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Why no female Blue Angels pilots?

In "boys club" atmosphere, pilots choose who joins; Navy now reviewing process

U.S. Navy flight demonstration team, The Blue Angels perform a flyover above graduating Midshipmen during the United States Naval Academy 2014 Class graduation and commissioning ceremonies at Navy-Marine Corps Stadium in Annapolis, Md., Friday May 23, 2014. (AP Photo/Jose Luis Magana)
U.S. Navy flight demonstration team, The Blue Angels perform a flyover above graduating Midshipmen during the United States Naval Academy 2014 Class graduation and commissioning ceremonies at Navy-Marine Corps Stadium in Annapolis, Md., Friday May 23, 2014. (AP Photo/Jose Luis Magana) The Associated Press

Even though Navy women have been flying fighter jets since 1994, no female has ever been chosen for the premiere job in naval aviation: Blue Angels performance pilot.

The issue was at the heart of an insider complaint that brought down a Coronado-based former Blue Angels leader last week over sexual harassment and may lead to reform in how the elite air-show unit chooses its members.

The scandal revealed a “boys club” atmosphere, where raunchy photos, sexual innuendo and even a huge penis painting were tolerated, and entry to the team is based in part on whether current members think you will fit in.

In fact, applying to the team is called “rushing,” like at college fraternities.

The sexual harassment that Navy investigators found raises the question of whether applicants who don’t subscribe to the boys-will-be-boys tone will succeed in the squadron.

The investigation, led by an admiral, ultimately determined there was “no substantial evidence” of gender discrimination in pilot choice.

Yet subjectivities in the selection process — such as the “rushing” — led the U.S. Pacific Fleet’s commander to write that “because quantitative pilot skill is not the exclusive basis for selecting Blue Angels pilots (disposition and personality ‘fit’ are also considered), the selection process is still vulnerable to gender discrimination.”

Capt. Greg McWherter, a two-time leader and No. 1 Blue Angels pilot, was reprimanded last week for allowing, and even contributing to, a toxic work environment on the team from 2011-12.

Capt. Greg McWherter, the commanding officer of the U.S Navy flight demonstration squadron, the Blue Angels, and Lt. Jim Tomaszeski sign autographs after performing at the 2010 NAS Jax Air Show. The Blue Angels highlighted the show, which included more than 20 other acts with various military static displays. A record crowd of 277,000 people attended the annual two-day show. (U.S. Navy photo/Petty Officer 2nd Class Ron Trevino)MC2 Ron Trevino
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The Navy investigation was spurred by a complaint to the service’s inspector general in March. The complainant was a woman whose name has not been released, though her knowledge of the Blue Angels’ inner workings implies that she was on or close to the team.

She alleged not only gender discrimination in pilot choice but also widespread misbehavior. The latter claim was substantiated by the Navy and detailed in a report released last week.

Examples include explicit pornography and sexually suggestive images in airplane cockpits and in internal squadron electronic message traffic.

In the squadron’s winter home of El Centro, the image of male genitalia — painted in Blue Angels blue and gold on the roof of a team trailer — was so large that it was visible in Google Maps satellite imagery.

Other examples:

•Blue Angels videographers would take crowd footage at air shows that lingered on close-ups of women. When pilots reviewed the video together, McWherter included, they would hoot and comment on the women’s body parts.

•Event schedules and maps contained sexual innuendo and homophobic commentary that officers “sanitized” before distributing to enlisted members or the public.

•Photos of one officer’s girlfriends, sometimes nude, frequently would be passed around the group. McWherter would request that the photos keep coming, if they had stopped.

McWherter has repeatedly declined to comment on the investigation.

Some past team members, including at least two women, have publicly backed him in recent days. And comments on social media have questioned the complainant’s motive in coming forward nearly a year and a half after McWherter left the squadron.

A Facebook page called Support Boss Greg McWherter had more than 5,050 likes by Saturday afternoon.

On that page, a woman identifying herself as Alicia Parks, a former Blue Angels enlisted crew chief, wrote: “I can fully, (heartily) say that Boss McWherter is the best naval officer I have ever met. He modeled the very pride and professionalism that he expected from his fellow team members.”

But the issue of why women have never served as Blue Angels pilots has clearly been on the minds of team members in recent years.

When asked by a news reporter off-camera, one male Blue Angels officer allegedly laughed and commented that no females fly the team’s blue-and-gold F/A-18s because “women want to have babies,” according to the Navy investigation.

Meanwhile, the team doctor prepared a 2010 brief to respond to questions about whether women possess the required strength to fly F-18 jets during the 35- to 45-minute performances. His answer: They do. It requires only enough strength to keep constant tension on the stick with 40 pounds of resistance.

The U.S. Pacific Fleet commander has ordered a 90-day review of the process for choosing Blue Angels performers. The Navy’s Coronado-based “Air Boss,” Vice Adm. David Buss, is in charge of it.

“I am reviewing a number of processes, including the Blue Angels’ officer application and selection process, in light of the recent investigation,” Buss said last week in a statement to U-T San Diego. “We will continue to maintain the highest of standards to provide opportunity and professional development for all qualified Navy personnel.”

At present, hopeful candidates are encouraged to “rush” the team by attending two air shows and socializing with the current pilots.

Navy and Marine Corps aviators get their foot in the door with a resume that includes at least 1,250 flight hours and demonstrated ability to land on aircraft carriers.

In the end, though, it’s a vote of the current Blue Angels officers that determines who will join their ranks.

The admiral who investigated the discrimination complaint suggested that the squadron set up a more formal detailing scenario — the process by which Navy sailors and officers typically get their next assignments.

San Diego State business ethics lecturer Wendy Patrick said that allowing a group to choose its future members is not a good way to achieve diversity, or even decisions based totally on merit.

“Homogenous groups tend to remain homogenous. That's what the research shows,” Patrick said. “We like people like ourselves. That's a basic human proposition that cuts across the board.”

Several women have served on the team in support roles.

In 2010, Carlsbad native Lt. Cmdr. Amy Redditt Tomlinson, a naval flight officer, was the first woman to serve in one of the team’s coveted “numbered” slots. As Blue Angels No. 8, she served as events coordinator and did not perform.

Ramona native and Julian High School graduate Lt. j.g. Amber Lynn Daniel is currently on the team as public affairs officer.

Women also serve as enlisted crew members.

But it’s the performing members of the team — who fly the spectacular wing-to-wing passes and screaming diamond rolls — who get the majority of the limelight.

Behind the scenes, Navy officials point to what one called the tyranny of small numbers.

Less than one in 10 Navy pilots are women. And of all aviation sectors, the smallest percentage of women fly fighter jets.

Of the Navy’s 2,228 fighter pilots, 62 are women, or 2.8 percent.

The largest percentage is in helicopters, at 8.8 percent.

One potential reason for the disparity is that fighter-jet jobs are the most recent category to open to women. Then-Defense Secretary Les Aspin wrote the 1993 memo that rescinded the ban on women flying in combat.

Female officers got their first shot at the cockpit in 1973, when the first four Navy women reported to flight school. But for the next two decades, they would fly only in support roles.

The tyranny of small numbers has not had the same effect on the U.S. Air Force’s Thunderbirds flying team, the sibling unit of the Blue Angels. In an Air Force with 13,805 pilots, women account for 771 of those slots, or just over 5 percent.

The first female jet pilot reported to the Thunderbirds unit in 2005. Since then, at least two other female fighter pilots have performed on that squadron.

One difference between the Air Force and Navy is the nature of sea duty – and that’s what the Blue Angels officer’s “want to have babies” comment was likely about.

Naval pilots are generally 22 years old when entering flight school from college. Two years later they graduate and head into their first squadron for a three-year stint, according to people familiar with the typical progression.

At that point, usually around age 27, they get their first shore-based tour. For women, that may be the best career window for getting pregnant. Following shore duty, a pilot usually faces two more tours with deployments at sea.

A slot on the Blue Angels as shore duty would mean constant travel to air shows around the country. And a pregnancy while on the team might ground a pilot for at least some of nine months.

Despite the sophomoric antics uncovered among the Blue Angels, investigators said in the new report that many of the team’s pilots said they welcomed the possibility of a woman joining them.

However, they said the first female would have to be the “right one,” according to the investigative report, because of the intense scrutiny she would get from the public.


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The area in and around the Columbus Avenue underpass has been closed immediately due to a traffic accident. The closure's slated to last until around noon today. In the meantime, crews are working to fix this area.

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SBC Indy Medical Assistant and Medical Billing and Coding students helped to increase Diabetes awareness by handing out information and giving free glucose and vital checks to the community. They were incredibly busy, educating and screening over 100 people!

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Frog, Mottled Shovel-nosed

Find, identify & discuss the marine species of SANParks
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Frog, Mottled Shovel-nosed

Unread postby wildtuinman » Tue Jan 29, 2013 9:18 am

Satara's pond is attracting quite a few frogs after all the rain in the area.

Found this tiny little Mottled Shovel-nosed Frog in the road just in time to save it from becoming a snack to another frog.

It is unbelievably strong for a tiny frog. I tried to catch it, but with its shovel nosed it had no problems digging through between my fingers.

Latest Lifer(s): Buff-spotted Flufftail, Tree Pipit, Dimorphic Egret, Lesser Jacana, Citrine Wagtail, Black-tailed Godwit

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Capital City 2013

Washington, DC | Tue, Sep 3 - Sun, Sep 8, 2013

Judy Novak

Judy is an independent contractor with over 15 years of experience in intrusion detection and analysis of network traffic, with a passion for performing research on IDS evasions. She served as a principal research engineer on the Vulnerability Research Team for Sourcefire supporting Snort rules development, testing, research of IP and TCP reassembly, and performing competitive analysis.

Judy got her introduction into the world of cybersecurity and traffic analysis working on a DoD computer incident and response team. She is the author of SANS SEC503: Intrusion Detection In-Depth. She is the co-author, along with Stephen Northcutt, of Network Intrusion Detection - An Analysts Handbook (2nd/3rd Edition) and a SANS senior instructor. She is a 2010 recipient of a SANS Lifetime Achievement award.

Judy Novak Will Be Teaching the Following Course:
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Rampage Split Weekend Series at Charlotte

Box Score | Game Notes

CHARLOTTE (February 10, 2013) – The San Antonio Rampage (21-23-0-4) fell behind in the second period and could not climb back, as they were defeated by the Charlotte Checkers (28-16-2-3), 2-1, Sunday afternoon to split the weekend series at Time Warner Cable Arena.

The defeat snapped San Antonio’s three-game winning streak and was the first defeat the Rampage have suffered on their annual Rodeo Road Trip (2-1-0-0).

Goaltender Dov Grumet-Morris made 22 saves off 24 shots and rookie forward Jonathan Hazen extended his three game point streak, but the Rampage surrendered a pair of goals within a 66-second span in the middle frame to give Charlotte the lead.

The Rampage outshot the Checkers, 29-24, in the game, marking the first time San Antonio has outshot an opponent in nine games stretching back to Jan. 11. However, in that span, San Antonio had posted a 6-3-0-0 record.

After a scoreless first period, Scott Timmins opened the scoring at 7:09 of the second period. Hazen found Timmins in the slot and the Rampage center fired a shot past Charlotte netminder Justin Peters to give the Rampage the 1-0 lead.

The goal was Timmins first since Jan. 6th and continued a three-game point streak for Hazen, who has three assists in his last three games.

The Rampage controlled the first half of the second period, at one point outshooting Charlotte, 15-8, but the Checkers pressed late and took advantage of two defensive miscues to get back into the game.

Michal Jordan tied the game for the Checkers at 16:12 of the second period when Bobby Raymond found him waiting in the high slot. Just over a minute later, a Rampage turnover led to a Checkers 3-on-1 odd-man rush. Brent Sutter left a drop pass for Zac Dalpe who fired a shot past Grumet-Morris to give Charlotte their first lead of the night.

The Rampage outshot the Checkers, 11-7, in the final frame, but were unable to find the tying goal and fell to two games below .500.

Both teams went 0-for-3 on the power play on Sunday and neither squad was able to convert with the man advantage on the weekend, as San Antonio went 0-for-6 and Charlotte was 0-for-8.

The Rampage will continue the Rodeo Road Trip with a three-in-three weekend starting on Friday with a 7:00 p.m. puck drop against the Milwaukee Admirals.

The Silver and Black will return to AT&T Center on Saturday, March 2 at 7:00 p.m. to host their annual Military Appreciation Night. Individual and season tickets can be purchased at the AT&T Center Southeast Box Office, by calling a Rampage representative at 210-444-5554 or online at sarampage.com.

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Francois Baur Gewurztraminer Herrenweg 2010

Francois Baur - Alsace - France
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Additional Information on Francois Baur Gewurztraminer Herrenweg 2010

Winery: Francois Baur

Vintage: 2010

2010 saw extremely high quality viticulture in many parts of the world, with an exceptionally long and hot summer providing huge benefits for wineries across many countries, especially in the southern hemisphere. The northern hemisphere and Europe saw something of a cooler summer and flowering period, but this was by no means as disastrous as it could have been. France, especially, had a fantastic year in 2010, with the world renowned Burgundy region proclaiming that their white wines of this year are ones to look out for, and despite yields being relatively small across much of the country, the quality was exceptionally high. Spain, too, received some cooler weather, but Rioja and the rest of central Spain are hailing 2010 as a very good year indeed, again as a result of smaller, finer yields. California also received similar climatic conditions, but again, wineries are highly positive about the overall effect this had on their produce, as the slightly challenging conditions resulted in smaller yields of much elegance and distinction. 2010 was really Australia's year, and in South Australia and across the Mornington Peninsula, Chardonnay vines produced good yields with a lower sugar level than in previous years. As such, the majority of South Australian white wines from 2010 are superb, and packed full of character. Shiraz also had a great year, and most Australian wineries have been proclaiming 2010 one of the great vintages. Both the Argentinian and Chilean wine industries benefited from some ideal climatic conditions this year, and are reportedly ecstatically pleased with the fact that their 2010 wines ended up with lower alcohol levels, and were beautifully balanced wines packed full of flavor.

Varietal: Gewurztraminer

The pinkish grapes of the Gewurztraminer vine are renowned for their exceptionally aromatic nature, and their delicious level of sweetness which marks them out as unique. Their precise origin is often debated, although many experts now agree that the earliest Gewurztraminer vines were cultivated in the German speaking parts of Italy. Given the correct conditions â€“ notably a cool climate and a chalk-free terroir â€“ the Gewurztraminer vines will produce their flavorful fruit in abundance, and can be used to produce a sweet, floral wine packed full of unique and interesting flavors and a wonderfully strong and perfumed bouquet. Most commonly, Gewurztraminer is known for carrying quite flamboyant flavors of rose petals and lychees, with a small amount of natural spritz present in the glass, something which is adored by wine drinkers both in central Europe and around the world.

Region: Alsace

Alsace is a particularly fascinating region of France when it comes to wine and wine culture. The long, slender Germanic style bottles we often see coming out of Alsatian wineries have become iconic of the region's wine industry, and for centuries, such bottles have been the favorites of the crowned heads of Europe. Riesling and Gewurztraminer have always been the two primary grapes of Alsace, however, there are nine different varietals permitted by French law, most of them being used to make white wine. Alsace produces over a hundred million liters of wine per year, which are exported across the globe and enjoyed by people seeking a fine wine offering something a little different. As such, Alsace is an important global wine producing region, with a character and set of flavors and features which are all its own.

Country: France

France is renowned across the globe for its quality wines and the careful expertise which goes into making them, but what is truly remarkable about this relatively small country is the vast range of wines it produces in such huge amounts each year. Not only are the finest red wines in the world said to come from the beautiful regions of Bordeaux and Burgundy, but elsewhere in the country we find the Champagne region, and areas such as the Rhone Valley and the Loire, whose white wines consistently receive awards and accolades by the plenty. This range is a result of the great variety of climatic conditions and terrain found in France, coupled with generations of wine makers working within single appellations. Their knowledge of specific terroirs and grape varieties has, over time, perfected the production of wines within their region, and the end results continue to impress the world to this day.


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A dash of history flavors Greenfield Farmers Market

GREENFIELD -- After four successful seasons of growth, the Town of Greenfield Historical Society announces the opening of the Greenfield Farmers Market on June 29. The market will take place from 4 to 7 p.m. every Friday in Middle Grove Park on Middle Grove Road. The farmers market will continue through the first week in October.

The market will feature a variety of products, including fresh organic vegetables and produce, honeys, maple syrups, fresh eggs, specialty olive oils and spices, fresh fruits, baked goods and home-made pickles and much more.

"The Greenfield Farmers Market seeks to be more than just a place to shop, we want to be a Friday night gathering place for the community," said Ron Deutsch, market manager for the Town of Greenfield Historical Society. "We will have something for everyone at this market and we urge families to come with their children, since we are right next to a great play area."

Toward that end, the organizers of the market are planning on featuring local musical talent, artists and authors at every market this year. And tours of historic Odd Fellows Hall will be offered from 4 to| 6 p.m. every Friday. This historic building is the home to the Greenfield Historical Society and contains many pieces of Greenfield's history.

To round out market offerings, new vendors have been added. New to the market this year is Saratoga Soups (featuring and array of fresh and frozen specialty soups), Chick and Hen Baking Company (serving cold soups, fresh pizza dough, empanadas, quiches, baked goods and cold-dips), Euro-Foods (serving old world style, ready to eat meals that you can either take home or enjoy at the market), Pearls Pastries (selling a variety of incredible baked goods made locally in Greenfield) and Berrylicious Bouquets (sells handmade chocolate covered strawberries).

For more information and weekly updates, go to www.greenfieldhistoricalsociety.com


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NCAA Football: South Carolina at Tennessee

Tennessee will play anybody. If you don’t believe it, just look at the Vols’ 2014 non-conference schedule.

The Charleston Gazette reported today that West Virginia is finalizing a 2018 neutral-site game against Tennessee in Charlotte, North Carolina.

Because of the upcoming playoff, WVU athletic director Oliver Luck is trying to beef up their non-conference schedule, in what he calls an ‘NFL-like schedule’. Tennessee is a big part of that.

“We’re close to finalizing a deal to play Tennessee in Charlotte in 2018,” said Alex Hammond, WVU’s director of football operations. “That would give us a marquee game in a marquee venue. It would be exciting for the fans and the team.”

Tennessee head coach Butch Jones is a former WVU assistant coach, as he worked from 2005-06 as the Mountaineers wide receivers coach. WVU and Tennessee have never played before.

West Virginia opens 2014 against Alabama in Atlanta.

Photo Credit: Jim Brown-USA TODAY Sports

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  • Good job Tennessee and C.Jones The Big 12 will be in the top 3-4 football conferences for the near future and this will help the SEC stay on top

  • I wish we could see Tennessee play WVU this year rather than Bama playing them this year. I think it’d be a whole lot more competitive

Continue scrolling for more articles.


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Flats and Houses for sale in Truro, Cornwall

How can we help you?

In an area that includes choice residential property, country estates and plenty of farmland, our expertise in both the residential and the rural markets is a valuable resource. Savills Cornwall is, of course, a prime shop window for the fine variety of cottages and country houses that make Cornwall so sought after. But it is our specialist expertise in all aspects of land sales and tenancies, and farm and estate management that really sets us apart. And as the only agency in Cornwall with a genuinely global scope, we offer the best access to international buyers.

We understand that buying or selling property is about much more than bricks and mortar: it’s also about aspiration, lifestyle and practicality. That’s why our very personalised service is so important. Whether you are interested in residential or rural property, our long experience of the area includes everything from school runs to arable yields, and means we have a strong empathy with your priorities.

To find out more from the Savills Cornwall team and their residential offering watch the video below.

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Whichever area of property you’re involved in, we’ll tailor our services to your needs and make sure that your property has the best possible exposure to the market — in fact, of all Savills offices we are the most successful at generating international press coverage for our clients’ properties.

We work with our offices in London and the Home Counties, from where many of our buyers come, to match the perfect property with the ideal buyer and maximise all the opportunities the market has to offer.

If you're looking to buy or sell in Cornwall, contact our team.

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Hi. My girlfriend lives quite a way from me (200 miles, give or take) and so we get to see each other rather infrequently. Unfortunately, her periods are very irregular and LONG... Usually one of the 11 days of her period falls on the date we've set to meet each other, so we can't really do anything, even though we both want to very much. I can only afford to go and see her once or twice a month usually, and due to her irregular 11 day periods, it's very hard to guess when her next one's gonna be (Her last one was just 13 days after her previous one)

I was wondering whether anyone had any advice. Could the pill be used to shorten her menstrual cycle, or is there anything else we can do?

Thanks in advance!

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Periods, especially during the first years of one's menstrual cycle, can often be erratic and irregular.

That being said, if your girlfriend has concerns about her menstrual cycle, the best person to consult with is her gynecologist. It's a good idea for her to get regular checkups if the two of you are planning on any kinds of sexual activity, and also for her general health.

If she goes on a form of hormone-based birth control such as the pill, it will affect her periods. Many women (myself included) experience shorter and lighter periods while on the pill; however, other women may find that their cycles are unaffected or affected in different ways.

It's important, however, to understand that the pill is only effective in preventing pregnancy, and offers NO protection against STDs and STIs. This is why it's important to use barriers such as condoms, dental dams, and latex gloves when engaging in sexual activity, because those do help reduce the risk of spreading STDs and STIs.

Using barrier methods while your girlfriend is having her period can also be a way for the two of you to engage in sexual activity. There is nothing wrong with engaging in sexual activity when a woman is menstruating as long as the two of you are comfortable with it. (It is a bit more messy, but that's what towels are for.)

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Have her talk to her gynocologist. Now I don't really know too much about it, but I know from little conversations with my mom to being in the room when my mom's talking to people that with some people the pill can change. My mom has a 9 day period although it's very regular, and all 9 days of her two week vacation to Hawaii were going to happen. So she went on the birth control pill for a while so that she could switch the pills or something like that. Of course she talked to her gynocologist about it and it was all scheduled *a lot* in advance, but see if it's an option.

And you can have sex (any kind of sex) when a gurl is menstrating, but if you don't perfer it I don't blame you. Good luck.

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[NOR] Castle Fever

the Shire of Silfren Mere would love to have you join us at Castle Fever: The Siege of Hohenzollern Castle at the Edith Mayo Girl Scout Camp in Rochester, MN.

This site is pretty primitive - there are pit toilets & no showers - but there is potable water available.

There will be camping, fighting, classes, archery & nighttime games!

You can take part in the first Princess Prowess Tournaments - one for heavy & the other for archery.  The heavy tourney is bring your best & will be either a double or a single elimination depending on the number of entrants.  The archery tournament is a shrinking target shoot.

The weather looks to be just about perfect - it'll be in the 70s & 80s all weekend with a slight chance of storms.

For those who wish to partake alcoholic beverages, feel free to bring and consume wine, beer, cider & mead but the Girl Scouts do not allow hard liquor on site.

We hope to see you there!  Site opens at 5pm on Friday the 25th and closes on Monday the 28th at 12:00.  Site fee is only $10 for the weekend!


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Documents for Faculty & Staff

This is a multi-user, campus-wide, searchable database for forms, schedules, handbooks and any other documents of general interest for faculty and staff members. Search results will list each item by title, category, description, date and document type (PDF, Word, Excel, or Online).

To find professional development opportunities and resources please visit the SCC Professional Development Database.

If you need access to this database to post your documents, contact Jarom Burbano.

    • Performance Review - Classroom Faculty
      [Must download/save then print to use; Triplicate = WHITE-Human Resources, YELLOW-Administrator, PINK-Employee, GOLD-Reviewing Administrator]


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Bringing the heritage of Schenectady County, New York to the world since 1996

You are here: Home » Resources » MVGW Home » Chapter 80

History of the Mohawk Valley: Gateway to the West 1614-1925
Chapter 80: History of the Mohawk Valley from 1784 to 1825.

[This information is from Vol. II, pp. 1184-1196 of History of the Mohawk Valley: Gateway to the West 1614-1925, edited by Nelson Greene (Chicago: The S. J. Clarke Publishing Company, 1925). It is in the Reference collection of the Schenectady County Public Library at R 974.7 G81h. This online edition includes lists of portraits, maps and illustrations. Some images have been relocated to the area in the text where they are discussed. As noted by Paul Keesler in his article, "The Much Maligned Mr. Greene," some information in this book has been superseded by later research or was provided incorrectly by local sources.]

Contents | Biographies | Illustrations | Maps | Portraits

Go back to: Chapter 79 | ahead to: Chapter 81

Great immigration and migration period through the Mohawk Valley, following the close of the revolution in 1783 — Settlement of Oneida County in 1784 — Resettlement and rebuilding of the Valley — Fort Stanwix Indian councils of 1784 and 1788 — Herkimer County formed, 1791-1795, Schoharie county formed — 1797, Western Inland Lock and Navigation Company improvements to Mohawk River navigation — 1795, Union College chartered — 1798, Schenectady made a city, Utica a village, Oneida county set off — 1800, Mohawk Turnpike, Seneca Road, Great Western Turnpike chartered — 1809, Schenectady County formed — 1812, Hamilton College chartered — 1812-1814, Great movement of troops through the Mohawk Valley in second war with England — 1817, Beginning of work on the Erie Canal at Rome — 1823-1825, Joseph C. Yates of Schenectady, Governor of New York — 1825, Erie Canal completed, Albany to Buffalo.

The following chapter covers the main historical events from the close of the War of the Revolution in 1783 until the completion of the Erie Canal in 1825. Only the chief historical points in the Mohawk Valley, during this period are covered, because most of them are elaborated and given full description, together with secondary events, in the special chapters covering this important time. Such chapters are turnpike, bridge and canal building, War of 1812 and militia training, etc. The special events pertaining to the Mohawk River towns and villages are given in the chapters devoted to each town. Therefore the period chapters, from the close of the Revolution in 1783 to the present writing, in 1925, are briefly summarized. As covered in Chapter 79, the Mohawk Valley witnessed an immense tide of westward immigration during the period from 1784 to 1825, in which time the Valley itself was resettled by former pioneers and settled by near ones, largely from the New England States who located particularly in the great western county of Oneida, which was settled and resettled in 1784. This subject is treated in Chapter 79 on the Settlement of Oneida County and the Great Western Migration, as well as in the historical portions of the chapters on Utica, Whitesboro and Rome.

[Photos: Colonel Brown Monument / Stone Arabia Reformed Church, 1788.]

In 1784, James Deane and Jedediah Phelps located at Wood Creek. They were the first settlers of Oneida County after the Revolution. The Weaver, Reall and Damuth families resettled their old lands at Deerfield Corners, now Utica, and Hugh White and his family located at Whitesboro.

On April 2, 1784, the New York Legislature enacted a law by which the name of Tryon County was changed to Montgomery, in honor of Gen. Richard Montgomery, who fell in the attack on Quebec in 1775. The name of the British governor Tryon had been obnoxious to the patriot Americans of the Valley, all but a small part of which was comprised within this county, set apart from Albany, through the influence of Sir William Johnson, in 1772. Beginning with 1784, the settlers and newcomers repaired the ravages of the late war so that the Mohawk Valley soon began to resume its former opulent aspect of Colonial days, at least in many places. From a 1783 population of 3,000 west of Schenectady, Tryon County gained so rapidly in population that, by 1786, it had 15,000 people within its vast extent. In 1784, Judge James Duane became the first American mayor of New York. Following the British evacuation, Duane founded Duanesburgh and passed his last years in Schenectady.

The treaty of 1783, between the United States and Great Britain did not include the Indians of the Six Nations. A great peace council was here held at Fort Stanwix, December 2, 1784, at which a treaty was signed. The Six Nations ceded all their lands along the Ohio to the United States and arranged to give up their war captives.

In 1785, the Oneidas and Tuscaroras held a council with the state authorities at Fort Herkimer, by which all their territory, between the Chenango and Unadilla Rivers was ceded to New York State.

In 1785, Schenectady Academy was formed. Ten years later this had developed into Union College. The Reformed Dutch Church of Schenectady was chiefly instrumental in this important educational movement, the first in the Valley.

In 1785 the blockhouses and palisades of the Lower Schoharie Fort were razed and the Old Stone Fort became again the Schoharie Reformed Church. It continued as such until 1844, when a new Reformed Church was built in the village of Schoharie, some distance south of the first church.

In 1785 James Deane and Jedediah Phelps located at Fort Stanwix after making an unsuccessful settlement on Wood Creek westward in 1784, from which they were driven by high water. In 1786 Dominick Lynch, a New York merchant, bought what was known as the "Expense Lot" here of 397 acres. He later bought 2,000 acres for 2,250 pounds and laid out a village site in 1796, calling it Lynchville.

In 1786 there were three log houses at Old Fort Schuyler, on the site of present Utica, occupied by families by the names of Damuth, Christian and Cunningham. Settlers came gradually to this point and it did not begin to develop rapidly until about ten years later.

In 1787 the Reformed Dutch Church of Middleburg was built. The former church had been burned in Johnson's great raid of 1780. The Schoharie Valley was also beginning to recover from the terrific ravages of the Revolution.

In 1788 the Stone Arabia Reformed Dutch Stone Church was built and still stands as a reminder of those sturdy times.

In 1787 there were seven log cabins of pioneers at Fort Stanwix.

The great treaty of 1788 at Fort Stanwix between New York State and the Six Nations ended the power of the latter as a nation in the United States. The State Iroquois accepted State reservations and gave up title to their lands in New York State to the extent of over 4,000,000 acres. This territory was claimed by Massachusetts, which state sold the land. It was thus opened up to settlement and a great movement of immigration started to it, largely through the Mohawk Valley.

The proceedings ended with the distribution of presents to the Indians and a famous foot race, for which Governor Clinton hung up a buckskin bag containing $250 to a tree branch as a prize. The two-mile race was won by Paul, an Oneida boy, who beat the great Mohawk champion amid great excitement.

Lafayette and several other distinguished Frenchmen and Americans were present.

By three treaties at Fort Stanwix — 1768, 1784, 1788 — the Six Nations lost their once great empire. The majority of them removed to the Iroquois reservations in Canada given them by the English government.

Elkanah Watson attended this council, out of curiosity having heard of it in Albany. Incidentally he became interested in the navigation of the Mohawk River and a waterway connecting the Hudson with the Great Lakes by way of Wood Creek at Rome. This is covered in Chapter 81 on Mohawk River Navigation.

In 1789 occurred the first division of Montgomery, formerly Tryon County, when the county of Ontario was set off.

In 1790 the New York Legislature appropriated 100 pounds to erect a bridge over the East Canada Creek. On or before this date a bridge had been constructed over the Mohawk at Little Falls, which was the first built across our river at any point.

In 1790 mail stages began running from Albany to Schenectady to Johnstown to Canajoharie. This event, together with the building of bridges ushered in our present great era of transportation in the Mohawk Valley.

In 1790, John Post, Utica's first great merchant, settled at Old Fort Schuyler and the settlement seems to have boomed following his location there. Post established a line of Mohawk River freight and passenger packets running between Old Fort Schuyler and Schenectady.

In 1791 Herkimer County was set off from Montgomery. Present Oneida County then became part of Herkimer.

In 1792 the Western Inland Lock and Navigation Company was chartered, for the development of navigation on the Mohawk. Elkanah Watson was the promoter of this enterprise, having enlisted General Philip Schuyler in the project. In this year, the present Stone Arabia Lutheran (frame) Church was erected. In 1792 a bridge was built over the Mohawk River, near present First and Second streets in Utica. A stage route was established running from Albany to Schenectady to Old Fort Schuyler (Utica) and Whitesboro.

In 1792 Joseph Brant, the Mohawk chief and raider of the Revolution, went through the valley from Canada on his way to Washington. He narrowly escaped hanging by a band of infuriated Palatine farmers.

In 1793 bridges were built over both the East Canada and West Canada creeks and the development and use of the north shore highway increased thereafter. Up to this time, the south shore highway had been the one most generally used. The stretch along the high hill, on the north river bank in the present township of Manheim, Herkimer County, had been only a horse path up to about this time. Samuel Kirkland obtained a charter for his Hamilton Oneida Academy (later Hamilton College) on January 29, 1793.

In 1794 the Albany to Whitesboro stage was extended westward to Geneva. Already the "Genesee Road" was a rude but greatly traveled national highway. On the present Hamilton College campus, Baron Steuben laid the cornerstone of Hamilton Oneida Academy on July 1, 1794. Hamilton was one of the original trustees. (See Chapter 107 on Hamilton College.)

[Photo: General Cochran House, 1790.]

[Photo: Old Courthouse, Schenectady.]

In 1795 the first newspaper in the Mohawk Valley was established at Whitesboro. The Utica Observer-Dispatch is a descendant of this first valley journal.

In 1795 Schoharie County was formed. The greater part of this new division had formerly been included in Albany County. Union College, Schenectady, was created in 1795. This was the first important step in higher education made in the Mohawk Valley up to this time. The question of an academy at Schenectady had been agitated ten years prior to the Revolution. (See Chapter 106 on Union College.) In 1796 the "Mohawk Mercury", the second newspaper to be established in the Mohawk Valley, was first printed at Schenectady.

River, bridge and highway improvements of 1797 boomed Utica, which became a great travel center by both routes. In that year $2,200 was appropriated by the state for the improvement of the "great Genesee road" between "Old Fort Schuyler" and Geneva. From this great road, Utica's city section, Genesee Street takes its name. The same year a river bridge was erected at the foot of Genesee Street at a cost of $400.

The Inland Lock and Navigation Company had been working several years on its Mohawk River improvements. By 1797, locks and canals had been completed at Little Falls, Wolf's Rift and Rome. For twenty-eight years, or until the completion of the Erie Canal in 1825, the Mohawk River was an important waterway transportation route. The larger Durham and Schenectady boats now superseded the batteaux of Colonial and Revolutionary days.

In 1797 Schenectady purchased two fire engines, which were the first in the valley. They were bought in London. In 1798 the city had two fire companies.

Schenectady became a city in 1798, with Joseph C. Yates (later Governor) as its first mayor. Schenectady was then considered an ancient city among American towns, being 137 years of age when it received its city charter. More time had elapsed, from the time of its settlement in 1661 to the year of its charter in 1798, than has passed since the latter year and the year of this writing, 1925.

In 1798 Oneida County was formed and, on April 3, 1798, Old Fort Schuyler was incorporated as a village with the name of Utica. Utica and Whitesboro were the county seats or "shire towns" until 1854, when Utica and Rome became the half shire towns with courts held at both places. There were 50 houses and over 300 people in Utica in 1798, the year of its incorporation as a village.

In 1798, Moses Bagg, a blacksmith, opened the original Baggs Hotel. The present south end of the Baggs was built (1813) around the first log structure without interruption to business and Baggs Hotel is probably the oldest large hotel, with a continuous existence, in the United States.

In 1798 a bridge was built over the Schoharie River at Fort Hunter, which was a great improvement in transportation by way of the south shore highway.

In 1800 the Mohawk Turnpike was incorporated and work began on the improvement of this great national highway, between Schenectady and Utica. In the same year the Seneca Road was chartered running westward from Utica and the Great Western Turnpike, running from Albany westward on the same route as the road of that name of today, which generally follows the Schoharie and Susquehanna side of the Mohawk divide ten or fifteen miles south of our river. These highway developments were a great step forward in valley transportation. The new improved roads were crowded with traffic and turnpike inns sprang up on an average of one in every mile.

By 1800 the population of the six Mohawk Valley Counties numbered 72,522, including 1,352 slaves.

In 1801 the name of Weiserdorf was changed to Middleburg.

In 1803 the first bridge over the Mohawk at Canajoharie was constructed.

Fairfield Academy opened its doors in 1803. Its founding was of equal importance with that of Union Academy in 1785, Union College in 1795, both at Schenectady, and Hamilton Oneida Academy at Clinton in 1794. Fairfield Academy later added a medical department which was the first medical school in the state west of Albany. Fairfield played a great part in educational work in the first half of the Nineteenth Century and educated many Mohawk Valley men and women who later occupied a high position in our valley life and history. Its passing was but the natural outcome of the development of the free school system and the passing of the academies and seminaries, which correspond somewhat, in a lesser way, to our present high schools.

About 1800, cheese making for the market developed north of Little Falls. Glove making began to assume the importance of an industry in Kingsborough (Gloversville) between 1805 and 1810.

In 1804 General William Floyd, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, settled at Westernville, Oneida County, where he died in 1821.

In 1806 the first bridge across the Mohawk at Fort Plain was built. A woolen factory was established at Frankfort in 1807. Herkimer became a village in 1807.

The year 1808 witnessed the establishment of the great cotton cloth (white goods) industry of Utica when the first New York Mills factory was established. Johnstown became a village in 1808. In 1808 the celebrated wooden suspension bridge was built across the Mohawk River at Schenectady. This was a most important step in highway transportation in the Mohawk Valley. It is described in Chapter 83 on Mohawk River Bridges. In 1808, the preliminary survey for the Erie Canal was made over its later route, including that through the Mohawk Valley. Rev. Samuel Kirkland, the noted missionary to the Oneidas and founder of Hamilton College, died at his home which he had built, in 1794, on the east side of College Hill, Clinton.

In 1809, Schenectady County was formed from Albany County with Schenectady City as the county seat. In the same year James Burr and Talmadge Edwards started glove making in Kingsboro (Gloversville).

In 1810, a second survey of the Erie Canal was made. The project then lapsed because of the War of 1812, and was not resumed until 1816.

In 1811, Little Falls was chartered as a village. A bridge was built across the Mohawk, connecting Caughnawaga (Fonda) with present Fultonville, in 1811.

In 1812, Hamilton Oneida Academy at Clinton, became Hamilton College and this famous educational institution of the Upper Mohawk Valley started on its important collegiate career.

Cherry Valley received a village charter, in 1812. In 1813, the village of Whitehall Landing was incorporated, the name being later changed to Whitesboro.

In 1812, George W. Featherstonaugh [i.e., Featherstonhaugh] began agitation for a railroad which subsequently resulted in the chartering of the Mohawk & Hudson Railroad in 1826, and its completion from Albany to Schenectady in 1831. Featherstonhaugh, in 1808, built a fine mansion and established a model stock and general farm on the shores of Featherstonhaugh Lake in Duanesburgh township, Schenectady County. Featherstonhaugh is one of the pioneers of railroading in America. (See Chapter 87 on the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad and the biography of Featherstonhaugh in the Biographical section.)

In 1813, the southern section of Baggs Hotel, Utica, was built. It is the oldest hotel in the Mohawk Valley and probably the oldest large hotel in the United States.

The years 1812, 1813 and 1814 covered the War of 1812 and they were busy and important ones for the Mohawk Valley which was again the great warpath of the nation, as it had been during all of America's wars, from the outbreak of King William's War in 1689 to 1814, a period of 125 years. Although our school histories give much attention to the capture of Washington and the battle of New Orleans, the main fighting of the War of 1812 was done on the Niagara, St. Lawrence and Lake Champlain frontiers. As in our Colonial wars and the Revolution, the Mohawk-St. Lawrence-Champlain triangle became the defensive military key position of the United States. Troops for the New York frontiers were constantly passing over the Mohawk turnpikes while military supplies and ordnance went westward over the river. The Scotia campground was used by American troops during the War of 1812, just as it had been previously during the Revolution and the Colonial wars. The Mohawk Valley militia, in large numbers, was actively engaged in this war generally on the Niagara and St. Lawrence frontiers.

In 1814, a drummer boy of Frankfort enlisted at the age of 14 years. He was Hiram Cronk, who died in 1904 at the great age of 104 years and was given a great military funeral in New York City, as the last surviving soldier of the War of 1812.

In 1814, after his great victory on Lake Erie, Commodore Perry journeyed eastward, his progress being a series of triumphant ovations. At Utica, Perry embarked on a Mohawk packet boat, gaily decorated for the occasion, and sailed down the river to Schenectady. Here he was met by a committee of patriotic city burghers, one of whom made an address in Holland Dutch, which was then still largely spoken in Old Dorp. (See Chapter 85 on the War of 1812.)

In 1815, the Cohoes Power Company was formed for manufacturing purposes, using a dam already constructed across the Mohawk. Both Little Falls and Cohoes, at about this time, began the development of water power for manufacturing purposes in the Mohawk Valley. In 1815, a girl baby was born at Johnstown, who was to have a great influence on the history of the world. She was named Elizabeth, the daughter of Judge Daniel Cady, and is now generally known by her married name of Elizabeth Cady Stanton, the pioneer suffragist of America.

In 1816, a young farmer named Eliphalet Remington made his first rifle on his father's farm at Crane's Corners, Herkimer County. In 1831, he removed to present Ilion and started a gun factory and iron works which was the progenitor of the great industries now located at Ilion.

In 1817, the line dividing Herkimer and Montgomery Counties was moved eastward from Little Falls to a line running north along East Canada Creek and southwardly from the mouth of that stream to Otsego County. The township of present Danube, Herkimer County, was then formed from what had previously been Minden Township.

On July 4, 1817, the first work on the Erie Canal was started at Rome, with appropriate ceremonies.

In 1819, Schenectady suffered from a disastrous fire, which destroyed the greater part of its business section and a number of residences. Fort Stanwix was incorporated in 1819 as the village of Rome.

On October 22, 1819, the first Erie Canal boat was launched at Rome to run to Utica as a passenger boat. It was called the "Chief Engineer" and was 61 feet long and 7 1/2 feet wide. On October 23, the first trip between the two towns was made the occasion of a great celebration. In 1820 the Western Inland Lock and Navigation Company sold out to the state, because of the approaching completion of the Erie Canal.

The first bridge over the Mohawk at Amsterdam, was built in 1821.

In 1821, General William Floyd, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, died at Westernville, eight miles north of Rome in Oneida County, where he had lived since 1804.

[Painting: Governor Joseph C. Yates]

In 1822, Joseph C. Yates, of Schenectady, was elected Governor of New York, serving during the years 1823 and 1824. He was a first trustee of Union College on its foundation in 1795, first mayor of Schenectady in 1798, and the first Governor of New York to be elected from the Mohawk Valley.

In 1823, the Erie Canal was completed eastward to Sprakers Basin, where the boats left the canal and proceeded by river to Schenectady. The village of Bridgewater, Oneida County, was incorporated in 1825. In the same year, a bridge was built over the Mohawk at Yosts, subsequently swept away by high water.

In 1825 the Erie Canal was completed throughout its course, from Buffalo to Albany. On October 26, Governor DeWitt Clinton started east from Buffalo, aboard the "Seneca Chief," for a triumphal tour of the new waterway, then generally called the "Grand Canal". Clinton's trip ended at New York City. This trip was the occasion for great celebrations in all the towns along the line, and none were more enthusiastic in their demonstrations than the towns of the Mohawk Valley, with the exception of Schenectady. The people of Old Dorp keenly felt the loss of their river trade and the ending of Schenectady as the Mohawk River eastern terminal port. Had it not been for the enthusiastic greeting of the Union College cadet company, Clinton's reception would have been a decided frost.

The building of the Erie Canal and its effects are described in Chapter 86 on the Erie Canal. The construction of this great waterway had a tremendous effect in stimulating the growth of New York City and State and particularly the towns on its New York to Buffalo highway and waterway. New York's present position as the world's greatest city is largely because of the Erie Canal, which was only made possible by the Mohawk Valley — Gateway to the West.

The Mohawk Valley towns grew rapidly after the completion of the Erie, and this was particularly true of the "canal towns", located on its banks. The canal brought unforseen changes in agricultural conditions in the Mohawk Valley. The Erie gave the western farmers easy access to the eastern market and the Mohawk Valley farmers found that they could not meet this competition in the raising of wheat. The Mohawk Valley then ceased to be the wheat granary of the United States. Its farmers turned to the raising of general crops, hay, broom corn, and hops and to dairy farming and cheese-making. A new American industrial and commercial era dawned with the completion of the Erie Canal through our Valley.

This period of our Valley history marked the passing of those Revolutionary soldiers and mighty hunters of whom Tim Murphy, of Schoharie, and Nick Stoner, of Johnstown, are the most noteworthy. Both were picturesque characters whose deeds form most entertaining reading. Simms' "Trappers of New York" is, in reality, a biography of the famous Stoner, while Paul B. Mattice's "Life and Adventures of Timothy Murphy," tells of the Schoharie hero.

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Wednesday March 8, 2006
Book 7: Emperor Pius Dei
Part V: Glamour Assault

Schlock:Here is Sergeant Ebbirnoth's report.
Kevyn:Did you have any trouble making the pick-up?
Schlock:Nope. The garbage can will work out fine.
Legs:So you didn't tell him about your daring escape from the trash compactor?
Schlock:That story needs to stay between you, me, and two emotionally scarred sanitation techs. It may be good for free drinks someday, though.


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Parents | Raising readers & learners.

Home of Parent & Child Magazine

Scholastic Parents: Raise a Reader

30 Favorite Spooky Stories Parents Love to Read Around the Campfire

Grab your sticks, marshmallows, and a copy of your favorite spooky story for some fun reading under the stars this summer.
on May 14, 2014

Nothing beats sharing chilling tales of ghosts and goblins while watching the fire spark and crackle around a campfire. We recently asked parents on our Scholastic Parents Facebook page to share their favorite spooky stories for kids. Wow – what a response we got!

Whether you're in your own backyard or out in the woods this summer – check out these 30 bone-tingling titles that'll reel your kids in and deliver a ghoulishly good treat.

Happy Reading Under the Stars!

30 Favorite Spooky Stories Parents Say They Love
Goosebumps books by R.L. Stine
Scary Stories by Alvin Schwartz
The Dark by Lemony Snicket
The Ghost Next Door by Wylly Folk St. John
Coraline by Neil Gaiman
Creepy Carrots by Aaron Reynolds and Peter Brown
The Dollhouse Murders by Betty Ren Wright
Hardy Boys books by Franklin W. Dixon
Nancy Drew books by Carolyn Keene
No Way Out - And Other Scary Short Stories by MJ Ware
The Substitute Creacher by Chris Gall
Annie Was Warned by Jarrett Krosoczka
The Spider and the Fly by Mary Howitt and Tony DiTerrlizzi
Gilda Joyce, Psychic Investigator series by Jennifer Allison
A Wrinkle in Time by Madeleine L'Engle
A Wind in the Door by Madeleine L'Engle
Many Waters by Madeleine L'Engle
A Swiftly Tilting Planet by Madeleine L'Engle
Attack of the Vampire Weenies by David Lubar
The Vanishing Vampire by David Lubar
My Monster Mama Loves Me So by Laura Leuck
Skeleton Creek series by Patrick Carman
Go Away Big Green Monster (and Nighty Night Little Green Monster) by Ed Emberley
The Haunting Hour by R.L.Stine
Wait Till Helen Comes by Mary Downing Hahn
Bunnicula Meets Edgar Allan Crow by James Howe
The Graveyard Book by Neil Gaiman
You're Invited to a Creepover Collection by P.J. Night
Monster High series by Lisi Harrison
Lockwood & Co. The Screaming Staircase by Jonathan Stroud

Share your favorite spooky story for kids on the Scholastic Parents Facebook page and get ready for summer reading around the campfire!

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Techno Tween

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Try something new with your kids every day! Find tips on reading, learning, and raising a well-rounded child.

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Today's Tip:
November 23, 2014
Techno Tween

Do you need a software update to your laptop or a new battery for your camera? If so, take your child with you to the electronic store and have her take advantage of this opportunity to understand the ins and outs of the technology world. It may not only introduce her to certain beneficial vocabulary, but it could also spark an interest in a future with electronics!

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SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online

vol.8 issue3Use of vertical expandable prosthetic of titanium for the rib for treating congenital kyphosis in thoracic meningomyelocele patientsInterspinous instrumentation in patients with degenerative lumbar spine disease: disc height measurement on instrumented segment author indexsubject indexarticles search
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Print version ISSN 1808-1851

MENEZES, Cristiano Magalhães; FALCON, Roberto Sakamoto; FERREIRA JUNIOR, Marcos Antônio  and  ALENCAR, Johmeson. Clinical and radiological evaluation of open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion versus minimally invasive. Coluna/Columna [online]. 2009, vol.8, n.3, pp. 297-302. ISSN 1808-1851.

OBJECTIVE: the aim of this article is to compare the clinical and radiological results of patients who underwent open and minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion. METHODS: forty-five patients underwent transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion by the Department of Spine Surgery of Hospital Lifecenter/Ortopédico, between December 2005 and May 2007, 15 of them were in the open interbody fusion group, and 30 in the minimally invasive one. The indications were: the degenerative disc disease associated or not with discal herniation or stenosis; low grade lythic or degenerative spondylolisthesis and post-discectomy/laminectomy syndrome. The variables analyzed were operative time, length of hospital stay, need for blood transfusion, visual analogical pain scale (VAS), Oswestry functional disability index, solid fusion and return to work. RESULTS: the minimum follow-up was two years. There were eight men and seven women in the Open Group, and 17 men and 13 women in the MIS Group. The mean operative time was 222 minutes and 221 minutes, respectively. There was improvement on the VAS and Oswestry scores in both groups. The mean hospital stay was 3.3 days for Open, and 1.8 days for the MIS group. The fusion rate obtained was 93.3% in both groups. Blood transfusion was necessary for three patients (20%) of the Open Group. CONCLUSIONS: the MIS TLIF has similar results to open TLIF in two years follow-up, with additional benefits of less postoperative morbidity, shorter hospital stay and sooner rehabilitation.

Keywords : Surgical procedures, minimally invasive [methods]; Lumbar vertebrae [surgery]; Lumbar vertebrae [radiography]; Spinal fusion [methods].

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Microbiology News
August 30, 2015

Latest Headlines
updated 11:47am EDT

More Microbiology News
August 30, 2015

HIV Particles Do Not Cause AIDS, Our Own Immune Cells Do

Aug. 27, 2015 — Scientists have discovered that HIV does not cause AIDS by the virus's direct effect on the host's immune cells, but rather through the cells' lethal influence on one another. In a new ... read more

Aug. 27, 2015 — RNA can be translated into protein or transformed into gene-regulating molecules. A newly discovered 'reader' protein recognizes a chemical instruction tag affixed to RNA, an important step ... read more

Aug. 27, 2015 — Diets rich in fish oil versus diets rich in lard (e.g., bacon) produce very different bacteria in the guts of mice, reports a new study. The researchers transferred these microbes into other mice to ... read more

Getting a Picture of the Molecules in a Cell in Just Minutes

Aug. 27, 2015 — Scientists can now take a peek into a single plant cell and -- within minutes -- get a view of the small molecules, including metabolites, hormones, nutrients, and lipids, inside ... read more

Probiotics Show No Impact Preventing Gastrointestinal Colonization With Drug-Resistant Bugs in ICU

Aug. 27, 2015 — Probiotics show no benefit for preventing or eliminating gastrointestinal colonization with drug-resistant organisms in patients in the intensive care unit compared to standard care, according to new ... read more

How Dynamin Mediates Membrane Constriction and Scission

Aug. 27, 2015 — Cells continually form membrane vesicles that are released into the cell. If this vital process is disturbed, nerve cells, for example, cannot communicate with each other. The protein molecule ... read more

Bitter Pill: Monarchs, Milkweed and Self-Medication in a Changing World

Aug. 27, 2015 — The milkweed plants growing in 40 cube-shaped chambers on a hilltop at the University of Michigan Biological Station provide a glimpse into the future that allows researchers to ask a question: How ... read more

Aug. 27, 2015 — Cell mechanics are considerably more complex than previously thought and may affect cell structures at various ... read more

Aug. 27, 2015 — Researchers demonstrate how gram-negative bacteria deliver toxins to kill neighboring ... read more

Aug. 26, 2015 — The dominant matriarchs of meerkat society carry a heavy burden. Not only are these females stressed from having to constantly scold and cajole the rowdy members of the tribe to maintain their perch ... read more

Aug. 26, 2015 — For more than a decade, gene sequencers have been improving more rapidly than the computers required to make sense of their outputs. Searching for DNA sequences in existing genomic databases can ... read more

Aug. 26, 2015 — New cost-effective material which mimics natural 'extracellular matrix' has allowed scientists to capture previously unseen behavior in individual plant cells, including new shapes and ... read more

Aug. 26, 2015 — Researchers have for the first time developed a method to precisely control embryonic stem cell differentiation with beams of light, enabling them to be transformed into neurons in response to a ... read more

Aug. 26, 2015 — Researchers have discovered three new fungi as they unravel the mystery cause of the emerging wheat disease white grain ... read more

Aug. 26, 2015 — The humble dust collecting in the average American household harbors a teeming menagerie of bacteria and fungi, and as researchers have discovered, it may be able to predict not only the geographic ... read more

Algorithm Helps Identify Elusive Genes That Express Like Clockwork

Aug. 25, 2015 — An algorithm is giving scientists a new way to identify the dynamics of oscillatory genes, which play an essential role in development functions like cell division, circadian rhythms and limb ... read more

Batting Practice in the Genome

Aug. 25, 2015 — In the biochemical game of genetics, it was thought that the proteins controlling gene regulation in animals were either spectators or players. But scientists have now found that spectator proteins ... read more

Adaptive Mutation Mechanism May Explain Some Forms of Antibiotic Resistance

Aug. 25, 2015 — Evolutionary theory says mutations are blind and occur randomly. But in the phenomenon of adaptive mutation, cells can peek under the blindfold, increasing their mutation rate in response to stress. ... read more

Aug. 25, 2015 — Barley, a widely grown cereal grain commonly used to make beer and other alcoholic beverages, possesses a large and highly repetitive genome that is difficult to fully sequence. Now scientists have ... read more

Ebola Virus Can Survive in Wastewater

Aug. 25, 2015 — The latest discovery by a group of microbial risk-assessment and virology researchers suggests that the procedures for disposal of Ebola-contaminated liquid waste might underestimate the virus' ... read more

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Popular Culture News
August 30, 2015

Latest Headlines
updated 11:54am EDT

More Popular Culture News
August 30, 2015

Criminologist Tackles Perception of NFL Players

Aug. 25, 2015 — A 24-hour news cycle, viral videos and tweets about football players' run-ins with the law can make it seem like criminal activity is an epidemic in the National Football League. But a new study ... read more

Unlike Boys, Girls Lose Friends for Having Sex, Gain Friends for Making out

Aug. 24, 2015 — Early adolescent girls lose friends for having sex and gain friends for 'making out,' while their male peers lose friends for 'making out' and gain friends for having sex, finds a ... read more

American Women Use Book Club Memberships in Dating Field

Aug. 22, 2015 — For American women, a book club membership means more than having status as a reader, as it might pay dividends to them in the dating field as ... read more

Research Reveals Link Between Age and Opinions About Video Games

Aug. 19, 2015 — A new study analyzes the opinions of 109 clinicians asking them whether video games are a problem for society. The older the clinician, the more likely they are to think playing video games leads to ... read more

Aug. 13, 2015 — Across all 50 states and the District of Columbia, homicides of police officers are linked to the statewide level of gun ownership, according to a new study. The study found that police officers ... read more

Movie Theaters in Developing Economies Should Consider the Big Screen

Aug. 10, 2015 — In emerging economies, where real estate is expensive and space is limited, there has been a boom in multiplex movie theater construction fueled by the conviction that small screens with many show ... read more

Emergency Department Counseling Program Fails to Reduce Intimate Partner Violence or Heavy Drinking Among at-Risk Women

Aug. 7, 2015 — A large randomized clinical trial of an emergency department (ED)-based program aimed at reducing incidents of excessive drinking and partner violence in women did not result in significant ... read more

New Survey on Americans' Views on Law Enforcement, Violence, and Race

Aug. 5, 2015 — A new American national survey reveals a disparity among blacks' and whites' perception of violence against civilians by ... read more

Opioid Use and Sexual Violence Among Drug-Using Young Adults in NYC

Aug. 4, 2015 — New research seeks to identify the potential role of drug use in increasing risk of sexual violence among young adult opioid users in New York City, and to identify the specific social and contextual ... read more

Intervention to Screen Women for Partner Violence Does Not Improve Health Outcomes

Aug. 4, 2015 — Screening women for partner violence and providing a resource list did not influence the number of hospitalizations, emergency department, or outpatient care visits compared with women only receiving ... read more

Progress Has Been Made in Reducing Rates of Violence in US; Overall Numbers Remain High

Aug. 4, 2015 — Even though homicide and assault rates have decreased in the US in recent years, the number of these and other types of violent acts remains high, according to a new report. The authors write that ... read more

Half of the Most Popular News on Twitter Is Not Covered by Traditional News Media Sources

July 31, 2015 — Half of the news that appears on Twitter as 'trending topics' goes unmentioned in the traditional news media, and when both sources carry it, 60 percent of the stories appear first on the ... read more

Sochi Winter Olympics 'Cost Billions More Than Estimated'

July 27, 2015 — As the International Olympic Committee prepares to choose between Beijing and Almaty as the host of the 2022 Winter Olympics, a new report shows that the cost of last year's Games in Sochi, ... read more

Sex and Violence May Not Really Sell Products

July 21, 2015 — If there's one thing advertisers think they know, it is that sex and violence sell. A new analysis, however, provides some of the best evidence to date that this widely accepted adage just ... read more

How to Engage the Population With Climate Change? Frame It as a Public Health Issue

July 9, 2015 — Recent research examines the powerful influence of mass media portrayal of climate change and subsequent public identification with the issue. Climate change is often reported as an environmental ... read more

Goat Meat Consumption on the Rise as Immigrants Keep Ties to Home Culture

July 7, 2015 — If you're seeing more goat meat in grocery stores and on restaurant menus these days, you can probably chalk it up to a particular expression of ethnic identity -- an expression that has ... read more

'Here Comes the Sun': Does Pop Music Have a 'Rhythm of the Rain?'

July 7, 2015 — Weather is frequently portrayed in popular music, with a new scientific study finding over 750 popular music songs referring to weather, the most common being sun and rain, and blizzards being the ... read more

Sexual Harassment at Work Not Just Men Against Women

July 1, 2015 — More than one in 10 complaints of sexual harassment at work are reported by ... read more

Almost One in Three US Adults Owns at Least One Gun

June 29, 2015 — Almost one in three US adults owns at least one gun, and they are predominantly white married men over the age of 55, reveals research. Gun owners are are more than twice as likely as non-gun owners ... read more

Is Facebook the Next Frontier for Online Learning?

June 29, 2015 — Social-networking sites such as Facebook can help students learn scientific literacy and other complex subjects that often receive short shrift in today's time-strapped ... read more

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text:
Science News
from research organizations

Pay-for-performance does not improve patient health, finds UK hypertension study

January 27, 2011
Harvard Medical School
A large UK-based study involving nearly 500,000 patients and spanning seven years found that in cases of hypertension, patient health did not improve under a pay-for-performance program.

As news outlets throughout Europe and the U.S. report on the plummeting health of Western adults and children, there is no shortage of culprits. One villain often bandied about is the "fee for service" system of incentives for physicians. Clearly, if doctors are financially rewarded for simply performing more procedures, costs will soar at the expense of patient health.

Enter Pay-for-Performance, an emerging movement in which physicians are rewarded not for what they do, but for quality of care and patient outcomes. Under such a system, economic logic dictates that patients should theoretically show marked improvements when doctors' incentives shift from procedure to patient.

This new approach was implemented in the United Kingdom in 2004 in a program termed "Quality and Outcomes Framework." But whether or not such an approach has actually improved patient health remains an open question.

A new study published January 26 in BMJ presents the strongest evidence yet that Pay-for-Performance does not offer any benefit to patients with hypertension, despite the enormous administrative costs required to maintain such a system.

"No matter how we looked at the numbers, the evidence was unmistakable; by no measure did pay-for-performance benefit patients with hypertension," says lead author Brian Serumaga, formerly of Harvard Medical School/Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, but now at University of Nottingham Medical School.

Working closely with researchers at Harvard, Nottingham, and the University of Alberta in Canada, Serumaga and his colleagues focused on how Pay-for-Performance might affect outcomes in patients with hypertension, a condition where other interventions such as patient education have shown to be very effective.

Analyzing data from the UK's Health Improvement Network, a large database of primary care records from 358 UK general practices, the international research team identified 470,725 patients diagnosed with hypertension between January 2000 and August 2007, spanning four years prior, and three years after, Pay-for-Performance was implemented.

The researchers looked at various measures including blood pressures over time, rates of blood pressure monitoring, and hypertension outcomes as well as illnesses.

Analysis showed that even after allowing for a number of variations, there was no identifiable impact on the cumulative incidence of stroke, heart attacks, renal failure, heart failure or mortality in both patients who had started treatment before 2001 and patients whose treatment had started close to the implementation of Pay-for-Performance.

"Governments and private insurers throughout the world are likely wasting many billions on policies that assume that all you have to do is pay doctors to improve quality of medical care," says senior author Stephen Soumerai, professor in the Department of Population Medicine at Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute. "Based on our study of almost 500,000 patients over seven years, that assumption is questionable at best."

According to Anthony Avery, also of University of Nottingham Medical School, "Doctor performance is based on many factors besides money that were not addressed in this program: patient behavior, continuing MD training, shared responsibility and teamwork with pharmacists, nurses and other health professionals. These are factors that reach far beyond simple monetary incentives."

"Policymakers sometimes legislate large and expensive policies based on their beliefs without the requisite hard evidence," says Soumerai. "Policy makers in the U.S. and in Canada who are attempting to enact such programs need to think hard about other more effective approaches."

This study was funded by the Harvard Medical School Fellowship in Pharmaceutical Policy Research, U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality HMO Research Network Centre for Education and Research in Therapeutics, and the Alberta Heritage Foundation. The paper states that all authors have no financial relationships with any organization that might have an interest in the submitted work in the previous three years.

Story Source:

The above post is reprinted from materials provided by Harvard Medical School. The original item was written by David Cameron. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.

Journal Reference:

  1. B. Serumaga, D. Ross-Degnan, A. J. Avery, R. A. Elliott, S. R. Majumdar, F. Zhang, S. B. Soumerai. Effect of pay for performance on the management and outcomes of hypertension in the United Kingdom: interrupted time series study. BMJ, 2011; 342 (jan25 3): d108 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.d108

Cite This Page:

Harvard Medical School. "Pay-for-performance does not improve patient health, finds UK hypertension study." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 27 January 2011. <>.
Harvard Medical School. (2011, January 27). Pay-for-performance does not improve patient health, finds UK hypertension study. ScienceDaily. Retrieved August 30, 2015 from
Harvard Medical School. "Pay-for-performance does not improve patient health, finds UK hypertension study." ScienceDaily. (accessed August 30, 2015).

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A Woman’s Caloric Restrictions May Explain Why Babies Are Born at Nine Months

The timing of human birth may have more to do with a mother's caloric restrictions than with infant brain size
neonatal brain

G. MOSCOSO Photo Researchers, Inc.

Human babies enter the world utterly dependent on caregivers to tend to their every need. Although newborns of other primate species rely on caregivers, too, human infants are especially helpless because their brains are comparatively underdeveloped. Indeed, by one estimation, a human fetus would have to undergo a gestation period of 18 to 21 months instead of the usual nine to be born at a neurological and cognitive development stage comparable to that of a chimpanzee newborn. Anthropologists have long thought that the size of the pelvis has limited human gestation length. New research may challenge that view.

The traditional explanation for our nine-month gestation period is that natural selection favored childbirth at an earlier stage of fetal development to accommodate selection for both large brain size and upright locomotion—defining characteristics of the human lineage. But when Holly M. Dunsworth of the University of Rhode Island and her colleagues tested this so-called obstetrical dilemma hypothesis, their findings did not match its predictions. The researchers argue that instead of fetal brain expansion being constrained by the dimensions of the pelvis, the dimensions of the human pelvis have evolved to accommodate babies, and some other factor has kept newborn size in check.

That other factor, they contend, is Mom's metabolic rate. Data from a wide range of mammals suggest that there is a limit to how large and energetically expensive a fetus can grow before it has to check out of the womb. Building on an idea previously put forth by study co-author Peter T. Ellison of Harvard University, known as the metabolic crossover hypothesis, the team proposes that by nine months or so the metabolic demands of a human fetus threaten to exceed the mother's ability to meet both the fetus's energy requirements and her own, so she delivers the baby. Dunsworth and her collaborators published their findings online in August in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA.

When I asked paleoanthropologist Karen Rosenberg of the University of Delaware, an expert on the evolution of human birth, what she thought about the new work, she called it “important and interesting.” Yet “just because there's a metabolic moment when it becomes reasonable to have a baby doesn't mean it isn't also true that the pelvis is a trade-off between giving birth and walking on two legs,” she contends.

Rosenberg additionally noted—and I found this especially fascinating—that the authors mention the possibility that the timing of birth actually optimizes cognitive and motor neuronal development. That idea, described by Swiss zoologist Adolf Portmann in the 1960s, is worth pursuing, she says. “Maybe human newborns are adapted to soaking up all this cultural stuff, and maybe being born earlier lets you do this,” Rosenberg muses. “Maybe being born earlier is better if you're a cultural animal.” Food for thought.

Adapted from the Observations blog at blogs.Scientifi

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