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5. Common halos

Most galaxies are in more or less large clusters. In the analytic, hierarchical CDM scenario, halos are the result of the merging of smaller, less massive, denser, previously formed halos. Once the new large halo is formed, violent relaxation erases any internal substructure, and therefore halos within halos should not be expected from this type of model. As an exception, visible galaxies may survive the merging process, and therefore we might expect to find several visible galaxies in a halo. High resolution N-body simulations have, however, been able to resolve some sub-structures, or subhalos, within dark matter halos (Colin et al. 1999; Benson et al. 1999 and others) even if tidal disruption, spatial exclusion of subhalos, dynamical friction and other effects complicate the global picture. In view of these difficulties and given the number of free parameters inherent to these calculations, let us keep the classical scenario in which: a) no subhalos exist within a halo; b) several visible galaxies may reside in the same halo; c) a halo can have no visible galaxy; d) no visible galaxy can exist outside a halo. This picture is fully compatible with the essentials of hierarchical CDM models, even if the above mentioned particular models keep track of subhalos. The purpose of this argument is to comment on the possible picture in which a large percentage of spiral galaxies are embedded in common halos, instead of each having their own.

Common halos could be present in clusters and associations at all levels, from binary systems to rich clusters. The hypothesis of common halos is not new (see the review by Ashman 1992, for instance). Let us briefly consider the different systems:

a) Dwarf irregular satellites around a bright galaxy. Following White & Rees (1978), when the halos of the first small galaxies are disrupted to form bigger units, the residual gas may again be able to cool and collapse to form a larger central galaxy. The model naturally predicts the existence of small satellites around big galaxies. Therefore, this and some subsequent models implicitly assume that the satellites have no halo of their own, but are instead in the halo of the bright galaxy, even if observations seem to indicate that these satellites are DM rich (e.g. Ashman 1992).

b) Binary galaxies. In the well-known paper by Kahn & Woltjer (1959), it was considered, as an alternative interpretation, that the unseen mass was forming a common envelope. van Moorsel (1987), observing HI in binaries, suggested that the data were consistent with a common dark matter envelope surrounding the pair system. Charlton & Salpeter (1991) concluded that extremely extended halos, with radii of around 1 Mpc, were present in their sample of binaries. This could also be the case of the M31-Milky Way pair; both could lie in a common halo that has arisen from the mergers of the early smaller halos of the two galaxies.

c) The Local Group. If the 35 galaxies, or more, members of the Local Group conserved their own halos, there could be a problem with available volume. To calculate the filling factor, i.e. the volume of the halos of the 35 galaxies divided by the total volume of the Local Group, we face the problem that we do not actually know the individual volumes. But for an exploratory calculation, we may assume that all halos have the same volume, irrespective of type and luminosity. To justify this assumption, let us consider that R200 is the halo size. From its definition (the radius enclosing a sphere with mean density 200 times the critical density) it is easily deduced that R200 $ \propto$ M2001/3 for all galaxies. A relation should exist between M200 (the mass of a sphere with radius R200, which can be taken as the mass of the halo) and the luminosity L, an observational quantity. Salucci & Persic (1997) give M200 $ \propto$ L0.5, in which case R200 $ \propto$ L0.17, i.e. R200 is "nearly" independent of the luminosity. White et al. (1983) and Ashman (1992) propose M200/L $ \propto$ L-3/4, in which case R200 $ \propto$ L0.08; in this case, the exponent (0.08) is so small that the adoption of constant R200 for all galaxies is a good first approximation. Let us take R200 $ \sim$ 250kpc as a typical value. Let us adopt the zero-velocity surface radius (1.18 Mpc; van den Bergh 1999) as the radius of the Local Group halo. The filling factor obtained is then 0.33. This figure is so high that individual halos would be in contact, and eventually merge. Therefore, a picture more in consonance with the theory is that there is only one large previously formed common halo. This rough calculation just considers the most optimistic situation. The filling factor would be higher if the Local Group were non spherical as suggested by Karachentsev (1996) and if there were many more galaxies belonging to the Local Group. Discoveries of new members have recently been reported and many low surface brightness galaxies would not have been detected if they had not been in the close vecinity of the Milky Way. Moreover, consider that in a sphere of 500 kpc around the Milky Way there are 11 galaxies and around M31 there are 15 galaxies. Under the assumption that each galaxy has its own halo of about 200 kpc, we obtain filling factors much higher than unity. Another observation suggesting that the Local Group has a common halo is the observation that the high-velocity clouds have their kinematic centre in the Local Group barycentre (López-Corredoira, Beckman & Casuso 1999).

d) Small compact groups. The evidence and necessity of common halos is specially clear in the case of Hicson Compact Groups (HCG; Hickson 1982; Mamon 1995). HCG contain few galaxies, four or slightly more, and are very compact, with the intergalactic distance and the whole apparent size of the group being much smaller than the size of typical halos. From the dynamical point of view, given the small velocity dispersion, the system would collapse in less than 109 years, after which the members would merge and form a large elliptical (Barnes 1989; Diaferio, Geller & Ramella 1994 and others) but in fact they are noticeably stable and there are few signs of interaction and merging. These facts led Athanassoula, Makino & Bosma (1997) to assume a massive, not excessively concentrated common DM halo. Gómez-Flechoso & Domínguez-Tenreiro (1997) included a common DM halo in their N-body simulations to stabilize the groups. Common envelope material is found in X-rays (Ponman & Bertram 1993) and atomic hydrogen (Verdes-Montenegro et al. 1997 and references therein). In HCG 49, Verdes-Montenegro et al. (1999) showed that the HI common envelope is rotating with a highly symmetrical pattern, following a large-scale potential that is not due to any particular galaxy member. Perea et al. (1999) have studied faint satellite galaxies at large distances from the members but belonging to the HCG. They found that the common halo is about four times more massive than the galaxy members. We therefore conclude that a great deal of evidence clearly indicates that HCG are embedded in large common halos.

e) Rich clusters. White & Rees (1978), Navarro, Frenk & White (1996) and many other theoretical models had as objectives the obtention of halos with different sizes, with rich clusters being the largest considered. Clearly, rich clusters could be the best example of visible galaxies moving in a large DM cluster, from the point of view of hierarchical CDM scenarios.

Therefore, the hypothesis of a common halo, as opposed to individual halos, is compatible with observations of galaxy pairs, almost essential for groups like the Local Group, compelling for compact groups and tempting for rich clusters. It is also qualitatively coherent with the scenario assumed by hierarchical CDM. In analytic and semianalytic models a large common halo is assumed to be virialized; the violent relaxation following the successive merging processes would destroy any DM substructure, though visible galaxies could remain indigest. Then isolated spirals would not possess a DM halo. Some numerical calculations have not found any subhalos within halos (e.g. Katz & White 1993; Summers, Davis & Evrard 1995) giving rise to the so-called "overmerging" problem.

Benson et al. (1999) obtain many small halos containing no visible galaxy, which could be due to feedback from supernovae, which prevents efficient galaxy formation. Though they obtain that the mass-to-light relation has a minimum for about 1012M$\scriptstyle \odot$, the number of visible galaxies in a halo greatly increases with halo mass (at least for their $ \Lambda$CDM model) indicating that large halos are indeed common halos of many galaxies. The number of visible galaxies with blue absolute magnitude brighter than about -19.5 per halo is statistically lower than unity, but this number probably increases when fainter galaxies are considered in the results of this model. The Local Group has only two galaxies brighter than -19.5.

Moore et al. (1999) and others find a DM substructure in DM halos. Following this calculation, the Milky Way would have about 500 satellites with mass $ \ge$108M$\scriptstyle \odot$, and therefore mechanisms avoiding stellar formation within so many small halos would be required, which has been discussed by Moore et al. and references therein. Internal mechanisms do not seem to be responsible: if gas is lost by star-bursts and winds in a first stage of star formation, it should be explained why galaxies outside clusters have rotationally supported disks. Moreover, the strongest star-bursts observed in nearby dwarf galaxies are insufficient. These authors also discuss the difficulties inherent in forming and maintaining disks in the presence of large amounts of substructure, as disk and small halo interactions will frequently heat disks and produce ellipticals.

Galaxies could have a very different behaviour depending on their position in a cluster. Whitemore, Forbes and Rubin (1988) found a relation between the gradient of rotation curves and the location in the cluster. Verheijen (1977) found an anomalous behaviour of rotation curves of galaxies belonging to the Ursa Major cluster. Rubin, Waterman and Kenney (1999) have found many galaxies with kinematic disturbances in the Virgo cluster, but tidal effects and accretion events can explain the observed disturbances. Individual dynamic studies of disks in clusters are difficult to interpret.

We could conclude that the existence of common halos and the non-existence of individual sub-halos are suggested both by the observations and by the theory. Following this picture then, spiral galaxies would have no halo, but rather move inside halos, orbiting off-centre in less dense and more homogeneous DM environments.

Truly isolated spiral galaxies would have their own halo but these are exceptional. van den Bergh (1999) estimated that half of all galaxies in the Universe are situated in small clusters such as the Local Group. Soneira & Peebles (1977) estimated at 15% the number of isolated galaxies. Tully & Fisher (1978) even claimed that there is no evidence for a significant number of field galaxies.

The situation would be similar for late type irregulars and for dwarf spheroidal galaxies. However, these conclusions would not serve for the DM content of elliptical galaxies. In a rich cluster, if we assume that the centres of the DM halo and of the galaxy distribution coincide, at least the giant cD ellipticals at the centre would have large quantities of DM, with the cD galaxy and the DM also being coincident. Giant ellipticals, like M87, have been considered to possess very large amounts of dark matter since Fabricant, Lecar & Gorenstein (1980) and Binney & Cowie (1981) analyzed their X-ray emission. Indeed these authors noticed that these large quantities of DM encountered could belong to the cluster itself rather than to the galaxy. Huchra & Brodie (1987) showed that the dynamics of globular clusters around M87 supported the huge mass found from X-ray observations, of the order of 1013M$\scriptstyle \odot$. It is unclear whether this conclusion about cD galaxies would also apply for normal ellipticals. In some cases, the debris from a merger of spirals could fall into the halo centre. The difference between spirals (and irregulars) and cD ellipticals would be that the former lie well outside the halo's centre while the latter coincide with it.

Therefore, we can summarize the present crossroads of the problem of rotation curves of spiral galaxies by emphasizing that, if we accept the hypothesis of common virialized halos, with no substructure, for all types of clustered visible galaxies, then there are only two alternatives:

Either hierarchical CDM models are wrong, for instance, DM is baryonic (e.g. de Paolis et al. 1997; Pfenniger & Combes 1994), in which case we would need a theory of galaxy formation.

Or they are basically valid, in which case, another explanation of the rotation curve is needed. For instance, forces other than gravitation could be involved, so that models of galaxy formation would have no "responsibility" in explaining the rotation curve. We should take into account the magnetic hypothesis (Nelson 1988; Battaner et al. 1992, Battaner & Florido 1995, Battaner, Lesch & Florido 1998). Given the success of current theoretical CDM hierarchical models in other related topics, we favour this latter possibility.

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entertainment weekly

If you’re a fan of this site, then you’ve probably heard of the Force, but how about the Speed Force? You may not be so steeped into the comic lore of the original Flash books to know anything about the Speed Force, so you might not have gotten too excited when it was name dropped on last night’s episode of The CW‘s The Flash. That’s okay because executive producer Andrew Kreisberg is going to explain it to us. Out of what have looked like, on the surface, as another “freak of the week” episode, we were instead given a fairly big piece of Flash mythology and it was just dropped in a manner akin to the way we learned what Cisco wore to work on his first day at S.T.A.R. Labs. Spoilers ahead obviously. (more…)

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star wars vii

It’s time for our regular Star Wars update, a segment where we take a morsel or two of stray conversation and conflate it to make semi-serious conclusions about what we think might be going down on the set of Episode VII. I know, I know, why so cynical? Fair enough. But one of our news items today’s comes from that school, and the other one comes directly from one of the new cast members. So what do these tips reveal? Well, if the one is right then there will be another well-known locale being visited by the gang in Episode VII, and in the other, the one from the cast member, it promises that this time, the fans passion for the material will be justified, and the promise of the franchise will be fulfilled once more. (more…)

SDCC14: ‘Simpsons’/’Family Guy’ Crossover Previewed

It’s an event that’s forever been in the making, doubly so since it was announced before last San Diego Comic Con, but Fox previewed the inevitable Simpsons/Family Guy crossover today at the event otherwise known as “Nerd Fest 2014.” Call it a cheap ploy for ratings, call it the last grasp of two once-great animated franchises, or call it the entertainment event of fall, but “The Simpsons Guy” is coming, and it’s the hour-long opening of season 13 of Family Guy. If you can’t wait though, a preview clip has been posted to the interwebs. (more…)

George Miller‘s long-awaited fourth installment in the franchise that essentially birthed the post-apocalyptic subgenre is looking good: In the hot, dusty, lawless, sadomasochistic way moviegoers of the 1980s came to know and love (including myself).

Mad Max: Fury Road seems to be a semi-reboot taking place after the events of the original Mad Max–meaning it is intended to either precede or replace The Road Warrior. Like that film, it’s low on dialogue. Miller reportedly relied more on storyboards than on screenplay in composing the film, but given that he’s had the better part of 30 years to get the 4th Mad Max film right, I’m fairly optimistic for Fury Road. Follow the jump for cast details, new images, and the release date:

The last few days we’ve been caught in an avalanche of new details and official releases about Avengers: Age of Ultron, yet, in the midst of everything we know about the film, both new and old, there’s one new character we haven’t heard that much about, the android Vision. The part’s been cast, so we know he’ll show up in the film, and we also know that Vision’s origins are tied with Ultron’s, which makes his inclusion in the film not so surprising. But now, for the first time, we’re learning that movie Vision, and comic book Vision will have very similar backgrounds. (more…)

It’s been raining Avengers: Age of Ultron news this week! Following up on the release of it’s Avengers cover, including the first ever look at Ultron himself, earlier today, Entertainment Weekly has released a further eight photographs featuring stills from the film and behind the scenes glimpses at the production. Below you will see nothing terribly spoilery, just some Avengers in action, a couple of new frenemies and a surprise guest. Let’s take a look at your first official set of production photos from the Avengers sequel.  (more…)

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Ergo, it’s not surprising that one day he might write a straight-up romance–with a preternatural twist, naturally, this IS Whedon we’re talking about: Thus, we have In Your Eyes. And Nerd Bastards has the first 3 minutes of the Brin Hill-directed film–you guessed it–after the jump:  (more…)

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text:
Dananananaykroyd are an indie rock band which formed in 2006 in Glasgow, Scotland. The band currently consists of Calum Gunn (vocals, drums), Duncan Robertson (guitar), David Roy (guitar), Ryan McGinness (bass), John Baillie Jr. (vocals) and Paul Carlin (drums).

Original singer Giles Bailey left after the release of the bands first two singles and was replaced by Gunn. Drummer James Hamilton left the band after the release of their debut EP “Sissy Hits”. Bassist Laura Hyde left the band in June 2009.

In 2006 Dananananaykroyd released two limited edition 7” singles, “Totally Bone” and “Some Dresses” on Moshi Moshi and Jealous Records respectively. A Japan-only CD EP, collecting both singles, was later released on Tokyo’s Klee/Rallye records. Singer Giles Bailey left the group and was replaced by drummer Calum Gunn while John Baillie Jnr joined the band on drums and additional lead vocals.
Dananananaykroyd released their first EP, Sissy Hits, on London-based Holy Roar Records in June 2008. Shortly after, they introduced ex-Russia drummer Paul Carlin as their new (other) drummer after James Hamilton of Errors left the band. Dananananaykroyd signed to Best Before Records shortly thereafter, and recorded their debut full-length album Hey Everyone! in the US with producer Machine.
The band have toured the UK extensively with bands such as Foals and in 2009 completed a European tour with the Kaiser Chiefs. They played at the Reading and Leeds Festivals in August 2009[1].
In June 2009, the band announced that bass player Laura Hyde had left, and would be replaced on tour by Ryan McGinness.


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Physical Networks in the Virtualized Networking World

[This post was co-authored by Bruce Davie and Ken Duda]

Almost a year ago, we wrote a first post about our efforts to build virtual networks that span both virtual and physical resources. As we’ve moved beyond the first proofs of concept to customer trials for our combined solution, this post serves to provide an update on where we see the interaction between virtual and physical worlds heading.

Our overall approach to connecting physical and virtual resources can be viewed in two main categories:

  • terminating the overlay on physical devices, such as top-of-rack switches, routers, appliances, etc.
  • managing interactions between the overlay and the physical devices that provide the underlay.

The latter topic is something we’ve addressed in some other recent posts (herehere and here) — in this blog we’ll focus more on how we deal with physical devices at the edge of the overlay.

We first started working to design a control plane to terminate network virtualization overlays on physical devices in 2012. We started by looking at the information model, defining what information needed to be exchanged between a physical device and a network virtualization controller such as NSX. To bound the problem space, we focused on a specific use case: mapping the ports and VLANs of a physical switch into virtual layer 2 networks implemented as VXLAN-based overlays. (See our posts on the issues around encapsulation choice here and here). At the same time, we knew there were a lot more use cases to be addressed, so we picked a completely extensible protocol to carry the necessary information: OVSDB. This was important: we knew that over time we’d have to support a lot more use cases than just L2 bridging between physical and virtual worlds. After all, one of the tenets of network virtualization is that a virtual network should faithfully reproduce all of the networking stack, from L2-L7, just as server virtualization faithfully reproduces a complete computing environment (as described in more detail here.)

So, the first thing we added to the solution space once we got L2 working was L3. By the time we published the VTEP schema as part of Open vSwitch in late 2013, distributed logical routing was included. (We use the term VTEP – VXLAN tunnel end-point – as a general term for the devices that terminate the overlay.) Let’s take a look at how logical routing works.

Distributed logical routing is an example of a more general capability in network virtualization, the distribution of services. Brad Hedlund wrote some time ago about the value of distributing services among hypervisors. The same basic arguments apply when there are VTEPs in the picture — you want to distribute functions, like logical routing, so that packets always follow the shortest path without hair-pinning, and so that the capacity to perform that function scales out as you add more devices, be they hypervisors or physical switches.

So, suppose a VM (VM1) is placed in logical subnet A, and a physical server (PS1) that is in subnet B is located behind a ToR switch acting as a VTEP (see picture). Say we want to create a logical network that interconnects these two subnets. The logical topology is created by API requests to the network virtualization controller, which in turn programs the vswitches and the ToR to instantiate the desired topology. Part of this process entails mapping physical ports to the logical topology via API requests. Everything the ToR needs to know to participate in the logical topology is provided to it via OVSDB.

Suppose VM1 needs to send a packet to PS1. The VM will send an ARP request towards its default gateway, which is implemented in a distributed manner. (We assume the VM learned its default gateway via some prior step; for example, DHCP may be used.) The ARP request will be intercepted by the local vswitch on the hypervisor. Acting as the logical router, the vswitch will reply to the ARP, so that the VM can now send the packet towards the router. All of this happens without any packet leaving the hypervisor.

The logical router now needs to ARP for the destination — PS1 (assuming an ARP cache miss for the first packet). It will broadcast the ARP request by sending it over a VXLAN tunnel to the VTEP (and potentially to other VTEPs as well, if there are more VTEPs that are involved in logical subnet B). When the ARP packet reaches the ToR, it is sent out on one or more physical interfaces — the set of interfaces that were previously mapped to this logical subnet via API requests. The ARP will reach PS1, which replies; the ToR forwards the reply over a VXLAN tunnel to the vswitch that issued the request, and now it’s able to forward the data traffic to the ToR which decapsulates the packet and delivers it to PS1.

For traffic flowing the other way, the role of logical router would be played by the physical VTEP rather than the vswitch. This is the nature of distributed routing — there is no single box performing all the work for a single logical router, but rather a collection of devices. And in this case, the work is distributed among both hardware VTEPs and vswitches.

We’ve glossed over a couple of details here, but one detail that’s worth noting is that, for traffic heading in the physical-to-virtual direction, the hardware device needs to perform an L3 lookup followed by VXLAN encapsulation. There has been some uncertainty regarding the capabilities of various switching chips to perform this operation (see this post, for example, which tries to determine the capabilities of Trident 2 based on switch vendor information). We’ve actually connected VMware’s NSX controller to ToR switches using at least four different classes of switching silicon (two merchant vendors, two custom ASIC-based designs). This includes both Arista’s 7150 series and 7050X switches. All of these are capable of performing the necessary L3+VXLAN operations. We’ll let the switch vendors speak for themselves regarding product specifics, but we’re essentially viewing this as a non-issue.

OK, that’s L3. What next? Overall, our approach has been to try to provide the same capabilities to virtual ports and physical ports, as much as that is possible. Of course, there is some inherent conflict here: hardware-based end-points tend to excel at throughput and density, while software-based end-points give us the greatest flexibility to deliver new features. Also, given our rich partner ecosystem with many hardware players, it’s not always going to be feasible to expose the unique features of a specific hardware product through the northbound API of NSX. But we certainly see value in being able to do more on physical ports: for example, we should be able to create access control lists on physical ports under API control. Similarly, we’d like to be able to control QoS policy at the physical ingress, e.g. remarking DSCP bits or trusting the value received and copying to the outer VXLAN header. More stateful services, such as firewalling or load-balancing, may not make sense in a ToR-class device but could be implemented in specific appliances suited for those tasks, and could still be integrated into virtualized networks using the same principles that we’ve applied to L2 and L3 functions.

In summary, we see the physical edges of virtual networks as a critical part of the overall network virtualization story. And of course we consider it important that we have a range of vendors whose devices can be integrated into the virtual overlay. It’s been great to see the ecosystem develop around this ability to tie the physical and the virtual together, and we see a lot of opportunity to build on the foundation we’ve established.

Remembering The Management Plane

[This post was written with input from Martin Casado, Ben Pfaff, Justin Pettit and Ben Basler.]

The Open vSwitch (OVS) project is obviously dear to our hearts at Nicira (and now VMware). OVS is a fairly standard open source project, with many dozens of people from companies around the world contributing patches and reviewing them. However, there is more to openness than just open source software; open protocols (with freely accessible specs) are also important. Of course, Open vSwitch is well known as an implementation of the OpenFlow protocol, for which the specs are freely available. But there is another protocol, arguably just as important as OpenFlow, which is used to manage Open vSwitch instances. That protocol is known as the Open vSwitch Data Base management protocol or OVSDB protocol. While the specification of that protocol can be found within the Open vSwitch sources, it’s a bit of an effort to figure out exactly how it works. With that in mind, as well as a desire to be as open as possible, we decided to publish a spec for the OVSDB protocol in a more familiar and accessible format – an Internet draft.

To be clear, anyone can publish an Internet draft, and that does not make something into a standard. There’s a possibility that this Internet draft may be suitable for publication as an informational RFC. That wouldn’t make it a standard either, but it would at least provide an archival publication mechanism for a protocol that is quite widely used. Whether that happens or not depends on the “Independent Stream Editor”, part of the rather complex organization that handles RFC publication. (See

So, what is this OVSDB protocol? Obviously, you could just go and read our new Internet draft, but here is the quick summary. While OpenFlow establishes flow state in a switch, there’s a lot more to Open vSwitch – indeed there is more to networking – than just setting up flow (or forwarding) table entries. In Open vSwitch, you can create many virtual switch instances, attach interfaces to those switches, set QOS policies on interfaces, and so on. None of these configuration tasks can be done with OpenFlow, so you need a management/configuration protocol to do them.

The OVSDB protocol has been part of the Open vSwitch implementation for many years. It is essentially a general purpose protocol for interacting with a database, and in Open vSwitch the database in question is a set of tables representing switch configuration data. (Some readers may be familiar with of-config – the OpenFlow config protocol – a more recent effort; we believe that protocol could actually be implemented on top of OVSDB.)

To step back for a moment, networking folks often think of any network device as having a control plane and a data plane. Sadly, the management plane has been all too often neglected. OVSDB is a protocol that was created to address that important but neglected aspect of networking. We think that making networks dramatically easier to manage is in fact one of the major benefits of network virtualization. That’s a topic we’ve discussed elsewhere; for now, I’ll just urge readers of this blog to go take a look at our current approach to managing and configuring Open vSwitch instances.

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OCPass Enrollment Begins Today

Monday, April 20, 2015

Beginning this week, the Center for Information Technology (CIT) will introduce OCPass, a new system that students, faculty, and staff will use to change their ObieID passwords. OCPass will replace the ObieID Self Service Page. You do not have to change your password when you enroll for OCPass; however, you must enroll before you can use OCPass to change your password the next time it is due to expire.
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Faculty and Staff Using Windows: Remove Novell to Reduce Slowness

Monday, April 13, 2015

Faculty and staff members who have been issued Windows PCs should uninstall the Novell client. CIT is deactivating the Novell server and leaving the client on your computer may cause slowness and error messages. Read more to learn how. Please note: this does NOT apply to the Novell iPrint client, which is necessary for printing from Windows.
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iPrint Transition

Wednesday, January 07, 2015

Most computers issued to faculty and staff are already set up to print to a networked, departmental printer nearby. iPrint is the software that powers departmental printing at Oberlin. Beginning January 13, CIT will be transitioning iPrint to a new server. All faculty and staff must reinstall the printer software they use to print to their departmental printers. Read more to find out how to make this change.
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CIT Changes Policy: Graduates' Accounts Retained for One Year

Friday, October 17, 2014

It has been the case in years past that December and May graduates' accounts were retained until the fall break following their graduation. CIT has made a policy change such that graduates will be able to retain their accounts for at least one year after graduation. This past December and May's grads will be guaranteed access to their accounts until the end of May 2016.
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Introducing ... Again!

Thursday, October 09, 2014

You may recall that CIT offered a campus-wide subscription to, an online training library that teaches the latest software, creative, and business skills through high-quality instructional videos taught by recognized industry experts. It's back! What would normally cost $25 per month for a private license is free for Oberlin College students, faculty, and staff and allows access to all of the 65,000+ video courses on the site.
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Microsoft Office 365 Downloads

Tuesday, August 26, 2014

All current faculty, students, and staff may use Office 365, a Microsoft product that enables you to install the latest full desktop version of Office applications, including Word, Excel, PowerPoint, OneNote and Outlook, on up to 5 PCs or Macs, in addition to 5 Windows tablets or iPads.
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Beware of Phishing Messages!

Tuesday, April 15, 2014

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Home > Catholic Encyclopedia > K > Stanislaw Karnkowski

Stanislaw Karnkowski

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Archbishop of Gnesen and Primate of Poland, born about 1526; died at Lowicz, in the Government of Warsaw, 25 May (al., 8 June), 1603. As early as 1563 (according to Gams not until 1568) he was named Bishop of Wlozlawsk (Wladislavia, Kalisch), and rendered great service to religion and education by founding, besides several schools, a seminary for priests in his episcopal residence. By order of the Synod of Petrikau (1577), he made a new collection of synodal laws under the title "Constitutiones synodorum metrolpitanae ecclesiae Gnesnensis provincialium" (Krakow, 1579). His political and religious influence in contemporary Poland was great. Under King Sigismund II August (1548-72) the Reformation made great progress in Poland, especially the Calvinist teaching, while the Lutherans and Socinians bitterly opposed each other. When Sigismund died, Henry of Valois, later Henry III of France, was elected King of Poland. On his entry into Meseritz, Karnkowski welcomed him in the name of the Polish estates. The archbishop also attended the coronation (1574), and tried to keep the throne new king in Poland, but in the same year the French throne fell vacant and he returned to France. Karnkowski then urged the election of Stephen Báthori, Prince of Transylvania. The latter was suspected of favouring the Reformation, but under the influence of Karnkowski he declared openly for Catholicism, and was crowned king 1 May, 1576, by Karnkowski, as Uchanski, Primate of Poland and Archbishop of Gnesen, had refused to crown him.

Uchanski died 5 April, 1581, and Karnkowski was named his successor in the same year (21 April) in the archiepiscopal See of Gnesen and Primacy of Poland; as such, he governed Poland after the death of Stephen Báthori (12 Dec., 1586). Eventually he succeeded in electing as king Sigismund III Vasa (1587-1632). Through this young king, formerly Crown Prince of Sweden, and reared a good Catholic by his mother Katharina, Karnkowski hoped to stay the progress of the Reformation in Poland. After Cardinal Hosius, the archbishop was the most prominent opponent of the Polish Reformation. He favoured the Jesuits in every way, built a college for them at Kalisch, and a seminary at Gnesen. He established an institute for twelve noble students, which is still extant, under the direction of the cathedral chapter of Gnesen. It was he who urged the Jesuit Jacob Wujek to translate the Holy Scripture into Polish; this translation was approved by the pope and is still regarded as a classic (Sommervogel, "Bibl. de la C. de J.", VIII, 1234 sp.). Karnkowski wrote several important works, mostly theological; among them are: "Eucharistia", forty discourses in Polish on the Blessed Sacrament (Krakow, 1602); Polish Sermons on the Messias or the Redemption (Krakow, 1597); "De jure provinciali terrarum civitatumque Prussiae" (Krakow, 1574); "Liber epistolarum familiarium et illustrium virorum" (Krakow, 1584). He is buried in the Jesuit church at Kalisch.

About this page

APA citation. Reinhold, G. (1910). Stanislaw Karnkowski. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

MLA citation. Reinhold, Gregor. "Stanislaw Karnkowski." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. <>.

Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Christine J. Murray.

Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. October 1, 1910. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor. Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York.

Contact information. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is webmaster at Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads.

Copyright © 2012 by Kevin Knight. Dedicated to the Immaculate Heart of Mary.


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Kuhn leads Lady Urchins over South Pontotoc

In a game that had several lead and momentum changes, Chelsea Kuhn had the last say. The senior stepped up with a two RBI triple in the sixth inning, leading the Lady Urchins to a 10-9 win over South Pontotoc on Monday.
Down 8-6 at the beginning of the frame, Alie Haynie and Katie Hunt had back-to-back hits and a sacrifice play by Callie Jo Winters cut the deficit to one. Kuhn’s triple cleared the bases, giving East Union the lead, and she later scored on a single by Ashley Leach.
The Lady Urchins led early in the game, going ahead 2-0 off a single and three walks. A pitching change by the Lady Cougars slowed East Union’s offense down with South Pontotoc taking the lead, 5-3, in the fourth inning.
East Union tied the game in the fifth, as Rachel Elder brought in two runs after singles by Kuhn and Leach.
Kuhn led East Union with three hits, while Hunt, Leach and Heather Dillard each had two hits, including a triple by Leach in the fourth inning.
East Union will play in the Pontotoc Tournament this weekend and host Mantachie next Monday and Walnut next Thursday.


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An update on Thailand’s amnesty bill — and the potential for protests early next month

The WSJ reports today:

An assembly of civil society groups has threatened to mobilize rallies across Thailand if the government pushes through a proposed amnesty bill that could open the door for deposed former prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra to re-enter the country a free man.

The draft legislation has recently been altered in a way that could clear past legal convictions against Mr. Thaksin, who was handed a two-year prison sentence in absentia in 2008 for abuse of power.

Should the newly altered bill make it to a final vote, it could spark a fresh round of political chaos in a country frequently mired in street protests.

The legislation is still subject to several rounds of debate in the House and Senate before it becomes law. In the meantime, eight anti-Thaksin groups said they would meet this Sunday to decide the timing of mass street demonstrations planned for early November. The exact time and venue have yet to be announced.

Worth a read.


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Will Breastfeeding Make Your Baby Smarter?

baby smarterThe pros of breastfeeding can’t be overstated. Doing so has been shown to prevent SIDS, lessen your baby’s chances of developing high blood pressure or diabetes, and even reduce your risk for postpartum depression. And now, experts are ready to add one more big benefit to the list.

See more: Breastfeeding Benefits: Why Longer is Better

Children who are breastfed as babies exhibit greater cognitive development later in life, finds new Boston Children’s Hospital research. In a study of over 2,000 mothers and their children, longer breastfeeding duration was associated with higher vocabulary, verbal, and nonverbal intelligence in children at ages 3 and 7.

Researchers aren’t exactly sure why breastfeeding might make baby smarter, but they have a few ideas. “There may be nutrients in breast milk that impact brain development that people haven’t learned enough about to start adding to formula. The other commonly cited theory is the interaction between mom and baby [during breastfeeding],” says lead study author Mandy Belfort, M.D., M.P.H., Instructor of Pediatrics at Boston Children’s Hospital.

The American Academy of Pediatrics says that babies should be breastfed exclusively for the first six months of life, and in combination with complementary foods until at least 12 months. Still, your decision to breastfeed alone won’t determine whether you end up with a baby Einstein, since each month of breastfeeding results in a gain of just 1/3 of an I.Q. point. “There are many factors that go into whether a woman chooses to breastfeed, and having evidence about the benefits of breastfeeding for each additional month is important when deciding how to spend your time,” Belfort says.

See more: How Infants Learn

And for women who do choose to breastfeed for any length of time, having support is crucial. That could mean talking with your employer about schedule flexibility or having a private place to pump, or talking to your healthcare provider about the breastfeeding insurance coverage you’re entitled to.

Bottom line: Breastfeeding really can boost your baby’s brainpower, but the effects are small, and formula is still a perfectly good alternative. Ultimately, “you need to make your own informed choice,” says Belfort.

See more: Your Breastfeeding Nutrition Questions, Answered


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This Week In Black History 7-10-13

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Week of July 10-16

July 10

1775—Shortly after taking command of the troops fighting for American independence from Britain, Gen. George Washington (the nation’s first president) has his adjutant general issue an order barring any further Blacks from joining the Continental Army. The decision would be confirmed by the Continental Congress in November of 1775. The fear was that Blacks who fought for America’s independence would be justified in demanding an end to slavery. And slave owners, including Washington, did not want that.

1927—David Dinkins, the first Black man elected mayor of New York City, is born on this day in 1927. He was born in Trenton, N.J., and served as New York City mayor from 1989 to 1993.

1943—Tennis sensation Arthur Ashe was born on this day in Richmond, Va. He would become the first Black male to win the Wimbledon men’s singles championship by defeating Jimmy Connors in 1975. Ashe would receive a contaminated blood transfusion and die of AIDS in February 1993.

1972—The Democratic Party holds its presidential convention in Miami, Fla. New York Congresswoman Shirley Chisholm, the first Black person to actively seek the party’s presidential nomination, received 151.95 votes on the first ballot. Senator George McGovern would eventually be nominated. Chisholm had been the first Black woman elected to the United States Congress, achieving the distinction in 1968. She was born in Brooklyn, N.Y., to a Barbadian mother and a Guyanese father. Chisholm’s signature phrase was “Un-bought and un-bossed.” She died in January 2005.

July 11

1905—The Niagara Movement (forerunner of the NAACP) is founded during a meeting near Niagara Falls, N.Y. Among the most prominent Blacks at the meeting were intellectual and activist W.E.B. DuBois and newspaper publishers William Monroe Trotter and Ida B. Wells Barnett.

1915—Mifflin Wistar Gibbs dies. Gibbs had worked on the Underground Railroad helping Blacks escape from slavery along with Frederick Douglas. He would later become publisher of Mirror of the Times—the first Black newspaper in California. He was also the first African-American elected to a municipal judgeship in the state.

2010—Gospel legend Bishop Walter Hawkins dies. The Grammy award-winning Hawkins died at his home in Ripon, Calif. Hawkins was part of the influential Hawkins family. His brother was Edwin Hawkins and for a while he was married to gospel great Tramaine Hawkins.

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Small Seeds uplifts single mothers and sons

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Mothers and sons in the program expressed the impact that MTSP has made in their lives. Several mothers thanked program leaders and Small Seeds for encouraging them to gain employment, go back to school, live healthier lives, and one mother was inspired to write a book.

Deborah Evans, a new mom enjoying her first year in the program, expressed her gratitude to the staff.

“It is great people who make it easy to write a note of thanks. I will share with others the work of MTSP,” she said.

Davida Peterson remains thankful for the persistence of her son, Tyler. After seeing a flyer regarding the MTSP program some five years ago, he continued to encourage his mother to sigh him up. Peterson and her family are grateful every day for the support, manhood training and sibling care (her daughter has a disability) that has been given. She is amazed at how her family life has improved while being involved in the MTSP.

The MTSP encouraged Tiwanda Alston, to write and publish “He Held me Close: Reflections of a Life Almost Lost,” a memoir of her life beginning with her teen years overcoming bad relationships, a suicide attempt and other obstacles. Alston said she was able to complete the last section of the book after embracing the concept of forgiveness, which had been taught at one of the single mother support group sessions.

Shiane Prunty, another mother, stated that the consistency of the group sessions and follow up with her family allowed her to understand her son’s developmental progress allowing her to make headway in family improvements.

The MTSP is excited about the opportunity to empower single mother households and expose families to education, entrepreneurship, social and health-related issues.

The program also promotes and stimulates a greater appreciation for family development and civic involvement and informs families about emerging economic, communal and political issues.

“We know we can achieve more by working together,” says Cheeseboro. “And the success of families in the MTSP proves this to be true.”

Your comments are welcome.
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NEC Contemporary Improvisation Student Daniel Pencer Receives 2013 South African Fleur Du Cap Theatre Award

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Winner of “Best Original Music Composition” for the Play Mies Julie

New England Conservatory Contemporary Improvisation master’s student Daniel Pencer and his brother Matthew Pencer have won a prestigious Fleur du Cap Theatre Award in the category of “Best Original Music Composition” for their music for the South African production of Mies Julie. The awards were announced March 17, 2013 in Cape Town.

The 48th Annual Fleur du Cap Theatre Awards recognized productions staged in 2012, handing out awards in 20 different categories, with the winners each receiving a silver medallion and a cash prize. Focusing on professional theatre productions staged in and around Cape Town, the awards are an annual red carpet event celebrating the vibrant theater scene of South Africa. The Fleur du Cap judging panel is made up of South African critics, journalists, writers and drama educators, who base their decisions on having collectively evaluated close to 100 productions over the 12-month period of eligibility.

Canadian multi-instrumentalist and composer Daniel Pencer creates sound with patience and sensitivity. He holds a performance degree from the University of Toronto focusing on saxophone, clarinet, and flute. After graduating he studied clarinet and bansuri for eight months in Lucknow, India on fellowship from the Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute. Upon returning to Canada, Pencer focused on his craft of instrument repair and directed his musical energy towards the realm of improvised electro-acoustic and ambient music. These pursuits brought about opportunities in the fields of dance, film, and theatre, including his award-winning work for Mies Julie. Pencer is currently finishing his first year of studies toward his Master's degree at the New England Conservatory’s Contemporary Improvisation program.

Founded in 1972 by musical visionaries Gunther Schuller and Ran Blake, New England Conservatory's Contemporary Improvisation program celebrates its 40th anniversary in the 2012-2013 season. The program trains creative musicians to broaden their musical palettes and develop unique voices as composer/performer/ improvisers and is unparalleled for its structured approach to ear training and its emphasis on singing, memorization, harmonic sophistication, aesthetic integrity, and stylistic openness. Under Blake's guidance for its first twenty-six years, the program expanded its offerings under subsequent chairs Allan Chase and Hankus Netsky. Alumni include clarinetist/composer Don Byron, keyboardist John Medeski, pianist Jacqueline Schwab, and vocalist Aoife O'Donovan; faculty include violinist Carla Kihlstedt, iconic improvisational pianist Blake, vocalist Dominique Eade, and pianist/composer/ improviser Anthony Coleman. Appearing at a departmental event in the fall of 2011 that included world music, chamber music and free improvisation, Gunther Schuller, who coined the term “Third Stream" in the 1950s and articulated the idea of the “Complete Musician" during his presidency at NEC remarked: “I feel that my vision for this department has now been realized." The program currently has 43 undergrad and graduate students from 15 countries.

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No nudity for first M'sian Playboy Bunny

FELIXIA Yeap the first Malaysian Playboy Bunny will not strip for photography.

China Press reported that the 25-year-old former kindergarten teacher said the public had a wrong perception towards the bunny girls.

"We are only waitresses and entertainers. We are not required to strip," she said.

Although she had only signed a one-month contract with the Macau Playboy Club, Yeap still has to undergo a series of training before she is qualified for the job.

"The most difficult is the serving posture.

"We are not allowed to bend our upper body forward, so we have to bend our knees, squat down slowly while holding the plate to serve the customers."

Born in Kuala Lumpur and raised in Ipoh, Yeap said her mother was quite supportive of her job.

-The Star/Asia News Network


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BBC News
watch One-Minute World News
Last Updated: Thursday, 20 January, 2005, 13:27 GMT
Fry set for role in Hitchhiker's
Stephen Fry
Stephen Fry is delighted to be taking the role
Actor Stephen Fry is joining the cast of the forthcoming film adaptation of The Hitchhiker's Guide To The Galaxy.

Fry will provide the voice of The Guide, an electronic book which accompanies the story's hero Arthur Dent on his travels around the galaxy.

Martin Freeman, John Malkovich, Bill Nighy and Alan Rickman are co-starring in the film, due for release in May.

The late Douglas Adams' original 1977 scripts have also been turned into a series of successful books.

"Being asked to do the voice of The Guide is like having your birthday on Christmas Day, discovering a winning lottery ticket in your stocking and having chocolate poured all over you," said Fry, a self-confessed fan of the book.

The film's executive producer Robbie Stamp said that Adams, who died in 2001, would have been "delighted" with the choice of Fry for the role.

Douglas Adams
Hitchhiker's creator Douglas Adams died in 2001

"His humour and intelligence are perfect for the voice of The Guide," added Mr Stamp.

Adams wrote the screenplay based on his book before his premature death, while a new radio series was aired 26 years after the first broadcast and included many of the original cast members.

Hollywood star Malkovich will play religious cult leader Humma Kavula, which was especially created by Adams for the new film.

Freeman, who starred in hit BBC comedy The Office, will play the role of Arthur Dent, who begins his intergalactic voyage following the destruction of the Earth.

Adams' voice in radio Hitchhiker
21 Jun 04 |  Entertainment
Malkovich joins Hitchhiker film
18 Apr 04 |  Entertainment
Actor Nighy for Hitchhiker's film
13 Jan 04 |  Entertainment
Long hitchhike to film cult novel
18 Jun 03 |  Entertainment
And now, Hitchhiker the movie
17 Sep 02 |  Entertainment

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BBC News
watch One-Minute World News
Last Updated: Thursday, 20 May, 2004, 23:36 GMT 00:36 UK
Labour warning issued by midwives
pregnant woman
Women can be anxious about giving birth
Mothers and babies' lives are being put at risk by overuse of induction, epidural and caesarean, say midwives.

Delegates at the Royal College of Midwives annual conference in Cardiff want a reappraisal of the use of the three main obstetric interventions.

They called for expert bodies, including the National Institute for Clinical Excellence, to assess the evidence.

The conference heard that all three interventions can pose serious risks.

We are concerned that too many women are now receiving intervention without them always fully understanding the nature of these procedures.
Dame Karlene Davis
It also heard that these risks are rarely discussed with women in detail - sometimes not at all - and that as a result women were being the denied the opportunity to make an informed choice about their labour.

If women were given proper information on their use, the conference heard, they might make different choices that could have profound implications for the maternity services.

A reduction in caesareans and induced labour would help to reduce the number of births that require the use of instruments such as forceps - which are associated with a greater risk to both women and their babies.

Midwife Claire Wood, who put forward the motion, said: "Be very clear, this motion is not about setting professional against professional.

"Rather it could be an historical opportunity for all midwives to seize the initiative and lead the way forward in multi-disciplinary collaboration and to openly and honestly reappraise the care we give to all women."

Dame Karlene Davis, RCM general secretary, said: "Pregnancy, labour and childbirth is, for the majority of women, a natural healthy life event.

"We are concerned, however, that too many women are now receiving intervention, such as induction, epidural and caesarean section, without them always fully understanding the nature of these procedures and their potential risks.

"The RCM believes that the UK's caesarean rate is too high and will continue to campaign to inform women about all of their birth choices."

Guidelines from the National Institute for Clinical Excellence published last month urge doctors to persuade pregnant women not to have a caesarean if they do not need one.

The Department of Health supported the NICE guidelines, which are due to be reviewed in June 2005.

A spokesman for the department said: "We support the need for women to be offered evidence-based information and to enable them to make informed choices about their care during birth.

"Decisions about a woman's delivery need to be made by the woman in conjunction with the health professionals looking after her."

Around 1.5% of all births in England and Wales are caesareans carried out for non-medical reasons.

Caesareans 'must be discouraged'
28 Apr 04  |  Health
More women having natural births
01 Apr 04  |  Health
'How we cut Caesarean numbers'
28 Apr 04  |  Health

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BBC Onepolitics show

Last Updated: Sunday, 16 September 2007, 13:45 GMT 14:45 UK
David Laws interview transcript...
On the Politics Show, Sunday 16 September 2007, Jon Sopel interviewed David Laws MP.

David Laws MP
I like Bill very much and he was one of the very important founder members of the SDP to which we owe so much, but I thought he sounded slightly disconnected
David Laws

JON SOPEL: Well, I'm joined now from Brighton by the Liberal Democrat Spokesman on Schools and the Family, David Laws, in a rather dimly lit Brighton Conference Centre, you look rather like you're out of a Rembrandt painting there. Anyway, I wonder...

DAVID LAWS: I'm sorry about that, it's rather sunny outside though.

JON SOPEL: I wonder whether I can start by asking you the same question as I asked Lord Rodgers - how would you characterise the last year for the Liberal Democrats.

DAVID LAWS: I think it's been a, a good year for us. I mean if you look a couple of months ago, rather in contrast to the report that you had from Eastleigh, which had a feel of the politics of four or five months ago, actually, we ended up driving the Conservative Party in to third position, in two by-elections, where they actually started off in second position and er, if we were getting squeezed somehow by the Cameron Conservatives, which was really the thesis of the earlier part of your film from Eastleigh, then we certainly wouldn't be expected to be by-passing them.

What we've actually seen, over the last few months is a bubble around the rather vacuous policies of David Cameron, which now seems to have burst and we've also seen, over the last couple of months, obviously a bounce in support for the Prime Minister, Gordon Brown, the new Prime Minister, which is something that we very often see when an unpopular outward, er, outgoing Prime Minister gives way to a new one.

And I think as we see ourselves going in to the autumn and the New Year, and as the public begin to focus back on the issues that they're really concerned about, about pensions and council tax and the environment, I think at that stage, the Brown bounce will fade and you will see us strengthening in our support.

JON SOPEL: So what would it take to be a bad year, two hundred and fifty councillors in England, not enough, losing power in Scotland, not enough.

DAVID LAWS: A quarter of the vote in the local elections was, was Liberal Democrat, one point or so behind the government. Bill Rodgers saying that things weren't changed very much from the time that he remembers. We've got three or four times the number of members of parliament than we had then.

We've got enormous strength, all across the country, not only in the areas particularly associated in the past with the Conservatives in the south, but also challenging Labour in their heartlands in the City and the North, where frankly, the conservatives are nowhere.

That's the picture that I recognise, right across the country and it's the big issues of substance that people are concerned about, that we're going to be debating out there in the conference this week.

JON SOPEL: So, is Bill Rodgers on another planet and the activists we spoke to in our film on another planet.

DAVID LAWS: Jon, you know as a very experience political operator, that you can always?in every political party- you'll be doing it at the Conservatives and Labour- noises off, who have grumbles and mumbles about particular things, but I think that you will find in the conference here, this week in Brighton, amongst the party members, amongst all of my colleagues in the Shadow Cabinet and the parliamentary party, overwhelming support for me.

A strong conviction, that in contrast with people like David Cameron, he's a man of substance, he's made the right judgements over big issues like Iraq, he's leading the party in the national debate on issues such as the environment, he's got good judgement, and he's a person of integrity and I think the overwhelming majority of the party, are very strongly behind him.

JON SOPEL: But Bill Rodgers is not a lone voice is he. He's too old and wily to have broken cover like that if he thought he was just an isolated voice in the wilderness, and when he didn't quite answer my questions about were there others who were plotting, it gave me the firm impression that there almost certainly were.

DAVID LAWS: Well, I like Bill very much and he was one of the very important founder members of the SDP to which we owe so much, but I thought he sounded slightly disconnected. I mean not only did it not appear that he as sort of at the conference, but actually he ? he seemed to be obsessed with things going on the fringe, but as we're actually going to be debating out here this week the core issues: the environment, education, my own portfolio, and we're going to be debating poverty and pensions - the issues that really matter, so yes, I think we are addressing the mainstream issues that matter to British politics.

We've seen off the, the Cameron bubble, we will see off in time the Brown bounce, and I think you're going to see a party that's not only very confident this week, going in to the autumn, but that is talking about the things that people in Britain care about and when they come back to those issues, the council tax, pensions, the environment, Iraq, you asked what we were for, all of those issues, they will come back, not only to the Liberal Democrats but they will also see a party which frankly, if we didn't exist, one of your earlier questions, in British politics, would make British politics almost meaningless.

How can you not have a Liberal Democrat party, when on Iraq the other two were agreed, where on the environment, they've got nothing serious to say, when on council tax their policy is the same, when on pensions, their policy is the same. British politics would be a pointless monopoly of single issue views, were it not for the existence of our party.

JON SOPEL: What about the critique that you're a think tank not a party.

DAVID LAWS: A think tank with 25% of the votes in the local elections, that's some think tank.

JON SOPEL: Okay. Well let's go on to this other policy that you seem now to favour which is that, we should have a referendum on whether Britain stays in the European Union. Why.

DAVID LAWS: Yeah. I think it's absolutely right because the background here, as you know, is the Treaty that's being debated at the moment, that's going to go to an inter-governmental conference... (interjection)

JON SOPEL: Then have a referendum on that.

DAVID LAWS: And, and, and our view is that that Treaty, is one that provided the government's red lines are respected, it's actually going to be a minor constitutional change, which frankly, very few people in this country even understand.

The point was made by Ken Clarke a few months ago, that frankly, there are some people who are so extreme on Europe, that they would have a referendum about changing the date at the top of the page and if we had a referendum on a Treaty, that respected the red lines and that was essentially not much different constitutionally from where we are now, it would in essence, really be a debate and a referendum on our future in Europe, and Menzies I think has had the courage quite rightly, to take the lead on this and say, if that's the issue, and if that's the outcome of the intergovernmental conference, let's just have that debate.

Let's not pretend that we can have some debate about whether there should be QMV in twenty five countries, or twenty four, what the date is, or what flag we should have. Those are fringe issues. If people want a debate on the core issue of being in Europe or not, let's actually have that and not hide away from it.

JON SOPEL: Okay, David Laws, in a rather gloomily lit Brighton, I hope your conference is better, thank you very much.

DAVID LAWS: It's sunny outside. Thank you Jon.

JON SOPEL: Okay, thanks very much for being with us.

Please note BBC Politics Show must be credited if any part of these transcripts are used.

NB:These transcripts were typed from a recording and not copied from original scripts.

Because of the possibility of miss-hearing and the difficulty, in some cases, of identifying individual speakers, the BBC cannot vouch for their accuracy.

Let us know what you think.

The Politics Show Sunday 16 September 2007 at 12:00 BST on BBC One.

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Last Updated: Saturday, 29 May, 2004, 09:19 GMT 10:19 UK
Vineyards seeking 'wine tourists'
English wine makers are encouraging vineyard tourism
Thousands of wine lovers are expected to visit the growing number of English vineyards this weekend.

Scores of new businesses have sprung up - especially in Kent and Sussex which now enjoy drier and hotter summers.

English Wine Week, which begins on Saturday, is set to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the UK's first commercial wine harvest.

Wine makers are offering tours, tastings and days out to attract tourists to their vineyards.

Climate change

A spokesman for English Wine Producers, which represents wine makers across the country, said: "Interest in English wine has grown dramatically over the last few years.

"Last year's summer and subsequent quality harvest also raised England's profile as a serious wine producer.

"England is now acknowledged as the home to some outstanding sparkling wines."

This year, three French champagne houses said they were considering exporting production to Kent.

Climate change and the chalk geology of the Kent and Sussex hill prompted the move, along with high land prices in Champagne.

Wine makers in England said a change in temperature meant conditions in Kent and Sussex were now more favourable to produce the grapes used for Champagne.

There are about 350 vineyards in the UK - out of those, Kent has 31, West Sussex has 23, and Surrey and East Sussex both have eight.

Kent's champagne popping prospect
15 Apr 04  |  England
Wine producer predicts vintage harvest
08 Sep 03  |  Nottinghamshire
'Bumper year' for English wine
05 Aug 03  |  England
Wine makers appeal for tax help
26 Feb 03  |  England

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watch One-Minute World News
Last Updated: Wednesday, 3 October 2007, 21:19 GMT 22:19 UK
At-a-glance: Tory conference

All you need to know the 2007 Conservative Party conference in Blackpool.

David Cameron says he wants the Conservatives to inspire people with a message of optimism and hope for Britain's future in the "new world".

Gordon Brown will show "political cowardice" if he does not call a snap general election, says William Hague.

A voluntary citizen service for 16-year-olds would help "recapture what national service did" in the 1950s, says the shadow children's secretary.

Labour's "patronising" attitude to ethnic minorities comes under attack from Conservative community cohesion spokesman Lady Warsi.

The Tories promise "a revolution" in the way energy is produced and supplied, with incentives to encourage people and firms to "go green".

Ex-Tory leader Iain Duncan Smith appeared close to tears as his speech on social justice got the longest ovation yet at this year's party conference in Blackpool.

Gordon Brown is accused of "cynical pre-election politics" over his visit to British forces in Iraq.

Immigration would be "substantially lower" under a Conservative government, shadow home secretary David Davis says

The Conservatives would change the law every time there was a proposal to hand more power to the EU, says William Hague.

Gordon Brown's fears for the UK economy will be behind any decision to call an early election, says former chancellor Ken Clarke

Shadow chancellor George Osborne pledges to cut inheritance tax in a speech to the Conservative conference in Blackpool.

The Conservatives say they would scrap Home Information Packs, end "garden grabbing" by developers and cut stamp duty if they won a general election.

  • Former leader Iain Duncan Smith received a three minute standing ovation for his speech on the broken society. There were tears in the quiet man's eyes, our spies in the hall tell us.

  • William Hague appeared to make a dig a the Conservative defector Quentin Davis, and the Tory MPs advising Gordon Brown, John Bercow and Patrick Mercer, at a fringe event. When mobile phone signals interfered with the microphones, Mr Hague said it could not be his phone because he had turned it off. "If Gordon Brown phones to offer me a job I won't be able to take it," said the shadow foreign secretary, hastily adding: "Of course, I wouldn't take it anyway."

    Conservative post card
    The saucy seaside post card is alive and well

  • Good to see the Conservatives have not abandoned all of the great traditions of the English seaside. The party may have cancelled its order for Blackpool rock with the words "David Cameron" running through it, claiming it was not "modern" enough - but they have revived another seaside favourite - the saucy post card. "Why don't we get married love," says a callow young man to his suitably buxom girlfriend on one card. "Not likely - no girl wants Gordon Brown getting his hands on her tax credits!" Oo-er, missus...

  • Rock update: There is David Cameron rock after all. It's just that it's not in stick form. The press office is handing out bite-sized pieces of rock candy with the party leader's name embedded in it. Perfect for the age of sound bite politics!

  • Another of the media team's wheezes is a beer mat spoofing the Stella Artois lager commercials. It says: "Gordon Brown: Disturbingly expensive". There are also "Same Old Labour, Same Old Spin" yo-yos on offer.

  • Anyone fearing for the future of the Union can sleep soundly in their beds, according to Sir Malcolm Rifkind. All great liberation movements have an inspirational leader, such as Nelson Mandela and Ghandi, argued the former foreign secretary. "Who have the Scottish National Party got? Alex Salmond".

  • The Conservatives' National Security spokesman, Dame Pauline Neville Jones, has said "intervention in Iraq has failed". She was speaking at a party conference fringe event on security hosted by the BBC World Service. Dame Pauline also argued that Britain had "lost the moral high ground". Turning to the issue of global radicalisation, she said the West is not winning the ideological war but actually losing ground. Radicalisation, she argued, is growing faster than the West's ability to win hearts and minds. Arif Ansari

  • Shadow minister for communities and local government, Paul Goodman, has accused the government of "chaos" in its engagement with British Muslims. He was speaking at a fringe meeting called Islamist Radicalism, which was addressed by a former member of Hizb ut-Tahrir, Shiraz Maher, and an ex-IRA member, Sean O'Callaghan. Asked by a member of the audience if the government was appeasing Islamists, Mr Goodman replied "The government isn't consistent enough to appease anyone. They're all over the place on this." Joanna Shinn

  • Henley MP Boris Johnson, the Conservative candidate for London Mayor, repeated his backing for academic selection in schools but said it was not a "winning" proposition. Mr Johnson was speaking at a lunchtime conference fringe entitled "Any Questions?" and organised by the Politeia think tank.

  • Shadow police minister David Ruffley has told a fringe meeting people on Community Service Orders should be made to wear "dayglo pink boiler suits". He added those on CSOs should be given the most grim and 'degrading' jobs to do such as cleaning sewers. The MP also said "Nissen huts", and prison ships should be used to house prisoners if jails were overcrowded. Alicia McCarthy

  • Former Foreign Secretary Sir Malcolm Rifkind has called for a "grand committee" of English MPs to decide on England-only issues - rather than sending Scottish and Welsh MPs out of the chamber when votes are being taken - the solution for the West Lothian question favoured by shadow Scottish secretary David Mundell. Sir Malcolm said England-only votes would create a "two-tier" system. Under Sir Malcolm's proposals, the whole House of Commons would endorse the decisions of the "grand committee". A Tory Reform Group fringe meeting voted overwhelmingly to back the idea. Sir Malcolm commented afterwards that he was confident it would feature in the Tory election manifesto. Brian Wheeler

  • Former cabinet minister John Redwood told a fringe meeting "UKIP is not the enemy". Mr Redwood was addressing a meeting on the EU reform treaty. He told his audience: "UKIP is not the enemy, Labour and the Liberal Democrats are the enemy. It's time the Eurosceptics fought together, I want us to unite and fight, I want to get my country back and will only do that when the Eurosceptic majority has a majority in the places of power". Alicia McCarthy

    Theresa May's leopard print shoes next to Ken Clarke's traditional brown suede shoes
    Theresa May and Ken Clarke show off their different tastes in footwear.

    Let the people pass judgement on 10 years of broken promises, let people decide who's really making the arguments about the future of our country. Let people decide who can make the changes that we really need in our country. Call that election. We will fight. Britain will win.

    David Cameron to Gordon Brown

    Has China's housing bubble burst?
    How the world's oldest clove tree defied an empire
    Why Royal Ballet principal Sergei Polunin quit

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Page last updated at 06:25 GMT, Friday, 15 June 2012 07:25 UK

'Utter madness' of gang violence

Half of all shooting incidents in London involve victims in gangs and in some areas, gangs are responsible for most of the serious crime involving young people.

In his final report, Andrew Hosken investigates the violence carried out by London gangs.

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Activision Addresses Nuketown 2025 Problems
Call of Duty: Black Ops 2

In the wake of a stellar launch, a small issue cropped up for PlayStation 3 owners of Call of Duty’s latest iteration. Specifically, only some of the Nuketown 2025 codes were working. Some simply failed to redeem the promised map content and others were missing entirely.

A stink was raised and, today, Activision answered.

A new form up on the customer support website allows players to request a replacement code direct from the source itself. There’s a double XP event in it for players who download the 185MB map, as well.

Situations such as this are uncommon, but always troublesome. Activision’s prompt and effective response, however, should prevent it from being blown out of proportion.

Source: Activision Support

by Shelby Reiches
11/16/2012 03:15PM

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CU Staff Go Above and Beyond

Employees reconnect members with lost cash.

August 8, 2013

In separate incidents recently, two credit union employees took member service to a new level by tracking down the owners of large sums of lost cash.

Shirley Gallant (pictured below) was in the midst of one good deed—tending to Oxford Federal Credit Union’s “Giving Garden” after business hours—when she stumbled onto the chance to perform another, Credit Union Front Line Newsletter reports in the July 2013 issue.

The longtime receptionist at the $134 million asset credit union in Mexico, Maine, discovered a thick envelope full of cash while cleaning up the area after her handyman husband, Jamie, installed a new hose holder.
Shirley Gallant, a receptionist at Oxford Federal Credit Union in Mexico, Maine, and her husband returned $800 cash to a member who had inadvertently dropped an envelope containing his family's vacation funds.

Fortunately, a one-week summer camp contract accompanied the $800 inside the envelope. Shirley recognized the name on the form as her friends’ son, contacted the family—and drove to their house to return the money.

The son who’d lost the envelope was retracing his steps around town but insisted Shirley wait there until he could thank her in person.

“His first words were, ‘My attitude about people has changed because of this,’” recalls Shirley, who got a big hug and was overwhelmed by emotion. “My husband just said, ‘I hope if this happens to me, someone will do the same.’”

Shirley regularly tends to Oxford Federal’s vegetable garden, which consists of seven raised beds and is part of the University of Maine’s Harvest for Hunger program. Last year, its first in the program, Oxford Federal donated 236 pounds of fresh produce to people in need, filling a void that food pantries can’t address.subscribefrontline

Oxford Federal encourages staff to assist during office hours. But since gardens need attention at all times, Shirley and other employees often volunteer to water and weed on nights and weekends.

That particular night, Shirley and Jamie chose an unusual parking spot right next to the garden so they could unload supplies. She remembers a heavy flow of cars through the drive-through ATM, and seeing a man get out of a vehicle after completed his transaction.

It turns out he was taking a photograph of deer in tall grass nearby, and the envelope must have fallen out of his pocket in the process.

The Gallants were in the right place at the right time and did the right thing. “They saved a family’s vacation,” beams Kelly Henry, a financial services representative at Oxford Federal. “It gave me chills when she told the story.”

In Shirley’s mind, she and her husband merely were following the credit union principle of people helping people.

“I’m still in shock. People work so hard today for their money,” Shirley says. “There are a lot of negative things happening in the world today so we need some good news, too.”

In the other incident, reported by Chesterfield (Mo.) Patch, $702 million asset Vantage Credit Union in St. Louis received a message on its Facebook page from a man visiting New York City saying he’d discovered nearly $1,000 in cash in a Vantage-branded envelope.

Jenn Cloud, Vantage’s social media specialist, shared this message through every channel available, including the local media, in an attempt to find the person who'd lost it. The New York restaurant where the cash was found emailed Cloud to notify her that a woman had called them looking for it.

Cloud connected Jonathon Glueck, the man who’d discovered the envelope, and its rightful owner, Jennie Guenzler, a Vantage member. He returned the envelope to her with the cash intact.

“Of all the hands it could’ve fallen into, this was just an honest, good person,” Guenzler told Chesterfield Patch. “It’s just one of those stories that you’ll always have to tell.”

Kathy Palmer, vice president of marketing at Vantage, praised Cloud for ensuring this story had a happy ending.

“It’s hard enough when you lose your credit or debit card but there are ways to minimize any monetary losses by calling right away to report it. But to lose actual cash, that’s heartbreaking,” Palmer told Chesterfield Patch. “For us it was like trying to find a needle in a haystack but we were very happy to be able to connect her to Mr. Glueck and help her regain her lost money.”

The people-helping-people philosophy is alive and well in credit unions. We’d like to share your stories about front-line staff and branch managers going above and beyond the call of duty to provide outstanding member service. Please send your stories to


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Astronomers may have solved the decades-long cosmic murder mystery of what kills most galaxies in the universe: They are strangled to death, so they can no longer create new stars.
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Astronomers have found a quartet of quasars embedded in a single cloud of cold gas, a discovery that challenges currently held theories about how these rare objects form.
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Amateur astronomers gazing at Mars discovered gigantic plumes soaring more than 125 miles above the planet’s surface, a phenomenon that so far defies explanation.
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Giant bubbles of gas that erupted from the core of the Milky Way galaxy millions of years ago are expanding out into space at mind-blowing speeds, according to new observations that may help reveal how the strange balloon-like lobes formed.
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Square, straight and ringlike ditches scattered throughout the Bolivian and Brazilian Amazon were there before the rainforest existed, study finds.
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BMI Racing on display at Snap-On Tools NO COMPROMISE Tour

Posted on

The BMI Racing RX8 4 Rotor will be on display at the Snap-On booth at the Skills USA Techspo Event held in Kansas City, MO from June 22nd though till June 24th. If you’re in the area be sure to check it out.

About BMI Racing:
BMI Racing currently has the world’s only RX8 4 Rotor, competing in the Formula Drift Series, in which driver Brian Wilkerson skillfully maneuvers the car into a controlled sideways slide through a set course. This series is held national, with the next event in Seattle WA, at Evergreen Speedway.

About Snap-On
Snap-on Incorporated is a leading global innovator, manufacturer and marketer of tools, diagnostics, equipment, software and service solutions for professional users. Products and services include hand and power tools, tool storage, diagnostics software, information and management systems, shop equipment and other solutions for vehicle dealerships and repair centers, as well as customers in industry, government, agriculture, aviation and natural resources.

About Techspo:
TECHSPO is held in the midst of the SkillsUSA Championships, where 5,400 students, America’s best entry-level workers, compete in 96 hands-on skill and leadership contests. On the cutting edge of technology, these contests are run with the help of industry, trade associations and labor organizations. And it’s all open to the public! TECHSPO includes a Career Fair, where students and company representatives can exchange information and talk about employment opportunities


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Runners, Walkers Go for the Gold in GCU’s San Diego Event

October 26, 2013 / by / 0 Comment

By Janie Magruder
GCU News Bureau
Photos by Paul F. Gero

SAN DIEGO — Maya Thompson was dealt an unexpected and very much unwanted hand in 2010, when doctors found two cancerous tumors in her young son Ronan. Despite surgery and aggressive chemotherapy treatments of his Stage 4 neuroblastoma, the Phoenix  boy died on May 9, 2011, just three days shy of his fourth birthday.

His devastated mother’s mission is this: to ensure that the gold ribbon — the symbol for childhood cancer, which kills more children in the United States than any other disease — is as well-known in the world as is its pink counterpart, for breast cancer.

“The gold ribbon represents our kids, our families,” Thompson said. “I don’t understand why athletes don’t wear gold ribbons.”

Nearly 800 runners and walkers turned out Saturday for the GCU Run to Fight Children's Cancer in San Diego.

Nearly 800 runners and walkers turned out Saturday for the GCU Run to Fight Children’s Cancer in San Diego.

Gold ribbons were omnipresent — threaded through tennis shoes, tying back ponytails and doubling as bracelets — on Saturday morning during Grand Canyon University’s inaugural San Diego edition of the Run to Fight Children’s Cancer.

The energy-charged 5K event, followed by a spirited one-mile family run and an emotional survivors’ walk, in which gold capes draped the shoulders of people of all ages who have beaten cancer, drew nearly 800 participants in GCU-purple T-shirts. An additional 200 volunteers in red shirts joined them at NTC Park at Liberty Station.

Proceeds from the run will benefit the Ronan Thompson Foundation, a Phoenix nonprofit dedicated to curing childhood cancer, and Max’s Ring of Fire, a San Diego-based pediatric cancer charity that raises money and awareness of innovative neuroblastoma research and clinical trials. Max’s Ring of Fire is named for Max Mikulak, who died of cancer in 2008 at age12.

 The MikulaksMelissa and Andy and their surviving children, Hannah, 13, and Nicky, 8 — have organized their own childhood-cancer runs since 2010. But they hadn’t been part of such a large effort as Saturday’s.

“We’re so grateful to GCU,” Melissa said. “When you lose a child to cancer, a hole gets ripped in your heart, and the edges are really jagged at the beginning. It gets softer, but the hole is always there.”

Families whose children are still fighting cancer or who have a conditional clean bill of health showed up to support the cause and one another.

Among them was race starter Jaydon Bartletti, who underwent surgery and chemotherapy for two years — nearly half his life. Now 4, Jaydon’s bouncy, dark-blond locks are back, and he was the picture of health as he counted down all three events, giving a gleeful blast of the air horn after each start.

“This is just so inspirational, and it gives us new hope and new energy to see everyone out here,” said Jaydon’s mom, Stacey

Honorary race starter Jaydon Bartletti, 4, stood tall on Saturday as a cancer-fighting symbol.

Honorary race starter Jaydon Bartletti, 4, stood tall on Saturday as a cancer-fighting symbol.

The Bartlettis — Stacey and Jay, Jaydon and his little brother, Rowan, and the boys’ grandparents, Barbara and Don, each wore a green T-shirt with a gold “J” on the front and “Kicking cancer to the curb since 2011″ on the back. Jaydon also sported tiny, green high-top sneakers and medals around his neck from GCU and Max’s Ring of Fire.

“I’m rich,” he whispered to his mother, who couldn’t have agreed more.

Parker Shaw, 7, battled his Stage 4 neuroblastoma from a San Diego hospital bed while his mom, Crystal, and sisters, Kennedy, 5, and Karsyn, 2, and a large team of friends ran the race for Team Parker. Crystal and her husband, Dave, of Lakeside, Calif., have quit their jobs to accompany their boy to treatments at a New York City hospital.

One young boy on Parker’s team clutched a sign reading, “God gives His toughest battles to His strongest soldiers.”

Crystal Shaw said she never imagined pediatric cancer would darken her door.

“You know that childhood cancer is out there, but it’s so hurtful to think about that you tend check out until it hits home,” she said. “My whole focus now is to help find a better cure, and I’m going to do anything I can until something changes.”

Vivi Cabral was diagnosed with neuroblastoma last January, when a CT scan for stubborn pneumonia revealed she had cancer. Her parents, Ruben and Brenda, described life with cancer as a “horrible roller-coaster ride.”

But the 4-year-old, bouncing around in a yellow ruffled skirt and long brown pigtails, was well enough to come to Saturday’s event, along with 22 members of her family and friends who together raised $1,100 for the charities.

“We’re going to bring out even more people next year,” Ruben Cabral promised.

By then, Maya Thompson’s 6-month-old daughter, Poppy, may be old enough to walk with her family in its quest to find a cure for the cancer that killed her brother. Her mother’s message to parents of the victims and patients will live on.

“You have to learn to become your child’s biggest advocate,” she said. “You are thrown into this so quickly that it’s easy to get overwhelmed, but you have to find your voice for your child. Because they don’t have one of their own in this.”

Contact Janie Magruder at 639.8018 or janie.magruder@gcu.edu.

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Your smartphone's secret afterlife

A blue mat, a fine-tipped screwdriver, and a dozen itty bitty screws. This is Titus Green's workspace, set within a warehouse that processes 2 million pounds of unwanted electronic waste each year.

Green, 22, and his team at San Francisco Bay Area e-waste collection center Green Citizen, refurbish 30 cell phones a day to put back into customers' hands. If you don't chuck your electronics down the trash chute (and please don't,) the most likely cycle is that the phone will be refurbished and resold, one way or another.

Of the appliances that come through Green Citizen's doors -- computers, old phones, even an ancient sewing machine -- 21 percent will get a second chance at life. The remaining 79 percent of unwanted cables, motherboards, and TVs are too ancient or too broken for anything beyond tossing individual parts into scrap bins.