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About Rationally Speaking

Rationally Speaking is a blog maintained by Prof. Massimo Pigliucci, a philosopher at the City University of New York. The blog reflects the Enlightenment figure Marquis de Condorcet's idea of what a public intellectual (yes, we know, that's such a bad word) ought to be: someone who devotes himself to "the tracking down of prejudices in the hiding places where priests, the schools, the government, and all long-established institutions had gathered and protected them." You're welcome. Please notice that the contents of this blog can be reprinted under the standard Creative Commons license.

Friday, June 29, 2012

Enjoying natural selection on multiple levels

by Leonard Finkelman

Meanwhile, Richard Dawkins was picking another fight.

Normally, this would not be an occasion worthy of comment. The best way to distinguish between Professor Dawkins’ waking and sleeping states is probably on the basis of how contentious he is at a given time. Nevertheless, I’m compelled to say something for two reasons. First, this particular fight happens to be taking place right in my proverbial (and professional) wheelhouse; second, I’ve just finished my annual re-reading of Michael Crichton’s Jurassic Park duology.

That last bit requires some explanation, I know. As I mentioned in my last post, Crichton spent most of his later career playing the role of anti-establishment gadfly. For The Lost World, his sequel to Jurassic Park, he set his sights against the theory of natural selection. Indeed, the centerpiece of the book—almost literally, coming precisely halfway through the page count—is a chapter entitled “Problems of Evolution,” wherein Crichton asked the following about the evolution of human intelligence:

“... where does natural selection act? Does it act on the body … on the developmental sequence … on social behavior … Or does it act everywhere all at once—on bodies, on development, and on social behavior?”

This is an issue known to philosophers of biology as the “levels-of-selection problem” (I’ll abbreviate it as LOS hereafter). Biologists don’t have a clear answer to Crichton’s question, and so he took it to be the case that the theory of natural selection is deeply flawed. But Crichton missed an important point: that LOS is a philosophical rather than biological problem.

Professor Dawkins’ newest fight is about LOS; as it happens, so too is my PhD thesis.* I’m therefore going to take this opportunity to summarize the debate and to show that we do have decent answers to Crichton’s question—so long as we ask those questions in the right context.

Let’s start with a big question. What exactly does the theory of natural selection say, and why is LOS a problem?

There’s a reason that Thomas Henry Huxley (AKA “Darwin’s Bulldog”) responded to the publication of The Origin of Species with the exclamation, “How stupid not to have thought of that!” The reason is that the theory is, very broadly speaking, incredibly simple. It says that individuals that are better equipped for survival in their environments will leave more offspring in a population than worse-equipped individuals, and so each subsequent generation will see a greater proportion of beneficial traits in the population—and this spread of traits is evolution.

More specifically, evolution requires three things: first, that there is variability between the individuals in a population; second, that the variations can be inherited by individuals in the population’s next generation; third, that there is a consistent reason that individuals with one kind of variation leave more offspring than individuals with a different kind of variation. We can call these the requirements of variability, heritability, and differential reproduction. We can imagine these requirements combining into a sort of informal formula for evolution:

Variability(x) &; Heritability(x) &; Differential Reproduction(x) ➝ Evolution(y)

In this formula, x is a variable that stands for the individual and y is a variable that stands for the population. Bottom line: if a variable trait benefits most individuals x that have that variation, then you’ll eventually (over multiple generations) see that variation spread to most of a later population y.

Benefit therefore plays an important role in evolution. But cui bono?

To hear Darwin tell it, the correct answer to Crichton’s question is “the body” (as Crichton put it), since whole organisms benefit from their advantageous variations. To wit: tigers have stripes because any individual tiger with stripes—as opposed to one with, say, spots—will (all else being equal) blend in better with its grassy surroundings, thus giving it a better chance of ambushing its prey and surviving long enough to leave lots of tiger babies. This works as an explanation of most organisms’ traits, but there was one trait that always defied Darwin’s explanation: altruistic behavior.

By definition, altruistic behavior—that is, being helpful—benefits organisms other than the one that behaves altruistically. I spend a lot of time helping to care for my infant nephew; that’s time that I could be spending, say, going out on dates that might eventually secure me a child of my own. Helping to care for my nephew benefits him, but it hurts me (evolutionarily speaking). The impulse to care for nieces and nephews should therefore be rare among humans. It’s not. Why not? Cui bono?

If you know of Dawkins at all, then the odds are slightly better than even that you know something about his response to the altruism problem. The so-called “selfish gene” theory, technically known as gene selection, is an elaboration of work done by W.D. Hamilton and G.C. Williams on a phenomenon known as “kin selection.” Kin selection is predicated on the idea that the impulse I feel to care for my nephew is stronger than the impulse I feel to care for (say) my neighbor’s nephew. I know that my nephew is my sister’s son, and that my sister and I were born of the same parents; I therefore know that he carries 50% of my sister’s genetic alleles, and that there’s a 50% chance that any one of my sister’s alleles is one that I also carry. For any one of my nephew’s alleles, then, there’s a 25% chance that I also carry that allele. If I care for my nephew, then my genes have a one in four chance of helping themselves; if I care for my neighbor’s nephew, the odds are much, much lower. Gene selectionists therefore argue that genes are the individuals who benefit in the process of natural selection. Hence Dawkins’ famous claim that organisms are “gigantic lumbering robots” for carrying genes around: I have an impulse to care for my nephew because it helps (some of) my genes, even though it hurts me as a whole.

In 2010, E.O. Wilson and two collaborators wrote an article in Nature attacking the viability of kin selection. We won’t get into the details of their mathematical argument; the bottom line is that things rarely work out so neatly as “my nephew has half of my sister’s genetic alleles and she has half of mine,” and the complexities ultimately call into question the idea that gene selection can explain altruistic behavior. In his newest book and a recent New York Times “Stone” column (interestingly, a philosophy blog!), Wilson proposes an alternative that he calls “multi-level selection.” His account is so called because Wilson believes that nature sometimes selects genes, sometimes selects organisms, and sometimes selects groups—and that the latter option is the one that explains altruism. It was this claim that prompted Dawkins’ scathing review of Wilson’s book, linked in the first paragraph. Undermining the very foundation of Dawkins’ account of selection probably had something to do with it, too.

Group selection says that I may not benefit from caring for my nephew, but my family does, and if my family prospers then so too will I. Altruistic behavior evolves in organisms that develop strong social bonds because benefit ultimately comes back to the altruistic organism through those social bonds. Groups maintained by social ties will therefore be “individuals” that nature can select.

To summarize: LOS is a debate over what gets plugged into x in our evolution formula. Darwin said x=organisms; Dawkins says x=genes; Wilson says x=social groups. (And Crichton says that the spread of possible answers makes the formula wrong, which is about as valid an argument as saying that the equation “2x=y” is wrong because there are just so many numbers that can fit into each variable.)

Between Dawkins and Wilson, each side of the LOS debate gets things right and each side of the debate gets things wrong. We’ll see how by asking another big question: why is there a theory of natural selection?

Darwin once wrote that “all observation must be for or against some view if it is to be of any service.” Recognizing what natural selection stands against should therefore be useful towards recognizing what natural selection stands for. Remember creationism? How about intelligent design? Natural selection provides a (vastly superior) alternative to these theories in explaining why organisms seem so well-adapted to their ways of living; it is an answer to what we might call the design question.

To date, gene selection has provided an astoundingly successful answer to the design question. In addition to explaining altruism, it also explains things like why tigers have stripes: after all, traits like stripes are coded (at least in part) by genes, and so selection of tigers with stripes is also selection of the genes for stripes in tigers. Gene selectionists like Dawkins argue that their account works better than organism-level selection because it explains more, and this seems very largely correct.

Group selection, by contrast, doesn’t do as well at answering the design question, because plugging “social groups” into x raises a number of problems. Let’s assume that my family does benefit from my altruism. Cui bono? Maybe my nephew learns the value of altruism and behaves similarly towards his nephew. My nephew therefore has the altruistic impulse; what sense does it make to say that my family has it? The family is altruistic only if it has individual organisms that are altruistic. Doesn’t that mean that it’s really the organisms that benefit? Groups aren’t coherent individuals in the same sense as organisms or genes, and so it’s much more difficult to say that they have beneficial traits. Without beneficial traits, there’s no evolution formula. Again, Dawkins is very largely correct on this count.

Still, it does seem that group selection is at least theoretically coherent. It may work; what does it work for?

As it turns out, the design question is not the only one that the theory of natural selection is meant to answer. Organisms are well-adapted to their environments, yes, but there’s also the fact that organisms in different species are well-adapted to a very wide variety of different environments. Why? This is what we’ll call the diversity question.

As it turns out, group selection may provide a much more direct answer to the diversity question than does gene selection. Understanding why requires that we understand extinction.

Diversity requires extinction. Tigers are well-adapted to jungle hunting and lions are well-adapted to savannah hunting, but why aren’t there big cats that hunt in both the jungle and the savannah? Natural selection predicts that this hypothetical intermediary group once existed, but went extinct; since the intermediary no longer links the tiger and lion groups, those groups are now distinct species.

Extinction is not random. Certain traits—amount of genetic variability, population size, etc.—have a very strong influence on which species go extinct. But take notice: these are traits of groups, not organisms or genes. In fact, gene selection has a difficult time explaining diversity: it can explain why there are feline jungle hunters and feline savannah hunters, but not so much why there aren’t any remaining feline part-timers that hunt in both. On this point, Wilson is correct: a multilevel account of selection can draw on gene selection to answer the design question and group selection to answer the diversity question, and so benefits from the strengths of both accounts.

This has been an admittedly broad sketch of an overview of a deeply nuanced topic, and I’m sure that more than a few readers inclined towards evolutionary biology are now engaged in the harmful act of banging their heads against a wall. (Some of them may be on my dissertation committee.) Sorry: it’s tough to capture nuance in a blog post.

Nevertheless, I hope all readers can take this much away: the question of where natural selection works is one that depends on a philosophical question. What is an individual in biology? We’re used to thinking in terms of organisms—if we don’t count humans as individuals, then what would we count?—but we have compelling reasons to think of entities at other levels of organization as individuals, too. Are my genetic alleles individuals with “interests” distinct from mine? Why should I be able to call the group Homo sapiens a biological individual, but deny that individuality to the group “Finkelman family”? It’s difficult to imagine what sort of empirical data could decide these questions, and this is where the philosopher makes his living.

So: fight on, Professor Dawkins. Fight on, Professor Wilson. It’s a hell of a view from here in the wheelhouse.

* If I make fewer attempts at humor here than I normally do, it’s only because this is obviously the most important problem that anyone can possibly work on, under any circumstances, and it must be treated with all due severity.

  1. You've omitted the Lamarckian and Baldwinian contentions that selection is primarily driven by the organism's reaction to its significantly changing experience, and that by the continual process of trial and error, it learns different adaptive behaviors which in turn add selective pressures to readjust the shapes of the physical apparatus that enables the behaviors to fulfill their newly anticipated purposes. More or less.
    Dawkins, by the way, doesn't believe that purpose of any sort play a role in evolution, but he's not the only one.

  2. In the great apes, we have not only learning to consider, but also, in some cases, cultural evolution. It's hardly a stretch to invoke the Baldwin effect (I omit Roy's "primarily" in characterizing it).

    Much of "natural genetic engineering" — phenomena that James Shapiro rightly emphasizes, but wrongly anthropomorphizes — can be accounted for only by organism-level selection. For instance, it's a reasonable guess that genome shuffling in stressed bacteria originated as cellular malfunction. When an organism generates many offspring, and the "selection pressure" is high, a risky (high variance, low mean fitness) reproductive strategy can yield more offspring, on average, than a conservative strategy. (There's good theory to back this up.) I'm suggesting that cells have evolved to "mess up" their genomes better (in ways that are less likely to be lethal), when stressed, than they used to.

  3. Cultural evolution is "primarily" the result of the culture having accelerated the spread of lessons taken from its individual participants' experiences. It shares the learning process among the other participants. More likely these are kin who may have learned these lessons together. It has little to do with altruism, or love among the genes. It has a lot to do with evolution of all species that share some form of inter communicative culture. Bacteria communicate continuously, quorum sensing couldn't happen otherwise.
    Further, Shapiro doesn't anthropomorphize at all. He recognizes life's common behavioral strategies and characteristics.

  4. The basis of altruism may be the home, the body of the parents intially, mainly the mother, the attachments from which we grow and to which we return, it seems quite a practical cycle, not requiring deep philosophical analysis but requiring analysis of the psychological connection to that biological cycle.

    The basis of biology is two-fold, but we have only seen it from one way to date. Selection is open and non-predictive, except to say that traits of all kinds will survive, first if they happen, and then if they can. What can? That's crystal ball stuff based on past patterns of survival, but why go to step 2 before fully exploring step 1?

    A reason for Dawkin's convergent "trades" might not be that selection (whatever it may be) very strongly favors particular traits, but that DNA has a limited chemical environment and layered landscape with which to construct anatomies. Stop at step 1, and examine the limits to the available chamicals, and their specific capacities with which DNA "might" in the first place mutate something constructable.

    I say "might", because mutation is still considered random, in the traditional view of DNA to function rather than function to DNA, but new research into RNA's role in Epigentics is open to tendencies to mutations. I would simply say we are arrogant if we assume we understand the myriad affinities that operate between the elements of the periodic table to form even the compounds we have studied in detail. Chemistry is almost art.

    In any event, even if mutations are "random" (even despite prexisting affinities) the chemical landscape itself will limit what is possible to construct, and over billions of years what catches on may be what resembles the environment. I propose that the human anatomy, for example, may be the chemical ambodiment of the landscape (gasses, liquids, minerals, and solids, for example as basics), and microbiology must understand how DNA fashions anatomies from those chemicals, and the limits to its strongly predictive potential. That's your new research program Massimo.

  5. There is an interesting debate in the edge website about this. Steven Pinker wrote an essay against group selection and others have commented on it. here: http://edge.org/conversation/the-false-allure-of-group-selection

  6. Pinker is a staunch neo-Darwinist, one of the more intelligent, but when he says things like this, you have to wonder: "Granted, it's often convenient to speak about selection at the level of individuals, because it's the fate of individuals (and their kin) in the world of cause and effect which determines the fate of their genes. Nonetheless, it's the genes themselves that are replicated over generations and are thus the targets of selection and the ultimate beneficiaries of adaptations".
    He doesn't seem to get that the individuals produce their genes with slightly different traits to serve an evolutionary purpose. We survived by intelligent reactions to the randomness of nature, and we have learned to program our genes accordingly. As multicellular organisms, we engineer our changes with help from that process, where single cell organisms effectively redesign themselves before they make their copies. Etc., etc.
    But then all these Dawkinsists are marvelous rationalizers. I'm less marvelous but I try.

    1. Roy, I don't think Pinker will dispute what you said, but the point he is trying to make is that the genes are the replicators not the bodies that carry them. When people (or any other organism) reproduce sexually, the offspring is not a replica of the parent, only the genes.

    2. Actually the offspring is not a replica of either the genes or the parent. So when I said "copies" it was probably the wrong word to use. The offspring results from instructions carried by the sperm that wins the race, and each sperm seems to carry slightly different instructions, DNA, RNA or otherwise. As do the eggs of the female apparently. So the child is not a replicate of any parent, but a blend of their predominate traits. Mendel's laws seem to apply here, and they have seemed over time to be reliable. (Not that I ever really understood them.)
      And to say that the offspring is a replica of its genes over generations is just wrong.
      The information that genes carry is never exactly the same over time, and genes are nothing without their information.

    3. It's that thinking that got me interested in biology, when my brother a year ahead in high school said flat out "we select oursleves!". Took me a while to get what he meant, but it might be possible that the chemical environment of the cell at mutation is more complex than providing a theatre for mere random chance.

    4. This is how we take advantage of random choice:
      Meiosis II
      "Interestingly, because the homologous pairs line up during Metaphase I, there is a 50:50 chance of which one of each pair will go to each of the poles of the cell (like flipping a coin, where you can get either heads or tails). Therefore, in humans with 23 pairs of chromosomes, a gamete (egg or sperm) could have 223 or 8,388,604 possible combinations of chromosomes from that parent. Any couple could have 223 × 223 or 70,368,744,177,644 (70 trillion) different possible children, based just on the number of chromosomes, not considering the actual genes on those chromosomes. Thus, the chance of two siblings being exactly identical would be 1 in 70 trillion. In addition, something called crossingover, in which the two homologous chromosomes of a pair exchange equal segments during synapsis in Meiosis I, can add further variation to an individual’s genetic make-up."
      Somebody who knows Pinker should remind him of that.

    5. I think what you are getting at is the difference between the species and the individual. Traits are constrained by the universal process of reproduction, involving genetic scrabble, so it would be the framework of that universal process (chromosome and gene behavior), which is a species process shared with other species across evolution.

      The genes that are scrabble in that species process would be scrabble for the purposes of the individual produced by that process. Individuals are churned out with genes intact, rather than genes scabbled to hopefully produce a workable individual. The individual of the species, by a species process, is guaranteed by the controlled scrabbling of genes. I favor the individual over the gene on that analysis, and that the individual would be the point of the species, being churned out by the species process.

    6. Sorry, but that doesn't make any sense to me at all.

    7. Imagine a framwork of chromsomes carrying genes as a process that scrabbles the genes as you describe. If genes were the level of selection, why scrabble them?

      If genes have priority, there should be a way for them to prioritize, when in fact they seem to fit in all sorts of ways to make individuals, and the individual survives or not along with all of the genes.

      Thus individuals have priority both as the entity that survives as holus bolus genes, and because the genes are just scrabble in that process, without any known priority.

    8. Genes aren't scrabbled. They are diversified for a purpose. It's an intelligent adaptation (or preadaptation) process that improves the odds of the members of the next generation to survive as a group of diverse individuals, whether it's a family group, or a group of families. Environmental changes are not predictable with accuracy, but the need to be prepared for dealing with a range of changes is something every species has learned.

    9. I would say they are scrabbled. I don't mean scrambled, because the combinations that come out in the individual might have more survival value in that arrangement, as if spelling out more useful words than random letters.

      But they are rearranged in unpredictable ways. As you say, the basis is a species process to churn out individuals that share a spectrum of genes across a group, enhancing survival chances. But that is static.

      Development must spring from novelty within the group, by one or more individuals whose genes mutate and reproduce within the group. If you ask what is selected, I would say the individuals that have those new genes are from a species process to churn out individuals to be selected.

      There is a possibility that individuals will add value to the group by mutation. It gets back to individuals in the selection of a species process. One mate is needed to reproduce a new trait, but clearly chances are increased all around if there is widespread group sharing of the new addition.

    10. Nothing you have said there makes any sense. We respond intelligently to accidents. Accidents don't respond intelligently to us.

    11. I don't understand where you are coming from either. It began with your discussion of the process pre selection, which I am trying to outline as a process for more or less random mixing, apparently an accident by your definition. Mutation is also generally considered an accident, but that's a separate issue as you haven't mentioned it at all, merely the circular process of mixing genes within a species. So I brought in mutation to make it more real. It's quite logical.

      Intelligent responses to the accidents of random mixing or mutation? That makes no sense to me at all. Intelligence is as given by mutation as long as it can survive by whatever means, and if those cards are dealt randomly then so be it. But I doubt it for particular reasons not yet stated, rather than blind faith in a purpose of intelligence.

    12. Random mixing done for an intelligent purpose is no accident. Mutations don't give intelligence, unless they are intelligently directed to.
      Neo-Darwinians think otherwise, but your rather weird understanding of any of the current theories isn't supported by any of them.

    13. You are back to intelligent purpose again as your fundamental condition, which is nonsense under any current theory you might like to apply. My explanation is structurally sound, although you can make sweeping unsubstantiated summaries such as 'weird' if you like. That's not an argument.

      In my theory, intelligence is both from mutation to produce the '747' (unlikely) and selection to allow it to continue (obvious). At least I have clearly set the scene for my theory, rather than falling into a mantra. But I'm not going to bother with that right now.

      Clearly the 747 argument applies despite selection for intelligence or anything else, as the next mutation could be anything. Accumulated tiny anythings becoming a highly specific something would take forever, literally, even if selected upon each mutation arising to eliminate duds. That's a clue for you, it's back to the drawing board.

    14. You mean your ideas aren't weird, but mine on the other hand are nonsense? Now there's an argument if I ever saw one.

    15. In terms of current theory yours is nonesense, yes. Mine is parallel, as it provides the mutational level, where the problem lies. You understand purpose at the selection level, like everyone else who proposes purpose, as that is the level on which biology is investigated.

      The penny has not dropped for anyone that the mutational level is yet to be defined, because we comfortably explore the broad limits of selection and revere Darwin, thinking there is nothing more. It's a common human tendency to conform, and our numbers are low anyway as 90% of the world is spiritual and not really on board.

      See the 4th post in this blog for an outline of where my theory fits in. I have been arguing with knowledge of your absent argument and my real argument, although you have suspected I have no real argument, which would be illogical without some investigation, so there is an opportunity for you.

    16. Sorry, I don't see that opportunity as serving any of my present purposes.

  7. For me, your argumentation breaks down the moment you turn to the diversity question, and that is because to me it simply does not make any sense to call population sizes and amounts of genetic variability "traits".

    The first problem is, a trait of whom? Of the species perhaps? So you appear to assume that the groups of groups selection are species. That would mean we are thinking in terms of various species competing against each other, with some of them producing more descendent species than others, and some being selected against because of their traits. That is strange right there.

    First, unless they really have no genetic variability, species can react to selective pressure by changing. A gene copy in the gene-centered view of evolution or an individual cannot do that, so it makes much more sense to see them as the objects of evolution. It is also strange to consider a species more successful because it has produced more offspring species. Speciation often happens simply by fragmentation, i.e. insufficient gene flow between increasingly isolated populations.

    Imagine the earth is getting warmer for a few hundred thousand years, and one species cannot live in the lowlands any more but only on six isolated mountain ranges. So over time, merely through genetic drift, it fragments into six reproductively isolated species, but each of them is now genetically impoverished and has such a low population size that they are all very vulnerable. It would have been better for their chances of survival if they had all remained one species. Again, this is not a problem for a gene- or individual-centered view: the more copies there are of either, the better the chances that some of them will still be around in the distant future.

    Group selection really does not seem very coherent to me.

    Oh I would loooove for you to tell me how we can "program our genes accordingly". A person very dear to me has a genetic disorder that endangers her life, and they would just have to tell all their cells to change one nucleic acid. So: how do you do that? In case it helps, the "evolutionary purpose" to be "served" here is called "not dying before age 20". I am waiting.

    1. We do not know the cause of any specific mutations that survive, and it is convenient to say they are random as we choose to see DNA to functions without knowing enough about DNA. The role of the chemical environment of the cells at mutation is still being explored.

    2. Say, a trait is a gene, and genes are on chromosomes that obey strict laws within and between species to mix genes robustly for new individuals. Say, the individual survives because just one of those genes happens to work at a crucial moment. Has the gene or the individual been selected if that individual finds a mate and reproduces it? Clearly the individual with the gene has survived, so how do we prioritize? I would only do so because the individual is part of a species process that is a framework to collect and reproduce genes of intact individuals. That process has priority, and the individual is its flagship, complete with genes.

  8. So you think that accidents will reprogram our genes better than our internal reactions to experience? Good for you. Either way, it won't happen in one generation, so that was a rather dumb question. What we can do, however, is intelligently reprogram some of our genes experimentally, because we have scientists who have the evolved level of intelligence to learn to do that.

    As to group selection, we have species that cooperate with other species as well as those that prey on each other. There are no species that come without at least a family group. Even the more solitary sharks form attacking groups. (I'm sure you'll tell me of exceptions, but what the hell.) If they didn't teach each other what they've learned and cooperate at some point as a group in applying these lessons, none in the end would survive to evolve. It's really that simple.

    1. "It's really that simple."
      I'm really confused by this statement. Have proponents of inclusive fitness really missed that there are groups in nature?

    2. Yes, it is rather strange to put all egges in the accident basket when the mutations are happening within functioning cells whose contributions to mutations are not fully understaood.

    3. @Kei,
      If groups weren't formed to teach their members what to do and how to do it to survive, then no life forms would have survived. They don't learn the myriad of things they have to learn by their own experience when their competitors have had the advantage of their cultures.
      Inclusive fitness is about success by cooperative social behavior. But it should also be cognizant of the effects of that group learning experience on the evolution over time of its members. Groups also develop strategies of how best to react to accidents. Accidents don't offer strategies without the assistance of the group intelligence.
      Cells react to the bodies' experience intelligently. But that experience in turn depends on other levels of intelligence in that same body as well as in the overall group. That's one way of looking at multi-level pressures in evolution.

  9. Meh - The problem here is that group selection is composed of gene selection at a lower level. Much like a bridge can be described as a collection of girders or as a collection of atoms. The question is not "which is true?" but "which level is more useful for a given question?".

    So is there a domain where group selection is more useful or are we better off going ahead and making the reduction to the gene level? I don't know but I'm not terribly impressed with the tigers and lions example. Maybe the cichlids of lake Victoria would make the point better.

  10. Level of selection could mean several things. (1.) A unit or target of selection or (2.) a level of biological organisation that structures fitness of targets/units of selection. Elisabeth A. Lloyd has sorted these ambiguities out a long time ago. I wonder why they still exist. When group structure and dynamics is said to constitute a level of selection, AFAIK, 2. is meant not 1.

    1. Selection is open to whatever mutated trait survives, and whether a group of some extent is required for individual traits to survive will vary (beyond one partner to satisfactorily reproduce the trait), so it is one of the factors falling under the general umbrella.

  11. Incredibly, Dawkins accuses Wilson of "an act of wanton arrogance".

    Please! Dawkins wrote the book on arrogance. At least Wilson manages to present his case without resorting to snide Dorthy Parker-esque comments.

    The degree to which Dawkins (of "Dear Muslima" fame) and his buddy Jerry Coyne are lacking in civility amazes me.

  12. This comment has been removed by the author.

  13. Natural selection operates on entities composed from lesser things that are related by non linear interactions. Both mutual profit and other kinds of unbalanced interactions such as predation make a mathematics compatible with natural selection on the whole combination.

    The specialization of individuals beyond a single bell curve is indeed evidence of natural selection on groups. Male and female is the only evidence needed to establish the phenomenon.

    1. Yep, selection operates on the process of reproduction of a bundle of genes of each individual of a group until one or more are outside the curve and dash off with a mate or stay to help the group ;-)

    2. Asexual reproduction.

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Introducing Nagios-Dropwizard

Super simple Nagios checks via Dropwizard Tasks.

On a project I'm currently working on, I had a need to create a framework to expose Nagios health checks within a Dropwizard service. You can find the framework and a check_url.py Nagios check script on Github here: Nagios-Dropwizard.

Why not use Dropwizard Health Checks?

The health check facility on Dropwizard . . .

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June 25, 2014

Pipelines in Golang

There's a really good article on the Golang blog about Go Concurrency: Pipelines and cancellation.

I came across the article while learning Go, more specifically, I was building an image processing pipeline for my home security cameras. The examples are great, however, I felt they could be improved a little.

First, it . . .

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June 19, 2014

I'm Quitting Java.

...and probably the JVM as well.

I've been looking for a new language for a long time now...

Java has been my primary language for years, but not because I'm fond of its syntax. The thing Java has going for it is a really large ecosystem. Lately, however, I find the disadvantages of the language outweighing the benefits.

My biggest gripes are:

. . .

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June 18, 2014

Moving to Silvrback.

Goodbye ugly and clunky Blogger.com.

If you are here, you are well aware I'm in the process of migrating my old site www.gettingcirrius.com to here.

Unfortunately, I do not have a whole lot of time on my hands, and I will not be moving the 50+ articles I wrote to this website.

Read More

June 18, 2014


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It’s what drives humanity ahead, it’s what we pass on from generation to generation. It’s what we spend millions on storing it, sharing it and developing it. It’s the main force driving humanity’s advancement through the ages and it all resumes to one simple word: education. The web has proven itself to be a great platform for spreading, sharing and adding to our global education. In this section, you’ll be presented with a wide range of educational resources. The website reviews featured here will explain what each of these resources can add to your knowledgebase.

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Real Ales for the Home Brewer
Marc Ollosson - author
We are currently out of stock
but available from many other outlets
 Real Ales for the Home Brewer - Marc Ollosson
Real Ales for the Home Brewer should be available from your local home brew shop, so please support them, if they don't stock it then just give them a gentle nudge :-), from Amazon, other reputable high street or on-line sellers and of course you have the option to, hopefully, buy it direct from myself.
At this stage I am expecting the book to retail at £7.95.
When we have it in stock the pricing will be (at this stage & subject to change):
£9.60 UK & Northern Ireland - delivery in 3 - 5 working days
£13.50 within the EU - delivery within approx 10 working days
£16.20 Rest of the world - delivery within approx 10 working days
When stock is available a BUY NOW button will appear above.
We are unable to take advance orders at present.
Each copy will be autographed unless you indicate otherwise in the "SPECIAL INSTRUCTION" on the payment page.
Please check back again in the near future and remember to keep your eyes open for this great recipe book, Real Ales for the Home Brewer, in your local home brew shop or favourite book retailer.
cheers and very best wishes
Real Ales for the Home Brewer - Marc Ollosson
In the recipe book you will come across the following terms or recipes. With these recipes, explanations and your skill you'll be making superb real ale from good quality and very much tried and tested recipes for full mash, recipes for all grain, recipes for partial mash, recipes for malt extract using ingredients and equipment.
You will read up & possibly use ingredients such as halycon malt, pale malt, marris otter, amber malt, roast barley, chocolate malt, crystal malt and brown malt. Hops, no beer would be as interesting without them. You'll read up and come across varieties such as challenger hops, wgv hops, goldings gops, fuggles hops, target hops, bramling cross hops, styrian hops, hallertau hops, hallertauer hops, yeoman hops, northern brewer hops, whitbread golding variety hops, progress hops, willamette hops, mount hood hops, syrian golding hops, tettnang hops, saaz hops, northdown hops, north down hops, omega hops, brewers gold hops. As you can see there are many hops and grains available to the home brewer and craft brewer!
Best results for these classic British Real Ale recipes come from the all grain recipes but you can make many many of the recipes using malt extract as well. But there are still even more wonderful malts, grains and adjuncts you can use such as wheat malt, mild ale malt, carapils malt, black malt, flaked barley, torrified wheat, flaked maize, wheat flour. To help clear your all grain recipe you can use irish moss.
Hops fall into 3 main types and they are..... bittering hops, aroma hops, dual purpose hops.There are many terms used in all grain brewing such as EBU, European Bittering units, yeast, bottle conditioned, liquid yeast and yeast starter bottles. Of course we haven't forgotten instructions so in the book you will find malt extract brewing instructions, partial mash brewing instructions, all grain instructions & full mash instructions for your brews from all grain real ale recipes.
The terms we use include mash liquor, final gravity, original gravity, late hops, dry hops and ABV. All these are explained in the book.
The book contains pale ale recipes, , bitter recipes, mild ale recipes, stout recipes, porter recipes, IPA recipes, India Pale Ale recipes & dark ale recipes. All these British real ale recipes can be made using all grain / full mash and partial mash & a wide selection can also be brewed by you the craft brewer.
There is loads of equipment available for you to use. Your craft brewery can be as basic or as expansive as you like. You'll be using equipment with names such as mash tun, wort boiler, hop back, keg, beer barrel & bottles. secondary fermentation take place in your bottles and kegs whereas fermentation takes place in the fermenting bin - all this is described and explained in clear terms.
The acclaimed and award winning styrian stunner recipe is in this book of real ale recipes for all grain or full mash brewing methods as well as partial mash and simple malt extract brews to make superb quality real ale.
Beer of any form requires barley, malted barley. Two row barley does give the best results. It is from barley comes the fermentable sugars but sometimes we do need to add other types of sugar to the recipes, beet or cane sugars and syrups such as maltose, dextrose, sucrose, invertase, glucose, lactose and barley syrups may be used to produce quality ales from recipes for all grain recipes, malt extract recipes or partial mash recipes as well as full mash recipes for british real ales.
Other equipment to use during your all grain / full mash or malt extract recipe brew include, hydrometer, pressure barrel, king keg, . The barrels enable you to bulk store your quality malt extract or all grain recipe brews for british real ales easily. Barrel makes include rotokeg, hambleton bard, beer sphere, mini kegs & king keg. To boil up your wort produced from all grain or malt extract recipes you may require a large boiler such as a thorne boiler.
Real Ales for the Home Brewer contains over 120 superb quality recipes for British real ale - you can make the classic British real ale recipes contained in the book using all grain grain recipes, malt extract recipes, partial mash recipes and full mash recipes. Classic British real ale recipes with easy to follow instructions allowing you to produce superb results from all grain brews or malt extract brews.
Every recipe in the book was brewed and tested many times before it was included to ensure it was a good recipe which would give superb ales. All recipes were tested using the all grain recipes for the British real ales and many were tested using the malt extract recipes. These recipes have been tried and tested by many brewers who bought the 1st edition and they have been mightily impressed with the results they have had.
All grain brewing is the same as full mash brewing.
So this wonderful book will allow you the home brewer, the craft brewer, the extract brewer and the all grain brewer to produce superb quality British real ales at home at a fraction of the cost of the pub or supermarket using tried, tested and ore importantly trusted recipes.


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Sydney Residential Valuation For Market Value In Erskineville NSW

Click On This Link For Full Variety Of Sydney Residential Valuation Services For Sydney Residential Valuation In Erskineville Or FreeCall: 1300 032 663

Home >> Sydney Residential Valuation >> Market Value >> Erskineville-Nsw

Property Valuation Is unquestionably an Vital Component with all the True estate Modest organization

Home valuation will be the act of calculating the actual value and value of the home. It is carried out by professional and licensed people of the issue following a license. Getting or offering home could have a great deal of questions like merely simply how much must be invested or how much it may be legitimate price while in the market is and so forth. When these kinds of inquiries occur up, it's important to grasp the value with the home that is definitely to become obtained, marketed or leased and thus it's important to invest time and cash on home valuers. This time and funds put in is helpful because the property valuers pave a transparent way for the shopper to get or promote their residence. Proudly owning attained crucial knowledge in its worth, it now will get basic for them to cope with different complications based on the residence that is becoming acquired, purchased or leased. Several organizations supply this result in and employ professional trainers. Quick decisions can be produced with their assist and information. Their huge know-how in the course of the self-control of house and up-to-date information on the industry cost ranges is commonly exploited with all the gain in the consumers. 1 can now fortunately make investments inside of a residence valuing firm and confidently very own a piece of land or dwelling! Tips isn't really only provided regarding the best way to put money into or marketplace but furthermore with regards to how you can commit in regards to the home. They assist you make safe selections the place by it's by no means important to unnecessarily expend in excess of a excellent deal of things. As customers, we never know when it is the correct time in your case to shell out earnings and on what. Whether or not it really is generating our home far more worthy of alone about the industry or regardless of whether it really is acquiring the home, a second-hand see is often welcomed. Professional belongings valuers study their consumers also entirely to be able to understand their wants. Almost every single buyer is unique in his/ her technical specs through the house. When an unbiased lady could only have to have a bit two-bedroom flat, a huge spouse and youngsters might require a bungalow having a pool! The dexterous team of housing agents and home valuers are needed to know their requires and supply responses with rapid wit. Also, despite the fact that advertising a residence in the customer, they should give appropriate and calculated details with ample statistical info to direction it. This must be readable on the consumer and will have to assist him arrive up using a ideal final determination. Comprehending the customer and providing them just what they want requires persistence and understanding. Because of this competent brokers are typically utilized for this really paid out out place. Enterprise home valuers are reliable plus they are meant being adopted simply due to the fact from the aim.

three Good motives Why Residence Auctions Perform Extremely best For Home Sellers

The particular estate company hasn't altered in lots of a few years. Like a great deal of industries, it identified anything at all that (kind of) labored, and trapped with it for way at the same time extended. But now, using the speedily expanding results the world wide web has had on authentic estate and more than, an productive and modern auction-style business layout is commencing to get the household serious estate market place by storm - for non-foreclosed houses, think it or not. 1. Make added fascination - The actual crucial aspect in obtaining essential bids for the residence you come about to get advertising is to appeal to desire, which generates buzz and levels of competitors among very likely purchasers with your marketplace. Neglect the old-fashioned Several Listing Assistance (MLS) becoming an end-all. We've been conversing about communicate radio advertisements with your city, on-line marketing and advertising and marketing strategies, massive within the world wide web syndication, and further than. Compress this into a tiny 2 7 days time period and become blown away in the insane fascination you house attracts.

Definition Of Property Market Value In Erskineville

The estimated amount for which an property ought to exchange on the day of assessment in between a willing purchaser and also a eager seller in an arm's size purchase, in a open and competitive markte under all conditions requisite to reasonable sale, wherein the parties had each acted knowledgeably, wisely and also without obsession.

Highes And Best Use Concept Of Sydney Residential Valuation

A home in Erskineville for Market Value has to be valued in terms of its highest possible and finest use. The interpretation of highest as well as finest usage of property in Erskineville is as follows. The sensible, legal and also likely use of uninhabited land or an improved building, which is physically feasible, suitably supported, economically practical, which results in the highest possible value.

What Is A Sydney Residential Valuation For Market Value In Erskineville NSW?

Sydney Residential Valuation for Market Value in Erskineville record is a official, detailed, independent and also unbiased assessment of the home's problem and also its existing worth. Among the functions of a property valuation record Sydney Residential Valuation for Market Value in Erskineville are:

Sydney Residential Valuation for Market Value in Erskineville is a lawful document prepared by an certified residential or commercial property valuer and has standing in court and also with federal government authorities, because the valuer is lawfully and expertly in charge of the precision of info included in the report. Sydney Residential Valuation for Market Value in Erskineville is prepared by the promised valuer using a mix of onsite elements, assessment of the land and also the enhancements, research into present market information in Erskineville for comparable properties, and the valuer's abilities as well as experience.

Sydney Residential Valuation for Market Value in Erskineville Report is a comprehensive paper having specific information consisting of not only the appraisal figure but a variety of data to sustain the valuer's analysis of the residential property's value. It has details such as the building's place, ownership background, existing problem, details of the land and also atmosphere, and the number and also dimensions of spaces. There is a assessment section revealing exactly how the Sydney Residential Valuation for Market Value in Erskineville has actually been determined based on all of the significant aspects.

Why Do You Require A Sydney Residential Valuation In Erskineville NSW?

There are several reason one requires a Sydney Residential Valuation for Market Value in Erskineville Appraisal, extra typical being the following:

Acquiring or Offering: The most typical factor for a Property Valuation report is when you are acquiring or selling a residential or commercial property and have to have a reliable assessment of its value. Because of the big amounts of money entailed it is prudent to have actually an recognized valuer generate an independent unbiased Residential Property Appraisal Report to help in your choice making when you are thinking about offering or buying a building. If you don't get a residential or commercial property valuer to take a look at the residential property after that you will run the threat of marketing for much less, or paying greater than the home is worth.

Refinancing: It is a need of home mortgage loan providers that need an independent objective assessment of a home's value when determining exactly how a lot can be obtained to buy the home. It is different from the market-based casual assessments of a residential or commercial property's worth that you might obtain from sources such as an online residential property appraisal calculator or a real estate representative's quote. Residential Residential or commercial property Assessment Record for home mortgages as well as for lawsuits need to be lugged out by accredited valuers that take legal duty for their job. They offer an purpose however traditional evaluation of your home based on both its physical functions and also recent sales costs for similar homes.

Household Court Process: House Appraisal Record is needed establish the worth of possessions to be separated as part of marital settlements.

Probate and also Estate lawsuits Issues: Home Appraisal Report is needed to develop the value of realty property being dispersed under the regards to a will.

Neighborhood Authority Score and also State Land Tax obligation Matters: Property Appraisal Record is needed if you differ with an authority's evaluation of your home and wish to challenge it in the Court of Legislation.

What is Sydney Residential Valuation For Market Value In Erskineville NSW?

The Residential or commercial property Market Evaluation is done making use of various methods and also the genuine estate appraisal values the residential property as different for distinction functions e.g. the real estate evaluation may designate 2 various worths to the exact same residential property ( Enhanced value and uninhabited value) and also once again the same/similar property may be designated various worths in a residential zone as well as a industrial zone . The worth assigned as a outcome of actual estate assessment could not be the worth that a actual estate investor would think about when evaluating the residential property for financial investment. A real estate financier might totally disregard the worth that comes out of genuine estate appraisal procedure.

Again, a real estate capitalist could perform his genuine estate assessment based on exactly what value he or she could produce by spending some quantity of money in the residential or commercial property i.e. a actual estate capitalist may decide on acquiring a dirty/scary kind of property (which no one likes) as well as get some minor fixings, paint etc done in order to enhance the value of the home (the value that the actual estate financier would obtain by marketing it in the market). Below the definition of actual estate evaluation changes totally ( and also could be very various from the worth that genuine estate evaluator would come out with if the actual estate appraiser conducted a real estate appraisal workout on the building).

A actual estate financier in Erskineville NSWwill generally base his financial investment decision on this Sydney Residential Valuation for Market Value in Erskineville NSW property appraisal that he does by himself (or gets done via somebody). Can we after that label genuine estate assessment as a really actual 'real estate appraisal'?

Click Right Here For Full Series Of Sydney Residential Valuation Services For Market Value In Erskineville NSW Or Give Us A Call At: 1300 032 663


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Monday, March 12, 2007

feeling small

when you are going through a time of trial, like i am now, i guess its normal to feel small and unimportant in the eyes of the people who matter most to you. but even when i feel small, i know that God has these big plans for me, and His love is so big that i want for nothing else. if i can bring myself to His throne and bask in Him, He will give me strength to run up to that giant of fear and doubt and whatever else comes with the trials, and kill it!

Anonymous said...

The book sounds very insightful yet full of common sense at the same time. Good luck on that retirement plan! Thanks for the link to you blog. Also! Thanks so much for your wonderful comment on our wedding web page, you definitely have made me feel welcome in your family!

Makaila said...

Well said.


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       Title: Nauratan (Nine Jewels Meat with Vegetables)
  Categories: Main dish, Pakistani
       Yield: 6 servings
       1 lb Lamb, cubed
       1 c  Oil
       1 T  Garlic & ginger, ground
       2 ts Chilli powder
       2 ts Salt
     1/4 lb Onions
     1/4 lb Potatoes
     1/4 lb Eggplant (aubergine)
     1/4 lb Turnip
     1/4 lb Carrots
     1/4 lb Okra
     1/4 lb Cauliflower
     1/4 lb Green beans
     1/4 lb Cabbage
     1/4 lb Chopped spinach
     1/4 lb Peas
     1/4 lb Zuchinni or marrow
   1. Wash all the vegetables and cut into 1 pieces
   2. Fry all the vegetables with half of the oil until light brown and set
   3. Heat rest of the oil in a large saucepan, add sliced onions, and
   fry until light brown.
   4. Add salt and spices to onions and fry for a few minutes.
   5. Wash cubed lamb and add to onions and fry until light brown. Add 1 cup
   of hot water and cook over slow fire until meat is tender.
   6. When meat is tender, and only a little water remains add all the
   7. Mix vegetables and meat together and cook over a slow fire, stirring
   gently to avoid mashing the vegetables, for about 5 minutes.
   8. Place in a medium oven for 5-10 minutes, until oil separates.
   Imran C.


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Proof of Purchase

The need for carbon accounting is one thing, but the Guarantee of Origin (GO) remains at its core an information transfer system.  As such is allows the consumer to take control of their electricity purchases, not just in regards to carbon, but with any bit of information they choose.  Consumers are increasingly taking advantage of this possibility and making dedicated purchases based on the electricity production source they wish to support. The unique aspect of EECS-GOs are that they can be utilized as a commoditized product (e.g. Any non-fossil fuel electricity production) while at the same time providing a highly specific and individually consumer tailored product (e.g. small hydro from a certain type of power station that was built within the past 10 years).  This diversity in choice allows the consumers of GO certificates to discuss with their supplier, many of whom are members of RECS-I, what option is best for them, whether that be a personalized product or a ‘generic’ EECS-GO.

The EECS-GO cancellation gives the end-user the ability to have an electricity proof-of-purchase.


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New Computer Fund

Monday, December 9, 2013

Why be Skeptical?

This is a quickie for curiousnc, obviously an alias, that wonders how to confront the more devout minions of the Great and Powerful Carbon.  First, there is nothing "anti" science about being skeptical.  There is actually more that is "anti" science about being a naive believer of everything "science" like it is some replacement for a lost divinity.  Scientists are people and every very smart people screw up.

CO2 is a greenhouse gas because it has a C, Carbon with two Os, Oxygen.  That three atom structure allows more motion or vibrational states which can store energy.  It doesn't store energy very long, but since it can store more energy it is more likely to absorb and emit photons of energy that "fit" the different energy states the configuration of the molecule allow.  More atoms, more energy states, generally.  H2O is a greenhouse gas as well as CH4, O3 and a number of other gases.  It is "estimated" that a doubling of CO2 and equivalent gases will produce approximately 3.7 Wm-2 of additional resistance to atmospheric heat loss.  As far as CO2 equivalent "dry" gases go, there is not much of an argument about the physics of the process.  There is a great deal of uncertainty and debate over how much "surface" temperature increase a doubling will cause.  The chart above show dT(CO2) 1 or how much CO2 all by itself "should" impact climate with a variety of "surface" temperatures.  The CO2 impact and all of the temperature series are adjusted to the same 2000 to 2012 baseline.  This allows you to back track what CO2 should have caused.

You will notice that the dT(CO2) 1 C per doubling of CO2 equivalent concentration just hits the peaks of the various "surface" temperatures.  Looking at the impact this way you would not be including volcanic, solar and other possible "cooling" impacts that could impact your estimate.

This chart uses dT(CO2) 3 C per CO2 equivalent doubling that used to be the mid-range impact expected due to a doubling of CO2 equivalent greenhouse gases.  This curve barely hits the minimums of the "surface" temperatures.

This is the same chart with dT(CO2) 4.5 C per doubling of CO2 equivalent gases the former high range of climate sensitivity.  If there was no long term delayed impact of CO2 forcing, then this estimate indicates that the previous ice ages are what is the desired "normal" temperature for our planet Earth "surfaces".  The minions of The Great and Powerful Carbon prefer to use the 3 and 4.5 C per doubling impacts even though the "generally" accepted range of estimate impact has decrease to 1.6 C per doubling and appears to be headed to the 1 C per doubling or less because the Human scientists over estimated the impact and really don't care to admit it.

That is why some are skeptical.


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Book Search Tools & Options

Search By Option Default = Title
Red Tuque Books Inc.  Nora_Hazlewood_Lever

Nora Hazlewood Lever

Bio: Nora Hazlewood Lever grew up in Port Colborne, Ontario, on Lake Erie. She qualified as an associate of the Royal Conservatory of Toronto (ARCT) and studied political science at Brock University. She married Allan Lever in 1954, and they settled in Port Colborne, where their four children were born.

When Allan joined the federal government in 1971, the Levers moved to Ottawa, where Nora worked on a research project in international relations. From 1975 to 1989, in the House of Commons, she served as Clerk of several committees, Assistant Principal Clerk of Committees, Principal Clerk at the Table of the House, and (1979-1980) executive assistant to the Clerk. During these years she also completed her master's in political science part time at Carleton University and began her PhD.

In 1989, Nora took leave from the Commons to accompany her husband, the new ambassador, to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, where she recorded her observations of diplomatic life regularly in her diary, the basis of this riveting memoir. In 1993, she and Allan returned to North America, and, since they settled in Toronto, Nora has been active with the Toronto Symphony Volunteer Committee and St Andrew's Presbyterian Church.


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Free Reason Refills 2015

Refillstown.com - Free Reason Refills 2015. Printers have revolutionized the way we had been publishing or retaining our information. Company paperwork, bills, personalized data etc. that were maintained before via pen and paper has now been replaced by printers and papers. That is similar to Free Reason Refills 2015.

Refilling requires the substitution from the original ink discovered in your cartridge. The method is performed by siphoning ink from a bottle or container then pumping similar into a utilised cartridge. It's possible you'll not have beforehand acknowledged that ink cartridges are replaceable.

Right now no one thinks 2 times right before buying a new inkjet printer because the rates have hit an all time minimal. Any manufacturer of all-in-one printer that features fax, scan and copy technologies has become offered at an unbelievably dirt-cheap cost.

See Also: Tommee Tippee Diaper Genie Refills

Printer producers will often be capable to sell their printers at considerably low rates for the reason that bulk in their gains occur from giving inkjet cartridges. It might come as no surprise then, that brand new inkjet cartridges expense an arm and a leg, thinking of how immediately you can find by just one. It is really no wonder additional and even more persons are refilling inkjet cartridges as a substitute and conserving a bundle on their printing.

Related to Free Reason Refills 2015, When refilling an ink cartridge, make sure you do it in excess of some aged newspapers or perhaps a rag like an old towel. Fabric is nice because it straight away picks up surplus ink.

A lot of printer users are not aware the refilling of the printer cartridge helps you to preserve the atmosphere by reusing existing sources. The growing interest in printing products and also the subsequent interest in refilling create a cartridge refill franchise a great business chance.


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Imagination Ink named as official signage sponsor for 2018 Mastercard Memorial Cup

The 2018 Mastercard Memorial Cup Host Committee, together with the Canadian Hockey League (CHL), is pleased to announce the addition of Regina sign and display company Imagination Ink Ltd. as official signage sponsor for the upcoming 100th anniversary edition of the iconic junior hockey championship.

“Imagination Ink has been a great resource to the host committee from the very beginning,” says Shaun Semple, Chair of Regina’s Host Committee. “Producing and installing all of the signage required for an event of this size is an enormous task and Cal Nichol and his team are doing a fantastic job of helping to make the 2018 Mastercard Memorial Cup a resounding success.”

Imagination Ink is a Regina-based company specializing in printed vehicle wraps, vinyl graphics, banners, signs, bannerstands, displays & custom fabrications. In addition to producing onsite signage for the ten-day 2018 Mastercard Memorial Cup event, they will also be providing the printed graphics for the event’s fleet of 40 Ford Explorers.

“We were very honoured when Shaun and the Memorial Cup Committee asked Imagination Ink to be the Official Sign Supplier to the Mastercard Memorial Cup,” add Imagination Ink owners, Calvin and Darleen Nichol. “Because of our longstanding partnership with the Regina Pats, it was even more exciting to participate in their 100th Anniversary, which coincided with the 100th Memorial Cup.”

The Host Committee has been very pleased with the response from corporate sponsors, with significant involvement from both local and national organizations.

More News
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44 mins ago
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1 hour ago
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PREVIEW: Pats kick off 2018-19 season in Prince Albert
12 hours ago
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1 day ago
WHL to open 2018-19 season this Friday
1 day ago


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Grimm Fauzen
• Characteristics•
 Race Human
 Gender Male
 Age 18 (Demihuman War)
 Hair Color Purple
 Eye Color Yellow
• Professional Status•
 Affiliation Kingdom of Lugnica
 Occupation Astrea Family Servant
 Previous Occupation Royal Guard
• Personal Status•
 Status Alive
 Relative(s) Carol Remendis (wife)
• Abilities and Equipment•
 Aura Color Orange Aura
 Equipment Shield

Grimm Fauzen is a former member of the Royal Guard and currently a servant of the Astrea Family.

Grimm has short purple hair and yellow eyes.

Grimm was a colleague at the time of the Demi Human war. After the war he and Carol Remendis married and started to take care of the royal residence and the Astrea family at the Astrea house.

Equipment: Grimm is skilled at using a shield in combat but he's also able to use a sword.


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Relentless Beats

Four Color Zack

November 25, 2017 at 9:00 PM

Salt - Glendale, AZ

Headliner Four Color Zack

Type Nightclub

Venue Salt6751 N Sunset Blvd
Glendale, AZ 85305

Ages 21+

Show 9:00 PM - 2:00 AM

Doors 9:00 PM

Event Description

Relentless Beats presented Four Color Zack on Saturday, November 25, 2017 at Salt in Glendale, AZ. This show is 21+.

Tickets are no longer available for this event. View the Facebook event with the links above. Join our text list by filling out the form below or texting RB VIP to 545454.

Show Comments


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Franny's Pizza Dough

2teaspoons (packed) fresh yeast or 1 1/2 teaspoons dry active yeast
1 3/4cups cold water
4 1/2cups all-purpose flour
2teaspoons coarse salt

  1. If using fresh yeast, mix  water and  yeast together in the bowl  of a stand mixer until  yeast is dissolved.  If using active dry yeast, mix  water and yeast in the bowl and let sit until the yeast is foamy, about 5 minutes.
  2. Using a dough hook, beat in  flour and salt and mix until smooth, slightly elastic dough forms, 2 to 3 minutes; do not knead.
  3. Place  dough in an oiled bowl, turn dough to coat, cover loosely with plastic and refrigerate for at least 24 hours, and up to 48 hours to proof.
  4. When you are ready to make pizza, divide  dough into 4 equal pieces. Shape each piece by using the palm of your hand to rotate the dough clockwise until a tight, compact ball has formed. Turn dough over. Working from the outside in, pinch and twist the edges of the dough into the center to make a very tight ball. Put  dough on a baking sheet and return to the refrigerator to rest for a least 4 hours, and up to 12 hours.
  5. When you are ready to make  pizzas, remove  dough from the refrigerator and let it sit at room temperature for at least 30 minutes (take the dough out of the fridge while you preheat the pizza stone). You can let it sit out longer, as long as it doesn’t get too soft and floppy, which would make it difficult to shape; soft dough is also more likely to stick to the baking sheet or pizza peel, making it harder to slide onto the stone. If the dough gets too soft, stick it back in the fridge for 10 minutes or so to give it a chance to firm up. Shape and top as directed in the individual pizza recipes.

Makes 2 pounds, enough for 4 (12-inch) pizzas

Reprinted with permission from Franny’s Simple Seasonal Italian by Andrew Feinberg, Francine Stephens, and Melissa Clark (Artisan Books, 2013).


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Compare Prices

Download Music

SLOTHMAN • Back Again

Official Full Length Media

Back Again by SLOTHMAN [on FOUNDATION AUDIO label]

Rank on September 21, 2018:

No. 88 in Top 100 DEEP DUBSTEP & BASS Tracks Right NOW

Rank is based on track's current position in Top 100 sales charts on Beatport, JunoDownload or Traxsource. Data is merged every day and grouped to show tracks charted on multiple websites and allow you to compare their download prices

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Album Review: Kygo – Cloud Nine

Published On May 24, 2016 | By Christopher Bohlsen | Albums, Music

At this point, it’s pretty hard to deny that the EDM bubble has burst. Dance music will forever be popular, but the music of glowstick festivals and “epic drops” has very much faded from popularity. The most logical evolution of that sound is to be found in the newly popular space of “tropical house”, such as Skrillex’s work on Justin Bieber’s Purpose. Some have called the genre the “soft-rock of EDM”, and that description is very apt for Kygo’s Cloud Nine.

Kygo Cloud NineKygo has recently shot to popularity, largely on the back of his huge single, Firestone. The track is represented on the album, and it’s probably still the best demonstration of what he does well. Conrad Sewell gives a strong performance, singing an effortless catchy hook, that stops just short of being overtly cheesy. Kygo’s warm pads and clipped synths are hardly revolutionary, but they stick in the brain, and show his potential as a killer pop artist. It’s unfortunate then, that he’s functionally made the same song 14 times over.

The opening few tracks of the album are actually quite fun. Stole the Show feels like a piano-driven version of Firestone, with Parson James subbing in for Conrad Sewell. It’s not as strong, but it’s still very catchy, and the woodwind (I think) riff that plays in the chorus is lots of fun. Fiction is actually something of a change of pace, with a rock-esque guitar riff providing the main melody for the track. It provides a bit of grit in an otherwise perfectly smooth album, which is both good and bad. It is fun in of itself, but it certainly highlights the textural deficiency of the rest of the album.

After Firestone, the album quickly devolves into a series of same-y, repetitive pop songs. Individually, they all sound fine (except for the John Legend-led Happy Birthday, which is pretty terrible), but combined they merge into a kind of sonic malaise. It doesn’t help the the guest vocalists in the second half of the album receive much less memorable melodies than their precursors. The Matt Corby-featuring Serious is almost shockingly dull, somehow avoiding his natural charisma, and casting him as just another anonymous voice in a sea of the same.

Kygo’s sound is pleasant, and he has the capacity to make amazing singles, but it’s entirely possible the soft-EDM sound just isn’t suited to the album format. Any of the first 5 tracks is a great listen on its own, and many of the others likely would be the same, but when taken as a collection, it’s painfully formulaic. Cloud Nine wants to be an album of summer jams, but it just lacks the energy and variety to do so.

2 / 5 stars

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About the Book

Reorganize for Resilience book coverA Proven Path to Growth That Rallies the Firm Around Customer Objectives

Most companies say they’re “customer-focused”—yet consistently fail to deliver solutions to the problems their customers care about most. That’s because the divisional “silos” most firms are organized around make it impossible to quickly adapt to changing customer needs. In an era of raging commoditization and eroding profit margins, survival depends on staying one step ahead of your customers. Not just giving customers what they say they want, but also anticipating what they’ll want in the future—even if they can’t articulate it yet—and finding innovative ways to deliver it.

In Reorganize for Resilience, strategy and organizational behavior expert Ranjay Gulati reveals how “resilient” companies—those that prosper both in good times and bad—are driving growth and increasing profitability by immersing themselves in the lives of their customers. Instead of pushing their own offerings on customers, these firms work from the outside-in: identifying current and potential customer problems and then providing seamless, integrated products and services that address them.

Based on more than a decade of research in a variety of industries, this implementation-focused guide shows how resilient companies do it: how they break down internal barriers that impede action, build bridges across divisions, and create a network of collaborators. Using examples from companies including Cisco Systems, La Farge, Starbucks, Best Buy, and Jones Lang LaSalle, Gulati outlines five key levers that together help create a resilient organization.

  • Coordination: connect, eradicate, or restructure silos to enable swift responsesread more link to brochure
  • Cooperation: align all employees around the shared goals of customer solutions
  • Clout: redistribute power to “bridge builders” and customer champions
  • Capability: develop employees’ skills at tackling changing customer needs
  • Connection: blend your offerings with partners to provide unique customer solutions

Authoritative and practical, Reorganize for Resilience will finally help you “walk the walk” of customer-centricity—and jumpstart a virtuous cycle of profits, growth, and competitive advantage.

Also by Ranjay

Managing Network Resources (Oxford University Press, 2007)

"Ranjay Gulati assembles, integrates and refines ten years of pathbreaking research by extending the “resource-based” view to include 'network resources' residing not in the firm but in its social networks to the outside. An important and fascinating must-read for theorists and practitioners alike."

--Mark Granovetter, Joan Butler Ford Professor, Stanford University
Take a Look»

Kellogg on Technology and Innovation (Wiley, 2002)

In Kellogg on Technology and Innovation, three of Kellogg’s leading technology gurus, along with their students, examine the exciting technologies of the near future from a business perspective. They provide an overview of the lure and promise of these emerging domains along with an analysis of the business propositions underlying each technology and a penetrating examination of alternative business models surrounding each new product and service.
Take a Look»

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Info Bar

Canadian Registered Charity #85269-7440RR0001

Monday, January 24, 2011

Louie - Adopted August 2009

Hello Ladies -

I do my best thinking when I am out for a run and this morning was no exception. I thought about August and when we adopted Louie, still....what a gift!
Louie and I went for our usual beach run this morning and I found myself smiling more than usual - not only because it was a nice morning, but because running with Louie was what I had been dreaming about for a very long time. We are all so very much in love with our Louie. He is so good on the leash and eager to please and has filled out nicely. Right now I am working on him coming when I ask (out in the back yard on a very long leash) and he is getting it much better than before. He sits with us just pointing our finger, lays down on command and even sometimes anticipates it and lays down before he is asked, waits like a gentleman for his food and plays with any dog that shows interest in him. He absolutely loves everyone he meets and has become a fabulous companion for my 76 and 80 year old parents who look after him during the daytime. I am still so thankful for our sweet, loving, handsome, happy boy Louie and appreciate the good work that you do to find good matches. Thank you again from the bottom of my heart!

I was also thinking of asking you if you need any more volunteers in Nanaimo to do house visits like Stephanie - I would certainly be very interested in finding out more about that!

Take care and a very heartfelt thanks once again!
Nancy, Brett, Courtney and Danika

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Tag: Kazuyoshi Hidaka

The Effect of Mobile Information Services on Commuter Trains

Abstract In this study we verified what kind of mobile information services passengers need on board through empirical research on commercial commuting trains. We provided rail information services as well as marketing tools such as news, shop information, advertisements and

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HUMAN DESIGN WISE Kumud Kabir, accredited Human Design Analyst & Teacher
Introductory Information
Contact and about Kumud
Basic Readings & Classes
Advanced Readings

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BEAUTIFUL & AFFORDABLE: You will expect to pay more for this affordable modern, elegant, comfortable, feminine and stylish dance shoes, but because of the manufacturer's ingenuity, you don't have to. An awesome best gift or present for you, your love one or someone special. So comfortable that dancers, just like you, wear them for hour and hours of dancing.
FEATURES: Quick release buckling (buckle & clip/hook), minimal shank for support & flexibility, cushioned insole for shock absorption & comfort with good grip; for dancing use only; 3\" heel image shown
ORDER street shoe size (reference only; fitting not guaranteed); use of size chart above is not advisable; MEDIUM width ONLY, all others will not properly fit.
Advanced Readings
Sub-structure Information
Deconditioning Process
Evolution Cosmology

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Introduction to the Human Design System

What is Human Design?
Human Design is a synthesis of several ancient systems, integrating aspects of Astrology, the I Ching, chakras, and the Kabbalah. It represents a map of human consciousness that links these old wisdom traditions to contemporary thought. It connects in particular to our modern understanding of genetics.

A Human Design chart

A design chart is drawn up from your birth data. What emerges is a genetic map, a blueprint for your life journey. A reading of your design provides considerable detail about your true potential and unique place in the scheme of things.

 A Human Design chart looks like the illustration. We each have a unique design, just as we have a unique fingerprint. The premise of the system is that the universe has given you a design, because it needs you that way. The more you can trust this ‘belonging,’ the more carried (and cared for) you will be by life.

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The Four Types of the Human Design System
All our Human Design charts fall into broad categories.
The population breaks down into the following four types:

Manifestors   8%
Generators   70%

Projectors   21%
Reflectors   1%

These are pure energy beings, with a built-in capacity to do what they want when they want to do it. Others are threatened (and jealous) of that access to energy and they meet resistance all around. Most people want to tie them down and not let them move with so much freedom. They carry anger from that constant blocking by others. The dilemma starts at a young age. Their strategy is really a public relations exercise. If they inform before they act, people around will feel included and considered instead of threatened.

These are energy types with incredible stamina to go and go. The trick for them is to get involved with their considerable energy with things that are really for them and not let it get used up by other people. If they behave like a manifestor type and try and make things happen, they will get frustrated. Their power is in response. If they wait and let things come to them, their response will be a sure guide. They can trust a non-verbal, non-mental intelligence deep inside their cells, which knows where to go next and what to be available for.

Manifesting Generator
is a category of Generator. They get encouraged from an early age to use their manifesting power to make things happen. However their real power emerges from waiting and going with the flow. They have to learn to trust that their life unfolds with satisfaction when they dont push the river. If they first engage their energy (or not) out of response, then they can move with a go for it speed and they wont suffer frustrating anger.

This is a non-energy type and their gift is that they understand energy. They need to wait for the recognition of others for their specific abilities. That appreciation acts like a red carpet, bringing out their abilities even more. They suffer bitterness because they often feel undervalued. Once they relax and stop comparing themselves to the hard-working energy types. They get a chance to understand that they have an unusual ability to be guides for the energy types, and in that they can find their real self worth.

The most rare of the four types, their design is very open and they carry a sense of communion with humanity. Since they take in other people very deeply and reflect back their energy, they are very senstivie to their environment. When there is lack of harmony around them, they can feel disturbed and dissappointed. They thrive in a loving atmosphere. Their design changes with the cycle of the moon. They need to take time (28 days) to come to a clear decision where major life changes are concerned.

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The Nine Centres of the Human Design System

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Head Centre
Inspiration, the mental pressure to ask questions

Ajna Centre
Conceptualization, the mental awareness

Throat Centre
Expression and actualization, it is the hub where everything converges.

The Higher self, identity in terms of love and direction

Heart (Ego) Centre
The hub for engaging in the Material world, it relates to the will power capacity

Splenic Centre
Existential Awareness, bodys defense with the immune system, intuition

Solar Plexus Centre
Emotional Awareness, with clarity only over time

Sacral Centre
Generating power, fertility, sexuality, vitality, life and death

Root Centre
Adrenaline survival pressure, stress handling capacity

Nature And Nurture Together is Our Life
And because were both, in the quantum were more than both.

Self  (your nature)  Definition in a chart  colored centers
When centers in a chart get colored in, it means they operate in a consistent reliable way. Since they indicate a fixed capacity that is always accessible in the same way (day in and day out), they offer a way of describing to a person their nature. This is what they are born with and that does not change, it is a representation of who they are. Your nature isnt your life; its what you can trust to guide you through life.

Not-Self (your nurture)  Openness in a chart  white centers and areas
The white areas in a chart are where nothing operates in a fixed way, they are who you are not. This openness is where we are conditioned in terms of nurture. That nurture can be positive or negative and the learning process is to be able to evaluate the difference. That filtering capacity of others fixedness can form the basis for wisdom.

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Strategy and Authority
A reading will propose an experiment to the mind to see what happens when decisions are made according to the nature of your mechanics. The colored centers (or not) indicate the type of design and the basic decision making strategy. Then there are various centers which can be the place of a final yes or no. This is called the inner authority and it varies with different charts. The experiment takes time; the mind needs to gather the evidence before it relinquishes thinking its in charge of the life.

There are twelve profiles, just like there are twelve zodiac signs. The profile is a specific style with which the being engages with life. It is often called the costume, and there is learning involved in allowing it to fit well

Incarnation Cross
Each one of us is a cell within the larger body of the universe. We uniquely filter different aspects of the whole, though we are all born within 64 archetypical influences. These are known as the Incarnation Crosses. No incarnation is more important than another; we each have a specific purpose, the whole needs each cross equally.

Ballet & Dance

The Mandala

This wheel represents the unfolding of evolution.  Every Human Design chart is a genetic (though not genetic as in physical attributes) blueprint that configured out of the matrix in this wheel. The colored spokes indicate how a planetary position filtered the neutrino stream at the moment of birth. The numbers on the outer wheel are a translation of that imprinting These are hexagrams of the I Ching and they represent genetic markers. (There are 64 hexagrams in the I Ching and there also happen to be 64 codons in the DNA)

Other Human design terminology

Hexagram numbers
comprise the data base for the two columns of information in a chart. The black numbers relate to personality attributes (also called conscious), the red column relates to a quality of body consciousness. (also called unconscious)

Centers are hubs of energy and information. There are 9, and they structure the bodygraph matrix.

Gate is the name given to how the hexagram numbers appear on the bodygraph.

Channel is the name for what happens when two gates connect and allow a continuous  flow of energy between two centers. This is also called a life force

Hanging Gate is an activation in the chart that hangs from a center to fill half a channel.

Lines  there are 6 specific frequencies within a hexagram, these are called the lines.

                                                         1st line investigator
                                                         2nd line  hermit
                                                         3rd line  martyr
                                                         4th line  opportunist
                                                         5th line  heretic
                                                         6th line  role model

Profile is terminology for what is known as the costume for the life. Its part of the learning to grow into the costume so that it fits well. As the hexagram numbers are listed, there is a second number after the full stop, e.g. 33.6 or 27.3, this is the line number for any given hexagram. The lines for the Sun and Earth at the top of each column will denote the profile for a given chart.

There are 12 possible profiles:
                                                                  1/3  Investigating Martyr
                                                     1/4  Investigating Opportunist
                                                                  2/4  Hermit Opportunist
                                                     2/5  Hermit Heretic
                                                                  3/5  Martyr Heretic
                                                     3/6  Martyr Role Model
                                                                  4/6  Opportunistic Role Model
                                                     4/1  Opportunistic Investigator
                                                                  5/1  Heretic Investigator
                                                     5/2  Heretic Hermit
                                                                  6/2  Role Model Hermit
                                                     6/3  Role Model Martyr

The origins of the Human Design System
The system originates from a revelation that came on the planet in 1987 in the form of a mystical experience.  The man who received this information was given the title Ra Uru Hu.. He describes that he was penetrated by voice for seven days and nights. He began to teach extensively in 1992. The formidable reputation of Human Design for a penetrating accuracy has been growing worldwide ever since. (He died in March 2011).

What if I dont know my exact birth time?
If you have a ball park birth time like morning or evening it is nearly always possible to pin down the time. If you have absolutely no idea of time, it is possible to run a series of charts for the whole day, and from that to establish a birth time. In both cases we would need to have a clear discussion in order to mutually agree on the proposed time.


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