaporating a solution of sodium bisulfite saturated with sulfur dioxide: which leaves solid NaSO behind. The anion metabisulfite is a hybrid of dithionite (SO) and dithionate (SO). The anion consists of an SO group linked to an SO group, with the negative charge more localized on the SO end. The S–S Sodium channel blocker Sodium channel blocker Sodium channel blockers are drugs which impair the conduction of sodium ions (Na) through sodium channels. The following naturally-produced substances block sodium channels by binding to and occluding the extracellular pore opening of the channel: Drugs which block sodium channels by blocking from the intracellular side of the channel include: Sodium channel blockers are used in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmia. They are classified as "Type I" in the Vaughan Williams classification. Class I antiarrhythmic agents interfere with the (Na) channel. Class I agents are grouped by their effect on the Na channel, and by their effect Sodium orthovanadate reversed by dilution or the addition of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Orthovanadate is activated by boiling and adjusting pH to ~10; this depolymerizes decavanadate into the active inhibitor, monovanadate. Sodium orthovanadate Sodium orthovanadate is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaVO·2HO (sodium orthovanadate dihydrate). It is a salt of the oxyanion. It is a colorless, water-soluble solid. Sodium orthovanadate is produced by dissolving vanadium(V) oxide in a solution of sodium hydroxide: The salt features tetrahedral centers linked to octahedral Na sites. Acidification of orthovanadate induces condensation to polyoxovanadates, specifically decavanadate. Vanadates exhibit a variety of biological activities, in part because Sodium hydride air. Sodium hydride Sodium hydride is the chemical compound with the empirical formula NaH. This alkali metal hydride is primarily used as a strong, yet combustible base in organic synthesis. NaH is representative of the saline hydrides, meaning it is a salt-like hydride, composed of Na and H ions, in contrast to the more molecular hydrides such as borane, methane, ammonia and water. It is an ionic material that is insoluble in organic solvents (although soluble in molten Na), consistent with the fact that H remains an unknown anion in solution. Because of the insolubility of NaH, all reactions involving Sodium hydride Sodium hydride Sodium hydride is the chemical compound with the empirical formula NaH. This alkali metal hydride is primarily used as a strong, yet combustible base in organic synthesis. NaH is representative of the saline hydrides, meaning it is a salt-like hydride, composed of Na and H ions, in contrast to the more molecular hydrides such as borane, methane, ammonia and water. It is an ionic material that is insoluble in organic solvents (although soluble in molten Na), consistent with the fact that H remains an unknown anion in solution. Because of the insolubility of NaH, all reactions involving NaH Sodium sulfide 'sodium sulfide flakes'. Although the solid is yellow, solutions of it are colorless. NaS adopts the antifluorite structure, which means that the Na centers occupy sites of the fluoride in the CaF framework, and the larger S occupy the sites for Ca. Industrially NaS is produced by carbothermic reduction of sodium sulfate often using coal: In the laboratory, the salt can be prepared by reduction of sulfur with sodium in anhydrous ammonia, or by sodium in dry THF with a catalytic amount of naphthalene (forming sodium naphthalenide): The sulfide ion in sulfide salts such as sodium sulfide can incorporate a Sodium orthovanadate Sodium orthovanadate Sodium orthovanadate is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaVO·2HO (sodium orthovanadate dihydrate). It is a salt of the oxyanion. It is a colorless, water-soluble solid. Sodium orthovanadate is produced by dissolving vanadium(V) oxide in a solution of sodium hydroxide: The salt features tetrahedral centers linked to octahedral Na sites. Acidification of orthovanadate induces condensation to polyoxovanadates, specifically decavanadate. Vanadates exhibit a variety of biological activities, in part because they serve as structural mimics of phosphates. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of ATPases, alkaline and acid phosphatases, and protein-phosphotyrosine phosphatases, and its inhibitory effects can be Sodium hydride which contains Na and H ions. Na is an alkalide, and this compound differs from ordinary sodium hydride in having a much higher energy content due to the net displacement of two electrons from hydrogen to sodium. A derivative of this "inverse sodium hydride" arises in the presence of the base adamanzane. This molecule irreversibly encapsulates the H and shields it from interaction with the alkalide Na. Theoretical work has suggested that even an unprotected protonated tertiary amine complexed with the sodium alkalide might be metastable under certain solvent conditions, though the barrier to reaction would be small and finding Isotopes of sodium Isotopes of sodium There are twenty recognized isotopes of sodium (Na), ranging from to and two isomers ( and ). is the only stable (and the only primordial) isotope. As such, it is considered a monoisotopic element and it has a standard atomic weight of . Sodium has two radioactive cosmogenic isotopes (, half-life = 2.605 years; and , half-life ≈ 15 hours). With the exception of those two, all other isotopes have half-lives under a minute, most under a second. The shortest-lived is , with a half-life of seconds. Acute neutron radiation exposure (e.g., from a nuclear criticality accident) Sodium thiocyanate Sodium thiocyanate Sodium thiocyanate (sometimes called sodium sulphocyanide) is the chemical compound with the formula NaSCN. This colorless deliquescent salt is one of the main sources of the thiocyanate anion. As such, it is used as a precursor for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and other specialty chemicals. Thiocyanate salts are typically prepared by the reaction of cyanide with elemental sulfur: Sodium thiocyanate crystallizes in an orthorhombic cell. Each Na center is surrounded by three sulfur and three nitrogen ligands provided by the triatomic thiocyanate anion. It is commonly used in the laboratory as a test for the presence of Fe Abundance of the chemical elements 0.75% is made up of the next five elements: potassium (K), sulfur (S), chlorine (Cl), sodium (Na), and magnesium (Mg). CHNOPS for short. Only 17 elements are known for certain to be necessary to human life, with one additional element (fluorine) thought to be helpful for tooth enamel strength. A few more trace elements may play some role in the health of mammals. Boron and silicon are notably necessary for plants but have uncertain roles in animals. The elements aluminium and silicon, although very common in the earth's crust, are conspicuously rare in the human body. Below is a periodic Sodium bromide Sodium bromide Sodium bromide is an inorganic compound with the formula NaBr. It is a high-melting white, crystalline solid that resembles sodium chloride. It is a widely used source of the bromide ion and has many applications. NaBr crystallizes in the same cubic motif as NaCl, NaF and NaI. The anhydrous salt crystallizes above 50.7 °C. Dihydrate salts (NaBr·2HO) crystallize out of water solution below 50.7 °C. NaBr is produced by treating sodium hydroxide with hydrogen bromide. Sodium bromide can be used as a source of the chemical element bromine. This can be accomplished by treating an aqueous solution of Aqueous solution the solute prior to it dissolving. Aqueous solutions may contain, especially in alcaline zone or subjected to radiolysis, hydrated atomic hydrogen an hydrated electron. Aqueous solution An aqueous solution is a solution in which the solvent is water. It is mostly shown in chemical equations by appending (aq) to the relevant chemical formula. For example, a solution of table salt, or sodium chloride (NaCl), in water would be represented as Na(aq) + Cl(aq). The word "aqueous" (comes from "aqua") means pertaining to, related to, similar to, or dissolved in, water. As water is an excellent solvent and is also naturally Aqueous solution Aqueous solution An aqueous solution is a solution in which the solvent is water. It is mostly shown in chemical equations by appending (aq) to the relevant chemical formula. For example, a solution of table salt, or sodium chloride (NaCl), in water would be represented as Na(aq) + Cl(aq). The word "aqueous" (comes from "aqua") means pertaining to, related to, similar to, or dissolved in, water. As water is an excellent solvent and is also naturally abundant, it is a ubiquitous solvent in chemistry. Aqueous solution is water with a pH of 7.0 where the hydrogen ions (H) and hydroxide Skeletal formula full in order to accentuate their presence when they participate in reaction mechanisms. Shown below for comparison are a ball-and-stick model of the actual three-dimensional structure of the ethanol molecule in the gas phase (determined by microwave spectroscopy, left), the Lewis structure (centre) and the skeletal formula (right). All atoms that are not carbon or hydrogen are signified by their chemical symbol, for instance Cl for chlorine, O for oxygen, Na for sodium, and so forth. These atoms are commonly known as heteroatoms in the context of organic chemistry. There are also symbols that appear to be chemical element symbols, Sodium-cooled fast reactor sodium, less all Generation IV margins of alarm call safety) permit a higher thermodynamic efficiency than in water cooled reactors. The molten sodium, being electrically conductive, can be pumped by electromagnetic pumps. A disadvantage of sodium is its chemical reactivity, which requires special precautions to prevent and suppress fires. If sodium comes into contact with water it reacts to produce sodium hydroxide and hydrogen, and the hydrogen burns when in contact with air. This was the case at the Monju Nuclear Power Plant in a 1995 accident. In addition, neutrons cause it to become radioactive; however, activated sodium has a Sodium ion; derivatives of the alkalide Na are obtainable by the addition of cryptands to solutions of sodium in ammonia via disproportionation. Many organosodium compounds have been prepared. Because of the high polarity of the C-Na bonds, they behave like sources of carbanions (salts with organic anions). Some well-known derivatives include sodium cyclopentadienide (NaCH) and trityl sodium ((CH)CNa). Because of the large size and very low polarising power of the Na cation, it can stabilize large, aromatic, polarisable radical anions, such as in sodium naphthalenide, Na[CH•], a strong reducing agent. Sodium forms alloys with many metals, such as potassium, calcium, lead, Sodium–sulfur battery demonstrated 10 days of experimental operation. The first large-scale use of sodium–sulfur batteries was in the Ford "Ecostar" demonstration vehicle, an electric vehicle prototype in 1991. The high operating temperature of sodium sulfur batteries presented difficulties for electric vehicle use, however. The Ecostar never went into production. Sodium–sulfur battery A sodium–sulfur battery is a type of molten-salt battery constructed from liquid sodium (Na) and sulfur (S). This type of battery has a high energy density, high efficiency of charge/discharge and long cycle life, and is fabricated from inexpensive materials. The operating temperatures of 300 to 350 °C and the highly Sodium thiosulfate produce a white precipitate: Alkylation of sodium thiosulfate gives "S"-alkylthiosulfates, which are called Bunte salts. The alkylthiosulfates are susceptible to hydrolysis, affording the thiol. This reaction is illustrated by one synthesis of thioglycolic acid: Sodium thiosulfate Sodium thiosulfate (sodium thiosulphate) is a chemical and medication. As a medication it is used to treat cyanide poisoning and pityriasis versicolor. It is an inorganic compound with the formula NaSOHO. Typically it is available as the white or colorless pentahydrate, NaSO·5HO. The solid is an efflorescent (loses water readily) crystalline substance that dissolves well in water. It is also called sodium hyposulfite or Sodium cyanide carbon at elevated temperatures. The structure of solid NaCN is related to that of sodium chloride. The anions and cations are each six-coordinate. Potassium cyanide (KCN) adopts a similar structure. Each Na forms pi-bonds to two CN groups as well as two "bent" Na---CN and two "bent" Na---NC links. Because the salt is derived from a weak acid, sodium cyanide readily reverts to HCN by hydrolysis; the moist solid emits small amounts of hydrogen cyanide, which smells like bitter almonds (not everyone can smell it—the ability thereof is due to a genetic trait). Sodium cyanide reacts rapidly with strong acids Sodium erythorbate to the myth. It is thought that the genesis of the legend comes from the similarity of the chemical name to the words "earthworm" and "bait". Alternative applications include the development of additives that could be utilized as anti-oxidants in general. For instance, this substance has been implemented in the development of corrosion inhibitors for metals and it has been implemented in active packaging. Sodium erythorbate is soluble in water. The pH of the aqueous solution of the sodium salt is between 5 and 6. A 10% solution, made from commercial grade sodium erythorbate, may have a pH of 7.2 Period 3 element Period 3 element A period 3 element is one of the chemical elements in the third row (or period) of the periodic table of the chemical elements. The periodic table is laid out in rows to illustrate recurring (periodic) trends in the chemical behaviour of the elements as their atomic number increases: a new row is begun when the periodic table skips a row and a chemical behaviour begins to repeat, meaning that elements with similar behavior fall into the same vertical columns. The third period contains eight elements: sodium, magnesium, aluminium, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, and argon. The first Sodium nitroprusside metastable state has been observed by EPR spectroscopy. The chemical reactions of sodium nitroprusside are mainly associated with the NO ligand. For example, addition of S ion to [Fe(CN)(NO)] produces the violet colour[Fe(CN)(NOS)] ion, which is the basis for a sensitive test for S ions. An analogous reaction also exists with OH ions, giving [Fe(CN)(NO)]. Roussin's red salt (K[FeS(NO)]) and Roussin's black salt (NaFeS(NO)) are related iron nitrosyl complexes. The former was first prepared by treating nitroprusside with sulfur. This compound decomposes to sodium ferrous ferrocyanide, sodium ferrocyanide, nitric oxide, and cyanogen at about 450 °C. It decomposes in aqueous Sodium that sodium is readily oxidized by giving up its 11th electron. In contrast, the second ionization energy is very high (4562 kJ/mol), because the 10th electron is closer to the nucleus than the 11th electron. As a result, sodium usually forms ionic compounds involving the Na cation. The most common oxidation state for sodium is +1. It is generally less reactive than potassium and more reactive than lithium. Sodium metal is highly reducing, with the standard reduction potential for the Na/Na couple being −2.71 volts, though potassium and lithium have even more negative potentials. Sodium compounds are of immense commercial
Chemical element meaning "no life") for "nitrogen". For purposes of international communication and trade, the official names of the chemical elements both ancient and more recently recognized are decided by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), which has decided on a sort of international English language, drawing on traditional English names even when an element's chemical symbol is based on a Latin or other traditional word, for example adopting "gold" rather than "aurum" as the name for the 79th element (Au). IUPAC prefers the British spellings "aluminium" and "caesium" over the U.S. spellings "aluminum" and "cesium", and the U.S. Symbol (chemistry) Symbol (chemistry) In relation to the chemical elements, a symbol is a code for a chemical element. Many functional groups have their own chemical symbol, e.g. Ph for the phenyl group, and Me for the methyl group. Chemical symbols for elements normally consist of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet, but can contain three when the element has a systematic temporary name (as of March 2017, no discovered elements have such a name), and are written with the first letter capitalized. Earlier chemical element symbols stem from classical Latin and Greek vocabulary. For some elements, this is because Symbol (chemistry) (namely those in the actinium decay family, the radium decay family, and the thorium decay family) bear placeholder names using the early naming system devised by Ernest Rutherford. General: From organic chemistry: Exotic atoms: Symbol (chemistry) In relation to the chemical elements, a symbol is a code for a chemical element. Many functional groups have their own chemical symbol, e.g. Ph for the phenyl group, and Me for the methyl group. Chemical symbols for elements normally consist of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet, but can contain three when the element has a systematic temporary name (as of Period 6 element niobium, occurs in the minerals tantalite, columbite and coltan (a mix of columbite and tantalite). Tungsten, also known as wolfram, is a chemical element with the chemical symbol W and atomic number 74. The word "tungsten" comes from the Swedish language "tung sten" directly translatable to "heavy stone", though the name is "volfram" in Swedish to distinguish it from Scheelite, in Swedish alternatively named "tungsten". A hard, rare metal under standard conditions when uncombined, tungsten is found naturally on Earth only in chemical compounds. It was identified as a new element in 1781, and first isolated as a metal in Chemical element "sulfur" over the British "sulphur". However, elements that are practical to sell in bulk in many countries often still have locally used national names, and countries whose national language does not use the Latin alphabet are likely to use the IUPAC element names. According to IUPAC, chemical elements are not proper nouns in English; consequently, the full name of an element is not routinely capitalized in English, even if derived from a proper noun, as in californium and einsteinium. Isotope names of chemical elements are also uncapitalized if written out, "e.g.," carbon-12 or uranium-235. Chemical element "symbols" (such as Cf Mercury (element) of 46.612 days. Most of the remaining radioisotopes have half-lives that are less than a day. and are the most often studied NMR-active nuclei, having spins of and respectively. Hg is the modern chemical symbol for mercury. It comes from "hydrargyrum", a Latinized form of the Greek word ὑδράργυρος ("hydrargyros"), which is a compound word meaning "water-silver" (from ὑδρ- "hydr-", the root of ὕδωρ, "water," and ἄργυρος "argyros" "silver") – since it is liquid like water and shiny like silver. The element was named after the Roman god Mercury, known for his speed and mobility. It is associated with the Chemical element remaining naturally occurring chemical elements were identified and characterized by 1900, including: Elements isolated or produced since 1900 include: The first transuranium element (element with atomic number greater than 92) discovered was neptunium in 1940. Since 1999 claims for the discovery of new elements have been considered by the IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party. As of January 2016, all 118 elements have been confirmed as discovered by IUPAC. The discovery of element 112 was acknowledged in 2009, and the name "copernicium" and the atomic symbol "Cn" were suggested for it. The name and symbol were officially endorsed by IUPAC on 19 Eulim + H2(g)') => #<Eulim::Chemistry::Reaction:0x00000002ce22f8 @equation="2Na(s) + 2HCl(aq) » 2NaCl(aq) + H2(g)", @species={:reactants=>{"Na"=>{:compound=>#<Eulim::Chemistry::Compound:0x00000002ce1d80 @formula="Na", @constituents={"Na"=>{:element=>#<Eulim::Chemistry::Element:0x00000002c88e10 @name="Sodium", @symbol="Na", @atomic_number=11, @atomic_mass=#<Unitwise::Measurement value=22.9897 unit=u», :atom_count=>1}}, @molecular_mass=#<Unitwise::Measurement value=22.9897 unit=u», :stoichiometry=>2, :state=>"solid"}, "HCl"=>{:compound=>#<Eulim::Chemistry::Compound:0x00000002cabdc0 @formula="HCl", @constituents={"H"=>{:element=>#<Eulim::Chemistry::Element:0x000000025e5ab8 @name="Hydrogen", @symbol="H", @atomic_number=1, @atomic_mass=#<Unitwise::Measurement value=1.0079 unit=u», :atom_count=>1}, "Cl"=>{:element=>#<Eulim::Chemistry::Element:0x00000002c82c90 @name="Chlorine", @symbol="Cl", @atomic_number=17, @atomic_mass=#<Unitwise::Measurement value=35.453 unit=u», :atom_count=>1}}, @molecular_mass=#<Unitwise::Measurement value=36.4609 unit=u», :stoichiometry=>2, :state=>"aqueous"}}, :products=>{"NaCl"=>{:compound=>#<Eulim::Chemistry::Compound:0x00000002c8cda8 @formula="NaCl", @constituents={"Na"=>{:element=>#<Eulim::Chemistry::Element:0x00000002c88e10 @name="Sodium", @symbol="Na", @atomic_number=11, @atomic_mass=#<Unitwise::Measurement value=22.9897 unit=u», :atom_count=>1}, "Cl"=>{:element=>#<Eulim::Chemistry::Element:0x00000002c82c90 @name="Chlorine", @symbol="Cl", @atomic_number=17, @atomic_mass=#<Unitwise::Measurement value=35.453 unit=u», :atom_count=>1}}, @molecular_mass=#<Unitwise::Measurement value=58.4427 unit=u», :stoichiometry=>2, :state=>"aqueous"},"H2"=>{:compound=>#<Eulim::Chemistry::Compound:0x00000002c6f938 @formula="H2", @constituents={"H"=>{:element=>#<Eulim::Chemistry::Element:0x000000025e5ab8 @name="Hydrogen", @symbol="H", @atomic_number=1, @atomic_mass=#<Unitwise::Measurement value=1.0079 unit=u», :atom_count=>2}}, @molecular_mass=#<Unitwise::Measurement value=2.0158 unit=u», :stoichiometry=>1, :state=>"gaseous"}}}, @is_valid=true, @is_balanced=true> Eulim Eulim is a Chemistry library written in Ruby under the MIT Group 12 element (Medieval Latin amalgama, "alloy of mercury") with other metals. Alchemists thought of mercury as the First Matter from which all metals were formed. They believed that different metals could be produced by varying the quality and quantity of sulfur contained within the mercury. The purest of these was gold, and mercury was called for in attempts at the transmutation of base (or impure) metals into gold, which was the goal of many alchemists. Hg is the modern chemical symbol for mercury. It comes from "hydrargyrum", a Latinized form of the Greek word Ύδραργυρος ("hydrargyros"), which is a compound word meaning Chemical element hydrogen and deuterium). Thus, all carbon isotopes have nearly identical chemical properties because they all have six protons and six electrons, even though carbon atoms may, for example, have 6 or 8 neutrons. That is why the atomic number, rather than mass number or atomic weight, is considered the identifying characteristic of a chemical element. The symbol for atomic number is "Z". Isotopes are atoms of the same element (that is, with the same number of protons in their atomic nucleus), but having "different" numbers of neutrons. Thus, for example, there are three main isotopes of carbon. All carbon atoms Period 5 element Klaproth named the new element in 1798 after the Latin word for "earth", "tellus". Gold telluride minerals (responsible for the name of Telluride, Colorado) are the most notable natural gold compounds. However, they are not a commercially significant source of tellurium itself, which is normally extracted as by-product of copper and lead production. Tellurium is commercially primarily used in alloys, foremost in steel and copper to improve machinability. Applications in solar panels and as a semiconductor material also consume a considerable fraction of tellurium production. Iodine is a chemical element with the symbol I and atomic number 53. The name Chemical element by symbol, as well as ionization energies of the elements. The nuclides of stable and radioactive elements are also available as a list of nuclides, sorted by length of half-life for those that are unstable. One of the most convenient, and certainly the most traditional presentation of the elements, is in the form of the periodic table, which groups together elements with similar chemical properties (and usually also similar electronic structures). The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons in each atom, and defines the element. For example, all carbon atoms contain 6 protons in Chemical element or an electrophile; similarly "Nu" denotes a nucleophile. "L" is used to represent a general ligand in inorganic and organometallic chemistry. "M" is also often used in place of a general metal. At least two additional, two-letter generic chemical symbols are also in informal usage, "Ln" for any lanthanide element and "An" for any actinide element. "Rg" was formerly used for any rare gas element, but the group of rare gases has now been renamed noble gases and the symbol "Rg" has now been assigned to the element roentgenium. Isotopes are distinguished by the atomic mass number (total protons and Chemical element "Sb" (stibium) for antimony. Chemical symbols are understood internationally when element names might require translation. There have sometimes been differences in the past. For example, Germans in the past have used "J" (for the alternate name Jod) for iodine, but now use "I" and "Iod". The first letter of a chemical symbol is always capitalized, as in the preceding examples, and the subsequent letters, if any, are always lower case (small letters). Thus, the symbols for californium and einsteinium are Cf and Es. There are also symbols in chemical equations for groups of chemical elements, for example in comparative formulas. Period 5 element Niobium, or columbium, is a chemical element with the symbol Nb and atomic number 41. It is a soft, grey, ductile transition metal, which is often found in the pyrochlore mineral, the main commercial source for niobium, and columbite. The name comes from Greek mythology: "Niobe", daughter of "Tantalus". Niobium has physical and chemical properties similar to those of the element tantalum, and the two are therefore difficult to distinguish. The English chemistCharles Hatchett reported a new element similar to tantalum in 1801, and named it columbium. In 1809, the English chemist William Hyde Wollaston wrongly concluded that tantalum and Fire (classical element) temperament (of a person dominated by the yellow bile humour); the masculine; and the eastern point of the compass. In alchemy the chemical element of sulfur was often associated with fire and its alchemical symbol and its symbol was an upward-pointing triangle. In alchemic tradition, metals are incubated by fire in the womb of the Earth and alchemists only accelerate their development. Agni is a Hindu and Vedic deity. The word "agni" is Sanskrit for fire (noun), cognate with Latin "ignis" (the root of English "ignite"), Russian "огонь" (fire), pronounced "agon". Agni has three forms: fire, lightning and the sun. Period 5 element years old, helped bolster the theory that stars can produce heavier elements. Ruthenium is a chemical element with symbol Ru and atomic number 44. It is a rare transition metal belonging to the platinum group of the periodic table. Like the other metals of the platinum group, ruthenium is inert to most chemicals. The Russian scientist Karl Ernst Claus discovered the element in 1844 and named it after Ruthenia, the Latin word for Rus'. Ruthenium usually occurs as a minor component of platinum ores and its annual production is only about 12 tonnes worldwide. Most ruthenium is used for wear-resistant Chemical element neutrons) for a particular isotope of an element, with this number combined with the pertinent element's symbol. IUPAC prefers that isotope symbols be written in superscript notation when practical, for example C and U. However, other notations, such as carbon-12 and uranium-235, or C-12 and U-235, are also used. As a special case, the three naturally occurring isotopes of the element hydrogen are often specified as H for H (protium), D for H (deuterium), and T for H (tritium). This convention is easier to use in chemical equations, replacing the need to write out the mass number for each atom. Classical element to use the term "element (στοιχεῖον, "stoicheion")" in reference to air, fire, earth, and water. The ancient Greek word for element, "stoicheion" (from "stoicheo", "to line up") meant "smallest division (of a sun-dial), a syllable", as the composing unit of an alphabet it could denote a letter and the smallest unit from which a word is formed. A similar alphabetic metaphor may be the origin of the equivalent Latin word "elementum" (from which the English word comes), possibly based on the names of the letters 'l', 'm', and 'n', though the validity of this idea is debated. In his "On Period 5 element be colored by anodization are particular advantages. Molybdenum is a Group 6 chemical element with the symbol Mo and atomic number 42. The name is from Neo-Latin "Molybdaenum", from Ancient Greek , meaning "lead", itself proposed as a loanword from Anatolian Luvian and Lydian languages, since its ores were confused with lead ores. The free element, which is a silvery metal, has the sixth-highest melting point of any element. It readily forms hard, stable carbides, and for this reason it is often used in high-strength steel alloys. Molybdenum does not occur as a free metal on Earth, but rather in Chemical element February 2010. The heaviest element that is believed to have been synthesized to date is element 118, oganesson, on 9 October 2006, by the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Dubna, Russia. Tennessine, element 117 was the latest element claimed to be discovered, in 2009. On 28 November 2016, scientists at the IUPAC officially recognized the names for four of the newest chemical elements, with atomic numbers 113, 115, 117, and 118. The following sortable table shows the 118 known chemical elements. Chemical element A chemical element is a species of atoms having the same number of protons in their Chemical element Chemical element A chemical element is a species of atoms having the same number of protons in their atomic nuclei (that is, the same atomic number, or "Z"). For example, the atomic number of oxygen is 8, so the element oxygen consists of all atoms which have exactly 8 protons. 118 elements have been identified, of which the first 94 occur naturally on Earth with the remaining 24 being synthetic elements. There are 80 elements that have at least one stable isotope and 38 that have exclusively radionuclides, which decay over time into other elements. Iron is the most abundant Naming of chemical elements Naming of chemical elements Chemical elements may be named from various sources: sometimes based on the person who discovered it, or the place it was discovered. Some have Latin or Greek roots deriving from something related to the element, for example some use to which it may have been put. All 118 discovered elements are confirmed and have a formal name and symbol, as decided by IUPAC. The last four names and symbols were added on November 28, 2016. Incidentally, at this moment there are no unconfirmed discoveries and all seven periods (rows) of the periodic table are completed. Element Latin word order In terms of transformational grammar, the sentence can be analysed as being derived from *"si tuus parens haec tibi diceret" by raising "haec" and "tibi" to earlier in the sentence. A functionalist, on the other hand, would say that "haec" naturally comes first as the topic, then "si" in its normal place, then the unemphatic pronoun, without anything being moved. Latin word order The word order of classical Latin is relatively free. Subject, Object, and Verb can come in any order; adjectives and possessives can go before or after their noun, and so on. A commonly found feature of Latin Chemical element than the current estimated age of the universe, bismuth-209 has the longest known alpha decay half-life of any naturally occurring element. The very heaviest 24 elements (those beyond plutonium, element 94) undergo radioactive decay with short half-lives and cannot be produced as daughters of longer-lived elements, and thus they do not occur in nature at all. The properties of the chemical elements are often summarized using the periodic table, which powerfully and elegantly organizes the elements by increasing atomic number into rows ("periods") in which the columns ("groups") share recurring ("periodic") physical and chemical properties. The current standard table contains Lead meaning. The origin of the Proto-Germanic "*lauda-" is not agreed in the linguistic community. One hypothesis suggests it is derived from Proto-Indo-European "*lAudh-" ("lead"; capitalization of the vowel is equivalent to the macron). Another hypothesis suggests it is borrowed from Proto-Celtic "*ɸloud-io-" ("lead"). This word is related to the Latin "plumbum", which gave the element its chemical symbol "Pb". The word "*ɸloud-io-" is thought to be the origin of Proto-Germanic "*bliwa-" (which also means "lead"), from which stemmed the German "Blei". The name of the chemical element is not related to the verb of the same spelling, which is derived Chemical element their atomic nucleus; so the atomic number of carbon is 6. Carbon atoms may have different numbers of neutrons; atoms of the same element having different numbers of neutrons are known as isotopes of the element. The number of protons in the atomic nucleus also determines its electric charge, which in turn determines the number of electrons of the atom in its non-ionized state. The electrons are placed into atomic orbitals that determine the atom's various chemical properties. The number of neutrons in a nucleus usually has very little effect on an element's chemical properties (except in the case of Iron with acetic anhydride yields acetylferrocene just as acylation of benzene yields acetophenone under similar conditions. Iron-centered organometallic species are used as catalysts. The Knölker complex, for example, is a transfer hydrogenation catalyst for ketones. As iron has been in use for such a long time, it has many different names in different languages. The source of its chemical symbol "Fe" is the Latin word "ferrum", and its descendants are the names of the element in the Romance languages (for example, French "fer", Spanish "hierro", and Italian and Portuguese "ferro"). The word "ferrum" itself possibly comes from the Semitic languages, via Chemical element of whether or not they are ionized or chemically bonded, e.g. hydrogen in water) as well as for a pure chemical substance consisting of a single element (e.g. hydrogen gas). For the second meaning, the terms "elementary substance" and "simple substance" have been suggested, but they have not gained much acceptance in English chemical literature, whereas in some other languages their equivalent is widely used (e.g. French ', Russian '). A single element can form multiple substances differing in their structure; they are called allotropes of the element. When different elements are chemically combined, with the atoms held together by Na Na Na (Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na) na, na, na, na, nas"". Jason Lipshutz of "Billboard" called the song a "three-minute punk-rock blast" that "is a startling change of pace from My Chemical Romance's 2006 concept album "The Black Parade"". "NME"'s Dan Martin said the song is "rooted in the here and now, with the most simple pop song refrain rebooted as nothing less than a generational call to arms". Sara D. Anderson of AOL Radio noted, "By the looks of their new single and its paired video teaser, MCR are opting for an effervescent, light-hearted sound compared to their heavier-themed efforts." MTV's Chris Ryan said the Period 3 element in 1810, who named it chlorine, from the Greek word χλωρος (chlōros), meaning "green-yellow." Chlorine is a component of various compounds, including table salt. It is the second most abundant halogen and 21st most abundant chemical element in Earth's crust. The great oxidizing potential of chlorine led it to its bleaching and disinfectant uses, as well as uses of an essential reagent in the chemical industry. As a common disinfectant, chlorine compounds are used in swimming pools to keep them clean and sanitary. In the upper atmosphere, chlorine-containing molecules such as chlorofluorocarbons have been implicated in ozone depletion. "Argon" (symbol Chemical element of the four elements nor Paracelsus' view of three fundamental elements, left open the question of the number of elements. The first modern list of chemical elements was given in Antoine Lavoisier's 1789 "Elements of Chemistry", which contained thirty-three elements, including light and caloric. By 1818, Jöns Jakob Berzelius had determined atomic weights for forty-five of the forty-nine then-accepted elements. Dmitri Mendeleev had sixty-six elements in his periodic table of 1869. From Boyle until the early 20th century, an element was defined as a pure substance that could not be decomposed into any simpler substance. Put another way, a chemical Chemical element These are often a single capital letter, and the letters are reserved and not used for names of specific elements. For example, an "X" indicates a variable group (usually a halogen) in a class of compounds, while "R" is a radical, meaning a compound structure such as a hydrocarbon chain. The letter "Q" is reserved for "heat" in a chemical reaction. "Y" is also often used as a general chemical symbol, although it is also the symbol of yttrium. "Z" is also frequently used as a general variable group. "E" is used in organic chemistry to denote an electron-withdrawing group Systematic element name Systematic element name A systematic element name is the temporary name assigned to a newly synthesized or not yet synthesized chemical element. A systematic symbol is also derived from this name. In chemistry, a transuranic element receives a permanent name and symbol only after its synthesis has been confirmed. In some cases, such as Transfermium Wars, such controversies have been protracted and highly political. In order to discuss such elements without ambiguity, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) uses a set of rules to assign a temporary systematic name and symbol to each such element. This approach Chemical element for californium and Es for einsteinium), are always capitalized (see below). In the second half of the twentieth century, physics laboratories became able to produce nuclei of chemical elements with half-lives too short for an appreciable amount of them to exist at any time. These are also named by IUPAC, which generally adopts the name chosen by the discoverer. This practice can lead to the controversial question of which research group actually discovered an element, a question that delayed the naming of elements with atomic number of 104 and higher for a considerable amount of time. (See element naming controversy). Chemical element element (by mass) making up Earth, while oxygen is the most common element in the Earth's crust. Chemical elements constitute all of the ordinary matter of the universe. However astronomical observations suggest that ordinary observable matter makes up only about 15% of the matter in the universe: the remainder is dark matter; the composition of this is unknown, but it is not composed of chemical elements. The two lightest elements, hydrogen and helium, were mostly formed in the Big Bang and are the most common elements in the universe. The next three elements (lithium, beryllium and boron) were formed mostly Chemical element element cannot be transformed into other chemical elements by chemical processes. Elements during this time were generally distinguished by their atomic weights, a property measurable with fair accuracy by available analytical techniques. The 1913 discovery by English physicist Henry Moseley that the nuclear charge is the physical basis for an atom's atomic number, further refined when the nature of protons and neutrons became appreciated, eventually led to the current definition of an element based on atomic number (number of protons per atomic nucleus). The use of atomic numbers, rather than atomic weights, to distinguish elements has greater predictive value (since Chemical element more than one way, allowing the pure element to exist in multiple chemical structures (spatial arrangements of atoms), known as allotropes, which differ in their properties. For example, carbon can be found as diamond, which has a tetrahedral structure around each carbon atom; graphite, which has layers of carbon atoms with a hexagonal structure stacked on top of each other; graphene, which is a single layer of graphite that is very strong; fullerenes, which have nearly spherical shapes; and carbon nanotubes, which are tubes with a hexagonal structure (even these may differ from each other in electrical properties). The ability Symbol (chemistry) the material was known in ancient times, while for others, the name is a more recent invention. For example, "He" is the symbol for helium (New Latin name, not known in ancient Roman times), "Pb" for lead ("plumbum" in Latin), and "Hg" for mercury ("hydrargyrum" in Greek). Some symbols come from other sources, like "W" for tungsten ("Wolfram" in German, not known in Roman times). Temporary symbols assigned to newly or not-yet synthesized elements use 3-letter symbols based on their atomic numbers. For example, "Uno" was the temporary symbol for hassium (element 108) which had the temporary name of "unniloctium". Chemical element concept of atoms combining to form molecules. With his advances in the atomic theory of matter, John Dalton devised his own simpler symbols, based on circles, to depict molecules. The current system of chemical notation was invented by Berzelius. In this typographical system, chemical symbols are not mere abbreviations—though each consists of letters of the Latin alphabet. They are intended as universal symbols for people of all languages and alphabets. The first of these symbols were intended to be fully universal. Since Latin was the common language of science at that time, they were abbreviations based on the Latin names Latin word order will often take precedence over a conjunction, and the following word order where the topic (in this case the grammatical subject) precedes "cum" "when" is fairly common: Not every sentence has a topic, but some present information which is entirely new. Pinkster gives the following as an example: Such sentences are sometimes called "presentative sentences" and often start with a verb. The focus is the new information, i.e. the message which is being conveyed to the listener. Often in Latin the topic comes first, and then the focus. For example, in the sentence below, the topic is "in the bathhouse" Latin word order nuances of meaning and emphasis. As the authors of "Latin Word Order", Devine and Stephens, put it: "Word order is not a subject which anyone reading Latin can afford to ignore. ... Reading a paragraph of Latin without attention to word order entails losing access to a whole dimension of meaning." One important advantage of studying word order in Latin is that it helps the reader to understand the author's meaning more clearly. Thus for example "complosit Trimalchio manus" doesn't merely mean "Trimalchio clapped his hands", but the initial verb implies a sudden action: "Trimalchio suddenly clapped his hands". In West Africa: Word, Symbol, Song West Africa: Word, Symbol, Song West Africa: Word, Symbol, Song was a major four-month exhibition at the British Library in London — the first of its kind in the UK to explore in detail the cultural history of the region, through literature, artefacts, art, music and performance — which ran from 16 October 2015 to 16 February 2016. It has been described as "undoubtedly the most ambitious exhibition to date at the British Library". Co-curated by Dr Marion Wallace (Curator of African Collections) and Dr Janet Topp Fargion (Curator of World and Traditional Music), with an advisory panel chaired by Systematic element name of each root, converting the first to a capital. This results in three-letter symbols instead of the one- or two-letter symbols used for named elements. , all 118 discovered elements have received individual permanent names and symbols, so currently, systematic names and symbols are only used for the undiscovered elements beyond element 118, oganesson. Systematic element name A systematic element name is the temporary name assigned to a newly synthesized or not yet synthesized chemical element. A systematic symbol is also derived from this name. In chemistry, a transuranic element receives a permanent name and symbol only after its synthesis Latin word order "nobody has yet succeeded in unifying the insights of all the different scholarly approaches to the fascinating and peculiar problem of Latin word order". In his view an approach which combines the various schools of thought on Latin word order "may succeed in finding a more satisfactory solution". Several recent books, such as those of Panhuis and Spevak, have analysed Latin sentences from a pragmatic point of view. Syntactic approaches traditionally analyse a sentence into Subject and Predicate, but a pragmatic analysis considers a sentence from the point of view of Topic and Focus (or Theme and Rheme, as Panhuis Latin word order Latin word order The word order of classical Latin is relatively free. Subject, Object, and Verb can come in any order; adjectives and possessives can go before or after their noun, and so on. A commonly found feature of Latin is hyperbaton, in which a phrase is split up by other words, e.g. "Sextus est Tarquinius" "it is Sextus Tarquinius". A complicating factor in Latin word order is that there are variations between the style of different authors, and also between different genres of writing; in Caesar's historical writing the verb is much more likely to come at the end Na Na Na (Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na) Na Na Na (Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na) "Na Na Na (Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na)" is a song by American rock band My Chemical Romance. It is the second track and first single from their fourth and final studio album, "". According to lead vocalist Gerard Way, the band had struggled with the departure of drummer Bob Bryar and was dissatisfied with the progress of the sessions for their fourth studio album until the recording of "Na Na Na". A breakthrough was achieved once the chord progressions for the song were Na Na Na (Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na) Gainer. Version 1 (promotional CD) Version 2 (promotional CD) Version 3 (digital download) Version 4 (7″ vinyl and CD) Na Na Na (Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na) "Na Na Na (Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na)" is a song by American rock band My Chemical Romance. It is the second track and first single from their fourth and final studio album, "". According to lead vocalist Gerard Way, the band had struggled with the departure of drummer Bob Bryar and was dissatisfied with the progress of the sessions for their fourth studio album