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Capitola Measure O sales tax wins

CAPITOLA -- With every last ballot counted, Measure O passed with a 69-vote margin, according to the numbers posted by county elections manager Gail Pellerin on Tuesday.

That means a permanent quarter-cent sales tax will take effect in Capitola, generating about $900,000 a year for the city treasury.

The sales tax rate will increase from 8.25 percent to 8.5 percent through Dec. 31, 2017, when a temporary sales tax expires. The rate will then drop to 8.25 percent.

City Council members endorsed the tax increase, saying the money was needed to replenish reserves depleted by flooding in 2011 and to maintain city streets.

But the tax measure was opposed by some residents who said the council had twice raised the sales tax rate but the benefits promised failed to materialize.

In the City Council race, the numbers changed but not the outcome.

The winners are: Ed Bottorff, first-time candidate, with 2,240 votes, and Dennis Norton, seeking a fourth term, 2,096 votes.

Jacques Bertrand, outgoing city treasurer, finished third with 1,910 votes.

Kym DeWitt, who was unopposed, garnered 3,134 votes in her bid for city treasurer.

For this election, 900 people staffed polling places in the county and 121,323 voters cast a ballot.

"We broke our record numbers in voter registration, voters voting by mail and provisional voters," said Pellerin.

Pellerin issued a statement thanking her full-time staff, Tricia Webber, Jaime Young, Inger Christenson, Martin Peaden, Crystal Bertheau, Margaret Morrison, Heather Kennedy, Rafaela Hoessel and deputy county clerks Katherine Wolf and Anita Fimbrez, for working nights, weekends and early mornings to meet the election certification deadline.

"We go to great lengths to audit, recount, verify and certify the vote, making sure every eligible voter's vote is counted accurately," Pellerin said.

Follow Sentinel reporter Jondi Gumz on Twitter at

Final results

Measure o

Yes 2,343
No 2,274


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A home-cooked Thanksgiving dinner, although wonderful, is not everybody's tradition. Dining out has become quite a popular Thanksgiving tradition for both Santa Fe Visitors and Santa Fe homeowners, alike.  After all, when you live in a place like Santa Fe New Mexico, surrounded by some of the best restaurants in the country, why wouldn't you take every chance you get to try a new one?

Maybe this year you would like to leave the stress of cooking the big turkey behind. Or maybe you only recently moved to your Santa Fe home and you don't have the family here to hold the traditional Thanksgiving meal. Rest assured, many of the restaurants of Santa Fe are as warm and comforting as your closest friend's welcoming abode. Then there are others that offer a dining experience that is difficult to find in any household.

Whatever your desire - a homey atmosphere, a five star experience, or fantastic surroundings - Santa Fe New Mexico has the restaurants to make 2010 a Thanksgiving to remember. As soon as you find one that makes your mouth water, give them a call and put your bid in for your Thanksgiving Day reservation…

Desire: Just Like Home
Santa Fe Restaurant: Dinner for Two

It doesn't hit much closer to home than Dinner for Two. This family owned and operated restaurant has an unassuming exterior, and a warm and romantic interior, along with an attentive waitstaff and live classical music every weekend from 7-9 pm. You will most definitely be surrounded by family, even if not your own. Mom, Pam Schwarz runs the front of the house; son Andy Barnes is the chef and husband/dad, Gregory Barnes, bakes the bread. Ideal for indecisive eaters who want to try a little bit of everything, the menu is set up so that you are able to experiment new treats and share tastes with your dinner guests. A wine pairing is a must with anything you choose, as Dinner for Two has won the Wine Spectator's Award of Excellence for the past 6 years.
For reservations, call (505) 820-2075.

Desire: Fine Turkey Dining
Santa Fe Restaurant: La Casa Sena
Ready and waiting for all of the bright-eyed and anxious Thanksgiving diners, La Casa Sena has already planned a four course dinner for the special dining day. First course, a spiced quince, Bay Scallop Tartlette. Next, choose between a Mesquite-grilled pumpkin soup or the LCS Waldorf Salad. The third course, the entree, brings a maple chimayo chile glazed free range turkey with complimenting side dishes or a Achiote roasted pork loin. Last but not least - dessert. Sunken chocolate cake with cranberry ice cream or caramelized pear upside-down gingerbread. The best part is - If you still cannot bare to skip an at-home Thanksgiving dinner, they have a Take Out option with all the trimmings!
For reservations, call (505) 988-9232.

Desire: Location, Location, Location
Santa Fe Restaurant: Terra
If you are looking for truly spectacular Santa Fe surroundings on your Thanksgiving day, then, without a doubt, Terra is where you have to be. This four-Diamond restaurant, located inside the five Diamond Encantado Resort is about 20 minutes north of Santa Fe, past the village of Tesuque New Mexico. It offers walls of windows and the most breathtaking Santa Fe views you could hope for. Oh yeah, the food isn't bad either. Butternut squash soup with caramelized apples, roasted chestnuts and sage, West Coast oysters with jalapeno mignonette, or a Foie Gras-roasted Turkey Breast and confit of the leg served with truffle-mashed potatoes are just a few of the options for your Thanksgiving feast.
For reservations, call (505) 946 5800.

Santa Fe Real Estate is unlike any other location. Where else can you find the dining options mentioned above, paired with the mountainous surroundings of the Santa Fe setting? Since Thanksgiving is a time of thanks, I cannot help but be appreciative of my Santa Fe home, and the opportunity I get every day to help others realize their dream of living in Santa Fe New Mexico.

Susan Orth & Isabella Luconi
Certified Residential Specialist (CRS)
City Different Realty

Phone: 505-216-6535
Email: SantaFe@SusanOrth.com

Santa Fe Homes

Santa Fe Real Estate Podcast

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estado do tempo
Today is thursday 28 may, it is 11ºC and clear in Santiago

Albergue de Melide

The Melide hostel is located at km 18.8 in the 29th stage of the French Road (from Saint Jean Pied de Port). Remodelled in 2010, it is located in the town centre, at one side of the town overlooking the surrounding meadows. It is at the foot of the Way of St. James, just 200 metres from the Town Hall and 300 from the place where the Original Road and the French Road join together.

It has a sleeping capacity of 156 in bunk beds (except for 8 beds) divided among six common rooms and is open all year with an admission time from 1 to 10 pm, without the possibility of leaving after closing time. Pilgrims have to present their official pass (no bookings accepted) and it costs € 6.

It features a washing area, drying place, washing machine (€ 4.40), dryer (€ 1), first-aid kit, outdoor area for bikes.

The town of Melide is a dynamic commercial town (the municipality has 7,500 inhabitants) that offers all the basic services that a pilgrim needs: ATMs, supermarkets, shops, bakeries, butcher’s, bars and restaurants, tourist and pilgrim information offices, health centre and pharmacy. Tasting Galician-style octopus is a must.

Its economy has historically been based on a strong primary sector (agriculture and stockbreeding) and there is a market every Sunday, although cattle transactions are now limited to the last Sunday in the month.

Here you can visit the old pilgrim hospital (now the Terra de Melide Museum), the church and convent of Sancti Spiritus, the Town Hall building (18th c.), the chapel of San Antonio and the Romanesque church of Santa María de Melide (12th c.).

Cooking facilities, Dining room, Hot-water showers, Individual heating, Laundry, Lounge

Image gallery

Albergue de Melide

More information

Albergue de Melide
Rúa de San Antonio, s/n, Melide, 15800
660 396 822
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Explore how other customers are generating value with SAP technology.

More customer stories ›

Customer Snapshot

Setting the Bar for Sustainable Brewing

less packaging costs with lighter-weight cardboard

Golden Road Brewing has taken Los Angeles by storm and they are investing in future growth with an on-demand solution that launches the brewery from spreadsheets and manual reports straight into the Cloud. With the help of this system based on SAP Business One, Golden Road can deliver even fresher beer, resulting in increased revenue, lower costs, and – no surprise here – happier customers.

Golden Road Brewing

Los Angeles, California, USA

Customer Website

Number of Employees

Implementation Partners

Orchestra Software

Line of Business

Sustainability, Supply Chain

Consumer Products

Featured Products

SAP Business One

Stratospheric growth continues

  • 2008Meg Gill began working in the beer industry for Oskar Blues Brewery in Lyons, CO.
  • 2011Golden Road Brewing founded by Tony Yanow and Meg Gill.
  • 2011Golden Road chooses to deliver “an honest pint” in 16-ounce cans.
  • 2012Golden Road landed a distribution deal with Whole Foods Markets.
  • 2013As part of their commitment to local community, Golden Road teamed up with the Heal The Bay organization to help support that nonprofit’s mission of making Southern California's coastal waters safe, healthy and clean.
  • 2014Golden Road became proud sponsors of Southern California's premiere all-female, banked track roller derby league – the L.A. Derby Dolls.

Business Model

Two-pronged sustainability plan

Golden Road Brewing was founded in 2011 with a mission to bring fresh beer to the local market in the most sustainable way possible.

At their brewery-pub in Glendale, they offer 20 revolving beers on tap and serve a wide variety of food. This two-pronged strategy addresses the needs of both thirsty and hungry customers. Golden Road also sells their product to local beer distributors and stores.

Success Strategy

Continually supporting beer enthusiasts

Golden Road is committed to engaging and supporting the growing community of socially minded beer enthusiasts. Along with their core beers, Golden Road brewers are constantly experimenting with the freshest ingredients through a collection of rotating, seasonal and limited-edition brews.

Golden Road aimed to produce 18,000 barrels of beer in 2013 – a significant volume for a start-up craft brewery in the second year of business. And they strive to become a 60,000 barrel-a-year brewery in the future.

The Challenge

Keeping quality and profit margins in line

To ensure the brewery can meet the anticipated demand, Golden Road needs visibility into inventory, production schedules, and raw materials.

But in the past, Golden Road had not set up a data management system and was running the business on disparate spreadsheets. This resulted in lost productivity and a serious lack of access to business data. Company leaders recognized that they needed state-of-the-art systems operating in the cloud to enable Golden Road to access pertinent information anytime, anyplace, and on any device.

“The quality of our beer is our most important business issue. We want to be able to produce the beer we want and still make a margin.”

- Paul Burgis, COO and CFO, Golden Road Brewing

Enter SAP

A brewing veteran points the way

Golden Road’s goal was to become a sustainable craft beer business. The company hired Paul Burgis, a veteran of Anheuser Busch, to run its operations. Paul knew the value of SAP through his previous experience, and introduced Golden Road to OrchestratedBEER, a system from SAP partner Orchestra Software that is built on the SAP Business One application. It turned out to be the right solution.

The SAP Experience

Speedy and priced right

OrchestratedBEER for the cloud was the economical solution for Golden Road with a five-week implementation timeline, virtual training, and support. It enabled Golden Road to make the investment needed in an ERP system without breaking the bank.

In fact, Golden Road realized a complete return on investment in six months.

Better Business

Well-orchestrated brewing

Golden Road now uses OrchestratedBEER to map every process, and the solution fulfills a critical need by giving management anytime mobile access to key brewery information. For example, the system can tell brewers what raw materials they need, how much they need, and when to buy them. The result is lower costs, effective inventory management, and more accurate business forecasts.

Staying fresh, and green

Golden Road is eliminating order delays due to missing raw materials, and missed sales due to shortages. Custom inventory aging reports help avoid dumping due to beer being over age.

The Cloud solution is also helping Golden Road stay green. The brewery can e-mail paperless purchase orders and invoices directly to business customers.

Run Simple

Becoming a model for sustainable breweries

OrchestratedBEER and SAP Business One have helped build greater transparency into Golden Road’s data management, delivering a single version of data and real-time answers to mission-critical questions.

With all their critical operating information only a few mouse clicks away, the company is becoming a model of a sustainable brewery.

Journey Ahead

The cloud makes the sky the limit

Golden Road Brewing continues on their quest – growing from a small craft brewery to one that can lead the market in Southern California.

Related Links


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SAP IT Process Automation by Cisco

Improve operational efficiency, ensure governance, and maintain high levels of service reliability

Implement software that automates IT processes to help ensure that your systems run smoothly – leveraging best practices consistently across your IT landscape. Use SAP IT Process Automation to standardize critical IT processes – so you can maximize efficient operations, service quality, and resource usage.

  • Speed troubleshooting and lift service levels by automating critical IT processes
  • Free IT staff for strategic projects by streamlining complex operations
  • Enable regulatory compliance with advanced tracking tools
  • Resolve systemic operational issues that repeatedly cause unplanned downtime
  • Improve efficiency, visibility and control through process standardization

Increase operational efficiency and customer satisfaction with SAP IT Process Automation
  • Tweet this Share on Facebook Share on LinkedIn Share on Google+ Email

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Deliver Higher Quality IT Service

Discover how SAP IT Process Automation by Cisco can help your IT staff standardize and unify operational processes across SAP and third-party software environments. Supercharge efficiency, maximize uptime, and promote service-level success – all with minimal IT upkeep.

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Proactively Automate Incident Response

See how easy it is to proactively automate incident resolution using SAP IT Process Automation by Cisco. In this short demo, you’ll learn how the application can help you stay on top of emerging infrastructure issues – to save your company time, money, and effort.

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Secure 24: Unifying Processes

Learn how this application hosting services provider adopted SAP IT Process Automation to standardize, unify and automate operational processes—which helped maximize efficiency and reduce costs for their clients.

We can help.

Want to learn more about this SAP solution?

What's Included

Explore related products: Solution Extension products


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Saponitown Forum

Historical Articles

Searching for Saponitown

This site is for those seeking to research Native American ancestry deriving from the Piedmont of Virginia and North Carolina.  These are Siouan people, commonly referred to generically as the Saponi, Tutelo. Occoneechee, Eno, Cheraw. Many families connected to these bloodlines have carried the identification of " Blackfoot ." Virginia and North Carolina, especially Southside Va, has thousands of the descendents of these people. Some of these people are in state recognized tribes but the vast majority of these people are not formally organized in tribes. Also we have found migration trails into all of Appalachia -- West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee; on into Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa. Some are even known to have settled in Alberta, Canada. There are historical records and family genealogies involving New York, while the historical records notes the main body, referred to at that point as Tutelo, being adopted into the Six Nations in Ontario. It is believed that many descendants survive Tutelo adoptees into some of those Six Nations. There are also migration patterns into South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Arkansas and Texas.

The Eastern Siouan of the VA/NC Piedmont (Saponi, Tutelo, Occoneechee) are notable historically, by our limited historical record, for the massacre of the Occoneechee at Occoneechee Island, in Clarksville, VA (in Mecklenburg County); their stay at the Saponi Reservation commonly referred to as Fort Christanna (Saponi Town) in Brunswick County, VA; their journeys through the Susquehannah Watershed and the eventual adoption of some bands into the Six Nations in Canada. However, many never left Virginia and North Carolina, with some staying in tight-knit communities. Also there is a growing body of evidence for the survival of many descendants whose families migrated out in many directions across the country, as noted above, often as distinct communities which held together for many generations. Some of these communities were designated racially as "white," some were noted as "colored" "mullatto" or "black." Sizeable, intact communities are noted in Ohio and Missouri, in particular.

These tribes of the NC/VA Piedmont spoke Siouan languages, of them only a small portion of the Tutelo language was recorded.  " Blackfoot " is an identification found among descendants also aware of their Saponi origins, and is a designation reported among many native-descended people with ties to southeastern states.

Saponi people have also been identified as the founding core of some groups termed "melungeon" in Appalachia or "Portugeuse" communities in the south.  Communities of people exist in pockets on or near the former Fort Christanna reservation, which descend from these Indians.  The Fort Christanna Saponi-Occoneechee Indians,still living on the reservation land, are one of these tribes . Several state recognized tribes, the Haliwa-Saponi, the Sappony of Person County NC and Halifax Co VA, the Eno-Occoneechi and the Occoneechi Band of the Saponi Nation in Hillsborough, NC descend primarily from these tribes.

Please join our forum and introduce yourself.  We are eager to gather all the information we can on our families, and to build a base of reference material.

Historical Articles

Save yourself some trips to the university library.  The text of some of the basic historical texts on the Southeastern Siouan are here, along with some original articles by members of this group.

Saponi/Tutelo History Timeline by Barry Carter

Bacon's Rebellion and the Occoneechee Massacre This unabridged text of the Colonial Narratives tells the story of Bacon's Rebellion, which involved the illegal extermination of the Occoneechee living on Occoneechee Island. This mob action ended the political integrity of all the VA/NC Piedmont Siouan (commonly referred to in history as the Saponi). Click here to begin with the editor's Introduction.

Story of Fort Christanna by Crystal Rose

The Other Blackfoot  by Linda Carter.  Explains the probable origin of the Blackfoot identification among people deriving from Virginia and North Carolina, outlines the history of the Piedmont Siouan, and provides theories and data on their migrations paths.

Virginia Native History

The Saponi Indians  from The Indian Tribes of North America by John R. Swanton. Swanton is considered a very basic source for academic, documented information on Indian history.

The Indian Tribes of Virginia listing the Manahoac through the Tutelo.  As above, from The Indian Tribes of North America by John R. Swanton but more inclusive.

A New Voyage To Carolina, by John Lawson (circa 1700)   A Journal of a Thousand Miles Travel Among the Indians, from South to North Carolina.

Africans and Indians:  Only in America.  Article written by prolific Black/Indian History author, William Loren Katz.  Eloquent and well documented discussion of the impact of Indian parentage and heritage on Black Americans, and the role these two allies played in the American heritage.  Re-published by permission of the author.

Needham and Arthur Journey A rare account of the journey of these two Englishmen during the time of Occoneechi power, past the western frontier (which at that time was apparently mid-Virginia). The well born Englishman offended an Occoneechi and was killed by him. The illiterate Englishman Arthur, lived amongst the Indians for a good while and had many remarkable adventures.

Carrie Buck -- The true story on why the State of Virginia sterilized Carrie Buck.

Saponi Collins and other Appallachian Families researched by Brenda Collins Dillon.

Disappearing Indians? — a case for the continued inhabitance of the Virginia Piedmont by the Monacan Indians. The Monacans are one of the component tribes of the VA/NC Piedmont Siouan group of nations. This site, created by the University of Virginia, contains valuable and credible information useful to anyone researching the Piedmont Siouan. There is much information on the village of Monasukapanough, which many approach as an important "Saponi" (generic sense) site.

Eastern Woodland Tribes of First Contact -- Information and links to tribes in the southeastern states.

Longwood Archeology Field School site.   A site on the Staunton river is being excavated, which may tie to the Piedmont Siouan people we are discussing here.

The Chikamaka Cherokee — Cherokee descendants in Grundy, Marion, Coffee, Franklin, Warren, and Sequatchie Counties of Tennessee.

UNC Lesson on Siouan Tribes

Mahenip's Band of the Missouri Saponi — A still cohesive group of Saponi descendants in Missouri, currently seeking federal recognition.

Forest Hazel's history of Saponi families

Tutelo Language pages on Occaneechi Band of the Saponi website

The Tutelo Language and History by Horatio Hale (at Early Canadiana site)

Baron de Lahontan's "New Voyage to North-America" at Early Canadiana site) Lahontan's interviews of Kandiaronk, the brilliant Huron whose critique of European culture inspired the "Age of Enlightenment" in France and toppled the dominoes of revolution in that country, much of monarchical Europe and America. Also refer to Barbara Mann's "Native American Speakers of the Eastern Woodlands" available in University libraries, for a fresh translation of the French, and a thoroughly researched account of this pivotal figure in world history.

Pittsylvania County at time of Settlment — Pittsylvania county is an important location for historic Piedmont Siouan, and descendants.

Virginia Indian Tribes -- Sponsored by the Virginia Museum of Natural History for the Virginia Indian Council.  Information on the surviving tribes of Virginia which have state and/or federal recognition.

Trading Path Preservation Association — An archeological study into the trading paths of early Colonial times in VA and NC. Monthly hikes are planned and noted on the site.


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High School Baseball: Timely hitting and solid pitching lifts Blue Streaks past Bethlehem (with video)

Saratoga's Devin Coffey heads for first on a base hit that drives in teammate Zach Forbes, behind, during Wednesday's game against Bethlehem at East Side Rec. Ed Burke 4/25/12
Saratoga's Brett Merriman jumps out of the way as Bethlehem runner Eric Mueller beats the throw to second during Wednesday's game at East Side Rec. Blue Streak Matt Flynn backs up behind. Ed Burke 4/25/12

SARATOGA SPRINGS - In the opener of a three-games-in-three-days stretch, the Saratoga Springs baseball team earned a 9-3 Suburban Council victory over Bethlehem Wednesday afternoon at the East Side Rec.

"We played good," Saratoga sophomore Devin Coffey said. "We had some timely hits and we got good pitching from Logan (Kurtz) and we got runs when we needed them.

Coffey led the Blue Streaks, going 2-for-2 with two RBI and three runs, while Alex Chandler finished 2-for-4 with three RBI. Kris Muller also went 2-for-4 with a RBI and Jack Herman was 1-for-1 with one RBI and two runs.

Kurtz earned the win, allowing two runs on six hits with four strikeouts in five innings of work.

"I think Logan battled the whole day for us," Saratoga coach Dean Bailey said. "He gave us a great opportunity to win and that's all I ask of my pitchers."

Bethlehem scored the game's first run in the top of the first inning. With two away and nobody on base, Eric Mueller hit a pop fly to center field, but a misplay on the ball allowed it to drop for a double. A passed ball against the next batter allowed Mueller to score all the way from second base.

"We started off with a little bit of adversity," Bailey said. "A couple of mistakes here and there let them get ahead. We had to find a way to battle back and we did that."

Saratoga's surge began in the bottom of the second inning. The heart of the Blue Streaks' lineup each drew walks, loading the bases for Coffey. The sophomore tied the game with a RBI single down the third-base line, scoring Zach Forbes. Herman then drew a walk, bringing home Dan Rittenhouse. Kris Muller made it 3-1 with a single to right field that scored Coffey and Chandler recorded a RBI groundout to put Saratoga ahead 4-1.

"I just think we got to their pitcher," Coffey said. "We saw him one time around, then on the second time we were definitely going to hit him and we just got the hits we needed."

The Blue Streaks tacked on two more runs in the third inning. Rittenhouse drew his second of three walks on the afternoon and eventually scored on a hit by Herman. Coffey scored later in the inning on a passed ball to extend Saratoga's lead to 6-1.

"The best thing we did today was that when we got a lead, we expanded on that lead," Bailey said. "It gave us a cushion if we made any other mistakes."

After Bethlehem made it a four-run game in the top of the fifth, Saratoga quickly responded. Coffey clubbed an RBI single to score Rittenhouse, making it 7-2. With the bases loaded later in the inning, Chandler smacked a two-run double down the left-field line, bringing home Coffey and Herman.

Casey Kerr pitched two innings in relief for the Blue Streaks, surrendering one run, but striking out five.

Saratoga is back in action today, hosting Niskayuna at 4:15 p.m.


text:
From: Greg Roberts (
Date: Wed Oct 25 2006 - 22:51:30 EDT

  • Next message: William Chellis: "Fwd: Stereo Launch"

    Greetings all
    I watched the Stereo launch via the Internet- quite
    exciting and followed the various events as they
    occurred after lift off.    I did manage to track
    something when it appeared above my horizon into
    my 60-70% clouded sky but at this point I suspect
    it was the rocket rather than the Stereo satellites.
    It was about 8th magnitude and appeared to have a
    slow variability cycle of about 3 minutes when it
    would brighten 1-2 magnitudes. I followed it out
    to about 11000 kms when I gave up due to cloud
    and it being too faint. Later today I will go through
    the DVD recording as well as the hard drive
    recording but Im reasonably certain all I had in the
    field of view etc was the rocket - the Stereo
    satellites must have been quite a bit fainter and I
    suspect the seperation of the two would have been
    too small for me to resolve at the image scale I
    was using.
    Anyway Im off to bed now to see if I can get some
    sleep-twice in the past week Ive been up almost
    all night - proves that Im mad!
    Subscribe/Unsubscribe info, Frequently Asked Questions, SeeSat-L archive:

    This archive was generated by hypermail 2b29 : Wed Oct 25 2006 - 22:53:53 EDT


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Investments in Saudi Arabia increase exponentially

January 26, 2011

Direct investments in the Kingdom amounted to $150 billion in 2009, an increase from less than $15 billion in 2005, according to Saudi Arabian General Investment Authority (SAGIA) Governor Amr Al-Dabbagh. Addressing a session of the 5th Global Competitiveness Forum in Riyadh yesterday, Al-Dabbagh noted that the U.N. Conference on Trade and Development ranked the Kingdom 14th in the world in 2007 and 8th in 2009 in terms of attracting financial investments. He stressed that the 10/10 Initiative, adopted by SAGIA in 2004, was instrumental in achieving this goal. Al-Dabbagh also reviewed the Kingdom’s progress in the field of international competitiveness, noting that Saudi Arabia ranked 11th in 2010, compared with 67th in 2005.


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Savannah’s Historic Squares

Savannah has 22 squares today that provide locals and visitors alike with a little greenery amid all the businesses and historic houses. At one time there was 24 squares, but two were lost due to city development while others, such as Ellis Square, were redesigned and made even more appealing.

These squares are surrounded by some beautiful churches, homes, museums and are all shaded by huge live oak trees. On weekends you might see kids running around them with a football, a couple having a picnic in the grass or maybe even a wedding! Savannah’s square are also a hot-spot for intimate, outdoor weddings in this southern city.

cs squareCalhoun Square

Just two blocks north of the famous Forsyth Park is what was once a retreat for schoolchildren and a bit of backyard for those in the heart of downtown. Located at Abercorn & Wayne Streets.

chat square

Chatham Square

Chatham Square is nestled into a neighborhood on Barnard Street just a couple blocks away from the lively Liberty Street, where hotels and restaurants start to flood the Historic District. Located at Barnard & Wayne streets.

chip sqChippewa Square

Chippewa Square is one of the most known squares in all of Savannah, right in the center of everything – famous theatres, restaurants and ice cream parlors. Even Forrest Gump has visited this great place. Located at Bull and McDonough streets.

col sq fountain

Columbia Square

It might be hard to imagine that this small square is in the middle of the bustling downtown streets with its ambient atmosphere and serene fountain, nestled within the northeast quadrant of the Historic District. Located at Habersham and President streets.

craw gazebo 2Crawford Square

No other square in all of downtown boasts the benefits of a small park like Crawford Square, which not only has a basketball court, but also a gazebo. Located at Houston and McDonough streets.

Elbert Square

Across from the Savannah Civic Center is a sliver of greenery, known as Elbert Square, which was laid out in 1801 but was paved over in urban development.

ellis dateEllis Square

Ellis Square is the city’s most exciting square, right next to the restaurant- and shop-filled City Market. It boasts a water fountain, shaded tables, a life-size chess set and rentable CAT bikes. Located at Barnard and St. Julian streets.

fs monument

Franklin Square

On the west side of City Market is Franklin Square, right in the middle of the downtown bustle. It’s surrounded by some of the liveliest night scenes in the city, with several bars just west on Congress Street. Located at Montgomery and St. Julian streets.

gs photo 4(1)Greene Square

Whether you want to sit on a bench in the park or bring a blanket for a picnic, Greene Square is a great spot to do so. Located at Houston and President streets.

js fountain right 2Johnson Square

Johnson Square, the oldest and largest square in Savannah, is surrounded by some of the most magnificent buildings downtown, including City Hall, the Christ Episcopal Church and several large banks. Located at Bull and St. Julian streets.

ls squareLafayette Square

Lafayette Square is home to the ornate Cathedral of St. John the Baptist, which has the highest twin steeples in all of downtown, designed by architect Francis Baldwin. Located at Abercorn and Macon streets.

Liberty Square

You won’t find Liberty Square if you go looking for it, because it was paved over in construction of the Chatham County Courthouse and the Robbie Robinson Parking Garage. This square, which was laid out in 1799, used to be located at the intersection of Montgomery and West President Street.

ms square eMadison Square

There’s a plethora of history, and even some rumored hauntings, in and around the Madison Square, as well as a great selection of restaurants and shops. Named for U.S. President James Madison, this square features vintage cannons from the old Savannah Armory. Located at Bull and Macon streets.

pulaski mon1Monterey Square

Monterey Square is a shaded alcove that welcomes visitors to pause and check out the towering monument that pays homage to General Casimir Pulaski.

With a statue of Casmir Pulaski at the center, Monterey Square is widely considered Savannah’s most picturesque square. The Mercer House, the setting for the murder in “Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil,” is located on this lovely square. Located at Bull and Wayne streets.

og sqOglethorpe Square

Benches line the brick sidewalk of Savannah’s modest Oglethorpe Square, which pays homage to the founder of Savannah and the colony of Georgia, General James Oglethorpe. It’s the perfect place to enjoy a picnic lunch or a shady break. Located at Abercorn and President streets.

or sq fountain 3Orleans Square

Orleans Square, the backyard to Savannah’s Civic Center and Savannah College of Art and Design’s Oglethorpe House, boasts the German Memorial Fountain. Located at Barnard and McDonough streets.

ps1Pulaski Square

One of the few squares without a monument, Pulaski Square is named for Polish Count Casmir Pulaski, a hero of the Revolutionary War. This square features some of the most beautiful live oaks in the city, as well as thick ivy groundcover. It’s located at Barnard and West Macon streets.

rs statue eReynolds Square

Reynolds Square has some of the best company in town, with The Ole Pink House, Lucas Theater, Leopold’s Ice Cream and Trustees’ Theater next door. Whether it’s musicals, movies, fine dining or desserts you’re into, they’re all right around. Located at Abercorn and St. Julian streets.

tell sqTelfair Square

Some might say that Telfair Square is backyard for art because of its location next to The Telfair Museum of Art and Jepson Center for the Arts. The square, once known as St. James Square, was renamed because of the Telfairs’ contributions to the city and culture of Savannah. Located at Barnard and President streets.

TSTroup Square

Troup Square may be one of the smaller squares, but it’s not a drop less brilliant! In it is one of the most fascinating monuments in all Savannah’s squares. And it’s the perfect place to take your furry pal, because there’s a fountain there just for them! Located at Habersham and Macon streets.

warren sq prettyWarren Square

This little neighborhood square, which was named in honor of Revolutionary Ware hero General Joseph Warren, is shaded by huge Live Oak trees and tucked between West Bryan and West Congress streets, located at Habersham and Saint Julian streets.

wash sq benchWashington Square

What was once the site of the Trustees’ Garden is now the ambient Washington Square, where visitors can sit and sip wine or take a stroll through. At one time it bordered the original Trustees’ Garden, where colonists grew a variety of experimental crops. Located at Houston and St. Julian streets.

whit inside gazeboWhitefield Square

This quiet little square is secretly one of the best, with its Victorian gazebo and azalea flowers. It’s a popular place for weddings, hosting countless marriage ceremonies over the years. Located at Habersham and Wayne streets.

wr sq pathWright Square

Wright Square has two of the most impressive monuments in all of downtown – a towering statue and an enormous boulder and they have quite a story. Located at Bull and President streets.

And if you think the squares in Savannah are great, then be sure to check out some even bigger plots of beautiful greenery in the city – the great parks in Savannah!


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Supreme Court Seal
South Carolina
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Judge Thomas A. Russo

Judge Thomas A. Russo was born in Chicago, Illinois, on April 26, 1955. He is the son of the late Vincent C. Russo, Sr. and Rosa Lee Russo of Edgefield, S.C. He has four sisters, Sarah Wedeman of Johnston, S.C.(deceased), Sharon Stevens of Edgefield, S.C., Linda Shaw of Olympia, Washington and Patty Clarke of Aiken, S.C. and one brother, Vincent C. Russo, Jr. of Edgefield, S.C.

Judge Russo’s family moved to Edgefield, S.C. in 1960, where he grew up. He attended the public schools of Edgefield County and graduated from Strom Thurmond High School in 1973. He attended the University of South Carolina and graduated in 1977 with a Bachelor of Science degree in Education. From there he took a job as a teacher/coach at West Florence High School, where he taught Physical Education and Health as well as coached football and soccer. After two years he then left Florence to return home to teach and coach at his alma mater, Strom Thurmond High School. There he taught 9 th grade English and Physical Education and was an Assistant football coach and Head tennis for the Rebels. After five years at Strom Thurmond High School he left there to take a job as a pharmaceutical representative with Bristol Laboratories, which brought him back to Florence, S.C. After two years with Bristol Labs, Judge Russo decided to pursue his dream of practicing law and entered the USC School of Law in August 1984. He finished his legal studies in two and a half years and received his Juris Doctorate degree in December of 1986.

Following graduation from law school he clerked in the Federal District Courts for the Honorable Joseph F. Anderson, Jr. Upon the completion of his clerkship he worked for the Willoughby Law Firm in Columbia, S.C. for a short time before moving back home to the Edgefield County area and taking a position with the law firm of Knox & Zacks in Augusta, Georgia. From there Judge Russo set out to expand his trial practice experience by becoming Deputy Solicitor in the 2 nd Judicial Circuit and later working with the Law Offices of Ronald A. Maxwell in Aiken, S.C. In October of 1995 he opened the Law Offices of Thomas A. Russo in Edgefield, S.C. where he had a general practice of law and served as the Public Defender for Edgefield, McCormick and Saluda Counties. In February of 1999 he accepted the position as Deputy Solicitor for the 12 th Judicial Circuit, bringing him back to Florence County for the 3 rd time. He remained in that position until his election to the Bench.

He was elected as South Carolina Circuit Court Judge, At-Large Seat No. 12, on May 25, 2005, to fill the unexpired term of the Honorable James E. Brogdon, Jr. He was sworn in on June 6, 2005 and has served continuously since.

Judge Russo is married to the former Cheryl Matthews of Florence, S.C. and they have three incredibly wonderful children: Payton Rose, Darby Erin and Thomas, Jr. They are members of Lamb’s Chapel Christian Center where Judge Russo is an active member of the Central American Mission Team and where he plays guitar (also bass and drums if needed) on the Lamb’s Chapel Worship Team.

His interests include football, tennis, backpacking, canoeing, guitar music and home improvement projects.

Photo of Judge Thomas Russo
The Honorable Thomas A. Russo
180 North Irby Street, MSC-O
Florence, SC 29501-3456
OFFICE: (843) 665-3020
FAX: (843) 665-3078

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You are here: Home » People » BRGSS Home » Biographies » Renwick Dibbell

Biographical Review: Greene, Schoharie and Schenectady Counties, New York
Renwick Dibbell

Index to All Biographies | Index to Biographies by County: Greene, Schenectady, Schoharie | Portraits | Search by keyword

Go to previous biography: Andrew J. Guffin, M. D. | next biography: Thomas R. Potter

[This information is from pp. 13-14 of Biographical Review Volume XXXIII: Containing Life Sketches of Leading Citizens of Greene, Schoharie and Schenectady Counties, New York (Boston: Biographical Review Publishing Company, 1899). It is in the collection of the Grems-Doolittle Library of the Schenectady County Historical Society at 920 BIO.]

Renwick Dibbell, general merchant, Tannersville, Greene County, was born at Platt Clove, in this town, July 5, 1861. His parents were Harmon B. and Deborah M. (Hummell) Dibbell, his father a native of Colchester, Delaware County, and his mother a native of Platt Clove. His grandfather, Amos Dibbell, who was a native of Holland, settled in Delaware County, New York, as a pioneer, and resided there until 1834, when he went to Platt Clove. He was a millwright by trade, following that occupation a number of years, and his death occurred at the age of eighty-four. His wife, formerly Charlotte Williams, of Colchester, died at eighty-nine years of age. They had a family of ten children.

Harmon B. Dibbell learned the trade of a millwright, which he followed at Platt Clove for a time, later moving to Kingston, where he engaged in manufacturing. Afterward he went to Elka Park, erecting there a mill, which he conducted for the rest of his life. In 1863 he raised Company E of the Fifteenth Regiment, New York Volunteers, engineer corps, and this company he commanded until mustered out at the close of the war. He was a Democrat in politics, acted as a Justice of the Peace for some time, and was a prominent man in the community. He died at the age of seventy-one. His wife, Deborah, was a daughter of Jeremiah Hummell. Her father was a farmer and an early settler of Platt Clove, where he resided until his death, which occurred when he was ninety years old. Harmon B. and Deborah M. Dibbell were the parents of six children, three of whom are living — Egbert, Renwick, and George W. Dibbell. Egbert is now residing in South Dakota. The mother still survives, and resides with her son in Tannersville.

Renwick Dibbell came to Elka Park with his parents when six years of age. He attended the common schools, and assisted his father in the lumber business until his father's death. Forming a partnership with a Mr. Goslen, he entered the contracting and building business at Elka Park, erecting a number of cottages there, also the Poggenberg Hotel, the Schoharie Mansion, and the Catherine Tower. This structure is built of stone and is fifty feet high. It is fourteen feet at the base, and has stone steps on the inside leading to the top. In 1888 Mr. Dibbell took up the profession of a civil engineer, and did considerable surveying in different parks, also laying out roads and running farm lines. In 1895 the firm purchased the store of C. F. Gray, one of the largest mercantile establishments in town, in which they carried a full stock of groceries, boots, shoes, notions, and other merchandise. This store was conducted in connection with their contracting business until October 14, 1898, when the partnership was dissolved. Since that time Mr. Dibbell has carried it on alone. Mr. Dibbell has resided here since his early boyhood, and takes an active interest in local public affairs. Through his efforts a post-office was established at Elka Park, and he has been Postmaster there for the past five years. He also succeeded in causing the extension of the telegraph and telephone lines to Elka Park and Schoharie Mansion, he being the owner of the telephone line. He has control of the switch office for the Catskill Mountain Telephone Company, and is local agent of the Western Union Telegraph Company. Having a long distance telephone, they can converse with New York, Boston, and other cities. At the present time he devotes his entire attention to his mercantile enterprise, the telegraph and telephone agencies, employing five assistants.

On October 17, 1883, Mr. Dibbell was joined in marriage with Miss Alice Bishop, of Hunter, daughter of Asa and Ann (Brown) Bishop. Her father spent most of his life as a farmer in Ulster County. He died in West Saugerties. Mr. and Mrs. Dibbell have four children — Flavius, Estella, Agnes, and Elmira.

Mr. Dibbell is a Democrat in politics. He has served on town, county, and State committees, has been a delegate to a number of county and State conventions, and was Tax Collector two terms. He is a member of the Knights of Pythias, in which he has held a number of the offices, and belongs to the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. He and Mrs. Dibbell are members of the Methodist Episcopal church.

Go to top of page | previous biography: Andrew J. Guffin, M. D. | next biography: Thomas R. Potter

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Bingo! The Perfect Mother-Daughter Date Planner

Our cute craft idea helps you organize just-for-the-two-of-you activity ideas—and encourages you to finally do them!

Learning Benefits

Tween girls love the phrase, “You only live once,” or “YOLO!” Maybe the phrase conjures thoughts of tropical vacations or budget-busting sprees. But there’s more to “YOLO” than snorkeling or skydiving: Embrace the mantra with a slew of mom-and-daughter adventures that emphasize your special relationship right in your own town.

To get started, set aside some time to brainstorm some activities you’d both love to do together. Bond over an afternoon of pampering (hello, manicures!), or have a heart-to-heart during a peaceful nature walk. Maybe your local dance company offers reduced-rate student tickets, or a community center hosts a fun, frilly afternoon tea. Keep an eye on bulletin boards at libraries and coffee shops, and page through your local paper to learn about upcoming events. And be sure to think back on those times you vowed to give a new hobby a shot — if you could just find one free hour. It’s the ideal opportunity for the two of you to learn something new together, so stop in and try that beginners’ yoga class, or dive into a novel that’s been gathering dust on your nightstand. A mom/daughter book club can lead to some great conversations!

Once you’ve made a list of dream dates, plug them into to customize a bingo card displaying all of your ideas. Print out the grid on 8 ½” x 11” cardstock, and cover each item with a strip of removable paper tape. (Find a huge selection of Japanese washi tape in fun patterns at Whenever you’re in the mood for a mom/daughter outing, peel off a piece of a tape at random to reveal what’s in store. Have fun!

Ready for more mother-daughter adventure ideas? Click here!

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Master of Health Administration

Program Description

The Master of Health Administration (MHA) is primarily an online, course‐based degree offering students the opportunity to pursue personal and professional enhancement by obtaining a master’s degree on their own schedule, without having to take time away from home or work to participate in traditional classroom learning. Students attend courses on a part‐time basis while continuing their full‐time employment. Courses are highly interactive using varied multimedia, discussion forums and supportive text‐based materials. In addition to their coursework, students participate in two brief in person residency periods. Residencies are held over a weekend and involve group exercises including case studies, management simulations, breakouts and presentations, creating important learning and networking opportunities for students.

The degree is focused on building management, administrative and policy capacity for the next generation of health sector leaders. Students will develop the knowledge and skills base of professionals and managers in the health field, enabling them to contribute to improving the effectiveness of program and policy development, implementation and evaluation, as well as effectiveness in health service delivery, and managerial and administrative performance. The MHA degree prepares students for positions that require advanced management and strategic ability, policy knowledge and skills, and exceptional analytical and evaluation capacity. The key competency areas focus on the unique needs and complexities of a dynamic health care system.

The online MHA graduate program is administered through the University of Regina campus.

Program Curriculum

Students are required to complete 30 credit units, consisting of two in‐person residencies (3 credit units) and nine online courses (27 credit units).

  • JSGS 812 - Aboriginal Health Policy
  • JSGS 814 - Biostatistics for Public Health
  • JSGS 817 - Health Policy
  • JSGS 823 - Health Promotion
  • JSGS 824 - Health Program Planning and Evaluation
  • JSGS 826 - Human Resources Management in Health Care
  • JSGS 827 - Health Care Organization and Administration
  • JSGS 829 - Decision Making and Leadership in Healthcare Organizations
  • JSGS 832 - Population Based Health Program Management
  • JSGS 833 - Performance Measurement in Healthcare Organizations
  • JSGS 834 - Financial Management of Healthcare Organizations
  • JSGS 835AT - Health Law and Policy
  • JSGS 837 - Health Economics

All MHA students are required to complete the following course:

  • JSGS 830 - MHA Residency (two sessions - Residency I and Residency II)

Application Qualifications

All applicants must have completed a 4 year bachelor’s degree, or equivalent, with a minimum 70% average from a recognized college or university and should also have completed a minimum of 3 years relevant health sector experience. Applications will be accepted on an on‐going basis and students can begin the program at the beginning of any of the three academic semesters.

Tuition and Student Fees

The tuition for the MHA program is $2,086.50 per course or $20,865 for the degree. If you have any questions, please contact us at (U of R campus).

Fact Sheet

Download a print friendly copy of our Master of Health Administration fact sheet.


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SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online

vol.33 issue1Distribution of aflatoxins in contaminated corn fractions segregated by size author indexsubject indexarticles search
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Brazilian Journal of Microbiology

On-line version ISSN 1678-4405

RODRIGUEZ-AMAYA, Delia B.  and  SABINO, Myrna. Mycotoxin research in Brazil: the last decade in review. Braz. J. Microbiol. [online]. 2002, vol.33, n.1, pp. 1-11. ISSN 1678-4405.

The number of research papers (128 papers) on mycotoxins published by Brazilian researchers in 1991-2000 surpassed the total number (85 papers) published in the preceding three decades (1961-1990). Thirty percent of the papers surveyed mycotoxins in foods and feeds. AFs in peanut and peanut products continued to be alarming, and high incidence and levels of FBs in corn and corn products also appeared as a serious problem. Contamination with other toxins, such as ZEA, OTA and trichothecenes, was low. Occurrence of AFM1 in milk and dairy products and patulin in apple juice needs to be verified as the results are somewhat diverging. Work on analytical methods, mycological examination and toxic effects constituted 16, 13 and 13%, respectively, of the published papers in the decade assessed. Attempts to find means of preventing/controlling fungal growth and mycotoxin production notably increased, making up 27% of the papers, including investigations on influencing factors (e.g. genotype resistance, water content/aw, relative humidity, temperature, presence of metals, type of soil, mite infestation) and antagonistic potential of other microorganisms against mycotoxin-producing fungi. Effects of plant extract, flavonoids, fungicides and other chemicals, storage bag material, adsorbents, cooking and processing of food were also studied. Thus, notwithstanding constraints on resources, Brazilian research responds to the needs of the country, reflects international concerns and recent developments in the area.

Keywords : mycotoxins; occurrence; influencing factors; research; Brazil.

        · abstract in Portuguese     · text in English     · English (pdf) English (epdf)


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SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online

vol.39 número1 índice de autoresíndice de materiabúsqueda de artículos
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Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia

versión On-line ISSN 0718-686X

Proceedingd of Workshop: Towards an action plan for the conservation of Huemul Hippocamelus Bisulcus (Molina, 1782) in southernmost Chile (11 & 12 November, 2010, Punta Arenas). Anales Instituto Patagonia (Chile) [online]. 2011, vol.39, n.1, pp. 119-136. ISSN 0718-686X.

The huemul is the most threatened cervid of the Neotropical Region. It is estimated that its historic distribution range in Chile has shrunk in over 50%, while its global population size would not exceed 2500 individuals. Taking into consideration this critical situation, the Workshop “Towards an Action Plan for the Conservation of Huemul in the Austral Zone” was held between November 11th and 12th 2010 in Punta Arenas, Chile, in a joint initiative of the Wildlife Conservation Society, the National forestry Corporation and the CEQUA foundation. This Workshop is in line with the implementation process of the National Plan for the Conservation of Huemul in Chile. The objective of this workshop was to initiate the drawing up of an Action Plan that takes into account that special features of the Austral Zone for the conservation of the species. The Workshop started with oral presentations aiming to update the participants on the current state of the huemul in the target area. Subsequently, a participative approach was used to determine the direct and indirect threats to the species, as well as to prioritize the former. The fve direct threats identifed were, in order of importance: 1) competition with livestock, 2) habitat loss and fragmentation, 3) diseases, 4) predation and harassment by dogs, and 5) poaching. In a second stage, the participants were divided into four groups: policy and legislation, management and conservation, research and monitoring, and education and communications. Each group made a list of potential interventions related to the identifed threats that were considered to be within the scope of the group. The production of a prioritized list of direct threats and of potential interventions is a significant step forward towards the drawing up of the Action Plan for the Austral Zone. While the proposed interventions vary according to the scope of each group, some recurrently mentioned measures were: the creation of a geographic information system on the current distribution of huemul allowing to contrast it with the spatial distribution of the threats; the coordination among agencies for the management of threats both in and outside protected areas; and the raising of awareness on the situation of huemul among stakeholders of the areas related to identifed threats. During the Workshop, the need to establish measurable objectives and eventually a goal specific to the Austral Zone was apparent. In addition, the discussion about the funding mechanisms for interventions and the drawing up of a monitoring and assessment program remain to be resolved, as does the definition of the agencies/people in charge of implementing the interventions.

Palabras clave : Huemul deer; national plan of conservation; action plan; austral zone; Chile.

        · resumen en Español     · texto en Español     · pdf en Español


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SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online

vol.16 número47Bill Sanders y el periodo Clásico del cuadrante noreste de la cuenca de México: Perspectivas profesionales y personalesCaminando el valle de Toluca: arqueología regional, el legado de William T. Sanders índice de autoresíndice de materiabúsqueda de artículos
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versión impresa ISSN 0185-1659

BRUMFIEL, Elizabeth M.. El estudio de la clase común: el asentamiento de Xaltocan durante el Posclásico en la cuenca de México. Cuicuilco [online]. 2009, vol.16, n.47, pp. 59-86. ISSN 0185-1659.

Bill Sanders was devoted to the study of commoners, the mass of the population who with their labor sustained the opulent lifestyle of the ruling elites. Through regional survey, Bill Sanders and his students traced the history of commoners from the remains of their agricultural landscapes and their settlement patterns. This paper seeks to answer two questions regarding the status of commoners in the Postclassic basin of Mexico. First, did commoners benefit from Aztec rule? Did the political unification of the Central Mexican Symbiotic Region permit the exchange of products across ecological zones, foster specialization and produce a higher standard of living for commoners despite the tribute payments demanded by the Aztecs? Second, did commoners contribute ideas as well as labor to the social development of Postclassic Mesoamerica? If, as Sanders claimed, "innovations and variations are constantly arising" that permit societies to adapt more effectively to their environments, were commoners a source of innovation or was innovation the product of urban-based administrators, priests and craftsmen? Household archaeology at Postclassic Xaltocan in the northern basin of Mexico enables us to address these questions.

Palabras llave : Basin of Mexico; Postclassic period; Xaltocan; commoners; household archaeology.

        · resumen en Español     · texto en Español     · pdf en Español


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Science News
from research organizations

Holiday Tip: A Rub-Free Solution For Silver Tarnish

December 9, 1998
Johns Hopkins University
A Johns Hopkins materials engineer explains what causes silver tarnish and how to get rid of it, without a large application of elbow grease.

Johns Hopkins Professor Offers Simple Trick to Lift Ugly Tarnish from Fine Serving Pieces

You're preparing for a holiday party or a family gathering. You've invited the guests and planned the menu. You take out your finest utensils and serving pieces -- then let out a loud groan. The silver is badly tarnished. It's time to tackle one of the season's least popular traditions: cleaning and polishing the silver.

Many people just reach for a commercial product and start rubbing. But a materials scientist at The Johns Hopkins University says a simple home recipe using baking soda, water and aluminum foil can remove stubborn stains from silver with minimal muscle power. Jerome Kruger, a professor of materials science and engineering, says this method is particularly helpful in pulling tarnish from narrow grooves and intricate patterns, places that are hard to reach with traditional cleaning methods.

Kruger is an internationally respected expert on corrosion, and tarnish -- like its cousin, rust -- is a product of the corrosion process. In fact, the term is derived from a Latin word for "gnawing," the same root that produced "rodent."

"Corrosion is the deterioration of a material, usually a metal, as a result of chemical reactions with the environment in which it is placed," Kruger explains. "Tarnish is produced when silver reacts with sulfur compounds in the air, such as the gas released when you boil eggs. Tarnish doesn't harm the metal. It's just ugly. Silver pieces are supposed to be bright, shiny and lustrous."

To remove tarnish, Kruger triggers another chemical reaction that separates the sulfur from the silver. Here are the four easy steps:

1. Wrap the entire silver object in aluminum foil. Be sure the foil makes tight contact with the silver in at least one place. Make a few cuts in the foil to allow liquid to seep into the space between the silver and the foil.

2. Place the foil-wrapped object in a large glass, enameled or stainless steel pot that can be placed on the stove.

3. Fill the container with a solution of water and 4 to 5 tablespoons of baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) per quart of water.. Use enough water to cover the silver object. Let the mixture simmer gently for 30 minutes.

4. Remove the aluminum foil. Rinse the silver and dry it thoroughly.

The tarnish in the cracks and crevices should be removed by this procedure. If not, repeat.

Although commercial silver polish products will also remove tarnish, they usually require more scrubbing. "The tarnish in the grooves is very hard to remove with commercial cleaners," Kruger says. "The reason that this process works so well is that it acts electrochemically. There is a flow of electrons between the silver object and the aluminum foil, and that's what removes the tarnish."

The electrochemical process may not entirely restore the original gleam, Kruger cautions. People who want some extra sparkle may choose to apply a small amount of commercial polish to the broad, smooth surfaces of the silver piece.

Kruger first circulated this tarnish removal recipe in a consumer cleaning tips pamphlet produced by the federal agency now known as the National Institute of Standards and Technology. He was employed by that agency before joining the faculty at Hopkins.

A color slide of Professor Kruger is available; Contact Phil Sneiderman (see above).More information on Professor Kruger's work on corrosion is available at

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The above story is based on materials provided by Johns Hopkins University. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.

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Johns Hopkins University. "Holiday Tip: A Rub-Free Solution For Silver Tarnish." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 9 December 1998. <>.
Johns Hopkins University. (1998, December 9). Holiday Tip: A Rub-Free Solution For Silver Tarnish. ScienceDaily. Retrieved May 28, 2015 from
Johns Hopkins University. "Holiday Tip: A Rub-Free Solution For Silver Tarnish." ScienceDaily. (accessed May 28, 2015).

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Science News
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Stars help researchers track space junk

May 29, 2011
Plataforma SINC
Researchers have developed a method to track the movement of geostationary objects using the position of the stars, which could help to monitor space debris. The technique can be used with small telescopes and in places that are not very dark.

This is the Fabra-ROA Telescope Montsec (TFRM).

A team of researchers from the Royal Institute and Observatory of the Navy (ROA) in Cádiz (Spain) has developed a method to track the movement of geostationary objects using the position of the stars, which could help to monitor space debris. The technique can be used with small telescopes and in places that are not very dark.

Objects or satellites in geostationary orbit (GEO) can always be found above the same point on the Equator, meaning that they appear immobile when observed from Earth. By night, the stars appear to move around them, a feature that scientists have taken advantage of for decades in order to work out the orbit of these objects, using images captured by telescopes, as long as these images contain stars to act as a reference point.

This method was abandoned when satellites started to incorporate transponders (devices that made it possible to locate them using the data from emitted and reflected signals). However, the classic astrometric techniques are now combing back into vogue due to the growing problem of space waste, which is partly made up of the remains of satellites engines without active transponders.

"Against this backdrop, we developed optical techniques to precisely observe and position GEO satellites using small and cheap telescopes, and which could be used in places that are not particularly dark, such as cities," says Francisco Javier Montojo, a member of the ROA and lead author of a study published in the journal Advances in Space Research.

The method can be used for directly detecting and monitoring passive objects, such as the space junk in the geostationary ring, where nearly all communications satellites are located. At low orbits (up to around 10,000 km) these remains can be tracked by radar, but above this level the optical technique is more suitable.

Montojo explains that the technique could be of use for satellite monitoring agencies "to back up and calibrate their measurements, to check their manoeuvres, and even to improve the positioning of satellites or prevent them from colliding into other objects."

"The probability of collisions or interferences occurring between objects is no longer considered unappreciable since the first collision between two satellites on 10 February 2009 between America's Iridium33 and the Russians' Cosmos 2251," the researcher points out.

Image software and 'double channel'

The team has created software that can precisely locate the centre of the traces or lines that stars leave in images (due to photograph time exposure). The main advantage of the programme is that it "globally reduces" the positions of the object to be followed with respect to the available stellar catalogues. To do this, it simultaneously uses all the stars and all the photographs taken by the telescope's CCD camera on one night. It does not matter if there are not sufficient reference stars in some shots, because they are all examined together as a whole.

Optical observation allows the object to be located at each moment. Using these data and another piece of (commercial) software, it is possible to determine the orbit of the GEO object, in other words to establish its position and speed, as well as to predict its future positions. The method was validated by tracking three Hispasat satellites (H1C, H1D and Spainsat) and checking the results against those of the Hispasat monitoring agency.

"As an additional original application, we have processed our optical observations along with the distances obtained using another technique known as 'double channel' (signals the travel simultaneously between two clocks or oscillators to adjust the time)," says Montojo. The Time Section of the ROA uses this methodology to remotely compare patterns and adjust the legal Spanish time to International Atomic Time.

Incorporating these other distance measurements leads to a "tremendous reduction" in uncertainty about the satellite's position, markedly improving the ability to determine its orbit.

Data from the ROA's veteran telescope in San Fernando (Cádiz) were used to carry out this study, but in 2010 the institution unveiled another, more modern one at the Montsec Astronomical Observatory in Lleida, co-managed by the Royal Academy of Sciences and Arts of Barcelona. This is the Fabra-ROA Telescope at Montsec (TFRM), which makes remote, robotic observations.

"The new telescope has features that are particularly well suited to detecting space junk, and we hope that in the near future it will play an active part in international programmes to produce catalogues of these kinds of orbital objects," the researcher concludes.

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The above story is based on materials provided by Plataforma SINC. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.

Journal Reference:

  1. F.J. Montojo, T. López Moratalla, C. Abad. Astrometric positioning and orbit determination of geostationary satellites. Advances in Space Research, 2011; 47 (6): 1043 DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2010.11.025

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Plataforma SINC. "Stars help researchers track space junk." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 29 May 2011. <>.
Plataforma SINC. (2011, May 29). Stars help researchers track space junk. ScienceDaily. Retrieved May 28, 2015 from
Plataforma SINC. "Stars help researchers track space junk." ScienceDaily. (accessed May 28, 2015).

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Science News
from research organizations

Lifestyle, age linked to diabetes-related protein

September 18, 2013
Brown University
A large, newly published study that includes more than 13,500 postmenopausal women has yielded the most definitive associations yet between certain lifestyle and demographic factors and levels of a promising early biomarker of type 2 diabetes risk.

Over the last decade researchers have amassed increasing evidence that relatively low levels of a protein called sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) can indicate an elevated risk of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome years in advance.

"By the time you are checking blood glucose it's too late, (because) you use that as a diagnostic criterion to define diabetes. ... This protein (can) predict your future risk six to 10 years down the line." Credit: Frank Mullin/Brown UniversityIn a collection of studies described in the new paper, published online Sept. 18 in the journal Clinical Chemistry, Dr. Simin Liu, professor of epidemiology and medicine at Brown, led an effort to measure SHBG levels in 13,547 women who take part of the national Women's Health Initiative. The team comprehensively investigated nongenetic factors associated with levels of the protein. The researchers found that age, use of estrogen replacement therapy, physical activity, and caffeinated coffee drinking were significantly higher with higher SHBG levels. On the other hand, a high body-mass index (BMI) correlated with low SHBG levels.

Liu's group had previously established that SHBG can predict type 2 diabetes risk and identified several mutations in the genetic coding for the protein that are also predictive.

"Even though there are genetic influences, this protein doesn't necessarily stay unchanged in each of us throughout our lives," Liu said. "This protein seems to capture the cumulative effect between the gene and our environment in reflecting a metabolic state of our body, particularly in the liver, ultimately affecting diabetes risk."

The researchers also made another important finding: SHBG's significant associations in women did not vary by ethnic group.

"This is the largest study conducted to date that shows that ethnic-specific differences concerning SHBG levels -- if any -- are not significant enough to warrant an ethnic specific reference for potential clinical application of this protein for diabetes risk stratification," said Dr. Atsushi Goto, first author and an endocrinologist at the Japanese Diabetes Research Center of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine in Tokyo.

That research outcome extends the results of a study that the team published last year in the journal. That study reported that SHBG predicted type 2 diabetes risk among black, Hispanic, and Asian or Pacific islander postmenopausal women. Previously it had only been shown in white men and women.

Informative indicators

There are several reasons why tracking demographic and lifestyle associations with SHBG levels is important, Liu said. For one, they give doctors who want to assess type 2 diabetes risk or metabolic syndrome a basic frame of reference on what levels of SHBG might exist in patients based on their lifestyle and demographics.

"How do you stratify risk for clinical and preventative interventions?" Liu said. "If you want to use this clinically, you have to establish a population reference, for instance in the sense of age or ethnicity."

The research may also help to strengthen possible strategies for intervention. Age cannot be affected, but physical activity, BMI, coffee intake, and estrogen therapy can all be adjusted. Knowing that these factors are linked to the biomarker suggests that experiments could be done to see whether changing those factors -- exercising more, for example -- could change levels of the protein over time in individuals, Liu said. That, in turn, could affect their ultimate diabetes risk.

In addition, the findings may also help explain the possible physiological connections between those factors and risk of type 2 diabetes. For example, drinking regular coffee and having a lower BMI have each independently been associated with a lower risk for the condition. The new research suggests that SHBG may have an intermediating role in those associations. The protein is produced in the liver, Liu said, and it may be that it is a bellwether of the body's metabolism.

Liu said the study supports the idea of adding SHBG, which is readily detectable in clinical blood work, to the standard of preventive care for patients at potential risk for type 2 diabetes.

"By the time you are checking blood glucose it's too late, [because] you use that as a diagnostic criterion to define diabetes," Liu said. "Our argument is that you can go to the doctor's office and check this protein that can predict your future risk six to 10 years down the line."

Story Source:

The above story is based on materials provided by Brown University. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.

Journal Reference:

  1. Atsushi Goto, Brian H. Chen, Yiqing Song, Jane Cauley, Steven R. Cummings, Ghada N. Farhat, Marc Gunter, Linda Van Horn, Barbara V. Howard, Rebecca Jackson, Jennifer Lee, Kathryn M. Rexrode, and Simin Liu. Age, Body Mass, Usage of Exogenous Estrogen, and Lifestyle Factors in Relation to Circulating Sex Hormone–Binding Globulin Concentrations in Postmenopausal Women. Clinical Chemistry, September 2013 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2013.207217

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Brown University. "Lifestyle, age linked to diabetes-related protein." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 18 September 2013. <>.
Brown University. (2013, September 18). Lifestyle, age linked to diabetes-related protein. ScienceDaily. Retrieved May 28, 2015 from
Brown University. "Lifestyle, age linked to diabetes-related protein." ScienceDaily. (accessed May 28, 2015).

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Bristol Fighter, 1916.

Image number: 10216072

Bristol Fighter, 1916.

Model (scale 1:10). The two-seater Bristol Fighter was capable of a speed of 115 mph at 10,000 feet and had a service ceiling of 20,000 feet. Designed by Frank Barnwell, It was a formidable aircraft used successfully in a combined reconnaissance-fighter role in World War I. Canadian ace Andrew McKeever shot down 31 enemy aircraft flying a Bristol Fighter.

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Science Museum/Science & Society Picture Library
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20 October 2003 12:11
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Recommended: Bird Sense

Books and recommendations from Scientific American

Courtesy of Catlin/Seaview Survey

Bird Sense: What It’s Like to Be a Bird
by Tim Birkhead. Walker & Company, 2012

Birds are more like humans than many realize: they are bipedal, they rely primarily on sight and hearing, and most are monogamous. Birkhead, a professor at the University of Sheffield in England, has spent his career studying bird behavior and fills his book with evocative stories and observations about numerous species, including flamingos, parrots and his beloved long-tailed sylph hummingbird. Each chapter is devoted to a particular sense or trait—“Touch,” “Hearing,” “Seeing”—with “Emotions” being one of the most nuanced. Birds perform increasingly elaborate greeting rituals the longer they have been away from their partner, he writes. Does that mean they experience feelings the same way humans do? Birkhead is reluctant to draw a conclusion, letting the observations speak for themselves.

The Green Paradox: A Supply-Side Approach to Global Warming
by Hans-Werner Sinn. MIT Press, 2012

This English translation of a European best seller lays out German economist Sinn’s controversial ideas about how to reduce carbon emissions. European and American politicians, he argues, are too focused on reducing fossil-fuel demand and not focused enough on curbing supply. As a solution, he proposes a “Super-Kyoto” scheme in which consumer countries would form a cap-and-trade system that would limit each government’s fossil-fuel purchases—similar to the way ration cards worked during World War II. In addition, the cartel would levy source taxes on producers’ capital income, encouraging them to leave more of their resources underground.

DNA USA: A Genetic Portrait of America
by Bryan Sykes. Liveright, 2012

University of Oxford geneticist Sykes sets off on a three-month journey across the U.S., accompanied for a time by his teenage son, who is about to go off to college, collecting spit from volunteers along the way. The result is a beautifully written travelogue and valuable genetics primer that paints an intriguing, anthropological history of the country. Some of Sykes’s (not always surprising) results suggest that racial intermixing appears least common in New England, that nearly all Americans whose ancestors arrived as slaves from Africa have European DNA, and that European genes began mixing with those of Native Americans some 10,000 years ago, hinting at a possible European origin for some Native Americans.

Floating Gold: A Natural (and Unnatural) History of Ambergris
by Christopher Kemp. University of Chicago Press, 2012

Kemp has hit on a fascinating yet almost entirely unknown subject: ambergris, a rare by-product of sperm whale digestion that is worth nearly as much as gold. Its value comes primarily from its scarcity: an estimated 1 percent of sperm whales produce it, and circumstances have to be just right for it to wash up on shore. Whereas ambergris is usually fatal to the whales that produce it (it can rupture their intestines, as described in one grim passage), it has been prized by perfume houses for its stabilizing effect and “animalic” scent and by collectors who use it as an aphrodisiac. Kemp’s perseverance in unraveling this story is admirable, although the book’s pacing is uneven.

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Daily Red Meat Raises Risk for Diabetes, Large Study Says

People who eat as little as one serving of red meat a day, whether it is processed or unprocessed, have an increased chance of getting type 2 diabetes

Sugary soda and other sweet treats are likely not the only foods to blame for the surge in diabetes across the U.S. New research out of Harvard University supports the theory that regular red meat consumption increases the risk of getting type 2 diabetes.

An average of just one 85-gram (three-ounce) serving of unprocessed red meat—such as a medium hamburger or a small pork chop—per day increased by 12 percent the chances a person would get type 2 diabetes over the course of a decade or two. And if the meat was processed—such as a hot dog or two slices of bacon—the risk increased to 32 percent, even though serving sizes were smaller.

The new study, published online August 10 in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, is not the first to find the link between red meat and diabetes risk. But it is the largest and one of the first to look separately at unprocessed and processed meats.

"On a gram-per-gram basis, unprocessed red meat is still better," says Frank Hu, a professor of nutrition and epidemiology at the Harvard School of Public Health and co-author of the new paper. "But unprocessed red meat is still associated with a significantly increased risk."

More than 8.5 percent of U.S. adults have been diagnosed with diabetes, and in some counties in the so-called "diabetes belt" in the South, the numbers exceed 11.2 percent. The rates are expected to keep climbing in the coming years.

Hu suggests that based on the analysis there is indeed a "disease burden that can be attributed to consumption of either processed or unprocessed red meat."

It's what's for dinner, for many
A U.S. adult consumes an average of more than 45 kilograms (100 pounds) of red meat a year. "There's no question that consumption of red meat is too high," Hu says, suggesting nuts, whole grains and low-fat dairy products as healthier alternatives. And diabetes is not the only reason to switch to lighter forms of protein. People who ate 113 grams (four ounces) of red meat a day are more likely to die from any cause over 10 years, according to a 2009 Archives of Internal Medicine study of half of a million people.

Of course, eating red meat for a week "is not going to give someone diabetes—we're talking about habitual consumption," Hu says. And for those uncertain about trading in a filet mignon for a fistful of almonds, the researchers behind the new paper also list poultry and fish as alternatives, although Hu cautions that other research also supports the move to a more plant-based diet.

"It really confirms what other studies have suggested," says Elizabeth Seaquist, director of the Center for Diabetes Research at the University of Minnesota, who was not involved in the new study. The new report analyzed health and dietary information from three large-scale cohort studies (the "Health Professionals Follow-Up Study," and the "Nurses' Health Study I and II"), which encompassed some 200,000 adults. It combined that data with previous studies for a meta-analysis that covered a total of 440,000 men and women who were followed for 10 years or more.

Seaquist puts great confidence in the findings based on the study's sample size, but notes that as an epidemiological study like this one should, it "raises more hypotheses than gives us answers."

The additional incriminating evidence for this category of food seems to swing the pendulum away from refined carbohydrates as the only culprits in advancing diabetes. And the new paper "will heighten awareness of the potential for different dietary components to contribute to diabetes," Charles Burant, director of the Metabolomics and Obesity Center at the University of Michigan Medical School, who also was not involved in the new paper.

For people who have been following the research, however, "the findings are not particularly surprising," Hu says. In fact, despite the big play that sugars and other highly processed carbohydrates have gotten, red meat is actually "one of the most well-established dietary risk factors," he notes.

Size matters
One of the tricky aspects of lifestyle studies like this one is that unhealthful behaviors often go together, making it tough to tease them apart to see if one is having a larger effect than others. And in the studies, those who reported eating the most red meat also tended to have other risk factors for diabetes, such has having a higher body mass index (BMI), smoking and not getting much physical activity. "People who eat a lot of meats tend to gain more weight," Hu says.

So the new findings might be more "a reflection of poor dietary intake by people who eat meat," Burant says. Seaquist explains more plainly that perhaps "people who eat red meat end up eating French fries with it."

Burant is not convinced that red meats—or any other food category in particular—are to blame for diabetes. "My own personal bias is that it's not just what you eat but how much you eat," he says. As obesity is the largest known risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes, "calories are probably the primary driver for the risk for diabetes," Burant says. As a clinician, he says, he tells his patients who might be at risk for diabetes: "I don't care what you eat—just eat less of it."

But, after Hu and his colleagues adjusted their analysis to account for weight gain, they still saw a modest association between red meat and type 2 diabetes. That might mean that there are other factors at work independent of extra pounds, the researchers posit.

One theory is that the type of iron prevalent in red meat, known as heme iron, unlike forms of iron found in plants and nutritional supplements, is readily absorbed by the body and can in fact lead to iron overload. Studies have shown that too much iron can lead to oxidative stress and higher levels of inflammation, both of which can be precursors to diabetes. Seaquist cautions that plenty of people still need to make sure they get enough iron, but adds that, "there is a strong link to iron overload in the body and risk for diabetes."

Another reason for an increase in diabetes risk could be the types of saturated fats in red meat as well as the additives (such as nitrates and sodium) in processed food. But as Hu acknowledges, "it's very challenging to pinpoint the exact components of food that are responsible."

Many researchers are waiting for more evidence. "I don't think we can tell" yet whether red meat can be separated from overall weight gain as a factor for diabetes risk, Seaquist says. But, she notes, the fact that the study was so large and there was still a correlation between red meat consumption and diabetes risk after adjusting for BMI "makes me a little more concerned that maybe there really is something specific about red meat" that pushes the body toward diabetes.

In addition to looking to better understand the mechanisms at work in the body, Hu says, he will be keeping a close eye on other countries where diets are changing.

"It's very important to locate the effects of meat consumption on chronic disease risk in countries that are undergoing nutritional transitions," Hu says. But as in the U.S., the panoply of food and lifestyle choices that people make are difficult to tease apart.

In the meantime, Seaquist says, the best nutritional tactic is akin to good investing: diversify. "We need to watch our total calories," she says. But we also "need to have a broad range of foods in our diet"—especially fruits and vegetables, she says.

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The Great Chemical Unknown: A Graphical View of Limited Lab Testing

Only a tiny fraction of the compounds around us have been tested for safety

Experts guesstimate that about 50,000 chemicals are used in U.S. consumer products and industrial processes. Why the uncertainty? The 1976 Toxic Substances Control Act does not require chemicals to be registered or proven safe before use. Because the Environmental Protection Agency must show, after the fact, that a substance is dangerous, it has managed to require testing of only about 300 substances that have been in circulation for decades. It has restricted applications of five.

The House Toxic Chemicals Safety Act of 2010 and the Senate Safe Chemicals Act of 2010 would require manufacturers to prove that existing and new chemicals meet specific safety criteria. Stricter scrutiny in Europe and Canada suggests that “10 to 30 percent of U.S. chemicals would need some additional level of control,” says Richard Denison, a molecular biochemist at the Environmental Defense Fund. That would be 5,000 to 15,000 chemicals, not five.

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The end of growth and liberal democracy: Occupy as a symptom of systems failure

submitted by: Karey

Public lecture at Manning Clark House, Canberra
Friday, April 6, 2012 - 5:30pm - 7:30pm

Limits to Growth and concepts of sustainable development

submitted by: Karey
Paper presented to Revival of Political Economy Conference, Coimbra, Portugal, 21st - 23rd October, 2010. Abstract: Evidence validating Club of Rome models showing Limits to Growth (Turner 2008; Donella H. Meadows et al. 2004; Simmons 2000; Jackson 2009) will be considered. It will be shown that Limits to Growth calls into question key assumptions regarding projected minimal economic costs of per capita Contraction & Convergence strategies for achieving global greenhouse emission...

Sustainability: Economics and Limits to Growth

submitted by: Karey
Dr Karey Harrison 2010 "Economics and Limits to Growth", Guest Lecture on behalf of Cec Pedersen, International Management course, USQ Conventional explanations for the 2007 Global Economic Crisis refer to the US housing bubble bursting and the consequent collapse of complex financial instruments. If these explanations were correct, then bailing out the banks and propping up economies with massive fiscal stimulus packages might work to produce economic recovery. In this paper, I suggest...