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Tuesday, March 14, 2017

Fluoride: EPA's Protected Pollutant

EPA’s failure to lower allowable fluoride levels in public water supplies protects artificial water fluoridation instead of the American public for political not scientific reasons.

EPA, by law, must determine every six years if safe levels of water contaminants, such as fluoride, allowed in public water supplies are still protective of health.  In 2006, the National Research Council, at the behest of EPA and after 3 years of study, said health-preserving fluoride levels must be lowered. But EPA ignored the NRC and the science showing that fluoride ingestion is harmful to health.  In effect, EPA's lack of action is putting many Americans' health at risk.

It's not EPA's task to determine if the addition of fluoride chemicals into public water supplies - fluoridation - is beneficial for dental health. But EPA oddly defended water fluoridation  in its Federal Register published excuse for ignoring the science of fluoride's harm. EPA felt compelled to rip apart almost every study critical of fluoride but failed to critique virtually any pro-fluoride study - even though many respected research bodies found fluoridation research is mostly shoddy and unreliable.

Three expert committees (NRCSCHERYORK) revealed “that there is uncertainty surrounding both the safety and the efficacy of fluoridation, report researchers,  Anat Gesser-Edelsburg, PhD, Head of Health Promotion Department, School of Public Health, University of Haifa, and Dr. Yaffa Shir-Raz  ( Journal of Risk Research, August 2016)

They add,  “A Cochrane systematic review (2015) “concluded that there is very little updated and high-quality evidence indicating that fluoridation reduces dental caries, while there is significant association between fluoride levels and dental fluorosis [white spotted, yellow, brown and/or pitted teeth].”

Dentists and the EPA often claim that dental fluorosis is no big deal but then dentists make a tidy profit covering up those discolored teeth as these fluorosis before and after advertisements attest to.

Based on published science, EPA has enough evidence, not only to lower the water fluoride Maximum Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG) and Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL), but to ban all artificial fluoridation programs country-wide. Naturally fluoridated water supplies generally contain calcium fluoride which is much less toxic than the fluoridation chemicals most used for artificial fluoridation.  In fact, calcium is the antidote for fluoride poisoning.

An EPA scientist details how EPA caved to political interests in 1985 in setting the current safe water fluoride levels. And that was way before hundreds of additional studies were published showing fluoride's harm.

Keeping the MCLG and MCL at scientifically indefensible levels appears to, not only benefit artificial water fluoridation and the special-interests which instigate it, but those industries and corporations that profit from fluoride sales. Corporate interests notoriously protect their products and brand image  – even when water fluoride is not directly linked to their fluoridated dental products. See: Fluoridation - Follow the Money.

Fluoridation began and continues at the urging of dentists – dentists who didn’t perceive that fluoride could get into the brain.  Even the EPA reports, itself, that fluoride is a chemical “with substantial evidence of developmental neurotoxicity.

Well-rehearsed kindly old Dentists, like those in TV commercials, keep to the script. They claim fluoridation is safe and effective before governing bodies who don't realize they are watching an infomercial.   Fluoridation is based on belief not science according to a dental textbook.

Besides, fluoride’s adverse health effects, outside of the oral cavity, are not within the purview of dentistry, according to the California Board of Dental Examiners.  Yet, dentists control the issue - both inside and outside of government.  Organized dentistry's deep pockets full of corporate cash may speak louder than words.

Now over 100 animal and more than 50 human studies show that the neurological system gets fluoridated along with the water, teeth and bones.  The question is no longer “Does fluoride cause brain damage,” but “at what level does fluoride cause brain damage.”

This alone should be enough to put an end to artificial water fluoridation.

How long will EPA allow the American public to be guinea pigs in this ongoing human experiment?

The federal government reports that 58% of US adolescents have dental fluorosis - 21% have moderate fluorosis and 2% severe. Clearly, American children are fluoride-overdosed. We know their teeth are fluoride-damaged.  Who's looking at their bones.  No one!

At the same time, the feds report that 350,000 U.S. children (1 in 200) have serum fluoride levels in the approximate range associated with overt neurotoxic effects.

It’s clear that politics has a heavy hand in protecting fluoride levels allowed in water supplies and, therefore, in protecting the US fluoridation program. My guess is that EPA scientists, intimately involved with protecting fluoride, are fully aware that fluoridation is based on a house of cards. In the early 1940’s,  humans  were used to prove a pre-determined outcome – that fluoride, consumed via the water supply, was essential to create healthy teeth. The inconvenient truth is that modern science disproved those out-dated theories. But the belief in fluoridation runs deep.

Fluoride is neither a nutrient nor essential for healthy teeth as it was once believed to be.  Fluoridation began with the mistaken theory that ingested fluoride was required for children to form decay-resistant teeth.  The Centers for Disease Control now admits that “Fluoride works primarily after teeth have erupted…” CDC also admits that “The prevalence of dental caries in a population is not inversely related to the concentration of fluoride in enamel, and a higher concentration of enamel fluoride is not necessarily more efficacious in preventing dental caries.”  They also admit that the amount of fluoride emerging from saliva to bathe teeth topically with fluoride is too low to have any beneficial effect.

Although the CDC is often cited as praising fluoridation as a great achievement of the last century, the CDC seems to divest itself of responsibility by saying It is not CDC’s task to determine what levels of fluoride in water are safe.

Fluoridation is based on an early 1900’s discovery that people with fluoride-discolored teeth had less tooth decay. A discovery that failed to factor in that healthier wealthier populations were their test subjects. Those with fluoride-mottled teeth grew and ate their own local produce and could afford dental care – which is how, then and now,  most dentists decide where to practice.  Healthy diets reduced tooth decay. Fluoride just discolored their teeth.

Consuming a fluoride-free diet does not cause tooth decay.  But there is no dispute that too much fluoride damages bones and teeth.  The problem is that there is no government entity which is tasked with or interested in ascertaining Americans’ total fluoride intake or informing the public to tally fluoride intake and why they should.

As EPA scientists are well aware the fluoride concentration in public water supplies does not equate to an individual’s dose. Fluoride does not need to be added to public water supplies at all.

Virtually all foods and beverages and some medicines contain fluoride as well as dental products both obvious and obscure, as in dental cements.  Inhaled shower and ocean mist, air pollution and cold mist humidifiers using fluoridated water also contribute to total fluoride intake. In a 2017 study showing that some two-year-old's exceed a safe fluoride level from all sources, Martinez-Mier et. al point out that “Dust and soil, for example, can contribute to a person’s total fluoride intake.”

A 1940’s fluoridation-health experimental study carried out on the entire population of Newburgh, NY, without individual's informed consent, was prematurely declared successful after only 5 years, before the teeth of test animals - schoolchildren - permanent teeth had erupted.  Also ignored were adults, pre-schoolers, brain and long-term effects. The Newburgh study forms the basis for specious claims that fluoridation is safe for everyone. Since then, very little US research looks for fluoride’s adverse health effects to any body parts that aren’t the teeth.  And the few that do are dismissed for poor reasons by this EPA.

The 1940’s was a time when essential vitamins and minerals were discovered to prevent disease. Dentists thought fluoride was their magic bullet but it isn’t.  After 72 years of fluoridation, tooth decay is a national crisis – especially in the poor.  Too many Americans are dentist-deficient and fluoride-overdosed, thanks in part to the EPA’s failure to lower fluoride’s MCL and MCLG.  Dentists prefer to treat the water of and not the teeth of low-income people and EPA enables that

By focusing on fluoridation instead of diet and dentist-access, organized dentistry allowed a national dental health crisis to occur on its watch and created a new one – dental fluorosis.

While the profession increasingly focuses on cosmetic care, 1/3 of all Americans can’t afford or are unable to get any dental care forcing them into hospital emergency rooms to relieve the relentless pain.  EPA has an indirect hand in this.

Dental visits to ERs nearly doubled between 2000 and 2010.  Four million visits cost $2.7 billion, mostly paid by taxpayers, and the patients seldom receive dental care – often just receiving pain and/or antibiotic prescriptions. One hundred and one patients died in hospitals from the consequences of untreated tooth decay, from 2008-2010, according to the Journal of the American Dental Association.

We know that organized dentistry lobbies the EPA to keep the water fluoride MCL and MCLG levels higher than necessary, to protect fluoridation, and claims that dental fluorosis is not a big deal But “Such changes in the tooth’s appearance can affect the child’s self-esteem which makes early prevention that much more critical,” according to dentist Elivir Dincer in the January 2008 New York State Dental Journal.

Fluoridation gives the illusion that dentists care about the low-income folks who aren’t welcomed in their dental chairs.  Most dentists refuse Medicaid patients. Organized dentistry lobbied successfully to have dental care excluded from Medicare.

Tooth decay rates did go down since fluoridation’s inception but there is no valid evidence proving that fluoride is the reason.  Tooth decay rates have gone down in areas with no added fluoride in water or foods.  At the same time, tooth decay crises are occurring in all fluoridated cities, states and countries.  See:  Some African countries with no fluoride, toothbrushes, toothpaste or dentists have inhabitants with some of the lowest decay rates in the world (Nutrition and Physical Degeneration, by dentist Weston Price)

It’s well established that rotten diets make rotten teeth and no amount of fluoride has changed that.

So it’s very disheartening to see EPA's frivolous rejection of a growing mountain of published scientific evidence showing that ingesting fluoride is not safe for everyone.  EPA is supposed to base its MCLG on those who are most adversely affected by fluoride which would include kidney patients, babies, the allergic or insensitive and people who drink copious amounts of water or tea.   Anyone can pull apart any one study but EPA neglects to do so with any study favorable to fluoride or fluoridation.

Because EPA seems to be politicized, EPA scientists, under protection of their union, expressed their scientific reasons to oppose fluoridation in 1999.

William Marcus, PhD, a respected EPA senior scientist was fired after he made public that results of rodent/fluoride studies were selectively downgraded to make it appear that fluoride did not cause cancer in experimental lab animals when it did.  He was re-hired under with back-pay under the whistle blowers’ act but the animal experimental results were never fixed to show the truth.

Others are doing a better job of protecting the public than the current EPA.  For example:

As early as 1988, an investigative reporter with Chemical and Engineering News wrote “Questions about health risks and benefits remain after more than 40 years.”

In 2008, Scientific American reported “Second Thoughts About Fluoride,”  where John Doull, PhD, Chair of the National Research Council’s (NRC) panel which reviewed current fluoride toxicological research (at the EPA’s request – what a waste of money.) said, “when we looked at the studies that have been done, we found that many of these questions are unsettled and we have much less information than we should, considering how long this [fluoridation] has been going on. I think that’s why fluoridation is still being challenged so many years after it began.”

In fact, three expert committees (NRC, SCHER, YORK) revealed “that there is uncertainty surrounding both the safety and the efficacy of fluoridation, report researchers,  Anat Gesser-Edelsburg, PhD, Head of Health Promotion Department, School of Public Health, University of Haifa, and Dr. Yaffa Shir-Raz  in the Journal of Risk Research, August 2016)

They add,  “A Cochrane systematic review (2015) “concluded that there is very little updated and high-quality evidence indicating that fluoridation reduces dental caries, while there is significant association between fluoride levels and dental fluorosis.”

In the 1940s and 1950s, dentists in their eagerness to have a magic bullet that would enhance their professional prestige, promoted fluoridation heavily and dismissed legitimate debate over the merits of fluoridation within the scientific, medical and dental communities, according to an American Journal of Public Health article by Catherine Carstairs, PhD (June 2015).

Carstairs writes, “some of the early fluoridation studies had methodological problems, which may have exaggerated their benefits.”

Carstairs concludes “After 70 years of investigation, there are still questions about how effective water fluoridation is at preventing dental decay and whether the possible risks are worth the benefits.”

In 2014, a legal scholar writes that fluoridation violates numerous legal and ethical human subjects research protocols ( Rita Barnett-Rose, Chapman University Associate Law Professor, in the William & Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review  Volume 39 | Issue 1)

Barnett-Rose writes, “Claims that fluoridation is not mass medication are unpersuasive. Adding a drug to the water supply to treat or prevent the disease of tooth decay is unquestionably a medical intervention, and the fact that the risks of this drug are still being determined by public agencies supports an argument that water fluoridation is an ongoing human medical experiment. As such, this experiment should be subject to informed consent for each human subject affected.”

She adds, "It is no longer acceptable for public health officials to simply dismiss the accruing negative data and to continue to insist that the levels of fluoride children and adults are receiving on a daily basis are without any serious health consequences.”

‘Unfortunately, rather than considering new data objectively, public health officials and dental lobbies spearheading fluoridation schemes often ignore, reject, or suppress the evidence that does not toe the profluoride party line,” she writes.

“The cessation of all compulsory water fluoridation schemes should be the goal of all public health agencies, ethical lawmakers, and informed citizens," she writes.

Even President Obama’s science czar was unkind to fluoridation when he wrote in 1977 “The scientific evidence supporting the efficacy and safety of mass fluoridation at the generally recommended level of 1 milligram per liter of water (1 ppm) is not as good as it ought to be…”

Dentist Thomas Connelly, reporting in the wrote: “I do not see the good in fluoridating our drinking water.

The US has yet to do any human brain/fluoride studies, especially in regard to fluoride’s link to children’s lower IQ.  When respected scientist Phylllis Mullenix unexpectedly found that fluoride can cause brain damage in lab animals and called for more corroborating research, she was fired instead because she wouldn’t hide her result.

Hundreds of millions of dollars – maybe billions – are wasted on artificial water fluoridation schemes including PR agencies hired by both government and private organizations, on infrastructure, spokesperson training, water employee indoctrination, dedicated fluoridation employees in health departments and the CDC, lobbying, continuing education credits, grants, webinars, seminars, meetings, symposiums, advertising, videos, pamphlets, posters and other paraphernalia (t-shirts, cups, tote bags, water bottles, etc) – all because EPA won’t do its job and lower the MCL and MCLG of fluoride to a level that is safe for everyone and which would, in effect, abolish artificial water fluoridation in the United States.

Imagine, instead, if that money could be used to actually treat the teeth of low-income Americans – those who dentists neglect, for whom fluoridation shows no benefit and for which the American public picks up the tab for substandard dental care in hospital ER’s to the tune of billions of dollars.

Failure to lower the water fluoride MCL and MCLG, makes EPA an enabler in this political boondoggle.

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Far Cry 3 Delayed

Far Cry 3 won't be out this September as had been announced. Ubisoft announced today that FC3 has been delayed and the release is now set in Europe, the Middle East, and Africa for November 29 and December 4 in the United States. Ubisoft producer Dan Hay explained why:

"We're taking more time to create the best possible gameplay experience," he said. "Far Cry 3 is a huge offering and we want every element of this insane, action-packed adventure to be of the highest possible quality for the players."

It is unknown if this will effect the BETA trails due in the next few weeks, but we will keep you posted!

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Friday, August 17, 2018

Happy Friday. Wow. It’s been one of those weeks.

From a left-handed co-worker (I work with a lot of left-handed people): two articles on the joys and perils of being a lefty.

Did you know Aretha Franklin has an asteroid named for her? NASA, along with the rest of the planet, mourns the Queen of Soul.

Have a safe and spiffy weekend, everyone. See you next week.

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SciLor's Open Source Forums

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PostPosted: Thu Nov 27, 2014 11:14 pm
Dear SciLor,

Let me first say thank you very much for such a wonderful, always-updated product. I would like to send you cash, as I'm not computer literate enough to send BitCoin, yet. So I'm wondering, is such a thin possible - mailing cash? And I'm sorry about BitCoin. It just seems complicated. And the media has built it up as most likely going to steal your identity and money.

Also, for those reading this, I'm sorry if this is a wrong place for this topic, or if I'm doing something wrong, as when I'm normally reading posts like this, it's other more experienced users berating them for doing something wrong. This is my first post. I'd love tips for learning message boards better (i.e. when to create a new tab, and when a "thread is dead," and whatever that means). I love writing and often think I have something to add. On Wikipedia for example, I always want to improve Wikipedia entries, but I'm worried on whether I'll mess it up, or make too drastic of changes. Mainly in the sphere of pop culture. I just love writing, and I love the tidbits about humans that make them worthwhile. Like did you know Colin Kaepernick (perhaps, that's misspelled) owns a huge, gianourmous tortoise he's had as a pet that's grown from like the palm of your hand! How crazy is that? It makes me kind of like football! But not really.

Question to the community:
*Can you add bulleted lists to posts?
**Is there a way to turn off in message spell check on a Windows 8.1 PC?
***Is Windows 8.1 really that bad?'
****What is Disable BBCode; Disable smilies; Do not automatically parse URLs; Attach a signature (...); THE LAST ONE I UNDERSTAND.

Anyways, SciLor. Thank you again. I know you must be quite busy, and the Community is quite grateful, especially me.

Thank you,
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P.S. I don't even tell people about this, because I don't want them to spoil it. :)
P.P.S. You are awesome.

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The mooring field

I will try to paint a picture of the mooring situation at Marathon City Marina. I write this for folks who have not been here and might someday.

We finally have a mooring ball in the coveted mooring field at Marathon City Marina. As you may recall we started at number 31 on the waiting list when we arrived two weeks ago. We spent the first week at Marathon Marina on on of their new slips and enjoyed our time there. The last week we spent outside the harbour to the west of Boot Key. The holding is OK out there but you are exposed to everything without East in it. Your set is affected by the tidal current and there can be slop and wake.

Prior to the city/state installing mooring balls the harbour was completely open to anchoring. They installed moorings that can accommodate 226 boats up to 60 feet. Marathon is home to transient boaters waiting for a weather window to continue their cruise either to the Bahamas or the Caribbean. It also is home to many boaters who use their boats as winter homes or permanent homes. Finally, the harbour is home to ‘liveaboards’.

You are probably thinking, just anchor and wait until a mooring comes along. At the present time the anchorages inside the harbour are pretty full. Moving into the anchorage would likely mean compromising your anchoring norms for something less than comforting. This is exacerbated by the condition of the anchor rodes etc of some of the anchored vessels. Some of the liveaboards are anchored on two hooks, some one and scopes vary.

We are liveaboards but our boat moves, is well maintained and is as safe as I can make her. Many of the liveaboard boats anchored in the remainder of the harbour are in rough shape and luckily for some are unable to move on their own. Whether by choice or necessity local folks live on these boats. Sprinkled among these anchored boats are derelict vessels sunk or simply abandoned on questionable tethers.

We were lucky. I was able to maintain my anchoring comfort zone by leaving the harbour to anchor outside. The West side of Boot Key is protected from the North to the SE. Yesterday when we finally got the call we were one of 16 boats out there, it was getting crowded. At present the waiting list is near 40 again. We were able to stay out there for almost a week because the wind stayed from the East and we had some protection.

The wind forecast for yesterday and last night was for the East winds to pipe up to 20 to 25 kts ( 37 to 46 kilometers per hour ). Boats previously relatively comfortable outside are driven to move into the harbour and drop their anchors among the previously described vessels. They wouldn’t sleep much. I however slept pretty well hanging here on S-12.

In order to get on the list for a mooring ball, one must present in person and you will be added. When you get to the top of the waiting list they will call and you have two hours to respond to take the ball. In our case yesterday we were number two on the list but number one was unavailable, either they moved on or died waiting…

While on the waiting list if you pay almost the same amount as for a mooring, you can use the facilities; tie up your dinghy, dump trash, shower, laundry etc…

Adding to the frustration of being on a stagnant waiting list, vacant balls appear to be available. The marina protects moorings legitimately paid for by boaters should they go for a sail or leave temporarily. For example we could pay for a mooring for a month stay for 16 days and leave without checking out. That ball would lay vacant and unavailable until our booking ends.

The policies and procedures they use have evolved and appear to work in their eyes. But there are vacant moorings and there are boats some with small children and ‘older people’ in risky anchorages waiting…

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Tuesday, August 30, 2011

Source control will save you life one day

The light maps in IdleTime are extremely bad. In fact I'm not even sure you could call them light maps. Basically they just store the shadows. The UV densaty is a joke, there is no ambient occlusion, no bounce lighting, no nothing.

So whats this got to do with source control? Looking at the above screen shot I decided that I should fix the light maps. Long story short I can't find the code for the light mapper.
Obviously if you have more then one coder on a project source control makes total sence. But why use source control when there is only one programmer?

Lesson #3 for old me:
Always use source control. A part from the obvious, history. Having history will make your code a lot cleaner. I found that when making a big change to the code I would just comment out the old code and add the new code in. This gets very messy very fast. I've been using Perforce at home, they have a 2 (maybe 3) user version for free.

1 comment:

  1. This is a good tip dude. I've got a project I've been working on which ended up getting a bit bigger in scope that I first thought. Now my "source control history" consists of about 80 zip files of the project. :\

    I didn't know P4 offered free licenses. Will check that out.


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Saturday, December 24, 2011

MISS AMERICA 2012 CONTESTANT - Mary Margaret Roark (Mississippi)

Mary Margaret Roark

Age: 21

Bayou Academy High School
Mississippi State University

Platform Issue: J.E.W.E.L.S. for Alzheimer's

Scholastic Ambition: To graduate with honors and attend law school

Talent: Piano

Scholastic Honors: Shackouls Honors College; Phi Kappa Phi; President's Scholar

Career Ambition: To practice law in the entertainment industry

Local Competition Sponsor: Miss North Central Mississippi

State Competition Sponsor: Miss Mississippi Scholarship Organization

Spcial thanks and credits to

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Seasonality of plagues

At a glance:

Playing around with polishing graphics, including an animation, of the seasonality of plague deaths in medieval Europe, early modern Europe, and nineteenth century India and China.

19 Nov 2017

Seasonality of plague deaths

In the course of my ramblings through history, I recently came across Mark R. Welford and Brian H. Bossak Validation of Inverse Seasonal Peak Mortality in Medieval Plagues, Including the Black Death, in Comparison to Modern Yersinia pestis-Variant Diseases. This article is part of an interesting epidemiological literature on the seasonality of medieval and early modern European plagues and the twentieth century outbreaks of plague caused by the Yersinia pestis bacterium. Y. pestis is widely credited (if that’s the word) for the 6th century Plague of Justinian, the mid 14th century Black Death, and the Third Pandemic from the mid nineteenth to mid twentieth centuries. The Black Death killed between 75 and 200 million people in Eurasis in only a few years; the Third Pandemic killed at least 12 million. These are important diseases to understand!

In their 2009 article, Welford and Bossak added additional evidence and rigour to the argument that the difference in seasonality of peak deaths between the first two suspected bubonic plague pandemics and the Third Pandemic indicates a material difference in the diseases, whether it be a variation in Y. pestis itself, its mode and timing of transmission, or even the presence of an unknown human-to-human virus. This latter explanation would account for the extraordinary speed of spread of the Medieval Black Death, which I understand is surprising for a rodent-borne bacterial disease. These are deep waters; as a newcomer to the topic there’s too much risk of me getting it wrong if I try to paraphrase, so I’ll leave it there and encourage you to read specialists in the area.

Plot polishing

One of Welford and Bossak’s graphics caught my eye. Their original is reproduced at the bottom of this post. It makes the point of the differing seasonalities in the different outbreaks of plague but is pretty cluttered. I set myself the job of improving it as a way of familiarising myself with the issues. My first go differed from there’s only in minimal respects:

  • split the graphic into four facets for each plague agent / era to allow easier comparison
  • direct labels of the lines rather than relying on a hard-to-parse legend
  • added a grey ribbon showing a smoothed overall trend, to give a better idea of the “average” seasonality of the particuar era’s outbreak in each facet
  • removed gridlines

All the R code for today’s post, from download to animation, is collected at the end of the post.

I think the grey ribbon of the smoothed average line is the best addition here. It makes it much clearer that there is an average seasonality in the European (medieval and early modern) plagues not apparent in the Indian and Chinese examples.

I wasn’t particularly happy with the logarithm transform of the vertical axis. While this is a great transformation for showing changes in terms of relative difference (eg growth rates), when we’re showing seasonality like this the natural comparison is of the distance of each point from the bottom. It is natural to interpret the space as proportionate to a number, as though there is no transformation. In effect, the transformation is hiding the extent of the seasonality.

I suspect the main reason for the use of the transform at all was to avoid the high numbers for some outbreaks hiding the variation in the smaller ones. An alternative approach is to allow the vertical axes of some of the facets to use varying scales. This is legitimate so long as any comparison of magnitudes is within each facet, and comparisons across facets are of trends and patterns, not magnitude. That is the case here. Here’s how that looks:

I think this is a significant improvement. The concentration of deaths in a few months of each outbreak is now much clearer.

There’s an obvious problem with both the charts so far, which is the clutter of text from the labels. I think they are an improvement on the legend, but they are a bit of mess. This is in fact a classic problem of how to present longitudinal data in what is often termed a “spaghetti plot” for obvious reasons. Generally, such charts only work if we don’t particularly care which line is which.

I attempted to address this problem by aggregating the samples to the country level, while keeping different lines for different combinations of country and year. I made a colour palette matched to countries so they would have the same colour over time. I also changed the scale to being the proportion of deaths in each month from the total year’s outbreak. If what we’re after is in fact the proportion of deaths in each month (ie the seasonality) rather than the magnitudes, then let’s show that on the graphic:

This is starting to look better.

While I think it was worth while aggregating the deaths in those small medieval towns and villages to get a less cluttered plot, it does lose some lovely granular detail. Did you know for instance that the medieval Welsh town of Abergwillar is completely invisible on the internet other than in discussion of the plague in 1349? One way around this problem of longitudinal data where we have a time series for many cases, themselves of some interest, is to animate through the cases. This also gave me a chance to use Thomas Pedersen’s handy tweenr R package to smooth the transitions between each case study.

Note how I’ve re-used the country colour palette, and used the extra visual space given by spreading facets out over time (in effect) to add some additional contextual information, like the latitude of each location.

Some innocent thoughts on the actual topic

This was a toe in the water for something I’d stumbled across while reading a history book. There’s lots of interesting questions here. Plague is in the news again today. There’s a big outbreak in Madagascar, with 171 deaths between August and mid November 2017 and more than 2,000 infections. And while I have been writing this blog, the Express has reported on North Korea stockpiling plague bacteria for biological warfare.

On the actual topic of whether seasonality of deaths tells us that the medieval Black Death was different from 19th century Chinese and Indian plagues, I’d like to see more data. For example, what were the death rates by month in China in the 14th century, where the outbreak probably began? Presumably not available.

Nineteenth century Bombay was different from a medieval European village in many important respects. Bombay’s winter in fact is comparable in temperature to Europe’s summer, so the coincidence of these as peak times for plague deaths perhaps has something in common. On the other hand, Manchuria is deadly, freezing cold in its winter when pneumonic plague deaths peaked in our data.

Interesting topic.

R code

Here’s the R code that did all that. It’s nothing spectacular. I actually typed by hand the data from the original table, which was only available, as far as I can see, as an image of a table. Any interest is likely to be in the particular niceties of some of the plot polishing eg using a consistent palette for country colour when colour is actually mapped to country-year combination int he data.

Although tweenr is often used in combination with the animate R package, I prefer to do what animate does manually: save the individual frames somewhere I have set myself and call ImageMagick directly via a system() call. I find the animate package adds a layer of problems - particularly on Windows - that sometimes gives me additional headaches. Calling another application via system() works fine.

#========download and prepare data=========
              destfile = "plauge-mortality.xlsx", mode = "wb")
orig <- read.xlsx("plague-mortality.xlsx", sheet = "data")

d1 <- orig %>%
  rename(place = Place, year = Date, agent = Agent, country = Country, latitude = Latitude) %>%
  gather(month, death_rate, -place, -year, -agent, -country, -latitude) %>%
  # put the months' levels in correct order so they work in charts etc
  mutate(month = factor(month, levels = c("Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun",
                                          "Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec")),
         month_number = as.numeric(month)) %>%
  mutate(place_date = paste(place, year),
         agent = fct_reorder(agent, year)) %>%
  arrange(place, year, month_number)

# define a caption for multiple use:
the_caption <- str_wrap("Graphic by Peter Ellis, reworking data and figures published by Mark R. Welford and Brian H. Bossak 'Validation of Inverse Seasonal Peak Mortality in Medieval Plagues, Including the Black Death, in Comparison to Modern Yersinia pestis-Variant Diseases'",

#============faceted version of original graphic=====================

p1 <- d1 %>%
  ggplot(aes(x = month_number, y = death_rate, colour = place_date)) +
  geom_smooth(aes(group = NULL), se = TRUE, colour = NA, size = 4) +
  geom_line(aes(x = month_number), size = 0.9) +
  scale_y_log10("Number of deaths in a month", limits = c(1, 1000000), label = comma) +
  scale_x_continuous("", breaks = 1:12, labels = levels(d1$month), limits = c(0.5, 12)) +
  facet_wrap(~agent) +
  theme(panel.grid = element_blank()) +
  labs(caption = the_caption) +
  ggtitle("Seasonal deaths by different plague agents",
          "Medieval and early modern Black Death and plague peaked in summer, whereas early 20th Century outbreaks peaked in late winter")

direct.label(p1, list("top.bumpup", fontfamily = "myfont", cex = 0.8)) # good

# version with free y axes as an alternative to the log transform
p1b <- p1 +
  facet_wrap(~agent, scales = "free_y") +

direct.label(p1b, list("top.bumpup", fontfamily = "myfont", cex = 0.8))

#==============================y axis as proportion===================
d2 <- d1 %>%
  group_by(country, year, month_number, agent) %>%
  summarise(deaths = sum(death_rate, na.rm = TRUE)) %>%
  mutate(country_date = paste(country, year)) %>%
  group_by(country_date) %>%
  mutate(prop_deaths = deaths / sum(deaths, na.rm = TRUE)) %>%
  # convert the zeroes back to NA to be consistent with original presentation:
  mutate(prop_deaths = ifelse(prop_deaths == 0, NA, prop_deaths))

# Defining a palette.  This is a little complex because although colour
# is going to be mapped to country_year, I want each country to have its own
# colour regardless of the year.  I'm going to use Set1 of Cynthia Brewer's colours,
# except for the yellow which is invisible against a white background
pal1 <- data_frame(country = unique(d2$country))
pal1$colour <-  brewer.pal(nrow(pal1) + 1, "Set1")[-6]

pal2 <- distinct(d2, country, country_date) %>%
  left_join(pal1, by = "country")
pal3 <- pal2$colour
names(pal3) <- pal2$country_date

# draw graphic with colour mapped to country-year combination, but colours come out
# at country level:
p2 <- d2 %>%
  ggplot(aes(x = month_number, y = prop_deaths, colour = country_date)) +
  geom_smooth(aes(group = NULL), se = TRUE, colour = NA, size = 4) +
  # geom_point() +
  geom_line(aes(x = month_number)) +
  scale_color_manual(values = pal3) +
  scale_y_continuous("Proportion of the year's total deaths in each month\n",
                     label = percent, limits = c(0, 0.65)) +
  scale_x_continuous("", breaks = 1:12, labels = levels(d1$month), limits = c(0.5, 12)) +
  facet_wrap(~agent) +
  theme(panel.grid = element_blank()) +
  ggtitle("Seasonal deaths by different plague agents",
          "Medieval and early modern Black Death and plague peaked in summer, whereas early 20th Century outbreaks peaked in late winter") +
  labs(caption = the_caption)

direct.label(p2, list("top.bumpup", fontfamily = "myfont", cex = 0.8))

d3 <- d1 %>%
  group_by(place_date, country, latitude) %>%
  mutate(prop_deaths = death_rate / sum(death_rate, na.rm = TRUE),
         prop_deaths = ifelse(, 0, prop_deaths)) %>%
  ungroup() %>%
  mutate(place_date = fct_reorder(place_date, year),
         place_date_id = as.numeric(place_date))  %>%
  arrange(place_date_id, month_number)

place_dates <- levels(d3$place_date)

# change this to a list of data.frames, one for each state
d3_l <- lapply(place_dates, function(x){
  d3 %>%
    filter(place_date == x) %>%
    select(prop_deaths, month, place_date, agent)

# use tweenr to create a single data frame combining those 20+ frames in the list, with interpolated
# values for smooth animation:
d3_t <- tween_states(d3_l, tweenlength = 5, statelength = 8, ease = "cubic-in-out", nframes = 600) %>%
  # caution - tween_states loses the information ont the ordering of factors
  mutate(month= factor(as.character(month), levels = levels(d1$month)),
         place_date = factor(as.character(place_date, levels = place_dates)))

# make a temporary folder to store some thousands of PNG files as individual frames of the animation
unlink("0114-tmp", recursive = TRUE)

for(i in 1:max(d3_t$.frame)){
  png(paste0("0114-tmp/", i + 10000, ".png"), 2000, 1000, res = 200)
  the_data <- filter(d3_t, .frame == i)
  the_title <- paste("Deaths from", the_data[1, "agent"], "in", the_data[1, "place_date"])
  tmp <- d3 %>%
    filter(place_date == the_data[1, "place_date"]) %>%
    select(place_date, country, latitude) %>%
  the_xlab <- with(tmp, paste0(place_date, ", ", country, ", ", latitude, " degrees North"))
  the_high_point <- the_data %>%
    filter(prop_deaths == max(prop_deaths) ) %>%
    slice(1) %>%
    mutate(prop_deaths = prop_deaths + 0.03) %>%
    mutate(lab = agent)
  the_colour <- pal2[pal2$country == tmp$country, ]$colour[1]
    ggplot(the_data,  aes(x = as.numeric(month), y = prop_deaths)) +
    geom_ribbon(aes(ymax = prop_deaths), ymin = 0, fill = the_colour, colour = "grey50", alpha = 0.1) +
    scale_x_continuous(the_xlab, breaks = 1:12, labels = levels(d1$month), limits = c(0.5, 12)) +
    ggtitle(the_title, "Distribution by month of the total deaths that year") +
    theme(panel.grid = element_blank()) +
    geom_text(data = the_high_point, aes(label = lab))  +
    labs(caption = the_caption) +
    scale_y_continuous("Proportion of the year's total deaths in each month\n",
                       label = percent, limits = c(0, 0.68))
  # counter:
  if (i / 20 == round(i / 20)){cat(i)}

# combine all those frames into a single animated gif
pd <- setwd("0114-tmp")
system('magick -loop 0 -delay 8 *.png "0114-plague-deaths.gif"')

# clean up

The original

As promised, here’s the original Welford and Bossak image. Sadly, they dropped Abergwillar; and they have data for Poona which I couldn’t find in a table in their paper.

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While “physical” delivery of Bitcoins as part of a futures contract would certainly be possible it raises regulatory and security issues in today’s environment where the cybercurrency exchanges are mostly unregulated, somewhat unreliable, and theft due to security hacks is distressingly common.  By selecting cash settlement the CME and Cboe completely avoid the transfer of custody issues and shift those problems to somebody else—namely the market makers and arbitrageur.
Having said that, bitcoin price action remains fraught with wild and inexplicable gaps, like a $400 drop and rise in an hour in the late hours of July 30, according to Bloomberg.  This particular trade, and unwind seems to have affected bitcoin pricing globally and likely impacted trading of the U.S. listed contracts as well.  Volumes and open interest seemed to have increased around the time of this large trade unwind.  It could be a coincidence, though I suspect that some smart traders, aware of the situation, put short trades on in these future contracts to take advantage of the forced unwind.
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Here is the story of Longfin Corp., a fin-tech-ish company that was listed on Nasdaq on Wednesday and then announced on Friday that it was acquiring Ziddu.com, "a blockchain-empowered global micro-lending solutions provider," causing its stock to go up by more than 1,200 percent and giving it a market capitalization of some $6.2 billion as of yesterday's close. LongFin's offering circular is a fun read -- it describes its founder and chief executive officer, who also happens to be the controlling shareholder of Ziddu.com, as "a financial wizard" and "a true believer in disruptive technologies" who "believes that every piece of information is worth millions" -- but even better is the press release describing the Ziddu acquisition:
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If you are serious about cryptocurrency trading, I strongly recommend finding a mastermind group that suits your skill level and budget so that you can improve your knowledge, expose yourself to less risk, and gain access to news and tips before they hit the mainstream market – this is where the real money is to be made. In my opinion, your best bet is to sign up to use the Notorious Bot as you get a ton of value not only from the bot but also from the Discord channel where you have access to veteran traders and analysts.

Ripple is an open-source digital payment network, and it’s already being used by some of the world’s largest banks – such as the bank of Tokyo and Santandar. XRP has shown significant potential recently and has been turning a lot of heads. Ripple aims to become the go-to tool for banks on a global scale, while still giving an exciting investment opportunity to crypto advocates and solo investors. Ripple has many haters and I’ve been burned by it myself in the past – I sold 30,000 XRP at 20 cents… painful. Still, I did buy them at 3 cents a pop, so it could have been worse. I hold 10,000 XRP today and will hold until 2022.

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Those who believe in Cryptocurrency claim it to be the next big thing in the history of mankind. The mere fact that Cryptocurrency is beyond the control of any government body gets it a lot of eyeballs. Imagine a universal currency beyond the control of liquidity, inflation and government subsidy. This would mean that the commercial activity of economies working on Cryptocurrency shall be privatized absolutely.
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Strictly speaking, there’s so much to be tested and validated in this field, yet Cryptocurrency is the most lucrative form of currency thought of till date. It has not been banned in most countries but most countries maintain a strict no regulation and no involvement stand on it. Considering the same, Cryptocurrency traders are always looking for the most reliable broking and trading platforms.
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Homero Josh Garza, who founded the cryptocurrency startups GAW Miners and ZenMiner in 2014, acknowledged in a plea agreement that the companies were part of a pyramid scheme, and pleaded guilty to wire fraud in 2015. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission separately brought a civil enforcement action against Garza, who was eventually ordered to pay a judgment of $9.1 million plus $700,000 in interest. The SEC's complaint stated that Garza, through his companies, had fraudulently sold "investment contracts representing shares in the profits they claimed would be generated" from mining.[88]
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Special Note Regarding the Correlation Risks of Geared Funds (All Funds, except the Matching ProShares Funds, the Managed Futures Strategy ETF, the Crude Oil Strategy ETF, the Bitcoin Futures Strategy ETF, the Short Bitcoin Futures Strategy ETF, the Blockchain/Bitcoin Strategy ETF, and the Bitcoin Futures/Equity Strategy ETF and the CDS Short North American HY Credit ETF)
The Index Receipt Agent makes available through the NSCC on each Business Day, either immediately prior to the opening of business on the Exchange or the night before, the list of the names and the required number of shares of each Deposit Security to be included in the current Portfolio Deposit (based on information at the end of the previous Business Day) for each applicable Fund. Such Portfolio Deposit is applicable, subject to any adjustments as described below, in order to effect purchases of Creation Units of Shares of such Fund until the next-announced Portfolio Deposit composition is made available.
I have worked with the CME in the past on product development (specifically CDS futures) and from my experience, they would not have missed anything this simple.  In fact, while I am not a huge fan of the concept of Bitcoin futures, as currently implemented, I do not expect any errors in the operation of the CME or CBOE futures contract.  I am sure that regulators will be questioning them on the back of the OKEX, as they should, and I am also quite positive the exchanges here will pass with flying colors.

It is the policy of the Funds (excluding, Managed Futures Strategy ETF, Crude Oil Strategy ETF, CDS Short North American HY Credit ETF, Bitcoin Futures Strategy ETF, Blockchain/Bitcoin Strategy ETF, Bitcoin Futures/Equity Strategy ETF, and Short Bitcoin Futures Strategy ETF) to pursue their investment objectives of correlating with their indices regardless of market conditions, to attempt to remain nearly fully invested and not to take defensive positions.

The Distribution and Service Plan is intended to permit the financing of a broad array of distribution-related activities and services, as well as shareholder services, for the benefit of investors. These activities and services are intended to make the Shares an attractive investment alternative, which may lead to increased assets, increased investment opportunities and diversification, and reduced per share operating expenses. There are currently no plans to impose distribution fees.
The tax rules are uncertain with respect to the treatment of income or gains arising in respect of commodity-linked exchange-traded notes (“ETNs”) and certain commodity-linked structured notes; also, the timing and character of income or gains arising from ETNs can be uncertain. An adverse determination or future guidance by the IRS (which determination or guidance could be retroactive) may affect a Fund’s ability to qualify for treatment as a regulated investment company and to avoid a Fund-level tax.
You’ll find that different exchanges cater to different markets. Today, most countries have at least one cryptocurrency exchange specializing in their own currency. There are exchanges that can accept New Zealand Dollars in exchange for bitcoin, for example. Other exchanges are known for certain pairs. Bithumb, for example, has particularly strong liquidity in the ETH/KRW (South Korean Won) pair at the moment (and it’s easily the most popular cryptocurrency exchange in Korea).
No, the successful trader is not me. I’ve gotten lucky a few times and I’m still refining and trying out strategies; on the other hand, I’m part of communities of people who trade on a daily basis to grow their portfolios, and while some of the results can be attributed to luck, a majority of it is based on fundamentals, good habits, and experience.
In order to provide current Share pricing information, an Exchange disseminates an updated Indicative Optimized Portfolio Value (“IOPV”) for each Fund. The Trust is not involved in or responsible for any aspect of the calculation or dissemination of the IOPVs and makes no warranty as to the accuracy of the IOPVs. IOPVs are expected to be disseminated on a per Fund basis every 15 seconds during regular trading hours of an Exchange.
Note: This Prospectus provides general U.S. federal income tax information only. Your investment in the Fund may have other tax implications. If you are investing through a tax-deferred retirement account, such as an individual retirement account (IRA), special tax rules apply. Please consult your tax advisor for detailed information about a Fund’s tax consequences for you. See “Taxation” in the SAI for more information.
The Trust has entered into an agreement with Foreside Management Services, LLC (“Foreside”), pursuant to which Foreside provides the Trust with the services of an individual to serve as the Trust’s Principal Financial Officer and Treasurer. Neither Foreside nor the Treasurer have a role in determining the investment policies of the Trust or Funds, or which securities are to be purchased or sold by the Trust or a Fund. The Trust pays Foreside an annual flat fee of $100,000 per year and an additional annual flat fee of $3,500 per Fund, and will reimburse Foreside for certain out-of-pocket expenses incurred by Foreside in providing services to the Trust. For the fiscal years ended May 31, 2015, May 31, 2016 and May 31, 2017, the Trust paid $533,544, $533,860, and $481,869, respectively, to Foreside for services pursuant to its agreement. Foreside is located at Three Canal Plaza, Suite 100, Portland, ME 04101.

The Fund generally does not expect to invest directly in futures contracts, option contracts and swap agreements (“Bitcoin Instruments”). The Fund expects to gain exposure to these investments by investing a portion of its assets in the ProShares Cayman Bitcoin Futures/Equity Strategy Portfolio, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Fund organized under the laws of the Cayman Islands (the “Subsidiary”). The Subsidiary is advised by ProShare Advisors, the Fund’s investment advisor, and invests directly in Bitcoin Instruments. Unlike the Fund, the Subsidiary is not an investment company registered under the 1940 Act. The Fund’s investment in the Subsidiary is intended to provide the Fund with exposure to commodity markets related to bitcoin in accordance with applicable rules and regulations. The Fund will invest up to 25% of its total assets in the Subsidiary. Except as otherwise noted, references to the Fund’s investment strategies and risks include the investment strategies and risks of the Subsidiary.

An Authorized Participant who exchanges securities for Creation Units generally will recognize a gain or a loss. The gain or loss will be equal to the difference between the market value of the Creation Units at the time and the sum of the exchanger’s aggregate basis in the securities surrendered plus the amount of cash paid for such Creation Units. An Authorized Participant who redeems Creation Units will generally recognize a gain or loss equal to the difference between the exchanger’s basis in the Creation Units and the sum of the aggregate market value of any securities received plus the amount of any cash received for such Creation Units. The IRS, however, may assert that a loss realized upon an exchange of securities for Creation Units cannot be deducted currently under the rules governing “wash sales,” or on the basis that there has been no significant change in economic position. Persons purchasing or redeeming Creation Units should consult their own tax advisors with respect to the tax treatment of any creation or redemption transaction.
•   The Code generally imposes a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on the “net investment income” of certain individuals, trusts and estates to the extent their income exceeds certain threshold amounts. For these purposes, “net investment income” generally includes, among other things, (i) distributions paid by a Fund of ordinary dividends and capital gain dividends, and (ii) any net gain from the sale, redemption or exchange of Fund shares. Shareholders are advised to consult their tax advisors regarding the possible implications of this additional tax on their investment in a Fund.
This course by the ChartGuys “covers topics ranging from market psychology to executing a trade”, as the ChartGuys themselves say. This is a paid course ($149) – however, even The Merkle thought that it is worth its money. It covers long term as well as short term investment strategies, and the psychology of investing as well. Click here to visit the course.


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The Fund is an actively managed exchange traded fund. The Fund seeks to achieve its investment objective by investing substantially all of its assets in a combination of short positions in bitcoin futures contracts and money market instruments. The Fund is designed to benefit when the price of bitcoin futures contracts declines. The Fund generally seeks to have 30% of the value of its portfolio invested in short positions in bitcoin futures contracts and 70% of the value of its portfolio invested in money market instruments.

When you display any broker’s profile page on the CME list above, you will see on the right hand side this broker’s specialties (a list of industries and/or financial products). As of this articles publication (Nov. 24, 2017), only one broker has added Bitcoin to his list of specialties: Level Trading Field LLC. However, this does not mean that the other brokers won’t handle Bitcoin futures. We expect that more of them will adopt this specialty as soon as Bitcoin futures are on the market.

While cryptocurrencies are digital currencies that are managed through advanced encryption techniques, many governments have taken a cautious approach toward them, fearing their lack of central control and the effects they could have on financial security.[99] Regulators in several countries have warned against cryptocurrency and some have taken concrete regulatory measures to dissuade users.[100] Additionally, many banks do not offer services for cryptocurrencies and can refuse to offer services to virtual-currency companies.[101] Gareth Murphy, a senior central banking officer has stated "widespread use [of cryptocurrency] would also make it more difficult for statistical agencies to gather data on economic activity, which are used by governments to steer the economy". He cautioned that virtual currencies pose a new challenge to central banks' control over the important functions of monetary and exchange rate policy.[102] While traditional financial products have strong consumer protections in place, there is no intermediary with the power to limit consumer losses if bitcoins are lost or stolen.[103] One of the features cryptocurrency lacks in comparison to credit cards, for example, is consumer protection against fraud, such as chargebacks.
Index options are subject to substantial risks, including the risk of imperfect correlation between the option price and the value of the underlying assets composing the index selected, the possibility of an illiquid market for the option or the inability of counterparties to perform. Because the value of an index option depends upon movements in the level of the index rather than the
Under Delaware law, the Trust is not required to hold an annual shareholders meeting if the 1940 Act does not require such a meeting. Generally, there will not be annual meetings of Trust shareholders. Trust shareholders may remove Trustees from office by votes cast at a meeting of Trust shareholders or by written consent. If requested by shareholders of at least 10% of the outstanding Shares of the Trust, the Trust will call a meeting of Funds’ shareholders for the purpose of voting upon the question of removal of a Trustee of the Trust and will assist in communications with other Trust shareholders.
•   Compounding Risk — In the course of managing the Fund’s investments, ProShare Advisors will need to periodically adjust the Fund’s holdings in order to maintain investment exposure approximately equivalent to the Fund’s assets. This process entails obtaining additional inverse exposure as the Fund experiences gains, and reducing inverse exposure as the Fund experiences losses. The higher the volatility of the bitcoin futures contracts in which the Fund invests, the more such rebalancing can adversely affect the Fund’s performance.
A Fund may invest in one or more exchange-traded funds that invest in commodities or options, futures, or forwards with respect to commodities, and are treated as QPTPs for federal income tax purposes. As noted above, a Fund is limited to investing no more than 25% of the value of its total assets in the securities of one or more QPTPs. Although income from QPTPs is generally qualifying income, if an ETF intending to qualify as a QPTP fails to so qualify and is treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, a portion of its income may not be qualifying income. It is also possible that an ETF intending to qualify as a QPTP will be treated as a corporation for federal income tax purposes. In such a case, it will be potentially liable for an entity-level corporate income tax, which will adversely affect the return thereon. There can be no guarantee that any ETF will be successful in qualifying as a QPTP. In addition, there is little regulatory guidance concerning the application of the rules governing qualification as a QPTP, and it is possible that future guidance may adversely affect the qualification of ETFs as QPTPs. A Fund’s ability to pursue an investment strategy that involves investments in QPTPs may be limited by that Fund’s intention to qualify as a RIC, and may bear adversely on that Fund’s ability to so qualify.

The Bitcoin protocol was built using open source software by a small group of individuals who developed what is known today as “Bitcoin Core.” The open source nature of the Bitcoin protocol permits any developer to review the underlying code and suggest changes to it via “Bitcoin Improvement Proposals”, or “BIPs.” If accepted by a sufficient number of miners, BIPs may result in substantial changes to the Bitcoin Network, including changes that result in “forks” (as described herein). The Bitcoin Network has already experienced two major forks after developers attempted to increase transaction capacity. Blocks mined on these new “forked” networks now diverge from blocks mined on the original Bitcoin Network maintained by Bitcoin Core, resulting in the creation of two new blockchains whose digital assets are referred to as “bitcoin cash.” and “bitcoin gold.” Bitcoin, bitcoin cash and bitcoin gold now operate as separate, independent networks. Multiple BIPs still exist, many of which are aimed at increasing the transaction capacity of the Bitcoin Network, and it is possible that one or more of these BIPs could result in further network “forks.” Such changes may
Each Fund may enter into reverse repurchase agreements as part of its investment strategy, which may be viewed as a form of borrowing. Reverse repurchase agreements involve sales by a Fund of portfolio assets for cash concurrently with an agreement by the Fund to repurchase those same assets at a later date at a fixed price. Generally, the effect of such a transaction is that a Fund can recover all or most of the cash invested in the portfolio securities involved during the term of the reverse repurchase agreement, while a Fund will be able to keep the interest income associated with those portfolio securities. Such transactions are advantageous only if the interest cost to a Fund of the reverse repurchase transaction is less than the cost of obtaining the cash otherwise. Opportunities to achieve this advantage may not always be available, and a Fund intends to use the reverse repurchase technique only when it will be to the Fund’s advantage to do so. A Fund will segregate with its custodian bank cash or liquid instruments equal in value to the Fund’s obligations with respect to reverse repurchase agreements.
"It's certainly not a scam," cryptocurrency startup Centra's general counsel said last month about its $30 million initial coin offering, which is not a sentence you'd ideally want your general counsel to have to say to the press. (He said it after Centra's co-founders left the company due to a New York Times profile describing their run-ins with the law and pointing to possibly inaccurate statements about their ICO, which was touted by Floyd Mayweather and DJ Khaled and which, again, raised $30 million.)
Bitcoin isn’t just an unknown commodity: it will always be an unknown commodity. Bitcoin doesn’t have the fundamentals that investors typically use to analyze an asset. Most stocks or bonds can be analyzed based on some trait of the instrument. Stocks have P/E ratios and dividends, for example, while bonds have return percentages. Bitcoin has no fundamentals that can be easily measured.
Each of ProShares Ultra 7-10 Year Treasury, ProShares Short 7-10 Year Treasury, ProShares UltraShort 7-10 Year Treasury, ProShares Ultra 20+ Year Treasury, ProShares Short 20+ Year Treasury, ProShares UltraShort 20+ Year Treasury, and ProShares UltraPro Short 20+ Year Treasury is based in whole, or in part, on the ICE U.S. 7-10 Year Bond Index, or ICE U.S. 20+ Year Bond Index, as applicable, owned by Intercontinental Exchange, Inc. or its affiliates and is used by LICENSEE with permission under license by Interactive Data Pricing and Reference Data, LLC, an affiliate of Intercontinental Exchange, Inc. (“Interactive Data”). ICE U.S. 7-10 Year Bond Index™ and ICE U.S. 20+ Year Bond Index™ (collectively, the “Indices”) are trademarks of Intercontinental Exchange, Inc. and its affiliates and used under license.
Set forth below is a general discussion of certain U.S. federal income tax issues concerning the Funds and the purchase, ownership, and disposition of a Fund’s Shares. This discussion does not purport to be complete or to deal with all aspects of federal income taxation that may be relevant to shareholders in light of their particular circumstances, nor to certain types of shareholders subject to special treatment under the federal income tax laws (for example, life insurance companies, banks and other financial institutions, and IRAs and other retirement plans). This discussion is based upon present provisions of the Code, the regulations promulgated thereunder, and judicial and administrative ruling authorities, all of which are subject to change, which change may be retroactive. Prospective investors should consult their own tax advisors with regard to the federal tax consequences of the purchase, ownership, or disposition of a Fund’s Shares, as well as the tax consequences arising under the laws of any state, foreign country, or other taxing jurisdiction.
XBT futures are cash-settled contracts based on the Gemini's auction price for bitcoin, denominated in U.S. dollars. Gemini Trust Company, LLC (Gemini) is a digital asset exchange and custodian founded in 2014 that allows customers to buy, sell, and store digital assets such as bitcoin, and is subject to fiduciary obligations, capital reserve requirements, and banking compliance standards of the New York State Department of Financial Services.
S&P 500 Dividend Aristocrats ETF; S&P MidCap 400 Dividend Aristocrats ETF; Russell 2000 Dividend Growers ETF; Equities for Rising Rates ETF; Morningstar Alternatives Solution ETF; S&P 500 Ex-Energy ETF; S&P 500 Ex-Financials ETF; S&P 500 Ex-Health Care ETF; and S&P 500 Ex-Technology ETF    4:00 p.m. (3:30 p.m. if in cash) in order to receive that day’s closing NAV per Share
The Code generally imposes a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on the net investment income of certain individuals, trusts, and estates to the extent their income exceeds certain threshold amounts. For these purposes, “net investment income” generally includes, among other things, (i) distributions paid by a Fund of ordinary dividends and capital gain dividends as described above, and (ii) any net gain from the sale, redemption or exchange of Fund shares. Shareholders are advised to consult their tax advisors regarding the possible implications of this additional tax on their investment in a Fund.
There are dozens, if not hundreds, of unregulated online exchanges and brokerage firms offering cryptocurrencies and cryptocurrency trading products. Investors should be wary of too-good-to-be-true promotions and promises of quick riches. Once you deposit money, many of these firms will charge you outrageous commissions or make it very difficult to withdraw funds. Some of the worst offenders will simply steal your money.
participating in a distribution (as opposed to engaging in ordinary secondary market transactions), and thus dealing with the Fund’s shares as part of an “unsold allotment” within the meaning of Section 4(3)(C) of the Securities Act, will be unable to take advantage of the prospectus delivery exemption provided by Section 4(3) of the Securities Act.
How can this be? How can you have more futures contracts for gold than actual gold? Because you don't have to deliver a bar of gold when the contract matures. Many futures contracts settle on a "cash" basis – instead of physical delivery for the sale, the buyer receives the difference between the futures price (= the agreed-upon price) and the spot (= market) price.
Disclaimer: Trading carries a high level of risk, and may not be suitable for all investors. Before deciding to invest you should carefully consider your investment objectives, level of experience, and risk appetite. The possibility exists that you could sustain a loss of some or all of your initial investment and therefore you should not invest money that you cannot afford to lose. You should be aware of all the risks associated with foreign exchange trading, and seek advice from an independent financial advisor if you have any doubts.
From time to time, proxy issues may pose a material conflict of interest between Fund shareholders and the Advisor, the Distributor or any affiliates thereof. Due to the limited nature of the Advisor’s activities (e.g., no underwriting business, no publicly traded affiliates, no investment banking activities and no research recommendations), conflicts of interest are likely to be infrequent. Nevertheless, it shall be the duty of the Committee to monitor potential conflicts of interest. In the event a conflict of interest arises, the Advisor will direct ISS to use its independent judgment to vote affected proxies in accordance with approved guidelines. The Committee will disclose to the Board of Trustees the voting issues that created the conflict of interest and the manner in which voted such proxies were voted.
The biggest problem of the Blockchain is its reliance on miners. This is exactly why the cryptocurrency called IOTA (the Internet of Thigs Application) was created in 2016. IOTA also battles increasing transaction fees and network scalability. IOTA’s blockchain is called Tangle. It is a blockchain with no blocks and no chains. In this system, the users themselves are responsible for validating transactions. This means there’s no need for approval from miners; so users enjoy a fee-free transaction and an increased process speed.
Special rules would apply if a Fund were a qualified investment entity (“QIE”) because it is either a “U.S. real property holding corporation” (“USRPHC”) or would be a USRPHC but for the operation of certain exceptions to the definition of USRPIs described below. Very generally, a USRPHC is a domestic corporation that holds USRPIs the fair market value of which equals or exceeds 50% of the sum of the fair market values of the corporation’s USRPIs, interests in real property located outside the United States, and other trade or business assets. USRPIs generally are defined as any interest in U.S. real property and any interest (other than solely as a creditor) in a USRPHC or, very generally, an entity that has been a USRPHC in the last five years. A Fund that holds, directly or indirectly, significant interests in REITs may be a USRPHC. Interests in domestically controlled QIEs, including REITs and RICs that are QIEs, not-greater-than-10% interests in publicly traded classes of stock in REITs and not-greater-than-5% interests in publicly traded classes of stock in RICs generally are not USRPIs, but these exceptions do not apply for purposes of determining whether a Fund is a QIE.

Each Fund may invest in a wide range of fixed income securities, which may include foreign sovereign, sub-sovereign and supranational bonds, as well as any other obligations of any rating or maturity such as foreign and domestic investment grade corporate debt securities and lower-rated corporate debt securities (commonly known as “junk bonds”). Lower-rated or high yield debt securities include corporate high yield debt securities, zero-coupon securities, payment-in-kind securities, and STRIPS. Investment grade corporate bonds are those rated BBB or better by Standard & Poor’s Rating Group (“S&P”) or Baa or better by Moody’s Investor Services (“Moody’s”). Securities rated BBB by S&P are considered investment grade, but Moody’s considers securities rated Baa to have speculative characteristics. See Appendix A for a description of corporate bond ratings. The Funds may also invest in unrated securities.

There are so many hoops to jump through to set up for mining and each coin has its quirks. The power of your machine and graphix card and your power consumption are all important. My friend mined for 8month Eth and only made couple of hundred bucks by time you subtract power useage etc. He already had a powerful machine used in film industry for video graphix just sitting around so he thought he’d put it to use over that time for a laugh and see what happened. It took many hours messing around to set up and occassionally nursing it over that period. Of course he had to use his machine also occassionally which compromised the performance.
When you hear "margin", you may be thinking that you are borrowing money to trade bitcoin futures. This is not quite true. A key feature of these futures contracts is that the leverage comes from counterparties providing it to one another, not from the exchange lending funds and not from any bitcoin being lent from third parties. The contracts are simply like stocks with a market price, which represents the agreements between traders to take the opposing sides of where price of bitcoin will go, so no actual bitcoins are being exchanged per se, however the profit and loss between counterparties is very real!
By now you may ask yourself, “If I think that the price of an asset is going to rise, why should I buy a call option and not the asset itself?” The answer is this: Options give you leverage. That means that with a limited amount of capital, you can profit much more by buying options than assets – but also lose much more. This is because a small difference in the price of the underlying asset immediately leads to a substantial change in the price of the derivative. For example, when pork belly prices rise from 1,000 USD to 1,100 USD (an increase of 10%), call options for 1,000 USD suddenly become much more valuable – their prices may rise from 10.5 USD to 105 USD. Thus, if you have invested all of your capital in pork bellies, you will win 10% – if you have invested in pork belly call options, you will pocket a 1,000% profit.


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Orbital 1 Online Hack and Cheats

Orbital 1 Online Hack – How to hack Orbital 1 Online with unlimited Gems and Coins

Below you will see all the cheats needed to hack Orbital 1 These Cheats for Orbital 1 work on all iOS and Android devices. You will also not need a jailbreak or rooted phone. Using our website you no longer need to download a hack tool, so it is safer.

Anti-Ban Protection : Yes
Undetectable Script : Yes
Tested and works perfectly.

Orbital 1 Online Hack Features:

Add Unlimited Gems.
Add Unlimited Coins.

Orbital 1 Print Screen Proof

Working as of :

Does this tool Work ?

1,420 YES / 2 NO

Let the action begin! Orbital 1 is a real-time strategy game with battles set in interplanetary arenas.

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CUSTOMIZE YOUR CAPTAIN with amazing skins and fight in these rotating battles with an innovative and exciting game mechanic. Show the world what you are made of!

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DESIGN YOUR DECK with endless combinations. Pick the best troops and choose your favorite gadgets. Plan your strategy and defeat players from all over the world in real time!

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1 Comment

  1. 12 Comment:

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Tuesday, July 16, 2013

Beachy Still Life #3

11x15" Watercolor on 140 lb. Kilimanjaro WC paper

Here's number three. Sketchbook and old unclean palette in background, with a Tun shell I collected way back when we lived in Bermuda, while snorkeling at one of our favorite spots. Ann found the whale bone vertebra at Edisto Island a long time ago, and finally one of the bottles that I collect for this very purpose.

Hugh said...

Very nice as usual!

Gary said...

Thanks Buddy1


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My my My my

Player Releases

If you require a player release from the Connecticut Riverhawks, please submit the following information to Gina Karafa at  who will submit the requst to the CHC:

  • Child/Player Name
  • Address
  • Phone Number
  • Birthdate
  • Name of the new hockey program

In order for the Connecticut Riverhawks to submit the request, all financial obligations must be resolved.

Thank you.