What Interstellar Got Right and Wrong About Science
If you're one of the estimated 3 gajillion people who have seen or will see Chris Nolan's blockbuster movie Interstellar, one thing is already clear to you this is not a documentary. That means it's fiction, specifically science fiction, which is how you get the sci and the fi in the sci-fi pairing. So if you go into the movie looking for a lot of scientific gotcha' moments, let's stipulate up front that you're going to find some. That said, part of Interstellar's considerable appeal is that it does go heavy on the science part of things. Nolan enlisted Caltech cosmologist Kip Thorne as the film's technical adviser, and Thorne kept a whip hand on the production, ensuring that the storyline hewed as closely as possible to the head-crackingly complex physics that govern the universe. So where did Interstellar play it absolutely straight and where did it take the occasional narrative liberty? Here are a few of the key plot points and the verdict from the scientists warning, there may be spoilers ahead, 1. A worm hole could open in space, providing a short cut from one side of the universe to the other. Verdict Mostly true, Worm holes are a pretty well-accepted part of modern cosmology and it's Thorne's theorems that have helped make them that way. The idea is that if you think of space-time less as a void than as a sort of fabricwhich it isit could, under the right circumstances fold over on itself. Punching the necessary holes in that fabric so that you could make your universe-transiting trip would be a bit more difficult. That would require what's known as negative energyan energetic state less than zeroto create the portal and keep it open, says Princeton cosmologist J. Richard Gott. There have been attempts to create such conditions in the lab, which is a long way from a real wormhole but at least helps prove the theory. One bit of license the Interstellar story did take concerns how the wormhole came to be. It takes a massive object to generate a gravity field sufficient to fold space-time in half, and the one in the movie would have to be the equivalent of 100 million of our suns, says Gott. Depending on where in the universe you placed an object with that kind of mass, it could make a real mess of the surrounding worldsbut it doesn't in the movie. 2. Getting too close to the gravity well of a massive object like a black hole causes time to move more slowly for you than it would for people on Earth. Verdict True, For this one, stay with space-time as a fabrica stretched one, like a trampoline. Now place a 500-lb. cannon ball on it. That's your black hole with its massive gravity field. The vertical threads in the weave of the fabric are space, the horizontal ones are time, and the cannon ball can't distort one without distorting the other, too. That means that everythingincluding how soon your next birthday comeswill be stretched out. Really, it's as simple as thatunless you want to spend some time with the equations that prove the point, which, trust us, you don't. 3. It would be possible to communicate to Earth from within a black hole. Verdict Maybe, The accepted truth about a black hole is that its gravitational grip is so powerful that not even light can escapewhich is how it got its name. But even physics may have loopholes, and one of them is something known as Hawking radiation, discovered by, well, guess who. When a particle falls into a black hole, the fact that it's falling creates another form of negative energy. But nature hates when its books are unbalanceda negative without a corresponding positive is like a debit without a credit. So the black hole emits a particle to keep everything revenue- neutral. Zillions of those particles create a form of outflowing energyand energy can be encoded to carry information, which is how all forms of wireless communication work. That's hardly the same as being able to radio down to Houston from within a black hole's maw, but it takes you a big step closer. 4. It would be possible to survive the leap into the black hole from which you hope to do your communicating in the first place. Verdict Falseexcept, Cosmologists vie for the best term to describe what would happen to you if you crossed over a black hole's so-called event horizon, or its light-gobbling threshold. The winner, in a linguistic landslide spaghettificationwhich does not sound good. But that nasty end may not happen immediately. "Most people would agree that a person who jumps into a black hole is doomed," says Columbia University cosmologist and best-selling author Brian Greene, "but if the black hole is big enough, you wouldn't get spaghettified right away." That's small comfort, but for a good screenwriter, it's all the wiggle room you need. 5. And finally Anne Hathaway could move through time and space and help save all of humanity and her hair would still look fabulous. Verdict Who cares? We wouldn't have it any other way.