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Redefining Historical Scholarship (1993)

Report of the American Historical Association Ad Hoc Committee on Redefining Scholarly Work

December 1993

Despite considerable differences in institutional missions and goals, most American colleges and universities agree on the basic criteria for faculty tenure and promotion decisions: the documentation and evaluation of research, teaching, and service. Although the relative weight given to each of the three criteria varies considerably from institution to institution, critics maintain that too much emphasis is now placed on the research component, with the other two relegated to considerably lesser if not irrelevant status. For example, Ernest Boyer of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching maintains that this equation of scholarship with research and publication, while perhaps having served many faculty and institutions well over the years, has perpetuated narrow individual and institutional priorities at odds with the broader interests of faculty and with the varied needs of colleges and universities today. In Scholarship Reconsidered: Priorities for the Professoriate (Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 1990), Boyer argues that "a wide gap now exists between the myth and the reality of academic life. Almost all colleges pay lip service to the trilogy of teaching, research, and service, but when it comes to making judgments about professional performance, the three rarely are assigned equal merit. ... the time has come to move beyond the tired old 'teaching versus research' debate and give the familiar and honorable term 'scholarship' a broader, more capacious meaning, one that brings legitimacy to the full scope of academic work." (pp. 15-16)

This debate over priorities is not discipline-specific but extends across the higher education community. Nevertheless, each discipline has specific concerns and problems. For history, the privilege given to the monograph in promotion and tenure has led to the undervaluing of other activities central to the life of the discipline--writing textbooks, developing courses and curricula, documentary editing, museum exhibitions, and film projects to name but a few. Despite a number of efforts within recent years to give greater recognition to such work, a traditional, hierarchical conceptualization of what constitutes historical scholarship, based on the German university model, continues to dominate and restrict our profession's rewards structure. There is little recognition of the diverse interests and talents of today's historians or of the changes that they undergo over the course of their careers. The situation is unlikely to change until we as a profession consciously rethink the fundamental meaning of historical scholarship and the role of the historian as scholar today. While frustration over the academic rewards structure may be the catalyst, a re-examination of the meaning of scholarship has much larger implications for the profession--if scholarly activity is central to the work of our profession, then how we define scholarship determines what it means to be a historian and who is part of the historical community. The AHA defines the history profession in broad, encompassing terms, but is that definition meaningful as long as only certain kinds of work are valued and deemed scholarly within our discipline? If the historical profession is a broad community of individuals committed to "teaching, researching, writing, or otherwise providing or disseminating historical knowledge and understanding" (Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Future of the AHA, 1988, p. 1), then the virtually exclusive identification of historical scholarship with the monograph is inappropriate and unfairly undervalues the work of a significant portion of professional historians. Just how many historians are excluded by a narrow definition of scholarship? According to data from a 1985-86 study conducted by the American Council of Learned Societies, only 41.8 percent of historians surveyed have published one or more scholarly books or monographs during their careers.

The AHA Ad Hoc Committee

Within this context, the American Historical Association agreed in 1991 to participate in two initiatives that call for the development of discipline-specific redefinitions of scholarly work. The first, conducted by Syracuse University and supported by the Fund for the Improvement of Post Secondary Education and the Lilly Endowment, focuses on enhancing the status of teaching within the faculty rewards system. Eighteen professional associations are taking part in this effort. In the second project, eleven professional associations have agreed to undertake a variety of efforts to increase recognition for scholarship-based professional service. The cosponsors of this project are the National Association of State Universities and Land Grant Colleges, the University of Maryland at College Park, and Wayne State University, with support from the Johnson Foundation. Those two projects have in turn contributed to a third initiative in which the Association has taken take part, the Forum on Faculty Roles and Rewards sponsored by the American Association for Higher Education and funded by the Fund for the Improvement of Post Secondary Education.

The Association's agreement to take part in these projects rested on five assumptions:

  • That problems associated with the faculty rewards system are not discipline-specific. Hence, individual disciplines and their associations may be a good place to start, but they cannot be expected to bring about reform single-handedly. Similar initiatives must be launched within higher education associations and college and university administrations if there is to be any substantial change.
  • That the AHA's role should not be to prescribe a certain formula but rather to suggest alternative ways of conceptualizing scholarly work and to provide examples of the different ways in which history departments have addressed this issue. The emphasis should be on what "can be" considered scholarship, not what "must be" or "is." Any statement from the Association must be adaptable to the varied needs of different departments and institutions and leave room for individual and institutional choices.
  • That a redefinition of scholarly work should not diminish or undermine historical research but rather extend and enhance it. Nor should a redefinition lead to a competitive situation--the relationship of research to other scholarly work should be viewed as complementary not competitive. Research--as well as teaching--remains at the heart of the profession.
  • That the Association's concern is with historians' activities that relate directly to their research and teaching, broadly defined, and not with public service, civic involvement, or other service to their institutions and communities. While the latter are valuable and should be encouraged, they do not draw upon the historian's professional or disciplinary expertise and cannot be characterized as scholarly.
  • That reform efforts should focus on increasing flexibility within the system and avoid the imposition of additional requirements on already over-burdened tenure- track faculty. Moreover, priorities should change concomitantly in institutional support for faculty. The point should be to change priorities and increase options, not to demand more or increase faculty workloads.

Rather than addressing the two issues (teaching and service) separately, the AHA decided to combine the two efforts into one and develop a more comprehensive statement on the nature of scholarly work and the structure of the tenure and rewards system. Toward that end an ad hoc committee was convened, composed of:

  • Robert A. Blackey, AHA Vice-President for Teaching (1991-95), California State University, San Bernardino
  • Blanche Wiesen Cook, AHA Vice-President for Research (1990-94), John Jay College of Criminal Justice-CUNY
  • Susan Socolow, AHA Vice-President for the Profession (1989-92), Emory University
  • Philip V. Scarpino, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, representing the Organization of American Historians
  • Noel J. Stowe, Arizona State University, representing the National Council on Public History
  • James Powell, Syracuse University
  • Roger Sharp, Syracuse University
  • Carlin Barton, University of Massachusetts
  • Gerald F. Linderman, University of Michigan
  • David Miller, Carnegie Mellon University
  • James B. Gardner, AHA Deputy Executive Director, ex officio

A Conceptual Framework

An essay by Eugene Rice, Antioch College, entitled "The New American Scholar: Scholarship and the Purposes of the University," provided the context for the ad hoc committee's work. The Rice essay provides an alternative conceptualization of scholarly work: he proposes that the trilogy of research, teaching, and service be abandoned in favor of a more inclusive four-part definition of scholarship. In so doing, the discussion broadens from issues of balance within the campus-defined function of professor to the larger roles and obligations of the scholar. Drawing on the work of Ernest Boyer, Sandra E. Elman, Ernest Lynton, Lee Shulman, and others, Rice breaks scholarship down into four distinct yet interrelated components:

  • The advancement of knowledge--essentially original research
  • The integration of knowledge--synthesizing and reintegrating knowledge, revealing new patterns of meaning and new relationships between the parts and the whole
  • The application of knowledge--professional practice directly related to an individual's scholarly specialization
  • The transformation of knowledge through teaching--including pedagogical content knowledge and discipline-specific educational theory

Rice concludes:

We know that what is being proposed challenges a hierarchical arrangement of monumental proportions--a status system that is firmly fixed in the consciousness of the present faculty and the academy's organizational policies and practices. What is being called for is a broader, more open field where these different forms of scholarship can interact, inform, and enrich one another, and faculty can follow their interests, build on their strengths, and be rewarded for what they spend most of their scholarly energy doing. All faculty ought to be scholars in this broader sense, deepening their preferred approaches to knowing but constantly pressing, and being pressed by peers, to enlarge their scholarly capacities and encompass other--often contrary--ways of knowing. (p. 6)

An Expanded Definition of Historical Scholarship

The ad hoc committee then applied this framework to the history discipline, using as a starting point the following passage from the AHA's Statement on Standards of Professional Conduct (1992): Scholarship, the uncovering and exchange of new information and the shaping of interpretations, is basic to the activities of the historical profession. The profession communicates with students in textbooks and classrooms; to other scholars and the general public in books, articles, exhibits, films, and historic sites and structures; and to decision-makers in memoranda and testimony. (p. 5)

That description is clearly broader than the traditional definition of scholarship as original research, and it provided the committee with the basis for developing an expanded list of activities appropriate for consideration under a more inclusive tenure and promotion system. The list that follows is basically an inventory of activities that can be scholarly but does not address when a particular activity is scholarly and when it is not--that is an issue of evaluation, as discussed below. For example, teaching can be a scholarly activity but all teaching is not scholarly in nature.

Using the Rice formulation of scholarship, the committee proposes that within history:

The advancement of knowledge includes:

  • Original research--based on manuscript and printed sources, material culture, oral history interviews, or other source materials--published in the form of a monograph or refereed journal article; disseminated through a paper or lecture given at a meeting or conference or through a museum exhibition or other project or program; or presented in a contract research report, policy paper, or other commissioned study
  • Documentary or critical editions
  • Translations

The integration of knowledge includes:

  • Synthesis of scholarship--published in a review essay (journal or anthology), textbook, newsletter, popular history, magazine, encyclopedia, newspaper, or other form of publication; disseminated through a paper or lecture given at a meeting or conference or through a museum exhibition, film, or other public program; or presented in a contract research report, policy paper, or other commissioned study
  • Edited anthologies, journals, or series of volumes comprised of the work of other scholars

The application of knowledge includes public history, specifically:

  • Public programming (exhibitions, tours, etc.) in museums and other cultural and educational institutions
  • Consulting and providing expert testimony on public policy and other matters
  • Contract research on policy formulation and policy outcomes
  • Participation in film and other media projects
  • Writing and compiling institutional and other histories
  • Historic preservation and cultural resource management
  • Administration and management of historical organizations and institutions
  • Archival administration and the creation of bibliographies and databases
  • Professional service--editing journals and newsletters, organizing scholarly meetings, etc.
  • Community service drawing directly upon scholarship-- through state humanities councils (e.g., public lectures), history day competitions, etc.

The transformation of knowledge through teaching includes:

  • Student mentoring/advising
  • Research, writing, and consulting in history education and in other disciplines allied to history
  • Development of courses, curricula, visual materials, and teaching materials (including edited anthologies, textbooks, and software)--implemented in the classroom or disseminated through publications (books, professional newsletter articles, etc.), papers (annual meetings, teaching conferences, etc.), or non-print forms
  • Organization and participation in collaborative content- based programs (workshops, seminars, etc.) with the schools
  • Participation in developing and evaluating advanced placement and other forms of assessment
  • Museum exhibitions, catalogues, lectures, film, radio, etc.--public programs as forms of teaching

While the charge to the committee was to develop a discipline- specific definition of scholarly work, the above formulation would be applicable as well to interdisciplinary work by historians. The committee did not address, however, the relative value of or weight that should be given to such work.

Weighting, Documentation, and Evaluation

As indicated earlier, this list of activities should not be viewed as prescriptive or definitive but rather as suggestive of how historical scholarship can be redefined to be more inclusive and multidimensional. While the breakdown provides a good starting point for departmental reassessment of promotion and tenure criteria, any such effort must also take into account the mission and goals of the individual department and the institution of which it is a part. Even if a department adopts the redefinition, it must still determine for itself the appropriate balance among the four components and the relative weight to be assigned to each. A central question that every department should address is whether there is a single mix or balance that each individual within the department must achieve or whether there is room for individuals to weight categories of work differently, as long as the department overall achieves a balance consistent with its mission.

But agreeing on an appropriate definition of scholarly work is only the first step--implementation is impossible without the development of appropriate strategies for documentation and evaluation. Work that cannot be documented and evaluated does not merit reward. But how is the work to be documented? It is relatively simple to provide copies of books or articles produced as part of one's research, but how is an innovative classroom activity or a museum exhibit documented? Advocates of the redefinition of scholarly work maintain that scholarship is strengthened when other activities are included, but it is difficult to demonstrate scholarly quality and rigor when documentation involves no more than counting or identifying. New forms of documentation such as portfolios and reflective essays must be implemented.

Attention also must be given to peer review and evaluation. Who will evaluate this scholarship? Do you require outside reviewers for teaching as you do for research? How do you secure the reviewers needed to evaluate work outside the usual expertise of faculty, such as museum exhibitions and computer software? What will be the criteria for evaluation? In a presentation on "What Makes It Scholarly" at a Conference on Redefinition and Assessment of Scholarship sponsored by Syracuse University in 1992, Ernest Lynton suggested that evaluation criteria might include: the expertise informing the choices made, the appropriateness and effectiveness of the choices, the originality and degree of innovation manifested in the activity, the difficulty of the task accomplished, and the scope and importance of the activity. Lynton's criteria focus on the process of scholarship rather than the product, thus encompassing a wider range of work than the monograph or journal article. For an example of how documentation and evaluation has been addressed for a nontraditional form of scholarship (museum exhibitions), see Thomas J. Schlereth, "Museum Exhibition Reviews: Introduction," Journal of American History (June 1989), pp. 192-95.

As each department or institution develops or adopts standards and criteria appropriate to its own mission and goals, the problem of transferability from one institution to another arises--will a scholar with nontraditional credentials find his or her mobility restricted? It is likely, for example, that the most prestigious research universities will continue to weight those activities classified under "advancement of knowledge" very heavily in appointment and promotion decisions. Thus senior members of a department have an obligation to counsel junior colleagues not only about the criteria for promotion in his or her own institution but also about the realities which govern advancement in the profession beyond that institution.

For further discussion of these issues (weighting, documentation, and evaluation) within the broader higher education context, see Robert M. Diamond and Bronwyn E. Adam, eds., Recognizing Faculty Work: Reward Systems for the Year 2000 (Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1993); Russell Edgerton, Patricia Hutchings, and Kathleen Quinlan, The Teaching Portfolio: Capturing the Scholarship in Teaching (American Association for Higher Education, 1991); Sandra E. Elman and Sue Marx Smock, Professional Service and Faculty Rewards: Toward an Integrated Structure (National Association of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges, 1985); and Ernest A. Lynton and Sandra E. Elman, New Priorities for the University (Jossey-Bass, 1987). Each addresses both theory and practice and provides additional bibliographic citations. The Forum on Faculty Roles and Rewards of the American Association for Higher Education has assembled a resource packet that includes not only a bibliography of articles and monographs but also a list of unpublished campus documents that address issues of faculty priorities and the reward system. Contact the Forum at the AAHE offices, One Dupont Circle. Suite 360, Washington, DC 20036-1110, 202/293- 6440.

Case Studies in Faculty Roles and Rewards

For a discussion of these tenure and promotion issues within the specific context of the history profession, see the April 1988, October and December 1989, and June 1991 issues of The OAH Council of Chairs Newsletter and the spring 1993 issue of The Public Historian. The first and the last provide discussions of promotion and tenure within the context of public history, and the 1991 issue of the Newsletter focuses on evaluating teaching. The other two issues present case studies of policies and procedures at eight very different public and private colleges and universities, including a two-year senior college, three general baccalaureate institutions, two comprehensive institutions, and two doctoral- level universities. Moreover, the departments vary in terms of the highest degree offered--five offer the B.A., two the M.A., and one the Ph.D.--and in size--from ten to nearly thirty faculty each. These articles provide both valuable illustrations of alternative faculty rewards systems and direction in addressing documentation and evaluation questions.

The pertinent articles from The OAH Council of Chairs Newsletter are:

From the April 1988 issue:

  • Kendrick A. Clements, "Promotion and Tenure for Public Historians"

From the October 1989 issue:

  • Donald R. Whitnah, "Faculty Evaluation at the University of Northern Iowa"
  • Raymond G. Herbert, "Faculty Evaluation at Thomas More College"
  • Charles P. Carlson, Jr., "Faculty Evaluation at the University of Denver"
  • Louise E. Hoffman, "Faculty Evaluation at Pennsylvania State University at Harrisburg"

From the December 1989 issue:

  • Robert W. McAhren, "Teaching Evaluation at Washington and Lee University"
  • Charles R. Bailey, "Assessing Teaching Effectiveness at SUNY-Geneseo"
  • Carol S. Gruber, "Evaluating Teaching at William Paterson College"
  • Anthony O. Edmonds, "The Evaluation and Reward of Teaching: Confessions of a Department Head Who Agreed to Chair a Blue Ribbon Committee on Evaluating Teaching"

From the June 1991 issue:

  • Russell Edgerton, "The Teaching Portfolio-- Recognizing the Scholarship in Teaching"
  • Peter Seldin and Linda F. Annis, "The Teaching Portfolio"
  • John Barber, "The Teaching Portfolio: At Last, a Panacea"
  • Anthony O. Edmonds, "The Teaching Portfolio: A Personal Witness by a Department Chair"
  • James Wilkinson, "Documenting Feedback in the Teaching Portfolio"

From The Public Historian:

  • Philip V. Scarpino, "Some Thoughts on Defining, Evaluating, and Rewarding Public Scholarship," The Public Historian 15 (Spring 1993): 55-61.


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Tuesday, November 30, 2010

Memoirs Serve a Valuable Purpose

The following article from the Grand Forks Herald makes a compelling argument why everyone should record their memoirs and family histories. Time and again, these histories have proven to provide valuable insight into the past.

So, record those personal histories. Family members and future historians will thank you for it.

And thanks to Dick Eastman for bringing this article to my attention.

No comments:

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Former Leader of Guatemala Is Guilty of Genocide Against Mayan Group

tags: crimes against humanity, genocide, Guatemala, Maya

GUATEMALA CITY — A Guatemalan court on Friday found Gen. Efraín Ríos Montt, the former dictator who ruled Guatemala during one of the bloodiest periods of its long civil war, guilty of genocide and crimes against humanity.

Judge Yasmín Barrios sentenced General Ríos Montt, 86, to 80 years in prison. His co-defendant, José Mauricio Rodríguez Sánchez, who served as the director of intelligence under the general, was acquitted of the same two charges.

“We are completely convinced of the intent to destroy the Ixil ethnic group,” Judge Barrios said as she read the hourlong summary of the ruling by the three-judge panel. Over five weeks, the tribunal heard more than 100 witnesses, including psychologists, military experts and Maya Ixil Indian survivors who told how General Ríos Montt’s soldiers had killed their families and wiped out their villages....

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Garlic Mashed Potatoes

  • Serves: 6
  • Cook Time: 30 Minutes
  • Print

  • 2 pounds (6 medium) potatoes, cut into 1-inch chucks
  • 1 ½ cups lowfat milk
  • 3 Tbsp. margarine
  • 4 cloves garlic, minced
  • 1/8 tsp. salt
  • 1/8 tsp. pepper

  1. In large saucepan cook potatoes in 2 inches boiling water, covered, about 10 minutes until tender; drain thoroughly, then shake potatoes over low heat 1 to 2 minutes to dry thoroughly.

  2. Mash potatoes with potato masher or beat with electric hand mixer; reserve.

  3. Place milk, margarine and garlic in small saucepan; set over medium-low heat and simmer until heated through, beat into potatoes until thoroughly mixed and fluffy.

  4. Mix in additional milk, if necessary, to reach desired consistency. Season with salt and pepper.

Recipe Source

Produce for Better Health Foundation (PBH) courtesy of United States Potato Board.


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Demi Lovato Returning To “The X Factor” For Season 3: CONFIRMED

Demi Lovato Returning To “The X Factor” For Season 3: CONFIRMED

It is official Demi Lovato is headed back to The X Factor USA for season 3.  The ink is dry on the contract and the official announcement was made today.

The X Factor released the following statement, “Chart-dominating singer, songwriter and actress Demi Lovato is ready to take Simon on for round two! Lovato jumps back in her seat as the fan-favorite judge on THE X FACTOR, the hit singing competition series which launches its third season this fall on FOX.”

Demi said in the statement, “I am so excited to return as a judge and mentor onThe X Factor. Last season was an unbelievable experience and I really enjoyed developing personal relationships with the contestants and the panel. I look forward to taking my previous experience and applying it to make this season even better.”

Both Britney Spears and LA Reid have left the judges panel, so far the only two judges confirmed to return for The X Factor season 3 are Simon Cowell and Demi Lovato.

What do you think Hiccupers?  Are you happy that Demi Lovato is returning this season?  Hit the comments and let us know your thoughts!

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Kristen Stewart or Anna Kendrick, Who Did Lined Eyes & Light Lips Better At The 'Eclipse' Premiere?

Fri, June 25, 2010 10:53am EDT by 4 Comments
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On-screen frenemies Kristen Stewart and Anna Kendrick both rocked similar makeup to the Eclipse premiere. Which Twilight beauty wore it better?

The red carpet at the highly-anticipated Eclipse premiere in LA was full of gorgeous gals. On-screen frenemies Kristen Stewart and Anna Kendrick both opted for very similar makeup. I don’t blame them, their fully-lined eyes and light lips combo was totally pretty and red carpet-worthy. Kristen opted for a grey liner and shadow combination while Anna went with a black liner. Both of these girls look so fresh and age appropriate yet totally glam. Who do you think pulled off this subtly beautiful look better though?

– Marta Topran

Read More About The ‘Eclipse’ Premiere HERE!

  1. Robert Pattinson Exclusive Interview! He Reveals He’s Not Chivalrous! We Don’t Believe Him, Do You?
  2. Exclusive! Robert Pattinson & Kristen Stewart’s Hot ‘Eclipse’ After-Party Hookup!
  3. Exclusive Video! Robert Pattinson & Kristen Stewart’s ‘Breaking Dawn’ Sex Scene Is Going To Be Hot!
  4. ‘Eclipse’ Premiere Best-Dressed-Check Out The Gorgeous Gams & Gowns
  5. Exclusive Video! Kristen Stewart Was The Only One Who Knew Her On-Screen Mom Sarah Clarke Was Pregnant While Filming ‘Eclipse!’


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Chloe Says: Amanda Seyfried, You Need To Watch Out For Ryan Phillippe & Run The Other Way!

Mon, March 14, 2011 5:47pm EDT by 1 Comment

Ryan comes with so much baggage — is it really worth it for you to get involved with him, Amanda?

Amanda Seyfried, are you just a glutton for punishment? You just told the world that your ex-boyfriend Dominic Cooper completely broke your heart — so shouldn’t you be more careful about who you give it to next? You’ve been playing coy about your new beau, Ryan Phillippe but we know you two have been together since Kate Hudson‘s Halloween party. We told you Ryan is known for having a wandering eye and we’re here to tell you again: Get out while you can!The Red Riding Hood star, 25, must know that Ryan, 36, got involved with Australian actress Abbie Cornish on the set of their 2008 film Stop-Loss — while he was still married to Reese Witherspoon! And now according to Us Weekly, Alexis Knapp, a model he once dated, is reportedly pregnant with his baby!

We know he’s cute to look at, and is probably seems like a really good guy. But, once a cheater, always a cheater!

Amanda is too young to be getting involved with such a complicated guy — it’s not worth it!

— Chloe Melas


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Search billions of records on

NameHester BASS 213
Birthca 1657, Henrico Co, VA312
Misc. Notes
Source 312 lists a first marriage for her to a William BASS, with child Elizabeth born 1675. This would imply that Hester’s maiden name may not have been BASS.
Birth1657, Henrico Co, VA
Death1733, Henrico Co, VA
FatherRobert FARMER (1619-)
Misc. Notes
Henry Farmer died sometime between 1714 and 1734 in Henrico Co.,VA. Last mention of him alive is found in a deed of 1714 (K-47). There is no record of a will or inventory (K-240), but it might have been lost in the disappearance of the Will Book for the years 1718-1725(K-253), apparently destroyed during the Revolutionary War. Our only positive information is found in a deed, dated 2 Sep 1734 (K-64), in which he is referred to as deceased. It is also likely that Henry Farmer had given away all his possessions by the time of his death so that he did not make a will and an inventory was not necessary. To this effect notice the gifts of land to his sons (K-39, 40, 45, 47). Four children, all sons, are mentioned in deeds:
1. Henry Farmer II (K-38, 40)
2. John Farmer I (K-39)
3. Thomas Farmer I (K-45)
4. William Farmer I (K-47)
Henry Farmer I was very active in Henrico Co. during the years1689-1714 as numerous documents testify. He bought land in 1689, 1707, 1709, and 1714 (K-29, 36, 38, 41, 46). It is recorded that he paid taxes on 100 acres in 1705 (L-52) and partitioned certain lands with a neighbor in 1709 (K-42). He served on juries in 1707 and 1711 (K-35, 43), and won a lawsuit for money due him in 1707 (K-37). He helped repel an Indian uprising in 1694 (K-31). (from Danville, VA Genealogy Library)312

Henry Farmer was the father of Henry Farmer II. This relationship was determined by the deed records of Henrico Co. when Henry Farmer deeded real estate on Proctors Creek to his sons: Henry II, John, William and Thomas for "natural love and affection". (Henrico Co. recouds 1706-1709, p. 187 for Henry II and John. Henrico Co. records 1710-1714 for William and Thomas.312

The first wife of Henry Farmer is unknown. His second wife was Hester Bass, whom he married in 1696, the widow of his neighbor, William Bass. Henry Farmer deeded property to his sons in 1707-1709 and 1714. It is presumed that they were of age (21) when he did this, in which case it would have been impossible for the second wife to be the mother of his sons.312
Marriageca 1684, Henrico Co, VA312
ChildrenHenry (ca1686-1753)
 John (ca1688-1759)
 Thomas (ca1690-1779)
 William (ca1692-1750)
 Benjamin (ca1693-)
Last Modified 27 Oct 2001Created 22 May 2015 using Reunion for Macintosh


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Police Reports

Posted: April 3, 2013 - 10:49am

Homer Police

March 22

A man at 1:15 p.m. turned in a debit card found at Mariner Park.

A woman at 2:15 p.m. reported losing her cell phone.

A caller at 4:23 p.m. reported four young men in a car on Fireweed Avenue who appeared to be participating in drug activity. Police could not find the suspects.

A caller at 10:34 p.m. reported receiving possible threats.

March 23

A caller at 12:03 p.m. reported a dead moose in a Fairview Avenue yard. Police responded.

A woman at 1:24 p.m. asked police to check on a relative.

A man at 1:51 p.m. reported a damaged window on a car.

A woman at 1:59 p.m. reported a hit-and-run crash on Fairview Avenue.

A woman at 2:10 p.m. reported being stuck in a Homer Spit restroom that had a broken lock. A harbor officer responded and all was OK.

Police at 11:54 p.m. stopped a 19-year-old woman driving on East End Road and issued her a summons for failure to provide proof of insurance.

March 24

A caller at 2:52 a.m. reported a drunk pedestrian on Pioneer Avenue. Police responded and gave the person a safe ride home.

A woman at 5:33 p.m. reported a woman came to her Fairview Avenue home and had been fighting with her son all day.

A woman at 5:34 p.m. reported receiving harassing communications.

A man at 8:47 p.m. reported people fraudulently using a credit card. Police determined the complaint was unfounded.

March 25

A woman at 12:55 p.m. made a 911 call that her daughter was being yelled at by other women while she tried to move her property out of a Soundview Avenue apartment. Police responded.

A caller at 6:50 p.m. reported a person panhandling at a Sterling Highway business. Police responded and issued the person a trespass notice.

March 26

A man at 1:50 p.m. turned in a baggie of marijuana he found in a Pioneer Avenue parking lot.

A woman at 2:45 p.m. reported receiving threatening text messages.

A caller at 4:55 p.m. made a “report every dangerous driver immediately” complaint of a driver heading west near Mile 4.5 East End Road. The caller said the driver passed unsafely and almost caused a collision. Police stopped the suspect driver and determined there was no impairment of the driver.

Police at 6:30 p.m. provided a tour of the police station to a Boy Scout troop.

March 27

A woman at 9:27 a.m. reported fraud involving the grandparent scam through the mail. Police assisted the U.S. Postal Service and an outside agency.

A man at 4:54 p.m. reported a hit-and-run crash on Lake Street. Police responded. The caller later reported the suspect driver and car returned.

A woman at 6:52 p.m. reported harassment.

March 28

Police at 1:45 a.m. contacted a girl near Mile 1 East End Road and gave her a ride home.

A caller at 9 a.m. reported a theft from a Lake Street address.

A U.S. Postal Service employee at 9:45 a.m. reported a drunk man sleeping in the post office lobby. Police responded and removed the man and issued him a trespass notice.

Police at 12:10 p.m. participated in the Stand Up For Peace and Choose Respect rally at WKFL Park.

A person at 2:44 p.m. made a 911 call of a person driving dangerously on Pioneer Avenue. The driver was hostile to police but not impaired.

A school official at 2:51 p.m. reported a student at Homer High School had made suicidal statements. Police advised the Office of Children’s Services and community mental health.

A woman at 8:50 p.m. reported an unknown person kicking at her Lake Street door. Police responded.

March 29

A caller at 12:54 a.m. reported loud music and excessive noise at a Lakeside Court home. Police responded and issued disorderly conduct warnings to several people.

A man at 2:05 p.m. reported receiving text message threats.

A caller at 2:30 p.m. reported drugs found at the high school.

A caller at 2:38 p.m. reported finding a suspicious bag. Police responded and all was OK.

A caller at 9:51 p.m. reported an assault at a Ben Walters Lane address. Police responded.

March 30

A man at 11:55 a.m. turned in a found cell phone. The owner later picked up the phone.

A woman at 2:30 p.m. reported someone took the title to her car. She was concerned someone would go to an impound yard and try to claim her car.

A woman at 3 p.m. turned in a cell phone found outside a Sterling Highway business.

A woman at 4:02 p.m. reported flooding in the Mariner Drive area.

A woman at 7:28 p.m. made a 911 call of a verbal domestic dispute at a Klondike Avenue address. Police responded and separated the parties for the evening.

Police at 7:50 p.m. contacted a 37-year-old man on Skyline Drive and arrested him on an outstanding warrant.

A man at 8:30 p.m. reported possible drug activity at a Spit parking lot. Police responded but could not find the suspects.

A caller at 9:20 p.m. reported culverts not draining in the Bayview Court area with water pooling up around a home. Police notified Public Works.

A man at 9:28 p.m. made a 911 call of a woman yelling and causing a disturbance outside a Pioneer Avenue business.

March 31

Police at 12:30 a.m. helped a driver with a flat tire on the Spit.

A caller at 1:38 a.m. made a dangerous driver report of a person in a dark van swerving on the road and driving very slowly on East End Road. Police could not find the suspect.

A caller at 6:36 p.m. made a 911 call of a driver in a car shooting a firearm on the side of Kachemak Drive. Police responded but could not find the suspect.

A man at 8:59 p.m. reported a car accident involving a pedestrian on the Sterling Highway. No one was injured. Police contacted the subjects.

March 28

Alaska State Troopers at 9 a.m. received a report that someone vandalized a 1990 Peterbilt tractor parked off the North Fork Road in Anchor Point by putting a foreign substance in the fuel tank, causing $500 in damage to the engine. Anyone with information on this incident is asked to call the troopers at 235-8239 or Peninsula Crime Stoppers at (800) 478-4258.

March 29

Troopers at 5:55 p.m. received a report of a theft from a car parked on Charlie Drive in Homer. A pair of red Oakley sunglasses worth $150 and a 5-gallon red gas can worth $25 were stolen. Anyone with information on this incident is asked to call the troopers at 235-8239 or Peninsula Crime Stoppers at (800) 478-4258.

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Race day

PW Derby - glasses

Cub Scout Hunter Schellsmidt carefully places his car on the track during Pack 51’s annual Pinewood Derby. Schellsmidt’s car received the “Cub’s Choice” design award as voted on by his peers.

PW Derby - 3 boys

Above, Cub Scouts Lyle Myhre (front), Landen Frauenkron (back) and Riley Aasum (on the right) react as their Derby cars race down the track.

With computerized dynamic race scheduling, the Cub Scouts have extremely close finishes. This year the scouts had three races with ties for first place, which is amazing as the finish line timer records to the 10,000th of a second. The net result is the boys and spectators really get into the action.

Cub Scout Master Jon Hagerott is interested in tracking down what year Pack 51 held its first Pinewood Derby. He’s traced the event back to the 1960s but hasn’t been able to find someone that knows for sure what year they started the race in Caledonia. Be sure to contact him if you know.

~ Photos by Brady Ambrose

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Rink Phone Number: 719-389-6157

The Honnen Ice Arena is located on the campus of Colorado College just west of the intersection of Cascade and Cache La Poudre streets. The campus is slightly north of the Colorado Springs downtown area.


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Committee Sets Vote on Guns in Schools

South Dakota legislators are considering a bill that would allow one designated person in a school to be armed.

A plan to let South Dakota school districts allow one person to be armed during school hours will have more hurdles to clear if it’s approved by a committee this week.

It’s a reaction to incidents like the elementary school shooting in Newtown, Connecticut, in December–the event that seems to be the real catalyst for discussions in South Dakota and so many other states.

If the bill is approved by the House Education Committee, it would still have to be approved in the House, followed by a Senate committee and then the full Senate, before being sent to Governor Dennis Daugaard for his signature.

And we’ve seen before that legislative approval, and the Governor’s signature, don’t mean that’s the final word.

It’s happened before, in fact just last November, where voters were asked to decide whether a new law should stand.

There were arguments for and against the idea this week in the House Education Committee, including from the supporters who favor local control and opponents who voiced concerns about making sure those who are packing can keep the weapons safe and out of the hands of students.

It goes without saying that the school environment now is nothing at all like what I experienced in the mid-to-late 1960s. It was common for guys I went to school with to keep a shotgun (disassembled) in the car or pickup, especially during pheasant season.

The point I’m getting to is that a lot of serious thought is needed when potential laws are being considered, and One favorable vote doesn’t mean the bill will sail through.

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Darfur Watch: Polls, and what won’t happen and why

posted at 3:44 pm on February 1, 2007 by Bryan

It’s as predictable as the sun rising in the east: You start talking about a crisis and pretty soon there’s some support among the voting public for doing something about that crisis. I’m sure I’m not the first to make that observation. Second, if you have an interest in an issue and conduct a poll about it, you’re bound to find support for your position.

Regarding Darfur, a new poll says a majority of Americans want something done about it. Sort of.

Nearly two-thirds (62 percent) believe taking action to stop humanitarian crisis like genocide should be a high (42 percent) or the highest (19 percent) foreign policy priority for the country. Among respondents who had heard “a lot” or “some” about Darfur previous to the poll, support climbs further to 71 percent. Sixty three percent support the use of targeted sanctions against Sudanese leaders responsible for carrying out genocide, 54 percent support denying port entry to tankers carrying Sudanese oil, 53 percent want the US to work with the International Criminal Court to bring the perpetrators to justice, and 50 percent favor direct US military action as part of an international peacekeeping force.

Ah, yes, sanctions. They worked so well against Saddam, he was only able to skim billions off the UN’s terrifying wrath and use that cash to buy safety. For a while.

As for working with the ICC, how should we go about apprehending those responsible for the genocide? Send in the police? Leftists made that same argument vis a vis Osama bin Laden after 9-11–that we should bring him to justice without resorting to military force. Reality bites that argument pretty hard though, since the killers in Darfur are heavily armed and currently engaged in a war. In bin Laden’s case, he was sitting behing the Taliban’s army and his own Al Qaeda fighters. In both cases, you need military force to get the bad guys. The same leftists who want us to work with the ICC don’t support putting troops on the ground, though.

The poll report makes an issue out of the fact that support for doing something about Darfur is high in spite of the ongoing carnage in Iraq. That war, by the way, was predicated on among other things ending Saddam’s human rights abuses. He was responsible for about 300,000 Iraqi deaths during peacetime and about 1.5 million deaths total, more or less, for starting the war with Iran and for invading Kuwait. But the majority of the voting public that believes human rights should be a US priority no longer supports the war in Iraq. We have our ideals, and we have reality, and apparently a lot of us never let the two meet.

Free Tibet! Ahem.

One could also add, support is high in spite of the last time we intervened in anything like Darfur with boots on the ground (Somalia, 1992-3) and the fact that unlike Iraq, Darfur doesn’t impact our national security. One could also add that that 50% support for direct military intervention would drop by about half once the first US troop was wounded or killed in any mission in Darfur. Based on history and reality, the support for intervening in Darfur in any way is much softer than the poll makes out. A majority likes the idea, but the reality? Not so much.

The poll was conducted on behalf of something called the Genocide Intervention Network.

I think it’s wonderful that there are groups out there polling Americans on Darfur and prodding us all to action. The genocide there is a monumental crime, among many monumental crimes currently underway around the world.

But you can’t intervene in a crisis with the world you want, you have to intervene or not based on the world you actually have. And the world we actually have includes China, which as I mentioned the other day is likely to use its position as a rising power to land on the wrong side of the genocide.

One potential avenue for diplomatic negotiation that has not been fully explored is through China, which is one of Sudan’s greatest trading partners and largest exporter of the country’s vast oil wealth. Sudanese oil exports declined by 20 percent last year due to the Darfur situation.

China has resisted exhortations that it get involved in human rights negotiations with Sudan and its other African trading partners, wary that such interventions would give other nations license to intervene in its own internal disputes and power struggles with Taiwan. But as Beijing moves to take a greater role in global geopolitics unlinked to its commercial interests, China has begun tentative steps to be a key diplomatic player.

Chinese President Hu Jintao left Tuesday for an eight-country African tour — his second in the last 12 months — to include a stop in Khartoum for talks with his Sudanese counterpart. The talks are to encompass discussions of the prospects of a negotiated political solution to the Darfur crisis.

Stressing that “sanctions will not work,” Chinese Assistant Foreign Minister Zhai Jun said: “China’s position is that solutions to the problems of Darfur should be aimed at stabilizing the region, since deterioration will affect neighboring nations.”

China is concerned with two things on the international scene, and neither of them are the rights of Christians and animists in Sudan (or anywhere else). China is concerned with trade (in this case, oil), and with keeping everyone else out of its business in Taiwan. In Sudan China sees a trading partner in Bashir and a template for others to justify meddling in Taiwan affairs. Thus, if China intervenes in Sudan it would only be to “stabilize” the genocide, not end it. Try getting China’s partnership on any UN-led endeavor to stop the genocide in Darfur. Try getting around its veto on the UNSC. You’ll have to acquiesce to China’s demands, watering down to the point of uselessness anything that finally gets through.

In the world that is, as opposed to the world we want, Darfur will suffer because a) it doesn’t directly threaten us and we’re in the middle of a simmering war of our own and b) other powers have an amoral worldview that places absolutely no value on human life, and through bodies like the UN we have magnified their influence at our own expense.

I would love to see regimes like Bashir’s ended forever. Crimes such as that against the people of Darfur ought to be stopped and those responsible, punished. But when the only world power that has the will and the capacity to do anything about anything like Darfur actually acts, half our own country denounces us and most of the world does everything it can to stop us. The world calls America a criminal for her desire to stop criminals, and the loudest voices against us come from fellow Americans.

That is the world we have. And that world is why Darfurs happen and why they will continue to happen.

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We (The USA) should push the UN to do something but tell the UN we are busy right now, so they need to find other member countries to take care of this problem.

Wade on February 1, 2007 at 3:50 PM

Darfur doesn’t impact our national security

Au contraire. Failed states do impact our national security because they are like festering wounds where the jihadis can recruit and operate without worry about the local government crashing the party. That’s why Somalia was an ongoing threat, why Darfur is an ongoing concern, and why other failed states in Africa and Asia are a concern.

lawhawk on February 1, 2007 at 4:10 PM

Think it’s bad dealing with China and Russia on the Security Council now? Give it a decade or two and see how much fun we have when France and Great Britain are majority Muslim.

Hopefully that disgraceful organization will no longer exist and New Yorkers can reclaim Turtle Bay, a couple of hundred historic brownstones, and about 15,000 badly needed parking spaces.

IrishEi on February 1, 2007 at 4:12 PM

There is no country on Earth except the USA and maybe Britain that will do anything!!! The world still hasn’t learned that to stop what’s happening, not only in Darfur, but all over, is to get in there are kill the bad guys!

The Left, tinfoil hatted loons, socialists, communists and any other “ists” won’t do anyting but open their mouths and talk, talk, talk. They never have and they never will.

Hey, I say send John Kerry over there to use his influence with France and his other buddies to take care of this business.

You are right, Wade, we are just too busy right now.

sharinlite on February 1, 2007 at 4:12 PM

That is the world we have. And that world is why Darfurs happen and why they will continue to happen.

Exactly right. The United Nations won’t do anything about Darfur – other than engage in their “customary child rape” as Mark Steyn would say. And the moment U.S. troops get within a mile of the Sudanese border, suddenly we’ll be oil-hungry occupiers.

I hate opinion polls.

Enrique on February 1, 2007 at 4:15 PM

Darfur is exactly why there’s a UN, to deal with atrocities like Darfur, and it’s exactly why the UN we actually have is a pathetic POS.

This job is not for American forces, which are needed to deal with situations in which we have a national interest (other than our altruistic interest in preventing bloodshed). Let the worthless countries, like Germany, Belgium, and Canada send troops to Darfur. I’m serious. It might actually help.

Attila (Pillage Idiot) on February 1, 2007 at 4:16 PM

Translation of poll results: “We want something done about Darfur so that we can feel good about ourselves, but we don’t want any intervention to require any actual sacrifices.”

Does that sum it up?

thirteen28 on February 1, 2007 at 4:19 PM

We are not the world police. Just say “No”, to Darfur.

Theworldisnotenough on February 1, 2007 at 4:35 PM

…and if we did intervene, the usual suspects would be telling us it was all about the oil. Which it is — to China, France and Russia, just as it was to them on Iraq.

Karl on February 1, 2007 at 4:40 PM

Want to solve, or at least modify Darfur without putting a single American boot on the ground?

Just crank up a factory for a couple of weeks to make the good old WWII Liberty Pistol – “the only gun that takes longer to reload than to make.”

I can’t verify it from here behind the work firewall but this link appears to be a discussion of it.

Basically it’s a .45 that in WWII was made in something like 23 seconds – mostly stamped and folded. Came with 10 round of ammo and a pictorial user’s guide. They were air-dropped into France to soften things up before the Allies went in.

The Liberty Pistol’s sole purpose in life is to let you get a better gun from a bad guy.

I absolutely agree that they’re nearly useless against a full-auto AK-47. But if you have a mob of 50 people with them, and one or two thugs with AK-47s… well, pretty soon you have a slightly smaller mob with 50 Liberty Pistols and two AK-47s.

KCSteve on February 1, 2007 at 4:40 PM

WHat’s wrong with Southern Sudan or Equatorial Sudan?
WHat are they? They’re Sudanese who been on the receiving end of genocide delivered by the northerners.
Maybe since the MSM has studiously ignored those people, no one knows about their plight. There are reporters who have gone to other palces in Sudan and reported, but their eidtors won’t print their articles. Can anyone explain why they support Darfur and have zip to say about Southern Sudan?
Whatever is reported about Sudan is pure MSM bias – the Left is solely interested in Darfur as a potential lever to pry America out of Iraq. The moment US troops were to disappear from Iraq, the Darfur “issue” will be dumped.

naliaka on February 1, 2007 at 4:46 PM

Like North Korea, Iraq, Iran and to some extent venezuala…the problem is brutal leadership. If you can’t consittanly get to where the aid is…It will never change.

Does this require endless war..not really. But if you can’t agree on taking out the obvious and most doable, Saddam…any hope of finding a REAL solution is a fallacy.

People will continue patting themselves on the back and saying they care…Live aid and garbage like that. That is putting the cart beyond the horse. It is like finding a needle in a haystack.

tomas on February 1, 2007 at 5:01 PM

Want a fantasy? Have our U.N. Ambassador stand up in front of the general assembly with a HUGE map of the oil contracts in the Sudan behind him. Call on the countries; China, FRANCE, Russia and other European countries proudly displayed on the map to stop the BLOOD FOR OIL! Ask THEM why they continue to allow the genocide for oil that has been taking place in that country…
If the U.S. Ambassador is still standing after 5 minutes, have him/her ask the Arab nations why they ignore this problem and point out that the United States gets not one drop of oil from the Sudan as the country has been under United States trading sanction for years…

Babs on February 1, 2007 at 5:36 PM

Oh, and stop selling frickin wrist bands in the high schools to “Save Darfor”. Change the name of the wristbands to “Make China and France own up to their human rights abuses”….

Babs on February 1, 2007 at 5:40 PM

Iowa State says, paint a tear;

Paint a tear to raise awareness, show support for Darfur on Thursday

This Thursday, I urge you students to participate by drawing or painting a red tear below your eye and to think about those far more desperate and in need than us. Let us not sit by and let another genocide occur but instead look upon our past failures to act as reminders that it is our duty as human beings to speak up and help the cause.

Don’t just “sit by”– paint your face like a clown. Jihadis fear clowns.

Terp Mole on February 1, 2007 at 5:48 PM

Darfur is exactly why there’s a UN, to deal with atrocities like Darfur, and it’s exactly why the UN we actually have is a pathetic POS.

I was just going to ask..WHY do we have, and support the UN any longer? The criminal Kofi Annan family is gone, with way too much of the worlds UN money, but how bad is it still? Criminal charges should flow out of there like hot oil, but they don’t.
It would take an army of CPA’s a year to figure out how bad it is in the bay that should have sunk. But we’ll put another few BILLION $’s into the pit, and still get blamed for all the worlds woes.

shooter on February 1, 2007 at 6:42 PM

I was just going to ask..WHY do we have, and support the UN any longer?

I think the ugly truth is that it’s hardwired into our cultural psyche that the UN is a good thing. Every smart person I know still clings to the “Well, we should really get UN approval before blahblahblah” as if the UN’s blessing has any moral currency. For whatever reason, people want to believe that the UN can be some ideal community of nations that respects human rights and works for social justice or whatever, if we just give it another chance.

It’s embedded in our circuitry. It would take a world war to change that circuitry at this point.

Enrique on February 1, 2007 at 6:57 PM

Bryan; I would love to see regimes like Bashir’s ended forever.

Ending forever isn’t the problem, having and will last forever is.

Africa is the very best way in the world to waste American lives.

It’s all very sad to everyone with a heart but many thousands of years of genocide will not stop.

Speakup on February 1, 2007 at 8:00 PM

Well the Army and the Marines are kinda busy right now, but the Navy and the Air Force could solve this problem in about 24 hours.

Tony737 on February 1, 2007 at 9:53 PM

The UN had strong incentive to get involved in Iraq. With the “Oil for Food” program they were able to steal billions from the helpless and starving. But unfortuntly the helpless, starving and decimated people of Darfur have no resorces that can be so easily plundered. Thus the UN will do nothing.

Maxx on February 1, 2007 at 9:54 PM


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Tuesday, September 28, 2010

The Great Leap Forward Essay

The Great Leap Forward Essay

The Great Leap Forward was a movement in China that started in 1958 and lasted two years till 1960. As a result of the successful economic reconstruction that had taken place in the early 1950’s. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) lead by Mao Zedong or Mao Tse-Tung considered it was a time for the Great Leap Forward. The CCP launched the Great Leap Forward campaign under the new “General line for Socialist Construction”. This was a militant approach to economic development in China. The Great Leap Forward was aimed at accomplishing the economic as well as technical development in the country at a great and faster pace and to produce greater results. There were some members of the leadership that tried to outdo each other with more unrealistic calls for a ‘greater, faster and cheaper’ production.

Mao’s decision to pursue the Great Leap Forward was based in part of his uncertainty about the Soviet policy of economic, financial and technical assistance in China. In Mao’s view, not only did that policy fall behind of his expectations and needs but also made him aware of the political and economic dependence in which China might find itself in. One of the main aims of the Great Leap Forward was to catch up to the industrialization and mechanization, which China lagged at that point in time. As quoted by Mao, he stated that ‘We will get ahead of Great Britain in fifteen (15) years.’ By relying on will power and by giving supremacy to the human subjective dimensions of history, the people would be able to bring about a quick transformation of the obstacles they had came to in the physical world.

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The Great Leap Forward was centered on a new socioeconomic (which involves both social and economic factors) and political system created in the countryside and in a few urban areas and took on two forms = a mass steel campaign and the formation of the people’s communes. On one part, all the people on the country were organized to help produce the amount of steel that was needed. Life was changed for this battle to produce more steel. Backyard small furnaces were built where everyone had a daily shift. For the collection of used iron, cooking pots were smashed and door handles, melted. Only later did the people realize that the quality of the products were so poor that it couldn’t possibly be used for anything.

By the fall of 1958, 750 000 agricultural producers people, now assigned to the production of bridges had been combined into about 23 5000 communes, each averaging 5 000 households or 22 000 people. An individual commune was placed in control of all the means of production and was to operate an accounting unit within the area. Each commune was planned as a community for agriculture, a small industry, schooling, marketing, administration and local security. Each commune also had kitchens, halls (where free food was supplied) and nurseries. The system was based on the assumption that it would release additional manpower for such major projects such as irrigation works, hydroelectric dams and the plan for the development of industry and agriculture.

In the early 1959, the CCP admitted that all the positive production reports for 1958 were exaggerated. Together with the Great Leap Forward’s economic consequences, there was also another problem, which was the shortage of food. Due to the fact that everybody was involved in the battle to mass-produce steel, labor power was lacking to bring in harvests and crops. If more amounts of foods could really be harvested as the enthusiastic reports had promised ‘communism was just around the corner’, was the general belief in autumn in 1958. There was also a shortage of raw materials for the industry, an overproduction of poor quality goods, the deterioration of industrial plants through lack of care and mismanagement and the exhaustion and demoralization of the peasants and all the other people including the party and government.

The minister of Defense, Peng Dehuai, wrote a personal letter to Mao criticizing the extreme movements and changes made. Mao had interpreted this letter as an attack and had it distributed for study and criticism by the other leaders present at that time. As a result of this, Peng was then dismissed and soon replaced by Lin Biao.

The Great Leap Forward was in a way, successful. Though the whole plan failed miserably and was a huge economic failure as there was a shortage of food, poor quality in the goods and products that the people produced, and basically it was a hard time for the people as they suffered. In a way, this was also successful as it showed the people, what went wrong with the plan, and how to possibly change it. Mao had great economic views for China, except he did neglect some points such as the agriculture, which the Chinese people depended on for food.

Despite the indications that the Great Leap Forward failed to read it’s goals and aims, the movement continued. During the celebrations of the Tenth Anniversary of the People’s Republic in October 1959, the general lines and the communes and the steel campaign were reaffirmed. This movement proved to be a disaster due to the period when China was struck with many natural disasters. More than 23 million people died during the famine. As a result of the separation of the relations with the Soviet Union, China was whirled into a total economic crisis.

In conclusion, the main aims of the Great Leap Forward were to help push China and make it more advanced than ever before. One of the main aims of the Great Leap Forward was to catch up to the industrialization and mechanization, which China lagged at that point in time. The Great Leap Forward was highly unsuccessful as many people died due to the famine and starvations caused by the neglect ion of the agriculture, which resulted in people having so, little food to eat. There were also many other aspects, which go into consideration about why it was so unsuccessful, such as, how the quality of the steel that was produced in factories and backyard furnaces were made of such poor quality that it could hardly be used for anything. Therefore, the Great Leap Forward was a movement that was somewhat ambitious in a way that there were aims that China just simply couldn’t fill out due to the lack of goods and resulted in a highly unsuccessful movement.

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Apple’s Online Streaming Radio Services To Launch Early 2013

Watch out Pandora: You may soon have some serious competition. Reports claim Apple is planning to launch its own Internet radio service early next year. Supposedly, Apple is already in talks with major music labels including Universal Music Group, Warner Music Group, and Sony’s music division to start an ad-supported streaming radio service.

According to people who have knowledge of the negotiations, discussions between Apple and music labels have included ways to share ad revenue. It's possible a deal could be reached by mid-November. If this becomes reality, the service could launch within the first three months of 2013.

If Apple is able to secure licensing pacts with the music labels, it would enable Apple's radio service to be more flexible than Pandora's. Currently, Pandora uses a compulsory license. This license limits how often users can skip tracks as well as how many times an hour an artist can be played. If successful, Apple's direct licenses with the music labels would eliminate these restrictions. Unsurprisingly, Apple is also pushing to try to get earlier access to new releases.

Although Apple currently has more than 400 million iTunes accounts which provides for many music sales, sales of music downloads have been slowing down. Not wanting to lose this revenue stream, Apple is looking for new ways to capitalize on music sales.

If and when Apple launches a radio service, it's likely the company will offer an app tailored for use on its iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch. People familiar with the negotiations said Apple does not have plans to deliver music through a Web browser at this time.

Via:  Bloomberg
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T-Mobile to Sell myTouch 3G Slider on June 2

Not ready to drop $529 on a Nexus One? We don't blame you, and nor do you have to in you're in the market for a new Android-based phone through T-Mobile. The wireless carrier said its myTouch 3G Slide smartphone will go on sale June 2 for $180 after rebate with a two-year service agreement.

Like Microsoft's KIN phones, the myTouch 3G Slide is being marketed to a younger audience as a way "to keep you crazy-close to friends and family." Werd up, y0.

Built around Google's Android 2.1 platform, the slider phone sports a physical QWERTY keyboard that's sure to delight text-happy teens (and adults). It also comes with a 3.5-inch touchscreen, a 5MP camera with autofocus and flash, 8GB microSD card, and Swype software pre-installed for faster and more accurate typing.

Full feature-set here.

Via:  T-Mobile
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