text:
Przewalski's horse

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  (Redirected from Przewalski's Horse)
Jump to: navigation, search
Przewalski's horse
Takhi Hustai.jpg
Przewalski's horse at Khustain Nuruu National Park
Conservation status
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Perissodactyla
Family: Equidae
Genus: Equus
Subgenus: E. (Equus)
Species: E. ferus
Subspecies: E. f. przewalskii
Trinomial name
Equus ferus przewalskii
(L. S. Poliakov, 1881)
Przewalski's Horse area.png
Przewalski's horse range

hagenbecki Matschie, 1903
prjevalskii Ewart, 1903
Max Hilzheimer (de), 1909

Przewalski's horse (pronounced /ʃɨˈvælski/ shə-VAL-skee or /zɨˈvɑːlski/ zə-VAHL-skee; Khalkha Mongolian: тахь, takhi; Ak Kaba Tuvan: [daɣə//daɢə] dagy; Polish: [pʂɛˈvalski]; Equus ferus przewalskii)[2] or Dzungarian horse, is a rare and endangered subspecies of wild horse (Equus ferus) native to the steppes of central Asia.[3] At one time extinct in the wild (in Mongolia, the last wild Przewalski's horses had been seen in 1966), it has been reintroduced to its native habitat in Mongolia at the Khustain Nuruu National Park, Takhin Tal Nature Reserve, and Khomiin Tal.[1] The taxonomic position is still debated, and some taxonomists treat Przewalski's horse as a species, Equus przewalskii.

Common names for this equine include Asian wild horse, Przewalski's wild horse, Mongolian wild horse, and takhi.[4] Historical but obsolete names include true tarpan[5] and Mongolian tarpan. The horse is named after the Russian geographer and explorer Nikolai Przhevalsky.

Most "wild" horses today, such as the American Mustang or the Australian Brumby, are actually feral horses descended from domesticated animals that escaped and adapted to life in the wild. In contrast, Przewalski's horse has never been domesticated and remains the only truly wild horse in the world today. Przewalski's horse is one of three known subspecies of Equus ferus, the others being the domesticated horse Equus ferus caballus, and the extinct tarpan Equus ferus ferus. There are still a number of other wild equines, including three species of zebra and various subspecies of the African wild ass, onager (including the Mongolian wild ass), and kiang.

Many believe that the Przewalski horse is the closest relative to the domestic horse, although there have been many debates on whether the Przewalski horse has a direct linkage to the domesticated horse. Studies of the DNA diversity within the Przewalski horses have been done to see how successful their reintroduction into the wild may be. Studies have shown through multidimensional scaling analyses that tight grouping occurs within most horse breeds, close grouping between related breeds, and far less grouping between mixed breeds. The Przewalski horse and the domesticated horse showed a close relationship through pairwise genetic distance and multidimensional scaling analyses showing that the Przewalski horse is very closely related to the domesticated horse.

The Przewalski's horse was described in 1881 by L. S. Poliakov. The taxonomic position of Przewalski's horse has always been problematic and no consensus exists whether it is a full species (Equus przewalskii), a subspecies of the wild horse (Equus ferus przewalskii), or even a sub-population of the horse (Equus ferus).[6][7][8] Studies using DNA have been inconclusive, in part due to crossing domestic horses into the Przewalski's horse as well as the limited genetic variation present in the founder population of the Przewalski's horse. A 2009 molecular study using ancient DNA recovered from archaeological finds like bones and teeth places the Przewalski's horse in the middle of the domesticated horses,[8] but 2011 mitochondrial DNA analysis suggests that the Przewalski and the modern domestic horse diverged some 160,000 years ago.[9] An analysis based on whole genome sequencing and calibration with DNA from old horse bones gave a divergence date of 38–72 thousand years ago.[10] The karyotype of the domestic horse differs from that of Przewalski’s horse by an extra chromosome pair either because of the ﬁssion of domestic horse chromosome 5 in Przewalski’s horse or fusion of Przewalski’s horse chromosomes 23 and 24 in the domestic horse. In comparison, the chromosomal differences between domestic horses and zebras include numerous translocations, fusions, and inversions. Przewalski’s horse is known to have the highest diploid chromosome number among all equine species. Przewalski’s horse can interbreed with the domestic horse and produce fertile offspring (65 chromosomes).[6]

Every Przewalski horse presently living is descended from 9 of the 13 horses captured in 1945.[11] Two of these were hybrids, one sired from a wild horse stallion and domestic mare and the other from a wild stallion and a tarpan mare. These 13 horses were descended in turn from approximately 15 captured around 1900. A cooperative venture between the Zoological Society of London and Mongolian scientists has resulted in successful reintroduction of these horses from zoos into their natural habitat in Mongolia; and as of 2011 there is an estimated free-ranging population of over 300 in the wild.[12] From a population of 13 horses held in captivity in 1945, the total number by the early 1990s was over 1,500.[13]

Przewalski females are able to give birth at the age of three and have a gestation period of about 11 to 12 months. Their reproduction process is seasonal and in Mongolia the season is towards the end of either May, June, or July. Mating stallions do not start looking for mating partners until the age of five. Instinctively, the stallion will look to create his own group of mares or else wander until he finds a group with its own leader. If the stallion finds a group of mares with its own leader, the stallion will usually fight the other leader stallion of the group. The mares will adjust and follow the victor. After birth, the foal can stand almost immediately (only taking about an hour or so) and can walk on its own. The foals drink milk from the mother mare.

Przewalski's horse is stockily built in comparison to domesticated horses, with shorter legs. Typical height is about 12–14 hands (48–56 inches, 122–142 cm), length is about 2.1 m (6 ft 11 in). They weigh around 300 kilograms (660 lb). The coat is generally dun in color with pangaré features, varying from dark brown around the mane (which stands erect) to pale brown on the flanks and yellowish-white on the belly and around the muzzle. The legs of Przewalski's horse are often faintly striped, also typical of primitive markings.[14] The tail is about 90 cm (35.43 in) long, with a longer dock and shorter hair than seen in domesticated horses.

The hooves of the Przewalski's horse are longer in the back and have significantly thicker sole horn than feral horses. This is beneficial as it improves the performance of the hooves.

The Przewalski's horse has 66 chromosomes, compared to 64 in all other horse species.[15]

Przewalski's horses.
Main article: Horse behavior

In the wild, Przewalski's horses live in small, permanent family groups consisting of one adult stallion, one to three mares, and their common offspring. Offspring stay in the family group until they are no longer dependent, usually at two or three years old. Bachelor stallions, and sometimes old stallions, join bachelor groups. Family groups can join together to form a herd that moves together.

The patterns of their daily lives exhibit horse behavior similar to that of feral horse herds. Stallions herd, drive and defend all members of their family, while the mare often displays leadership in the family. Stallions and mares stay with their preferred partner for years. While behavioral synchronization is high among mares, stallions other than the main harem stallion are generally less stable in this respect.

Horses maintain visual contact with their family and herd at all times and have a host of ways to communicate with one another, including vocalizations, scent marking, and a wide range of visual and tactile signals. Each kick, groom, tilt of the ear, or other contact with another horse is a means of communicating. This constant communication leads to complex social behaviors among Przewalski's horses.[16]

The Przewalski horse's diet consists mostly of vegetation. There are many plant species in a typical Przewalski horse environment including: Elymus repens, Carex spp., Fabaceae and Asteraceae.[17] While the horses eat a variety of different plant species, they tend to favor one species during a specific time of the year. In other words, the Przewalski horses have seasonal food preferences. In the springtime, Przewalski horses favor Elymus repens, Corynephorus canescens, Festuca valesiaca and Chenopodium albuy. In early summer they favor Dactylis glomerata and Trifolium and in late summer, they gravitate towards Elymus repens and Vicia cracca.[17] In winter, for example, the horses eat Salix spp., Pyrus communis, Malus sylvatica, Pinus sylvestis, Rosa spp., and Alnus spp. Additionally, Przewalski horses may dig for Festuca spp., Bromus inermis and Elymus repens that grow beneath the ice and snow. The Przewalski horse’s winter diet is very similar to the diet of domestic horses.[17][18] Studies have suggested that in the wintertime, Przewalski horses experience hypodermis. Hypodermis is a condition in which one’s metabolic rate slows down. This means that in the winter time, Przewalski horse’s process their food more slowly than they do during other times of the year.[19] Looking at the species diet overall, however, Przewalski horses most often eat Elymus repens, Trifolium pretense, Vicia cracca, Poa trivialis, Dactylis glomerata and Bromus inermis.[17]

Water, along with grassy vegetation, is another major component of the Przewalski horse's diet. A study, conducted by K.M. Scheibe and a team of scientists, documented the water consumption of 12 female Przewalski horses that were living in a semireserve over a course of 17 months.[20] Their results show that, on average, a Przewalski horse drinks between 2.4 and 8.3 liters of water a day, which is less than the amount of water a domestic horse drinks daily.[20] In fact, the Przewalski horse that consumed the most water in the study drank on average 8.6 liters of water a day. This almost equals the lowest amount of water consumption for a domestic horse which is 8.4 liters a day.[20]

In the 15th century, Johann Schiltberger recorded one of the first European sightings of the horses in the journal of his trip to Mongolia as a prisoner of the Mongol Khan.[21] The horse is named after the Russian colonel Nikolai Przhevalsky (1839–1888) (the name is of Polish origin and "Przewalski" is the Polish spelling). He was the explorer and naturalist who first described the horse in 1881, after having gone on an expedition to find it, based on rumors of its existence. Many of these horses were captured around 1900 by Carl Hagenbeck and placed in zoos. As noted above, about twelve to fifteen reproduced and formed today's population.

Head shot, showing convex profile.

The native population declined in the 20th century due to a combination of factors, with the wild population in Mongolia dying out in the 1960s. The last herd was sighted in 1967 and the last individual horse in 1969. Expeditions after this failed to locate any horses, and the species had been designated "extinct in the wild" for over 30 years.

After 1945 only two captive populations in zoos remained, in Munich and in Prague. The most valuable group, in Askania Nova, Ukraine, was shot by German soldiers during World War II occupation, and the group in the United States had died out. Competition with livestock, hunting, capture of foals for zoological collections, military activities, and harsh winters recorded in 1945, 1948 and 1956 are considered to be the main causes of the decline in the Przewalski's horse population. By the end of the 1950s, only 12 individual Przewalski's horses were left in the world.[22]

Przewalski's horses.

In 1977, the Foundation for the Preservation and Protection of the Przewalski horse was founded in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, by Jan and Inge Bouman. The Foundation started a program of exchange between captive populations in zoos throughout the world to reduce inbreeding, and later began a breeding program of its own. As a result of such efforts, the extant herd has retained a far greater genetic diversity than its genetic bottleneck made likely.[22]

Since 1986, Chinese researchers have bred Prezewalski's horses in captivity, with the program seeing over twenty years of success.

In 1992, sixteen horses were released into the wild in Mongolia, followed by additional animals later on. One of the areas to which they were reintroduced became Khustain Nuruu National Park in 1998. Another reintroduction site is Great Gobi B Strictly Protected Area, located at the fringes of the Gobi desert. Lastly, in 2004 and 2005, 22 horses were released by the Association Takh to a third reintroduction site in the buffer zone of the Khar Us Nuur National Park, in the northern edge of the Gobi ecoregion. In the winter of 2009-2010, one of the worst "dzud" or snowy winter conditions ever hit Mongolia. The population of the Prezewalski's horse in the Great Gobi B SPA was drastically affected, providing clear evidence of the risks associated with reintroducing small and sequestered species in unpredictable and unfamiliar environments.

Since 2011, Prague Zoo has transported twelve horses to Mongolia in three rounds, in cooperation with partners (Czech Air Force, European Breeding Programme for Przewalski´s Horses, Association pour de cheval du Przewalski : Takh, Czech Development Agency, Czech Embassy in Mongolia and others) and it plans to continue to return horses to the wild in future. In the framework of the project Return of the Wild Horses it sustains its activities by supporting local inhabitants. The Zoo has the longest uninterrupted history of breeding of Przewalski's horses in the world and keeps the studbook of this species.

The reintroduced horses successfully reproduced, and the status of the animal was changed from "extinct in the wild" to "endangered" in 2005.[13] On the IUCN Red List, they were reclassified from "extinct in the wild" to "critically endangered" after a reassessment in 2008[23] and from "critically endangered" to "endangered" after a 2011 reassessment.[12]

Conservation efforts[edit]

Close-up image.

While dozens of zoos worldwide have Przewalski's horses in small numbers, there are also specialized reserves dedicated primarily to the species. The world's largest captive breeding program for Przewalski's horses is at the Askania Nova preserve in Ukraine. Several dozen Przewalski's horses were also released in the area evacuated after the Chernobyl accident, which now serves as a deserted de facto nature reserve.[24] In Chernobyl, the population reproduced at a high rate, reaching up to 200 individuals until poachers decreased their number to just 60 in recent years. As of 2011, it was estimated that only 30–40 individuals remained. An intensely researched population of free-ranging animals was also introduced to the Hortobágy National Park puszta in Hungary; data on social structure, behavior and diseases gathered from these animals is used to improve the Mongolian conservation effort.

Several American zoos also collaborated in breeding Equus ferus przewalskii from 1979 to 1982.[25] Recent advances in equine reproductive science in the United States also have potential to further preserve and expand the gene pool. In October 2007, scientists at the Smithsonian Institution's National Zoo successfully reversed a vasectomy on a Przewalski's horse — the first operation of its kind on this species and possibly the first ever on any endangered species. While normally a vasectomy may be performed on an endangered animal under limited circumstances, particularly if an individual has already produced many offspring and its genes are overrepresented in the population, scientists realized the animal in question was one of the most genetically valuable Przewalski's horses in the North American breeding program.[26] The first birth by artificial insemination occurred on July 27, 2013 at the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute.[27][28]

Le Villaret, located in the Cevennes National Park in southern France and run by the Association Takh, is a breeding site for Przewalski's horses that was created to allow the free expression of natural Przewalski's horse behaviors. Eleven zoo-born horses were brought to Le Villaret in 1993. Horses born there are adapted to life in the wild: they are free to choose their own mates and must forage on their own. Such a unique breeding site was necessary to produce the individuals that were reintroduced to Mongolia in 2004 and 2005. In 2012 there were 39 individuals at Le Villaret.[29]

The Przewalski's Horse Reintroduction Project of China was initiated in 1985 when 11 wild horses were imported from overseas. After more than two decades of effort, the Xinjiang Wild Horse Breeding Centre has bred a large number of the horses, of which 55 were released into the Kalamely Mountain area. The animals quickly adapted to their new environment. In 1988, six foals were born and survived, and by 2001 there were over 100 horses at the centre. As of 2013, the center hosted 127 horses divided into 13 breeding herds and three bachelor herds.

Reintroductions organized by western European countries started in 1990s. These were later stopped, mostly for financial reasons. Prague Zoo started a new cycle of transporting horses to the wild, which, with the support of public and many strategic partners, continues today.

See also[edit]

  1. ^ a b Boyd, L. & King, S. R. B. (2011). "Equus ferus ssp. przewalskii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved June 24, 2012.
  2. ^ "The Takhi". International Takhi-Group. Archived from the original on 12 Sep 2012. Retrieved October 25, 2010.
  3. ^ Grubb, P. (2005). "Order Perissodactyla". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 630-631. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  4. ^ National Wildlife Federation
  5. ^ Ridgeway, William (1908). "Environment and race". The Geographical Journal (Royal Geographical Society.) 32 (4): 405–412. doi:10.2307/1776930. JSTOR 1776930. , page 407
  6. ^ a b Lau, Allison; Lei Peng; Hiroki Goto; Leona Chemnick; Oliver A. Ryder; Kateryna D. Makova (2009). "Horse Domestication and Conservation Genetics of Przewalski’s Horse Inferred from Sex Chromosomal and Autosomal Sequences". Mol. Biol. Evol. 26 (1): 199–208. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn239. PMID 18931383.
  7. ^ Kavar, Tatjana; Peter Dovč (2008). "Domestication of the horse: Genetic relationships between domestic and wild horses". Livestock Science 116: 1–14. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2008.03.002.
  8. ^ a b Cai, Dawei; Zhuowei Tang, Lu Han, Camilla F. Speller, Dongya Y. Yang, Xiaolin Ma, Jian’en Cao, Hong Zhu, Hui Zhou (2009). "Ancient DNA provides new insights into the origin of the Chinese domestic horse". Journal of Archaeological Science 3 (3): 835–842. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2008.11.006.
  9. ^ O A Ryder, A R Fisher, B Schultz, S Kosakovsky Pond, A Nekrutenko, K D Makova. "A massively parallel sequencing approach uncovers ancient origins and high genetic variability of endangered Przewalski's horses". Genome Biology and Evolution. 2011
  10. ^ Orlando, L.; Ginolhac, A. L.; Zhang, G.; Froese, D.; Albrechtsen, A.; Stiller, M.; Schubert, M.; Cappellini, E.; Petersen, B.; Moltke, I.; Johnson, P. L. F.; Fumagalli, M.; Vilstrup, J. T.; Raghavan, M.; Korneliussen, T.; Malaspinas, A. S.; Vogt, J.; Szklarczyk, D.; Kelstrup, C. D.; Vinther, J.; Dolocan, A.; Stenderup, J.; Velazquez, A. M. V.; Cahill, J.; Rasmussen, M.; Wang, X.; Min, J.; Zazula, G. D.; Seguin-Orlando, A.; Mortensen, C. (2013). "Recalibrating Equus evolution using the genome sequence of an early Middle Pleistocene horse". Nature 499 (7456): 74–78. doi:10.1038/nature12323. PMID 23803765.  edit
  11. ^ Boyd, Lee (1994). Przewalski's Horse. p. 1.
  12. ^ a b "Another leap towards the Barometer of Life". International Union for the Conservation of Nature. November 10, 2011. Archived from the original on November 15, 2011.
  13. ^ a b "An extraordinary return from the brink of extinction for worlds last wild horse". ZSL Living Conservation. December 19, 2005. Archived from the original on February 12, 2012.
  14. ^ National Zoo information on Przewalski's horse
  15. ^ Gaddy, L. L. (2005). Biodiversity: Przewalski's Horse, Edna's Trillium, the Giant Squid, and Over 1.5 Million Other Species. p. 6.
  16. ^ Feh, C., 2005. Relationships and communication in socially natural horse herds. In: The Domestic Horse: the Evolution, Development and Management of its Behaviour. Ed. by Daniel Mills & Sue McDonnell, Cambridge University Press.
  17. ^ a b c d diet of the Przewalski's horse Equus Przewalskii in the chernobyl exclusion zone Kateryna Slivinska and Grzegorz Kopij, pages 841-847, July 2011
  18. ^ Web of Knowledge [v5.12] - Please Sign In to Access Web of Knowledge[dead link]
  19. ^ Notice - Web of Knowledge [v5.11][dead link]
  20. ^ a b c Notice - Web of Knowledge [v5.11][dead link]
  21. ^ Breeds of Livestock - Przewalski Horse
  22. ^ a b O. A. Ryder et al, ibid
  23. ^ IUCN Red List - Equus ferus
  24. ^ Mulvey, Stephen (April 20, 2006). "Wildlife defies Chernobyl radiation". BBC News. Retrieved October 3, 2007.
  25. ^ Rydera, Oliver A.; Wedemeyera, Elizabeth A. (April 1982). "Cooperative breeding programme for the Mongolian wild horse Equus przewalskii in the United States". Biological Conservation 22 (4). Science Direct. pp. 259–271. Retrieved February 24, 2010.
  26. ^ Zongker, Brett (June 17, 2008). "Rare horse gets reverse vasectomy". / NBC News. Associated Press.
  27. ^ "Przewalski’s Horse Foal Born via Artificial Insemination". August 2, 2013.
  28. ^ Shenk, Emily (August 5, 2013). "First Przewalski's Horse Born Via Artificial Insemination". National Geographic. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  29. ^ Przewalski's Horse - the last wild horse,

Further reading[edit]

  • Heptner, V. G. ; Nasimovich, A. A. ; Bannikov, A. G. ; Hoffman, R. S. (1988) Mammals of the Soviet Union, Volume I, Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation

External links[edit]


Content-Type: application/http; msgtype=response

WARC-Type: response

text:
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  (Redirected from Purba)
Jump to: navigation, search

Taunk (Tank, Taank, Taunque) is an Indian community distributed in the districts of Jodhpur, Udaipur and Tonk,[1] Kutch, Gujarat and Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh.[citation needed]

British historian William Crooke noted in 1890 that the "Tank Rajputs of Mainpuri say they are Yaduvansis and claim kinship with the Yadava princes of Jesalmer and Kuraol".[2] E. A. H. Blunt noted in 1931 that the Mair and Tank claims to Kshatriya status had never been "satisfactorily proved", but allowed that some Sonar sub-castes "may well be of Kshatriya descent", taking as evidence the high social status of goldsmiths.[3] An 1886 work by Iskandar ibn Muḥammad Manjū and Sir Henry Yule states, however, that legendarily the Taunk were Khatri, but their progenitor was expelled from the clan for drinking alcohol and given the label Tánkí meaning an "outcast".[4]

In Gujarat[edit]

Tanks are found in Kutch in Kutch Kshatriya caste in large numbers,[5] where they seem to have migrated from Rajasthan. The "Tank" surname is also found among Yadavs and Kadia caste[6] and also in Kadia Kshatriya of Saurashtra region of Gujarat, especially in Halar region.

In Punjab and Haryana[edit]

The "Tank", "Taunque", "Tonk" or "Taunk" surname is also commonly found among Sainis in areas of submontane Punjab and Haryana. According to one narrative, they are Shoorsainis and predominantly of Yaduvanshi Rajput descent who relocated to Punjab from Mathura, the capital of ancient Surasena Kingdom, as part of Rajput troop movements to thwart Muslim invasions in Punjab.[7]

According to another narrative, they are a composite group of Rajput clans, with Tak or Taank being one of them, whose forefathers fought Shahabuddin Muhammad Ghauri and other Muslim Sultans and, on the defeat of the Rajputs, had to turn to agriculture in order to escape conversion and to preserve the honour of their women. According to the latter view, this composite group of Rajput clans, which was cut adrift from the larger Rajput group, came to be called 'Saini' in Punjab, where it maintained its military Rajput character despite taking up of agriculture.[8]

  1. ^ People of India: Rajasthan, edited by K. S. Singh
  2. ^ William Crooke. An ethnographical hand-book for the N.-W. provinces and Oudh. North-Western provinces and Oudh government press, 1890. pp177
  3. ^ Blunt, Edward Arthur Henry (1931). The caste system of northern India: with special reference to the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. London: Oxford University Press. p. 211.
  4. ^ The history of India as told by its own historians: the local Muhammadan dynasties : Gujarát by Iskandar ibn Muḥammad Manjū, ʻAlī Muḥammad Khān, Sir Henry Yule. W.H. Allen and Co. 1886. p. 67.
  5. ^ "Chawra -Surname" - Total population of Shree Kutch Gurjar Kshatriya Samaj, worldwide, is approximately 51,000, and it has 23 surnames, out of which five surnames (Chawda, Rathod, Parmar, Tank and Chauhan) cover 77% of the total population.
  6. ^ Gujarat, Part 1 By Kumar Suresh Singh, Anthropological Survey of India.
  7. ^ "The Sainis trace their origin to a Rajput clan who came from their original home near Muttra [sic] on the Jumna, south of Delhi, in defence of Hindus against the first Muhammadan invasions.", The land of the five rivers; an economic history of the Punjab from the earliest times to the year of grace 1890, pp.100, Hugh Kennedy Trevaskis, [London] Oxford University press, 1928.
  8. ^ "In the Punjab in the sub- mountainous region the community came to be known as 'jatt/jaat'. It maintained its Rajput character despite migration.", Castes and Tribes of Rajasthan, pp.108, Sukhvir Singh Gahlot, Banshi Dhar, Jain Brothers, 1989.
  • History of Taunks [1]

warcinfo:
robots: classic
hostname: ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal
software: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0
isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2015-22
operator: CommonCrawl Admin
description: Wide crawl of the web for May 2015
publisher: CommonCrawl
format: WARC File Format 1.0
conformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf


text:
Reserves-to-production ratio

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

The Reserves-to-production ratio (RPR or R/P) is the remaining amount of a non-renewable resource, expressed in time. While applicable to all natural resources, the RPR is most commonly applied to fossil fuels, particularly petroleum and natural gas. The reserve portion (numerator) of the ratio is the amount of a resource known to exist in an area and to be economically recoverable (proved reserves). The production portion (denominator) of the ratio is the amount of resource used in one year at the current rate.[1]

RPR = (amount of known resource) / (amount used per year)

This ratio is used by companies and government agencies in forecasting the future availability of a resource to determine project life, future income, employment, etc., and to determine whether more exploration must be undertaken to ensure continued supply of the resource. Annual production of a resource can usually be calculated to quite an accurate number. However, reserve quantities can only be estimated to varying degrees of accuracy, depending on the availability of information and on the methods used to evaluate them.[1]

A simplistic interpretation of the ratio has led to many false predictions of immanent "running out of oil" since the early years of the oil industry in the 1800s. This has been especially true in the United States, where the ratio of proved reserves-to-production has been between 8 years and 17 years since 1920. Many have mistakenly interpreted the result as the number of years before the oil supply is exhausted. Such analyses do not take into account future reserve growth.[2]

Significance and interpretation[edit]

Decline curve generated by Decline curve analysis software, used to project future oil and gas production: red line is the gas decline curve; lower Blue line is the oil decline curve.
Ratio of world proved oil reserves to production, 1980-2011 (US EIA)
Ratio of world proved gas reserves to production, 1980-2011

The reserves-to-production ratio is the most widely quoted of the key indicators used in the oil and gas industry. It has a certain strategic significance for companies, which try to keep the value reasonably constant at approximately 10 years. A ratio which falls too low indicates a company in poor health. For a country or region, a value which falls too low can be a warning of impending scarcity. Globally, the RPR for petroleum varies from 8 years in the North Sea to 80 years in the Middle East.[3] The former is typical of a region undergoing a steep production decline, the latter a region which will be continuing to produce oil well into the future.

The reserves-to-production ratio can be misleading to the average person, particularly since it is expressed in years. The fact that a region has a RPR of 40 years does not mean that it will continue to produce the resource for 40 years, at which point it will suddenly run out, and then production will decline to zero. More commonly, a resource will show an increase in production until it reaches a peak, and then production will plateau and enter a declining phase. In theoretical terms, this is more accurately described by the Hubbert curve, a bell-shaped curve which is the mathematical derivative of the logistics function.

The magnitude of the RPR is inversely related to the annual rate of production, which may depend on geological features. For example, a highly fractured oil reserve with water drive may have a RPR as low as 6 years. By contrast, a low permeability oil reserve may have a RPR as high as 50 or 100 years. Government policies may deliberately slow production, thereby increasing the RPR in the interests of prolonging reserve life, whereas a company may inject water and/or gases into a reservoir to increase production, thereby decreasing the RPR—the increased production comes at the expense of decreased reserve life. The RPR depends signiﬁcantly on the stage of resource development. Typically, there is a high initial RPR during the early phases of development, then the RPR sharply declines toward the maximum level of production. Following to the production decline, the magnitude of the P/R ratio can either continue to decline, remain stable for some period of time, or increase, especially when a production slump occurs.[4]

New discoveries, changes in technology, or changes in economic conditions, can significantly alter the ratio in a short period of time, while misevaluation by involved parties can produce inaccurate and/or misleading results. Optimism or pessimism can influence reserve estimates. Further, reserves are resources that are economically recoverable under existing conditions. Reserves may change as a result of political change, or by manipulation.[5] Consumption of many resources is not constant, but typically increases [6] as the population grows and becomes more prosperous. Non-constant values for both the numerator and denominator of the ratio implies it may either overestimate or underestimate the remaining life of the resource.

Fossil fuel reserve-to-production ratios[edit]

Ratio of United States proved oil reserves to annual production
Ratio of proved reserves to production for dry natural gas in the United States (US Energy Information Administration data).

Reserve-to-production ratios may be calculated for individual countries or globally for specific resources. Oil, coal, and gas are the three most important fuels for powering the modern world. These resources are not uniformly distributed over the earth, so some countries have larger reserves than others. Due to the uncertainty of the reserves numbers, estimates of RPR vary widely. The oil and coal production (annual usage) values[7] in the following table are converted from quads.

Fuel Unit of measure Reserves Annual Usage (2005) RPR (years)
Oil trillions of barrels 1.2-2 0.03 40-80
Coal[8] billions of tons 998 6 164
Natural gas[8] quads 6370 108 59

See also[edit]

  1. ^ a b "Reserves to Production Ratio". Investopedia. 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-25.
  2. ^ Deffeyes, Kenneth S. (2001). Hubbert's Peak: The Impending World Oil Shortage. Princeton University press. pp. 1–13.
  3. ^ Babusiaux, Denis (2008). Oil and gas exploration and production: reserves, costs, contracts. Editions Ophrys. p. 112. ISBN 2-7108-0893-5.
  4. ^ Feygin, M.; Satkin, R. (2004). "The Oil Reserves-to-Production Ratio and Its Proper Interpretation". Natural Resources Research (Springer Netherlands) (Volume 13, Number 1 / March 2004): 57–60. Retrieved 2009-05-25.
  5. ^ "Proven oil reserves". Retrieved 2008-11-08.
  6. ^ Roberts, Paul (2004). The End of Oil. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 245. ISBN 0-618-23977-4.
  7. ^ Energy Information Administration (2006-07-31). "World Consumption of Primary Energy by Energy Type and Selected Country" (EXCEL SPREADSHEET). International Energy Annual 2004. Retrieved 2007-05-12.
  8. ^ a b "International Energy Outlook 2008". Retrieved 2008-11-08.


text:
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee
Seal of the United States Supreme Court.svg
Argued March 24, 1987
Decided June 25, 1987
Full case name San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee
Citations 483 U.S. 522 (more)
Prior history Summary judgment for respondent granted, 219 U.S.P.Q. 982 (N.D. Cal., 1982); affirmed 781 F.2d 733 (9th Cir. 1986), rehearing denied 789 F.2d 1319; certiorari granted, 479 U.S. 913 (1986).
USOC's right to control the use of the word "Olympic" is not subject to First Amendment defenses nor Lanham Act defenses
Court membership
Case opinions
Majority Powell, joined by Rehnquist, Stevens, Scalia
Concur/dissent O'Connor, joined by Blackmun
Dissent Brennan, joined by Marshall
Laws applied
U.S. Const. amend. I

San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee, 483 U.S. 522 (1987), is a decision of the Supreme Court of the United States interpreting the trademark rights of the United States Olympic Committee (USOC) to regulate the use of the word "Olympic" under the Amateur Sports Act of 1978. San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. (SFAA) attempted to organize a sporting events it called the Gay Olympic Games, and the USOC sought to enjoin the games under that name. SFAA claimed that the First Amendment overrode the rights that the Act gave the USOC to control the word Olympic.

The Supreme Court rejected SFAA's First Amendment claim and the SFAA renamed its event the Gay Games.

Historically, the both the Olympic movement as well as the United States' participation evolved without government participation, with the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) coordinating the United States teams. However, the AAU was criticized for its actions. Accordingly, the United States Congress chartered a United States Olympic Committee and gave it exclusive rights to coordinate United States participation in international competitions. In addition, the Amateur Sports Act provided:

(a) Exclusive Right of Corporation.— Except as provided in subsection (d) of this section, the corporation has the exclusive right to use— ... (4) the words “Olympic”, “Olympiad”, “Citius Altius Fortius”, “Paralympic”, “Paralympiad”, “Pan-American”, “America Espirito Sport Fraternite”, or any combination of those words.[1]

SFAA is a non-profit organization that sought to organize the "Gay Olympic Games" patterned after the Olympic Games. There were numerous other organizations that used "Olympics" in their name, including the Junior Olympics, Special Olympics, Eskimo Olympics, Police Olympics, and the Olympics of the Mind.[2] SFAA used "Gay Olympics" on its letterheads and mailings, in local newspapers, and on various merchandise sold to cover the costs of the planned Games.[3] The USOC asked SFAA to stop using the word "Olympics" to name its games, and SFAA refused.[4]

Proceedings below[edit]

In August 1982, the USOC sued SFAA in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California to enjoin the SFAA's use of the word "Olympic". The District Court granted a temporary restraining order and then a preliminary injunction against SFAA shortly before the scheduled date of the first "Gay Olympics". The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed the District Court. After further proceedings, the District Court granted the USOC summary judgment and a permanent injunction as well as ordered SFAA to pay the USOC's attorneys fees.[4]

The Ninth Circuit affirmed the judgment of the District Court, but reversed the attorneys fee award, in a January 1986 ruling.[5][6] It found that the Act granted the USOC exclusive use of the word "Olympic" without requiring the USOC to prove that the unauthorized use was confusing and without regard to the defenses available to an entity sued for a trademark violation under the Lanham Act. It did not reach the SFAA's contention that the USOC enforced its rights in a discriminatory manner (which it termed a "difficult issue")[6] because the court found that the USOC is not a state actor bound by the constraints of the Constitution. The court also found that the USOC's "property righ[t] [in the word 'Olympic' and its associated symbols and slogans] can be protected without violating the First Amendment."[7]

In April 1986, the Ninth Circuit denied the SFAA's petition for rehearing en banc. Three judges strongly dissented with that decision, finding that the panel's interpretation of the Act raised serious First Amendment issues.[6][8][9] The SFAA appealed the case to the U.S. Supreme Court in August 1986.[6]

The arguments[edit]

The Supreme Court granted certiorari;[10] it was the first explicitly homosexual rights case to be heard before the Court since 1967 in the pre-Stonewall era (although the Bowers v. Hardwick sodomy laws case had been heard the year before).[6] The SFAA was represented before the court by openly gay San Francisco attorney Mary Dunlap.[6] It was also represented by the American Civil Liberties Union.[2] The USOC was represented by well-known Washington trial lawyer Edward Bennett Williams.[6]

During the March 24, 1987, oral arguments, the SFAA said it was denied use of the word "Olympic" due to its being a gay organization, and that the USOC as an agent of the U.S. government could not do so.[11] Dunlap felt that she was likely to lose the case going in, a pessimism that increased when her planned line of argument was derailed by questioning from the bench.[6]

The decision[edit]

The opinion of the Court was delivered by Justice Lewis F. Powell, joined by Justices William Rehnquist, John Paul Stevens and Antonin Scalia. Justices Harry Blackmun and Sandra Day O'Connor joined in Parts I, II, and III of the opinion. Justice O'Connor joined by Justice Blackmun filed an opinion concurring and dissenting in part. Justice William J. Brennan filed a dissenting opinion joined by Justice Thurgood Marshall.

In the 7–2 parts, the Court rejected arguments that the USOC's Congressionally-authorized legal rights over use of the word "Olympic" constituted a First Amendment violation.[12] The Court additionally rejected the notion that the SFAA possessed a constitutional right to use the word "Olympics" as a verbal vehicle for portraying their view about the state of gays in America.[12]

In the 5–4 portion, the Court denied that the USOC had violated SFAA's right to equal protection under the laws via a discriminatory ban, vis à vis there having been many other groups staging games of various kinds under the moniker "Olympic".[12]

As a defense, SFAA had claimed that an injunction was unwarranted because there was no likelihood of confusion between the Gay Olympics and the real Olympic Games. In response, the opinion found, the "legislative history demonstrates that Congress intended to provide the USOC with exclusive control of the use of the word 'Olympic' without regard to whether an unauthorized use of the word tends to cause confusion."[13] In general, the opinion found that the defenses that are normally available in Lanham Act cases do not apply to the trademarks protected by the Amateur Sports Act.[13] The majority argued that the USOC and the Olympic movement had devoted considerable effort over time to build up the reputation of the Olympics that SFAA was trying to use.[11][14] In rejecting SFAA's First Amendment claim because prohibiting the use of the "Olympics" did not prevent SFAA from conveying its message, the Court noted that SFAA was able to conduct its game under a different name.[15]

The dissent[edit]

Justice O'Connor joined by Justice Blackmun filed an opinion concurring and dissenting in part. They had joined the first three parts of the majority opinion but dissented from Part IV that dealt with SFAA's claim that the injunction violated the Fifth Amendment because the USOC allowed other events to use the word "Olympics" but refused SFAA because the athletes were gay. The majority found that the government did not control how the USOC enforced its trademark rights and that the Fifth Amendment did not apply.[16] However, O'Connor and Blackmun agreed with Brennan on the equal protection claim based on the Fifth Amendment.[17]

Justice Brennan filed a dissenting opinion joined by Justice Marshall. The dissent argues that "The USOC performs a distinctive, traditional governmental function: it represents this Nation to the world community."[18] The dissent also argued that the government forced the USOC to boycott the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow was further evidence of the USOC being a state actor.[19]

The dissent also finds the trademark provision of the Act overly broad.[2] "The statute is overbroad on its face, because it is susceptible of application to a substantial amount of noncommercial speech, and vests the USOC with unguided discretion to approve and disapprove others' noncommercial use of 'Olympic'."[20] The dissent views the injunction as violating SFAA's First Amendment rights. The dissent noted, "Here, the SFAA intended, by use of the word 'Olympic', to promote a realistic image of homosexual men and women that would help them move into the mainstream of their communities." Preventing the SFAA from calling its games the "Gay Olympics" prevents the SFAA from expressing this idea.[21] The dissent also argued that the Act regulated speech in a manner that was not content neutral. The Act allows the USOC to endorse particular non-commercial messages while prohibiting others.[22] Accordingly, the dissent would have found for SFAA.

U.S. Olympic Committee headquarters in Colorado Springs, Colorado.

A lawyer representing the SFAA rued the ruling, noting that "Olympics" had been applied to contests involving rats and cockroaches and saying, "I guess the moral is that if you're gay, in the next life you'd better be born a rat if you want to use the word 'Olympic'."[2]

Based upon the earlier injunction, the SFAA had renamed its project, redoing its posters, literature, and T-shirts,[2] and conducted the first Gay Games in San Francisco from August 28 to September 2, 1982. It drew 1,300 people from 12 countries.[11] Gay Games II had taken place in August 1986, and indeed among the 3,500 athletes participating in it was SFAA attorney Dunlap, a goalkeeper.[6] Former U.S. Olympian Tom Waddell, who was the founder of the Gay Games, died of AIDS complications on July 11, 1987, a few months after the Supreme Court decision.[23]

The Gay Games retains many similarities with the Olympics, including the Gay Games flame which is lit at the opening ceremony.[24] The USOC issued "Guidelines for Using Olympic Symbols, Marks, and Terminology".[25] Although the Gay Games have been conducted in many countries since 1982, they have not tried to use the word "Olympics" in those other countries. This is consistent with the existence of special trademark laws in countries other than the United States that also give special protection to the Olympic movement.[26]

In the years since the lawsuit, the Olympics and the Gay Games have set aside their initial hostilities and worked cooperatively together, successfully lobbying to have HIV travel restrictions waived for the 1994 Gay Games in New York and the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta.

A 2009 documentary film called Claiming the Title: Gay Olympics on Trial was created in the United States and was previewed at several film festivals.[27][28] The subject was also included in a 2005 film by David Sector, called Take the Flame! Gay Games: Grace Grit & Glory.[29]

See also[edit]

Further reading[edit]

  1. ^ 36 U.S.C. § 220506(a)(4).
  2. ^ a b c d e Ricardo Pimentel (June 26, 1987). "Court: No more 'olympic' in Gay Games". The Modesto Bee. p. A3.
  3. ^ 483 U.S. 525.
  4. ^ a b 483 U.S. 527
  5. ^ Int. Olympic Com. v. San Francisco Arts & Athletics, 781 F.2d 733 (9th Cir. 1986)
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Joyce Murdoch; Deb Price (2001). Courting Justice: Gay Men and Lesbians v. the Supreme Court. New York: Basic Books. pp. 366–370. ISBN 0-465-01514-X.
  7. ^ 781 F.2d 737
  8. ^ 789 F.2d 1319, 1326 (1986)
  9. ^ 483 U.S. 527-28
  10. ^ 479 U.S. 913 (1986)
  11. ^ a b c Glen Elsasser (June 26, 1987). "Court Backs Limit On Commercial Use Of `Olympic`". Chicago Tribune.
  12. ^ a b c Stuart Taylor, Jr. (June 26, 1987). "Justices Uphold U.S. Panel's Ban Against Gay Olympics Title". The New York Times.
  13. ^ a b 483 U.S. 530.
  14. ^ 483 U.S. 534.
  15. ^ 483 U.S. 536.
  16. ^ 483 U.S. 544.
  17. ^ 483 U.S. 548.
  18. ^ 483 U.S. 550.
  19. ^ 483 U.S. 552.
  20. ^ 483 U.S. 561.
  21. ^ 483 U.S. 569.
  22. ^ 483 U.S. 570.
  23. ^ Christopher Heredia; Dave Ford (September 6, 2002). "Gearing up for Gay Games / Athletes practice with pride to prepare for Sydney competition". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved June 8, 2011.
  24. ^ Andrew Bowen (July 31, 2010). "Cologne gears up to play and party as host to Gay Games". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved July 13, 2011.
  25. ^ "Olympic Symbols, Marks and Terminology Guidelines". United States Olympic Committee. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  26. ^ For example, in Australia, Olympic Insignia Protection Act 1987 amended by the Olympic Insignia Protection Amendment Act 1994.
  27. ^ "Claiming the Title: Gay Olympics on Trial". Aquarius Media. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  28. ^ Claiming the Title at the Internet Movie Database
  29. ^ Take the Flame! Gay Games: Grace Grit & Glory at the Internet Movie Database

External links[edit]


text:
Semyon Varlamov

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This name uses Eastern Slavic naming customs; the patronymic is Aleksandrovich and the family name is Varlamov.
Semyon Varlamov
Semyon Varlamov - Colorado Avalanche.jpg
Varlamov in 2014.
Born (1988-04-27) April 27, 1988 (age 27)
Kuybyshev, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
Height 6 ft 2 in (188 cm)
Weight 209 lb (95 kg; 14 st 13 lb)
Position Goaltender
Catches Left
NHL team
Former teams
Colorado Avalanche
Lokomotiv Yaroslavl
Washington Capitals
National team  Russia
NHL Draft 23rd overall, 2006
Washington Capitals
Playing career 2006–present

Semyon Aleksandrovich Varlamov (Russian: Семён Александрович Варламов, Russian pronunciation: [sʲɪˈmʲɵn vɐrˈlaməf]; born April 27, 1988) is a Russian professional ice hockey goaltender currently playing for the Colorado Avalanche of the National Hockey League (NHL). He first played professionally with Lokomotiv Yaroslavl of the then Russian Superleague (RSL) after he was drafted in the first round, 23rd overall, by the Washington Capitals in the 2006 NHL Entry Draft.

Playing career[edit]

Early career[edit]

Varlamov grew up in Kuybyshev, developing his skills under the VVS hockey program. Before learning to skate properly, he started playing in net at the age of eight, preferring the goalie stick to the inferior bandy sticks that mite-level players were using at the time.[1] The young goalie moved to Yaroslavl in his early teens and quickly established himself as the club’s dominant goalie. During the 2004–05 season, Varlamov made his debut on Lokomotiv’s junior farm club, Lokomotiv-2, playing as backup to Ivan Kasutin in the 1st League (Russia 3). During the summer of 2005, Kasutin was loaned to Penza, effectively making Varlamov the starting goalie for the 2005–06 season. In 2008, he helped lead Lokomotiv Yaroslavl to the Russian Super League finals.[2]

Washington Capitals[edit]

Varlamov at Capitals convention in 2009.

After having been drafted by the Washington Capitals 23rd overall in the 2006 NHL Entry Draft, Varlamov was signed by the Capitals to a three-year, entry-level contract on July 11, 2007. He came to North America for the 2008–09 season and played, for the most part, with the Capitals' minor league affiliate, the Hershey Bears of the American Hockey League (AHL). Varlamov was called up, however, on several occasions during the season and played his first NHL game on December 13, 2008, against the Montreal Canadiens. Making 32 saves, he won his debut 2–1 and was named the first star of the game. His home debut in Washington came five days later on December 18 against the St. Louis Blues, where he made 29 saves on 31 shots and was named the second star of the game in a 4–2 Capitals win. After regular Capitals backup Brent Johnson was sidelined with a hip injury in February 2009, Varlamov assumed the backup position behind José Théodore.[2][3] He went 4–0–1 with a 2.37 goals against average (GAA) and .918 save percentage in six games with the Capitals, while also going 19–7–1 in 27 games with the Bears in the AHL.

Varlamov during the 2009 Stanley Cup playoffs.

During the first round of the 2009 playoffs against the New York Rangers, Varlamov replaced José Théodore after he allowed four goals to lose Game 1.[4] He subsequently made his NHL playoff debut on April 18, 2009, losing the second game of the series 1–0. He went on to win Game 3 4–0 on April 20, recording his first career NHL shutout. On April 24, Game 5 of the series, Varlamov achieved his second shutout by the same score, 4–0. He won the next two games 5–3 and 2–1, respectively, to help the Washington Capitals advance to the second round of the playoffs for the first time since 1998. In Game 1 of the second round against the Pittsburgh Penguins, Varlamov made a spectacular save on Sidney Crosby that NHL pundits dubbed "the save of the playoffs."[5] In Game 7 of that series, after allowing four early goals, he was pulled in favor of deposed starter José Théodore in which the Capitals were ultimately eliminated 6–2 by the eventual Stanley Cup champions.

Varlamov wearing #1 at the 2011 NHL Winter Classic.

The next season, Théodore began the season as the starter, with Varlamov able to challenge for the spot. After a hot start, just as it seemed he would supplant Theodore, Varlamov was injured. Varlamov was sent down to the Hershey Bears of the AHL by the Capitals on December 29, 2009, to begin his rehabilitation starts. Varlamov was later recalled from the Bears on March 1, 2010. Théodore remained the starter, but just as it was the year before, Varlamov eventually made most of the playoff starts. Théodore was not retained after the season, seemingly making Varlamov the official starter. However, he eventually lost out to rookie Michal Neuvirth, and Neuvirth was instead Théodore's successor.

On July 9, 2010, it was announced that Varlamov changed his jersey number from the recognizable number 40 to number 1.

Colorado Avalanche[edit]

On July 1, 2011, Varlamov was traded to the Colorado Avalanche for a first-round draft pick in the 2012 NHL Entry Draft and a second-round pick in either 2012 or 2013.[6] As a restricted free agent at the time of his trade, he was then signed to a three-year, $8.5 million contract with the Avalanche the following day, marking his projection as the Avalanche's starting goaltender.[7]

The start of the 2011–12 season proved successful for Varlamov and the Avs, but a disastrous November put the club back to the bottom of the Northwest Division. Varlamov was often benched in favor of veteran backup Jean-Sébastien Giguère, originally brought in by the Avalanche to mentor the young Russian. With Giguère's exemplary effort in net, the Avs climbed back within the race for bottom playoff spots in the Western Conference. On February 15, 2012, Giguère pulled his groin in the first period against the Vancouver Canucks. Varlamov replaced Giguère in a losing effort. Since then, he has reaffirmed his position as starter and kept his club in playoff contention.

April 5, 2012, the 81st game of the season, in a must-win situation for the Avs' playoff hopes, Varlamov made his career high eighth consecutive start and let up four goals in a 5–2 loss against the last placed Columbus Blue Jackets at Pepsi Center. Two of the goals goals came from Columbus captain Rick Nash, the other two from rookie Cam Atkinson, who notched his first career hat-trick with an empty-net goal after Varlamov was pulled in favor of an extra skater at the end of the game. The loss ended Colorado's playoff bid. This game finished his season with a .913 save percentage and a 2.59 GAA with a 26–24–3 record. Despite his well known contempt for the post-overtime tiebreaker, Varlamov went undefeated in the shootout in the 2011–12 season, winning all eight of his contests and allowing only two goals in 24 attempts.

With the 2012–13 NHL lockout cancelling the start of the NHL season, Varlamov signed a lockout contract to return to his Russian club, Lokomotiv Yaroslavl, on September 27, 2012.[8] Used as one of three main goaltenders on the Lokomotiv roster, Varlamov impressed early in his debut Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) season.[9] Despite suffering a knee injury, Varlamov played in 16 games and led the KHL in GAA and save percentage before the conclusion of the NHL lockout called for his return to the Avalanche on January 6, 2013.[10][11]

Varlamov struggled during the lockout shortened 2012–13 season, only posting 11 wins in 35 game played and ended the season with a career-worst 3.02 GAA and .903 save percentage[12] as the Avalanche missed the playoffs again and finished last in the Western Conference.[13]

On January 30, 2014, Varlamov signed a five-year contract extension with the Avalanche worth $29.5 million.[14]

Personal life[edit]

On October 30, 2013, Varlamov surrendered to Denver police and was arrested on domestic violence charges on his girlfriend,[15] including second degree kidnapping and third degree assault.[16][17][18][19]

On November 22, 2013, Varlamov was charged with misdemeanour assault of his girlfriend.[20] The misdemeanor charge against Varlamov was dropped by a Denver judge on December 20, 2013, after prosecutors said they could not prove the case beyond a reasonable doubt.[21]

Name pronunciation[edit]

When Varlamov first started playing for the Capitals, his name was most often pronounced VAR-la-mov. However, Varlamov has since corrected journalists and the Capitals television team, who mentioned it often during Game 4 of the 2009 Eastern Conference Quarter-finals. The correct pronunciation is var-LA-mov, similar to the syllable emphasis of the last names of fellow Russian netminders Evgeni Nabokov and Ilya Bryzgalov.

On August 5, 2009, Varlamov registered a change of spelling of his first name with the NHL, "for the upcoming season and foreseeable future," from the incorrect "Simeon" to "Semyon."[22] In the Russian alphabet, Varlamov's first name is spelled "Семён." The Russian letter (ё), equates to the sound (yo) in English. Other transliterated variations in use include Semen (as it is written in the NHL 09 video game), Semyen, Simyan, Simyon, etc.

In response to attempts by Varlamov and other Russian players to correct the spellings of their names, the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) came out with a standardized code in 2011 for transliterating names from the Cyrillic to the Latin script.[23]

International play[edit]

Medal record
Competitor for Russia Russia
Ice hockey
World Championships
Gold medal – first place 2012 Helsinki
Silver medal – second place 2010 Germany
World Junior Championships
Silver medal – second place 2007 Sweden
Silver medal – second place 2006 Canada

Varlamov was a backup for Russia during the 2005 IIHF World U18 Championships, where they finished fifth. He then earned the backup position over Lokomotiv-2 teammate Ivan Kasutin for Russia at the 2006 World Junior Championships as a 17-year-old. Backing up Anton Khudobin, Varlamov did not see much ice time, skating only in a game against Latvia, allowing one goal in a 3–1 round robin win. He earned a silver medal with Russia as they were defeated 5–0 in the final by Canada.

Later that year, Varlamov established himself as the starting netminder for Russia's under-18 squad at the 2006 IIHF World U18 Championships and finished in fifth place. He began the 2007 Super Series as Russia's starter at the under-20 level, but was later pulled in the series in favour of Sergei Bobrovsky. He regained the starting position at the 2007 World Junior Championships and recorded a 1.51 GAA (second among tournament goalies to Carey Price of Canada) along with two shutouts. Russia was, however, defeated by Canada for the second consecutive year in the gold medal game to earn another silver medal.

Varlamov was selected to represent the senior Russian squad for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. He was the youngest player on the team by two years, serving as the third-string goaltender on the team, behind starter Evgeni Nabokov and backup Ilya Bryzgalov. Russia's tournament, however, ended as they lost to Canada 7–3 in the quarter-finals. Varlamov did not see any action in the Olympic tournament.

That same year, 2010, Varlamov represented Russia at the 2010 IIHF World Championship in Germany, where he took the starting goaltender's spot. Varlamov helped the Russians to the World Championships Final, where the team faced the Czech Republic, though Russia lost 2–1, earning the silver medal. In 2012, Varlamov was the starting goaltender for Russia at the 2012 IIHF World Championship. Varlamov played extremely well in Russia's net and was an important piece in the team that reached the World Championships Final, where they faced Slovakia. Russia won the Final 6–2 and won the tournament, receiving the gold medal.

At the 2013 IIHF World Championships, held in Finland and Sweden, Varlamov was Russia's second choice goaltender behind the Philadelphia Flyers' Ilya Bryzgalov, although both would play similar minutes throughout the tournament. Bryzgalov was named the starter against United States in the quarter-finals, where the U.S. crushed Russia 8–3 and ended their tournament, despite the inclusion of a star-studded roster that included Ilya Kovalchuk and Alexander Ovechkin, among others.

At the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Varlamov started most of Russia's games, posting a 2–1 record with one shutout. Russia, however, ultimately fell in the quarter-finals to Finland, 3–1, thwarting their attempt at claiming gold on home soil in the Olympics.

Career statistics[edit]

Regular season and playoffs[edit]

Regular season Playoffs
2006–07 Lokomotiv Yaroslavl RSL 33 1936 70 3 2.17 6 368 18 0 2.94
2007–08 Lokomotiv Yaroslavl RSL 44 2592 106 3 2.45 16 924 25 5 1.62
2008–09 Hershey Bears AHL 27 19 7 1 1551 62 2 2.40 .916
2008–09 Washington Capitals NHL 6 4 0 1 329 13 0 2.37 .918 13 7 6 758 32 2 2.53 .918
2009–10 Washington Capitals NHL 26 15 4 6 1527 65 2 2.55 .909 6 3 3 349 14 0 2.41 .908
2009–10 Hershey Bears AHL 3 3 0 0 185 6 0 1.95 .933
2010–11 Washington Capitals NHL 27 11 9 5 1560 58 2 2.23 .924
2010–11 Hershey Bears AHL 3 2 1 0 179 10 0 3.36 .855
2011–12 Colorado Avalanche NHL 53 26 24 3 3151 136 4 2.59 .913
2012–13 Lokomotiv Yaroslavl KHL 16 8 4 3 928 27 3 1.74 .946
2012–13 Colorado Avalanche NHL 35 11 21 3 1950 98 3 3.02 .903
2013–14 Colorado Avalanche NHL 63 41 14 6 3640 146 2 2.41 .927 7 3 4 432 20 0 2.78 .913
2014–15 Colorado Avalanche NHL 57 28 20 8 3307 141 5 2.56 .921
NHL totals 267 136 92 32 15,464 657 18 2.55 .918 26 13 13 1540 66 2 2.57 .915

  1. ^ "Is Ovechkin Playing Through an Injury?". Capitals Insider. April 30, 2009. Retrieved May 5, 2009.
  2. ^ a b "Varlamov good to go". The Washington Times. Retrieved April 20, 2009.
  3. ^ "Brent Johnson: Rehab, rehab and movies". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 20, 2009.
  4. ^ "Benching in game two surprises Theodore". Washington Times. April 20, 2009. Retrieved April 20, 2009.
  5. ^ "Second-period report: Varlamov makes save of the playoffs". ESPN. May 4, 2009. Retrieved May 4, 2009.
  6. ^ "Caps trade Semyon Varlamov to Avs". ESPN. July 2, 2011. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
  7. ^ "Trade to Avalanche a perfect scenario for Varlamov". Fox Sports. July 7, 2011. Retrieved January 14, 2012.
  8. ^ "Varlamov returns to Lokomotiv!" (in Russian). Lokomotiv Yaroslavl. September 27, 2012. Retrieved September 27, 2012.
  9. ^ "Varlamov- The best goaltender of the week in the KHL" (in Russian). Lokomotiv Yaroslavl. January 2, 2013. Retrieved January 2, 2013.
  10. ^ "Semyon Varlamov suffers knee injury". Denver Post. December 2, 2012. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
  11. ^ "Thanks guys!" (in Russian). Lokomotiv Yaroslavl. January 6, 2013. Retrieved January 7, 2013.
  12. ^ Semyon Varlamov Colorado Avalanche - 2013-2014 Stats - Colorado Avalanche - Team
  13. ^ 2013-2014 Conference Standings Standings - - Standings
  14. ^ "Avalanche signs Varlamov to five-year extension". January 30, 2014. Retrieved January 30, 2014.
  15. ^ VIDEO: Eugenia Vavrinyuk- NHL Goalie Semyon Varlamov's Girlfriend (Pics, bio, Wiki)
  16. ^ Parker, Ryan; Groke, Nick (October 30, 2013). "Semyon Varlamov, Avalanche goalie, arrested on domestic violence charges". The Denver Post. Retrieved October 30, 2013.
  17. ^ Semyon Varlamov arrested in Denver on domestic violence charges -
  18. ^ Semyon Varlamov of Colorado Avalanche arrested in domestic abuse case - ESPN
  19. ^ Avalanche goalie Semyon Varlamov surrenders to Denver Police on domestic violence charge - 7NEWS Denver
  20. ^ Canadian Press (November 22, 2013). "Avalanche goaltender Varlamov charged with assault". TSN. Archived from the original on November 25, 2013. Retrieved November 22, 2013.
  21. ^ "Semyon Varlamov, Avalanche goalie, sees charges against him dropped". The Denver Post. December 20, 2013. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
  22. ^ "Capitals rookie goalie Varlamov making a name for himself". TSN. May 1, 2009. Archived from the original on May 4, 2009. Retrieved May 4, 2009.
  23. ^ "New rules for Russian names". International Ice Hockey Federation. April 5, 2011. Retrieved April 5, 2011. [dead link]

External links[edit]

Preceded by
Nicklas Bäckström
Washington Capitals first round draft pick
Succeeded by
Karl Alzner


text:
Sooty & Co.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  (Redirected from Sooty & Co)
Jump to: navigation, search
Sooty & Co.

Sooty and Co. opening theme (1995-1998).
Created by Matthew Corbett
Starring Matthew Corbett
Brenda Longman
Country of origin United Kingdom
Original language(s) English
No. of series 6
No. of episodes 85
Running time 20 minutes
Production company(s) Granada Television and Cosgrove Hall Films (Opening sequence only)
Original channel ITV Network (CITV)
Original release 6 September 1993 (1993-09-06) – 14 December 1998 (1998-12-14)
Preceded by The Sooty Show (1955–1992)
Followed by Sooty Heights (1999–2000)

Sooty & Co. is a British children's television series that was produced for six series by Granada Television, that aired on ITV from 6 September 1993 to 14 December 1998. The series centres on Matthew Corbett, and puppets Sooty, Sweep, Soo and Little Cousin Scampi, as they try to run a junk shop in Manchester.

Matthew Corbett runs a shop in Manchester, with puppets Sooty (a yellow bear that can perform magic), Sweep (a squeaking dog), Soo (a female panda), and Little Cousin Scampi (another, if smaller, bear). Sooty and the gang are often getting up to mischief, and it is usually Soo and Matthew that are the more sensible ones.

A regular visitor at Sooty & Co. is Mo (from the market) (played by Brenda Longman, the voice of Soo), and most episodes involve Matthew getting into a mess due to the puppets, whether it is having water poured over him or having cream cakes thrown at his face. Some episodes finish with a song, usually performed by Matthew and the group. Most episodes conclude with the sooty gang and Matthew waving "Bye Bye, Everybody, bye bye".

Full episodes of Sooty & Co. are also available to watch on the Classic Sooty Show YouTube Channel.

  • Matthew Corbett - presenter.
  • Connie Creighton - guest presenter
  • Sooty - a mute yellow bear who is the protagonist of the show. He owns a magic wand whose power is invoked using the words "Izzy wizzy, let's get busy".
  • Sweep - a dim-witted grey dog with a penchant for bones and sausages.
  • Soo - a calm and collected female panda who acts as the foil for both Sooty and Sweep. Usually wears a red skirt. Voiced by Brenda Longman.
  • Little Cousin Scampi - he is very cheeky and a serial troublemaker. He wears a navy blue school uniform and, like his Big Cousin Sooty, is mute.
  • Maureen "Mo" Clinton - a regular customer with a blonde perm. Always introduces herself with "Hello, it's only me, Mo from t'market." Played by Brenda Longman (the voice of Soo).
  • Dwayne Pipe - Mo's nephew. A stereotypical geek who is balding and wears thick glasses.

The show was initially shot on the same studio set as Coronation Street, with a few of the sets were visible whenever Matthew and the gang would go outside. A notable episode featured Les and Toyah Battersby appearing on the Season 6 Episode 'Estate Agents' and they were very rude to Matthew. For later series' scenes for the shop frontage were filmed on Whittaker Lane, Prestwich.

A particular controversial episode of the show was "Soo's Babies", where Soo pretended to be pregnant. It received complaints from viewers, made it into the newspapers, and made E4's Top 20 Most 'Controversial TV Programmes' at number 20. On E4's show, Brenda Longman (who plays 'Mo' and voices 'Soo' in the show), said the idea came about because Matthew tended to write for his daughter. Matthew stated that he recalled his daughter wandering into his room with a pillow up her jumper, saying she was going to have a baby. He also said how it was a sort of educational piece.

In the same episode Soo says she feels she has got the whole of the Manchester football team inside her, a joke also seen as unsuitable for children by some. In the show's defence, Longman stated how the show was also watched by parents, and that there were jokes in it for parents. Uri Geller said the story was played in a 'nice' and 'humorous' way.

UK VHS & DVD Releases[edit]

DVD Title Release Date Episodes
Sooty & Co - Sooty's Magic Box Of Tricks: Part 1 2007 Pulling The Wool, Tidy Box, Delgrub, The Stain Remover
VHS Title Release Date Episodes
Sooty & Co - Moving In/Bubble Trouble (VC1332) 7 March 1994 Moving In, Bubble Trouble
Sooty & Co - Scrap Idea/Buddy Jolly (VC1333) 7 March 1994 Scrap Idea, Buddy Jolly
Sooty & Co - Canal Capers/Staff Training (VC1336) 11 July 1994 Canal Capers, Staff Training
Sooty & Co - Sooty's Magic Solutions/New Friends (VC1337) 11 July 1994 Sooty's Magic Solutions, New Friends
Sooty & Co - Splashing Out/Soo to the Rescue (VC1338) 3 October 1994 Splashing Out, Soo to the Rescue
Sooty & Co - World Of Fun/Clocks Galore (VC1339) 3 October 1994 World Of Fun, Clocks Galore
Sooty & Co - Camping Out and Other Stories (VC1383) 1 May 1995 A Magical Voice, Bun Fight, Camping Out
Sooty - Speedy Sweep and Other Stories (VC1419) 2 September 1996 Speedy Sweep, Sweep's Little Accident, Breakdown
Sooty - Sooty's Elastic Tricks and Other Stories (VC1414) 2 September 1996 Soo's Spring Cleaning, Sooty's Elastic Tricks, Home Alone Sweep
My Bumper Sooty - Little Shop Of Mischief (VC1441) 12 May 1997 Soo's Babies, Fun Park, Shop-Keeping, Sweep's Family, Dog Trouble
Sooty & Co - An Izzy Wizzy Christmas 9 November 1998 Sooty's Christmas Panto, The Gift, World Of Fun, Bun Fight
Sooty & Co - Animal Magic 28 February 2000 Pony and Trap, Kennels, Chaffinch
Sooty & Co - Sooty's Magic Box Of Tricks 21 August 2000 Splashing Out, Sooty's Magic Solutions, The Stain Remover, Talent Night, Twins, Moose Loose in the House, Now You See Him, Pulling The Wool, Tidy Box, Delgrub

Other Sooty-based shows[edit]

Below is a list of other Sooty-based shows, before and after Sooty & Co.

Title original run
The Sooty Show 1952–1992
Sooty & Co. 1993–1998
Sooty Heights 1999–2000
Sooty (TV series) 2001–2004
Sooty 2011–present

External links[edit]


text:
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  (Redirected from Stonechat)
Jump to: navigation, search
Saxicola rubicola-Portugal -male-8.jpg
Male European stonechat Saxicola rubicola
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Muscicapidae
Genus: Saxicola
Bechstein, 1802

See text.

Common stonechat - Female, Punjab, India

Saxicola (Latin: saxum, rock + incola, dwelling in), the stonechats or chats, is a genus of 15 species of small passerine birds restricted to the Old World. They are insectivores occurring in open scrubland and grassland with scattered small shrubs.

The following species are currently accepted in Saxicola:[1]

Species status possible,[2] but not yet verified:

  • Ethiopian stonechat Saxicola (torquatus) albofasciatus

Formerly included in Saxicola, but now treated in a separate genus:[1][3]

  • Buff-streaked chat Campicoloides bifasciatus (syn. Oenanthe bifasciata, Saxicola bifasciatus)

The genus was formerly included in the thrush family Turdidae, but as with several other related genera, has now been shown to be correctly classified in the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae, in which it is most closely related to the genera Oenanthe (wheatears) and Campicoloides.[3][4]

Genetic and behavioural evidence has also resulted in several new species being accepted in the genus in recent years, most notably the splitting of the former broad "species" common stonechat Saxicola torquatus into five species, a change now widely though not yet universally accepted. With addition of mtDNA cytochrome b sequence and nDNA fingerprinting data, it was confirmed that not only the Fuerteventura and Réunion stonechats are distinct species, but that in addition, the African, Madagascan, European, Siberian and Stejneger's stonechats are also all separate species.[2][5][6][7] Due to confusion of subspecies allocation, the name S. torquatus was briefly used for the European species, with the African stonechat being incorrectly listed as S. axillaris.[5]

Owing to misunderstandings of Latin grammar, several species have in the past been widely but incorrectly cited with feminine name endings ("S. torquata, S. maura, S. leucura, S. ferrea", etc.).[8]

Fossil record[edit]

Saxicola lambrechti (Late Miocenee of Polgardi, Hungary) [9]

Saxicola baranensis (Plioceme of Beremend, Hungary) [10]

Saxicola parva (Plioceme of Csarnota, Hungary) [11]

Saxicola magna (Plioceme of Beremend, Hungary) [12]

  1. ^ a b IOC World Bird List Family Muscicapidae
  2. ^ a b Urquhart, E., & Bowley, A. (2002). Stonechats. A Guide to the Genus Saxicola. Christopher Helm, London. ISBN 0-7136-6024-4.
  3. ^ a b Hoyo, J. del, et al., eds. (2005). Handbook of the Birds of the World, vol. 10. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. p. 786. ISBN 84-87334-72-5.
  4. ^ Sangster, G., Alström, P., Forsmark, E., & Olsson, U. (2010). Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis of Old World chats and flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly at family, subfamily and genus level (Aves: Muscicapidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 57: 380–392 Full text
  5. ^ a b Wink, M.; Sauer-Gürth, H., & Gwinner, E. (2002). Evolutionary relationships of stonechats and related species inferred from mitochondrial-DNA sequences and genomic fingerprinting. British Birds 95: 349-355. PDF fulltext
  6. ^ Woog, F., Wink, M., Rastegar-Pouyani, E., Gonzalez, J., & Helm, B. (2008). Distinct taxonomic position of the Madagascar stonechat (Saxicola torquatus sibilla) revealed by nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial DNA. J. Ornithol. 149: 423–430. Full text
  7. ^ Zink, R.M., Pavlova, A., Drovetski, S. V., Wink, M., & Rohwer, S. (2009). Taxonomic status and evolutionary history of the Saxicola torquata complex. Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution 52: 769-773. Abstract.
  8. ^ David, N. & Gosselin, M. (2002). The grammatical gender of avian genera. Bull. Brit. Orn. Club 122: 257-282.
  9. ^ Kessler, E. 2013. Neogene songbirds (Aves, Passeriformes) from Hungary. – Hantkeniana, Budapest, 2013, 8: 37-149.
  10. ^ Kessler, E. 2013. Neogene songbirds (Aves, Passeriformes) from Hungary. – Hantkeniana, Budapest, 2013, 8: 37-149.
  11. ^ Kessler, E. 2013. Neogene songbirds (Aves, Passeriformes) from Hungary. – Hantkeniana, Budapest, 2013, 8: 37-149.
  12. ^ Kessler, E. 2013. Neogene songbirds (Aves, Passeriformes) from Hungary. – Hantkeniana, Budapest, 2013, 8: 37-149.


text:
Talk:64079 (number)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
WikiProject Numbers
This article is within the scope of WikiProject Numbers, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of Numbers on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join the discussion and see a list of open tasks.

What does this mean?[edit]

The article says, "64079 is the smallest extra strong Lucas pseudoprime to base 2"

Is this true?

First, 64079 is not a pseudoprime to base 2.

Second, by what algorithm is 64079 an extra strong Lucas pseudoprime, or even a Lucas pseudoprime?

If this claim cannot be justified, it should be deleted. — Preceding unsigned comment added by MathPerson (talkcontribs) 15:42, 24 March 2013 (UTC)


text:
The Sneeze (blog)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Sneeze
The Sneeze logo
Web address
Type of site
Owner Steven Molaro
Current status Active (last updated April 7, 2011)

The Sneeze is a blog written by Steven Molaro,[1][2] identified on the site only as "Steve" of Los Angeles, California.[3] In 2005 the site was listed among the "top 101 websites" by PC Magazine,[4] and won a Blogger's Choice Award.[2] The site gained attention for its "Steve, Don't Eat It!" section, a series of episodes in which Steve consumes various odd or unpleasant foods, including potted meat, cuitlacoche, nattō, and human breast milk.

The Sneeze's tagline is "Half zine. Half blog. Half not good with fractions." The first post was on June 28, 2003. Steve is married and has two sons, aged three and seven as of May 2007.[3] Blog posts often feature humorous or surreal conversations with the younger of the two boys. Steve has also blogged about the perennial growth of a bizarre "tree brain", or sulfur shelf fungus, on a tree outside his house.

Steve has interviewed Adam Savage of MythBusters, animator and director Savage Steve Holland, and actor and comedian Don Novello, best known for his Saturday Night Live character Father Guido Sarducci. He is friends with the band Cloud Cult and Brian Rosenworcel of Guster, as well as Natalie Dee and Drew of Toothpaste for Dinner, and the writers of Retrocrush and In November 2003, Steve was interviewed by Derek and Romaine of SIRIUS OutQ radio.[5]

On May 5, 2008, Steve announced a hiatus of The Sneeze for personal reasons. On July 14, 2008, however, Steve declared the return of The Sneeze. On May 4, 2009, Steve started using Twitter for The Sneeze updates and has blogged infrequently since.

As of 2013 Steve works as a writer and executive producer on the television show The Big Bang Theory.[1]

  1. ^ a b Goldberg, Lesley (10 Jan 2013). "How 'The Big Bang Theory' Scored Record Ratings After 6 Years". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2013-05-07.
  2. ^ a b Warner Bros. Television. "Steven Molaro Biography". Retrieved 2013-05-07.
  3. ^ a b "My Interview with Steve from The Sneeze". In the Air. May 1, 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-26.
  4. ^ Anderson, Sarah E. (October 17, 2005). "The Sneeze". Retrieved 2007-05-26.
  5. ^ "My Virgin Interview". The Sneeze. November 28, 2003. Retrieved 2007-05-26.

External links[edit]


text:
Transport in Jersey

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

This article details the variety of means of transport in Jersey, Channel Islands.

Cycle lane in St Helier

Air transport[edit]

Rail transport[edit]

Historically there were public railway services in the island, provided by two railway companies:

During the German military occupation 1940–1945, light railways were re-established by the Germans for the purpose of supplying coastal fortifications. A one-metre gauge line was laid down following the route of the former Jersey Railway from Saint Helier to La Corbière, with a branch line connecting the stone quarry at Ronez in Saint John. A 60cm line ran along the west coast, and another was laid out heading east from Saint Helier to Gorey. The first line was opened in July 1942, the ceremony being disrupted by passively resisting Jersey spectators.[1] The German railway infrastructure was dismantled after the Liberation in 1945.

Two railways operate at the Pallot Heritage Steam Museum; a standard gauge heritage steam railway, and a narrow gauge pleasure line operated by steam-outline diesel motive power.

Road transport[edit]

Main article: Roads in Jersey

total: 577 km (1995)
paved: NA km
unpaved: NA km

Main article: LibertyBus
A double-decker bus in St. Brelade, Jersey

Buses are operated by CT Plus Jersey, a local subsidiary of HCT Group. Bus service routes radiate from the Liberation Station in St Helier.

In 2012, it was announced that CT Plus would take over the operation of the bus service, commencing on 2 January 2013, ending 10 years of Connex service in Jersey. This new service is called LibertyBus.

Jersey has a well sign posted Island Cycle Network. A traffic-free route for cyclists and pedestrians links Saint Helier to La Corbière and a branch of this route ends up at St Peter's village passing Jersey Airport.

A green lane sign.
Jersey vehicle number plate

Driving is on the left hand side. The maximum speed limit throughout the entire island is 40 mph (64 km/h), with slower limits on certain stretches of road, such as 20/30 mph (32/48 km/h) in built up areas and 15 mph (24 km/h) on roads designated as green lanes.

Visitors wishing to drive must possess a Certificate of Insurance or an International Green Card, a valid Driving Licence or International Driving Permit (UK International Driving Permits are not valid). Photocopies are not acceptable. A nationality plate must be displayed on the back of visiting vehicles.

It is an offence to hold a mobile phone whilst driving a moving vehicle. Where fitted, all passengers inside a vehicle must wear a seat belt at all times, regardless of whether they are sitting in the front or the rear.

The penalties for drinking and driving in Jersey are up to £2,000 fine or 6 months in prison for the first offence plus unlimited disqualification of driving licence. It is an offence to drive whilst under the influence of drugs. Since July 2014 it has also been illegal to smoke in any vehicle carrying passengers under the age of 18. [2]

Single yellow lines indicate that parking is prohibited and is liable to a fine.

Paycards are used to pay for parking throughout Jersey with the exception of the harbour, airport and waterfront car parks where a pay upon exit scheme is operated. Paycards require scratching off the appropriate day, date, month, and time.

Payment by paycards is required for parking wherever the paycard symbol is displayed. Some paycard locations, such as the lay-bys in Victoria Avenue, and car parks in St Brelade's Bay are seasonal.

There are four main residents’ and business parking zones within St Helier.[3]

In some roads on the outskirts of St Helier and in the harbours, and also in some car parks in St Brelade, parking is free but controlled by parking discs (time wheels) – obtainable from the Town Hall for a small charge.

Sea transport[edit]

A Condor Ferries catamaran heading west around Jersey past La Tour de Vinde, Noirmont, Saint Brelade

Seaports and harbours:

Saint Helier is the island's main port, others include Gorey, Saint Aubin, La Rocque, and Bonne Nuit. It is 33.6mi distant from Granville, Manche, 142.9mi from Southampton, 131.3mi from Poole, and 22.9mi from St Malo.

On 20 August 2013, Huelin-Renouf, which had operated a "lift-on lift-off" container service for 80 years between the Port of Southampton and the Port of Jersey, ceased trading.[4] Senator Alan Maclean, a Jersey politician had previously tried to save the 90-odd jobs furnished by the company to no avail.[5] On 20 September, it was announced that Channel Island Lines would continue this service, and would purchase the MV Huelin Dispatch from Associated British Ports who in turn had purchased them from the receiver in the bankruptcy.[6] The new operator was to be funded by Rockayne Limited, a closely held association of Jersey businesspeople.[6]

Passenger-only access to France is provided by Manche-Iles Express ferry service, to either Barneville-Carteret, Granville or Dielette.

A service to St Malo was provided by Compagnie Corsaire, but is now operated by its sister service, Condor Ferries, which runs the Commodore Goodwill, a large ro-ro vessel to Portsmouth, and has multiple ro-ro connections to Poole, Weymouth, and St Malo. It was announced on 4 October 2012 that Condor Logistics would close its operations with the loss of about 180 jobs (110 in the UK, 50 in Jersey and 20 in Guernsey). The move was blamed on changes to low-value consignment relief affecting the Channel Islands.[7]

  • Weymouth - Guernsey - Jersey (service normally operated by Condor Vitesse)
  • Poole - Guernsey - Jersey (seasonal service normally operated by Condor Express)
  • Portsmouth - Guernsey - Jersey (Commodore Clipper, Commodore Goodwill. The Goodwill's service is extended to St Malo at the weekends)
  • Jersey and Guernsey - St Malo (Condor Rapide)

  1. ^ Cruickshank, Charles G. (1975) The German Occupation of the Channel Islands, The Guernsey Press, ISBN 0-902550-02-0
  2. ^
  3. ^ [1][dead link]
  4. ^ "Shipping company Huelin-Renouf stops trading" 20 Aug 2013
  5. ^ "Talks under way to save 90 jobs at Huelin-Renouf" 17 Aug 2013
  6. ^ a b "New Channel Island company offers freight service" 20 Sep 2013
  7. ^
  8. ^ "BBC News - Shipping company Huelin Renouf stops trading". Retrieved 2013-08-20.

External links[edit]


text:
Wally Ingram

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

Wally Ingram is an American drummer and musician. He is most famous as a member of the band, Timbuk 3.[1]

In recent years, he has toured with the multi-instrumentalist David Lindley, and released several records with him :

  • 2000 : Twango Bango Deluxe
  • 2001 : Twango Bango II
  • 2003 : Twango Bango III
  • 2004 : Live in Europe

After being diagnosed with cancer, Ingram played in a January 2007 benefit concert staged by Butch Vig and Bonnie Raitt on his behalf. Other participants included Sheryl Crow, Jackson Browne, Crowded House, and George Clinton.[2]

As of February 2014, Ingram is the new drummer in German singer/songwriter Stefan Stoppok's band and working on their next album in Hamburg, Germany.

  1. ^ Jon Young and Scott Schinder. "Timbuk3 (profile)". Trouser Press.
  2. ^ Stanoch, David (3 May 2008). "Wally Ingram". Modern Drummer. Retrieved 8 November 2014.

External links[edit]


text:
Weeksville, Brooklyn

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

Weeksville is a neighborhood founded by African American freedmen in what is now Brooklyn, New York, United States, part of the present-day neighborhood of Crown Heights.

Map of Weeksville

Weeksville was named after James Weeks, a stevedore and African-American ex-slave[1] from Virginia, who in 1838 (just 11 years after the abolition of slavery in New York State)[2] bought a plot of land from Henry C. Thompson (another free African-American) in the Ninth Ward of central Brooklyn. The City of New York confuses[3] Weeks with a man of the same name who lived 1776-1863.[4]

The village itself was established by a group of African-American land investors and political activists, and covered an area in the borough's eastern Bedford Hills area, bounded by present-day Fulton Street, East New York Avenue, Ralph Avenue and Troy Avenue.[5] A 1906 article in the New York Age recalling the earlier period noted that James Weeks "owned a handsome dwelling at Schenectady and Atlantic Avenues."

By the 1850s, Weeksville had more than 500 residents from all over the East Coast (as well as two people born in Africa). Almost 40 percent of residents were southern-born. Nearly one-third of the men over 21 owned land; in antebellum New York, unlike in New England, non-white men had to be real property owners to qualify as voters. The village had its own churches (including Bethel Tabernacle African Methodist Episcopal Church and the Berean Missionary Baptist Church), a school ("Colored School no. 2", now P.S. 243), a cemetery, and an old age home.[6] Weeksville had one of the first African-American newspapers, the Freedman's Torchlight, and in the 1860s became the national headquarters of the African Civilization Society and the Howard Orphan Asylum. In addition, the Colored School was the first such school in the U.S. to integrate both its staff and its students.[7]

During the violent New York Draft Riots of 1863, the community served as a refuge for many African-Americans who fled from Manhattan.

After the completion of the Brooklyn Bridge and as New York City grew and expanded, Weeksville gradually became part of Crown Heights, and memory of the village was largely forgotten.

Rediscovery of Weeksville and the Hunterfly Road Houses[edit]

The search for Historic Weeksville began in 1968 in a Pratt College workshop on Brooklyn and New York City neighborhoods led by historian James Hurley. After reading of Weeksville in Brooklyn's Eastern District, a 1942 book by Brooklyn historian Eugene Ambruster, Hurley and Joseph Haynes, a local resident and pilot, consulted old maps and flew over the area in an airplane in search of surviving evidence of the village.

Four historic houses (now known as the Hunterfly Road Houses) were discovered off Bergen Street between Buffalo and Rochester Avenues, facing an old lane—a remnant of Hunterfly Road, which was at the eastern edge of the 19th century village.

Weeksville Heritage Center[edit]

Hunterfly Road Historic District
Hunterfly road houses.jpg
Hunterfly Road House, August 2009
Weeksville, Brooklyn is located in New York City
Weeksville, Brooklyn
Location 1698, 1700, 1702, 1704, 1706, 1708 Bergen St., New York, New York
Coordinates 40°40′29″N 73°55′33″W / 40.67472°N 73.92583°W / 40.67472; -73.92583Coordinates: 40°40′29″N 73°55′33″W / 40.67472°N 73.92583°W / 40.67472; -73.92583
Area 2 acres (0.81 ha)
Built 1830
Architectural style a
Governing body Private
NRHP Reference #

Added to NRHP December 5, 1972

The 1968 discovery of the Hunterfly Road Houses led to the formation of The Society for the Preservation of Weeksville and Bedford-Stuyvesant History (now the Weeksville Heritage Center).

Hunterfly Road Historic District is a national historic district. It consists of four contributing residential buildings, erected no earlier than the 1860s, within the 19th century free Black community of Weeksville, along a road dating back to American Indian tenure of the area which led to shellfish beds at the Jamaica Bay end of Fresh Kill/Creek. Sections of Hunterfly Road started closing after 1835. The houses are one and one half to 2 12-story wood-frame dwellings.[9]

In 1970 the houses were declared New York City Landmarks, and in 1972 were placed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Hunterfly Road Historic District.[8] The houses were purchased by the Society in 1973.[10]

The houses were rehabilitated in the 1980s,[11] and again after vandalism in the 1990s.[12] In 2005, following a $3 million restoration, the houses reopened to the public as the Weeksville Heritage Center, with each house showcasing a different era of Weeksville history.[2]

Construction of an 19,000-square-foot (1,800 m2) education and cultural center adjacent to the houses is complete.[13]

  1. ^ http://www.preservationnation.org/travel-and-sites/save-americas-treasures/success-stories/weeksville.html
  2. ^ a b Ramirez, Anthony (June 5, 2005). "Haven for Blacks in Civil War Riots Now Safeguards History". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-07-09.
  3. ^ http://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/weeksvilleplayground/history |accessdate=2014-01-11
  4. ^ http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=36713133
  5. ^ Christian, Nichole M. (October 29, 2001). "Hidden in Brooklyn, A Bit of Black History; Freedmen's Homes Seen as Attraction". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-07-09.
  6. ^ Cantwell, Anne-Marie; Wall, Diana diZerega (2003). Unearthing Gotham: The Archaeology of New York City. Yale University Press. p. 268. ISBN 978-0-300-09799-3.
  7. ^ Roberts, Sam (14 December 2014). "Bookshelf: Walkers in the City's 'Inexhaustible Space'". the New York Times. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
  8. ^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2009-03-13.
  9. ^ Stephen Lash and Betty Ezequelle (n.d.). "National Register of Historic Places Registration:Hunterfly Road Historic District". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Retrieved 2011-03-12.  See also: "Accompanying two photos".
  10. ^ "Weeksville Buys Historic Houses; Sees Cost of $200,000". The New York Times. June 24, 1973. Retrieved 2010-07-09.
  11. ^ Lake, Edwin B. (March 27, 1983). "Brooklyn Restoration Recalls Black History". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-07-09.
  12. ^ Martin, Douglas (February 9, 1991). "About New York; In Black History, Reconstruction Is Also a Struggle". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-07-09.
  13. ^ "Weeksville Heritage Center - About Us".

External links[edit]


text:
XDM (display manager)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the X Window Display Manager. XDM also refers to the XML data model used in XPath 2.0, XSLT 2.0, and XQuery
Xdm Screenshot.png
A screenshot of an XDM login screen
Original author(s) Keith Packard
Developer(s) X.Org Foundation
Initial release October 1988; 26 years ago (1988-10)
Stable release 1.1.11 / September 25, 2011; 3 years ago (2011-09-25)[1]
Written in C, C++
Type X display manager
License MIT License

XDM (in full, the X Window Display Manager) is the default display manager for the X Window System. It is a bare-bones X display manager. It was introduced with X11 Release 3 in October 1988, to support the standalone X terminals that were just coming onto the market. It was written by Keith Packard.

Because of XDM's minimalism, most desktop environments tend to use later, more sophisticated display managers.

See also[edit]

  1. ^ Huddleston, Jeremy (2011-09-25). "[ANNOUNCE] xdm 1.1.11". freedesktop.org. Retrieved 2014-05-09.
  • Mui, Linda & Pearce, Eric (July 1993). X Window System Volume 8: X Window System Administrator's Guide for X11 Release 4 and Release 5 (softcover) (3rd ed.). O'Reilly and Associates. ISBN 0-937175-83-8.
  • "XDM(1) manual page". X.Org.

External links[edit]


text:
Rosario Moreno

From Wikipilipinas: The Hip 'n Free Philippine Encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Research.png This article needs further research.
This article or section lacks credible sources or references and thus needs further research.
Rewrite.png This article needs editing.
This article or section contains lapses in grammar, syntax, or style and thus needs to be copy-edited.

Rosario Moreno (1916-1945) is A Pre-war Filipino actress who become famous as “Queen of Tearjerkers and loveteam with Rudy Concepcion and . she made her debut as extra in Nepomuceno Productions she stared as rape vitcim who left her child played by Tita Duran in Tutay Na Ina (1939). she started five movies with Rudy Concepcion however he died while filming Mahal Pa Rin Kita (1940). and her boyfriend who was father of her unborn child they planned get married but she died in Januray 9 1945 when Japanese bomb hits her house


text:
Hadfield, George (d.1826) (DNB00)

From Wikisource
Jump to: navigation, search

HADFIELD, GEORGE (d. 1826), architect, was the son of an hotel-keeper at Leghorn in Italy, who is variously represented as an Irishman and a native of Shrewsbury. He studied in the schools of the Royal Academy, and in 1784 won the Academy gold medal for his 'Design for a National Prison.' Elected in 1790 to the travelling studentship, he went to Rome in that year. With Signor Colonna he made in 1791 drawings for a restoration of the temple at Palestrina, which are now in the collection of the Royal Institute of British Architects. These, with drawings of the temples of Mars and Jupiter Tonans, he exhibited at the Academy on his return to London in 1795. A drawing by him of the interior of St. Peter's, Rome, was much admired at the time. About 1800 he accepted an invitation to America to assist in the erection of the capitol at Washington. A dispute with the city commissioners led to his quitting this employment, but he continued to practise on his own account, and designed several buildings at Washington (Dunlap, Hist. of the Arts, &c., i. 336). Hadfield died in America in 1826. He was a brother of Mrs. Maria Cecilia Louisa Cosway [q. v.]

[Dict. of Architecture (Architect. Publ. Soc.), iv.2; Redgrave's Dict. of Artists, 1878, p. 191 ; cf. art. Cosway, Maria C.L., supra.]

G. G.


text:
Page:Roman History of Ammianus Marcellinus.djvu/91

From Wikisource
Jump to: navigation, search
This page has been proofread, but needs to be validated.
A.D. 355.]

Metz and Treves, which city is the splendid abode of the chief governor of the country.

10. Next to that comes the second Belgic province, where we find Amiens, a city of conspicuous magnificence, and Chalons,[1] and Rheims.

11. In the province of the Sequani, the finest cities are Besancon and Basle. The first Lyonnese province contains Lyons, Chalons,[2] Sens, Bourges, and Autun, the walls of which are very extensive and of great antiquity.

12. In the second Lyonnese province are Tours, and Rouen, Evreux, and Troyes. The Grecian and Penine Alps have, besides other towns of less note, Avenche, a city which indeed is now deserted, but which was formerly one of no small importance, as even now is proved by its half-ruinous edifices. These are the most important provinces, and most splendid cities of the Galli.

13. In Aquitania, which looks towards the Pyrenees, and that part of the ocean which belongs to the Spaniards, the first province is Aquitanica, very rich in large and populous cities; passing over others, I may mention as pre-eminent, Bordeaux, Clermont, Saintes, and Poictiers.

14. The province called the Nine Nations is enriched by Ausch and Bazas. In the province of Narborme, the cities of Narbonne, Euses, and Toulouse are the principal places of importance. The Viennese exults in the magnificence of many cities, the chief of which are Vienne itself, and Arles, and Valence; to which may be added Marseilles, by the alliance with and power of which, we read that Rome itself was more than once supported in moments of danger.

15. And near to these cities is also Aix, Nice, Antibes, and the islands of Ilieres.

16. And since we have come in the progress of our work to this district, it would be inconsistent and absurd to omit all mention of the Rhone, a river of the greatest celebrity. The Rhone rises in the Penine Alps, from sources of great abundance, and descending with headlong impetuosity into the more champaign districts, it often overruns its banks with its own waters, and then plunges into a lake called Lake Leman, and though it passes through it, yet it never mingles with any foreign waters, but, rushing over the top of those which flow with less

  1. Châlons sur Marne.
  2. Châlons sur Saône.