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Dow is closer to cracking 13,000

The index rises to 12,949.87 as it closes in on a level it last hit in May 2008.

February 18, 2012|Joel Stonington
  • Traders work on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange. The Dow Jones industrial average rose nearly 46 points to close at its highest level since May 2008.
Traders work on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange. The Dow Jones industrial… (Spencer Platt, Getty Images )

NEW YORK — The Dow Jones industrial average is inching closer to the psychologically important 13,000 mark, a milestone that was last hit just before the financial crisis walloped stock prices around the world.

The nation's most-watched index rose 0.4%, or 45.79 points, to 12,949.87 on Friday and gained 1.2% for the week. The advance follows a 123-point rally during the previous session that put the index within striking distance of the 13,000 level it last hit in May 2008.

Broader market indicators were mixed as traders remained cautious ahead of the three-day Presidents Day weekend. The Standard & Poor's 500 index rose 0.2%, or 3.19 points to 1,361.23. The technology-heavy Nasdaq composite was down 0.3%, or 8.07 points, to 2,951.78, but finished higher for the week.

Stocks have been barreling higher this year, with the Dow piling on almost 2,400 points in just four months. The breakneck pace has astonished some investors and analysts, especially amid continued concerns about sustaining the U.S. economic recovery and the European debt crisis.

"Four months ago we were talking double-dip recession and Europe was going to bring a down slide, but now it doesn't look that way at all," said Ryan Detrick, an analyst at Schaeffers Investment Research in Cincinnati.

Wall Street has another opportunity to crack 13,000 when the New York Stock Exchange opens again Tuesday. Investors are also looking for a few other milestones -- the Nasdaq is closing in on 3,000 and the S&P 500 is nearing 1,400.

And the Russell 2000 index, which reflects the performance of smaller companies, has been up 35% since early October and is close to an all-time high of its own. The index edged slightly lower Friday, though it finished the week in positive territory.

Investors have been paying particularly close attention to the Nasdaq, which has been bolstered by this year's rally in technology stocks.

For example, Apple Inc. shares surpassed $500 on Monday, making Apple the most valuable publicly traded company.

The composite is still light-years away from the peak of the dot-com boom when the index hit the dizzying height of 5,048.62 on March 10, 2000. But the index is now solidly above the 2007 high mark of 2,859.12.

"The Nasdaq has been making new 11-year highs here," Detrick said. "That's a good sign."

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Boy, 9, steals from Target near airport; mother takes him to police

February 11, 2013|By Frank Warner, Of The Morning Call

A mother turned her 9-year-old son in to state police when she discovered he had stolen at least one item this month from the Target store near Lehigh Valley International Airport, police said.

The shoplifting happened around noon Feb. 1 in the store at 912 Airport Center Drive, Hanover Township, Lehigh County, state police at Bethlehem said.

Trooper James W. Rude talked with the boy at the state police barracks, but decided not to charge him on the condition he return the stolen property to Target in person.

Police did not say what the boy took.

Frank Warner

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Flashback: In '68, Nazareth wins its first District 11 wrestling title

February 24, 2013

A weekly look back at sports in the Lehigh Valley, in anniversaries of multiples of five.

Feb. 25

1993—After moving into the top spot in the USA Today national high school wrestling poll earlier in the day, Northampton caps a 24-0 season with a 69-3 win over Whitehall to wrap up the East Penn Conference title.

1978—Emmaus' Debbie Christman hits two free throws with 27 seconds left of the Green Hornets' 73-36 District 11 Class 3A playoff win over Easton to become the all-time leading girls basketball scorer in state history. Christman, who broke Anne Marie Kosciolek's mark of 2,164 points, scores 23 points to go with 13 rebounds and nine assists.

Feb. 26

1983—Undefeated Dieruff (25-0) wins the East Penn Conference girls basketball title with a 58-44 win over Parkland as Linda Atiyeh and Judy Micek combine for 30 points and 10 assists. Whitehall also wins its third straight EPC boys championship when Barry Buchman scores 19 points in a 56-47 triumph over Central Catholic.

1958—Allentown wins its third straight Lehigh Valley Wrestling League championship and extends its unbeaten strings to 38 overall and to 33 league meets with a 45-3 win over Emmaus. The Canaries finish 8-0-1 in the league.

Feb. 26

1998—After two years away from the bench, Ron Hassler is named the new boys basketball coach at Central Catholic. The 41-year-old Hassler is 310-115 in 15 seasons, including a 275-99 record in 13 seasons at Whitehall.

Feb. 27

1998—Bethlehem Catholic scores the game's first 18 points and cruises past Saucon Valley 54-38 for the school's first District 11 Class 3A boys basketball title. Also, Emmaus wins its first Class 4A girls title since 1978 by beating Northampton 37-36 on Amy Buda's steal and game-winning shot with 15 seconds left.

1993—Lafayette earns the 1,000th win in the history of its men's basketball program with a 77-67 win over Army at Kirby Field House.

1988—Freedom's Lisa Kunsman wins the advanced all-around and floor championships, two of 13 medals won by the Patriots in the PIAA girls individual gymnastics championship meet. Julie Dunham of Freedom also wins the intermediate uneven bars.

1988—Emmaus captures 12 medals, including golds by Janine Atiyah (200 freestyle), Jen Jackson (500 freestyle), Laura Brown (200 individual medley) and the 400 free relay team, and doubles up the field to capture its ninth straight District 11 girls swimming title. The Green Hornets score 315 points, well ahead of runner-up Freedom's 154 points. Emmaus also wins its fourth straight boys title.

1983—Despite a 63-59 loss at Widener in the MAC South Division semifinals, Moravian (19-6) receives its first-ever NCAA Division III men's basketball tournament bid. But the Greyhounds must face Scranton, the nation's top-ranked team, in the opening round.

Feb. 28

2003—Pleasant Valley wins its first District 11 girls basketball title when the Bears stop Easton 37-29 in the Class 4A final.

1998—For the first time in 33 years District 11's largest boys basketball classification championship game didn't include an East Penn Conference team when Pleasant Valley meets Stroudsburg in the Class 4A title game. The Bears win their first title by scoring the final nine points of the game for an 80-73 victory. Rob Kelly leads the way with 27 points, including the go-ahead layup with 1:06 left. Also, Northwestern wins its first Class 2A title by beating Wilson, 59-51.

1998—Allentown College reaches its third straight NCAA Division III women's basketball tournament with a 66-59 win over Elizabethtown in the MAC final.

1998—Muhlenberg sweeps the Centennial Conference basketball championships over Johns Hopkins, the women claiming their second straight title with a 71-61 victory, the men the crown with a 55-53 triumph.

1973—Dana Parr's layup with two seconds left lifts Easton (21-4) to a 55-53 victory over Central Catholic before a packed house at Muhlenberg's Memorial Hall to win the Red Rovers' first-ever East Penn League boys basketball title. Parr and Jim Hutnik each score 17 points for the Rovers.

1973—Frank Johnson's 23 points and 10 rebounds leads Saucon Valley to a 63-51 win over Salisbury at Liberty's Memorial Gym and the school's first Lehigh-Northampton League title in 21 years.

1968—Nazareth's John Doto edges Easton's Phil Noto 3-2 in a battle of unbeaten heavyweights to give the Blue Eagles their first District 11 team wrestling title by a point (71-70) over the host Red Rovers. Jeff Duelley and Terry Rissmiller also win titles for Nazareth, which becomes the first non-East Penn Wrestling League team to win the team title since Northampton in 1952.

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Enjoy The Health Benefits Of A Sauna!

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If you are looking for a great way to unwind after a hectic day, try spending some time in a sauna. Owning a sauna is the perfect way to relax in the comfort of your own home, plus it doesn’t require a ton of maintenance. Did you know that, in addition to being wonderful tools for relaxation, saunas also offer a bevy of other health benefits as well?

Spending time in a sauna allows your body to sweat, opening your skin pores. Sweating helps get rid of toxins and metals from your system, while improving your skin’s appearance at the same time. Additionally, saunas help to improve blood circulation, which could also contribute to a healthier looking complexion.

Not only could spend time in a sauna help you achieve nicer skin, but it could help you improve your general physique too. This is an extremely popular reason why many people buy saunas. For those working towards a more fit appearance, saunas can help achieve weight loss goals. (During the average sauna session, you can burn up to 300 calories!) They can also work to help you lose weight by increasing the speed and intensity of your metabolism.

Another very popular reason why many people purchase saunas is to help with arthritic pains and stiff limbs. A sauna can alleviate arthritic pains and increase mobility without putting the stress on your liver that traditional medicines do. In addition, if you have sore muscles from engaging in strenuous physical activity, spending time in a sauna can ease soreness and help your muscles relax.

Furthermore, saunas increase your cardiovascular activity, prompting your body to release endorphins, which are great for mental health. By decreasing mental stress and physical pain, saunas can make you feel refreshed and rejuvenated at the end of a busy day!

If you are interested in purchasing a sauna, visit Paradise Bay Home Leisure, Calgary’s leading source for infrared saunas, hot tubs, pool tables and more! We carry a wide selection of both portable and infrared saunas in a variety of styles including hemlock and cedar wooden structures. Our infrared saunas can sit between two and four people and will look beautiful in any home. If you are looking for other ways to relax in addition to spending time in a sauna, we also have a great selection of Arctic Spas and Coyote Spas hot tubs.
You can buy hot tub accessories, covers, chemicals and parts from us. Not just that, we also offer hot tub service that can be used for repairing of your hot tubs.

For more information about infrared saunas or hot tub, visit today!

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  • Posted On August 10, 2011
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Some Significant Facts About Demon Names

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Eventually, zombies are terrifying for an amount of factors. Unlike vampires, there is absolutely nothing romantic about them. Zombies are basically there to not only ruin humanity but to convert it. Right after all, the stop end result of a zombie apocalypse is that a populace of men and women who have been once alive are transformed into the bloodthirsty going for walks lifeless.

Zombies are apocalyptic, which also conjures up particular nightmares in our psyche. Men and women are obsessed with the stop of the planet. Writers, spiritual scholars, experts, and so forth., have all theorized given that the early days of civilization about how the world will at some point end. Zombie horror films signify 1 a lot more concept that whilst naturally fictional nevertheless appeals to that specific yearning for apocalyptic fantasy that appears to exist in most men and women. Even though outlandish, the thought of a planet in which the living return to consume the dead is each terrifying and wildly imaginative. And it actually isn’t any more fantastical than these thought by many societies and religious devotees.

As an enthusiast of zombie motion pictures, I particularly appreciate the claustrophobic emotions that a good zombie movie can develop. To look at as a team of survivors have to fend for by themselves although combating off hordes of the lifeless tends to make for exceptional drama, which accounts for the good results of the genre to get started with.

Of study course, not all zombie movies target on the survival elements of a prospective epidemic. Some zombie films are comedies. So what is the appeal there? Effectively, I consider zombies are a way for us to shatter the taboo of death. Right after all, we’re all planning to die eventually. These are the grim information. By seeing zombie motion pictures, we can assuage our anxieties about the unavoidable conclude. Maybe some of use even want to turn into zombies ourselves.

Luckily, there is an extensive assortment of zombie motion pictures available for supporters of the genre. Very first, there is the hardcore survivalist videos, followed by the action-comedy range and then the offbeat comedy movies. There is usually some thing new on the horizon as well, because filmmakers are consistently trying to re-envision the traditional zombie film. Zombies have transformed a whole lot because the release of Romero’s 1968 basic Evening of the Residing Lifeless, and will most likely continue to change well into the future. Our want to see these lumbering, hungry lifeless individuals on the big display screen would seem to have no conclude, as well. So we can all look forward to a brighter future with a lot more undead amusement coming our way.

#five Jeeper Creepers 2

Why see the sequel to a mediocre movie? Because it’s surprisingly good. A bus complete of basketball players and cheerleaders “blow a tire” on a remote back road in farm place and are attacked by what seems to be a monstrous superhuman scarecrow. The father of a former victim (Ray Sensible) arrives with some large weaponry and tries to kill the creature – but will he do well? The worse issue about many bad horror movies is the stupid and lethal selections produced by the characters. Instance from the 1st Jeepers Creepers: would you change close to and push back if you noticed some massive issue with wings dragging a person into a hole? Here, everyone does the wise issue to escape but occasionally intelligent is not ample.

#four The Cottage

Andy Serkis is finding a great deal of nicely-deserved acclaim for his incredible performance in Rise of the Planet of the Apes. Right here he is one of a pair of not-so-swift small time criminals who attempt to pull off a kidnapping for ransom. It goes badly, then horribly, then it veers off into insanity. This fantastic riff on slasher movies, kidnapping stories, and gangster films is new and inventive, chock full of fantastic performances, and zigs when you think it will zag.

Want to find out more about latest horror movies, then visit our site on how to choose the best upcoming scary movies for your needs

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  • Posted On June 21, 2012
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2013 GM Lambda 'full stitched' IPs win SPE grand prize; Ford dominates finalists

  • Image: SRT Viper CF hood.jpg
  • Image: Ford dual-rte extractor.jpg
  • Image: Ford controlled chrystallization to elminate paint.jpg
  • Image: GM carbon composite air extractor ZL1.jpg
  • Image: Nissan Altima water outlet assy.jpg
  • Image: Ford direct extrusion of bulb seal on cowls.jpg
  • Image: Ford integrated headlamp and hood bump-stop bracket.jpg
Image: 2013 Buick Enclave IP.jpg

The SPE Grand Award-winning 2013 Buick Enclave IP features new all-polyolefin, multigrained soft-skin, contour-stitched construction. Supplied by Inteva, the IPs (also used in the GMC Acadia and Chevy Traverse) feature TPO and PP materials from Adell Plastics and Ticona Engineering Polymers.

General Motors took the grand prize, but Ford dominated the finalist list and won four of nine categories in the 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers’ (SPE) Automotive Innovation Awards honoring the industry’s best plastics and composites component executions. More than 700 attended the 42nd annual awards gala held Nov. 7 in Livonia, MI.

Entries from Citroën, Chrysler, Daimler, Kia, and Nissan, along with their material suppliers and related process/tooling subtiers, also were among the 30 finalists in the main categories—Body Interior, Body Exterior, Chassis/Hardware, Materials, Powertrain, Processes/Assembly/Enabling Technologies, Safety, and Performance/Customization—plus a Vehicle Engineering Team Award (won by Chrysler’s SRT Viper team). The annual competition is considered to be the Oscars of the plastics and composites industry.

AEI once again was honored to be included among the esteemed panel of Blue Ribbon judges comprised of materials and vehicle engineers, industry analysts, and trade media editors.

Entries are prescreened in two days of opening-round judging. The best make it to the finalist round, which consumes a full day of detailed presentations in front of the Blue Ribbon panel. Funds raised from the event are used to support SPE’s educational efforts and technical conferences throughout the year.

And the winners are…

Grand Award and Body Interior: Reflecting the industry’s greater focus on interior craftsmanship, surface finish, and materials quality, the soft-skin, contour-stitched full instrument panel (IP) system in GM’s 2013 Lambda-based CUVs (Buick Enclave, Chevrolet Traverse, and GMC Acadia) captured both the Body Interior award and the SPE Grand Award.

The all-polyolefin, multigrained IP has been winning rave reviews from media road-testers and customers alike for its sumptuous hand-stitched appearance. GM’s Tier supplier/processor is Inteva Products. The IPs use materials from Adell Plastics Inc. and Ticona Engineering Polymers. KTX Co., Ltd. of Japan was the toolmaker. The materials are TPO-631 SSXT Soft TPO; Celstran LFT-PP.

The Blue Ribbon judges were impressed by the use of advanced robotic sewing, which gives an upscale appearance while saving 15-25% costs vs. noncut/sew applications, and up to 50% vs. cut/sew leather plus 15% weight, claim the companies.

The Body Exterior award goes to the carbon-fiber one-piece hood assembly on the 2013 Chrysler SRT Viper coupe. The hood, which incorporates fenders, is supplied by Plasan Carbon Composites, which has manufactured CF parts for Viper and the Chevrolet Corvette Z06 and ZR1 programs. (Plasan also is supplying the carbon-fiber-intensive body on the base 2013 Corvette C7, which will debut at the Detroit Auto Show on Jan. 13.) The Viper hood’s class-A outer panel is painted by Prefix Coatings.

The carbon-composite hood, in G83C T700S-24K material, is manufactured using a vacuum-bag/autoclave-cure process. The Viper hood currently is the largest Class-A carbon fiber composite part provided to a mainstream OEM at volumes up to 3000 vehicle sets/year. The inner panel features integrated mounting points using riv-nuts and studs molded into the inner hood panel. Local section thickness was varied to meet structural requirements. The final part is claimed to be 44% lighter than the previous SMC hood-only assembly.

Cytec Industries' Umeco plc provides the carbon fiber weave prepreg. The unidirectional carbon fiber prepreg is from Toray Carbon Fibers Americas. Ashland Inc. provides the structural polyurethane adhesive. Weber Manufacturing is the moldmaker.

Chassis/Hardware: The one-piece, dual-rate air extractor used in the 2012 Ford Edge and Escape is formed of rigid polypropylene and overmolded with TPE. The two-shot injection-molded extractor features plastic “living hinges” and plastic torsional springs that function as a one-way pneumatic valve—it enables air to exit through flaps while reducing the level of exterior noise entering the passenger cabin through the extractor.

Wegu Manufacturing Inc. in Canada serves as supplier/processor. Rhetech supplies the 40% talc-filled polypropylene. Anfe-Moulds Inc. is the toolmaker.

Materials: Ford’s 2013 Escape, Fusion, and Lincoln MKZ feature HVAC register vanes made using an innovative material and process combination. It uses a controlled crystallization rate to provide greater design freedom and eliminate paint, while meeting stiffness, durability, and perceived quality requirements.

TRW Automotive and Key Plastics handle the systems supply of the registers. A partially aromatic injection-molded PA 6/6 resin (Leona 90G60 B3374 PA 6/6/6I) supplied by Asahi Kasei Plastics is used to boost modulus without increasing wall thickness or adding glass reinforcement. It achieves a high-quality, Class-A surface without paint thanks to the "kinked" crystalline structure of the semi-aromatic nylon resin. According to the companies, the crystallization rate can be better controlled, so parts fully pack out before the skins freeze off. The resulting resin-rich, super-smooth surface does not require paint.

Liberty Molds Inc. and J&J Tool & Mold Ltd. are the project’s moldmakers.

Performance & Customization: The one-piece carbon-fiber composite air extractor for the 2012 Chevrolet Camaro ZL-1 is a major factor in the performance coupe’s high-speed aerodynamics. The lightweight part, produced in MTM Prepreg 57 Series epoxy/carbon fiber prepreg using a vacuum-bag/autoclave process, actually increases downforce at high speeds. It is assembled using adhesive bonding, which joins the polyamide vent screen and thermoplastic polyester deflector. The adhesive bonding also isolates the carbon composite panel from the ZL-1’s aluminum hood, preventing galvanic corrosion.

The program’s system supplier is TransGlobal LLC. DeBotech Inc. is the processor/toolmaker. Materials are sourced from BASF, Sabic Innovative Plastics, and Umeco.

Powertrain: The octopus-like geometries of the water outlet assembly used in the 2012 Nissan Altima were described by an SPE Awards presenter as being “a toolmaker’s nightmare.” Nissan design engineers, working with Tier supplier MPC Inc., used a combination of sequencing, precision timing, multislide actions, scientific molding, and robotics to create an injection-molded outlet in Solvay Specialty Polymers’ Amodel AS-1933HS-GF33, a glass-reinforced PPA.

The complex-shaped outlet with 10 seamless barb ports serves as a manifold for the vehicle’s powertrain cooling system and also serves the cabin heater core. It replaces a previous metal outlet.

The outlet includes a press-in-place seal, sealed threaded insert, a wire harness bracket, an oil drip rail, and also houses the thermostat! The 10 male ports are created without a parting line (usually required with conventional injection molding). They are made possible through precision timing of multiple valve gates and multiple slide actions to properly form this spidery product.

Process/Assembly/Enabling Technologies: Directly extruding a bulb seal onto a cowl (air inlet) panel on the 2013 Ford C-Max Hybrid allows the application's functional requirements to be met, while also eliminating the time-consuming manual installation of the seal. Windsor Mold Group collaborated with Ford engineers on the solution; an extrusion die, mounted to a flexible, heated hose and guided by a robot, quickly and efficiently lays down a TPV profile along the edge of the injection-molded substrate.

The Santoprene 121 50E500 TPV is supplied by ExxonMobil Chemical, and Reis Extrusion GmbH was the toolmaker.

The fully automated process creates an easily tunable and functional seal that can be handled immediately after extrusion without need for post cure (as with thermoset rubber). Other benefits include no secondary operation, maximized sealing to the hood interface with excellent dimensional stability, reduced scrap, and high design freedom and process flexibility, according to the companies.

Safety: On the 2013 Ford Fusion, hood bump stops integrated with the headlamp attachment bracket provide a stout surface when impacted by the hood structure during a crash event, which leads to high HIC values during pedestrian-protection testing.

This one-piece integrated part, supplied by Magna Exterior & Interior, replaces separate components. It offers a more efficient way to meet new pending “ped-pro” requirements. The patented part is injection-molded in 30% GR-PP from Styron LLC. It is tunable for a wide range of breakaway load levels, can be used on other vehicles, reduces assembly complexity, and lowered HIC values by about 30%, claim the companies.

More information on the 2012 SPE Automotive Innovation Awards can be found at http://speautomotive.com/Awards%20Modules/2012Awards/Home.html

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What is the Purpose of AFABW?

Artists For A Better World International (AFABW) has a purpose to raise the awareness of worldwide artists about using their creative powers to benefit mankind by leading the way to a better world and by supporting like-minded public benefit organizations that advocate humanitarian benevolence.

We accomplish our aims by cultivating international artistic participation in constructive, inspirational and creative projects as well as working hand-in-hand with other community advancement organizations.

What Does AFABW Do?

AFABW activities include art and social betterment projects and/or events conceived to foster heightened awareness with and through art and artists, to help build a better world through aesthetics.

AFABW creates music CDs, poetry anthologies, short story books, visual art calendars and other collaborative creative projects that include artists from around the globe.

One of our largest events in the Hollywood area is our AFABW Arts Festival, which occurs in the fall of each year, at Celebrity Centre International. Affiliated groups have arts festivals and other community activities in various parts of the world, including in the London area; in Johannesburg, South Africa; in Toronto, Canada; in Boston, Massachusetts; and elsewhere.

Who Can Participate in AFABW Projects and Activities?

Artists For A Better World International is dedicated to building a worldwide network of artists who share a vision of creating a better world through aesthetics and is open to artists and art enthusiasts of all religions, nationalities, creeds, races and cultures.

How Can I Start an AFABW Group in my Area?

Click “Contact Us” and send a message to let us know about your interest. AFABW is all about connecting up with artists around the globe who share mutual goals of creating a better world via aesthetics. Someone will get back with you to see how we can help you in your area of interest.

When/Where is the AFABW Arts Festival?

The Artists For A Better World Arts Festival is held in the early fall each year at Celebrity Centre International in Hollywood, CA, usually in October.


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Monash Small Ensemble Recitals

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Date(s) - 28 Oct 2013
8:00 PM - 9:30 PM

Bennetts Lane

Monash Small Ensemble Recitals

Sound Series is a showcase event held each semester, featuring a number of the School’s ensembles. The School has an active and extensive ensemble program in which all music students participate. From voice, piano, strings, chamber music, to jazz, popular and world music, Sound Series aims to demonstrate the vast range of ensemble studies available to the students of Monash University.

Tickets: $10. 00.

Students FREE.

No bookings required.


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1831 posts tagged with osx.
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Does anyone know why the Mac OSX property list (pflist) file format is such a bastardization of XML?

Does anyone know why the Mac OSX property list (pflist) file format is such a bastardization of XML?

It looks like XML, except it doesn't form a proper tree.
posted by robinw on Dec 29, 2004 - 15 answers

Disappearing Cursor on OS X

Disappearing cursor on OS X. Recently my Powerbook's cursor keeps disappearing when I unplug my mouse. It won't reappear (even when I plug the mouse back in) unless I reboot. It's freaking nervewracking. Any ideas?
posted by You Should See the Other Guy on Dec 26, 2004 - 12 answers

Writeable DVD applications

I have an xViD .avi movie, 119minutes, that I'd like to put onto DVD. Toast claims that it can't fit it on (5.7gb required, 4.4gb of my 4.7gb writeable DVD available). What I'd like is to be able to requantize the movie so that it fits onto the DVD. Bonus points for an OS X application. Super bonus points for a free one. That I don't have to find a crack for.
posted by armoured-ant on Dec 21, 2004 - 3 answers

Mono on OS X

I want to monkey about with Mono on OS X. I've found a few installation tutorials via google, but was wondering if anyone here had a preferred set of instructions they use (before I go and break my computer).
posted by alan on Dec 13, 2004 - 1 answer

Downloaded WMV files have video but no audio in Windows Media Player for OS X

Problems with Windows Media and OS X. (more inside) [more inside]
posted by Cryptical Envelopment on Dec 11, 2004 - 7 answers

Keystrokes for ffi, ffl, ff ligatures in OSX?

[Typography-filter] Keystrokes for ffi, ffl, ff ligatures. Adobe Garamond Pro. OSX. How? How? How? Ideally I'd love to hear about utilities like PopChar, but right now I'd rather just eat the fish.
posted by Jeff Howard on Dec 10, 2004 - 9 answers

Photo management software for OS X.

I need help finding a good photo management tool for OS X to use at work. iPhoto can't hold enough photos and I haven't found much else that is similar. [more inside] [more inside]
posted by capndesign on Dec 10, 2004 - 14 answers

Universal "Now Save"-style autosave utility for OSX?

[Mac] Back in the System 7 days, Now Save (part of the defunct Now Utilities) allowed for configurable autosaving. Even though NowUtils was often a buggy nightmare, that autosave was such a handy feature, especially after a crash. Despite claims to the contrary, modern applications and OS X still do periodically crash and the unsaved work gets disappeared *groan*. Although a few applications offer their own autosave option, VersionTracker shows no sign that a universal utility exists for OS X. Any suggestions for a good substitute?
posted by nakedcodemonkey on Dec 9, 2004 - 1 answer

importing email to OSX

MailFilter: I've got a stack of old email stuff that dates back from when I used Outlook in OS9. I want to import it into an OS X mail client. Everything I've tried so far isn't working. [+] [more inside]
posted by Len on Dec 8, 2004 - 5 answers

Images quit refreshing using iSight / iBook / EvoCam.

An iSight / iBook / EvoCam question concerning non-refreshing images and possibly firewire power inside ... [more inside]
posted by terrapin on Dec 7, 2004 - 2 answers

How can you simulate a right click on Apple's one-button mouse on the PC?

OS X geekery: I've installed Synergy on the PC and PB on my desk. I'm using the PB as the server so I can use my wireless keyboard and mouse (Apple's) to control the input of both machines. However, I haven't found a way to simulate a right click on the PC (with the one-button mouse). Any thoughts?
posted by o2b on Dec 7, 2004 - 9 answers

Apple Memory Upgrades

A long-time PC user, I am planning to switch to Apple, replacing my centrino laptop by a 12" ibook G4 (I want a small computer).

Most of the standard Apple configurations come with 256MB of RAM: is this because OSX needs less memory than XP (since most laptop configs today come with 512MB), or do I need to go for 512 (768?) megs?

I mainly use my computer to browse the web, send & receive e-mails, do some word processing, and manage my MP3, which I only store on my iPod.

Other question:
If I buy the computer at the local Apple Store (I'm in NYC), I'll only be able to get a memory upgrade, and not a hard disk upgrade. The laptop comes with a 30GB drive. For a Windows PC, I'd go for 60GB: should I do the same here? This would make me have to order it online, which is a bit of a problem (I'm not often at home...).
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posted by angry modem on Nov 28, 2004 - 16 answers

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posted by furiousthought on Nov 27, 2004 - 7 answers

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posted by jed on Nov 14, 2004 - 7 answers

OS X claims a 200 GB Maxtor external drive has only 128GB capacity.

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posted by dobbs on Nov 11, 2004 - 18 answers

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posted by kirkaracha on Nov 11, 2004 - 1 answer

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please say yes - i really want one of these babies.
posted by subpixel on Nov 10, 2004 - 1 answer

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posted by caution live frogs on Nov 8, 2004 - 4 answers

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I have a DVD video recorder connected to my TV. What software can I use, on my Mac running OS X, to take the contents of these DVDs and do simple editing on them (for example, to cut out adverts), and then burn back to a new DVD? (The burning bit I can probably already do with Toast.)
Cheap is good. Free is better.
posted by Mwongozi on Nov 5, 2004 - 9 answers

Can I see your OS X Emacs config file?

Emacs is my new replacement for BBEdit, which could not handle large XML files (>10MB) on my system. I've applied the Reitter configs to make it more Mac-like, but I need examples of good line-wrapping, auto-arranging multiple frames, and line numbering. Can I see your OS X Emacs config file? (If it's on the Net, I've already seen it, including everything at DotEmacs.de.)
posted by Mo Nickels on Nov 4, 2004 - 6 answers

.plist vs .xml

What is the difference between a .plist and a .xml file in OS X? They both look the same.
posted by thebwit on Nov 3, 2004 - 3 answers

Free & easy partition manager for OS X?

Is there an easy (free) way to create partitions in Mac OS X without having to erase and create? I heard there is a way to do this via the command line, but my googling has not turned up a good result.
posted by thebwit on Nov 1, 2004 - 8 answers

Death of an iBook

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posted by matteo on Nov 1, 2004 - 11 answers

Good OS X CD Burning software?

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posted by dobbs on Oct 30, 2004 - 7 answers

help me choose between 2 photo printers

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posted by TedW on Oct 29, 2004 - 2 answers

Can I force this Lacie firewire drive to format as FAT32?

I've just bought a Lacie 160 gigabyte firewire drive. It's to be plugged into a Windows XP machine, but also to be written to and read by a Mac OSX machine. I want to format it with the FAT32 file system, but Windows won't let me. Is there a way to force the drive to format as FAT32? [More inside...] [more inside]
posted by skylar on Oct 28, 2004 - 5 answers

Wireless network Security

Wireless Network Security: I'd like to know more about keeping my info safe on OS X. [MI] [more inside]
posted by fionab on Oct 25, 2004 - 6 answers

I need an external HD for use with a Powerbook.

External hard drives.... I have a 160gb Lacie, which works great. (I'm on a Powerbook, btw.) However, it's nearing full of MP3s and I'm not done archiving all my stuff. Should I a) buy another 160 or b) buy a 300gb and sell the 160? {more} [more inside]
posted by dobbs on Oct 23, 2004 - 11 answers

Printer for fine art on OSX

What's the best color printer for "fine art" printing, using OSX? I might consider color laser, but a good inkjet would also be acceptable. [More Inside] [more inside]
posted by jpburns on Oct 23, 2004 - 13 answers

Using OS X Utilities - How do I Download Everthing from a Site?

Step by step instructions for an absolute newbie (who knows nothing about OS X Utilities) on getting all the like files (mp3s, jpgs, etc.) from a url...? [more inside]
posted by dobbs on Oct 21, 2004 - 7 answers

My wireless Mac and wired PC transfer to each other at 2.5 MB/s. Can I speed this up any?

I've got a network in my home - one PC, connected by wire to the router, and one Apple, connected by an Airport card (which I believe is 802.11G). The fastest speed I can get transferring files from one to the other is 2.5MB/s, which seems slow. Am I right, or is this standard?
posted by ascullion on Oct 21, 2004 - 4 answers

What is a good Mail application for Mac OS X (10.3.5)?

What is a good Mail application for Mac OS X (10.3.5)? Requirements: can send html email, generally produces "windows friendly" formatting. [slightly more inside] [more inside]
posted by rorycberger on Oct 20, 2004 - 13 answers

Audio editing on OSX

Audio editing on OSX: I have a 30 minute long .aiff file that I'd like to break into separate tracks and convert to mp3. I know that iTunes can handle the .aiff -> .mp3 conversion. Is there software that can do the 1 .aiff -> 6 .aiffs part? Or one that can do 1 .mp3 -> 6 .mp3s if I do the conversion first?
posted by Dreama on Oct 19, 2004 - 8 answers

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Linux Software

Minimum Seek Hard Disk Drivers for Unix? 58

Jonathan Andrews asks: "I remember back in the old days reading about a filesystem/device driver that had alomost no seeks of the physical disk. It worked by scanning the heads of the disk from track 0 to the end then back again in a constant motion. Disk reads and writes where cached so that they got written to disk only when the heads where on that part of the platter. My question is simple, now that disks are IDE, have lots of heads and even worse differing Heads/Cylander/Sector translation scemes is this type of system even possible? Would you have to fight the disk cache on the drive? I seem to recall it giving real throughput advantages, if the cache was large enough to hold 'one sweep times worth of data' then the cache almost never blocked and disk writes/reads sustained at the max throughput all the time. Best of all it gets rid of that blased seeking, chewing, seeking noise!"
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Minimum Seek Hard Disk Drivers for Unix?

Comments Filter:
  • by ComputerSlicer23 (516509) on Monday March 03, 2003 @08:09PM (#5428577)
    A lot of mission critical applications block on writes. Take a look at a mail server, or a database server. They call fsync an a lot. You don't want that fsync call to return until after the data is written to the filesystem. So it's good for thruput on those systems to ensure the system queues writes that are being waited on by fsync get done really soon now. So seeking directly to where they need to go to write is important for performance.

    The other problem is that all applications block on reads. So when an application wants to read, it can't do anything else until the blocks are read off disk. So there is contention to get reads done quickly. As a general rule another read is going to happen very soon very near that, it might be earlier, it might be later. Linus proposed an interesting optimization to this at on the LKML suggesting that you create an mmap call that says, I'm interested in this page of this file, please start putting it here. Then go off and do other work, and when you access that page, if it isn't yet loaded from disk, the pointer access blocks until it is available. Then these types of reads are less pressing the reads which are blocking progress of a process.

    The reason most people changed the scheduler is because it is faster for a known workload that is important. So they got tweaked out. Buffering a full write cycle is easy, but the fsync means some writes are more important then others. Reads are almost always blocking a process. So seeking is important. Now throw mirrors into the mix. Where having two copies means you can have two independant heads searching the same information. Oh, but they have to sync everytime there is a write.

    The other thing is that prior to the Linux 2.5 kernel, Linux had spent all it's time assuming that a disk had no C/H/S, it was a big flat row of sectors. It explicitly ignored the C/H/S for filesystems and disk head algorithms. 2.5 is supposed to introduce the concept of a spindle, and spindles to have C/H/S, and then they can be optimized for.

    Now remember that most of write concerns will become unimportant as soon as battery backed up becomes a standard part of every computer. Then what will happen, is everyone will run journaling filesystems where the journal is stored on the battery backed up RAM (so there are no seeks for writes), then you only queue writes when there is pressure on the battery backed up ram, and try and do reads as fast as possible. When the battery backed up ram is nearly full, you start from the inside moving outside, writting every track as you go. Then you can use n-way mirriors to speed up reads.

    • you think computers made entirely of commodity components are going to start adding additional ram and batteries to the mix as a standard feature?

      hahaha. tell another one.
      • Do you really think anyone's ever going to need more thank 640kb of RAM? C'mon.. "get REAL"!
      • by ComputerSlicer23 (516509) on Monday March 03, 2003 @10:28PM (#5429681)
        No I don't believe battery backed up RAM will be the standard RAM in a machine. However, I won't be surprised to see cards come out that have that (any high end SCSI card has it now). I wouldn't be surprised at all to see servers released with 128MB of battery backed up RAM at all. They are what makes high end SAN's and Network Storage work now. It'll migrate to lower end systems.

        There was a story about exactly that type of card sold by a company on slashdot. Google for them, they aren't that hard to find.

        They will become a standard component in machines when the time is right. I'd pay $1,000 for a 512MB one every day of the week if it had a driver under linux that made it look like a block device that was reliable. No questions asked. Having a pair of those and putting a copy of Oracle's Redo logs on them would probably double the speed of my Oracle database, and I just paid $15K to have 3 guys come in and get me a 20% increase in speed. No questions asked, I'd pay for one. If you could make a pair of highly reliable versions of those, I bet I could sell $1 million dollars at 80% profit of them in less then 3 months as soon as word got out about what they can do for Database and filesystem performance. I don't have the personal capital to do so, or the technical skills to pull it off. I'm a programmer. Just as soon as I figured it out, somebody in Taiwan would put me out of business in a week, because that is the land of faster, better, cheaper for computer components.

        High end, permanent storage that has no seek time, will become a standard feature on highend servers just as soon as journalling filesystems become capable of putting them on seperate devices. Right now ext3 can do that. I'm not sure about the others. Right now the only other real use is for Oracle Database. Everyones current opinion is just throw more disks at it. It's cute, but someday they'll figure out that it's highly cost effective to do have filesystems that do lots of fsync's on a SRAM based filesystem. It's just another layer of caching, but the caching is permanent storage.

        Eventually, they'll become incredible cheap. Battery backed up ram or SRAM isn't that expensive, and in volumne it would come down. Its a lot more useful then those damn USB drives that hold 64MB of data. Those things sell in volume. I'm not sure they'll be built into the motherboard, but I'd be surprised if they aren't available for sale within 2 years as an expansion card.

        • There are some nice-looking battery-backed RAM cards here [], but I've never used them and don't know how much they cost. Available in capacities of 128M to 1G, with two redundant Li-ion batteries and a 64-bit PCI interface.
        • A lot of mission critical applications block on writes. Take a look at a mail server, or a database server...

          Your original comment concerned mission critical servers. Hopefully these servers are not built on the cheap with "home PC" quality components. Many commercial RAID boxes (Fujitsu/Clariion 4900, e.g.) use battery backed-up cache RAM to ensure data integrity whilst eliminating the sync delay for critical writes. The algorithm for performing the delayed writes efficiently is in the RAID box, not in the OS. The only thing the OS needs to be aware of is that the RAID subsystem is battery backed, so the OS can bypass the syncs.

          • Yes they are all IBM servers, redundant power supplies all the way, 2 way Xeon processors, but the SCSI subsystem is external cases of off the shelf SCSI LVD drives (mirrored on different controllers, on in different external cases, and redundant power supplied). We had a home made machine, that was more reliable, and caused a lot fewer headaches then this "enterprise class" server we bought from IBM. Just rebooting them causes a series of cascading BIOS errors, which cause the ServeRAID cards to come up, and believe they've lost their configuration, which means if it actually boots, you lose all your mirrors. Followed by the fact that on a top of the line IBM card, you can't get more then 30MB/sec to the platters while resync'ing the mirrors under Linux (I called IBM, they said sounds about right to us). They are nice, very fast machines, and it impresses people to see them. The BIOS, and the tempermental SCSI cards make them a royal pain in the ass every time you reboot. We don't do it often, but just what you want is an hour long problem right after an unexpected reboot. Yeah, makes my day.

            We have a pair of redundant ServeRAID 4 cards, that have 64MB of battery backed up RAM. Unfortuantly, I can't specify that control how much of that is used for what. A good RAM Disk that I could tune specifically for my environment would be much better then the caching that the ServeRAID cards do.

            Want to know why Oracle is the world's fastest database? Because it gives you an incredible amount of flexibility to tailor your solution to your problem. If I could dedicate 1GB of RAM to the problem, I'd easily triple the speed of my thru put. No problem.

      • Nothing new about it. My SunSparc 20 has 2MB of non-volatile RAM. Well, actually it doesn't any more beccause Linux doesn't do anything with it (yet). I don't even think Solaris on its own either, you need to use some Storage Management crappy thing.

        So I yanked it out and turned the battery off. But my point is, it's been around for ages, and if I could use it I would.

    • The other problem is that all applications block on reads.

      That depends on the operating system. Operating systems with proper asynchronous I/O support allow applications to issue non-blocking reads. I used to make extensive use of non-blocking reads and writes when I wrote applications for DEC operating systems.

      • That's true. I felt like giving up on my post before I got to covering that subject. Async I/O is in most (all?) Unices. The other way to handle that case is to use threads if kernel threads are supported on the O/S. Most people I know generally don't use Async I/O, because it's much harder to use, and it's harder to successfully organize your programs so it works out very well for you. Just one of those things.

  • Lag! (Score:3, Insightful)

    by ptaff (165113) on Monday March 03, 2003 @08:14PM (#5428617) Homepage
    With 100% of the disk cached in memory, you'd get a pretty expensive hard drive.

    With 50% of the disk cached in memory, half the time, you'd have to wait for an average half-cycle to get your data. And still an expensive hard drive.

    With 0% of the disk cached in memory, you'd still have to wait for an average half-cycle for all disk requests.

    Now with any amount of cache, you get an overpriced drive and/or poor performance.

    • Re:Lag! (Score:2, Informative)

      by Orthanc_duo (452395)
      Without Registers and L2 cache modern Ram wouldn't have a hope... Without a cache you disk access would be unberable.
  • maybe for write... (Score:3, Interesting)

    by 3-State Bit (225583) on Monday March 03, 2003 @08:22PM (#5428687)
    Disk reads and writes were cached so that they got written to disk only when the heads were on that part of the platter
    That would work fine for writes -- but we already have write-behind cache. We also have read-ahead cache, so that once you've sunch to the proper location, the first read will result in that whole general section's being read, in anticipation of future reads from that area -- if it turns out not to be necessary, it'll eventually be overwritten by future read-ahead caches.

    The problem with what you're proposing, of course, is that there's still the inital seek time to that location.

    Why would you defer your read until you got to where you were going "naturally", instead of doing so immediately? It would increase the total time until read.

    For example, suppose you are trying to read some data that's almost at the edge of the outer ring, but that you issue your request immediately after the read arm has hit the edge outward and started going inward, having already passed the data you need. At this point, a simple seek would be almost instantanious, since you could just move back to where you needed to be -- but under your "continual motion" scheme, you would need to wait all the way until the arm travelled to the inside of the platter, then all the way until it travelled back to where it needed to be again.

    Of course, your plan would work fine if you had a cache the size of the whole damn platter your reads were coming from -- then you could conintuously read in one swerving motion the whole platter, and write back to it only when necessary. This is not, however, what I think you meant.

    So take-home lesson: We already have more than adequate write caches (dangerously so -- sometimes power loss means that megabytes and megabytes of data that have been reported as written to disk are only waiting to be written to disk, and if you don't power up the hard-drive before the battery runs out protecting the cache, you risk corrupting your data.)

    As for "read-behind caches" (i.e. reads to data based on requests you're going to receive, not based on requests you've already received), isn't really feasable.

    Note: feel free to correct me, I'm no hard drive expert.
    • OK, 3-State Bit sez:

      For example, suppose you are trying to read some data that's almost at the edge of the outer ring, but that you issue your request immediately after the read arm has hit the edge outward and started going inward, having already passed the data you need. At this point, a simple seek would be almost instantanious, since you could just move back to where you needed to be -- but under your "continual motion" scheme, you would need to wait all the way until the arm travelled to the inside of the platter, then all the way until it travelled back to where it needed to be again.

      Which pretty much sums up why elevator seeking would be a huge waste for a single process. Meanwhile other people remember that Novell had (has?) it and that it did improve average seek times. The key is that elevator seeking maximizes overall I/O throughput when you have a whole lot of processes independently accessing different areas of the disk. That's why it was added to Novell, back in the beginning of PC time when Novel was the best dang file server on the planet but nothing more than a file/print server.

      I could also imagine that it could be useful for a database, where you have the log on a separate volume, either with no elevator seeking or with it effectively defeated by constant fseeks, and the data and indices on volumes with elevator seeking on. Remember data into the log is typically faster than writing it into the database precisely because it requires less seeking...
  • It's called elevator seeking, and Novell Netware 6 and later already does it. Or so my Novell class teacher said.
  • A process where the hard disk read-write head picks up data in the direction it is traveling across the disk, rather than in the order data is requested. In this way, disk I/O requests are organized logically according to disk head position as they arrive at the server for processing. This reduces back-and-forth movements of the disk head and minimizes head seek times.
    --Snipped from the Novell knowledge base []

    Elevator seeks reduce the average wait time for data to be returned and therefore increase performance. But as you already realized it has to understand the underlying geometry of the drive.

  • FYI ...

    Silberschatz and Galvin's "Operating System Concepts", 5th ed, covers this topic in detail in section 13.2 ("Disk Scheduling"). There, they cover FCFS, SSTF, SCAN, C-SCAN, and LOOK hard disk scheduling.

    It was my impression that most newer hard drives actually had this capability built into firmware, but an OS could manage it too, as S. & G. suggest. Don't know much more about it than that, but this may give you some inroads on where to search for more info, if you're interested.
    • i didn't realize silberschatz and etc covered anything in detail in that book.

      (after reading the first several chapters, i stopped reading though, cause i felt i was having negative knowledge flow)
  • had this neat technology where they sorted the write jobs by cylinder so the disk head made fewer tracks back and forth on the disk. Elevator writing or some such they called it. I used to wonder why ALL disk IO wasn't like that.

    Then I got old and cynical and stopped wondering...

    • well, most(all?) modern disk schedulers do use an elevator algorithm, but you wouldnt want you elevator algorithm to absolutely strict, because then if you had three write opperations going, a big, a small one located near the big one, and a small one far away from the big one, and they were all made at the same times, it could start on the big one, write some of the small one, write more of the big one, finish the small one, work one the big one, and all that time the other small block hasnt been written out to disk and is causing your mail server to block on an fsync. So elevator algorithms are use, they just arent absolute elevators, they make some account for order of writes.
      • In the same vien as your excellent comment, why is it that in MS Windows 95/98 there is a default for simultainous buffer commits that cause the disk heads to go crazy?

        When I turned that off I got a certain Clarion report to go from 45 minutes of thrashing to 5 SECONDS of purring...

        • In the same vien as your excellent comment, why is it that in MS Windows 95/98 there is a default for simultainous buffer commits that cause the disk heads to go crazy?

          When I turned that off I got a certain Clarion report to go from 45 minutes of thrashing to 5 SECONDS of purring...

          Can you provide some more info on this? I'm interested in what you did.
          • I've lost my source of this, but AIR under computer properties | file systems | troubleshooting - disable simultaneous buffer commits is an option in win 95/98. Look around for it.

            Check the box and reboot - see - under the default it tries to write multiple files at once, each fragment requiring a FAT update, without it it does one file, updates FAT, does another etc....

        • I hope you don't mean clariion. e.g. you're running Win95/98 on expensive EMC storage stuff...
    • I remember BSD 4.3 (Score:2, Informative)

      by lpq (583377)
      It wasn't something so mindless as an elevator that can only go one direction...They had a concept of "zones".

      The theory is you divide up the disk into cylinders or groups of cylinders (depending on your cylinder size). When you write files out to disk, the directory and the files for the directory were all aimed at the same zone or a closest adjacent/available zone.

      The idea was to use people's logical mapping as a guideline in physical layout on the disk. That way seeking is minimized within some small number of cylinders.

      You, maybe, have to hold off on writes to allow them to group to be efficient, or worst case writes involve much seeking if different processes are writing single blocks to different directories with each write, but reads go much faster...

      Maybe you would wait around after a read at the same area of the disk while the process that was just 'awakened' by the finishing of the disk I/O finishes it's timeslice. If it doesn't get scheduled next or isn't likely to within "X" time, or if one accumulates other read requests that are more than "Y" time old, then you services the other processes.

      Values of "X" and "Y" depend, on disk seek times/latency, timeslice length, process priority, number of disk-blocked processes...etc. They'd have to be dynamically altered based on load.

      But that's what...circa 1989 tech? Good thing we've come so much farther than those primitive algorithms. :-(

      Those who do not learn from history are doomed to repeat it.

      It's amazing how, even now, many "modern" security concepts are being "discovered" that were already known back in the 60-70's.

      Maybe it's the tendancy in the industry to discard experienced programmers for cheaper-meat so generational knowledge that can be passed on over a generation (~20-30 years?) is lost as the "generation" time is shorted to 10-15 years. Dunno. Maybe modern programmers don't have time to read books on what's already been done because they know that whatever has been done in the past, they can do better (i.e. Egoism ignorance)?

  • Wouldn't that cause extra wear on the drive?
    • Only if you're not actually accessing the drive much (in which case elevator seeking like this would likely be a bad idea). Otherwise, it would probably cause less wear and tear as you're not constantly changing the acceleration of the actuator and subjecting it to stress. It's more likely that your spindle will seize up long before the actuator dies, though.

      As for the spindle in the drive wearing out, it doesn't make much difference either way. The platters are spinning at all times anyway unless you specifically spin down the drive.
  • by deviator (92787) <[bdp] [at] []> on Monday March 03, 2003 @10:52PM (#5429860) Homepage
    The technology the poster is referring to is called "Elevator Seeking" and was originally included in early versions of Novell Netware (and is still in current versions, as it really does improve access time.) Here's Novell's official definition. []
    • by Anonymous Coward
      "Originally?" You've got to be kidding. This goes back to the first disk drives, long, long before Novell.
    • I think I've seen this at work many years ago. I remember watching an array being operated by Novell 4.something. No matter what time of day or night (which dramatically varied the load) the lights on the array would pulse simultaneously about once per second. I surmised that the OS was caching writes in RAM and flushing the data to storage asynchronously according to it's scheduler.

      One thing (the only thing afaict) about Novell; I don't know of any other OS that could provide multiple filesystem mounts to hundreds of PCs from a 386 with 128MB of RAM. Novell did this routinely.
      • still does - albeit from a PIII or better with Netware 6.

        Netware 6 still kicks some serious ass - it's easy to get limited-user eval versions to mess around with... it's still the only server out there designed from the ground up specifically to be JUST A SERVER. :)

        Supports any type of client these days, too. Comes w/ Apache preinstalled, even... the list goes on.

        I still think it's fun to play with.
  • Geometry (Score:5, Informative)

    by mmontour (2208) <> on Monday March 03, 2003 @11:07PM (#5429947)
    My question is simple, now that disks are IDE, have lots of heads and even worse differing Heads/Cylander/Sector translation scemes is this type of system even possible?

    I wouldn't say that disks have lots of heads - 2 to 4 is probably typical, and there are models that only have 1 (e.g. Maxtor "Fireball 3" series).

    Don't pay any attention to the BIOS geometry that claims 16 heads - those numbers are pure fiction. In fact the whole concept of the C/H/S geometry is obsolete. It assumes that the number of sectors per track is constant, when in fact it varies. Outer tracks have a larger circumference, so they can hold more sectors. A drive might have 30 different zones, each with a different number of sectors per track.

    Tools like "zcav" (bundled with the "bonnie++" benchmark utility) will show this quite clearly, because the sustained transfer rate of a disk is proportional to the number of sectors per track. The rotation rate is constant, so more sectors-per-track means more sectors-per-second passing under the head.

    Drives tend not to expose the information you need to translate logical block addresses into physical locations. Apart from the zones, you also have the problem of re-mapped sectors (where a spare physical sector is substitued at the logical address of a failed one).

    p.s. "drivers/block/elevator.c" in the Linux kernel might be of interest.
  • You can increase your throughput by taking advantage of the drive heads' positions en route to do something else (seek-wise, rotational latency-wise too, apparently). It's called freeblock scheduling. An introduction is online [], and other papers are around; this one makes reference to a 300% speedup when there is no idle time on a drive.
  • Many of the BSDs do this in the background unless told not to, always reading/writing forward to the next logical sector in the queue, then skipping all the way back to the earliest sector in the queue when there are no more later sectors available before a sync barrier. If you don't turn around and operate backwards, you don't have to worry about the logical versus physical arrangement. I don't know what Linux does, but I'll guess it's got similar.

    By the way, do remember that drives don't actually have so many heads as you see in the bios. The values the BIOS reports rarely have anything to do with the real hardware anymore. This is just left over from the days when you had relatively low track limits, and so drives would lie, doubling or quadrupling heads and cutting track counts in half or quarter.

  • All the drives on the market today do internal translation from the C/H/S numbers they advertize to their own internal structure. So I think that implementing elevator sorting or other such algorithms at the OS level is a waste of time unless you know the mapping method (which isn't going to be the same on all drives). You can guess that increasing linear addresses correspond to higher cylinders but even if that were true, you can't tell where the boundaries are, since not all cylinders are created equal.

    Furthermore, drives have large caches today which depending on how they are used (and I imagine they are used in write-back mode mostly) effectively hide the disk operations from the OS.

    I would assume that this kind of stuff should be performed in the drive's firmware anyway, if it's not already. If the communication protocol supports sending multiple commands to the drive (I think SCSI does that, not sure about IDE) then the drive could reorder the requests to make better use of the drive geometry.

  • by tlambert (566799) on Tuesday March 04, 2003 @03:39AM (#5431140)
    First use of this technology... 1984:

    A Fast File System for UNIX (1984)
    Marshall Kirk McKusick, William N. Joy, Samuel J. Leffler, Robert S. Fabry tml ...otherwise known as BSD FFS.

    Current BSD's have this capability, but it is generally disabled, because modern disk drives *lie* about their physical seek boundaries.

    Theoretically, you can work around this with SCSI disks by reading the physical geometry off of mode page 2, and then taking it into account when laying out data, to avoid seeks. Maxtor also has a vendor private command for getting this information from some of the more modern ATA drives.

    The BSD FFS code can't handle this information without work, though, because the code is very simple, and supports only the idea of uniform length tracks, and does simple math, rather than a table lookup (but it's not that hard to change).

    Practically, you could expect a significant speedup, now that the relative spindle speed vs. seek speed makes seeks significant on 10,000 RPM drives; for most drives for the last 5-6 years, though, the seek is in the noise, and it's not that big a win (stepper moters vs. voice coils was the big change that made it matter much less, the first time).

    -- Terry

    • 1984? Hardly. Concurrent Computer had this technology available on its line of minicomputers since the late 70's. They called it "sweep" instead of elevator, but the concept was the same.

      On a related theme, I seem to recall that Tivo wrote their own seek scheduler for their PVRs - you might want to check out their source to see if it's "elevator" or not.

  • by one-egg (67570) <> on Tuesday March 04, 2003 @03:50AM (#5431172) Homepage
    Contrary to what other posters have said, the original questioner was not asking about disk scheduling algorithms such as SCAN (elevator) or C-SCAN. Rather, the system he was recalling was the Log-Structured Filesystem [] (LFS) from Berkeley. The original work was done in the early 90's. The basic ideas were as follows:
    1. Most disk activity is reads.
    2. If you have a lot of RAM, caches do a good job of taking care of the reads.
    3. The leftover writes drive the head crazy.
    4. It is therefore a Good Idea to do the writes whereever the head happens to be, and let the disk be scrambled.
    The LFS operated by creating a "log" in which all blocks were written sequentially. Reads required random seeks, but the cache was supposed to take care of that. Eventually the log filled, after which a cleaner (which ran in background) would recover the blocks discarded by deletes, and those blocks would be reused.

    The original work was done by Mendel Rosenblum, one of the founders of VMware and the most recent (2002) winner of the ACM SIGOPS Mark Weiser award.

    The problem, as it turned out, was the cleaner. It put too much load on the disk. The original theory was that the cleaner would run overnight, but on a continuously loaded system there was never idle time to use to run it.

    In 20/20 hindsight, the idea was clearly flawed. If you look at my list above, you'll see that you are getting rid of scrambled writes by giving up sequential reads. Since reads are cached, you're (on average) giving up 1 approximately sequential read to get 1 sequential write. But that's wrong because occasionally the cache misses, so instead you give uyp 1.1 (or 1.001) sequential reads to earn 1 sequential write. Worse, you also have to pay overhead to the cleaner.

    I can argue strongly that the only reason LFS ever saw the light of day was that the benchmarks used to evaluate it wound up highlighting its strengths and hiding its weaknesses. I don't think that was intentional, but it's what happened.

    The most recent LFS work was by Drew Roselli, in the late 90's. She identified a lot of the causes of slowdowns in the original system, and found ways to mitigate them. Even so, though, the system has never lived up to its promise.

    BTW, don't confuse LFS with journaling filesystems such as ReiserFS, XFS, and ext3. LFS had some journaling aspects, but its focus was performance rather than crash-proofing. One can argue that LFS influenced journaling filesystems, but it's not the same.

    • # The leftover writes drive the head crazy.

      I don't understand this one. Surely if you have a lot of RAM and a write back cache, the writes can wait indefinitely for the head to be in a convenient location.
      • I overstated my case.

        You can't wait indefinitely, of course, for two reasons: first, there's a limit to the amount of cache, and second, you want to sync stuff to disk for reliability. But I would have been more accurate to say that the leftover writes cause more head motion than absolutely necessary.

  • by AlecC (512609) <> on Tuesday March 04, 2003 @09:12AM (#5432043)
    Most Scsi disks do this sort of think internally if you give them lots of transfers to do. Furthermore, each drive knows about its own geometry and knows how to optimise for itself. This is significant, because the C/H/S trector tradeoffs are not what they used to be. Conventionally, a headswitch (changeing head on same cylinder)might be expected to be chapeaper than a short seek (changing cylinders on the same head. In fack, the skew between the head amounts to several tracks, so a head switch always includes a seversl-track seek, and it is porribly better to do another transfer that appears to be further away. And the drive knows what its *actual* rotational position is to optimise out rotational latency, not a theoretical position from a model which may not match the actual drive.

    So if you have a Scsi drive, just give everything to the drive and let it get on with the job. I believe SATA drive also have the theoretical capability to to this, but most of them don't actually provide it yet.

    When you have given what you can to the drive, think about multiple drives. Mirrors. Raid4/5, with the overhead of parity generation. Multiple filesystem vs striping.

    Get coffee..

  • WAFL from NetApp? (Score:2, Interesting)

    by reuel (166318)
    Perhaps you are thinking of the Write Anywhere File Layout (WAFL) from Network Appliance. The situation is different for a network storage box because of large write-through caches on all the clients: most of the traffic the box sees are writes. This situation combined with a stripped level 5 RAID array where small writes are really expensive leads you to the battery-backed RAM and WAFL file system described in a paper by Hitz, et al:
  • You can't really do this sort of thing at the filesystem or device driver level anymore because of the internal drive geometry translation.

    SCSI drive have been doing it internally for a long time now. IDE drives are just starting to get this working. Link []
  • Is there any utility to build a pratical C/H/S - LBA map ?
    Accessing the disk through LBA at low level with precise timing let you discover when heads seek. Thus you can compute actual C/H/S geometry and the mapping to LBA. Write once the map to a file along with disk id. Use the map with ad-hoc driver which optimize reads and writes accordingly.
    Compute this map will be time consuming but it need to be done only once.

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sudo apt-get install build-essential does not work in my ubuntu 12.04.

when I tried to install it does not work.

share|improve this question

closed as not a real question by jokerdino, belacqua, Jjed, fossfreedom May 25 '12 at 8:21

It's difficult to tell what is being asked here. This question is ambiguous, vague, incomplete, overly broad, or rhetorical and cannot be reasonably answered in its current form. For help clarifying this question so that it can be reopened, visit the help center. If this question can be reworded to fit the rules in the help center, please edit the question.

That's a bit wierd. Ok, tell us which version of Ubuntu 12.04 are you using( 32 bit or 64bit). –  saji89 May 24 '12 at 14:57
What did you get when you tried to install it? –  jokerdino May 24 '12 at 14:57
it should work... do you have tried apt-get update before your apt-get install... ? –  Manu Eidenberger May 24 '12 at 14:57
Please edit your question to include the complete and exact text of everything that happens in the Terminal, starting with the line on which you enter the command sudo apt-get install build-essential. (If you don't still have it up, then run the command again to get this text.) Also, please clarify in your question if the problem is that you are unable to install it, or that you cannot use the software once it is installed. Please give as detailed a description as possible of what you are attempting to achieve by running this command. –  Eliah Kagan May 24 '12 at 15:17

1 Answer 1

You should run sudo apt-get update and then try again.

A similar issue was found in the Ubuntu forums[http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?p=11942951].

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Prop 13 Reappraisals

Under Proposition 13, real property (Land and Improvements) can only be reassessed (revalued for tax purposes) if there has been a change in ownership, new construction or a decline in value. Declines in the value of your property due to a natural calamity (Fire, Flood, Earthquake) or market conditions can reduce your property assessment temporarily until the condition is remedied. You may download the calamity form here: Requests for Calamity Review Applications. You may also download an application for review for declines due to market conditions here: Request for "Decline in Value" Review.

Generally, a change in ownership is a sale or transfer of title, while new construction is an addition or improvement to property. Remodels, or repair and replacement of existing items on your property do not cause reassessment unless you have renovated the building to the extent it becomes substantially equivalent to a new building. Additions will be assessed at fair market value.

Except for these two instances, reappraisals due to change in ownership and reappraisals due to new construction, property assessments cannot be increased by more than 2% annually.

However, if your property assessment was lowered under a decline in value (Decline in Value (R&T Sec. 51)) appraisal or Calamity Review, the restoration of your value may exceed 2% annually. If you have a concern that your property is assessed too high, please contact our office first to try and resolve the issue. If it cannot be resolved, then file an appeal of your assessment with your local Assessment Appeals Board under the County Board of Supervisors. You must file the appeal within 60 days of the date the notice of assessment or bill was sent, or for the annual main roll bill, between July 2nd and September 15th of each year.

Proposition 13

Passed by the voters in June 1978, Proposition 13 established key rules for the taxation of real property in California. As a result of this constitutional amendment:

  • The maximum amount of property tax cannot exceed 1% of the property’s appraised value, plus any bonds or fees approved by the voters.
  • Real property can only be reappraised upon a change-in-ownership or new construction. Business personal property, including boats and aircrafts, and certain restricted properties are subject to annual appraisal.
  • Except for these two instances, no increase in the assessed value of any real property under Proposition 13 can exceed 2% annually, regardless of the rate of inflation. However, value restoration back to Proposition 13 from a Decline in Value (R&T Sec. 51) value can exceed 2%

Change-In-Ownership Reappraisals

When a transfer occurs, the Assessor receives a copy of the deed and determines if a reappraisal is required under State law. If it is required, an appraisal is made to determine the new market value of the property. The property owner is then notified of the new assessment and has the right to appeal the value.

Important Exceptions and Exclusions to the Reappraisal Rules

  • Generally, refinancing will not cause a reassessment of the property as long as no one is added or deleted from title.  If someone was, the person contending that the change in ownership is only for refinancing purposes has the burden of proving that assertion.
  • Any transfer between an individual and a legal entity (or between legal entities) that results solely in a change in the method of holding title in which the proportional ownership interests of the transferors and transferees remain exactly the same is excluded from reassessment under Proposition 13. No claim form is required; however, additional documentation may be required.
  • Any transfer between spouses will not cause a reassessment of the property.
  • Transfers of title between parents and children, or in certain circumstances grandparents and grandchildren, may be excluded from reassessment if an application is filed with the County Assessor and certain conditions are met. Each individual owner can transfer property up to 1 million dollars worth of assessed value in addition to their primary residence to their children/parents/grandchildren.
  • If one owner of your residence is age 55 or older, and you purchase a residence of equal or lesser market value within the state of California, you may be eligible to transfer your old property tax base to your new in Ventura County, if an application is filed with the County Assessor and certain conditions are met.

Preliminary Change of Ownership Report

State law requires the property owner to file this form with the County Recorder when recording certain documents. If the form is not filed, the Recorder will charge an additional recording fee of $20. Information furnished on this form by the property owner assists the Assessor in fulfilling his legal responsibilities. It is not a public document. For further information, call (805) 654-2181.

Change-in-Ownership Statement

The Assessor will use this form when the Preliminary Change of Ownership Report is either not filed or is incomplete. The Assessor also sends this form to owners of unique or specialized-type properties when they change ownership. State law provides for a penalty if this form is not returned to the Assessor. This form is not a public document. For further information, call (805) 654-2176.


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OPA APPE Student Rotation Profiles

The following links lead to profiles submitted by recent students on APPE rotations. Each profile explains how the student pharmacists became interested in pharmacy and why they chose OPA as a rotation site.

April 2015 Nick Manion

April 2015 Madhuri Somaraju

March 2015 (Victoria) Shea Pennington

March 2015 Ashley Bowden

February 2015 Nick Newman

January 2015 Andrew Faiella

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Nicholas C. Davatzes, Ph.D.

My research incorporates field, laboratory, borehole, and remote sensing data with numerical analyses to investigate how the physical properties of fault zones arise from the processes that deform rock during faulting. I apply these methods to understanding fault mechanics and the movement of fluids through the brittle crust. These processes fundamentally control earthquake hazards and regional tectonics. Much of my recent research focuses on how stress, structures and fluid flow interact in the subsurface and where brittle structures play the critical role in extracting energy from geothermal and petroleum systems resources.

My teaching current includes Introduction to Structural Geology (Undergraduate, CS&T 4096) and Quantitative Structural Geology (Graduate CS&T 8002) levels of structural geology, independent studies for undergraduates (CS&T 4082), and graduate student research. The undergraduate class introduces students to the deformation of the Earth and focuses on how we approach addressing scientific questions, idealize the Earth, and test our hypotheses. The graduate class provides further training and more extensive exposure to theory.

Structural Geology and Geomechanics

A Note to Prospective Students
Current Graduate Students at Temple

What I am doing...

I have several current research projects, and openings for students:

- Fault strength and sealing study focused on clay generation in gouge (funded)

  1. -Faulting, stress, and fractures in geothermal systems (funded)

  2. -Fractures, stress, and seismicity at the Coso Geothermal field (funded)

  3. -Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS)

    - Enhancement of the Desert Peak Geothermal System (funded)

    - Enhancement of the Brady’s Geothermal Field (funded)

    - InSAR and MEQ Monitoring of EGS (funded)

    - Creating an EGS in the Newberry Geothermal Field (funded)

  1. -Investigating the Blue Mountain Geothermal System, NV

  2. -Investigating the Surprise Valley Geothermal System, CA

  3. -Boundary element modeling of stresses around faults (funded)

  4. -Boundary element modeling of stress around boreholes

Photo Courtesy: Eric Flodin

Fault Mechanics

Rock Mechanics

Field Geology

Faults at

What I want to find out

My research investigates the fundamental physical mechanisms accommodating deformation in fault zones. The essential components of these studies involve:

  1. the materials involved,

  2. the mechanical properties of those materials,

  3. their geometry and evolution as they deform, and

  4. the stress inherent in that deformation.

Most studies investigate each of these topics separately out of the need to isolate and focus on essential relationships. My work tries to integrate these different topics by modeling ancient geologic systems exposed at the surface or by direct observation of active systems at depth using boreholes.

© Nicholas C. Davatzes

Email Me
Nicholas C. Davatzes
1901 N. 13th Street
Earth and Environmental Science, Beury Hall
Temple University
Philadelphia, PA 19122

T: 215-204-2319
e: davatzes at temple.edu

Last Updated: 2011/11

Why we should care

  1. How the Earth works
    The crust of the Earth is filled with fractures and these weaknesses govern its strength, its response to tectonic stresses/strains, and its hydrologic properties.

  2. Energy
    Faults and fractures provide vertically extensive, fast pathways for fluid flow and in some cases barriers to fluid flow. These fluids determine our access to energy resources such as hot water in Geothermal Systems, hydrocarbons in Petroleum systems, and the development of ore deposits.

  3. Water and contamination
    These same fractures determine our access to fresh water and the spread of contaminants in aquifers.

  4. Informed Citizens
    In an ever shrinking world, with growing population and ever greater demand on resources straining our environment, our votes have perhaps the greatest impact ever on sustaining our civilization.

Geomechanics/Earth Stress


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Another Approach?

No, it’s not my solution to things (you know, when patient, tiring, endless, circular discussion and explaining that it is work in progress does nothing to stop the whining of those who’ve made up their mind in advance…) but it certainly makes me laugh out loud! Enjoy:

arguing with a string theorist by abstruse goose

(Click to go to larger version.)

Taken from Abstruse Goose, which is hilarious!* This follows on nicely from […] Click to continue reading this post


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Panthers finish 1-2 at Brockport Quad

BROCKPORT, N.Y. - Plymouth State College's wrestling team finished with a 1-2 record Saturday in a quadrangular meet at SUNY Brockport, defeating Oneonta State but losing to Norwich and host Brockport.

The Panthers began the day with a 24-22 decision over Oneonta before suffering a 28-16 verdict to Norwich and a 34-15 setback to Brockport. PSC is now 5-4 in duals this season.

The top wrestler for Plymouth State for the afternoon was sophomore Nate Kittredge (Vergennes, Vt.). He won all three of his matches at 197 pounds, improving his season record to 14-2, the second most wins on the team. One of his victories was a pin over Matt Sykes of Brockport, his fourth fall of the year.

Sophomore Rich Moskowitz (Amherst, N.H.) and senior Moses Cerritos (Naples, Fla.) posted 2-1 records for the Panthers. Moskowitz earned wins over Oneonta at 165 pounds and Brockport at 157, including a pin against Brockport's Garrett Ciotoli, to improve his individual record to 13-5. Cerritos captured victories at 174 pounds against Oneonta and Norwich, improving his mark to 7-5.

Three Panthers wrestlers completed the day with one win in three tries -- junior Nate Buffington (Plymouth, N.H.) at 125, freshman Charlie Kenna (Concord, N.H.) at 133 and 141, and freshman Griffin Banos (Edison, N.J.) at 149. Senior Todd Austin (Rumford, Maine) split a pair of matches at heavyweight, and freshman Rick Simula (Plymouth, N.H.) won his only bout at heavyweight.

Senior Marco Salce (Keene, N.H.), who leads the Panthers with 16 victories, came up empty in all three of his 184-pound matches, dropping his mark to 16-6.

The Panthers will host the annual PSC Open this Saturday, Jan. 13, at Foley Gymnasium (10 a.m.)


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Knights Give Up Big 3rd & 4th Innings To Generals In Loss

LEXINGTON, Va. Washington & Lee University scored six runs in the 3rd and 4th innings, and overwhelmed the Southern Virginia Baseball team on its way to 12-3 win. SVU had used the top of the 3rd inning to take a 3-1 lead as Jake Johnson, C.J. Andrus and Tyler Cox scored to swing the momentum in the way of the visitors. All three runners had got on base with singles as the Knights looked to get an elusive win against the cross town foes.

The game had started rough for the Knights, as they were able to get runners into scoring position, only for a costly double-play to snuff out the scoring opportunities. W&L was able to get on the board first, after a run was batted in, in the bottom of the first.

The Knights were left to rue chances in the third, as they had more runners in scoring position to take advantage of the Generals, but the bats went cold for the visitors, and W&L went on to the big 3rd inning, followed by a strong fourth which put the game out of reach for the Knights.

Nick Denny took the loss, as he was only able to last three and a third innings, giving up 6-earned runs on 7-hits with no strikeouts. The Knights were able to stay close to the Generals in hits, as they registered 9 to W&L's 14, but the Knights could not translate the hits into runs. Johnson, Andrus and Cox were able to go 2-for-4, 2-for-5 and 3-for-5 respectively to give the Knights the bulk of their offensive punch.

SVU will look to rebound from the loss as they host a four-game home stretch against Hiwassee College. The first double header is scheduled for March 5, with the first pitch scheduled for 12:00 pm. The Knights will return the next day for another double-header against Hiwassee. These games will represent the first true home games of the season, as Parry McLuer's field is ready for play. After the W&L loss the Knights fall to 4-5 on the season.


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S. Terry Leads Southern Virginia Comeback at Mountain State

Photo by Justo Photography

Written by Chris Pendleton

BECKLEY, W.Va.—The Southern Virginia University men's soccer team won back-to-back matches for the first time since last August on Monday afternoon as the Knights earned a 4-1 comeback victory at Mountain State University.

After falling behind 1-0 in the opening half, Southern Virginia (6-5-2) rallied to score four second-half goals against the NAIA Division I Cougars (3-10) climbing back above .500 on the season.

Freshman Scott Terry (Paris, Texas) netted two goals for the third time in five matches pushing his team-leading total to eight goals on the season.

Fellow freshman Kyle Tyree (Universal City, Texas), who also recorded two goals last Friday against NCAA Division III Gallaudet, added his fourth goal of the season against the Cougars while sophomore Adam Freeman (Marion, Va.) scored his seventh goal and recorded his team-leading fifth assist of the year at Mountain State.

Men's soccer has Tuesday off before hosting fellow USCAA-member Christendom College on Wednesday, Oct. 12 at 5 p.m. on The Fields.