The Backlash Against Plastic Straws Is Spreading Heres How They Got So Popular in the First Place
With their announcements earlier this week that they will stop using plastic straws, Starbucks and American Airlines have joined the rising tide against these ubiquitous, disposable tubes. Like the city of Seattle, companies such as Alaska Airlines, and a growing number of environmental groups, Starbucks cited growing concerns over the rising levels of plastic in the world's oceans in their decision to implement the change. Although these drinking apparatuses only comprise roughly four percent of the some 8 million tons of plastic that is dumped into the world's seas every year, environmental groups such as Conservation International see the move as "meaningful action to protect our oceans.", But, if it's clear that customers can live without them, that fact raises a question why do we use disposable plastic straws in the first place? And how did they become so ubiquitous as to represent the whole problem with single-use plastics?, Although historians are unsure of the first civilization to grasp at straws, great apes have shown a proclivity for using tubes to aid in their beverage consumption, so "drinking tubes" in some form or another have probably been used by humans for thousands of years. The oldest confirmed straw usage has been found in an Ancient Sumerian tomb dating from approximately 3,000 B.C. On its walls, royals are depicted drinking beer through long, cylindrical tubes amongst the offerings to the dead are drinking apparatuses shaped out of the precious blue stone lapis lazuli. Commoners from ancient times until the middle of the 19th century used more accessible materials for their strawsplant materials with a natural tube shape, such as rye grass, dried reeds or, unsurprisingly, just straw. While useful to consumers to a point, these natural straws tended to break or disintegrate while in use, requiring a drinker to use multiple straws to finish a single beverage, or they imparted an earthy flavor to whatever drink they were placed in. One Marvin Chester Stone, an owner of a paper cigarette-holder factory in Washington, D.C. at the end of the 19th century, did not approve of this tendency to disintegrate. As the often-cited legend in straw history goes, Stone was so bothered by the grassy residue he encountered when sipping his favorite mint juleps that he decided to invent a more palatable alternative to the natural straw. At some point in the 1880s, he wound some strips of paper around a pencil, glued them together, and coated the whole thing in paraffin waxand the rest is beverage history. Get your history fix in one place sign up for the weekly TIME History newsletter, Although specialized and more durable drinking apparatuses had been floating around American cups for at least 30 years prior  one A. Fessenden applied for a patent for a metal "drinking tube" in 1850 while one E. Chaplin had created a rubber "drinking tube for invalids"  Stone's invention became ubiquitous, as a "cheap, durable, and unobjectionable substitute for the natural straws commonly used for the administration of medicines, beverages, .c." In the decade following Stone's 1888 patent application, his paper-and-wax straw became a standby at the rising number of soda foundations that began to reshape the American dining landscape. , Its disposability, too, was key to the popularity of Stone's artificial drinking straw. At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, public health campaigners were raging a widely publicized war against "the public drinking cup," a metal or glass cup left at public drinking fountains for all who were thirsty to use. Those common cups were condemned as a source of much death and disease in American cities, but disposable cups were incredibly expensive at the time. Instead, drinkers were plied with single-use artificial straws that were less likely to spread sickness. The paper straw underwent very few changes in the decades that followed Mr. Stone's infamous mint julep, aside from attaining its now famous bendy-ness in the 1930s thanks to an inventor in San Francisco named Joseph Friedman. It wasn't until the 1950s that straws gained their now infamous plastic sheen. The economic boom that followed the Second World War meant more money in consumer's pockets and a dizzying array of shiny new goods for them to spend it on. Plastics were growing increasingly cheap to produce at this time and so too were fast-food meals, each of them accompanied by sodas in to-go cups with crosshairs that easily tore apart flimsier paper straws. Overtime, the plastic straw overtook the paper as the standard in eateries across the United States and, eventually, across the globe. Today, it's estimated that the United States goes through hundreds of millions of straws each day although the exact number is difficult to count. The World Watch Institute claims that these straws could circle the entirety of the Earth two and a half times every 24 hours. And while more natural or reusable alternatives to plastic straws are increasingly popping up on the market place, it's clear the globe still has a tremendous straw addiction, one that's leaving its mark on both the health of the planet and the quality of people's drinking experiences. If great apes use them, it's unlikely that humans will be able to go long without drinking tubes in some form or another, but perhaps the lesson of the history of the straw is that it's only a matter of time before the next iteration of this timeless drinking apparatus is born.