How do I publish MQTT messages to AWS IoT Core from my device when using Python?
I can't send or receive MQTT (MQ Telemetry Transport) messages between AWS IoT Core and my device or MQTT client. How do I publish MQTT messages to AWS IoT Core?
"I can't send or receive MQTT (MQ Telemetry Transport) messages between AWS IoT Core and my device or MQTT client. How do I publish MQTT messages to AWS IoT Core?Short descriptionVerify that your AWS IoT thing is correctly configured and its certificates are properly attached. To test your setup, you can use the AWS IoT MQTT client and the example Python code provided in this article.ResolutionSet up a directory to test MQTT publishing1.    Create a working directory in your development environment. For example: iot-test-publish.2.    Create a sub-directory for certificates in your new working directory. For example: certificates.3.    From the command line, change the directory to your new working directory.Install pip and the AWS IoT SDK for Python1.    If you haven't already done so, install pip for Python 3 packaging. For more information, see Installation on the Python Packaging Authority (PyPA) website.2.    Install the AWS IoT SDK for Python v2 by running the following from the command line:pip install awsiotsdk-or-Install the AWS IoT Device SDK for Python (the previous SDK version) by running the following command:pip install AWSIoTPythonSDKFor more information, see AWS IoT SDK for Python v2 or AWS IoT Device SDK for Python on GitHub.Note: These SDKs are recommended for connecting to AWS IoT Core, but they aren't required. You can also connect using any compliant third-party MQTT client.Create an AWS IoT Core policy1.    Open the AWS IoT Core console.2.    In the left navigation pane, choose Secure.3.    Under Secure, choose Policies.4.    If you have existing AWS IoT Core policies, then choose Create to create a new policy.-or-If you don't have any existing policies, then on the You don't have any policies yet page, choose Create a policy.5.    On the Create a policy page, enter a Name for your policy. For example: admin.6.    Under Add statements, do the following:For Action, enter iot:*.Important: Allowing all AWS IoT actions (iot:*) is useful for testing. However, it's a best practice to increase security for a production setup. For more secure policy examples, see Example AWS IoT policies.For Resource ARN, enter *.For Effect, select the Allow check box.7.    Choose Create.For more information, see Create an AWS IoT Core policy and AWS IoT Core policies.Create an AWS IoT thingNote: You don't need to create a thing to connect to AWS IoT. However, things allow you to use additional security controls and other AWS IoT features, such as Fleet Indexing, Jobs, or Device Shadow.1.    In the AWS IoT Core console, in the left navigation pane, choose Manage.2.    If you have existing things, then choose Create to create a new thing.-or-If you don't have any existing things, then on the You don't have any things yet page, choose Register a thing.3.    On the Creating AWS IoT things page, choose Create a single thing.4.    On the Add your device to the thing registry page, do the following:Enter a Name for your thing. For example: Test-Thing.(Optional) Under Add a type to this thing, choose or create a thing type.(Optional) Under Add this thing to a group, choose or create a group. For more information about groups, see Static thing groups and Dynamic thing groups.(Optional) Under Set searchable thing attributes (optional), add attributes as key-value pairs.Choose Next.5.    On the Add a certificate for your thing page, choose Create certificate. You see notifications confirming that your thing and a certificate for your thing are created.6.    On the Certificate created page, do the following:Under In order to connect a device, you need to download the following, choose Download for the certificate, public key, and private key.Save each of the downloaded files to the certificates sub-directory that you created earlier.Under You also need to download a root CA for AWS IoT, choose Download. The Server authentication page opens to CA certificates for server authentication.7.    Under Amazon Trust Services Endpoints (preferred), choose Amazon Root CA 1. The certificate opens in your browser.8.    Copy the certificate (everything from -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- to -----END CERTIFICATE-----) and paste it into a text editor.9.    Save the certificate as a .pem file named root.pem to the certificates sub-directory.10.    On the Certificate created page in the AWS IoT Core console, choose Activate. The button changes to Deactivate.11.    Choose Attach a policy.12.    On the Add a policy for your thing page, do the following:Select the AWS IoT Core policy that you previously created. For example: admin.Choose Register Thing.For more information, see Create a thing object.Copy the AWS IoT Core endpoint URL1.    In the AWS IoT Core console, in the left navigation pane, choose Settings.2.    On the Settings page, under Custom endpoint, copy the Endpoint. This AWS IoT Core custom endpoint URL is personal to your AWS account and Region.Create a Python program fileSave one of the following Python code examples as a Python program file named publish.py.If you installed the AWS IoT SDK for Python v2 earlier, then use the following example code:Important: Replace customEndpointUrl with your AWS IoT Core custom endpoint URL. Replace certificates with the name of your certificates sub-directory. Replace a1b23cd45e-certificate.pem.crt with the name of your client .crt. Replace a1b23cd45e-private.pem.key with the name of your private key.# Copyright Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT-0from awscrt import io, mqtt, auth, httpfrom awsiot import mqtt_connection_builderimport time as timport json# Define ENDPOINT, CLIENT_ID, PATH_TO_CERTIFICATE, PATH_TO_PRIVATE_KEY, PATH_TO_AMAZON_ROOT_CA_1, MESSAGE, TOPIC, and RANGEENDPOINT = "customEndpointUrl"CLIENT_ID = "testDevice"PATH_TO_CERTIFICATE = "certificates/a1b23cd45e-certificate.pem.crt"PATH_TO_PRIVATE_KEY = "certificates/a1b23cd45e-private.pem.key"PATH_TO_AMAZON_ROOT_CA_1 = "certificates/root.pem"MESSAGE = "Hello World"TOPIC = "test/testing"RANGE = 20# Spin up resourcesevent_loop_group = io.EventLoopGroup(1)host_resolver = io.DefaultHostResolver(event_loop_group)client_bootstrap = io.ClientBootstrap(event_loop_group, host_resolver)mqtt_connection = mqtt_connection_builder.mtls_from_path(            endpoint=ENDPOINT,            cert_filepath=PATH_TO_CERTIFICATE,            pri_key_filepath=PATH_TO_PRIVATE_KEY,            client_bootstrap=client_bootstrap,            ca_filepath=PATH_TO_AMAZON_ROOT_CA_1,            client_id=CLIENT_ID,            clean_session=False,            keep_alive_secs=6            )print("Connecting to {} with client ID '{}'...".format(        ENDPOINT, CLIENT_ID))# Make the connect() callconnect_future = mqtt_connection.connect()# Future.result() waits until a result is availableconnect_future.result()print("Connected!")# Publish message to server desired number of times.print('Begin Publish')for i in range (RANGE):    data = "{} [{}]".format(MESSAGE, i+1)    message = {"message" : data}    mqtt_connection.publish(topic=TOPIC, payload=json.dumps(message), qos=mqtt.QoS.AT_LEAST_ONCE)    print("Published: '" + json.dumps(message) + "' to the topic: " + "'test/testing'")    t.sleep(0.1)print('Publish End')disconnect_future = mqtt_connection.disconnect()disconnect_future.result()-or-If you installed the AWS IoT Device SDK for Python (the previous SDK version), then use the following example code:Important: Replace customEndpointUrl with your AWS IoT Core custom endpoint URL. Replace certificates with the name of your certificates sub-directory. Replace a1b23cd45e-certificate.pem.crt with the name of your client .crt. Replace a1b23cd45e-private.pem.key with the name of your private key.# Copyright Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT-0import time as timport jsonimport AWSIoTPythonSDK.MQTTLib as AWSIoTPyMQTT# Define ENDPOINT, CLIENT_ID, PATH_TO_CERTIFICATE, PATH_TO_PRIVATE_KEY, PATH_TO_AMAZON_ROOT_CA_1, MESSAGE, TOPIC, and RANGEENDPOINT = "customEndpointUrl"CLIENT_ID = "testDevice"PATH_TO_CERTIFICATE = "certificates/a1b23cd45e-certificate.pem.crt"PATH_TO_PRIVATE_KEY = "certificates/a1b23cd45e-private.pem.key"PATH_TO_AMAZON_ROOT_CA_1 = "certificates/root.pem"MESSAGE = "Hello World"TOPIC = "test/testing"RANGE = 20myAWSIoTMQTTClient = AWSIoTPyMQTT.AWSIoTMQTTClient(CLIENT_ID)myAWSIoTMQTTClient.configureEndpoint(ENDPOINT, 8883)myAWSIoTMQTTClient.configureCredentials(PATH_TO_AMAZON_ROOT_CA_1, PATH_TO_PRIVATE_KEY, PATH_TO_CERTIFICATE)myAWSIoTMQTTClient.connect()print('Begin Publish')for i in range (RANGE):    data = "{} [{}]".format(MESSAGE, i+1)    message = {"message" : data}    myAWSIoTMQTTClient.publish(TOPIC, json.dumps(message), 1)     print("Published: '" + json.dumps(message) + "' to the topic: " + "'test/testing'")    t.sleep(0.1)print('Publish End')myAWSIoTMQTTClient.disconnect()Test the setup1.    In the AWS IoT Core console, in the left navigation pane, choose Test.2.    On the MQTT client page, for Subscription topic, enter test/testing.3.    Choose Subscribe to topic. A test topic named test/testing is ready for test message publication. For more information, see View device MQTT messages with the AWS IoT MQTT client.4.    Run the following from your command line:python3 publish.pyThe Python program publishes 20 test messages to the topic test/testing that you created in the AWS IoT Core console. View the topic in the console to see the published messages.Tip: You can also test other features of the SDKs, such as subscribing and connecting via WebSockets, using the included pubsub samples. For more information, see pubsub (AWS IoT SDK for Python v2) or BasicPubSub (AWS IoT Device SDK for Python) on GitHub.(Optional) Activate AWS IoT logging to Amazon CloudWatchYou can monitor event logs for MQTT messages that you publish to AWS IoT Core. For setup instructions, see Configure AWS IoT logging and Monitor AWS IoT using CloudWatch Logs.Related informationGetting started with AWS IoT CoreDevice provisioningFrequently asked questions (MQTT messaging protocol website)Follow"