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FinMin mulls measures to attract FIIs to stabilise rupee, boost stock markets

November 13, 2013 11:08 IST

DollarsAs the rupee continued to slide and stock markets persisted with heavy selling pressure, the finance ministry swung into action to assure foreign institutional investors of a slew of measures to increase their participation in currency derivatives and debt markets.

Finance Minister P Chidambaram on Tuesday interacted with FIIs.

They expressed concern on taxation issues, the high fiscal and current account deficits, and sought removal of capital gains tax.

“Everyone was here, everyone was bullish, there were no concerns (over exchange rate),” said Chidambaram, after the meeting the FIIs.

The minister told the investors the government would stick to its target of 4.8 per cent of the gross domestic product for the fiscal deficit and $60 billion for the current account deficit for 2013-14.

Even independent analysts expected the government to meet the new CAD target, against $70 billion pegged earlier.

However, only the government seemed to be confident of reining in the Centre’s fiscal deficit at 4.8 per cent of GDP, since it constituted 76 per cent of the entire year’s budget estimate in the first six months of the current financial year.

Officials said the measures, which could be announced in a month as they don’t need any changes in the law, would include greater participation for FIIs in currency derivatives market, deepening the bond markets, liberal conditions for use of collateral on a par with domestic investors, clarity on permanent establishment rules

and taxation issues.

In August, the Reserve Bank of India had put controls on institutional participation in the currency derivative market.

So, the finance ministry is going to consider some leeway on those.

Meanwhile, Economic Affairs Secretary Arvind Mayaram said the government would soon come out with clarifications on the definitions of FII and foreign direct investment in a couple of weeks.

As the rupee on Tuesday declined for a fifth day in row and closed at 63.71 against the dollar, down 47 paise over the previous day’s close, Mayaram said the currency would stabilise soon, amid inflows of up to $25-30 billion through the forex swap windows.

He exuded confidence that as the US Federal Reserve started tapering its monetary stimulus, it would not have an impact on Indian markets.

“I think a crazy, irrational kind of a sentiment is (prevailing in the forex market)... Whoever is punting on the rupee will lose very heavily. I feel very sorry for their families,” he told reporters.

The finance ministry will have a host of meetings with FIIs, as part of its efforts to engage with debt funds from the Nordic countries, West Asia and Australia and make them invest in India.

The ministry hopes the impact of QE tapering would be less under Janet Yellen, likely to take over as the US Fed chairman in January 2014.

India is planning to get its debt included in global indices including the ones run by JP Morgan and Barclays. RBI Governor Raghuram Rajan had also said the central bank would have conversations with international index agencies and some of the investment banks that create these indices.

BS Reporter in New Delhi


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'93 Mumbai blasts: 2 of Memon's aides found guilty

September 25, 2006 13:45 IST
Last Updated: September 25, 2006 14:34 IST

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Coverage: 1993 Mumbai blasts verdict
TADA court accepts Dawood's role in '93 blasts

Mohammed Iqbal Mohammed Yusuf Shaikh and Nasim Barmare, close aides of main accused Tiger Memon, were convicted on Monday by the Terrorist and Disruptive (Activities) Act court for complicity in the 1993 bomb blasts case.

Designated judge P D Kode found Shaikh guilty of participating in conspiracy, obtaining weapons training at Borghat and Sandheri in Raigad district, attending conspiracy meetings at residences of co-accused and filling RDX in vehicles, which were planted at various places on the day of blasts.

He was found guilty under section 120-B of Indian Penal Code (conspiracy), Section 3 (3) of TADA (P) (aiding and abetting).

However, Shaikh was acquitted of the charge of hurling hand grenades at bay number 54 at Sahar airport as the court held that it was Barmare who threw the hand grenades.

Shaikh was also found guilty under IPC 307, 435, section 3, 4, 6 of Explsosive Substances Act.

Iqbal was also found to have parked an RDX-laden scooter at Naigaon in Dadar in front of a clinic, which however did not explode.

Barmare was found guilty under IPC 120-B, 3 (3) (aiding and abetting) for obtaining arms training in Pakistan, attending conspiracy meetings in houses of co-accused and filling RDX in vehicles, which were placed at various places on the day of the blasts.

He was also convicted under Section 3 (2) (i) of TADA for throwing hand grenades at Sahar airport, which did not explode as well as Section IPC 307 (attempt to murder) and Section 3 (3) of TADA (P) act (aiding and abetting).

© Copyright 2006 PTI. All rights reserved. Republication or redistribution of PTI content, including by framing or similar means, is expressly prohibited without the prior written consent.
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The Obamas Check Out Future Home

November 11, 2008

By David Jackson and Richard Wolf

WASHINGTON — President-elect Barack Obama met privately with President Bush at the White House on Monday, a time-honored ritual of American democracy with special resonance amid two wars and the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression.

Neither man commented publicly on their Oval Office meeting, which lasted 65 minutes. Bush then took Obama to see the family residence before returning to the Oval Office. First lady Laura Bush gave Michelle Obama a more expansive tour of the living quarters.

White House press secretary Dana Perino said Bush described the conversation as “good, constructive, relaxed and friendly.” Obama spokesman Robert Gibbs said the men talked extensively about the economic situation and foreign policy. “It was a bit of a momentous day,” Gibbs said, adding that Obama said the Oval Office was “a really nice office.”

Obama transition spokeswoman Stephanie Cutter said the Obamas were “warmly welcomed.”

“They had a broad discussion about the importance of working together throughout the transition of government,” Cutter said. Obama thanked Bush “for his commitment to a smooth transition,” she added.

It was Obama’s first time in the office he will occupy for at least the next four years. The Democrat arrived with his wife 11 minutes early, but the always-punctual Bushes were ready to greet them.

The two couples first went to the Diplomatic Reception Room, where the Obamas met Adm. Stephen Rochon, chief usher and director of the executive residence. Like Obama, Rochon is the first African American to hold his position in the White House.

Minutes later, Obama and Bush walked the colonnade that connects the main building to the West Wing and Oval Office. As Bush and Obama met, their wives talked in the White House living quarters “about family life, particularly about their children,” said Sally McDonough, Laura Bush’s spokeswoman.

The Obamas have two daughters, Malia, 10, and Sasha, 7. Michelle Obama spent part of Monday visiting schools, including Georgetown Day School and Sidwell Friends School.

In the days leading up to the visit, Obama and his aides have urged the Bush administration to back a new spending package in Congress that’s designed to stimulate the economy. Gibbs said the president and president-elect discussed on Monday the proposed stimulus package, the U.S. auto industry and foreclosures.

Obama flew in for the meeting from his home in Chicago, where he will spend most of his time during the transition. Obama’s mantra has been “we only have one president at a time.” He does not plan to attend this weekend’s international economic summit in Washington, where Bush will host leaders from 20 nations.

Obama is putting together his economic and national security teams. Cutter said she does not expect any Cabinet announcements this week.

Bush has made clear he wants a seamless transition, given the hazardous condition of the economy and the threat of terrorism.

Presidential analysts said both men want to avoid the problems that beset the transition during the Great Depression. President-elect Franklin Roosevelt stayed as far as he could from incumbent Herbert Hoover, and “it contributed to the worsening of the economy,” said David Abshire, president of the Center for the Study of the Presidency.

This time Bush and Obama “have a keen need to try to restore some kind of trust in the economy,” Abshire said.

Stephen Hess, a Brookings Institution scholar and author of a new book on presidential transitions, said both Obama and Bush are striking the right tone.

Obama criticized Bush’s performance during his campaign, attacking the Republican incumbent on issues from the economy to Iraq. Hess said he doubts there is much tension between them now: “These are two politicians.”

Contributing: Kathy Kiely

(c) Copyright 2008 USA TODAY, a division of Gannett Co. Inc. <>

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Toward Cheap Underwater Sensor Nets

May 27, 2009

UC San Diego computer scientists are one step closer to building low cost networks of underwater sensors for real time underwater environmental monitoring. At the IEEE Reconfigurable Architectures Workshop in Rome, Italy, on May 25, computer scientists from the Jacobs School of Engineering presented a paper highlighting the energy conservation benefits of using reconfigurable hardware rather than competing hardware platforms for their experimental underwater sensor nets.

While the Navy has used expensive sonar systems for underwater communications for years, scientists around the world urgently need low cost underwater sensor technologies that can capture and transmit environmental data back to land in real time, explained Bridget Benson, the UC San Diego computer science Ph.D. student leading the project.

“We are building a low-cost, low-power modem for short-range, low data-rate underwater networking. Working underwater means you don’t have access to a wall socket for plug-in power. Our idea is to make the sensor and modem hardware as energy efficient as possible,” said Benson.

Greater energy efficiency means batteries can last longer and the sensors can sample the environment more frequently. Higher sampling rates can greatly increase the utility of the collected data and enable scientists to plan experiments when the conditions are just right.

Networks of underwater sensors could also serve as “stepping stones” that provide a way for data collected from underwater sensors to get back to land without any one sensor having to send a signal a long distance, which is costly in terms of energy consumption.

Reconfigurable hardware rises to the top

The computer scientists studied the patterns of energy consumption of underwater modems and determined that, for short distances, the hardware platform is a big power drain. With this in mind, the researchers looked at three different hardware platforms: digital signal processors, microcontrollers, and reconfigurable hardware. Their tests””described in the paper presented at the IEEE Workshop in Rome””show that the reconfigurable hardware platform provides the best low-energy implementation for the particular underwater communications algorithm they implemented.

While Bridget Benson and UC San Diego computer science professor Ryan Kastner are working on digital signal processing challenges, Jacobs School undergraduates are hard at work on analog portions of the underwater communications project, including the transmitter power amplifier and receiver low noise amplifier.

“The amplifier works, but it is not yet as efficient as Don Kimball’s original design or the early simulations,” said electrical engineering undergraduate Brian Faunce, referring to Calit2 principal development engineer Don Kimball. “There is some sort of an optimization issue we still have to figure out.” “The impedance of the underwater transducer is much more complex than we originally thought” says Kimball.

“In class, you learn a lot of theory, but you don’t learn how to revise a schematic, layout the printed circuit board, assemble the circuit and then perform field tests. I have friends at other schools, and when it comes to internships and projects, they are just not available at other schools the way they are here,” said Faunce.

“Sensor networks are revolutionizing the way we understand our natural world. Unfortunately, the advances in the underwater sensor networks have not matched those in the terrestrial domain,” said Kastner, a professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE) at the Jacobs School.

Sensor Nets and Diving Vets

If scientists had underwater sensor nets, they could keep better tabs on how water conditions are changing. For example, Benson is working with researchers at an ecological research station in Tahiti that includes underwater sensors. However, the data from the sensors is only available every six months, when a diver manually goes down to the sensor and downloads that data.

In addition to creating sensor nets, these modems could be used to send data to autonomous crafts on the water’s surface. Researchers at UCSD’s Calit2 led by Doug Palmer, principal development engineer, are working on such a craft, Reef Bot.

Closer to home, Benson had first hand knowledge of how sensor nets could be useful for monitoring California’s rocky reefs. Outside of school, Benson serves as the Southern California volunteer coordinator for the nonprofit organization Reef Check. Benson oversees the training of veteran divers to conduct surveys of the species living in reefs from Santa Barbara to San Diego.

“Our volunteers learn how to identify fish and other organisms and learn what protocols we use. Once they are certified, the volunteers go out and help us do the surveys,” said Benson, who will oversee a survey in La Jolla Cove on May 30.

“I have the field experience, and I see the need for the cheap sensor networks we are working on,” said Benson, who envisions a future where volunteers and autonomous robots work together to monitor the health and species richness of reefs and other underwater ecosystems.

“Energy Benefits of Reconfigurable Hardware for Use in Underwater Sensor Nets,” IEEE Reconfigurable Architectures Workshop (RAW), May 2009 by Bridget Benson, Ali Irturk, Junguk Cho and Ryan Kastner from the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at UC San Diego’s Jacobs School of Engineering.

Bridget Benson is supported by a National Science Foundation (NSF) Graduate Research Fellowship. This project is supported by NSF grant CNS-0839944.

Image 1: The underwater sensors team at UC San Diego includes John Moffatt (left) a recent electrical engineering alumnus, Bridget Benson (center) a computer science Ph.D. student and Brian Faunce (right) an electrical engineering undergrad.

Image 2: Jacobs School undergraduates, including Brian Faunce (above) are hard at work on analog portions of the underwater communications project, including the transmitter power amplifier and receiver low noise amplifier.

Image 3: As depicted in this artist rendering, the Reefbot is a relatively compact, autonomous surface craft designed to continuously collect data pertaining to the oceans’ littoral zones, where most coral reefs are located.

On the Net:

Toward Cheap Underwater Sensor Nets Toward Cheap Underwater Sensor Nets

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Parkinsonian Worms Swimming and Crawling

November 11, 2011

In this video, Jon Pierce-Shimomura, assistant professor of neurobiology, describes the test that is based on the difficulty these “parkinsonian” C. elegans worms have in switching from swimming to crawling when they’re taken out of water.

Credit: Mason Jones

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The grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis), also known as the grizzly, the North American brown bear, or the silvertip bear, is one of many subspecies of the brown bear. It is typically found in upland areas of western North America. Its range once extended from Canada to Mexico and even into the western shores of the Hudson Bay in the east. Its range has been reduced to many areas of Canada, Alaska, and northwestern areas of the United States including Washington, Wyoming, Idaho, and...

Mediterranean feather star, Antedon mediterranea
2013-05-18 06:26:42

The Mediterranean feather star is a filter feeder that obtains food by straining suspended matter and food particles from water. The star has a stalk that has up to forty tendrils, (threadlike organs) which help the star cling to hard surfaces. The “body” of the star is called a calyx and is shaped like a small cup. This calyx is surrounded by feathery pinnules bearing arms. These arms are quite unique in the fact that they can regenerate if one should get broken off; these arms extend to...

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Latest Foxconn suicides Stories

Foxconn Confirms Underage Workers
2012-10-16 08:07:18

Foxconn, the world’s largest manufacturer of electronic products, including Apple’s iPad and iPhone, has found itself in hot water once more regarding labor and hiring processes, an issue which they’ve all but become synonymous with.

Foxconn Denies Strike, Production Disruption Reports
2012-10-08 05:51:22

Representatives from a Taiwanese electronics manufacturing company are denying reports that workers have gone on strike and have been disrupting the facility's production of the Apple iPhone.

Foxconn Plant Shuts Down Temporarily Due To Riots
2012-09-24 08:27:23

Riots reportedly broke out early Monday morning in the Shanxi province in China at a Foxconn Technology Group factory in Taiyuan.

2012-06-01 06:44:49

A Chinese activist group called Students and Scholars Against Corporate Misbehavior (SACOM) are calling out the Chinese assembly plant Foxconn once more, saying conditions at factories haven't improved.

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Latest Health Medical Pharma Stories

2015-05-27 12:34:02

ROCHESTER, N.Y., May 27, 2015 /PRNewswire/ -- VirtualScopics, Inc.

2015-05-27 12:34:00

Richmond-based Virginia Women's Center adds innovative laser procedure, MonaLisa, to practice RICHMOND, Va., May 27, 2015 /PRNewswire/ -- Virginia Women's Center is adding a leading

2015-05-27 12:33:57

Disrupting Medicine via Medical Crowdsourcing NEW YORK, May 27, 2015 /PRNewswire/ -- SERMO CEO, Peter Kirk, has been named a PM360 ELITE Disruptor of 2015.

2015-05-27 12:33:55

DUBLIN, May 26, 2015 /PRNewswire/ -- Research and Markets (http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/l633xp/molecular)

2015-05-27 12:33:51

BRUSSELS, May 27, 2015 /PRNewswire/ -- Ansell, a global leader in protection solutions, and Deb, a global leader in occupational skin care products, have announced a partnership to market a

2015-05-27 12:33:45

DUBLIN, May 25, 2015 /PRNewswire/ -- Research and Markets(http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/d85hx9/global_rapid)

2015-05-27 12:33:43

BRIDGEWATER, N.J., May 27, 2015 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- In March 2015, the Department of Health conducted their annual inspection at Bridgeway Care and Rehabilitation Center in Bridgewater.

2015-05-27 12:33:38

PHILADELPHIA and WHIPPANY, N.J., May 27, 2015 /PRNewswire/ -- The American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) and

Latest Health Medical Pharma Reference Libraries

Damara Sheep
2014-09-25 08:50:59

The Damara sheep is a breed of domestic sheep that originated Egypt and Eastern Asia and eventually moved to the areas that are now Angola and Namibia. The breed became isolated in Namibia and southern Angola, where it remained free from the influence of other breeds for many years. It was named after the regions where it is known to have originated, which was once known as Gross Damaraland. The Damara sheep is a fat-tailed breed that can be black, brown, white, or black and white pied in...

British Milksheep
2014-09-22 07:50:24

The Bristish milksheep, previously known as the Alderbred, is a breed of domestic sheep that was developed in the Northumberland region of England. Although the exact origin of the breed is unknown, it is known to have been derived from flocks of the Eastrip Prolific, Dorset Horn, and Bluefaced Leicester breeds. Selective breeding was used to enhance productivity using breeds like the East Friesian and Texel, but this breeding did not focus on a uniform appearance. Later, the British...

Belgian Landrace
2014-08-27 09:35:46

The Belgian landrace, also known as the Belgian lop-eared, Belgian improved landrace, or the improved Belgian, is a breed of domestic pig that can be found in northern areas of Belgium. It was developed when English pigs were imported into Belgium, after which time they were improved upon until 1930, when they were bred with German landrace pigs. The resulting breed was crossbred with Dutch landrace pigs in 1945 and later other breeds including those from Germany and Luxemburg. This breed...

British Friesian Cattle
2014-07-12 11:44:10

The British Friesian is a breed of cattle from the United Kingdom. The modern British Friesian dominated the dairy cattle population from the 1950s through the 1980s. Stock as well as semen were exported during this time throughout the world. The original Friesian breed was imported to ports of England and Scotland during the 1800s until it was stopped in 1892 when a threat of foot and mouth disease became a concern. By the end of 1912 there were 1,000 bulls and 6,000 cows registered in...

Blue Gray Cattle
2014-07-12 10:27:38

The Blue Grey is a breed of beef cattle that is popular in Scotland and north of England. It was developed by crossing a white bred shorthorn and Black Galloway cows. The color of the Blue Grey is roan blue. However, roan coloration is not a dominant color gene and the color does not always hold true. Only about half of the calves born to two true blue roan cattle will be blue roan, the rest will be either solid white or solid black. Blue roan is only consistent in the first generation of...

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Latest Lucent Mobile Inc. Stories

2013-05-07 23:32:36

Acquisition creates integrated build-and-deploy mobile solutions platform for both enterprises and individuals. Dallas, Texas (PRWEB) May 07, 2013 Lucent

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Leading mobile applications development firm releases development tool to simplify the design and development process. Dallas, Texas (PRWEB) February 28, 2013

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Latest PHOTOFRIN Stories

2015-05-07 08:39:50

Photodynamic therapy with PHOTOFRIN® being studied in range of cancers OAKVILLE, ON, May 7, 2015 /PRNewswire/ - Concordia Healthcare Corp.

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Thomas Jefferson University Hospital is first site opened, more sites scheduled in August TORONTO AND CHICAGO, Aug.

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Supplemental approval will expand PDT with Photofrin® treatments in specific lung and esophageal cancers TORONTO AND BANNOCKBURN, IL, March 26, 2014 /PRNewswire/ - Concordia Healthcare

2014-01-13 08:27:08

Agreement represents continued movement forward in the development of a potential new treatment for rare cancers TORONTO and BANNOCKBURN, Ill., Jan.

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Latest Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Stories

2012-08-09 10:20:09

Growing up next door to two young men with childhood disabilities helped Baylor College of Medicine's Dr. Cynthia Peacock develop a quality that shaped her career as an academic physician humility.

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The annual Compassion and the Art of Medicine series, hosted by the Department of Family and Community Medicine at Baylor College of Medicine, will begin Friday, Aug. 10.

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Latest United States Department of Housing and Urban Development Stories

2013-07-12 23:20:27

M&L Special Needs Planning, LLC discusses housing options for individuals with disabilities in their latest blogs, and offers planning service that helps individuals plan for future housing

2013-07-04 23:04:22

Harvard Report Reveals Housing Becoming Unaffordable for More Americans Summit, NJ (PRWEB) July 04, 2013 This July 4th brings good news in housing.

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Stacey L. Jarrell

  • Vanderbilt University School of Law, 1992, J.D., Note Editor of the Vanderbilt Law Review
  • Tulane University, 1987, B.A., magna cum laude, Linguistics

Professional Admissions / Qualifications

  • Pennsylvania

Court Admissions

  • All State Courts - Pennsylvania
  • U.S. District Court - Western District of Pennsylvania
  • U.S. Court of Appeals - Third Circuit
  • U.S. Court of Appeals - Fifth Circuit
  • U.S. Court of Appeals - Sixth Circuit
  • U.S. Court of Appeals - Ninth Circuit

Stacey is a member of the firm's Energy & Natural Resources Group, focusing on energy, construction and commercial litigation. She has represented clients in trial, appellate and arbitration proceedings across the country.

Stacey counsels energy sector clients on a variety of claims, including contract and lease disputes, condemnation, negligence and business torts, and statutory rights and obligations. She has advised companies engaged in natural gas production, particularly production from the Marcellus and Utica shale formations, natural gas transportation and storage, independent electric power production, and the sale of electricity metering products.

She has represented numerous construction industry clients—including owners, contractors, subcontractors and architects—in litigation and arbitration proceedings involving contract, payment act, lien, negligence and indemnity disputes. Stacey also has extensive experience representing a wide variety of business enterprises—such as railroads, optical retailers, steel and copper manufacturers, banks, and hospitals—as well as local government entities and development authorities in matters ranging from constitutional litigation, to contract, bond default, and insurance coverage claims.

Employment History

  • 2012 - Reed Smith
  • 1993 - Thorp Reed & Armstrong, LLP

  • Honorable Jerome Turner (deceased), U.S. District Court - Western District of Tennessee

Civic and Charitable Affiliations

  • Kelly Strayhorn Theater – Board Member
  • Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra – New Leadership Board Member


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Smash Cut (2009)

A reporter (Sasha Grey) and a detective (Jesse Buck) must stop a murderous filmmaker (David Hess) who uses body parts in horror movies.

Smash Cut - Trailer

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Keeping Up With the Joneses (2013)

A woman discovers her husband's true colors after she is taken hostage.

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apple seed

Basidiomycota is one of two large phyla that, together with the Ascomycota, comprise the subkingdom Dikarya, which were in general what were called the "Higher Fungi" within the Kingdom Fungi. More specifically the Basidiomycota include mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorns, bracket fungi, other polypores, jelly fungi, boletes, chanterelles, earth stars, smuts, bunts, rusts, mirror yeasts, and the human pathogenic yeast, Cryptococcus. Basically, Basidiomycota are filamentous fungi composed of hyphae (except for those forming yeasts), and reproducing sexually via the formation of specialized club-shaped end cells called basidia that normally bear external spores (usually four), which are specialized meiospores called basidiospores. However, some Basidiomycota reproduce asexually, and may or may not also reproduce sexually. Asexually reproducing Basidiomycota (discussed below) can be recognized as members of this phylum by gross similarity to others, by the formation of a distinctive anatomical feature (the clamp connection - see below), cell wall components, and definitively by phylogenetic molecular analysis of DNA sequence data.

The most recent classification adopted by a coalition of 67 mycologists recognizes 3 subphyla (Pucciniomycotina, Ustilaginomycotina, Agaricomycotina) and 2 other class level taxa (Wallemiomycetes, Entorrhizomycetes) outside of these, among the Basidiomycota. As now classified, the subphyla join and also cut across various obsolete taxonomic groups (see below) previously commonly used to describe various Basidiomycota.

The Basidiomycota had traditionally been divided into 2 obsolete classes, the Homobasidiomycetes (including true mushrooms); and the Heterobasidiomycetes (the Jelly, Rust and Smut fungi). Previously the entire Basidiomycota were called Basidiomycetes, an invalid class level name coined in 1959 as a counterpart to the Ascomycetes, when neither of these taxa were recognized as phyla. The terms basidiomycetes and ascomycetes are frequently used loosely to refer to Basidiomycota and Ascomycota. They are often abbreviated to "basidios" and "ascos" as mycological slang.

The Agaricomycotina (see details on that page) includes what had previously been called the Hymenomycetes (an obsolete morphological based class of Basidiomycota that formed hymenial layers on their fruitbodies), the Gasteromycetes (another obsolete class that included species mostly lacking hymenia and mostly forming spores in enclosed fruitbodies), as well as most of the jelly fungi.

The Ustilaginomycotina are most (but not all) of the former smut fungi and along with the Exobasidiales.

The Pucciniomycotina includes the rust fungi, the insect parasitic/symbiotic genus Septobasidium, a former group of smut fungi (in the Microbotryomycetes, which includes mirror yeasts), and a mixture of odd, infrequently seen or seldom recognized fungi, often parasitic on plants.

Two classes, Wallemiomycetes and Entorrhizomycetes cannot at present be placed in a subphylum.

Typical life-cycle

Unlike higher animals and plants which have readily recognizable male and female counterparts, Basidiomycota (except for the Rust (Pucciniales)) tend to have mutually indistinguishable, compatible haploids which are usually mycelia being composed of filamentous hyphae. Typically haploid Basidiomycota mycelia fuse via plasmogamy and then the compatible nuclei migrate into each other's mycelia and pair up with the resident nuclei. Karyogamy is delayed, so that the compatible nuclei remain in pairs, called a dikaryon. The hyphae are then said to be dikaryotic. Conversely, the haploid mycelia are called monokaryons. Often, the dikaryotic mycelium is more vigorous than the individual monokaryotic mycelia, and proceeds to take over the substrate in which they are growing. The dikaryons can be long-lived, lasting years, decades, or centuries. The monokaryons are neither male nor female. They have either a bipolar (unifactorial) or a tetrapolar (bifactorial) mating system. This results in the fact that following meiosis, the resulting haploid basidiospores and resultant monokaryons, have nuclei that are compatible with 50% (if bipolar) or 25% (if tetrapolar) of their sister basidiospores (and their resultant monokaryons) because the mating genes must differ for them to be compatible. However, there are many variations of these genes in the population, and therefore, over 90% of monokaryons are compatible with each other. It is as if there were multiple sexes.

The maintenance of the dikaryotic status in dikaryons in many Basidiomycota is facilitated by the formation of clamp connections that physically appear to help coordinate and re-establish pairs of compatible nuclei following synchronous mitotic nuclear divisions. Variations are frequent and multiple. In a typical Basidiomycota lifecycle the long lasting dikaryons periodically (seasonally or occasionally) produce basidia, the specialized usually club-shaped end cells, in which a pair of compatible nuclei fuse (karyogamy) to form a diploid cell. Meiosis follows shortly with the production of 4 haploid nuclei that migrate into 4 external, usually apical basidiospores. Variations occur, however. Typically the basidiospores are ballistic, hence they are sometimes also called ballistospores. In most species, the basidiospores disperse and each can start a new haploid mycelium, continuing the lifecycle. Basidia are microscopic but they are often produced on or in multicelled large fructifications called basidiocarps or basidiomes, or fruitbodies), variously called mushrooms, puffballs, etc. Ballistic basidiospores are formed on sterigmata which are tapered spine-like projections on basidia, and are typically curved, like the horns of a bull. In some Basidiomycota the spores are not ballistic, and the sterigmata may be straight, reduced to stubbs, or absent. The basidiospores of these non-ballistosporic basidia may either bud off, or be released via dissolution or disintegration of the basidia.

In summary, meiosis takes place in a diploid basidium. Each one of the four haploid nuclei migrates into its own basidiospore. The basidiospores are ballistically discharged and start new haploid mycelia called monokaryons. There are no males or females, rather there are compatible thalli with multiple compatibility factors. Plasmogamy between compatible individuals leads to delayed karyogamy leading to establishment of a dikaryon. The dikaryon is long lasting but ultimately gives rise to either fruitbodies with basidia or directly to basidia without fruitbodies. The paired dikaryon in the basidium fuse (i.e karyogamy takes place). The diploid basidium begins the cycle again.

Variations in life-cycles

Many variations occur. Some are self compatible and spontaneously form dikaryons without a separate compatible thallus being involved. These fungi are said to be homothallic, versus the normal heterothallic species with mating types. Others are secondarily homothallic, in that two compatible nuclei following meiosis migrate into each basidiospore, which is then dispersed as a pre-existing dikaryon. Often such species form only two spores per basidium, but that too varies. Following meiosis, mitotic divisions can occur in the basidium. Multiple numbers of basidiospores can result, including odd numbers via degeneration of nuclei, or pairing up of nuclei, or lack of migration of nuclei. For example, the chanterelle genus Craterellus often has 6-spored basidia, while some corticioid Sistotrema species can have 2-, 4-, 6-, or 8-spored basidia, and the cultivated button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus. can have 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-spored basidia under some circumstances. Occasionally monokaryons of some taxa can form morphologically fully formed basidiomes and anatomically correct basidia and ballistic basidiospores in the absence of dikaryon formation, diploid nuclei, and meiosis. A rare few number of taxa have extended diploid life-cycles, but can be common species. Examples exist in the mushroom genera Armillaria and Xerula, both in the Physalacriaceae. Occasionally basidiospores are not formed and parts of the "basidia" act as the dispersal agents, e.g. the peculiar mycoparasitic jelly fungus, Tetragoniomyces or the entire "basidium" acts as a "spore", e.g. in some false puffballs (Scleroderma). In the human pathogenic genus Filobasidiella 4 nuclei following meiosis remain in the basidium but continually divide mitotically, each nucleus migrating into synchronously forming nonballistic basidiospores that are then pushed upwards by another set forming below them, resulting in 4 parallel chains of dry "basidiospores".

Other variations occur, some as standard life-cycles (that themselves have variations within variations) within specific orders.

Rusts (Pucciniales, previously known as Uredinales) at their greatest complexity produce five different types of spores on two different hosts in two unrelated host families. Such rusts are heteroecious (requiring 2 hosts) and macrocyclic (producing all 5 spores types). Wheat stem rust is an example. By convention the stages and spore states are numbered by Roman numerals. Typically, basidiospores infect host one, the mycelium forms pycnidia, called spermagonia, which are miniature, flask-shaped, hollow, submicroscopic bodies embedded in host tissue (such as a leaf). This stage, numbered "0", produces single-celled, minute spores that ooze out in a sweet liquid and that act as nonmotile spermatia, and also protruding receptive hyphae. Insects and probably other vectors such as rain carry the spermatia from spermagonia to spermagonia, cross inoculating the mating types. Neither thallus is male or female. Once crossed, the dikaryons are established and a second spore stage is formed, numbered "I" and called aecia, which form dikaryotic aeciospores in dry chains in inverted cup-shaped bodies embedded in host tissue. These aeciospores then infect the second host genus and cannot infect the host on which they are formed (in macrocyclic rusts). On the second host a repeating spore stage is formed, numbered "II", the uredospores in dry pustules called uredinia. Urediospores are dikaryotic and can infect the same host that produced them. They repeatedly infect this host over the growing season. At the end of the season, a fourth spore type, the teliospore, is formed. It is thicker-walled and serves to overwinter or to survive other harsh conditions. It does not continue the infection process, rather it remains dormant for a period and then germinates to form basidia (stage "IV"), sometimes called a promycelium. In the Pucciniales, the basidia are cylindrical and become 3-septate after meiosis, with each of the 4 cells bearing one basidiospore each. The basidospores disperse and start the infection process on host 1 again. Autoecious rusts complete their life-cycles on one host intead of two, and microcyclic rusts cut out one or more stages.

The characteristic part of the life-cycle of smuts is the thick-walled, often darkly pigmented, ornate, teliospore that serves to survive harsh conditions such as overwintering and also serves to help disperse the fungus as dry diaspores. The teliospores are initially dikaryotic but become diploid via karyogamy. Meiosis takes place at the time of germination. A promycelim is formed that consists to a short hypha (equated to a basidium). In some smuts such as Ustilago maydis the nuclei migrate into the promycelium that becomes septate, and haploid yeast-like conidia/basidiospores sometimes called sporidia, bud off laterally from each cell. In various smuts, the yeast phase may proliferate, or they may fuse, or they may infect plant tissue and become hyphal. In other smuts, such as Tilletia caries, the elongated haploid basidiospores form apically, often in compatible pairs that fuse centrally resulting in "H"-shaped diaspores which are by then dikaryotic. Dikaryotic conidia may then form. Eventually the host is infected by infectious hyphae. Teliospores form in host tissue. Many variations on these general themes occur.

Dimorphic Basidiomycota are smuts with both a yeast phase and an infectious hyphal state are examples of dimorphic Basidiomycota. In plant parasitic taxa, the saprotrophic phase is normally the yeast while the infectious stage is hyphal. However, there are examples of animal and human parasites where the species are dimorphic but it is the yeast-like state that is infectious. The genus Filobasidiella forms basidia on hyphae but the main infectious stage is more commonly known by the anamorphic yeast name Cryptococcus, e.g. Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii.

The dimorphic Basidiomycota with yeast stages and the pleiomorphic rusts are examples of fungi with anamorphs, which are the asexual stages. Some Basidiomycota are only known as anamorphs. Many are yeasts, collectively called basidiomycetous yeasts to differentiate them from ascomycetous yeasts in the Ascomycota. Aside from yeast anamorphs, and uredinia, aecia and pycnidia, some Basidiomycota form other distinctive anamorphs as parts of their life-cycles. Examples are Collybia tuberosa with its apple-seed-shaped and coloured sclerotium, Dendrocollybia racemosa with its sclerotium and its Tilachlidiopsis racemosa conidia, Armillaria with their rhizomorphs, Hohenbuehelia with their Nematoctonus nematode infectious, state and the coffee leaf parasite, Mycena citricolor and its Decapitatus flavidus propagules called gemmae.

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dust ball

17P/Holmes is a periodic comet in our solar system, discovered by the British amateur astronomer Edwin Holmes on November 6, 1892. In only 42 hours in October 2007, the comet brightened from a magnitude of about 17 to about 2.8. This represents a change of brightness by a factor of about half a million and is the largest known outburst by a comet.

On November 9, 2007 the coma, the thin dissipating dust ball around the comet, was found to be the largest object in the solar system, with a diameter greater than that of the Sun. (Though by Solar System standards, the mass of the comet is minuscule.)

The comet remained visible in February 2008 though it had become a challenging target at about magnitude +5 in the constellation Perseus. It had expanded to greater than 2 degrees of arc as seen from the Earth, and thus had very little surface brightness.

Comet 17P/Holmes was discovered by Edwin Holmes on November 6, 1892 while he was conducting regular observations of the Andromeda Galaxy (M31). Its discovery in 1892 was made because of and during magnitude changes similar to the 2007 outburst. 17P/Holmes brightened to an approximate magnitude of 4 or 5 before fading from visibility over a period of several weeks.

The comet's discovery was confirmed by Edward Walter Maunder (Royal Observatory, Greenwich, England), William Henry Maw (England), and Kidd (Bramley, England) and independent discoveries were made by Thomas David Anderson (Edinburgh, Scotland) on November 8 and by Mike Brown , (Wilkes) , (USA) and by John Ewen Davidson (Mackay, Queensland, Australia) on November 9.

The first calculations of the elliptical orbits of 17P/Holmes were done independently by Heinrich Kreutz and George Mary Searle. Additional orbits eventually established the perihelion date as June 13 and the orbital period as 6.9 years. These calculations proved that the comet was not a return of 3D/Biela.

The 1899 and 1906 appearances were observed, but the comet was lost after 1906 until recovered on July 16, 1964 by Elizabeth Roemer (US Naval Observatory, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA). Aided by the computer predictions of Brian G. Marsden, the comet has been observed on every subsequent return.

2007 outburst

Between October 23–24, 2007, Comet Holmes grew much brighter, going from about magnitude 17 to about magnitude 2.8 in just 42 hours. The first person reportedly to notice a change was J. A. Henríquez Santana on Tenerife in the Canary Islands; minutes later, Ramón Naves in Barcelona noticed the comet at magnitude 7.3. It became easily visible to the naked eye as a bright yellow "star" in Perseus, and by October 25 17P/Holmes appeared as the third brightest "star" in that constellation.

While large telescopes showed fine-scale cometary details, naked-eye observations gave a view similar to that of a star until October 26. After that date, 17P/Holmes began to appear more comet-like to naked-eye observers. During the comet's outburst, its orbit took it to near opposition with respect to Earth, and since comet tails point away from the Sun, Earth observers were looking nearly straight down along the tail of 17/P Holmes, making the comet appear as a bright sphere.

Based on orbital computations and luminosity before the 2007 outburst, the comet's nucleus was estimated at 3.4 km. In late October 2007 the coma's diameter increased from 3.3 arcminutes to over 13 arcminutes, about half the diameter that the Moon subtends in the sky. At a distance of around 2 AU, this means that the true diameter of the coma swelled to over 1 million km, or about 70% of the diameter of the Sun. By comparison, the Moon is 380,000 km from Earth. Therefore, during the 2007 outburst of Comet Holmes the coma was a sphere wider than the diameter of the Moon's orbit around Earth. On 2007 November 9, the coma had dispersed to an area larger than the sun, briefly giving it the largest extended atmosphere in the solar system.

The cause of the outburst is not definitely known. The huge cloud of gas and dust may have resulted from a collision with a meteoroid, or, more probably, from a build-up of gas inside the comet's nucleus which eventually broke through the surface.

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history department

Cornell University Department of History

! style="border-top: solid 1px #aaaaaa;" | College
! style="border-top: solid 1px #aaaaaa;" | Department Chair
! style="border-top: solid 1px #aaaaaa;" | Location
! style="border-top: solid 1px #aaaaaa;" | Website
Cornell University Department of History

Arts and Sciences
J. Victor Koschmann
McGraw Hall, Ithaca, New York, USA

The Cornell University Department of History is an academic department in the College of Arts and Sciences at Cornell University that focuses on the study of history. Founded in 1868, it is one of Cornell's original departments. Its first faculty included university president Andrew Dickson White and English historian Goldwin Smith. In 1881, the department named Moses Coit Tyler the first professor of American history in the United States. Three of Cornell's twelve presidents have been members of the department: White, Adams, and Rawlings. The longest teaching member of the faculty was Frederick Marcham who, upon completing his graduate work at Cornell in 1924, continued lecturing until a month before his death in 1992 – a total of 68 years. The department's main offices are in McGraw Hall on the Arts Quad.

The department was founded in 1868 by President Andrew Dickson White as one of Cornell's original departments as the Department of History and Political Science. White had already earned a reputation as an up and coming historian, having taught at the University of Michigan as a Professor of History and English Literature from 1857 to 1863 and as a Lecturer of History from 1863 to 1867, while serving as a New York State Senator. Employing his reputation as well-regarded historian in his own right, White attracted other notable historians and upcoming of the day to his department. He convinced Goldwin Smith to leave his comfortable post at Oxford and travel across the Atlantic to rural, up-state New York. When Smith realized just how lacking the new university's library was for historical study, he promptly had his entire 3,400 book collection shipped from England for donation to the Cornell University Library and made a $2,500 bequest for the purchase of more historical works. From the College of Horace Mann (later known as Antioch College), White attracted their Department Chairman William Channing Russel. Russel would later serve as the Department Chairman, Cornell's Vice President and acting President during White's long periods abroad.

In 1881, the department notably hired the first, full-time chair of American history ever. In the spring of 1872, non-resident professor George Washington Greene, grandson of Revolutionary War hero Nathanael Greene, offered a series of lectures on American history. Upon Russel's stepping down as the Department Chairman in 1881, the department attracted Moses Coit Tyler from the University of Michigan to take Russel's position. At Tyler's request, he exclusively taught American history .

In 1884, the department founded the American Historical Review in a joint effort with Harvard's Department of History in the model of the English Historical Review and the French Revue Historique. Also in 1884, Professors White and Charles Kendall Adams founded the American Historical Association with a handful of other leading historians of the day.

In 1887, the Department was renamed the White School of History and Political Science in honor of Andrew Dickson White. On June 18, 1891, the Cornell Board of Trustees resolved that steps be taken to form a "Department of History, Political and Social Science, and General Jurisprudence" and the following year, the faculty of economics and finance and political and social institutions broke off into a single department separate from the Department of History. Since then, the mega-department has further broken into the Department of Economics and the Department of Government.

The US News and World Report's 2008 rankings of graduate programs places the department 11th overall in the United States and 10th in the category of United States colonial history.

Numerous people associated with the department have won Pulitzer Prizes. Current faculty member Michael Kammen is the 1973 winner of the prize for History. Former professor David Brion Davis won in the category of General Non-Fiction in 1969. Alumna Sheryl WuDunn won the award for International Reporting in 1990.

Other faculty members have won other major awards for their work as historians. Walter LaFeber won the Bancroft Prize in 1996 and David Brion Davis won in 1976. LaFeber also won the Beveridge Award in 1962 and Davis received it in 1975. The French government awarded Steven Kaplan the Ordre national du Mérite and named Henry Guerlac Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur. Anthony Grafton won the Balzan Prize.

Department in Popular Culture

The Onion, a parody newspaper, featured an article about fictional History Department professor Wallace Schroeder on September 9, 1997 titled, "Byzantine Empire Will Fall To Turks, Historian Warns".

Notable people

Name Class year Degree Notability Reference
1976 Ph.D. American History Historian, professor
1982 B.A. Liberal author and columnist
1881 B.A. U.S. historian, diplomat, author, and educator
1942 B.A. Medieval History United States Congressman New York 37th District, 1965–73; 35th District, 1973–83; 30th District, 1983–85; President of the World Bank, 1986–91
1981 B.A. Congressman, Illinois 10th District, 2001–present
1963 B.A. Former Director of Policy Planning at the United States Department of State, professor at Stanford University
1905 B.A. Author of the first book to be awarded the Newbery Medal for an outstanding contribution to children's literature, historian, educator
1978 B.A. Political pundit, host of Real Time with Bill Maher
1947 Ph.D. Historian, professor, author of The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community
1941 B.A. The most decorated American serviceman, according to the Guinness Book of World Records
1981 B.A. European History Journalist at The New York Times, co-winner in 1990 of the Pulitzer Prize for her coverage on the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, winner of the George Polk Award in 1989, and winner of the Overseas Press Club in 1990.
1966 Ph.D. Southeast Asian History Historian, Professor, Authority on Thai

Former faculty

Name Title(s) Field of study Year joined Year left/retired Reference
Hebrew and Chinese Literature 1874 1876
Professor of History, University President Europe 1885 1889
Associate Professor of History Modern England, Maritime 1969 ?
John Stambaugh Professor of History and Asian Studies, John Wendell Anderson Professor of History The Enlightenment 1917 1941
Professor of History, Department Chairman (1956–1963) China 1938, 1946 1944, 1972
John Stambaugh Professor of History Middle Ages 1888 1923
Ernest I. White Professor of History Slavery 1955 1969
John Stambaugh Professor of History , Department Chairman (1946–56) United States public land policy 1936 1971
Instructor in History Renaissance 1974 1975
Non-resident Professor United States 1871 1875
Goldwin Smith Professor of the History of Science Science 1946 1977
Professor of History Classics 1960 1969
Andrew H. and James S. Tisch Distinguished University Professor, Department Chairman United States foreign policy, Cold War 1959 2006
John Stambaugh Professor of History, Department Chairman Middle Ages 1925 1941
Professor of Modern European History Modern Europe 1894 1903
Visiting Assistant Professor American Civil Rights Movement (1896–1954) 2007 2008
Professor of English and General Constitutional History England 1868 1871
Professor in History Protestant Reformation 1923 1941
Professor in History Middle Ages 1931 1941
Professor of Modern European History Modern Europe 1890 1894
Professor of American History, Department Chairman (1881–?) United States 1881 1900
Professor, Department Chairman (1868–1881), University President Science, Warfare, Religion 1868 1887
John Stambaugh Professor of History and Asian Studies, Department Chairman Southeast Asia 1969 2002

Current faculty

Name Title Field of study Year joined department Reference
John Stambaugh Professor of History Sexuality, Germany 1977
Newton C. Farr Professor of American History and Culture American culture 1965
Goldwin Smith Professor of History France, bread 1969
Professor, Department Chairman (?–present) Japan
Bryce and Edith M. Bowmar Professor of Humanistic Studies Intellectual history 1969
Mary Donlon Alger Professor of American History United States 1971
Goldwin Smith Professor of American History, Former Department Chairman (1977–1980) United States constitutional law 1966
Andrew H. and James S. Tisch Distinguished University Professor, Charles A. Alexander Professor Science 1969
Professor of Classics and History, Former University President Classics
Associate Professor Gender and culture in 17th and 18th century England

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Pine Siskin

The Pine Siskin, Carduelis pinus, is a small finch.

Adults are brown on the upperparts and pale on the underparts, with heavy streaking throughout. They have a short forked tail. They have yellow patches in their wings and tail, not always visible; otherwise, it appears to be a very small streaked sparrow.

Distribution and habitat

Their breeding habitat is across Canada, Alaska and the western mountains and northern parts of the United States. The nest is well-hidden on a horizontal branch of a tree, often a conifer.

Migration by this bird is highly variable, probably related to food supply. Large numbers may move south in some years; hardly any in others.

These birds forage in trees, shrubs and weeds. They mainly eat seeds, plant parts and some insects. In winter, they often feed in mixed flocks including American Goldfinches and redpolls.

Small seeds, especially thistle, red alder, birch, and spruce seeds, make up the majority of the Pine Siskin's diet. In summer, they will eat insects, especially aphids, which they feed to the young, but seeds dominate their diet.

Conservation Status

Although considered Washington's most common finch, the Pine Siskin has suffered a significant annual decline in population since 1966, according to the Breeding Bird Survey. Due to the irruptive nature of this species, populations vary widely from year to year, and trends can be difficult to interpret. Parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds can have a significant impact on Pine Siskin productivity, and forest fragmentation has increased their contact with cowbirds. Maintaining large tracts of coniferous forest will help keep this bird common.

Interesting Pine Siskin Facts

• The name Siskin is derived from its sound or chirp. Thus, this bird’s common name is really “pine chirper”
• Pine Siskins are very social birds. They will build nests adjacent to each other, with only a few feet in between them.
• When eating from conifers, the Pine Siskin usually hangs upside down from the tips of the trees.

  • Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
  • Interesting Pine Siskin Facts donated by

Further reading

  • Dawson, W. R. 1997. Pine Siskin (Carduelis pinus). In The Birds of North America, No. 280 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.

  • Astheimer L, Ramenofsky M, Wingfield JC & Buttemer W. (1989). Corticosterone Feeding Behavior and Food Deprivation in Passerine Birds. American Zoologist. vol 29, no 4.
  • Astheimer LB, Buttemer WA & Wingfield JC. (1992). Interactions of corticosterone with feeding, activity and metabolism in passerine birds. Ornis Scandinavica. vol 23, no 3. p. 355-365.
  • Balph DF & Balph MH. (1979). Behavioral Flexibility of Pine Siskins in Mixed Species Foraging Groups. Condor. vol 81, no 2. p. 211-212.
  • Benkman CW & Lindholm AK. (1991). The Advantages and Evolution of a Morphological Novelty. Nature. vol 349, no 6309. p. 519-520.
  • Bennetts RE & Hutto RL. (1985). Attraction of Social Fringillids to Mineral Salts an Experimental Study. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol 56, no 2. p. 187-189.
  • Bledsoe AH. (1988). Nuclear DNA Evolution and Phylogeny of the New World Nine-Primaried Oscines. Auk. vol 105, no 3. p. 504-515.
  • Brogden KA & Packer RA. (1979). Comparison of Pasteurella-Multocida Serotyping Systems. American Journal of Veterinary Research. vol 40, no 9. p. 1332-1335.
  • Brown WB. (1986). Late Pine Siskins in Ben Hill County Georgia USA. Oriole. vol 51, no 2-3.
  • Buttemer WA, Astheimer LB & Wingfield JC. (1991). The Effect of Corticosterone on Standard Metabolic Rates of Small Passerine Birds. Journal of Comparative Physiology B Biochemical Systemic & Environmental Physiology. vol 161, no 4. p. 427-432.
  • Cook AG. (1984). Birds of the Desert Region of Uintah County Utah USA. Great Basin Naturalist. vol 44, no 4. p. 584-620.
  • Dawson WR & Marsh RL. (1986). Winter Fattening in the American Goldfinch Carduelis-Tristis and the Possible Role of Temperature in Its Regulation. Physiological Zoology. vol 59, no 3. p. 357-368.
  • Dieni JS & Anderson SH. (1999). Effects of recent burning on breeding bird community structure in aspen forests. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol 70, no 4. p. 491-503.
  • Elder DH. (2001). Forest tent caterpillars and birds. Ontario Birds. vol 19, no 2. p. 87-88.
  • Erickson WR. (2004). Bird communities of the garry oak habitat in southwestern British Columbia. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol 118, no 3. p. 376-385.
  • Farmer KL, Hill GE & Roberts SR. (2005). Susceptibility of wild songbirds to the house finch strain of Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. vol 41, no 2. p. 317-325.
  • Hahn TP, Pereyra ME & Sharbaugh SM. (2003). Effects of photoperiod on brain GnRH plasticity and peripheral reproductive physiology in three species of cardueline finches. Society for Neuroscience Abstract Viewer & Itinerary Planner. p. 611.
  • Hahn TP, Pereyra ME, Sharbaugh SM & Bentley GE. (2004). Physiological responses to photoperiod in three cardueline finch species. General & Comparative Endocrinology. vol 137, no 1. p. 99-108.
  • Hahn TP, Pereyra ME, Sharbaugh SM & Morton ML. (2002). Reproductive responses to long and short days in three high latitude species of cardueline finches. Hormones & Behavior. vol 41, no 4.
  • Hejl SJ, Mack DE, Young JS, Bednarz JC & Hutto RL. (2002). Birds and changing landscape patterns in conifer forests of the north-central Rocky Mountains. Studies in Avian Biology. vol 25, p. 113-129.
  • Herbers JR, Serrouya R & Maxcy KA. (2004). Effects of elevation and forest cover on winter birds in mature forest ecosystems of southern British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Zoology. vol 82, no 11. p. 1720-1730.
  • Hill GE & McGraw KI. (2004). Correlated changes in male plumage coloration and female mate choice in cardueline finches. Animal Behaviour. vol 67, no 1. p. 27-35.
  • Hobson KA & Bayne E. (2000). Breeding bird communities in boreal forest of western Canada: Consequences of "unmixing" the mixedwoods. Condor. vol 102, no 4. p. 759-769.
  • Hobson KA & Schieck J. (1999). Changes in bird communities in boreal mixedwood forest: Harvest and wildfire effects over 30 years. Ecological Applications. vol 9, no 3. p. 849-863.
  • Jennings DT & Crawford HS. (1983). Pine Siskin Preys on Egg Masses of the Spruce Budworm Choristoneura-Fumiferana Lepidoptera Tortricidae. Canadian Entomologist. vol 115, no 4. p. 439-440.
  • Jim S & Keith AH. (2000). Bird communities associated with live residual tree patches within cut blocks and burned habitat in mixedwood boreal forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. vol 30, no 8. p. 1281.
  • Kaufman K. (1993). Notes on goldfinch identification. American Birds. vol 47, no 1. p. 159-162.
  • Keller ME & Anderson SH. (1992). Avian Use of Habitat Configurations Created by Forest Cutting in Southeastern Wyoming. Condor. vol 94, no 1. p. 55-65.
  • Koenig WD. (2001). Synchrony and periodicity of eruptions by boreal birds. Condor. vol 103, no 4. p. 725-735.
  • Koenig WD & Knops JMH. (2001). Seed-crop size and eruptions of North American boreal seed-eating birds. Journal of Animal Ecology. vol 70, no 4. p. 609-620.
  • Kubisz MA. (1989). Burdock as a Hazard to Golden-Crowned Kinglets and Other Small Birds. Ontario Birds. vol 7, no 3. p. 112-114.
  • Lagory KE, Lagory MK, Meyers DM & Herman SG. (1984). Niche Relationships in Wintering Mixed Species Flocks in Western Washington USA. Wilson Bulletin. vol 96, no 1. p. 108-116.
  • Langelier LA & Garton EO. (1986). Management Guidelines for Increasing Populations of Birds That Feed on Western Spruce Budworm. U S Department of Agriculture Handbook. vol 653, p. 1-19.
  • Larson DL & Bock CE. (1986). Eruptions of Some North American Boreal Seed-Eating Birds 1901-1980. Ibis. vol 128, no 1. p. 137-140.
  • Lawler JJ, O'Connor RJ, Hunsaker CT, Jones KB, Loveland TR & White D. (2004). The effects of habitat resolution on models of avian diversity and distributions: a comparison of two land-cover classifications. Landscape Ecology. vol 19, no 5. p. 515-530.
  • MacDougall-Shackleton SA & Hahn TP. (1999). Photorefractoriness and the evolution of reproductive flexibility in cardueline finches. American Zoologist. vol 39, no 5.
  • MacDougall-Shackleton SA, Katti M & Hahn TP. (2006). Tests of absolute photorefractoriness in four species of cardueline finch that differ in reproductive schedule. Journal of Experimental Biology. vol 209, no 19. p. 3786-3794.
  • Manuwal DA & Huff MH. (1987). Spring and Winter Bird Populations in a Douglas-Fir Forest Sere. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol 51, no 3. p. 586-595.
  • McLaren IA, Morlan J, Smith PW, Gosselin M & Bailey SE. (1989). Eurasian Siskins in North America Distinguishing Females from Green-Morph Pine Siskins. American Birds. vol 43, no 5. p. 1268-1274.
  • Medin DE. (1984). Breeding Birds of an Ancient Bristlecone Pine Pinus-Longavo Stand in East Central Nevada USA. Great Basin Naturalist. vol 44, no 2. p. 272-276.
  • Mills A. (1986). Correlations among Winter Finch Numbers at Ottawa Canada 1958-1983. Ontario Birds. vol 4, no 1. p. 30-32.
  • Moore T. (1990). Pine siskins remain until June in Fulton County. Oriole. vol 55, no 2-3.
  • Mundinger PC. (1979). Call Learning in the Carduelinae Ethological and Systematic Considerations. Systematic Zoology. vol 28, no 3. p. 270-283.
  • Nagle L, Kreutzer M & Vallet E. (2002). Adult female canaries respond to male song by calling. Ethology. vol 108, no 5. p. 463-472.
  • Oberle MW & Haney JC. (1997). Possible breeding range extensions of northern forest birds in northeast Georgia. Oriole. vol 62, no 3-4. p. 35-44.
  • Pereyra ME, MacDougall-Shackleton SA, Sharbaugh SM, Morton ML, Katti M & Hahn TP. (2001). Relationships between photorefrac-toriness and reproductive flexibility in cardueline finches. American Zoologist. vol 41, no 6.
  • Pereyra ME, Sharbaugh SM & Hahn TP. (2003). Interspecific variation in photo-induced hypothalamic GnRH plasticity in cardueline finches. Integrative & Comparative Biology. vol 43, no 6.
  • Pereyra ME, Sharbaugh SM & Hahn TP. (2005). Interspecific variation in photo-induced GnRH plasticity among nomadic cardueline finches. Brain Behavior & Evolution. vol 66, no 1. p. 35-49.
  • Popp JW. (1988). Scanning Behavior of Finches in Mixed-Species Groups. Condor. vol 90, no 2. p. 510-512.
  • Popp JW. (1989). Use of Agonistic Displays by Purple Finches During Interspecific Encounters. Bird Behavior. vol 8, no 1. p. 48-50.
  • Prescott DRC. (1985). Feeding at Night by Wintering Pine Siskins Carduelis-Pinus. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol 56, no 4.
  • Rohweder MR, McKetta CW & Riggs RA. (2000). Economic and biological compatibility of timber and wildlife production: an illustrative use of production possibilities frontier. Wildlife Society Bulletin. vol 28, no 2. p. 435-447.
  • Roland J, Hannon SJ & Smith MA. (1986). Foraging Pattern of Pine Siskins Carduelis-Pinus and Its Influence on Winter Moth Operophtera-Brumata Survival in an Apple Orchard. Oecologia. vol 69, no 1. p. 47-52.
  • Scott VE & Crouch GL. (1987). Response of Breeding Birds to Commercial Clearcutting of Aspen in Southwestern Colorado USA. U S Forest Service Research Note RM. vol 475, p. 1-5.
  • Tallman DA & Zusi RL. (1984). A Hybrid Red Crossbill Pine Siskin Loxia-Curvirostra X Carduelis-Pinus and Speculations on the Evolution of Loxia. Auk. vol 101, no 1. p. 155-158.
  • Unitt P, Rodriguez Estrella R & Castellanos Vera A. (1992). Ferruginous hawk and pine siskin in the Sierra De La Laguna, Baja California Sur: Subspecies of the pine siskin in Baja California. Western Birds. vol 23, no 4. p. 171-172.
  • Wright DH. (1996). Intermittent birding at Prince Albert, 1982-1985. Blue Jay. vol 54, no 3.
  • Yunick RP. (1976). DELAYED MOLT IN PINE SISKIN. Bird-Banding. vol 47, no 4. p. 306-309.
  • Zamora J, Ernesto L, Ruiz-del-Valle V, Moscoso J, Serrano-Vela JI, Rivero-de-Aguilar J & Arnaiz-Villena A. (2006). Rhodopechys obsoleta (desert finch): a pale ancestor of greenfinches (Carduelis spp.) according to molecular phylogeny. Journal of Ornithology. vol 147, no 3. p. 448-456.
  • Zinkl JG, Henny CJ, Lenhart DJ & Roberts RB. (1980). Inhibition of Brain Cholin Esterase Activity in Forest Birds and Squirrels Exposed to Aerially Applied Acephate. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology. vol 24, no 5. p. 676-683.

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In Aztec mythology, Chalchiuhtlicue (also Chalciuhtlicue, or Chalcihuitlicue) ("She of the Jade Skirt") was the goddess of lakes, rivers, seas, streams, horizontal waters, storms, and baptism. She is also a patroness of birth and plays a part in Aztec baptisms. She was also called Matlalcueitl by the Tlaxcala, a subject people of the Aztecs.

For the Aztecs, Chalchiutlicue was the water goddess who was a personification of youthful beauty and ardor. She was represented as a river from which grew a prickly pear tree laden with fruit, symbolizing the human heart.

Chalchiutlicue’s association with both water and the birth of fertility is due to the Aztec’s common association of the womb with waters. This dual role gave her both life-giving and a life-ending role in Aztec mythology Chalchiutlicue brought about the destruction of the fourth sun by releasing 52 years of rains to flood the earth. She also protected humanity by changing the people into fish so that the waters would not drown them, and by creating a bridge linking earth to heaven for those in her favor. Chalchiuitlicue means “She Who Wears a Jade Skirt.” She was also called Matlalcueye which means “She Who Wears a Green Skirt.” This goddess was the wife (in some myths, sister) of the rain god, Tlaloc. In Aztec cosmology, she was the fourth of the previous suns; in her reign, maize (corn) was first used. Like other water deities, she was often associated with serpents.

She was the mother of Tecciztecatl who was an Aztec moon god who represented the male form on the planet, even its rising from the ocean. He was called "he who comes from the land of the sea-slug shell" because of the similarity between the moon and the slug. Tecciztecatl portrayed as an old man who carries a large white seashell on his back.

In her aquatic aspect, Chalchiutlicue was known as Acuecucyoticihuati, goddess of oceans, as well as the patron of women in labor. She was also said to be the wife of Xiuhtecuhtli, also called Huehueteotl "old god," the senior deity of the Aztec pantheon. He was the personification of light in the darkness, warmth in coldness, and life in death. A god of light and fire, he is often depicted with a red or yellow face, with a censer on his head.

The mythology of Chalchiuitlicue says that she helped Tlaloc rule the paradise kingdom of Tlalocan. She is also said to be protector of children. Chalchiutlicue also brought fertility to crops. Legend tells that she devour the sun and moon.

Archeological Record

Chalchiutlicue is depicted in several central Mexican manuscripts, including the Pre-Columbian Codex Borgia (plates 11 and 650), the 16th century Codex Borbonicus (page 5), Codex Ríos (page 17), and the Florentine Codex, (plate 11). When sculpted, she is often carved from green stone as befits her name.

In the ceremonial center at Tenochtitlan several sculptural representations show the veneration that the natives had for frogs (Cueyatl or Cuiyatl.) Some of them can be seen at the museum of the great temple and others in the exterior at the original placement.

A team of archaeologists led by Saburo Sugiyama, a professor at Aichi Prefectural University in Japan and Ruben Cabrera of Mexico's National Institute of Anthropology and History, found a tomb which contained important evidence that may help archaeologists define and examine a particularly active period in Teotihuacan's history and perhaps one of the culture's "defining moments." This tomb dedicated to Chalchiutlicue was discovered a year ago. It contained a single human male sacrificial victim as well as a wolf, jaguar, puma, serpent, bird, skeletons, and more than 400 other artifacts which include a large greenstone and obsidian figurines, ceremonial knives, and spear points. Also inside the tomb they found frescos in red and green of former religions, some referring to agricultural and natural rain cycles. Other ornamentals and sculptures were found as well, characterized by a solid structure made of basalt and sculpted in a geometric form. The Pyramid of the Moon is located on the far north end of Avenue of the Dead which is the main avenue (over long) that connects all the main complexes at Teotihuacan. It measures 140 feet (43 m) in height and 426 by 511 feet (130 by 116 meters) at the base. A Chalchiutlicue statue was found underneath this Plaza of the Moon and has since been moved to El Museo Nacional de Antropologia in Mexico City. Others excavations inside the pyramid of the moon have led to the discovery of numerous tombs which contained ornaments of jaguars and birds.

Visual Depiction

To her people Chalchihuitlicue was seen as a flowing river, producing a prickly pear tree encumbered with a tremendous amount of fruit. The fruit was a symbol for the human hearts that were sacrificed to the goddess. Chalchihuitlicue’s distinctive hairdressing denotes her status. Her headdress consisted of several broad bands that in all probability were made of cotton and trimmed with amaranth seeds. Large round tassels fell from the goddess’s headdress. The goddess was viewed as beautiful lady whose clothing is that of a noble woman, which consisted of an extravagant shawl adorned with tassels and a green skirt. Often at times a stream of water, which usually included a baby from both genders, flowed from out of the goddess’ skirt. In addition, Chalchihuitlicue could also be seen carrying a cross. For the Aztecs the cross was a symbol of fertility. The cross also stood for the four winds that brought the rain to water the crops.

Cult and Rites

Five out of the twenty big celebrations in the native calendar were dedicated to Tlaloc and his wife Chalchiutlicue (the one having skirt of green stones), which symbolized waving water, floods and rivers. During these celebrations the priests dived into the lake and imitated the movements and the croaking of frogs, with the intention of bringing rain.

Chalchiutlicue presides over the day 5 Serpent and the trecena of 1 Reed. She was connected with serpents, maize, and shells. She was responsible with bringing about good harvest to the crops. She was worshiped in marriage. Women who worshiped her would dedicate their nuptials to her. Chachiutlicue was also the goddess of young children.

It was believed that Chalchiutlicue was the guardian of the children and new born. The fathers would choose the best midwife to bring their child to the world. It was very important for them because the father was concern about the well being of the mother and the baby, (many times the mother and the baby died in the process of giving birth) Midwives would speak to children who were being delivered as if they were adults, able to reason and understand. Then the midwife would implore to the gods that his birth insure a prime place among the gods. After cutting the umbilical cord the midwife would wash the new baby with customary greeting to the goddess of the sea Chalchiutlicue. After four days of the birth the child was giving a second bath and it was time for them to be given a name. According with the customs and tradition, the family and relatives prepared everything for the big celebration with food and drinks. The family of the baby would send for the midwife to lead the rite. After of the rising of the sun the midwife would place a bowl of water in the middle of the patio and she would hold the naked child with both hands. (If the baby was a boy, he had a small shield, a bow four little arrows. If the baby was a girl, she had a huipilli,distaff and a spindle) and the midwife would said “my son the gods Ometecutli and Omecioatl who realm in the ninth and tenth heavens, have begotten you in this light and brought you into this world full of calamity and pain take then this water, which will protect you life, in the name of the goddess Chalchiutlicue.” Then with her right hand she would sprinkled water at the head of the child and said ”Behold this element without whose assistance no mortal being can survive.” She also would sprinkled water in the breast of the baby saying “Receive this celestial water that washes impurity from your heart." Then she would go again to the head and said “Son receive this divine water, which must be drank that all may live that it may wash you and wash away all your misfortunes, part of the life since the beginning of the world: this water in truth has a unique power to oppose misfortune." At the end, she would washed the entire body of the little baby”, in which part of you is unhappiness hidden?, or in which part are you hiding? Leave this child, today, he is born again in the healthful waters in which he has been bathed, as mandated by the will of the god of the sea Chalchiutlicue.

In Contemporary Culture

Since 2005, Danza Mexica Cuauhtémoc, a traditional Mexica/Aztec Danza community has partaken in an annual celebration of the waters: Ceremonia Chalchiutlicue. Ceromonia Chalchiutlicue is a ceremonial festival dedicated to honoring the waters of the world. Hosted in the state of Minnesota, the "Land of 10,000 lakes, and as a guest amongst the Lakota, Dakota, Nakota, and Ojibway Nations, the hosts of this ceremony hope that as people we will once again be in good relations with the water of the world and find a healthy environment that will allow people to live in harmony with the universe.

Chalchiutlicue also referred to as Matlalcueye is a global volcano that goes by the synonym La Malinche. La Malinche is located in the country of Mexico and is classified as an eroded stratovolcano, cut by deep canyons, that rises to 4461 m NE of the city of Puebla. Malinche occupies an isolated position between the Popocatépetl-Iztaccíhuatl and Orizaba-Cofre de Perote volcanic ranges.

Skin care factory H20 Plus' plant in downtown Chicago is adorned with large panels that depict ancient figures like Chalchiutlicue, the Aztec goddess of water, and Ea, the Mesopotamian deity credited with creating humans from earth and water.

Chalchiutlicue is also very commonly referred to in books such as:

  • The Mexican Treasury: The Writings of Dr. Francisco Hernández. Chalchiutlicue is referred to as the goddess of the sea, by a mother who bathes her young child because it was at the will of Chalchiutlicue.
  • Voice of the Vanquished: The story of the Slave Marina and Hernan Cortez. Chihuallama bathed her entire body with wet hands, invoking the blessing of the goddess Chalchiutlicue. “Now this child is new-born and new formed born again with the blessings of the water goddess. Whoever might do this child mischief, go away, for she is under the protection of Chalchiutlicue, goddess who wears precious jewels.
  • The Unruly Woman: Gender and the Genres of Laughter. Chalchiutlicue is seen as a statue, the lady of water and the goddess of the sea.
  • The Genesis Code. The character Vasquez pointed to a line of inscriptions resting on the Mayan symbol for the water goddess, Chalchiutlicue.
  • Carr, O’Keefe, Kahlo: Places of Their Own. Frida Kahlo paints a portrait of herself, in which she is wearing a blouse that is embroidered with a rectangular symbol: it is the Aztec glyph for water associated with the rain god Tlaloc and with Chalchiutlicue.

Chalchiutlicue appeared in season 3 of Abydos Gate, in an episode entitled "The Learning Curve," as a member of the human race from the planet Orban.

Chalchiutlicue (along with other Aztec gods) is referenced in issue 8 of The Invisibles, as one of the characters battles a villain claiming to be Xipe Totec.

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text:
hopping in a sentence

Example sentences for hopping

The hopping pattern may be adapted to exclude a portion of the frequencies that are used by interfering devices.
To often people thing in terms of life hopping from species to species.
The subsequent hopping and leaping of these grains is called saltation.
Sometimes these hopping temperatures don't seem to go anywhere in particular.
There will be hopping around in time, and characters seen at different points in history.
But cruising on a fully equipped yacht is the secret to privacy and the key to mounting the ultimate island-hopping expedition.
Almost all are free, and they range from hopping chic hot spots to isolated escapes.
We sat in traffic in one market town after another, each one hopping with activity that sometimes engulfed the car.
Customers then use their phones to pay before hopping the train to work.
She always had her mind hopping on to the next prank she was going to pull.
Her cabbie tells her she can beat the traffic by hopping out of the car and down an emergency staircase at the next exit.
Management consultants have been hopping all over the public sector for years.
Hopping on the train laden with suitcases and children may not be an attractive alternative.
However the average cheap mobile uses sophisticated frequency hopping that makes eavesdropping difficult or near impossible.
Little wonder, then, that the queue of carriers hopping on the biofuel bandwagon is growing.
People do take it, but for local trips, hopping on and off along the way.
But if you spend the day hopping from client to client-or café to café-go ultra and don't look back.
He tries to mix things up, hopping into a store and switching between taxis and the city's rundown tramway.
It uses a technique called frequency hopping to squeeze more channels into the radio spectrum.
The night is hot and the streets are hopping and you can probably even see stars.
And then everybody kind of noticed that this guy was hopping, and he actually had one leg.
They're going to school longer, delaying marriage and children, job-hopping and apartment-swapping.
Take your time bar-hopping its dozens of options until you've found a good fit.
Hopping on a plane or embarking on a road trip can be an exciting experience.
Bloomingdale's is known for hopping on a hot trend and translating it into merchandise for sale at many price levels.
He spent the rest of the day hopping in and out of his car and chasing the slow-moving bridge down the river.

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