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Improving the visibility of your hotel / B&B with Instagram

27 Jun Improving the visibility of your hotel / B&B with Instagram

Do you own a Hotel/B&B and would like to increase your presence on the web?

Let’s move from an important premise: the more you’ll be visible online, the more users will be aware of your structure and will be tempted to stay at you.

One of the best ways to achieve this to date is through the use of social media and, in particular, of Instagram.

The photo sharing platform is one of the easiest to use multimedia channels and one of the most engaging at the same time.

If all this is new to you, don’t panic. With these 5 FAQs we will help you understand how to boost your online presence consequently improving your hotel/B&B marketing possibilities:

1. What do I need it for?

Instagram must be used to increase your brand’s visibility.

In recent years, Instagram has emerged as one of the main social networking platforms and, in particular, as a favourite site for people passionate about travelling and hospitality. As hotel manager or owner, you can use this platform to convey the unique aspects of your property and to promote your destination as a whole.

Many people use Instagram to draw inspiration for their travels, and they love to pre-view pictures of places and structures they will be staying in.

2. How to use it?

Using this social is very simple. Just take a few pictures of your property’s rooms, kitchen, common rooms as well as the surrounding area with your smartphone and publish them directly after having uploaded them on the platform. You could add a description to the photo before uploading it and give a hashtag (#), that is a keyword that will further the specific searches of your users.

3. How much does it cost?

Like Facebook, Instagram is a free sharing platform. However, to get a broader audience, showing your photos to the most users, you can decide to boost what you publish. It usually takes 3 euros a day to greatly increase the visibility of your page.

4. What Instagram features can I use in my business strategy?

There are two main functions to incorporate into your business strategy:

The first one is related to online advertising campaigns.

In this regard you should know that Facebook is Instagram’s parent company and has equipped it with its effective online advertising programmes. You can then use these targeted ads to become popular among its 400 million users.

The second one is based on the newsfeed algorithm.

Instagram also has a newsfeed section that works very much like Facebook’s one and you can use it for your benefit. Post often to stay visible and ensure you meet the needs of Instagram users who often visit this social site to take inspiration from shared photos.

5. What should be the focus of my Instagram Hotel/B&B page and why?

Ultimately, your Instagram page has to tell the story of your brand and demonstrate to guests why they should book one of your rooms. You have to highlight the strengths of your estate, its unique features and the story behind its development. It is also important to share the personal opinions of the people who work at your B&B, releasing anecdotes about your region as well. Always remember that your Instagram page should inspire guests to travel and eventually convince them to book a room at your property. Be authentic and use the uniqueness of your property to appeal to all travel-dependent people.

Now you just have to choose the best pictures to be posted and wait for the first like. And while you’re committed to improving your hotel’s visibility through Instagram, Parity Rate will consider how to simplify managing your hotel or B&B on booking portals with just a click.

That’s easy, isn’t it? 🙂

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HR Has Growing Pains Too

Evan Rodd, PayScale

I recently made a life decision that is both scary, and
exciting: I have taken the plunge and re-entered academia after some time away.
When I was younger, I was on track to earn a degree, but my focus was fuzzy and
I felt uncertain of the path I wanted to take. Had I stuck to my school guns, I
would have probably pursued a BA in music, or an arts-based field. I don’t mean
to bemoan these career paths, but given my current interests and ambitions, I’m
glad I made the decision to wait to go to school.

I was in a period of transitions—as I began to explore
various career options, I was fortunate to have the guidance of many different
mentors. Through their advice and past experiences I
have found the necessary skills to help shape a career path that feels right.
How lucky I was to have such positive influence during my personal evolution. Honoring
our individual paths gives us the ability and knowledge to work better
cooperatively. One person simply cannot have all the answers, and we must recognize
our individual strengths and weakness in order to achieve collective success.

I wonder where I would be now if I hadn’t been surrounded by
so much encouraging guidance? What if my mentors had shamed me for straying
from the path chosen by many? What if that advice and encouragement had never
existed? Would I be the person I am today? Would I be on the same path towards
career enrichment? Transition is scary, because the end result isn’t
instantaneous. It takes times to reach our goals, and sometimes the journey
from point A to point B isn’t as cut and dry as we are lead to believe.

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HR and the surrounding profession is, much like myself, in a
period of transition. HR managers have realized that responsibility of talent
and employment needs to be a collective effort, involving managers
as well. HR is there to help, and provide tools, but it can’t do all the work
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the pace of business, who is to say HR doesn’t experience the need for growth
as well?

Many companies are working to bring their HR departments
into the 21st century by implementing new technology and systems
that streamline the HR process
, offering better talent management and data.
Designing a compensation structure takes time, and while advancements in
technology have made this easier, but this type of development cannot happen

Successful companies have also seen HR and management
working side by side more than ever, sharing common goals and allowing
management to focus on developing company culture while creating more open door
policies across all departments. It is naive to think that all areas of a
company will develop at the same pace, especially when implementing new systems
and procedures. This may very well be the year we see greater advancements in
HR technology than ever before. As wages increase across various industries,
the methods used to retain and develop talent will improve as well. As duties
are re-examined and re-distributed, there can be more room for creative
strategy and problem solving. This is a very exciting time, indeed.

Time will tell what the future holds for the progress of HR,
so make sure to arm yourself with a wide variety of knowledge, data, and tools.
Encourage development and collaboration, and success will surely come quickly.
Maintain a positive outlook, and listen to the advice of others when necessary.
This will not only contribute to your own achievements, but the future success
of your company.

More than 2,300 organizations use PayScale’s subscription software to:

  • Allocate raises. PayScale Insight allows you to allocate raises based on employee performance and labor budget.
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Peoria's Grand Opera House

Peoria's Grand Opera House - Photo courtesy of Peoria Historical Society.

Peoria's Grand Opera House - Photo courtesy of Peoria Historical Society.

by Norman V. Kelly

As a local historian, most of my writings and speaking engagements concern the bawdy, seedy side of Peoria, Illinois, circa 1845-1950. Seems folks are more interested in our sordid, gangster and gambling past than they are about the truly remarkable history surrounding this great city. So it is with pleasure that I tell you about one of the most beautiful buildings that ever existed here in Peoria, and certainly one of the most interesting ones as well.

Let’s slip back to the 1880’s when life was a bit less hectic, when there was a touch of elegance connected with downtown Peoria, ‘The gem on the Illinois,’ as some writer called Peoria, Illinois. Our population was 29,259, but just a decade later we included 41,024 within the confines of Peoria’s 9.1 square miles of city limits.

In the spring of 1882 the talk among the ‘bluebloods’ was the building being erected just across the street from the courthouse on Hamilton Boulevard. I am referring to the rather wealthy folks in town that had been dreaming about their very own opera house for some time. The ordinary folks in town were not that keen on the idea. The task to bring the dream to reality, fell upon the nationally known Eugene L. Baldwin of THE STAR, a Peoria based newspaper that he founded. There were gripes among some folks that the city could not afford to waste its resources on an opera house for the rich. Mr. Baldwin stopped that complaint by announcing that not one cent of taxpayer’s money would be spent. The wealthy folks, led by Mr. Baldwin easily raised the money and now the building was rising up right there on Hamilton Boulevard, across the street from the courthouse. It was once the site of the Peoria County jail, a filthy, disgusting place indeed.

By August of 1882 excitement began to boil over as pictures and articles of the fabulous Grand Opera House appeared in the newspapers. Advertisements for evening dresses, gloves, fancy shoes, men’s wear and evening apparel filled the local ladies with romantic fantasies of a night at the opera. The smaller shops were offering opera glasses and other paraphernalia connected with an elegant night on the town. Meanwhile, over at the building site workmen were putting the finishing touches on Peoria’s most beautiful building. Folks stood around talking and gawking, watching the progress, anticipating the opening night festivities.

The moment the sun began to peek its cheery face that beautiful morning of September 7, 1882, workers swarmed over the new building. Inspectors, carpenters, electricians, and tradesmen were making last minute adjustments, and by noon most of them were gone. Across the street a large crowd gathered to marvel at the sight of the new building.

The Opera House stood three-stories tall, built with red pressed Saint Louis bricks in a Queen Anne Style with decorative stone that framed the structure. The dimensions were 72 feet by 171 feet and stood sixty feet high. Twin towers were attached, soaring to the sky, for a total of 100 feet. Four huge, solid oak doors greeted the visitors, and upon entering the building the interior view was breathtaking. Two sweeping staircases, left and right, beckoned with subdued lighting to come forward. Frescos and decorative paintings added to the elegance as the opera patron ascended the carpeted steps.

Patrons were struck by the colors, and vividly blended fineries of the drapes and thick carpeting. Once the visitor entered the galley another vista of overpowering views flooded the senses, as the opera enthusiast got the first glimpse of the fabulous stage. On either side of the theatre were the beautifully appointed boxes that hugged the sides of the walls. All eight of the exclusive boxes were heavily carpeted and fringed with colorful material hanging from the edge of each box. Of course, they were draped for privacy and could be converted to four large boxes if the situation demanded.

Special lighting was evident throughout the interior and even though it was gas lighted, safety was of the utmost importance. The building was equipped with something called ‘Drummond lighting,’ later that type lighting would be referred to as Limelight. Today we would call it state of the art. People who entered the building for the first time walked about in awe, admiring the incredible taste and grandeur of the interior. One quote in the local newspaper summed it up for most Peorians: “I can’t believe we have this place right here in Peoria.”

The Grand Opera House would have the largest stage in town, 72 feet wide and 58 feet in depth. The contractor, John H. Flinn, assured Mr. Baldwin that he would find the building to be “efficient and reliable.” The house would seat 1,744 people, with 634 seats located under the balcony, or the parquet, as it was called. The roomy, upholstered chairs were carefully placed to allow an unobstructed view of the stage. Up in the balcony, six hundred lucky ticket holders could be seated comfortably, with the boxes accommodating another fifty in seclusion.

Throughout the day, September 7, 1882, it appeared that all the activity in the city revolved around the Grand Opera House there on Hamilton Boulevard. By six that evening, folks from all walks of life gathered along Hamilton Boulevard near the new building. They were there to watch the parade of wealthy folks arrive at the opening night of the Grand Opera House in Peoria.

Inside the building some workers were still putting finishing touches on parts of the building, as the opera house employees dressed and prepared for the onslaught of eager first nighters.

Outside, behind the wooden horses and ropes, people strained to get their first glimpse of a carriage heading toward the opera house. “Here they come!” The first shiny carriage was coming down Hamilton Boulevard heading toward the river. Two beautiful, white matching horses strutted as they shied from the crowd that was now clapping and waving at the elegantly dressed patrons inside the open carriage. Wide-eyed women pointed at the ladies as they stepped down from the carriage, aided by footmen. The ladies were then led to the walkway, where they were joined by their escorts, to begin the slow, arm in arm promenade to the massive doors of the opera house.

Soon the entire length of Hamilton was flooded with beautiful carriages and matching horses of every breed. The carriages, owned by the brewery barons were pulled by stout, powerful horses that the local men called ‘fancy plow horses.’ The distillery barons had as many as four matching horses, all high-strung thoroughbreds, strutting their stuff and bringing sighs and applause from the appreciative crowd. Horses and carriages were a common sight in downtown Peoria as the wealthy whiskey barons showed off their ‘high toned, spiffy carriages and high spirited horses.’ As each lady stepped down the crowd reacted, applauding, whistling and just staring. The men wore high hats and dark, fashionable suits and many of them carried walking sticks bedecked with colorful stones. Some even waved at the crowd as they made the slow walk up to the theatre’s front doors.

For over an hour the parade of ‘fancy dresses, show off jewelry and dandies,’ continued until all those that had an opening night ticket were inside. The show was over for the folks out in the street and slowly they drifted away. With box seats at $100.00 and most of the other tickets out of their price range, they headed home.

Inside, newspaper reporters interviewed many of the people, and believe it or not the next day every patron that attended the opening night opera was listed in the paper. Excitement mounted as the patrons talked among themselves. Suddenly there was silence. The colorful curtains slowly opened revealing two-dozen men and women standing on the stage. Mr. L.L. Day stepped forward to welcome the packed house. He introduced the people with him, including Governor Gullen of Illinois and Governor Phelps of Missouri.

The real impetus behind the dream, Mr. Eugene Baldwin, stepped forward bringing a sustained roar from the crowd. His brief remarks ended with, “Let us congratulate ourselves and be happy.” As the dignitaries exited the stage the orchestra began to play, quieting the audience.

As if by magic, the stage filled with the players, and from stage left Emma Abbott, Peoria born, and international opera star, flashed her beaming smile at the crowd. The applause exploded as she took in the scene before her, looking at every section of the theatre. Although Miss Abbott was the star of the show she had surrounded herself with famous singers and players from around the world. It was Abbott’s Theatrical Company that had contracted with Baldwin’s people to stage a three-day opening for the Grand Opera House.

The opening show was the operetta “King For A Day.” The morning newspapers did not give the show great reviews, but the chorus was said to have been magnificent. Miss Abbott was favorably reviewed and referred to as “A child of the city.” Opening night was considered a smashing success and the comments in the newspapers reminded their readers that there were two more shows coming from Miss Abbot and that the festivities marking the opening of the opera house were just beginning.

For the next two nights the crowds gathered, each somewhat larger than the first. Reports stated that the first night raised $8,500 and of that, $5,850 went to Miss Abbott’s theatrical company. Friday evening the opera “Lilly of Blarney,” wowed the patrons, many of whom had tickets for all three nights. Saturday evening, Belin’s immortal “La Ionnambula,” brought the attendees to their feet begging for more.

Because of the immediate success of the opera house, the National Hotel was built nearby. The hotel had a huge bar, and more than one male patron never made it back to the second act. There was a buzzer system installed behind the bar to summon the wayward, but it was generally ignored.

So from the very first night the Grand Old Lady, as the opera house was later called, was a colossal success. Reports stated that each year at least 250 shows of one kind or the other were performed on her magnificent stage. One critic said of the opera house, “She was a meeting place for cabbages and kings.” Great acts like Edward Thomas Booth and The Great Salvini brought works like “The Merchant Of Venice,” and “Othello,” here, which thrilled Peorians to their very cores.

On December 14, 1909, the tragic news spread around town like wildfire. At 1:30 in the morning the first fire alarm went out bringing every man and available piece of equipment to fight the raging fire at the Grand Old Opera House. Sadly, by the time the inadequate equipment and firefighters arrived, Peoria’s most beautiful structure was already gone.

Throughout the entire day, and for weeks to come, saddened Peorians shuffled slowly past the ruins of the once proud landmark. The Grand Old Lady was gone, and Peorians mourned her passing. The blighted shell stood there as a grim reminder of her once glorious days, until Frank Ryals bought the land. It was not until 1916 that the vacant spot was turned into a parking lot.

I have thought a lot about that majestic building that brought so much fame, enjoyment and pride to Peoria, Illinois. I thought of the people, the rich and the poor, the famous and the farmer who loved the place so very much. It was truly a majestic, marvel of the times. The next time you hear people talk about Peoria and her gangster and gambling reputation, you tell them about the Grand Old Opera House. A beautiful place that lasted through the Gay 90’s and into the Twentieth Century, right here in our little old town. She’s gone, but her memory lingers faintly to this day.


text:
Fit-note legislation not well known among employers

More than two-thirds of employers have little or no knowledge of new fit-note legislation, just weeks before it becomes law, research revealed today.

The fit note, which comes into force on 6 April, will ask doctors to tick one of two options regarding a person’s health – either that they are ‘unfit for work’, or ‘may be fit for work taking account of the following advice’.

In the survey of 500 employers, by insurance company Aviva UK Health, 68% had little or no knowledge of the change and how it would work for them, while just 5% said they thought fit notes would reduce absence rates. One in 10 thought they would be hard to administer.

Hugh Laing, chief medical officer at Aviva UK Health and a practising GP, said: “Any move on behalf of the government to get people back into the workplace is commendable. However, we are concerned by the apparent lack of awareness of fit notes among employers and their workforce.

“The move from sicknotes represents a big change for businesses and will take time to embed. What’s more, we will only reap the long-term benefits of this move if the right support and training is in place.”

Laing suggested that the government is “missing an important trick” by ignoring the role occupational health services could play in the success of fit notes.

“Occupational health practitioners are the missing piece of the jigsaw but could perform a potentially crucial support role in bridging the knowledge gap between employers, HR, managers, GPs and workers,” he said. “Without this engagement, the introduction of fit notes may cause more problems than it solves.”

The survey follows a warning from HR chiefs that the fit note will “inevitably” lead to disputes between employers and staff if GPs do not provide enough detail about the types of activities workers can carry out after sickness absence.

Comments are closed.


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If you're not at the table when decisions are made,
then you're on the menu.

A Way to Advocate with Decision Makers

Why do we have a Political Action Committee? It allows us to speak directly to the elected officials who most affect our working conditions as Greensboro Firefighters. As a PAC limited to State and Local elections, we've decided to focus on where the rubber meets the road by support those who support us.

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Throughout the year opportunities arise for members to speak directly with State and Local officials on behalf of our causes or work during elections to support candidates whom the PAC has identified as being supportive of our interests. Want to help? Sign up here to get involved.

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The Philadelphia Parks Alliance is a 501(c)(3) organization dedicated to serving Philadelphia's public spaces. The mission of the Parks Alliance is to champion the public’s interest in outstanding parks, recreation, and open spaces - key to making Philadelphia a healthy, vibrant and sustainable city for all.

The Parks Alliance’s vision of a great city is one with both great community and recreation centers and great parks. The Parks Alliance leads the diverse and expanding citizens’ movement which shapes public policies required to build the nation’s premier parks and recreation system.

The Parks Alliance is an inclusive organization. We welcome working with people of all races, ethnicities, colors, sexes, sexual orientations, religions, citizenship statuses, abilities, veteran statuses, nationalities, ages, and gender identities. The Philadelphia Parks Alliance is an equal opportunity employer and does not discriminate on the basis of any of the aforementioned classes or any other legally protected class.


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Closed operation

  1. Mar 27, 2009 #1
    The question given is: Determine the smallest subset A of Z such that 2 ε A and A is closed with respect to addition.

    The answer given was the set of all positive even integers, but I was thinking that the smallest subset would be the given element and the identity element (0 in this case) so that A = {0,2}...wouldn't this be more accurate?
  2. jcsd
  3. Mar 27, 2009 #2
    To understand why that is not correct, you have to know what closure of an operator over a set means.

    A set S is closed under a binary operator + iff for all x, y in S, x + y is in S.

    A = {0, 2} isn't closed under addition because the definition is not satisfied. We can find a counter example where x and y are both in S, but x + y is not. The counter example is with x = 2 and y = 2.
  4. Mar 27, 2009 #3
    Closed means you can do it to any two (possibly non-unique) elements and get an answer in your set.

    S = {0, 2} doesn't work since 2+2=4 is not in S.
  5. Mar 27, 2009 #4
    I see. Thanks...funny I didn't notice that.
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Composting process

  1. Dec 5, 2015 #1
    Dear PF Forum,
    My church concerns about climate change/global warming condition now. And we try our best to cope (altough in a very small scale) to lessen the effect.
    Now, I'd like to know about composting. But I have no idea what to do.
    What stages are there in composting
    What kind of bacterias are there in bioactive compound involved in composting process.
    How to grow/harvesting the bacteria in bioactive compound.
    What is the end product and the usefulness of composting end product, etc...

    Perhaps I should begin from the end and work my way up in subsequent postings

    The end product of composting is fertilizer, and I'd like to know what elements are in a plant.

    I try to find links that explains the elements composition in a plant, but it's difficult, instead I found this link
    The elements composition human body are (in mass)
    Oxygen 65%
    Carbon 18%
    Hydrogen 9%
    Nitrogen 3.2%, and also phosporus, calcium, potassium, sulfur etc..
    1. Is it safe to assume that the elements compositions in plants roughly resembles those in human body?

    Some 30 years ago when I was in junior high, I once read that someone conducted an experiment.
    He/She grew a plant from a pot bucket filled with soil. All he/she did was only watering the pot.
    And when the plants grow bigs, the soil was measured. The mass of the soil decreased very little.
    IF the CHON composition (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen) in living organism is roughly 95% (since I don't know the answer of question number 1)...
    Was the experiment possible? It's been a long time ago that I read the article.
    2. Is it true that plant gets their
    Oxygen from air
    Carbon from CO2
    Hydrogen from water
    Nitrogen from air? 80% in atmosphere

    So here are the gist of my questions.
    1. Is the element composition in plants roughly resembles that in human body?
    2. Is it true that plants gets their
    Oxygen from air
    Carbon from CO2/air
    Hydrogen from water
    Nitrogen from air?

    Thanks for any replies.
  2. jcsd
  3. Dec 5, 2015 #2

    User Avatar

    Staff: Mentor

    Warning: I'm not a biologist. Many on PF are more knowledgeable than me on this, but I think that my answers below are generally correct.

    Roughly. You'll find some number for corn here: http://nutrients.ifas.ufl.edu/nutrient_pages/BSFpages/EssentialSub2.htm
    (I guess it also depends how you calculate the percentage. In the link above, it is % per weight.)

    Mostly from water. The reaction for photosynthesis is
    CO2 + H2O + light → C6H12O6 + O2

    The vast majority of plants get their nitrogen from the soil. Hence the need for fertilizer.

    However, I don't know what all this has to do with composting. You'll find many hits by googling "composting primer," with lots of practical advice.
  4. Dec 6, 2015 #3
    That's all right. Your answers are very good. You have been helping me very much. I suspected that much about element composition in living organism. Since I can't find the link on other organism other than human, so I post this thread.
    Your link above is the one that I need. :smile:
    There are differences for oxygen and carbon in plant and human (other animal?) being.

    Forgot about H2O for oxygen. :smile:

    First, I'd like to know how useful is this composting thing before I study composting. What compost gives to plant or soil. What elements that plants need from soil.
    So, for CHO the plants get them from watering and air.
    There are Nitrogen, Sulphur, Potassium, Calcium as well, that I think the plants get from soil. Which I think what the plants need from fertilizer as well.

    Based on the link that you gave me. CHO holds 95.3% the weight of the plant, which the plant gets from air and water.
    So the soil and fertilizer are only responsible for 4.7%, right?
    In the what I really want to know is this after studying the element composition in plants and where the plants get them. (95% from water and air)
    What I want to know is this.
    1. How many percent does the fertilizer give to the plant?
    2. How many percent does the soil give to the plant?
    3. How many percent does water and air give to the plant?

    Just suppose that fertilizer responsible for 1% weight of the plant, then...
    So I know, that once I composted several kg organic waste, and this waste turns into CO2 and H2O (this can make the composting process very efficient, before the bin will be full. CO2 will be exhausted from the pipe in the composter and the water can be expelled from a house at the bottom) and left some compost behind, and when I scoop just 1 spoonful of fertilizer and mixed it with water, this 1 spoonful (1 gram) fertilizer can grow 100 gram plants. And I can find how effective this composting process is.

    Thanks for any replies.
  5. Dec 6, 2015 #4
    Oops, sorry buddy.
    The photosynthesis reaction as I recall is.
    6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
    6CO2 -> 12 moles oxygen
    6H2O -> 6 moles oxygen, I think it's mostly from air. But I do forgot about H2O
  6. Dec 6, 2015 #5
    Yes, it does take several CO2 and H2O molecules to produce a single carbohydrate molecule, but the general principal is correct.
    If you want to be completely precise about it then 6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 is not correct either.
    Photosynthesis is a highly complex set of reactions involving intermediate compounds, especially phosphates, and the above formula is just a summary of the net result.
    The process also depends on light absorbing pigments such as chlorophyll.
    The wiki article seems to be reasonable enough.
    Last edited: Dec 6, 2015
  7. Dec 6, 2015 #6

    jim mcnamara

    User Avatar

    Staff: Mentor

    There are autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms. Autotrophs make their own 'fixed' carbon from energy derived from sunlight (or metals/sulfur for some bacteria -- example undersea high temperature vent ecosystem). Fixed carbon is reduced carbon like sugar, a 'carbon hydrate', carbohydrate. Heterotrophs use fixed carbon previously created by some other organism.

    Humans and animals are heterotrophs, for example. Green plants are autotrophs.Both types of organisms use fixed carbon to run their living processes -- in the process we call respiration (not the normal meaning of this word):

    Composting is the breakdown of fixed carbon, largely cellulose and lignin, into simpler compounds or into carbon dioxide. This is important because herbivorous animals have gut bacteria to do the 'composting', if you will. Cows derive nutrition from grass. Grass as it is found growing is made of complex indigestible carbohydrates, that bacteria turn into digestible carbohydrates. If you ate grass you would derive very little nutrition, and lots of 'fiber'. Fiber is the term we use for these indigestible fixed carbon molecules in plants. Wood, for example. Some bakeries add microcrystalline cellulose to bread to increase fiber:

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcrystalline_cellulose -> sort of double speak for processed wood pulp. Mmmm woody bread.

    Without the action of 'composting' bacteria, the carbon cycle would slow down, and most heterotrophic life on earth would be in trouble. You should consider reading about the carbon cycle:
    Last edited: Dec 6, 2015
  8. Dec 6, 2015 #7
    @rootone, thanks. But it's the "composting" process that I want to learn. I'll read about photosynthesis someday later. It's an interesting topic, photosynthesis.
    @Jim Mc Namara, I'll contemplate your answer. Thanks.
  9. Dec 6, 2015 #8
    Composting can be thought of simply as the reverse reaction compared to photosynthesis.
    Bacteria are using carbohydrates as an energy source and producing Water+CO2+ while releasing energy (as heat).
    Composts heaps can get surprisingly hot.
  10. Dec 6, 2015 #9
    Reverse action, is that the main concept of composting? Reverse reaction of photosynthesis?

    Before I study composting further, because I don't know about composting (and ehm chemistry :smile:). I want to know this...
    Does composting really expell water and CO2?
    says that CHO make up 95% of plants.

    So if composting expell water and CO2, if we put organic waste in composter bin and composter expells water and Co2, so the mass of the waste will be left about 5% to 10%?

    Thanks for any replies.
  11. Dec 6, 2015 #10
    I'm not sure if the reduced mass gets down to as low as 5%, but yes it does reduce significantly.
    There is always going to be some amount of residue that bacteria don't use, (the bits of phospher, calcium, and nitrate stuff that end up getting incorporated into plant material).
  12. Dec 7, 2015 #11
    No problem. Really not a problem, as during photsynthesis excess oxygen is expelled trhough the leaf stomata. During times when photosynthesis is impossible ( darkness, low light levels, etc ) the plant still has to respire. In this case, oxygen is supplied through the air. The plants have no way to store the excess oxygen production for later times.

    Roots also need oxygen for respiration. No photosynthesis happening there with an excess of oxygen production, so oxygen uptake for respiration is from the air ( ie air pockets in the soil ) or from dissolved oxygen in soil water.
    You can "drown" a plant, by having the soil too wet for the roots.

    Respiration and photosynthesis both occur at the same time during sunlight hours - it is not just one or the other.

    Other means of obtaining oxygen for respiration is through lenticels.
    Might as well read up on it through wiki,
  13. Dec 7, 2015 #12
    Are you putting the compost product in a kiln to dry it out?

    Compost would have anywheres around 40, 50, 60 % moisture.
    Too dry and the bacterial action is curtailed during composting.
    Too wet and the compost becomes oxygen deprived and you get a stinky - anaeorobic bacteria take over from the aerobic ( aerobic is what you want )
  14. Dec 7, 2015 #13
    @256bits Thanks for you advice. Tough some members before have posted links. I still study them.
  15. Dec 14, 2015 #14
    Plant growth and composting are not really the same process, you can forget all the stuff about fertilisers. Composting is a method of encouraging the biological processes that break down organic matter, this is usually down to the action of fungi and bacteria, in doing this they alter the structure of the material and release many of the nutrients stored in plants. What you end up with is a material that is a good soil conditioner to improve soil structure which is rich in plant nutrients, added to the soil it improves the growing conditions for other plants. You can buy things that you can add that speeds up the process or you can make a special effort to add egg shells and the like to avoid to much acidity, the bacteria need moisture but not to much and turning the pile one or twice, if there is a lot, adds a bit of oxygen. It can take a while for the process to finish particularly if there's a lot of hard matter like wood but Its certainly useful, gardeners like it, it encourages plant growth and it reduces the need for any artificial fertilizers. In general terms plants over their lives remove more CO2 from the atmosphere than they add and reducing the amount of waste that requires processing also reduces the amount of CO2 generated by this processing.
  16. Dec 16, 2015 #15
    My composting experience is limited to the North Western Europe Climate but i would expect that there are great similarities.

    Theoretical considerations aside. When you start to compost you might want to consider practical stuff as well. Such as :
    1) Where do you want the use the end products - compost (& perhaps compost leachate = nutrient rich water leaking out of your compost)
    2) Is it more practical to compost where you want to use the compost or where you produce your organic waste.
    3) Do you have a balanced supply of organic waste ? For optimum results you should strive for a balance between 'brown', fibrous, woodlike materials and 'green' nitrogen rich (mostly food) residue. You might have to bring in dry leaves or some similar material. In urban areas you
    4) What kind of stuff do you want to grow in the compost you are using? Flowers, herbs, veggies, rice..... Do you want to use the compost as a mulch, anti-erosion, etc.....
    5) Who does the tending of the mulch heap(s) ? What tools are available ?
    6) What kind of pest problems might you have if you make a mistake ?

    Most problems will be minor if you take care and you should be able to produce good mulch shortly.
    There are a lot of good threads on the internet. Use 'composting in the tropics' for starters. You will find video etc....

    You might also want to look at permaculture sites from Queensland, Australia. http://permaculturenews.org/ Permaculture pays a lot of attention to composting and there are a lot of forums where you can get practical advice.
  17. Dec 16, 2015 #16
    @Geology Erwin
    As a matter of fact, I just joined this forum a week ago
    There is a "composting" forum in there. Helpful Gardener is very good. But PF is much better. I can have "the science" of composting in PF, while in gardener, "How to compost..."
    Should combine both of them.

    While we are here...
    Perhaps you can answer me.
    1. What is the end product of aerobic composting?
    2. What is the end product of anaerobic composting?
    3. I read that there are 4 stags of composting
    Cooling down

    Is mesophilic an aerobic or anaerobic process?
    Is thermophilic an aerobic or anaerobic process?
    Is Cooling down an aerobic or anaerobic process?
    Is Maturization an aerobic or anaerobic process?

    Thank you very much.
  18. Dec 16, 2015 #17
    I do composting by using this composter bin.
    They say that it's for anaerobic composting.
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I Conservation of energy in refraction

  1. Jan 12, 2017 #1

    This has been bugging me for some time now, so I would be interested to see what I have been missing so far.

    Imagine a single ray of light (made up of many photons) hitting a perfectly non-absorbing (for this wavelength of light) spherical dielectric object, which has finite mass. The outside medium is a vacuum - i.e. where the photons are coming from - and there is no influence of gravity, friction etc. The object has some refractive index that is not 1, and the ray hits it at some angle that is not zero with respect to its axis of symmetry (i.e. it doesn't go through the centre of the sphere). The ray enters and exits the object (although a single interaction is enough to demonstrate my point).

    The result would be a change in direction of the ray with respect to its original path, and therefore a change in momentum. A force is required to do this (one exerted by the object's reactionary electromagnetic field, caused by the oscillating electrons in the atoms it consists of). There must also be an opposite force exerted on the particle, which would then start to move in that direction.

    As far as I am aware, the scattered field of the ray, whilst having had its direction changed, will have the exact same magnitude of momentum, and therefore the exact same energy as it did before the interaction with the object. However, the object has has work done on it, therefore it seems to me like energy has been created from nowhere, which cannot be the case.

    If anyone has any insight as to what I have not thought of in this scenario, I would greatly appreciate the help! Thanks in advance for your time!
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  3. Jan 12, 2017 #2

    Simon Bridge

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    Stop there. You either have a ray or you have photons. The two descriptions are part of different models. You can sometimes get away with mixing them up but do so at your peril. I have a feeling this is what is happening here - you may be thinking in terms of Newton's "corpuscle" model ... where light is an object that bounces off things etc.

    ... so the sphere is not made of matter or energy?
    I'm just teasing, lets say the influence of gravity can be safely neglected.

    The incoming ray we are considering does not have normal incidence - which, for a sphere, would be radial.
    We are only worried about the interaction at the first surface encountered - OK.

    For light this is problematic - it is not usually useful to model these processes in terms of force. However, in order for momentum to be conserved, the change must come from someplace... you are correct.
    You can calculate the change in momentum given to the ball due to the reflection and refraction of the ray.

    We don't normally worry about it because we clamp the ball to the bench, but there are experiments where light is used to push an object.

    ... your description allows for reflection and refraction. Are you conflating wave and particle models?

    Energy and momentum are conserved in the interaction of light an matter.
    When light strikes your sphere, in your example, it recoils.

    What you have noticed is that the common descriptions of ray optics are incomplete and approximate.

    Pick a model - try to stay inside it.
    With rays: a ray is a single line along a wave ... the wave has an extent in space and delivers energy and momentum continuously.
    In photons - what happens is that the incoming photon gets absorbed by part of the material, then re-emmitted in a different direction. The laws of refraction and reflection you are used to are what happens on average.

    For a more complete lay-accessible description, see: http://vega.org.uk/video/subseries/8
  4. Jan 12, 2017 #3

    Staff: Mentor

    This is not correct. The energy/momentum/frequency/wavelength can certainly change during scattering. A closely related phenomenon is responsible for any speeding tickets you may have received.
  5. Jan 13, 2017 #4
    Firstly, thank you for the replies!

    Yes you are right, sorry for the confusion; however, this problem should be able to be explained using both models, right? If we take a single photon instead of a ray, it will be absorbed, and re-emitted (lets say in the average overall direction of refraction), shoving the atom in the opposite direction, therefore doing work on it. The photon should be the same, except for the direction of travel, or is that where the model becomes too much of an approximation? Is the momentum of the re-emitted photon lower (i.e. the difference being equivalent to the momentum given to the atom)? In that case, was there not at least partial absorption?

    If we take the wave theory, then if the scattered field has a reduced amplitude, the difference in intensity should be that of the energy gained by the object. Would that be due to the reactionary field created by the object? Is that then not also absorption in a sense?

    I wanted to not have the object stationary, in order to highlight the fact that work may be done on it as a result of radiation pressure. We can ignore the reflection when talking about the one photon example I mention above.

    For the wave theory, perhaps it is better to change the example slightly. If we have an incident plane wave interact with a flat object (with a finite mass) at Brewster's angle, with the polarisation of the incident field being parallel to the plane of incidence, then the reflection will be zero (we can take the scattered field after the first interaction only, to avoid having to have a second Brewster angle afterwards), leaving this as a purely refractive process.

    Thank you for the link by the way, anyone interested in science should listen to Richard Feynman!

    I think that perhaps my problem may be in the approximation. But if light loses energy after a purely refractive event, then does that not make refraction a type of partial absorption? This is in response to the comment from Dale also.

    I'm sorry if I sound a bit silly asking this, but already the discussion has helped me, so thanks in advance again!
  6. Jan 13, 2017 #5

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  7. Jan 13, 2017 #6

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    Energy can be lost in refraction, scattering, reflection, or absorption. So energy loss does not imply absorption.
    Last edited: Jan 13, 2017
  8. Jan 13, 2017 #7

    Simon Bridge

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    In the wave model, refraction, scattering, and reflection, do not involve absorption but can involve a transfer of energy.
    In the photon model, all interactions involve absorption right? Otherwise we'd need to have a virtual particle to mediate the charge-photon interaction.
    I suppose photon-photon scattering...
  9. Jan 23, 2017 #8

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    Trying to answer the original question... Yes, light will loss a bit of its momentum because of the refraction. You can think in the refraction as an absorption+emission. Both processes change the momentum of the material:

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Continued fractions

  1. Nov 29, 2013 #1
    What is the most motivating way to introduce continued fractions? Are there any real life applications of continued fractions?
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  3. Nov 29, 2013 #2

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    Explaining why 355/113 is such a good approximation of pi.
  4. Nov 29, 2013 #3

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    One of the simplest continued fractions, [1;1,1,1,...], yields the golden ratio, which is a fairly beautiful result.
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Is this a law of physics?

  1. Aug 23, 2010 #1
    Let's go old school thought experiment.

    If you say no, state the real world exception.
    If you say yes, state the consequences of it not being a law.

    All known systems are observed as the ratio of attractive and repelling fields
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  3. Aug 23, 2010 #2
    It is difficult to answer "yes" or "no" to such a poorly defined question. We do not have much of a context. So let us go old school and you illustrate for us how your formalism deals with a simple falling ball in a uniform gravitational field. Where is your "ratio of fields" in this context for instance ?
  4. Aug 23, 2010 #3

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    Is the electrostatic force between a point charge and a neutral metallic object always attractive? Michael Levin, Steven G. Johnson http://arxiv.org/abs/1007.2175
  5. Aug 23, 2010 #4

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    You ask "Is this a law of physics?"
    To be a law of physics, in the traditional sense, a statement must predict some observable phenomena, so that it can be empirically tested.

    This statement of yours does not appear to predict anything that one could observe.

    In which case it has no empirical content, and therefore cannot be a law of physics.

    I suppose the right venue for your idea might be a branch of philosophy. Metaphysics?
    The Philosophy of Physics?
    The publishing house called North Holland has a book out called Handbook of Philosophy of Physics. I've read one of the chapters, by George Ellis, which was pretty good. You might like this Handbook of PoP.

    Maybe you could get your thread transfered to Philosophy forum, or to General Physics, where people could discuss it.

    They would probably say that on a metaphysical level your idea is naive or simply wrong, because many if not most physical theories/models do not use the ratio of directional fields to explain/predict. I say "directional" because you qualify your fields idea as "attractive or repelling". Ratios are not always well-defined. May require simplifying assumptions. With enough simplifying assumptions you may be able to cram many physical models into some pre-conceived mold, but then by over-simplifying you lose the ability to make accurate predictions.
  6. Aug 23, 2010 #5
    I think the OP needs further explanation.

    I think that all physical systems are defined by their possible states and their observables.

    On the other hand if an "observable" is dimensionful then such an observable is only a quantity (i.e. an actual number) when measured in some units. But since units are not a part of the physical system without themselves being observables it is only really true that "real observables"( for which we can assign some quantity) can be ratios of dimensionful observables.

    Further more I think that in general observables must be accelerations or reaction rates both of which care dimensionful i.e. 1/time. So really only ratio's ok these observables are quantities that are observed in the sense above.

    Then it seems to make sense the repulsive/attractive can be understood as acceleration/declaration.
  7. Aug 23, 2010 #6
    me too.
    as written, without explanation, NO..

    The set of all real numbers.

    Then again I have no idea,whatsoever, what old school means.
  8. Aug 23, 2010 #7

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    Is this a law of physics? No. It's a metaphysics conjecture, and a bad/naive one.

    A photon is approaching a galaxy. It does not accelerate (as if experiencing a force.) What happens is its wavelength gets shorter.

    The language of accel/decel, or of attract/repel is too restrictive to cram all physics laws into that particular format.

    Moreover the Newton force picture depends on having a fixed geomtric setup. What about the bending of starlight observed by Eddington in 1919. Does it really work to put it into an attractive force paradigm?

    A prescriptive metaphysics can be a straight-jacket. Doesn't Philosophy of Physics (PoP) and studying the language/formulation of physical law belongs in general phys. or in philosophy?
  9. Aug 23, 2010 #8
    To clarify, this is the kind of answer I'm looking for. To keep the discussion going, I would suggest that a falling ball eventually comes to a sudden stop. Implying the electric field represents a repelling force.
  10. Aug 23, 2010 #9
    What about two bodies in orbit with each other?
    There is only an attractive field at work there.
  11. Aug 24, 2010 #10
    Well to begin with the electric field didn't disappear. And the orbit didn't get created by nothing. I would also like to point out you need to remember what keeps the system from exploding/evaporating or collapsing into a singularity.

    What if gravity was the only force in a system?
    Last edited: Aug 24, 2010
  12. Aug 24, 2010 #11
    How would you use your hypothetical law in an application?

    I can also say that a ripe banana is yellow. It is not debatable, but it doesn't really go anywhere either.

    You have a statement that might be debatable, but how is it useful?
  13. Aug 24, 2010 #12
    Re: Is this a law of physics? No. It's a metaphysics conjecture, and a bad/naive one.

    I think you miss the point. I think the question is more about what we can measure directly in a scientific manner (so we don't include "seeing the photon is red" or anything like that). When we make a measurement we get data consisting of numbers and angles. My interpretation( which may be wrong) of the OP is that this data corresponds to ratios of attractive and repulsive forces.

    In the case of light bending clearly this can be understood as an attractive force. Clearly gravity is an attractive force.
  14. Aug 24, 2010 #13
    Well for me personally I ask what if the universe is a measurable system. Under the standard model gravity is considered an attractive force but has no repelling equivalent.

    If this law is true, then dark energy in my opinion, could be unified with gravity. If of course this is a true law of physics.

    P.S. If I know the banana is yellow. I eat it. It does go somewhere.
  15. Aug 24, 2010 #14
    This is a pointless discussion. Using opposite word to describe phenomenon lead to nowhere. This is very similar to the theological explanations:
    -Yesterday was a sunny day because God was happy. Today is raining because He is angry.

    Such simplified models can explain anything - but I don't believe in them.

    You can call it a science - in fact, chemists do.
    Has anyone noticed how lousy are some chemistry textbooks? Everything is on the line of "electrons bond atoms. Except when they don't" or "Octet is the most stable configuration. Except when it isn't". I don't like most chemistry textbooks for this reason. I do like chemistry, though.
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Plugging in a Generator Backwards

  1. Sep 25, 2013 #1
    If I had a generator which created a voltage in a standard household male-type plug flat-prong-plug.jpg

    ...But had the positive and negative terminals of the plug switched, could the generator run the other appliances in my house if I just plugged it into the wall?
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  3. Sep 25, 2013 #2

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    AC power doesn't have positive and negative, it has hot and neutral, but in any case, a generator gets connected so that its hot matches the hot of what it is serving. Some appliances care about that, some don't.
  4. Sep 25, 2013 #3
    Technically Yes - but this is dangerous, not just for the person doing the connections, but everyone that then uses the appliances in the house if this is not done correctly - and then guaranteeing that there is no connection to the Utility
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Possible Rectangular Potential Barrier Transmission Problem

  1. Sep 10, 2013 #1
    1. The Problem Statement
    An electron of effective mass m* = 0.2me and energy E = 0.1 eV hits a barrier of height 0.4 eV and width t = 5 nm. What is the probability of transmission through the barrier? Use the simplest estimate which is an exponential function.

    2. Relevant equations
    I think the Schrodinger equation?

    3. The attempt at a solution

    First let me just say that the professor stated that the only prerequisites for this course were the first two introductory classes in physics, which at my university covers mechanics, fluids, electricity and magnetism. I have never taken any course in quantum mechanics or any advanced physics. After Googling around for a while, I learned that this was called a "Rectangular Potential Barrier" problem and requires using the Schrodinger equation(s) to solve. I'll be honest, the only thing I know about Schrodinger is the cat. Now having said that, I am completely at a loss for where to even begin on this problem. If someone could point me in the right direction (possibly towards some decent lecture notes on the topic) that would be great.

    Thanks in advance!
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  3. Sep 11, 2013 #2

    rude man

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  4. Sep 11, 2013 #3
    Thank you for your link, rude man. I will look it over and see if it help me understand it.

    Also, I was going to post this in the Advanced Physics section, but the sticky post there said if a problem requires plugging into a formula, then it's probably introductory physics. Based on the research I had done up to that point, it seemed like this just required a formula.
  5. Sep 11, 2013 #4
    Matching the units

    I found the following equation in the link:

    [itex]T = e^{-2k_2 L}; k_2 = \sqrt{\frac{2m(U-E)}{\hbar}}[/itex]

    The Problem I am have, however, is that the units don't seem to cancel each other out. In the end T is simply a dimensionless quantity (probability), but that doesn't work out in the math. Take a look below for my reasoning:

    m = 0.2 \times 9.109 \times 10^{-31} ~kg\\

    U = 0.4~ eV\\

    E = 0.1~ eV\\

    \hbar = 6.58 \times 10^{-16} ~eVs\\

    L = 5 ~nm

    \\ \\
    k_2 = \sqrt{\frac{2 \times 0.2 \times 9.109 \times 10^{-31} ~kg ~\times ~(0.4-0.1)~eV}
    {6.58 \times 10^{-16} ~eVs}}

    The eV in the numerator and denominator cancel each other leaving me with units of

    When multiplied by a unit of distance (with the width L), this does not give me a dimensionless quantity. Am I doing something wrong here?

    [itex]e^{nm ~\times ~ \sqrt{kg/s}}[/itex]
  6. Sep 11, 2013 #5

    rude man

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    Well, you are absolutely right, and the formula on that link is wrong.

    I dug up a better one :smile: :

    This time I think you will be pleased with the dimensional consistency of the given equation. As you can see, the denominator under the sq. rt. needs to be (h-bar)^2, not h-bar.

    I would still say that, given formula or not, you're dealing with a subject not typically a part of introductory physics, but what the heck.
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Rotation matrix

  1. Jul 13, 2006 #1
    I have a question from Strang's Linear Algebra on page 230. Does anyone know how to derive the attached statement?

    Attached Files:

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  3. Jul 13, 2006 #2

    Tom Mattson

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    When I detatch your document it comes out as gibberish. Could you either post a PDF or type up your question in LaTeX?

  4. Jul 14, 2006 #3
    Bad first attempt

    This was my first attempt. I have my answer though from another post. Thank you. I will use the built in functions after this.
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Tensions of cable over a pulley

  1. Dec 28, 2014 #1
    [moderator's note: moved to homework forum so no template]

    This is a frictionless ideal pulley.
    Are [itex]T_1, T_2, T_3[/itex] equal? If so, why? Please explain in details?
    Last edited by a moderator: Dec 28, 2014
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  3. Dec 28, 2014 #2

    Philip Wood

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    Again, let's start with your own view – remembering that both pulleys are frictionless.
  4. Dec 28, 2014 #3
    Probably, I have mistaken the direction of [itex]T_1[/itex] and [itex]T_2[/itex]. They should be downward.
    Then I straightened the cable.
    So, I assume, [itex]T_1 + T_3 - T_2 = 0[/itex] .But 'why', I am not sure.
  5. Dec 28, 2014 #4

    Philip Wood

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    Right. Now we have something to go on.

    Tensions aren't really forces, though they're closely related. Suppose A and B pull each other in a tug of war, with a rope which at a particular time has a tension of 200 N. That means that the rope pulls A with a force of 200 N, and pulls B with a force of 200 N. These forces are equal and opposite. So in your diagram in post 1, the arrows don't show tensions, but forces. Specifically the two left hand arrows show the forces that the rope exerts on the bottom pulley and the right hand arrow shows the force that the rope exerts on the top pulley. This could cause confusion. It's often best to draw separate diagrams for separate parts of the system showing the forces acting – so-called free body diagrams.

    Now your question. The tension in the rope doesn't have a direction (in the same sense that a force has a direction). But it can move freely over the pulleys, and you are right to think that it can be regarded as straight from the point of view of comparing the tensions in the various sections of it. What do you conclude about these tensions? Note that the arrows you put on the straightened rope in post 3 should be removed, as we're dealing with tension, not force. Your equation is also wrong.
  6. Dec 28, 2014 #5
    So, now I think [itex]T_1 = T_2 = T_3[/itex]. I explained the reason in the picture. Please check it whether I am right or Wrong.
  7. Dec 28, 2014 #6

    Philip Wood

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    You are right. The tension is the same (call it T) throughout the rope if the pulleys are frictionless. The rope therefore exerts an upward force of 2T on the left hand pulley, a downward force of 2T on the right hand pulley (which is counteracted by an equal and opposite force in the rope holding it to the ceiling) and an upward force of T on mass B.
  8. Dec 28, 2014 #7

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    Just a word of caution. In the context of pulleys, 'frictionless' usually refers to the axle, not the contact with the rope. That being so, it is not sufficient (when the system is accelerating) for the pulleys to be frictionless. For the tension to be the same both sides, the pulleys would also need to be massless.
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Using pdf to find the Probability of a range

  1. Mar 16, 2010 #1
    1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data

    For a given cdf: Fy(y) = 0 for y less than 0
    = y^2 for the range 0 to 1
    = 1 for all values greater than or equal to 1

    the problem asks to find P(1/2 < Y < 3/4) first using the cdf and then using the pdf

    2. Relevant equations

    3. The attempt at a solution

    Okay so the first part of this i was able to do easily. Since its giving the cdf you just have to plug in the two values of the range and the end result is 5/16

    Using the pdf to find the answer is where i ran into trouble

    I kno that the relationship b/w the cdf and the pdf is that the cdf is the anti derivative of the pdf so i began by differentiating the values of Y over the range.

    This of course gave me 0, 2y and 0 for the different ranges.

    Because of this however, the values for either of the two ranges give me a probability greater than 1 and that alone violates the laws around it so that doesnt work even if the answer would have matched up, which it doesnt anyway. So im guessing the problem is how I calculated the pdf...any tips?

  2. jcsd
  3. Mar 16, 2010 #2

    User Avatar
    Homework Helper

    Wouldn't it just be

    [tex]\int_\frac{1}{2} ^\frac{3}{4} 2y dy [/tex]

    I don't think this gives an answer greater than one.
  4. Mar 16, 2010 #3
    i thought i had to do something like that since it was an interval and not merely a finite set of numbers. This kinda seems like a pointless excercise since this would have me differentiating the cdf to get the pdf just to re integrate it and return it to the cdf plugging in the same numbers that I had to do for part a.
    I was also looking through the book and I dont see any other way of getting it so i think ill run with this...thanks for the quick response
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Andre Norton. War Time 2. Conquered ship.

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Joseph T. Renaldi

Veteran Poet - 1,154 Points (Frackville, Pennsylvania)

Joseph T. Renaldi Poems

441. My Beloved Dog 12/17/2004
442. Coping With Life 4/17/2005
443. Autumn Days 5/2/2005
444. A Devoted Teacher 9/8/2007
445. Life After Graduation 3/3/2008
446. A Game Of Football 11/6/2005
447. A Compassionate Heart 2/4/2006
448. A Teacher's Prayer 1/29/2006
449. The First Ice Storm 2/5/2005
450. Horrors Of War 1/26/2008
451. Memories Of War 12/17/2004
452. Beauty Of A Summer's Day 4/2/2006
453. A Miner's Tears 12/17/2004
454. Life Is Like A Butterfly 9/25/2005
455. Once Upon A Wedding Day 8/11/2010
456. Life's Highest Goal 12/17/2004
457. A Combat Friend 12/26/2004
458. Rearing A Child 4/17/2005
459. Once Upon A Winter Day 11/12/2006
460. Family Reunion 7/20/2006
461. Friendship Must Be Earned 4/17/2005
462. My Beloved Sister 11/23/2005
463. A Graduation Day Message 5/14/2010
464. A Grieving Mother 12/17/2004
465. Journey Of Life 7/7/2005
466. A Lost Boy And His Dog 11/10/2005
467. Autumn On The Horizon 8/17/2005
468. The Enchanted Forest 5/3/2005
469. Hope For The Future 12/17/2004
470. A Penny Candy Store 3/6/2007
471. Duties Of A Teacher 4/27/2006
472. Once Upon A Summer Day 6/19/2005
473. Winter Wonderland 2/12/2005
474. Graduation Day 4/27/2006
475. Once Upon An Autumn Day 8/9/2005

Comments about Joseph T. Renaldi

  • Tracker Ogryphon (2/14/2008 2:25:00 PM)

    Hello Mr. Renaldi. I too am a Veteran. I just read your magnificent poem 'Plight of Veterans'. Keep up the good work. I to am a Veteran.

    Take Care.

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  • Ruby Root (7/13/2006 11:47:00 PM)

    Joseph you are compassionate, kind and caring person. You write with uniquness and with originality. You are talented poet, I enjoy being on your site.

  • Lare Austin (2/16/2005 6:52:00 PM)

    Hi Joe...I just finished reading your poem, 'America's Plight'. This piece beams with inspiration and determination...and strives for a just end goal. Who wouldn't appreciate its message? Good rhythm, too. Well done, Joe. Well done...

    Just me, Lare

  • Lare Austin (2/5/2005 9:14:00 PM)

    Hi Joe...I just read your poem, 'The Snowstorm' is an absolutely delightful read. This has very soothing and warming images. Very well done...

    Lare Austin

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Once Upon An Autumn Day

Once Upon an autumn day,
Colorful leaves began to fade
In the midst of a chilly, frosty air
As multitude of trees grew steadily bare.

Once upon an autumn day,
The whispering breeze was here to stay
Moving aimlessly through the countless trees
Scattering leaves with the greatest of ease.

Once upon an autumn day,
The leaves whirled freely in every way,
Until at last they came to rest
Finding a haven in which to nest.

Once upon an autumn day,
The trees were dormant, and the leaves lay
Waiting for the winter snow to fall
To quickly ...

Read the full of Once Upon An Autumn Day

The Lighthouse

A lighthouse stands near the rugged shore
To warn ships of the dangerous rocks and waves,
And aiding them from going astray,
Guiding them to a safer way.

It has a powerful and rotating beam
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Tonya M. Foster was born in Bloomington, Illinois, and raised in New Orleans. She earned a BA from Newcomb College, Tulane University, and an MFA from the University of Houston. Foster is the author of the poetry collection A Swarm of Bees in High Court (Belladonna*, 2015) and coedited the book Third Mind: Creative Writing through Visual Art (2002). Her work has appeared in Callaloo, MiPoesias, Western Humanities Review, the Hat, and elsewhere. In a review, Patricia Spears Jones says, “Foster' s imaginative work glories in language's ambiguities, discords, emotions and logic—she allows that imaginative thrall to explore race and gender and political dysfunction.”

Foster has received fellowships from New York Foundation for the Arts, the Macdowell Colony, the Ford Foundation, the Mellon Foundation, and the Graduate Center, CUNY, where she is a PhD candidate. She has taught at Bard College, Queens College CUNY, Baruch College CUNY, and she currently is an assistant professor at California College of the Arts.


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Old October 7th, 2011 (8:54 PM).
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    Under the Same Sky by Draco Malfoy.

    Eh, I just found it nice to read? Good characterization, establishes a nice connection with the actual game, still leaves room for mystery.
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Old December 4th, 2011 (4:14 PM). Edited January 22nd, 2012 by Skymin.
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Silver Rogue Silver Rogue is offline
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    Lol, yeah. Thats fine. I like the new post as well. Very nice. I'll see if I can get a response to that up tonight, but have a paper I have kinda been putting off for a while thats due tomorrow, so......maybe.

    Sorry about being innactive for a while, school just kicked me in the butt recently. The teachers are piling on homework before winter break, and I am struggling to keep up with papers and projects, much less an RP. Things should calm down pretty soon though, as in Friday. So I should be able to post then, although I am going to try to post earlier if I can.
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Old October 31st, 2012 (5:07 PM).
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    There's no one for me to give them pokemon, so I'll just join.
    Name: Kira
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    Number of Pokemon: 5
    Restrictions: NFEs can be, as long as you let me cheat everstones, and also i screw water types.
    You get Xatu instead of voltorb

    Also holy !#[email protected]# my team is cool. Ill start ASAP.


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• Suspect First Name: MICHAEL
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Arrested on November 02, 2008 was Michael Kolehmainen. The 23-year-old Kolehmainen was arrested by Volusia County Law Enforcement. Bond was set at unknown amount for the charge because Kolehmainen is presumed innocent until proven guilty. Police agencies listed here may assist with more information including court dates: Volusia County Law Enforcement.

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Barack Obama speaks to supporters during Obama's Texas Countdown to Change fundraiser event in Austin, Texas in 2007. | AP Photo

The window for Obama to settle on a strong, consistent slogan is closing.

Obama: A brand in search of a slogan

Everyone knows what Barack Obama’s campaign slogan was in 2008. No one seems to know what it will be for 2012.

The White House has been cycling through catchphrases since announcing his reelection bid a year ago: Winning the Future, We Can’t Wait, An America Built to Last, An Economy Built to Last, A Fair Shot.

Story Continued Below

They seem to be looking for one to resonate — and the constant unveiling of new ones suggests that so far, none of them have. To communications experts, the kaleidoscope of slogans is the latest reflection of the difficulties finding and marketing a message that Obama has faced almost since his inauguration — another challenge that came with the shift from insurgent outsider to sitting president.

“He’s all over the place,” said Bruce I. Newman, the Bill Clinton brand-messaging adviser whose “Bridge to the 21st Century” helped define Clinton’s 1996 reelection campaign.

Yes, a slogan is just a few words for the background of campaign lit and stump speeches. But its importance, Newman explained, shouldn’t be understated.

“That becomes the branding of the whole campaign,” he said. “That becomes the anchor to bring together disparate voter segments. It’s the glue, if you will.”

( Also on POLITICO: Obama leads among 'swing' indies)

An Obama aide said all the lines the president has rolled out so far were around specific governing initiatives and not intended to be campaign slogans, and the GOP primaries have yet to settle on a candidate.

Campaign spokesman Ben LaBolt said that though there may not be a slogan yet, there has been a focus on a singular theme.

“The President is working to ensure that our economy is built to last — where hard work and responsibility are rewarded, everybody does their fair share, and everyone from Main Street to Wall Street plays by the same set of rules. Mitt Romney has doubled down on the same policies that led to the economic crisis — he believes that we can just cut our way to prosperity and promotes outsourcing, loopholes and risky financial deals that put the security of the middle class at risk,” LaBolt said in a statement, nodding at the “fair shot” idea the president’s been hitting often since his Osawatomie, Kan., speech in December.

But Newman and others agree: The window for Obama to settle on a strong — and consistent — slogan is closing, no matter the continuing Republican primary campaign. Ronald Reagan locked down “Morning in America” in May 1984, leaving a full six months for his campaign to hammer home the message before the election.

“The thing that made it effective was that they had it up early,” said Michael Goldman, a Democratic communications consultant whose past clients include Michael Dukakis and the late Sen. Ted Kennedy. “Before the Democrats had even nominated [Walter] Mondale, he had already made that the thematic of his campaign.”

To date, Obama and his advisers have largely been defining themselves through contrast messaging — senior adviser David Plouffe called the GOP field a “clown show,” and Obama’s been casting of himself as the sober voice arrayed against irresponsible and hapless opponents.


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Former Secretary of State Colin Powell is pictured. | Reuters Photo

'I support the president's decision,' Powell said. | REUTERS

Colin Powell endorses gay marriage

Former Secretary of State Colin Powell supports same-sex marriage — and he doesn’t necessarily believe the issue should be left up to states.

“I have no problems with it,” Powell, who served under George W. Bush, says in an interview with CNN’s Wolf Blitzer that airs in full at 5 p.m. Wednesday. “I don’t see any reason not to say that [same-sex couples] should be able to get married under the laws of their state or the laws of the country.”

Story Continued Below

Earlier this month, President Barack Obama endorsed same-sex marriage, saying, “For me personally it is important for me to go ahead and affirm that I think same-sex couples should be able to get married and I continue to believe that this is an issue that is going to be worked out at a local level.”

“In terms of the legal matter of creating a contract between two people that’s called marriage,” Powell said Tuesday, “and allowing them to live together with the protection of law, it seems to me is the way we should be moving in this country. And so I support the president’s decision.”

Powell was chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff when “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” was implemented in 1993. The retired four-star general said Wednesday that he thought of DADT as a compromise that improved the status quo at the time.

“It was the Congress that imposed ‘Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell,’ it was certainly my position, my recommendation to get us out of an even worse outcome that could have occurred,” Powell told Blitzer.

In February 2010, Powell announced that he supported the repeal of DADT.

“In the almost 17 years since the ‘Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell’ legislation was passed, attitudes and circumstances have changed,” said Powell at the time.


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Adorable red and white polka dots dress with a strawberry patch on the back. Accented with a polka dots matching bow. A small D-Ring attached near the neck area to add on a "Klippo" charm or ID tag! (Each outfit comes in its own Klippo plastic hanger and a Klippo logo charm.)

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World Cup According to Grande: A Combi in Garmisch

By Greg Needell
Alpine Race Consulting

Before I start in on the Super Combi in Garmisch today, I need to wish my wife and family a Happy Valentine's Day. Shannon was kind enough to marry me almost 15 years ago and has stuck by me in some tough times and a lot of time apart. And my son Coen has seen it all. He has grown up against the back-drop of ski racing his entire life and seen my career grow and change and flow within the sport. I love you both and thank you for all you do for me and our family!

Greg Needell

So, all the sentiment aside, the men raced their Super Combi today with an interesting outcome and a field that was lacking some of the Combined favorites. With Kostelic and Janka on the sidelines, I am sure Svindal saw the door open a crack. He is the defending champ in this discipline from Val d'Isere and the Downhill track suits him fine. It is turny in sections and has a fast sustained speed. And with his lead over Feuz, I am sure he felt confident he could hold him off. But the others who were back a second or more could still take this away from him. Aksel served notice at the beginning of the day that he would be the man to beat and it proved to be true. Innerhofer also put down a good downhill run but really was even more impressive with his slalom run. I have seen "Inner" be very fast in slalom in person but never on as demanding of a hill as in Partenkirchen. Nor have I seen him sustain his speed and consistency for even a whole run of training. But he got it done. And I would have to say the same thing about Peter Fill. We once we training all together in Westendorf, just down the street from Kitzbuehel during Kitzbuehel week and we were amazed with the speed Fill could bring to slalom. But a few injuries later and adding a few years and pounds, Peter Fill just has not seemed as good in slalom as he had in the past. As a younger racer, he was a great threat in Combined but not so much of late. It all played out in a very warm climate in Garmisch which is really not all that unusual. But the race gave us some excitement and saw a man determined to win that particular race, and win he did. And for Peter Fill, it is nice to see him win a medal, as I am sure he feels relief in having done so in his career. And Innerhofer, what can you say? He had 3 chances and scored a medal of each color.

So as they move along into a day off and the Team event and tech events in the near future, I need to wonder out loud how the hills are going to hold-up? The weather looks nice and chilly at night but still with the day-time highs getting well over the freezing point. And while they are not predicting that plus 10 degree Celsius type weather in the near future, they still might be seeing the freeze and thaw type conditions for the next week which might prompt the FIS to move start times earlier in the morning if they can convince the TV partners to follow that lead. If not, they could find themselves in the situation where they will need to use chemical on the track for the slalom in the second runs. The GS is on the Garmisch side on the bottom of the DH track so it should stay in the shade for the most part and the track should stay firm.