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Immigration Exclusion as Religious Exclusion

Immigration Exclusion as Religious Exclusion June 28, 2018

Melissa Borja, assistant professor in American Culture at the University of Michigan, returns today to the Anxious Bench.

This week the Supreme Court ruled in a 5-4 decision to uphold President Trump’s travel ban, on the grounds that it was within the President’s power to restrict immigration in the interest of national security. The decision met harsh condemnation and protest. Most notably, Justice Sonia Sotomayor offered a fiery dissent. Beginning by saying that “the United States of America is a nation built upon the promise of religious liberty,” she criticized the Supreme Court’s decision for failing to “safeguard that fundamental principle.” Listing numerous instances in which Mr. Trump had discussed his plans to “create a Muslim registry or ban Muslim immigration,” Justice Sotomayor declared that the travel ban was “motivated by hostility and animus toward the Muslim faith” and was “an exclusionary policy of sweeping proportion” that “was rooted in dangerous stereotypes about, inter alia, a particular group’s supposed inability to assimilate and desire to harm the United States.”

She was not alone in her condemnation of the decision. Farhana Khera of Muslim Advocates decried the Trump administration’s “anti-Muslim agenda” and compared the ruling to slavery, segregation, and Japanese incarceration. The Baptist Joint Committee for Religious Liberty announced that it was “deeply disappointed by the Supreme Court’s refusal to repudiate policy rooted in animus against Muslims.” And in cities across the nation, thousands of protesters took to the street to voice both their anger at the Supreme Court decision and their support of Muslim Americans.

Given the composition of the Supreme Court, the dec ision was perhaps not a surprise, nor was the impassioned response to it. What did seem surprising was the degree to which Americans seemed genuinely shocked by the realization that religious animus thrives in the United States today. Religious animus, it became clear to many people yesterday, is not merely embraced by a few bigoted people, but enacted it our government’s laws and policies. This is a difficult truth for Americans to confront, but an important one. Religious hatred has a long and shameful history in this country. Like racism, religious hatred is in America’s DNA.

Moreover, religious animus has always been a central feature of our nation’s immigration politics. Historians have tended to explain the rise of anti-immigrant movements and the development of restrictionist and exclusionist policies by emphasizing a few common themes—in particular, racial resentment, economic anxiety, and national security. However, the Trump travel ban illuminates the need for religion to be at the center of our understanding of American nativism. Religious animus has been a powerful force behind nativist movements and exclusionist immigration measures throughout American history, and just as we cannot understand anti-immigrant movements without engaging in race, we also cannot understand anti-immigrant movements without engaging in religion.

Irish Catholics and Antebellum Nativism

In the antebellum period, for example, the first major anti-immigrant movement targeted Irish immigrants. Nativists depicted the Irish immigrants as animal-like, poor, drunken, corrupt, and ill-suited to democracy. In particular, nativists considered the Irish dangerous because of their Catholicism. As Samuel Morse argued in 1835, the growing number of foreign-born Catholics threatened to place Americans “into the hands of foreign powers.” As he explained, “Popery is opposed in its very nature to Democratic Republicanism; and it is, therefore, as a political system, as well as religious, opposed to civil and religious liberty, and consequently to our form of government.”

This religious animus found political expression through the Know-Nothing Party, which in 1856 embraced a platform that was not only anti-immigrant, but also explicitly anti-Catholic. In addition to “More stringent & effective Emigration Laws,” the Know-Nothing Party called for “Hostility to all Papal influences, when brought to bear against the Republic” and “The amplest protection to Protestant Interests.”

The anti-Catholic dimensions of nineteenth century nativism also found expression in popular culture. In “The American River Ganges,” Thomas Nast famously depicted Catholic clergy as a horde of alligator-like monsters invading American shores, while a Bible-wielding Protestant man attempted to protect the women and children. (President Trump’s rhetoric of immigrants as animals that are infesting the United States clearly has historical precedence.)

Chinese Heathens and the Push for Asian Exclusion

Religious animus shaped immigration policy in the second half of the nineteenth century, particularly during the push for Chinese Exclusion. Supporters of Exclusion argued that Chinese people were slave-like “coolies” who posed a threat to free white labor and were incapable of assimilating into American society. But here, too, religious difference was central to the construction of Chinese people as undesirable migrants. Exclusionists emphasized that Chinese people were vice-ridden “heathens” who endangered America’s white Protestant majority and its morality. As the historian Beth Lew-Williams explained in her new book on Chinese Exclusion, “the term ‘heathen’ was both a racial and religious marker, connoting the pagan, wild, uncivilized, and savage.” The idea that Chinese people were pagan and savage found vivid representation in the political cartoons of the era, particularly in George Keller’s 1881 drawing, “A Statue for Our Harbor.” In it, Keller rendered the Statue of Liberty as a foreboding caricature of a Chinese man, dressed in tattered clothing and illuminated by a halo inscribed with the economic, social, health, and moral threats that exclusionists believed that Chinese people posed to American civilization: “RUIN TO WHITE LABOR,” DISEASES,” “FILTH,” and “IMMORALITY.”

After Chinese Exclusion was enacted and the “Chinese question” appeared settled, American nativists who continued to fear the “Yellow Peril” shifted their focus to immigrants from Japan. At this stage, too, religious hostility continued animate the push for exclusion.  As the Asiatic Exclusion League argued in 1911,

These Asiatic immigrants are an unmitigated nuisance in every community in which they have settled…their ways are not as our ways and their gods are not as our God, and never will be. They bring with them a degraded civilization and a debased religion of their own ages older, and to their minds far superior to ours. We look to the future with hope for improvement and strive to uplift our people; they look to the past, believing that perfection was attained by their ancestors centuries before our civilization began and before Jesus brought us the divine message from the Father. They profane this Christian land by erecting here among us their pagan shrines, set up their idols and practice their shocking heathen religious ceremonies…

Racial Nativism, Religious Nativism, and the Johnson-Reed Act

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, the toxic combination of religious hostility and racial animus put many other immigrant groups in the crosshairs of nativists. For example, the Ku Klux Klan, reinvigorated after World War I, targeted their hatred toward not only African Americans and immigrants, but also Catholics and Jews. The intersection of race and religion even shaped the legal reasoning of the period—most notably, in United States v. Baghat Singh Thind. In this 1923 case, the Supreme Court unanimously decided that an Indian-born man was racially ineligible to become a naturalized citizen because he was not “white,” but a member of “Hindu stock.” To be clear, Thind was actually Sikh, not Hindu, but the confused overlap of racial and religious categories indicate that both operated to settle the status of South Asian immigrants as outsiders who were unwelcome and excluded from the American nation.

During this period, racial anxiety moved to the front and center of American nativism. As the historian John Higham explained, “Racial science increasingly intermingled with racial nationalism,” and this new “race-thinking,” which drew from questionable natural and social science, undergirded arguments in favor of more restrictive immigration laws. The most notorious expression of this new racial nativism was in Madison Grant’s 1916 book, The Passing of the Great Race. In it, Grant warned that the “inferior” racial stock of Southern and Eastern Europe could overcome the Nordic race, which he considered to be “the white man par excellence” and the foundation of the American population. For this reason, Grant argued for limits on the immigration of “the weak, the broken, and the mentally crippled of all races drawn from the lowest stratum of the Mediterranean basin and the Balkans, together with hordes of the wretched, submerged populations of the Polish Ghettos.” The culmination of the racial nativism of this era was the 1924 Johnson-Reed Act, which excluded people who were racially ineligible for citizenship (namely, Asians) and also created discriminatory national origins quotas that privileged immigrants from Northern and Western Europe and drastically restricted immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe.

The arguments that legislators marshalled in support of the Johnson-Reed Act may not have addressed religion as directly and explicitly as in previous moments in nativist history. On its face, Johnson-Reed Act was religiously neutral and based the admission of immigrants on other categories—specifically, race and national origin. In reality, though, the Johnson-Reed Act came to function as a powerful instrument of religious exclusion. It assigned more generous quotas to countries with sizable Protestant populations at the same time that it substantially reduced the number of people who could immigrate from predominantly Catholic, Jewish, and Orthodox countries. In addition, because it excluded any immigrants who were racially ineligible for citizenship, it prevented the arrival of religious groups that had primarily non-white adherents, such as Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs, and Muslims. It was only after the 1965 Hart-Celler Act, which ended the racist national origins quotas created by the Johnson-Reed Act, that the immigrant population became more racially and religiously diverse. To be sure, the majority of post-1965 immigrants have been Christian. However, there is no doubt that the end of the national origins quotas inaugurated what Diana Eck has described as “a new religious America,” which is “the world’s most religiously diverse nation.”

Religious Hostility and Nativism in the 21st Century

As these examples demonstrate, the desire for religious exclusion, not simply ethnic and racial exclusion, has long been at the center of nativist movements throughout American history. Understanding this fact matters, and not simply for the sake of historical accuracy. More fundamentally, Americans cannot adequately address the present problem of religious hatred without first understanding its entrenched roots and its entwinement with ethnic and racial hatred. Unfortunately, religious hatred has been something of a blind spot for Americans. Perhaps because religious freedom is enshrined in our laws, honored in our national culture, and celebrated in our founding myths, we are inclined to believe that American religious life is defined by tolerance and pluralism. The truth is more complicated and much darker than that, though, and if anything is clear from yesterday’s ruling, it is that Americans need to acknowledge that religious hatred has profoundly shaped who we are as a nation, just as racism has.

Confronting our nation’s history of religious hostility means acknowledging our wrongs, but also—to end on a more hopeful note—finding examples from our past that can help us find a way forward. According to Beth Lew-Williams, American Christians saw Chinese people as idol-worshipping heathens, but Protestant missionaries “advanced the most inclusive vision for Chinese migrants” and some of the most vocal opponents of Chinese Exclusion. In fact, the racial nativist Madison Grant criticized Christianity, as he considered its humanitarian care for the weak to be an obstacle to his vision of a racially pure Nordic nation.

And yet white Protestants today—in particular, lay white evangelicals—are not standing in forceful opposition to contemporary nativism. As the sociologist Janelle Wong recently discovered, white evangelicals are much more conservative on immigration issues compared to their black, Latino, and Asian American counterparts. Importantly, these white evangelicals also feel embattled: half of the white evangelicals who responded to her survey reported experiencing greater levels of discrimination than they believe Muslim Americans face. Given this level of racial and religious resentment, it is perhaps no surprise that 80% percent of white evangelicals voted for Donald Trump in 2016 and that they continue to be consistent supporters of even the most controversial immigration measures of the Trump administration. But a look to the past reveals that there are other political possibilities, and white evangelicals today could choose to follow the example of their Christian predecessors who responded to changing religious and racial demographics with generosity, inclusion, and compassion. Will white evangelicals eventually counter the virulent anti-immigrant politics of our current moment, or will they opt instead to go down the well-trod path of religious and racial nativism? If they choose the latter, they would be continuing a well-established, and ugly, American tradition.

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The Eighth Day (RJS)

The Eighth Day (RJS) March 19, 2019

In Chapter 6 of Early Christian Readings of Genesis One Craig Allert turns to readings of the days of Genesis in the early Church Fathers. He looks at three writers, Theophilus of Antioch (ca. 120-185 exact dates uncertain), Ephrem the Syrian (ca. 306-373), and Basil of Caesarea (ca. 329-379) – spending the longest with Basil. Although these three appear to take the days of creation literally – with Basil commenting on the length of a day as 24 hours – the focus isn’t on material creation in any concrete sense. Rather patterns and types, apologetics against prevailing errors of doctrine, and/or the theological significance of creation are at the forefront.

Theophilus is the earliest of the three. His focus is clearly on the patterns and types he discerns in the text, although he also notes that the order counters the philosophers who will put God aside. The plants come before the sun and stars and thus cannot be produced by these luminaries. God himself is the source of plants. Allert gives a sampling of the types and patterns that dominate Theophilus’s comments on the days of creation: The sun is a type of God, always full not waxing and waning. The moon is a type of man and “waxes as a pattern of the future resurrection.” (p. 231)   The stars created on the fourth day also carry lessons: “The disposition of the stars has correspondence to the arrangement and rank of those who keep the law and commandments of God. The brightest stars, which remain in place and are unswerving, exist in imitation of the prophets. The stars of secondary brightness are types of righteous people. But the planets, the stars “which pass over and flee from one position to another,” are a type of the men who wander from God.” (p. 231)

Theophilus doesn’t read the creation account as some kind of science or history lesson, but as a source of wisdom and insight into God and into the the moral nature of humankind.

Ephrem the Syrian reads the days of creation as 24 hour days, but he also “connects the days of creation with the incarnation of Christ.” (p. 233) Allert suggests that, although Ephrem reads the days in a literal manner, there are other more important issues at focus. “While there is a definite temporal chronology that Ephrem assumes, his emphasis is on the reason for the order. That is, he shows a greater interest in prioritizing the story’s coherence than with proving the actual literal history (in our understanding). This is characteristically Antiochene and substantially curbs our desire to make more out of the temporality than Ephrem himself does.” (p. 240)

The most interesting discussion, however, comes in the consideration of Basil’s writings on creation. In Genesis 1:5 we read God called the light day, and the darkness He called night. And there was evening and there was morning, one day. (NASB) Most English translations call this the first day – but the NASB is an exception and apparently the more literal translation. Basil, in fact, wondered why the writer of Genesis used one instead of first. Certainly “first” would make more sense, as most English translators agree. The first day comes before the second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth days. The use of “one” instead of first could signify the establishment and naming of the unit of time “day.” This would be an important act of creation, as time began only with creation.

More significant is the connection of the one day with the eighth day making full cycle of a week. In On the Holy Spirit Basil writes “We pray standing, on the first day of the week, but we do not all know the reason. On the day of the resurrection [or “standing again,” Greek ἀνάστασις] we remind ourselves of the grace given to us by standing at prayer, not only because we rose with Christ, and are bound to “seek those things which are above,” but because the day seems to us to be in some sense an image of the age which we expect, wherefore, though it is the beginning of days, it is not called by Moses first, but one. For he says “There was evening, and there was morning, one day,” as though the same day often recurred. Now “one” and “eighth” are the same, … the state which follows after this present time, the day which knows no waning or eventide, and no successor, that age which endeth not or groweth old.” (Allert p. 259-260 quoting Basil NPNF 2-8 p. 42)

Basil focuses on a theology of the Lord’s Day connecting the first day of creation with the first day of the week on which the Lord was raised and new creation begins. In the Hexameron on the days of creation, the Lord’s Day is “connected with the eighth day which is “outside this week of time.” This day is “without evening, without succession, and without end.” (p. 264)

The first day of the week, in Basil’s thinking, serves as the visible symbol that leads toward eternity. The day on which light was created and the day on which Jesus rose from the dead is commemorated every week in the Sunday worship of the church. There is unity in each of these days or ages, and this then signifies the oneness of the age to come. …

Basil is making a fundamental contrast between the seven days, which is a figure of the present world, and the eighth day, which is a figure of the world to come. The Lord’s Day is both “one” and “the eighth.” It is “one” in that the future life is “one” without any succession of time. It is “eighth” in that “seven days” is a figure of the world to come. (p. 264)

The early church fathers read the days of Genesis one in deep and varied ways. They saw a Christological significance that goes far beyond any “literal historical” reading in the modern sense.

If you wish to contact me directly you may do so at rjs4mail[at]

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Progress needs a safe haven

For almost two decades, the goal of the PATRIZIA KinderHaus-Stiftung has been to ensure children and young people throughout the world enjoy a better future. To this end, it creates places where these young people can become healthy, learn or simply grow up in a location where they are safe: KinderHaus facilities, centres and schools. There are now 14 of them in all corners of the globe. One of the is the Shiladevi Primary School in the village of Doksan in Nepal.

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It has not been an easy time for the Nepalese KinderHaus. The Shiladevi Primary School is used to offer children an education. It was officially opened and started offering classes in 2012. That was before a devastating series of earthquakes struck the Himalaya region in April 2015. Around 9000 people lost their lives and approximately 800,000 buildings — including over 4000 schools — crumbled to the ground. Miraculously, Shiladevi Primary School in the mountain village of Doksan was left unscathed. The KinderHaus was occasionally used for disaster relief after the earthquake until finally, in 2016, it was ready to start offering lessons and fulfil its original purpose again.

Progress needs a safe haven

The people for whom this was the greatest source of delight: the 120 schoolchildren. This is probably why they seem to have no problem sometimes marching for more than an hour to the school at the summit. No problem at all, despite the steep trails and scrambling along unprotected paths – daredevil terrain for most Europeans. For the children that ‘ascend on’ Doksan from the surrounding area, it’s a normal walk. They’re quick and sure-footed as they navigate their way to the classroom. Perhaps most importantly, they’re highly motivated. They always look forward to school. They’re always keen to be on time.

Solid and sustainable

When they arrive at Shiladevi, they are welcomed by a school building that is lovingly looked after. It really did survive the calamitous earthquake almost without so much as a scratch. What makes this all the more aston-ishing: the seismographic  readings during the quake of the century in April 2015 literally shot off the Richter scale. Even in this precarious location between different tectonic plates, this was an exceptional episode. But it was not chance or happenstance that allowed the KinderHaus to survive unscathed. One reason it still stands today stems from the construction methods of the primary school, which was specially designed with local conditions and the constant threat of earthquakes in mind. The entire building was made with bamboo using a technique known as balloon framing. And all materials were supplied by nature. The bamboo used in the school is untreated and each individual element is mounted on exterior and interior walls to create a basic framework for thick plastering. As a result, these natural materials are solid and robust — not to mention long-lasting.

Teaching combining tradition with modern education

Every aspect of instruction at Shiladevi Primary School is stamped by the hallmark of artistic pursuits. This is no-ticeable from the timetable: the pupils sing, dance, play instruments and paint. Even maths lessons feel a bit like a musical. Man Bahadur Pakhrin, a pure-blooded pundit of pedagogy, will quickly confirm this observation. He explains why artistic expression is such an important part of their education. Squeezed between the two cultural giants of China and India, the birthplace of Buddha has always been careful about guarding its age-old traditions, its character, its obvious hospitality and its unique warmth and cordiality. This is all integrated into teaching.

Progress needs a safe haven

Naturally, singing and dancing are not the only priorities at Shiladevi. For instance, English lessons are particularly important, despite the dearth of teachers. The headmaster emphasises that being able to teach the children English is certainly not something that can be taken for grant-ed. The reason he highlights this is that the teachers at the school earn the equivalent of around €180 a month. Also, given the earthquake, the government of Nepal has had much bigger problems to worry about than a pay rise for teachers or making fundamental improvements to the curriculum.

To maintain standards for teachers and pupils and ensure Shiladevi Primary School retains its appeal, the PATRIZIA KinderHaus-Stiftung pulled together its own special pack-age of renovation ideas. All of the windows at the school were given glass panes this year and a new ceiling has been mounted under the roof to improve the sound insulation and room temperature. The rough concrete floors in all areas of the building have been smoothened and made more pleasant. Man Phadur: “It’s lovely for us at Shiladevi Primary School to keep seeing the progress happening, in little and sometimes big steps.”

Plans for the future That’s not all of the building work that will be carried out in Kattike in 2017. The school will also be expanded by three new classrooms. The idea is to offer what’s called a basic school with the intention of offering a secondary education to pupils when they finish their primary education. Man Phadur Pakhrin: “Progress depends on education and education depends on progress, which is why our children need schools.”

The plan is to add a small dining room and a library and to extend the playground and toilets. For the headmaster, this will result in the fulfilment of one of his biggest aspirations. “When the school extension is finished, this will be a unique opportunity for our children to shape the destiny of their own country by receiving a solid education,” he says with a strong sense of pride.

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Jared Kushner named senior White House adviser to Donald Trump

President-elect Donald Trump named his son-in-law Jared Kushner as a senior White House adviser on Monday, an official West Wing role that will raise further questions about conflicts of interest with Trump and his family’s business empire.

Trump’s announcement ended weeks of speculation that Kushner, a prominent real estate developer, would land a top position in the White House.

“Jared has been a tremendous asset and trusted advisor throughout the campaign and transition and I am proud to have him in a key leadership role in my administration,” Trump said in a statement.

Kushner said in a statement that he was “humbled by the opportunity to join” the incoming Trump administration.

But the appointment of Kushner to a formal role in the White House is already raising red flags among critics who say that it could violate federal anti-nepotism laws.

A role in the White House could also lead to possible conflicts of interest for Kushner, 35, whose company is pursuing a real estate deal in China and other ventures that could benefit from his close relationship to the president-elect.

The decision to give Kushner a formal White House position also comes as Trump struggles to disentangle himself from his own business dealings before taking office. The president-elect has said he plans to take steps to distance himself from his businesses, but has not provided details on how he might do that.

Kushner played an important behind-the-scenes role in Trump’s campaign, emerging over the course of the race as one of Trump’s most trusted advisers.

He is married to Ivanka Trump, the president-elect’s eldest daughter, who also served as a key campaign adviser alongside her husband and the president-elect’s adult sons, Donald Trump Jr. and Eric Trump.

In the primaries, Kushner helped draft a high-profile speech that Trump gave to the American Israel Public Affairs Committee last March. The speech was one of the first major campaign events where Trump stuck to a prepared text, and it won praise from many conservatives at a time when Trump was struggling to gain traction with the party’s establishment.

Over the summer, Kushner, his wife and her siblings pushed Trump to replace his first campaign manager, Corey Lewandowski. The staff shakeup resulted in the hiring of Paul Manafort and Kellyanne Conway, who guided the campaign through the final months of the election.

Kushner’s stature rose in recent months as his father-in-law sought the presidency. But he has been a well-known figure in New York City for years.

Kushner is the son of Charles Kushner, a real estate developer who served time in federal prison for illegal campaign contributions, as well as witness tampering and tax evasion. The investigation was conducted by New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie, who was then serving as the U.S. Attorney for the District of New Jersey.

The election brought renewed attention to the history between the Kushner family and Christie.

Christie endorsed Trump after dropping out of the Republican primaries. He appeared alongside the real estate mogul at campaign events and delivered a keynote speech in support of Trump at the Republican National Convention.

During the campaign, Christie served as the chairman of Trump’s transition committee. But he was pushed out soon after the election, fueling speculation that bad blood remained between Kushner and the man who landed his father in prison.

Kushner also gained notoriety for his purchase of the New York Observer in 2006. Just 25 years old at the time, Kushner became one of the country’s youngest and most prominent newspaper publishers.

Ten years later, he used the newspaper as a platform to support Trump’s campaign. Kushner defended his father-in-law in an op-ed in the newspaper that appeared last July, insisting that Trump was not anti-Semitic or racist.

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Programming / Short Courses / Sessions

Mining financial modeling

Friday, March 1, 2019
Room 713
Organizer: The Marquee Group
8:30 AM - 5:00 PM

Mining financial modeling

This is an interactive, hands-on course focused on the skills required to create a best-in-class financial model of a mining project. The course is case-based and uses an example of a company operating a mine producing precious metals.

Topics covered include:
· Design and structure a financial model
· Design and layout a financial model clearly and logically
· Discuss the need for a model to serve as a marketing tool
· Create clearly defined inputs and assumptions sections

Build powerful scenarios and cash flow projections
· Use switches to create effective scenarios and value drivers
· Forecast and build-up the project’s revenues and expenses
· Construct all necessary schedules, including:
· Commodity pricing (primary and secondary minerals)
· Production profile (includes mining and processing profiles)
· Variable and fixed operating costs (includes mining, milling and by-product credits)
· Development and maintenance capital costs
· Reclamation and closure costs
· Resource tax (includes regional resource tax rules)
· Develop a cash flow projection for the mining project

Evaluate the mining project
· Incorporate a schedule to evaluate the project’s value:
· Unlevered Free Cash Flow (UFCF)
· Net Present Value (NPV)
· Build a detailed summary page to display the results
· Use various sensitivity tools to sensitize the project’s returns
· Conditionally format output tables to highlight specified results

The Marquee Group is the leading provider of financial modeling and valuation training programs to all the major Canadian banks. They also provide training seminars to pension funds, commercial banks, corporations, professional organizations and universities.

Duncan McKeen, The Marquee Group

Participants should have basic knowledge in mining, accounting, finance and Excel. Participants are required to bring a laptop (PC preferred) equipped with MS Excel to the course.

Regular rate: SOLD OUT
Member $699.99 Non-member $799.99
Student $269.99
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To modify the content for any program or sessions go to Content > Programs.


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Course Description

This course offers a comprehensive understanding of the concepts of the current ISO 9001 and the AS9100 standards, principles, and practices of performing and reporting on effective internal audits in accordance with ISO 19011. The clauses are reviewed in detail and students will be guided through the internal audit process, which is required for creating and maintaining a quality management system. Students will gain auditing skills and knowledge through a balance of classroom training, practical role-playing, group workshops, case studies, and open discussions.

This course is designed for anyone involved in the auditing, maintaining, or monitoring a Quality Management System.

Topics and Course Content.

  • The Internal Quality System
    • Overview of the elements making up a sound quality management system, requirements of the governing documents, and the relationship of quality policy, the quality manual, procedures, and instructions. Included is a discussion of the audit evidence necessary to comply with the current standards.
  • The Audit Cycle
    • Using ISO 19011 as a guide, pre-audit activities, conducting the audit, postaudit, and follow-up activities are reviewed.
  • Planning and Conducting the Audit
    • How to prepare for an audit and effectively manage resources and how to collect audit evidence and document observations, including techniques for effective questioning and listening.
  • Follow-Up Activities
    • How to verify effectiveness of corrective actions, close out an audit and conduct follow-up surveillances.
  • Case Studies and Simulations
    • Studies of fictional companies to reinforce the methods and techniques discussed

Learning Goals and Results

At the conclusion of the course the participants will be able to:

  • Understand and effectively audit the intent of the current ISO 9001 and AS 9100 standards
  • Properly interpret the standard and apply to real internal audit situation
  • Design internal audit interview based on the requirements of the standard
  • Develop and plan and conduct effective internal audits
  • Review the organization and its context
  • Describe the needs and expectations of interested parties
  • Define the design and development controls
  • Analyze leadership and commitment for the quality management system
  • Understand risks and opportunities
  • Determine requirements for products and services
  • Audit control of externally provided products and services
  • Evaluate QMS performance
  • Identify and report non-conformances in the process audit
  • Evaluate corrective actions for root cause and effectiveness
  • Apply auditing techniques including effective auditing of management
  • Manage and audit process
  • Conduct mock and real opening meetings, closing meetings, and reports

Time Investment

This class is 32 hours of classroom time taken in 4-hour sessions over the course ofconsecutive weeks.

Please Note:
Course content and time investment can also be customized to an individual company’s needs.


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Boyz N The Hood director dies aged 51

Photo: Getty Images

John Singleton, the Oscar-nominated director of Boyz N The Hood, has died aged 51, his family has confirmed.

The American filmmaker was taken off life support earlier on Monday, almost two weeks after suffering a stroke.

In a statement, his family said it was an "agonising decision, one that our family made over a number of days with the careful counsel of John's doctors".

Reports on Monday morning claimed Singleton had died, but a representative had said those reports were inaccurate and that he remained on life support.

Hollywood star Samuel L Jackson paid tribute to Singleton, writing on Twitter: "Mourning the loss of a collaborator & True Friend John Singleton.

"He blazed the trail for many young film makers, always remaining true to who he was & where he came from!!! RIP Brother. Gone Way Too Soon!"

The director, producer and actor worked on a host of film and TV projects throughout his career, but was best known for Boyz N The Hood.

The 1991 film tells the story of the lives of young black men in the gang-dominated neighbourhood of South Central Los Angeles.

In February 1992, the then 24-year-old became the youngest person and the first African American to receive an Academy Award nomination for best director.

Starring Cuba Gooding Jr, Ice Cube, Angela Bassett and Laurence Fishburne, the film also earned him an Oscar nomination for best original screenplay.

Other films which Singleton has either directed or produced include Poetic Justice, starring Janet Jackson and Tupac Shakur, Shaft, Rosewood and 2 Fast 2 Furious.

He also directed episodes of TV series, including Billions, The People v OJ Simpson and Snowfall - a crime drama set in 1980s LA.

The movie industry has been paying tribute, with American actor, comedian and filmmaker Jordan Peele tweeting that Singleton was a "brave artist and a true inspiration".

Meanwhile, Oscar-winning actor Jamie Foxx posted a tribute on Instagram, saying: "God blessings...

"You changed a culture with your art... and impacted the world with your vision."

Director Spike Lee said he first met Singleton when he was a film student and they had "remained close over the decades, cheering each other on in this industry that is not set up for us to win".

"John Singleton's films will live on forever," Lee added.

A court filing last week by Singleton's mother, Shelia Ward, requested she be appointed his temporary conservator in order to make medical and financial decisions while he was incapacitated.

Sky News

© Sky News 2019

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PublicationsMarch 12, 2013

Why Own a Gun? Protection Is Now Top Reason

The vast majority of gun owners say that having a gun makes them feel safer. And far more today than in 1999 cite protection – rather than hunting or other activities – as the maireason they own guns. A national survey finds that nearly half of gun owners (48%) volunteer that the main reason […]


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Fraud management

Ensure the financial integrity of your business.

Protect your business

Safeguard your business against fraud by managing financial risk before money leaves your account. Stay on top of account activity with automatic checks and balances of all your accounts.

Check Positive Pay

Protect against check fraud with Positive Pay. We’ll match your check issue data file against each check presented for payment, suspending items that do not match for further review.

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Positive Pay

Works in conjunction with Check Positive Pay to provide highest level of check fraud protection. In addition to matching check number and amount, validates check Payee line presented for payment with Payee line actually issued by the client, reporting exceptions online for approval to pay or not pay.

ACH Debit Block

Safeguard against unwanted or fraudulent debits by blocking all ACH debit activity to an account. This is generally used for account with only check and cash clearing or an account that is not monitored regularly.

ACH Positive Pay

Reduce the possibility of unauthorized ACH transactions. We’ll compare electronic account transactions against payments previously authorized and suspend unmatched items. Suspended transactions are presented to you for disposition.

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Online Fraud Protection

Our secure online business banking platform, eTreasury+, offers the ability to monitor all account activity and transactions in real time. Our encrypted token security account log in feature ensures multi-factor authentication so you can feel confident that your business data is protected.

Your security is our priority

Our Online Business and Business Mobile Banking services utilize best practices such as HTTPS, 256-bit SSL encryption, PIN or password access and application time-out when your device is not in use. In addition, only the mobile devices you personally enroll in mobile banking can access your accounts. And, no account data is ever stored on your device.

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Whether you need to maximize your working capital, enhance operating efficiency, or control risk, we have treasury management products, services and tools to manage your business financial needs for long-term success.

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40% OFF Sale Items with the code 'EXTRA40' →

Taralli Crop Vest Top - Optic White + Crabapple

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Italian sportswear brand Ellesse, was founded in 1959 to produce stylish, performance-based sportswear. The famous ‘half-ball’ motif can be found stamped across sweatshirts, tees and bodysuits for those who love a retro logo.

- White logo print crop top

- Soft stretch cotton jersey

- Contrast pink hemline

- Ribbed neck

- Self lined

- 95% Cotton, 5% Elastane

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West Coast Blues n Roots Festival Part 2 - Blues on a Lazy Sunday Afternoon

Last weekend (April 4th) my brother and I headed off to the West Coast Blues n Roots Festival!

Both of us had work on Sunday morning, but after a quick clothing change (raybans…check, doc martins…check, cool festival hat…check) we jumped on the 106 and headed down Canning Highway to Fremantle.

Everyone knows that food at festival events = long queues and exuberant prices, so we grabbed a pie from the Fremantle bakehouse (best pies in Freo) and a cider at the Sail and Anchor and made our way to the gig. The West Coast Blues n Roots Festival (WCBR) is held at Fremantle Park, just a short 10 minute walk from the centre of town.

It was still quite early in the day, and the band that we wanted to see (The Pogues) didn’t start till 7, so we had a few hours to kill. There were two main stages at this years festival, the smaller stage under the big top, and the larger one in the middle of the field. The awesome thing about WCBR is that because it is a family-friendly, chilled out vibe festival, there are no crazy crowds and heaps of space to spread out and lounge around under the sun just listening to music and people watching. There were plenty of environmentally friendly recyclable chairs to sit on, a lovely selection of ciders, wines and soft drinks to drink, and heaps of people had crackers, cheese and dip spreads (talk about prepared!).

Our first taste of live music was Blitzen Trapper, a country/folk band from Oregon – they were awesome, the type of band you listen to when you’re sitting on your front porch in a rocking chair.

Keb Mo’ and his wailing blues were up next (along with a cider and a lie in the sun) – it was easy to almost fall asleep to his voice…but we had to stay awake because Trombone Shorty was up next. I had never heard of Trombone Shorty and Orleans Avenue – but just for the sake of the name I was determined to see them.

We were right up front for those TSOA – and he went off! This was one of those acts where you don’t really know what to expect, but when you see them you are blown away. Man, could he play the horn – his circular breathing skills were epic and his band was freaking awesome. The drummer was having the time off his life and the bass player was probably the coolest person at the festival. The best part was the final song when they ALL SWAPPED INSTRUMENTS and still sounded amazing.

FINALLY it was time for the Pogues. Luckily we had got a spot right at the front. I had to fight my way to get there (and lost my hat) but it was worth it. The lead singer walked on stage with a drink in one hand and a fag in the other. The crowd went wild. He mumbled incoherently into the microphone, the accordion started with the tin whistle and we were transported to a Dirty Old Town. Seeing the Pogues was amazing, the crowd was rowdy without being aggressive, I lost my voice singing fiesta and the night ended with the accordionist playing ontop of the speakers and the tin whistle man keeping rhythm by banging his dead against an oven tray – that’s how you make music in Ireland.

Unfortunately, the music couldn’t go all night and it was time to head off and catch a bus home – the sound of the last song in my head, a ringing in my ears and my voice gone.

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Fast, full payment for Lab surgery

Out of 10

SO impressed by PetPlan! Submitted my claim for $3200 on Tuesday, received a check in the mail by Saturday! Website is super easy to navigate, instructions for submitting claims are very clear. When I called on the day of my lab's surgery to make sure it would be covered, I was assured by the representative that I had nothing to worry about, the claim would be fully covered, and wished me luck with the surgery. I would recommend this company to ANYONE who has a pet or is considering getting a pet.

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Mettle Video LED Light VPAD-350 Soft Pad x2 5600K Lighting Kit

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  • Mettle Video LED Light VPAD-350 Soft Pad x2 5600K Lighting Kit
RRP: $650.00
$550.00 (You save $100.00)
Calculated at checkout

Sorry this item is sold out due to popular demand.

Please e-mail to info@photo-shop-studio.com.au to express your interest or Pre-Order now.

 Product Description

This video and photography lighting kit is great for those who want an all round lighting solution. Rechargeable batteries are included in this value kit so you can take your LED lighting setup on the go for maximum portability - your studio work can be anywhere and everywhere.

2x Mettle VPAD 350 Soft Pad LED 5600K
2x Australian AC Adapter
2x Jinbei JB-2100 Light Stands
4x Fotolux NP-F770 Rechargeable Batteries
1x Dual Battery Charger
1x Carry Bag (FBS71x23x30)

Note that if any of the components are out of stock Photo-Shop-Studio reserves the right to substitute for other items of similar value and/or function

  • Attach the LED Lights onto the light stands and connect to AC power or insert charged batteries. Power as usual with remote control or rear control panel.
  • Additional batteries and charger for portable power are available separately.

Shape: Rectangular
Power: 45W
LED: 136 pc
Colour temperature: 5600K
CRI: >95%
920lux at 1m
Power Range: 0-100%

Battery Type: Requires 2x NP-F series batteries (ie. you need 2 of NP-F550/570/750/770/950/970), please see package details
Adapter: 15V/3A/f2.5
Size: 250mm (W) 350mm (L), 42mm thickness
Weight: 1.1kg

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Customer Support : 8077021530

Black Bead Oxidised Necklace Set

Material:Oxidised Silver

Color: Black

NOTE:It is advisable to store jewellery in a zip lock pouch (air tight pouch), keep away from water perfume and other chemicals and clean it with dry and soft cloth

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Safari, Flower Box in Coral, Fabric Half-Yards MS104-CO1

Article number: F-COSAFC

Fabric price is per Half-Yard
from Cotton + Steel
100% Cotton
Width: 44-45 inches

We price our fabric per half-yard, so if you want 1 full yard, change the quantity to 2, etc. The total quantity of yardage you order will arrive as one continuous un-cut piece of fabric.

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PicoQuant - It's about time

July 31, 2018

EasyTau 2 – measure and analyze spectroscopy data in one package

Fully automated fluorescence spectra measurement with powerful yet easy-to-use data analysis

EasyTau 2 - screen shotThe newly released software package provides now a fully integrated, comprehensive suite of fitting and analytical tools for time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy applications. With this upgrade, EasyTau 2 becomes a one-stop solution for both acquiring and analyzing data with PicoQuant’s fully automated, modular, and high-end FluoTime 300 spectrometer.

In addition to proving full control over all hardware components of the FluoTime 300, the new fitting module includes all functions that were previously offered by the stand-alone FluoFit Pro program. Both measurement and analysis of the results can be performed in a single, powerful yet user-friendly graphical environment with efficient data management.

Steady-state and time-resolved data can be subjected to basic arithmetic functions (such as addition, normalization, integration) and fitted to determine fluorescence lifetimes or anisotropy. The module offers global decay analysis, tail and iterative reconvolution fitting with non-linear error minimization as well as using various exponential decay (up to fifth order) or rate constant distribution models. The software also allows for rigorous error analysis (bootstrap) as well as generating presentation-ready numerical and graphical output.

General contact
Info request
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+49 (0)30 1208820-0


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1. Being two overexcited girls, we decided our creation had to be a rather large rather pink mouse. Humbled and inspired by some of the phenomenal pimps present, the least we could do was make the sugary mix from scratch. And so began the concoction of gelatineydisgustingness. Dissolve HOWEVER MUCH POWDER with SOMETHING ELSE I HAVE NO IDEA HOW WE DID THIS over a pan of boiling water. As may be apparent in the photos, we roped in a nearby male as the smell was disgusting.

2. Whilst gelatine is doing its own disgusting thing, icing sugar must be sieved to ensure beautiful smooth consistency and eradication of lumps. We decided that doing this in the garden might be wise, it turns out this was possibly the best idea either of us have ever had as the aftermath was pretty spectacular.

3. Attempt to lift the phenomenally heavy bag of icing sugar.

4. On failing miserably, LSNM (long suffering nearby male) was once again roped in. for this much icing a spectacular 12 cups of icing sugar are required. This process is rather long, slightly boring, and we have a vague suspicion that inhalation of icing sugar is not actually very good for ones health.

5. At this point we thought we would be clever and add just half the gelatine to half the icing sugar. Turned out we had peaked on the great idea front because by the time we came to the second batch the gelatine was almost solidified in the bowl, making it much harder to work in. so we would recommend finding a bath or something and attempting the whole lot in one go. Add the gelatine bit by bit to the mountains of icing sugar, stirring, then kneading as you go.

Rated 77 /100 - 109 votes (3.85/5)

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King Rainbow Drop

Giant Chocolate Crispie Cake

Giant Twix

Giant Chocolate Orange

Egg-cellent Easter Pimp


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The River Niger in Bamako, Mali

The complexity of trying to do the right thing..

This week is Fashion Revolution week and in light of this week lots of articles and posts are written and shared about global fashion issues.

Today also marks the 6th anniversary of the Rana Plaza disaster in Bangladesh.

When we started with Pini Piru we spend the most time searching for the right T-shirts. Finding the right tees, not only ‘fashion’ wise, but also the best feel (as in soft) and from organicly farmed and fairly traded cotton was hard. But in the end we found two suppliers that we now buy from. Them and us both promote the fact that it is organic and fairly traded cotton we use. But after reading this heartfelt comment on the instagram account of French Malian indigo artist Aboubakar Foufana it made me think differently about promoting the fairly traded bit a lot..

The River Niger in Bamako, Mali
The River Niger in Bamako, Mali

So many of us all over the world are literally enslaved to the West’s needs, and the West’s prosperity was and still is dependent on us. I am both French and Malian, and I can say absolutely that France’s ongoing prosperity is directly linked to the subjugation and exploitation of North, West, and Central Africa, on every single level, every day. Our Malian experience is echoed throughout Africa, throughout the developing world, throughout the poorer sections of the developed world. I can’t participate any more in this supposed Fashion Revolution Week, I can’t see the point. It’s just more of the same, a way to keep you participating in our enslavement by making you feel like you can continue to consume without anybody suffering. I have pinned my posts from last year to the top of this feed – they say everything I would like to say specifically about fashion and textiles. Slavery and capitalism.

Aboubakar Fofana
Bamako, Mali
Playing football in Bamako, Mali

Two weeks ago me and my dad visited my sister and her family in Bamako, Mali, the country Aboubakar Fofana is from and where he speaks about. He’s right, it is a beautiful country with amazing people, but there is a lot going on there at the moment and we (my sister Noor did, my French is non existent) heard some interesting stories (she translated) on the streets in and around Bamako about some of the problems there. It’s easy to just close your eyes for everything that is wrong when you are born in a wealthy western society..


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Setting the Price for Your Food Product

‹ Back to Events

Setting the Price for Your Food Product

Want to get your food product listed in a grocery store but don’t know how or where to start?

If you are a food processor, or if you are planning to operate a wholesale food processing business, join us to learn how to set the price for your food product(s) and how to sell your food product(s) to a grocery store.

Date: Thursday, February 14, 2019 from 9:00am-4:30pm

Location: Roadhouse 52 Inn & Suites, 375B North Front Drive

Cost: $50 Lunch will be provided. Pre-registration is required with Manitoba Agriculture.

To register, contact Joy Lorette at 204-392-7268 or Joy.Lorette@gov.mb.ca

You will learn how to:

  • Determine what profit margin you and your wholesale customers need.
  • Determine how many units you need to sell to break-even and to make a profit.
  • Plan for hidden costs associated with selling to corporate grocery chains.
  • Set your selling price for grocery retailers, wholesale distributors, and retail customers.
  • Create sales materials that get results.
  • How to make a presentation and negotiate your way onto the shelf.

To view the poster, click here.


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Source: https://twitter.com/FAIreland

Dublin city’s custom logo design for EURO 2020 has been revealed, even though the games are still three years away. Dublin along with 12 other cities will be hosting UEFA EURO 2020, the other cities include, Amsterdam, Baku, Bilbao, Brussels, Bucharest, Budapest, Copenhagen, Glasgow, London, Munich, Rome, and St Petersburg. European football’s governing body’s plan was to hold the tournament across the continent and not in just one city or country.

Each host city will have a unique logo, only Dublin’s custom logo design has been unveiled. The logos of the other host cities are expected to be revealed in the coming weeks.

UEFA General Secretary, Gianni Infantino said “There will be only one venue per country and it means the semi-finals and the final will be played in the same venue.” Sources say that Wembley might be a possible venue for the final.

The Aviva Stadium, Dublin will be hosting four games, the list of games hasn’t been revealed yet. Until the schedule of the tournament is published in December 2019, the teams in each game will be unknown.

Source: https://twitter.com/NewstalkSport/status/

The host city Dublin’s logo for UEFA EURO 2020 features the iconic Samuel Beckett Bridge, which is a symbol of connection and unity. Another significance of this bridge is that its road leads to the Aviva Stadium.

John Delaney, Chief Executive of the Football Association of Ireland (FAI) said “I would like to thank UEFA for awarding us host city status for this famous tournament. The hosting of these games gives us a great opportunity to grow football – particularly Street and Community football – and I am delighted that Robbie Keane has agreed to lend his support to leave a strong football legacy for the next generation.

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Heru Sulistiono
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  • Original Size1666 X 1416
  • Date TakenJan 14, 2006
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simona facchini
Level 24     4 Trophy    Viaggia: Family
Overall rating 10
The accommodation : We stayed in an flat in the centre (so in the evening we ate dinner "at home" and this allowed us to save a fair amount on meals), and we always got around on foot or by tram as the... more stop was 50 mt away. I have to say, it was a wonderful fun experience for our little 4 year old.
Level 9     1 Trophy    Viaggia: Family
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The accommodation : I stayed at a hotel in Copenhagen, the 4-star Golden Tulip hotel chain and it was fine. I was less satisfied with the cuisine because the dishes were presented in a grand way, but the quality of the ingredients was... more very low.
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There are a myriad of ways one can finance a vehicle purchase, be it one car or a fleet, and professional advice needs to be taken on the best financial route for your company. There are four regular options that can be highly beneficial and we take this opportunity to explain each option.

Leasing is a long-term rental agreement offering the exclusive use of a vehicle for a set period of time at a fixed monthly charge. Leasing helps you avoid any unexpected costs by offering a fixed monthly payment for the term of the lease, meaning you don’t have to worry about depreciation or selling the vehicle as this is taken care of by the leasing company. At the start of a leasing contract, you will pay an initial rental fee - usually equivalent to the sum of three monthly payments - and then make monthly payments for the duration of the contract term.

At the end of the contract, usually 24-48 months, the vehicle can simply be handed back without any further obligations. Driving a new car every two, three or four years is just one of the benefits to leasing.

Not only will you be driving a brand new car every few years but leasing also allows you to drive away with fixed lower monthly payments, lower deposits, inclusive road tax and breakdown recovery, flexible contract duration and mileage terms and all vehicles include standard manufacturers warranty.

CONTRACT HIRE is a finance solution available to sole traders, partnerships and limited companies. It’s a very popular choice for VAT registered companies as they can claim back fifty percent of the VAT on the finance element. Rental costs take into consideration estimated annual mileage, selected models and optional maintenance packages. Once the agreed term has finished you can return your vehicle at no extra cost, provided the vehicle has not exceeded its mileage allowance. This leasing option is an excellent choice for businesses with quick changing or updating fleets, who are looking to minimise their short-term expenditure.

LEASE PURCHASE allows your business to gain eventual ownership of your chosen vehicle. The arrangement consists of a series of monthly repayments, culminating in a ‘balloon’ payment at the end of the contract at which point you can decide to own the vehicle outright or hand the vehicle back. Your business will also benefit from having the time to assess whether they want to take permanent ownership of the vehicle and this can be particularly useful to smaller businesses that want to confirm the reliability and practicality of the vehicle before committing to ownership.

CONTRACT PURCHASE allows you to choose whether or not it is in the best interests of your company to take ownership of the vehicle when the agreement ends. With contract purchase your vehicle has a value guarantee and you are also protected against a future drop in the value of used cars. As such, companies benefit from increased security and flexibility. This makes a contract purchase agreement an excellent option for businesses that are looking to take ownership of a vehicle, without risking its value depreciating, or the financial commitment being too restrictive.

HIRE PURCHASE begins with the payment of a deposit, which is usually between 10 and 50% of the retail value of your chosen model. A term of repayments, usually between 12 and 60 months, is also negotiated. The level of monthly expense that you pay is dependent on three factors: the retail price of the vehicle, the size of the deposit paid and the length of the repayment period. In the short-term, hire purchase can appear an expensive option but in the long run if your company is looking to take ownership of the vehicle, it can work out considerably less expensive in the long term.

One of the central advantages of each of these options is the delivery of a brand new car that will set the tone of your company every time you arrive in a clients car park. What better way to make the statement that your company is at the top of its game than arriving in a beautiful new Mercedes-Benz and at Sandown Mercedes-Benz, we have every model available from the compact and stylish A-Class, the vast capacity of the E-Class estate, the rugged all-wheel drivability of the GLE and the smooth luxurious style of the new S-Class Coupé. Whatever your needs and desires, Sandown Mercedes-Benz offers the most comprehensive range of cars available today.

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Wolfenstein 3D – 1992

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Maybe it was the fact that people got to blow away Nazis. Maybe it was the sheer challenge of it all. For whatever reason, Wolfenstein 3D and Spear of Destiny, pioneered the first-person shooter genre and brought its legendary creators, id Software, worldwide notoriety and numerous awards. In fact, The Computer Gaming World Hall of Fame recognized Wolfenstein 3D as helping to shape the overall direction of the computer gaming industry.

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Trusted Art Marketplace
Post war and modern art, contemporary art, asian art, orientalist art, archaeology…
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Our selection for: Drawings

Check out our selection of watercolors and original drawings starting at 100€


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Posts tagged food and diet
Foods That Cause Cancer

What exactly is the relationship between food and cancer? Is there one? Studies show that there’s a great correlation between diet and cancer; with diet influencing double-digit percentages of influencers of whether or not one is susceptible to cancer (conversely genetics play a relatively small role). Explore how food influences cancer to be better prepared for cancer prevention.

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Arms Control Wonk

A News, Politics and Education podcast
 3 people rated this podcast
The nuclear weapons, arms control, disarmament and nonproliferation podcast. Companion to the popular Arms Control Wonk blog ( Hosted by Jeffrey Lewis & Aaron Stein.

We don't know anything about the creators of this podcast yet. You can add them yourself so they can be credited for this and other podcasts.

Recent Episodes

CTBTO 2019
Jeffrey and Anne attended the CTBTO's 2019 Science and Technology Conference in Vienna, which means this is another Wienerpod! Aaron calls in to get the lowdown on the state of the CTBT and the evolving technological environment for nuclear test de…
First Combat Use: Turkey's Bora Missile
Turkey used a ballistic missile, the Bora, for the first time in combat. Launch a missile, get a pod! Aaron, Anne and Jeffrey discuss the Bora, geolocating the launch site, and the state of missile proliferation in the Middle East.   Our 2017 episo…
Low-yield Nuclear Testing in Russia?
The United States intelligence community, or a portion of it, has concluded that Russia is conducting very low-yield nuclear tests. Aaron and Jeffrey discuss past allegations of nuclear testing, open source monitoring of Russia's nuclear test site …

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ottokar790 reviewed this podcast on Jun 25th, 2017
"Very interesting discussions on a very important topic."
.jtf. reviewed this podcast on Jul 11th, 2018
"Very in-the-weeds discussion about nuclear weapons and military rockets - a topic that rarely sees public detail. The hosts speak plainly about the legal, political, technical and cultural details involved in understanding the daily news around the world's most destructive capabilities. I'm not sure where else I'd ever be able to get this kind of detail in terms I can understand."

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Jun 26th, 2019
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12 steps to being a more decisive cop

Courage is not taking action in the absence of fear, but taking action in spite of fear

There are moments in every cop’s career where being decisive is an absolute necessity.

Field training officers will confirm that most entry-level recruits are not born decisive, but that decisiveness must be cultivated in young officers.

Here are 12 steps for developing decisiveness:

When an officer is able to continually make good decisions under stress, he or she is a precious commodity. (Photo/Pixabay)
When an officer is able to continually make good decisions under stress, he or she is a precious commodity. (Photo/Pixabay)

1. Look for opportunities to critically think

There was an old night shift sergeant years ago who, whenever a new officer brought a situation to his attention and asked him how to proceed, would say, “If I wasn’t here, how would you handle it?”

There would always be a few moments of silence and then the young officer would put forward a plan of action for consideration.

The sergeant would listen and, in most cases, respond with, “Sounds good to me.”

The wise old sergeant was perfectly capable of giving each officer a course of action, but he chose instead to develop their critical thinking skills. He became their net rather than their crutch.

Soon the young coppers were flying high without a net.

2. Understand authority

Police authority is given by statutes and can be suddenly restricted by new court rulings or arbitrary directives by people in leadership.

Understanding the extent and limits of authority is crucial in decision-making.

3. Train to be prepared

High-quality training prepares officers to take action under stress that appears to be automatic. Here is a formula:

Pre-trained + pre-planned = pre-pared.

4. Give positive and timely critique

Part of becoming effectively decisive is having a team of supervisors and trainers who have the courage to give positive and timely critique. This also means an officer has to be able to accept critique and learn from his or her mistakes.

5. Experience counts

The more often a police officer successfully navigates through a difficult call, the more prepared they are to make rapid, correct decisions in similar situations in the future. For example, a former army medic and EMT who is now a police officer will more decisively apply a tourniquet when faced with arterial bleeding than a recruit who practiced it once in the police academy six months earlier.

6. Proper tools enable officers to take action

It is easier to decisively take the correct action in a crisis when an officer has the proper tools. Of late, departments have shown great leadership in meeting modern challenges by expanding the tools available to street officers. Examples of this are the presence of tourniquets, TASERs, less lethal munitions, naloxone and AEDs.

7. Words of encouragement

Police officers find it easier to make difficult decisions when their peers, supervisors and community have a history of showing encouragement. Recognize great work you hope to see repeated. You don’t have to have stripes or bars to tell a fellow officer, “Great job!”

If a department or a community does not back their police officers when they are in the right, some officers will choose to back off.

8. Instill confidence

Following years of training, experiences and repeated successes, officers gain confidence. This confidence leads to decisiveness under stress. When a confident officer arrives on scene, the confidence is as clearly on display to all present as his or her uniform.

9. Maintain training

Training should not end at entry level. Knowledge and skills need to be updated on a regular basis. When unpracticed, psychomotor skills deteriorate over time.

Knowledge not only can be forgotten, but legal decisions, technology, equipment, weapons, policies and procedures change over time. Police officers must keep abreast of changes. No piece of new equipment should be placed in a squad or hung on a duty belt without the officer being supremely proficient in its use.

10. Desire

To be decisive takes personal desire. It is easy to be disappointed by the blows that are delivered by this profession and decide to fly low and slow, or even hang back. With time it becomes apparent to police officers that more pay is not received for doing more. More grief is too often the reward for doing more.

Officers can blame a lack of desire on supervisors, politicians, the media or the community, but ultimately every officer has response-ability. That is the ability to choose to respond to every call with empathy or apathy. It’s their call.

Ultimately, everyone is responsible for their own morale.

11. Courage

The most important aspect of decisiveness is courage.

Courage is not taking action in the absence of fear, but taking action in spite of fear. To engage in the proper first steps toward successful conclusion of an emergency situation while fearing failure, or much worse, is indeed courageous.

12. The ability to decide

Being decisive requires the basic ability to make decisions.

Napoleon Bonaparte said, “Nothing is more difficult and therefore more precious than the ability to decide.”

When an officer is able to continually make good decisions under stress, he or she is a precious commodity. They become that cop who, when things are at their worst, is always at their best. They become a cop’s cop!

Over time decisiveness can be developed in every police officer. The challenge with law enforcement is that from day one the need to be decisive might be thrust upon an officer at any moment. When that moment arrives, the ability to be decisive will indeed be “precious,” as precious as life itself.

Recommended for you

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Copyright © 2019 PoliceOne.com. All rights reserved.


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Spotlight - Health Care 2024

Spotlight - Health Care 2024

Polling from across Europe. Updated daily.

Big Tobacco’s push for Big Vape

Citizens’ initiative calls for vaping to be treated differently from traditional smoking — and is backed by industry associations.

All major tobacco companies are moving into vaping | Niklas Halle'n/AFP via Getty Images

All major tobacco companies are moving into vaping | Niklas Halle'n/AFP via Getty Images

Big Tobacco has a new lobbying tactic in Brussels — people power.

A petition calling for vaping products to be treated differently from tobacco was this month registered with the European Commission, using a process that's designed to give the public a say in decision-making.

However, the campaign received a €10,000 contribution from U.K.-based Imperial Brands, one of the world’s largest tobacco companies, and the individuals listed on the application include Imperial’s head of EU corporate affairs and representatives from national vaping industry lobbies.

As EU rules put the squeeze on cigarette sales, tobacco companies are expanding into vaping products and the industry is making huge efforts to ensure they avoid the regulatory fate of traditional smoking.

The petition, which calls for looser controls on vaping products by having them treated separately from tobacco products, is part of that drive. Under the rules of the European Citizens’ Initiative process, the petition’s organizers have a year to collect 1 million signatures from at least seven EU countries. If that happens, the Commission must consider their request (although it can reject it).

The involvement of individuals with direct ties to the tobacco and vaping industries “reduces the [citizens’ initiative] tool to absurdity" — Olivier Hoedeman, researcher

The Commission declined to name those behind the initiative — called “Let’s demand smarter vaping regulation” — when it was announced on February 12.

But the subsequent registration listed Dustin Dahlmann and Mosè Giacomello, representatives of the German and Italian vaping industry interests, and Valerio Forconi, head of EU corporate affairs and a registered lobbyist for Imperial Brands.

Forconi said Imperial is supporting grassroots activism by funding the campaign, and the individuals that registered the initiative said they are acting in a personal capacity.

However, a corporate watchdog group called the petition an “abuse” of the system.

Tobacco companies are taking a different approach toward regulators with e-cigarettes than they did with traditional cigarettes | Fabrice Coffrini/AFP via Getty Images

The involvement of individuals with direct ties to the tobacco and vaping industries “reduces the [citizens’ initiative] tool to absurdity,” Olivier Hoedeman, a researcher at Corporate Europe Observatory, said in an emailed statement.

“Imperial Brands has vested commercial interests in getting vaping products excluded from the Tobacco Products Directive and is abusing a democratic tool for citizen participation,” he said.

Imperial Brands (which used to be Imperial Tobacco Group and sells Gauloises cigarettes and Montecristo cigars) expanded into vaping through its subsidiary Fontem Ventures, which makes the brand Blu. The U.S. and U.K. are its two biggest markets, and the company has also introduced the products in France, Germany and Italy.

“This is a real broad-based, grassroots effort and it makes complete sense for us to support it, and hopefully achieve success by shining a light on the irrationality of the current regulatory framework,” Imperial’s Forconi said of the citizens’ initiative in an emailed statement.

The petition argues the Commission needs to come up with a vaping policy that ensures “access to tobacco-free less harmful alternatives,” through “bespoke, evidence-based legislation” that takes vaping products away from the shadow of Big Tobacco.

A Commission spokesperson said that while companies cannot launch citizens’ initiatives, there is nothing in the rules to prohibit employees doing so in a personal capacity.

Organizations “can promote or support initiatives provided that they do so with full transparency,” the Commission said.

Flipping the playbook

From the 1950s onward, tobacco companies worked to emphasize scientific uncertainty and downplay links between smoking and lung cancer, and nicotine and addiction.

With vaping they are flipping the playbook.

All major tobacco companies are moving into vaping, including Altria (parent company of Philip Morris), British American Tobacco and Japan International Tobacco. In tandem with vaping industry associations, tobacco companies are relying on public health arguments to make the case that electronic cigarettes are “less harmful” than traditional ones.

“What [tobacco companies] were doing in the past was saying that there was no real evidence. In fact, it’s almost ... turning on its head at the minute,” said Martin McKee, a professor of European public health at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.

“We want to reduce the health impact of tobacco by encouraging smokers to switch to products with lower health risks like vaping ones" — Valerio Forconi, head of EU corporate affairs at Imperial Brands

Vaping devices contain nicotine but not tobacco, heating a tank of liquid containing the addictive chemical to create a vapor that can be inhaled. The EU cracked down on both tobacco and nicotine products as part of the 2014 Tobacco Products Directive, which limited the size and strength of e-cigarette tanks, restricted advertising and set rules on packaging.

The Commission is scheduled to review the directive before May 2021.

One of the aims of the citizens’ initiative is to repeal Article 20 of the Tobacco Products Directive, which outlines the regulations on vaping products, and have them dealt with under separate rules.

“We want to reduce the health impact of tobacco by encouraging smokers to switch to products with lower health risks like vaping ones. We support proportionate evidence-based regulation that encourages smokers to use alternative products that have the potential for reduced harm,” Forconi said.

Several scientific studies have found vaping to be less harmful than traditional smoking.

While England’s public health body has strongly endorsed e-cigarettes to reduce health harm, other researchers and officials, including European Health Commissioner Vytenis Andriukaitis, are urging caution.

European Commissioner for Health Vytenis Andriukaitis | John Thys/AFP via Getty Images

The industry bolsters its argument by citing a 2015 review by Public Health England that found e-cigarettes are “around 95 percent safer” than traditional cigarettes.

“That figure has no credibility whatsoever,” said McKee, who co-authored a commentary in medical journal The BMJ challenging the methodology of the national health body’s review. “England is completely out of line with the rest of the world,” he said.

Australia and Singapore have banned e-cigarettes and the U.S. is cracking down on flavored products, saying they appeal to kids.

Vaping may not bring the same risk of lung cancer as smoking “but there are serious questions about cardiovascular disease and there are enough questions there that I think the precautionary principle should be adopted,” McKee said.

An alternative, McKee said, would be to regulate e-cigarettes as a medicine, if there is evidence to show they could get people off nicotine completely.

“I see no justification for rolling them out as consumer goods, that’s a completely different ballpark,” McKee said.

Industry opposes this route, since it would mean much stricter regulatory scrutiny. The petition states that vaping should be considered separately from pharmaceutical products.

‘Time is money’

Imperial’s €10,000 has gone toward building a website on which people can add their signature to the petition, and which is expected to launch in a few weeks, according to Brandon Mitchener, a managing partner for consultancy Instinctif Partners, based in Brussels.

The tobacco company contracted the consultancy to provide “monitoring and strategic advice on a number of issues but mainly related to vaping,” according to Imperial’s Forconi.

That contract was worth between €50,000 and €99,000 in 2018, according to an entry in the EU’s transparency register. The value was earlier this month listed in the range of €100,000 to €199,999 but was revised downward “to reflect actual 2018 figures,” Mitchener said in an email.

Imperial spent more than £700 million investing in next generation products through 2018, according to a company report.

“Time is money and everyone is contributing a significant amount of time to ensure the success of this initiative" — Dustin Dahlmann and Mosè Giacomello, vaping industry representatives

Forconi said it is “hard to predict” how much money Imperial would spend promoting the petition, adding the campaign “will mainly run through social media instead of using the traditional communication touchpoints.”

Giacomello and Dahlmann, who represent national vaping industry interests in Italy and Germany, said they expect their associations and others from Ireland, the United Kingdom, Czech Republic and France “will contribute to the campaign according to [their] individual means.”

“Time is money and everyone is contributing a significant amount of time to ensure the success of this initiative,” Giacomello and Dahlmann said in a joint statement, adding that their interests’ investments would likely be more than €10,000, and would meet the EU's transparency requirements.

Andriukaitis’ office declined to comment on the petition or the involvement of the tobacco and vaping industries. The health commissioner has previously said e-cigarettes should be included in smoke-free legislation, and branded the argument that e-cigarettes should be freed from regulation because they help people quit smoking as “ridiculous.”

“We are monitoring the situation and waiting to see if 1 million statements of support are gathered,” his spokesperson Anca Paduraru wrote in an email.

This article is part of POLITICO’s premium policy service: Pro Health Care. From drug pricing, EMA, vaccines, pharma and more, our specialised journalists keep you on top of the topics driving the health care policy agenda. Email for a complimentary trial.


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Healthy and Relaxed

In everyday life, it is very easy to forget to take the time for some rest and relaxation. The busier you are, the more important it is to make sure you take time to care of your own well-being. Our newly built wellness area on the top floor of our accommodation offers guests the opportunity to relax and take care of their personal wellness while enjoying the lovely views of the Schönjoch. This is the perfect way to return from holiday well-rested and full of vitality.  Enjoy the peace, let your mind rest, and get back in tune with yourself. You are sure to feel revitalized and ready for your next adventure!

During winter our wellness area is open from Sunday to Friday between 4.30 pm until 7.30 pm.

During summer, the wellness area is open twice a week and upon request.

We have made sure our wellness area offers all our guests excellent comforts. The newly built facility was built in 2018 and includes the most modern equipment to ensure a fantastic visit.

The following features are available:

  • Finnish sauna
  • organic pine wood sauna (low temperature)
  • steam room
  • infra-red cabin
  • panoramic relaxation room with views of the Schönjoch
  • juice and water bar
  • towels available for use

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