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Catenarian fiscal discipline

Hans Gersbach 04 January 2014

Limiting the accumulation of public debt in democracies has always been a problem, but it has become a particularly pressing one in the last few decades. While there are normative justifications for public debt-making – such as letting automatic stabilisers and tax-smoothing measures operate (Barro 1979) – political processes tend to push public debt to levels that are likely to be socially undesirable.

The reasons for this tendency are well known and well explored: fragmented governments, political uncertainty, time-inconsistent public debt policies, rent-seeking and increasing the advantages of incumbency – to say nothing of shifting the burden of public debt onto future generations – can all lead to excessive debt accumulation.1

Many suggestions as to how to limit such accumulation have been put on the table, and several of them have been implemented. The Maastricht Treaty, for instance, contains explicit limits on budget deficits and debt that may not be exceeded.2 Other ways of putting the brakes on the issue of new debt, and of accumulating rainy-day funds, were also discussed at length. Such fiscal rules should be both credible and flexible; but strict fiscal rules are not credible, and the constraints imposed by flexible ones are, in practice, often too weak – if effective at all. In a recession or a banking crisis, for instance, no elected government would – or should – adhere to strict fiscal rules, no matter how harsh the resulting sanctions. If the fiscal rules are loose and allow a wide range of interpretations, they will be exploited and so have little or no bite. To deal with this problem, we suggest a new rule for democracies that rewards current office-holders who exercise fiscal discipline and ensures its continuation under their successors, while maintaining the flexibility necessary to stabilise shocks via adjustments to the level of public debt.

Bridling the successor

Let us start from a representative democracy with a parliamentary system, in which a party or a coalition of parties has a parliamentary majority and forms the executive branch.3 The rule we suggest would be to add the following article to the constitution:

If the incumbent government is voted out of office or has stepped down, but has proven disciplined in fiscal matters, it will be given the power to impose an upper bound on the level of public debt in the first year of the next government’s office-term [or possibly in both of the first two years].4

This rule aims not only to reward fiscally disciplined current office-holders, but also to instil fiscal discipline in their successors. How to measure this discipline is an important matter. For example, a government would be defined as fiscally conservative if, over a given period, public debt grew more slowly than GDP.

Allowing well-performing governments to limit their successors’ debt-making for a certain length of time promises several benefits.

  • The rule we propose promotes current as well as future prudence, for a fiscally disciplined government would also be rewarded through its power to limit its successor’s profligacy. The former government could ensure that its performance is sustained, in part at least, after its own time in office, and so be able to enjoy the harvest of its fiscal efforts beyond its term. If a new government is prevented from squandering this legacy at the start of its term, there is a greater chance that it will choose not to do so later on. For this new government will then have an incentive to remain on a fiscally disciplined path, as it knows that its direct fiscal power will outlast its term in office.
  • The opportunity to create a legacy is attractive for current office-holders, as it increases their chances of being perceived as ‘statesmen’ – an accolade that is highly valued by politicians and citizens alike – in the long run, at least.5
  • In a downturn, or even in the event of an expected crisis, a government that is allowed to set debt limits after its term in office still has the option of loosening them in the present, for instance, by allowing automatic stabilisers to operate. This option is, however, limited by any desire to meet the standard of ‘fiscally prudent’ while in office.
  • If during the first period of its term, a new government faces a debt limit set by its predecessor, it may have greater incentives to be fiscally prudent, as the time left after this period for substantial debt-making with the aim of getting re-elected is limited.

Problems and variants

Allowing governments to bind their successors’ hands through the exercise of fiscal prudence would require constitutional changes and would fundamentally alter the workings of democracy. Thus, a number of potentially problematic issues must be addressed.

  • If a ruling coalition is replaced by one from the other end of the political spectrum, there may be an incentive for the former to set excessively tight fiscal limits in order to injure the latter. While competition in fiscal discipline is welcome in principle, such punitive actions may be hindered by relaxing our basic rule. For instance, the next government could choose the year (or years) during which its predecessor sets the fiscal limits. Nor should those limits be arbitrarily tight – for example, the coming debt limit may not be lower than the average ruling during the predecessor’s own term.
  • If, during its first year in office, a new government faces a downturn which could not have been foreseen before its taking office, a debt limit imposed by the previous government may be too tight, and may prevent automatic stabilisers from functioning. This could be addressed by the weaker variant as outlined above.6
  • Allowing the current government to constrain its successor might be viewed as violating the basic principles of democracy. Yet, any government that undertakes irreversible long-term projects, or initiates policies that are hard to reverse, or incurs excessive public debt, also constrains the actions of future governments in various ways, despite fresh elections. It is well known, for instance, that governments that indulge in debt-making constrain their successors by forcing the latter to restrain public expenditures because of the inherited debt. Our proposal involves only a partial direct constraint, as the debt limit for the next government would merely be set for the first part of the term. Moreover, it would be the good behaviour of the present government that imposes limits on what its successor can do. Still, allowing a direct, constitutional constraint to be imposed on the current government by its predecessor is an entirely new way of assigning competences and responsibilities in a democracy – across a succession of office-holders. Such a concept requires that we broaden our notion of representative democracy, by recognising the fact that a current government already has various implicit ways of limiting what its elected successors can do.
  • Governments will certainly find ways to shift debt across time to weaken the impact of debt limits imposed by their predecessors. Still, our concept might map out a path to fiscal stability in a democracy.

We cannot, of course, address all the intricacies and consequences of our rule in this short column. Nevertheless, this first round of thinking suggests that our rule has all the attributes of an institutional innovation that calls for further rounds, followed by experimental trials in democratic decision-making.

Barro, J (1979), “On the Determination of the Public Debt”, Journal of Political Economy 87, pp. 940–971.

Battaglini, M (2011), “The Political Economy of Public Debt”, Annual Review of Economics 3, pp. 161–189.

Buchanan, J (2000), “Debt and Taxes”, in The Collected Works of James Buchanan, Vol. 14, Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund.

Buti, M and M Larch (2010), “The Commission Proposals for Stronger EU Economic Governance: A Comprehensive Response to the Lessons of the Great Recession”,, 14 October.

Cooley, T F and R Marimon (2011), “A Credible Commitment for the Eurozone”,, 20 July.

De Grauwe, P (2010), “Why a Tougher Stability and Growth Pact Is a Bad Idea”,, 4 October.

Drazen, A (2000), Political Economy in Macroeconomics, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Fuest, C (2011), “Will the Reform of the Institutional Framework Restore Fiscal Stability in the Eurozone?”, CESifo Forum 12(2), pp. 34–39.

Gersbach, H (2013), “Government Debt-threshold Contracts”, Economic Inquiry, forthcoming. Article First Online DOI: 10.1111/ecin.12038.

Gersbach, H (2012), “Contractual Democracy”, Review of Law and Economics 8(3), pp. 823–851.

Gersbach, H (2009), “Voting Twice: A New Approach to the Limitation of Government Debt Accumulation”,, 17 June.

Gersbach, H (1999), “Statesmen, Populists and the Paradox of Competence”, University of Heidelberg Discussion Paper No. 301.

Kirkegaard, J F (2012), “Europe’s New Fiscal Compact Treaty Does not Outlaw Keynesianism and Is a Stepping Stone to More Progress”,, 6 February.

Persson, T and G Tabellini (2000), Political Economics: Explaining Economic Policy, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Whelan, K (2012), “Golden Rule or Golden Straitjacket?”,, 25 February 2012.

Wyplosz, C (2012), “Fiscal Discipline in the Monetary Union”,, 26 November 2012.

1 See the surveys of Drazen (2000), Persson and Tabellini (2000), Buchanan (2000), and Battaglini (2011). See also Gersbach (2013).
2 The Stability and Growth Pact has been violated over and over (Wyplosz 2012). There is considerable uncertainty whether the stricter version of the Pact, called the Treaty on Stability, Coordination and Governance, will achieve its aims (see for example Whelan 2012, Kirkegaard 2012, Buti and Larch 2010, De Grauwe 2010, Cooley and Marimon 2011, and Fuest 2011).
3 This rule can be applied, mutatis mutandis, in any kind of representative democracy, but requires a more sophisticated implementation in democracies in which the powers of government are separated.
4 This rule is a specific ‘Political Contract’ in the sense of Gersbach (2012). For other unconventional suggestions of how to improve fiscal discipline in a democracy, see Gersbach (2009).
5 For a first formal analysis of such properties of politicians, see Gersbach (1999).
6 A more delicate and controversial solution would be to allow the current government to renegotiate the debt limit with its predecessor.

Topics:  Macroeconomic policy

Tags:  democracy, fiscal policy, debt, time inconsistency, fiscal discipline

Professor at CER-ETH - Center of Economic Research at ETH Zurich and CEPR Research Fellow


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05/07/05 12:00AM By Alan Boye
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(HOST) If your favorite forest trail is still too wet for hiking this weekend, commentator Alan Boye says that an old dirt road offers a good alternative.

(BOYE) It's finally Spring in Vermont and, for me, there is no better celebration of that fact than just to take a walk in our lovely hills.

Today, I am walking down a road in a place called Bethel-Gilead, Vermont. Well...you can hardly call it a road. Ahead of me a couple of ruts pass through an arch of ancient maples trees. From high in one of those trees, a robin chirps and chirps, then chirps again, and from somewhere else a warbler sings out the glory of the season.

I walk down the old road and through the stately maples. Just beyond them I stop. Every tree is a hardwood. There isn't a single evergreen to mar the perfect sea of gray woods that surround me.

One of the joys of spring in Vermont is watching the rebirth of our woods. Everywhere I look are maples and birch, pin cherry and beech, and each tree is alive with color. Oh sure, it isn't the fiery blast we get in October, but the subtle colors of Spring are just as beautiful. The delicate red flowers of the maple trees are like tiny feathers gently floating on every branch. The recent rains have turned the pale earth from brown to vibrant green. I can even see the dusty curl of the season's first ferns popping up from the forest floor.

I walk on, further into the woods.

The old road I am following dates from the 1820s. The first settlers up this way named the area after a kind of poplar tree that grows here. Today I am walking the hills of Bethel-Gilead Vermont and seeing the silver buds of a tree called the Gilead glisten in the May sunlight. Like their cousins the cottonwoods, all of the Gilead trees are about to bloom.

I stop walking and take a deep breath. It's been too long since I've had a chance to spend a quiet moment in the woods. Life itself is in the air. I walk as if suddenly remembering what it means to be alive.

Just then, I see an old cellar hole. The black rectangle amid the woods is unmistakable. Beyond it, mature trees grow straight out of an old stone wall. I am suddenly aware of the many generations of people before me who have watched the glory of spring arrive, and the generations after me who will watch as it passes away.

The cellar hole, the old wall, the hardwood trees and spring itself are but mysteries turning into memories before our very eyes.

This is Alan Boye just walking the hills of Vermont.

Alan Boye teaches at Lyndon State College. He spoke from our studio at the Fairbanks Museum in St. Johnsbury.
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Blade Runner Sequel Gets Its Writer

Last May, we told you that original Blade Runner writer Hampton Fancher was in talks to pen the film's long-anticipated sequel. Well, according to a press release sent out today, Michael Green is now in negotiations to do a rewrite on the screenplay for Ridley Scott. The press release also states that this is part of plans that will also include prequels and "television and interactive productions." Green is a veteran TV writer, with credits including Sex and the City, Heroes, and Smallville, who recently transitioned to film with the screenplay for Green Lantern. The original was set in the terrifyingly distant future of 2019, so maybe this movie will just be Harrison Ford going, "Oops, we were wrong." Well, unless things get real dystopian real fast.


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HP Logo

Mobile Printing

Printing in a Mobile context

Printing from small mobile devices is now possible as devices emerge with print drivers, bluetooth communication to bluetooth enabled printers, and also as printers become generally available as network resources in kiosk settings (so-called hotspot printing).

There are many concepts that can be learned from experiences in re-purposing content in support of printing that the mobile world can use to facilitate tools, browsers and print driver details in support of viewing and printing in a mobile environment.

Traditional desktop browser environments encounter problems when trying render certain content for printing. Very often web developers re-format pages intended for printing and then place a pointer on a page to access a copy of the page formatted as “printable”. This situation can be alleviated with the proper use of Cascading Style Sheets. W3C CSS specifications including [CSS2, CSS Mobile Profile 1.0, CSS Print Profile] cover the use of Cascading style sheets in support of re-formatting content for printing.

Eric Meyer in (4) “Print Different” http://www.meyerweb.com/eric/articles/webrev/200001.html does a nice job explaining how CSS can be used to support printing.

Mobile web developers can learn a lot from these CSS manipulation concepts, but the situation is more complicated when mobile printing is added to the experience.  In some cases, web servers will determine that a mobile device is being used and present content to the device formatted to accommodate the small screen. As the user goes to print the page, it is desirable to use the full size content to format the page for printing. Again, proper manipulation of CSS alleviates this, but the many combinations of presentation can get quite complex. Development tools in support of mobile web with printing considerations would go a long way to solving this complexity.

CSS2 specifies how developers can author style sheets for presenting documents across multiple devices and media types. While this is very important, it is also important that authors have an understanding of what features are supported on these different devices. Likewise, it is important that similar devices operate in a similar manner. Otherwise, authors will need to develop style sheets for each version of each device—raising the cost of content development and decreasing interoperability.

The CSS Print Profile specifies a conformance profile for printing from mobile devices to low-cost printers, identifying a minimum set of properties, values, selectors, and cascading rules. This profile was designed in conjunction with XHTML-Print [XHTMLPRINT] for low cost printers that may not have a full-page buffer and that generally print from top-to-bottom and left-to-right with the paper in a portrait orientation.

This profile also contains an enhanced layout extension set that is the companion of the XHTML-Print extension set and supports more exacting page layouts and orientations. The enhanced layout extension may require full page buffering within the printer.

Some print applications require a more exacting page layout than is available from a conforming printer (e.g. photo album pages or pages from a digital TV). The Enhanced Layout Extension increases the number of properties that a conforming printer supports and thereby the requirements of its memory and performance capabilities.

Mobile Print Drivers vs. Print by Reference

Two fundamental architectures exist to support printing in a mobile context. One of these methods involves mobile print drivers which are used on smartphones and PDAs where the rendering of the page is performed on the device itself. Typically the connection to the printer is based on Bluetooth or on Wifi facilities on the mobile device to network connected printers. In this case, page formatting and the print drivers are located on the mobile device, and print data is transmitted to Bluetooth or Wifi connected printers. Examples of this are available for smartphone environments like Pocket PC & Symbian. Mobile Print.

Print by Reference

Another method of printing in support of mobile environments is via “Print by Reference”. In this scheme, the mobile device provides a URI  of the printable content to a network connected printer. The printer is then responsible for getting the content, formatting it, and then printing. In this case, the mobile device does not need the print drivers, and the rendering engines exist as part of the printer or as network resources. One benefit of this scheme is that the data to be printed is not sent to the wireless device, it is sent to the network printer via traditional networking facilities

Whether Mobile print drivers or print by reference schemes are used, proper CSS manipulation is key to reasonable print output.  This manipulation can be facilitated via tools in support of mobile web with consideration for printing. As multimodal interaction standards emerge allowing for multiple input and output methods, the concept of printing as another mode of output with larger presentation capabilities, is a powerful concept only if care is taken to make sure the printable content is formatted correctly.

(1) XHTML-Print, W3C Candidate Recommendation, Jim Bigelow, World Wide Web Consortium, 20 January 2004. Available from http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/CR-xhtml-print-20040120/. The latest version is available at http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml-print/.

(2) CSS Print Profile , W3C Candidate Recommendation, J. Bigelow, 25 February 2004. Available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/CR-css-print-20040225/ .  The latest version is available at http://www.w3.org/TR/css-print/.

(3) CSS Mobile Profile 1.0, W3C Candidate Recommendation 25 July 2002, T. Wugofski, D. Dominiak, R. Stark, T. Roy, at http://www.w3.org/TR/css-mobile.

(4) Print Different – Eric Meyer http://www.meyerweb.com/eric/articles/webrev/200001.html

(5) CSS Design: Going to Print -  Eric Meyer http://www.alistapart.com/articles/goingtoprint/

(6) Cascading Style Sheets, level 2 CSS2 Specification http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-CSS2/

15-october-2004 Hewlett Packard; Paul Burke.

Valid XHTML 1.0!


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Difference between revisions of "Inverse properties discussion"

From Provenance WG Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
(Inverse properties discussion)
(Inverse properties discussion)
Line 400: Line 400:
|prov:membership ||prov:membershipOf||-||Dani: +1
|prov:qualifiedMembership ||prov:membershipOf||prov:qualifiedMembershipOf||Dani: +1
*Stian: Added 'qualified' to match the other q*.

Revision as of 11:03, 11 June 2012

Inverse properties discussion

The latest inverses are listed at http://aquarius.tw.rpi.edu/prov-wg/inverse-names.html

Prov:property Stian's name Proposed rename Comments

prov:atLocation prov:locationOf - Dani: +1
prov:alternateOf prov:alternateOf - Dani: +1
prov:specializationOf prov:generalizationOf - Dani: +1
prov:involved prov:wasInvolvedWith - Dani: +1 TL -1(no better proposal)
prov:tracedTo prov:tracedFrom - Dani: +1
prov:used prov:wasUsedBy - Dani: +1
prov:wasDerivedFrom prov:hadDerivation - Dani: +1
prov:hadOriginalSource prov:wasOriginalSourceOf - *Dani: +1: (why not just "originalSourceOf")?
  • Stian: To keep it as a verb in past tense. But perhaps this naming style is not so good in the inverse direction, which is pointing towards the future?
prov:wasQuotedFrom prov:wasQuotedBy quotedAs *Dani: ->+0. Other relationships using "By" denote agency. I suggest to rename it wasQuotedIn.
  • Oh no, this is a sensitive one for us two! The range of the inverse will be the quote entity (the paragraph), so you can't say "bible quoted in" - there is nothing more to be inside.

What about prov:quotedAs  ?

  • Dani: +1 for quotedAs
  • Tim: quotedAs seems good.
  • Stian: +1 quotedAs
prov:wasRevisionOf prov:hadRevision - Dani: +1
prov:wasEndedBy prov:ended - Dani: +1
prov:wasGeneratedBy prov:generated - Dani: +1
prov:generated prov:wasGeneratedBy - Dani: +1
prov:wasInformedBy prov:informed - Dani: +1
prov:wasInvalidatedBy prov:invalidated - Dani: +1
prov:wasStartedBy prov:started - Dani: +1
prov:wasAssociatedWith prov:wasAssociateFor - Dani: +1
prov:wasAttributedTo prov:contributed - Dani: +1
prov:actedOnBehalfOf prov:responsibleFor (TL)prov:hadDelegate Dani: +1 responsibleFor
  • Stian: +1 prov:hadDelegate (several in the office agreed on ":aBoss prov:hadDelegate :aSecretary" where the secretary could read the email for the boss)
prov:qualifiedAssociation prov:associatedActivity qualifiedAttributionOf Dani: +0
prov:qualifiedAttribution prov:attributedEntity - Dani: +1
prov:qualifiedCommunication prov:informedActivity qualifiedCommunicationOf Dani: -1. It is very similar to wasInformedBy. I think that something like "qualifiedCommunicationOf" is better
prov:qualifiedDerivation prov:derivedEntity qualifiedDerivationOf Dani: +0
prov:qualifiedEnd prov:endedActivity qualifiedEndOf Dani:I prefer qualifiedEndOf
prov:qualifiedGeneration prov:generatedEntity qualifiedGenerationOf Dani: I suggest qualifiedGenerationOf. "generated" and "generatedEntity" could lead to confussion.
prov:qualifiedInsertion prov:insertedToDictionary qualifiedQuotationOf Dani: -1. It could be confused with wasQuotedBy. I suggest to rename it qualifiedQuotationOf.
prov:qualifiedQuotation prov:quotedByEntity - Dani: +1
prov:qualifiedRemoval prov:removedFromDictionary qualifiedRemovalOf Dani: +0. rename it to qualifiedRemovalOf
prov:qualifiedResponsibility prov:responsibleAgent qualifiedResponsabilityOf Dani: +0 I suggest qualifiedResponsabilityOf
prov:qualifiedRevision prov:revisedEntity qualifiedRevisionOf Dani: +1 I suggest qualifiedRevisionOf (to keep the same pattern)
prov:qualifiedSource prov:sourcingEntity qualifiedSourceOf Dani: +0 I suggest qualifiedSourceOf
prov:qualifiedStart prov:startedActivity qualifiedStartOf Dani: +0. I prefer qualifiedStartOf. It can be confused with "wasStartedBy"
prov:qualifiedTrace prov:tracedEntity qualifiedTraceOf Dani: +0. I suggest qualifiedTraceOf
prov:qualifiedUsage prov:consumingActivity cualifiedUsageOf *Dani: +0. I suggest cualifiedUsageOf.
  • Stian (also applicable for previous rows): I have no hard feelings about any of these. I removed the "qualified" prefix so that it would somewhat match up with the outgoing prov:activity/prov:entity/.... This will effectively point to the subject of the reified triple. I agree we should be consistent with the pattern. (My pattern was prov:.*(Activity|Entity|Agent) )

Just remember the direction. It will be for instance:

:e2 prov:wasDerivedFrom :e1 ;
   prov:qualifiedDeriation :e2Deriv .
:e2Deriv a prov:Derivation ;
   prov:entity :e1 ;
   prov:derivedEntity :e2 .

So "qualifiedDerivationOf" would read wrong to me - because it is :e1 we derive from, not :e2. I also struggled in that these need to be specific per involvement type to be proper inverses of the specific qualified*, so you can't say have a general prov:qualifyingEntity.

  • Dani: my concern is that derivedEntity could be confused with other properties like "derived" (although domain and range would be different).

I don't think that "qualifiedDerivationOf" is wrong, since it it the qualified Derivation for e2. I don't see that implying that e2 is the source of the derivation.

prov:involvee prov:involvement - Dani: +1
prov:activity prov:activityInvolvement activityInvolvementOf activityOfInvolvement *Dani: +0.
  • Stian: no, not "of" - as whatever involvement will be the right hand side. The activity is not an activity-involvement of the involvement.
:assoc1 a prov:Association ;
   prov:activity :a1 .b
:a1 prov:activityInvolvement :assoc1 .
  • Dani: Ok, It is not an activity involvement. Then why not activityOfInvolvement
  • Stian: +1 activityOfInvolvement
prov:agent prov:agentInvolvement prov:agentInvolvementOf prov:agentOfInvolvement *Dani: +0.
  • Stian: same as prov:activity
  • Dani: what about agentOfInvolvement?
  • Stian: +1 agentOfInvolvement
prov:dictionary prov:dictionaryInvolvement prov:dictionaryInvolvementOf prov:dictionaryOfInvolvement *Dani: +1, but I suggest to add the "Of".
  • Stian: same response as prov:agent
  • Stian: +1 dictionaryOfInvolvement
prov:entity prov:entityInvolvement prov:entityInvolvementprov:entityOfInvolvement Dani-Stian: same.
  • Stian: +1 entityOfInvolvement
prov:hadActivity prov:wasActivityOfInvolvement - Dani: +1
prov:hadGeneration prov:generatedAsDerivation prov:generationByDerivation Stian: I see you did not vote on this - no wonder as it's a confusing property name! Any better suggestion? Remember it is the inverse pointing back to the prov:Derivation.

:e2 prov:qualifiedDerivation :deriv .
:deriv a prov:Derivation ;
 prov:entity :e1 ;
 prov:hadGeneration :e2Gen .
:e2 prov:qualifiedGeneration :e2Gen .
:e2Gen a prov:Generation ;
 prov:generatedAsDerivation :deriv .
  • Dani: I have no better suggestion :(
  • Stian: Propose prov:generationByDerivation
prov:hadPlan prov:wasPlanFor wasPlanOf *Dani: +1. *Stian:Yes, wasPlanOf is probably better, as the range will be to some Involvement
prov:hadRole prov:wasRoleIn - Dani: +1
prov:hadUsage prov:wasUsedInDerivation prov:usageOfDerivation *Dani: +1: Why not "usedInDerivation"?
  • Stian:This is the equivalent of prov:generatedAsDerivation above. I think I added 'was' to clarify the direction - the Usage did not "use". However you can argue the Generation did not "generate" either - so they

:e2 prov:qualifiedDerivation :deriv .
:deriv a prov:Derivation ;
 prov:entity :e1 ;
 prov:hadUsage :e1Usage .
:e1Usage a prov:Usage ;
 prov:entity :e1 ;
 prov:wasUsedInDerivation :deriv .

It is also a bit strange as to me it reads like :deriv is a prov:Activity rather than just some details about the derivation. But the real activity is just implied here.

  • Stian: Propose prov:usageOfDerivation instead to avoid the above problem. (But does this read like a derivation was used??)
prov:inserted prov:wasInsertedBy - Dani: +1
prov:derivedByInsertionFrom prov:hadDerivationByInsertion - Dani: +1
prov:derivedByRemovalFrom prov:hadDerivationByRemoval - Dani: +1
prov:pair prov:inMembership - Dani: +1
prov:qualifiedMembership prov:membershipOf prov:qualifiedMembershipOf Dani: +1
  • Stian: Added 'qualified' to match the other q*.
prov:hadMember - prov:wasMemberOf
prov:hasAnchor - prov:anchorOf Stian: No domain/range?
prov:hasProvenance - prov:provenanceOf Stian: No domain/range?
prov:hasProvenanceService - prov:provenanceServiceOf Stian: No domain/range?
prov:hadPrimarySource - -
prov:pairValue - Stian: +1 prov:valueOf


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Difference between revisions of "TPAC/2012/microformats2"

From W3C Wiki
< TPAC | 2012
Jump to: navigation, search
m (preformatted whitespace FTW)
(add topic with URL)
Line 1: Line 1:
Topic: http://microformats.org/wiki/microformats2
(16:12:54) hober [~ted@public.cloak] er komen inn i rommet.
(16:12:54) hober [~ted@public.cloak] er komen inn i rommet.

Revision as of 15:57, 31 October 2012

Topic: http://microformats.org/wiki/microformats2

(16:12:54) hober [~ted@public.cloak] er komen inn i rommet.
(16:13:18) tantek [~tantek@public.cloak] er komen inn i rommet.
(16:13:31) tantek har endra emnet til: /join #microformats
(16:16:29) lstorset: tantek describes Microformats 2, assuming knowledge of 1..
(16:16:29) lstorset: … shows hCard wiki page
(16:16:29) lstorset: … in 2, h-card, single element is enough.
(16:16:40) lstorset: Simplified the property model
(16:16:55) lstorset: … prefix shows what kind of property it is. h- for root props
(16:17:09) lstorset: hober: Due to structure, you can write a parser wihtout knowledge of vocab.
(16:17:26) lstorset: …Previously you had to know hCard to parse it
(16:17:43) lstorset: … Now, parsing is vocab-agnostic for generic parsers
(16:17:51) lstorset: tantek: Less markup in the common case
(16:18:09) lstorset: … Huge advantage. Using common prefixes, the parsing algorithm is really short
(16:18:12) lstorset: (shows wiki page)
(16:18:53) lstorset: … The nice thing is that we actually have an impl to play with
(16:19:27) lstorset: … parses as ex[ected
(16:19:38) lstorset: http://waterpigs.co.uk/php-mf2
(16:19:50) lstorset: … Pretty powerful, you can easily expose read-only API
(16:19:53) lstorset: on your site
(16:20:05) lstorset: … Run a parser and generate JSON data model
(16:20:35) lstorset: jet: Does generic model mean there are parts they can't ignore?
(16:21:09) lstorset: tantek: If parser encounters unknown element (e.g. <span class=p-tpac-demo>) …
(16:21:14) lstorset:  … it works
(16:21:27) lstorset: hober: Parsers can look at what they know
(16:21:38) lstorset: jet: Performance. Do we have to pass on everything.
(16:22:00) lstorset: tantek: Designed in terms of CSS selectors so we can take advantage of dom client side.
(16:22:08) lstorset: … server side you can use libraries (?)
(16:22:32) lstorset: hober: Should probably have a way to "stop processing here"
(16:22:56) lstorset: tantek: e.g. Marking someone's name up
(16:23:05) lstorset: … you use one class name "h-card"
(16:23:10) lstorset: … the rest it will infer
(16:23:15) lstorset: … Requires SO little markup
(16:23:26) lstorset: … Improves usability for webdevs a lot
(16:23:42) lstorset: … This was major feedback. They like mf, but can't be bothered with divitis/spanitis
(16:23:47) lstorset: … So we optimise
(16:23:48) lstorset: for that
(16:24:05) lstorset: … the other thing we got from authors re: rdf/microdata
(16:24:36) lstorset: … while they're dropping in that, they can easily drop in mf too without mkaing learning effort.
(16:24:42) lstorset: jet: …
(16:24:53) lstorset: tantek describes implicit properties
(16:25:16) lstorset: tantek: A lot of things tend to have name or photo or photo with alt
(16:25:29) lstorset: … so common pattern that it's powerful to be able to mark that up
(16:25:46) lstorset: jet: If there was a photo it would sniff it from alt tag?
(16:25:49) lstorset: tantek: yeah
(16:26:01) lstorset: tantek describes parsing rules to infer such things
(16:26:09) lstorset: tantek: Based on markup patterns on the web
(16:26:41) lstorset: tantek: Has anyone done any data markup on the web? microdata, rdf? Json data models?
(16:26:51) lstorset: … Should take much less markup to make  it happen
(16:26:58) lstorset: …and enable generic parsers
(16:27:15) lstorset: … The only thing is some publishers want to keep data outside class attribute
(16:27:37) lstorset: … We say, just use microdata and rdfa, you can still use our vocabularies in another syntax.
(16:27:42) lstorset: … e.g. h-adr
(16:27:49) lstorset: … You get the same json model
(16:28:02) lstorset: … Should be close enough to json-ld for easy conversion
(16:28:37) lstorset: tantek: Questions from IRC?
(16:28:50) lstorset: jet: Is ?? here to track the hCard specs and shadow it forever
(16:29:09) lstorset: tantek: Over the years so many attempts at defining contacts standard, always diverge from vCArd
(16:29:19) lstorset: … I tell them to join vCard mailing list
(16:29:32) lstorset: … If we can agree on vocab there, we can apply to any numbe of syntaxes
(16:29:49) lstorset: … e.g. contacts API I wrote for Firefox OS is strict subset of vCard
(16:29:58) lstorset: … I'm not bothering to fix or rename any terms
(16:30:05) lstorset: … I think that's important for compat and understanding
(16:30:22) lstorset: … So far vCard ML has been good enough forum for that, with history of concerned participants
(16:30:30) lstorset: … has moved forward reasonably enough
(16:31:06) lstorset: jet: The UC I hear used to throw darts at MF is Queen Elizabeth's vCard, so complex
(16:31:14) lstorset: … how can you represent that in that schema?
(16:31:26) lstorset: tantek: Honorific fields, optional _and_ multi-value
(16:31:33) lstorset: … dr., esq., etc.
(16:31:43) lstorset: … Consuming app descides what to do with them
(16:31:54) lstorset: ScribeNick: lstorset
(16:32:03) lstorset: jet: Does Boot to Gecko follow MF 2
(16:32:12) lstorset: tantek: Not yet. Current impls in Node and PHP
(16:32:27) lstorset: tantek: Node is based on Gecko impl
(16:32:57) lstorset: … We have MF 1, but need to check in patches from Node version beta. Needs heavy testing before we can request pull
(16:33:24) lstorset: lstorset: Anything new but parsing?
(16:33:30) lstorset: tantek: No, that's pretty much it
(16:33:34) lstorset: … can still use MF 1
(16:33:43) lstorset: … at the same time
(16:33:53) lstorset: … works fine
(16:34:03) lstorset: … forward and backward compat
(16:34:24) lstorset: … Personally I'm using the minimal markup in single-element cases. Only in complicated cases am I adding both.
(16:34:40) lstorset: … With single element, adding compat is much more expensive
(16:34:52) lstorset: … type span and single class name, done!
(16:35:20) lstorset: hober: Mentioning friends in blog posts, would be a hassle to find their urls
(16:35:42) lstorset: tantek: A lot is for hand-authoring convenience. Low barrier, higher adoption
(16:36:02) lstorset: jet: fFor core UCs of contacts and calendar, have you seen styling in blogging engines etc.?
(16:36:12) lstorset: tantek: yeah, let me pull up some
(16:36:34) lstorset: [shows hcard-examples wiki page, Jared Hanson]
(16:36:54) lstorset: tantek: I'm using MF addon for Mozilla, good way of testing mf
(16:37:00) lstorset: [shows tim van damme]
(16:37:41) lstorset: … the JSON has all the information you see. On page styled with cute icons
(16:38:12) lstorset: jet: What's next?
(16:38:27) lstorset: tantek: What new MF should we create? is always the tension
(16:38:37) lstorset: … we have empirical process
(16:38:46) lstorset: … e.g. examine reviews on the web
(16:38:51) lstorset: … for mf reviews
(16:38:59) lstorset: … We are developing MF for citations
(16:39:27) lstorset: [shows Citations Brainstorming]
(16:39:38) lstorset: … Example of a MF in progress
(16:39:59) lstorset: … If enough people are publishing some data, it has some value in aggregate, valuable to mark it up
(16:40:34) lstorset: … If organizations come up with similar ways of showing metadata (thumbnails, descriptions): Can we unify that innto one model
(16:40:44) lstorset: … Typically new formats get added pretty slowly
(16:40:50) lstorset: … We have high bar for research
(16:41:12) lstorset: … Come up with use cases, starts feedback loop
(16:41:39) lstorset: jet: Writing a paper, publishing on the web with citations, how do I …
(16:41:48) lstorset: hober: In the old days you would point to bibtag entry
(16:42:05) lstorset: jet: You are free to put my name there, but please use this format.
(16:42:05) hober: s/bibtag/BibTeX/
(16:42:26) lstorset: jet: Wikipedia guidelines for that
(16:42:31) ***hober disco TeX, yeah, yeah
(16:43:23) lstorset: tantek: You could display the full microformat hyperlink (?)
(16:43:49) lstorset: jet: I imagine new formats are prone to bikeshedding. How do you manage that?
(16:44:18) lstorset: hober: One way is to reuse existing names. Rely on earlier bikeshidding
(16:44:27) lstorset: tantek: Did that with vcard
(16:44:37) lstorset: … Challenge with citations, because dozens of formats exist
(16:44:43) lstorset: … Different styles, visually
(16:44:58) lstorset: … Also different schemes
(16:45:07) lstorset: … All slightly different, no clear winner
(16:45:15) lstorset: … Some efforts to find intersection
(16:45:23) lstorset: … We ended up going with actual web citations
(16:45:31) lstorset: …instead of every single kind of work
(16:45:56) lstorset: … That way we came up with these 8 props
(16:47:07) ***lstorset OH, I just discovered only 3 people are here. Quitting scribing *<:)


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Michael Laudrup snub has made Ki Sung-Yeung more determined than ever to be a Swansea City hit

The South Korean World Cup star is back at Swansea after his year with Sunderland and is determined to make an impact at the Liberty.

Huw Evans Agency

Ki Sung-Yeung has admitted he found it strange to be snubbed by Michael Laudrup last season – but reckons Swansea City could benefit from his year in North East exile.

South Korea star Ki is preparing to kick-off the Premier League campaign back in the heart of the Swans midfield this weekend as Garry Monk’s men head to Old Trafford for their Manchester United opener.

A new contract awaits him after boss Monk reiterated how he sees the 25-year-old as part of his plans, and yet little less than 12 months ago his Liberty future was clouded in doubt when he was sent to Sunderland on a season-long loan by Laudrup.

Ki had gone from a 2012 record signing to being frozen out by the Dane. Questions over the sense of the move heightened when Laudrup ignored an option to recall him in January, despite his impressive displays for the Black Cats and issues in Swansea’s own midfield.

Speaking for the first time over the decision, Ki admits it was “weird” to have been sidelined, but believes his run of games and heightened responsibility at the Stadium of Light has seen him mature as a midfielder – something he is ready to show back at Swansea.

Getting games

“I had to move to Sunderland – if I’d stayed I didn’t think I’d get much chance to play,” explained Ki. “So it was better for me to move there and get games.

“I said to the chairman ‘I just want to be a better player, I don’t just want to sit here on the bench because it doesn’t help me develop’.

“I am still 25-years old so I need to improve as much as I can so I can help this team and myself as player.

“But it (the situation) was weird. The first season was not me at my highest standard but I was satisfied as it was my first season in the Premier League and I expected my second season would be better.

“Suddenly he brought some players and he didn’t give me the opportunity to play. I don’t know why. So I decided to move on for my career and Sunderland gave me the chance to play and compete in a fair situation.”

Ki revelled in the move, showing a greater adaptability in midfield, scoring his first Premier League goal, securing his first assists and generally taking games by the scruff of the neck as Sunderland fought for survival, the latter a significant criticism of his first year with Swansea.

“It was tough at the start for me at Sunderland as the manager had been changed and the team was not right,” he said. “But as time went on myself and the team developed a little bit and we survived.

“I have good memories from my time there but inside my heart last season was not easy because I was playing games for Sunderland and trying to win for them but watching Swansea and supporting them. I was between each team.

“But I think I grew up through it and now I feel I have more confidence than before, I have a lot of experience from it and I can grow more in my third season.”

The awkward position Ki was placed in, certainly after Christmas when it became increasingly apparent Swansea and Sunderland would both be fighting for the same survival points, does not appear to have led to any bitterness.

He speaks fondly of the club regardless of the previous manager’s decision and speaks highly of replacement Monk, all pointing towards the playmaker agreeing a new deal.

A new player

“I feel like a new player,” the former Celtic star added. “I am sure it’s going to be a great time this year. It will not be easy because the Premier League is so tough and we will need to focus 100%.

“But I think our squad is very strong and each player has quality and I feel I have improved. We are looking to be better than last season and get into the top 10. The first season I was here we were ninth so we want to get above that.”

One step at a time, especially when the first is Manchester United away.

But, having been part of the Sunderland squad that twice won at Old Trafford last year, Ki said: “It always tough away and United will be different to last year because they are much stronger.

“We did well there with Sunderland, although I was injured for the second game, but Swansea know how to get good wins away like Arsenal and Chelsea in my first season. It is these kind of memories we have to think about. Defensively we have to be more focussed, more compact, then we get a chance to score.”

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There are 21 messages in total. Showing messages 1 to 21.
Mcbennybob Posted: Aug 29th 2007

Hi katie,
could you please help me because I would like to know were I could get a Wallace and Gromit Storyboard Collection book cheap!I have tried eBay but it was £48!!!!Please Help!!!And by the way, I think you are great!!Do you do animation too?!

Seb Moderator Posted: Aug 29th 2007

Well I'm not Katie but I can't tell you to just keep waiting. Those books are sometimes sold for less so just hold on.

RowansLovesWAndG Posted: Aug 30th 2007

hi katie i was wondeirng wether coalports were sol in shops and if so were could i get 1???

anti-pesto Posted: Aug 30th 2007

hi katie do you have a suggestion for where to get a microphone headset because mines conked out and im in the middle of doing a w & g film!

katie Aardman Staff Posted: Aug 31st 2007

Hi everyone,thanks for the messages!

Mcbennybob - I'm afraid the Storyboard Collections are out of print now and so you will have to rely on kind ebayers/amazon users to sell the book cheaply. I found the Close Shave Collection on Amazon for under £10:

Please remember that you do this at your own risk, you're not actually buying direct from the supplier.

RowanLovesWAndG - I'm not sure what coalports are - sorry!

Anti-Pesto: is quite good for headphones - they offer a good range and free postage!

anti-pesto Posted: Aug 31st 2007

thanks katie

Mcbennybob Posted: Aug 31st 2007

Mcbennybob Posted: Aug 31st 2007

I've found it on eBay for £5!!!!

Modelmaker93 Posted: Sep 3rd 2007

Katie do you think the wallace and gromit exabition will be coming near rotherham or sheffield way again,please please say yes i missed the last one.:'(

katie Aardman Staff Posted: Sep 4th 2007

Sorry, there's nothing on the schedule yet ( but if I hear anything I'll post it straight into the news section.

Modelmaker93 Posted: Sep 4th 2007

ok thanks katie

Mcbennybob Posted: Sep 15th 2007

Hi katie, I was wandering if you have ever met Nick Park?If you have WOW!!!!

GromitGirl Posted: Sep 15th 2007

I went to the premier of COTWR in 2005.
and i was considering selling my souvinere collectable ticket on an aution site like ebay to make some more money to buy other W&G items. but the thing is i'm unsure of how much to put it on for as i think it coould be worth quite a bit.

please could anyone advise me ?

anti-pesto Posted: Sep 15th 2007

thanks katie iv got a microphone headset from its perfect! thanks

asterix Posted: Sep 19th 2007

hello katie,
can you read animation which is in the forum!!!!!!!!! please please please???????????????????????????????????????from asterix
ps. where do you get the little objects eg. fireplace, umbrela stand, news paper.
pps. i love andand.

Modelmaker93 Posted: Oct 29th 2007

Hi there Katie i was wondering if for the creatins bit can you please make so that if you can't use Youtube you can still add videos because i wanted to put this one on??

Josephine Posted: Oct 31st 2007

I've got the Storyboard Collections books - guess they are valuable now, having read the messages on this board. Perhaps the publishers should think about re-launching them because they are brilliant. I wouldn't part with them for ANYTHING!!!!!!!

jordan Posted: Nov 2nd 2007

i agree Josephine

Josephine Posted: Nov 6th 2007

Thanks, Jordan! For a moment, after posting my last message, I thought I was being selfish in saying I would not part with the books for anything, particularly as they are now out of print and hard to get a hold of - and that there is fresh demand for them now. I remember saving up for them when they were first published not long after "A Close Shave" was shown on BBC2 that Christmas 1995.

Until such time as the publishers get their act together and do something about re-launching the books concerned, The Art of Curse of the Wererabbit is great, too. I think that's still available in either the big or small bookshops. There is another book from a series called "Projections" and the one which features Nick P is called "Projections 5 Film-makers on Film-making" and it is not hard to spot it as there is a picture of & wearing bow-ties on the front cover. Nick talks about how he made & - the book is 10 or 11 years old and it features extracts from storyboards etc. Admittedly, it is a text book but it is very, very interesting.

connor gorman Posted: Nov 12th 2007

Cool Thnaks Joesphine

Josephine Posted: Nov 13th 2007

No worries, Connor! good luck!

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Bermuda Sod – Too Thin

Q: I laid 500 sq. ft. of bermuda sod on July 1 in a very sunny area. I watered deep twice a week all summer. The grass is very thin; how do I get it plush and full?

A: I think you overwatered after the first two weeks. In my experience, it takes about fourteen days for bermudagrass to start rooting firmly. After that you have to start weaning the irrigation back to one inch of water per week, applied in one session. This allows the soil to dry out between waterings, which is vital for turfgrass. Constantly moist soil causes grass to thin out and die. Stop watering now and let the lawn go dormant. Apply a weed preventer if you haven’t already. If you water and fertilize correctly next year it will recover.


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Buzzards Bay Coalition

Sara DaSilva Quintal, Restoration Ecologist with the Buzzards Bay Coalition, led a group of 50 Tri-Town residents and others from across the South Coast on an expedition into protected retired cranberry bogs last Saturday. Photo by Marilou Newell.

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TRACK: Wapak sweeps relays

WAYNESFIELD —  The Wapakoneta Redskins varsity track teams swept the Early Bird Relays on Saturday at Waynesfield-Goshen High School.

The boys team scored 124 points to edge the host Tigers, who scored 93 points.

For the girls, Wapak scored 105 points, followed by Bluffton in second with 96.

W-G finished fourth with 88 points.  Indian Lake was third at 90.

Ridgemont and Perry also competed.

Wapak’s Kevin Kraft long jumped 19-7.25 to lead the Redskins to a win in the long jump relay.

W-G’s Jeron Hennon and James Elliot both cleared 5-4 in the high jump, pacing the Tigers to the win that event.

Joliffe Huber led the way for the Tigers as they swept the throwing relays.

Led by Rebecca Stevens, W-G won both throwing relays.

Morgan Horn paced the Tigers to the pole vault relay win, clearing 10-0.

Wapak and W-G will both return to action at 5 tonight at Harmon Field with a tri-meet that will also include St. Henry.


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call us (877) 431-2100

a Minnesota family-owned home and kitchen appliance store since 1954.

back LG

additional images

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product specifications

+ expand all
  • Dryer
    Type Vented
    Power source Electric
    Capacity 7.3 cu. ft.
    Steam cycle
    Number of cycles
    Dry cycles 9 Programs - Sensor Dry: SteamFresh™, SteamSaniary™, Towels, Perm Press, Cotton/Normal, Heavy Duty, Delicates | Manual Dry: Speed Dry, Air Dry; 11 Options - More Time, Less Time, ReduceStatic™, EasyIron™, Custom Program, PGM Save, Wrinkle Care, Rack Dry, Child Lock, Damp Dry Signal, Signal ON/OFF.
    Number of temperature settings
    Temperature settings High, Medium High, Medium, Low, Ultra Low.
    Color White
    Timed dry cycles 60 min., 50 min., 40 min., 30 min., 20 min., More Time/Less Time.
    Dryness levels Very dry; More dry; Normal dry; Less dry; Damp dry.
    Heavy duty
    Noise levels  dBA
  • Features
    Smart Dryer
    Child lock
    Drum light
    Electronic controls
    Electronic display
    Reversible door
    Sensor drying
    Stainless steel drum
    Dryer drum Stainless steel
    Transparent door
    Brand specific features/technology SmartDiagnosis™; flowSense™ duct clogging indicator; Wrinkle care option; Remaining time display/status indicator(s); Drying rack; Venting option : 4 way venting; LoDecibel™ quiet operation; aluminized alloy steel drum; Precise temperature control and variable heater; Intelligent electronic controls with dual LED display.
  • Power
    Voltage 240 volts
    Amperage 30 amps
  • Approximate Dimensions*
    Width 27 in
    Height 38.75 in
    Depth 29.87 in
    Additional dimensions Carton (WxHxD) : 29 1/2" x 42 7/8" x 31 1/4"; (51" D with door open).
    Shipping Weight 144.01 lbs
    Net Weight 130.09 lbs
    *refer to physical product for exact dimensions
  • Warranty
    Warranty 1 year(s)
    Additional warranty information Limited 1 year parts and labor.
Price $899.98USD
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This ultra large capacity SteamDryer™ will make laundry faster, more convenient and more fun. Enjoy all the possibilities of steam, including innovative features like TrueSteam™ that will have you ironing much less, or SteamFresh™, a 20-minute drying cycle that means less waiting around for your favourite blouse. LG’s TrueSteam™ technology uses a steam generator to produce real steam right into in the dyer giving you unique cycle options that remove wrinkles, odours, static and allergens.

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City Desk

District Limerick: No, Really, You Choose

The week between Santa and booze
Is, shall we say, short on huge news
Since workloads are light
Help out with my plight:
A topic is so hard to choose...

There's zoning for Zipcar's Rolls Royces
Adieu to those sweet "Ragtime" voices
Do you know a story
That's worth lim'rick glory?
The sky is the limit on choices

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National Book Award finalists for young people’s literature

By Mary Quattlebaum,

Bombs, bonobos and a bird-legged witch figure prominently in this year’s finalists for the National Book Award for young people’s literature, which will be announced on Nov. 14.

Absent-minded physicists emerge as heroes and genial chemists as spies in Bomb: The Race to Build — and Steal — the World’s Most Dangerous Weapon (Roaring Brook, $19.99, age 10 and up). The stakes are high, indeed, in this fast-paced thriller that happens to be fascinatingly true. Who will be the first to create the atomic bomb — and determine the course of World War II? Steve Sheinkin exposes mishaps, misdeeds and espionage as the United States, Germany and the Soviet Union vie desperately to make and snitch key discoveries. He brings to intriguing life the historical figures who can seem so remote to modern kids. Witness the brilliant, socially awkward Robert Oppenheimer, who as a child was once painted green by bullies, but eventually, as the scientific head of the secret Manhattan Project, was able to help vanquish Hitler and rescue fellow Jews in Nazi Germany.

The international arena is also the setting for Endangered (Scholastic, $17.99, age 12 and up), a contemporary novel that begins on a bonobo sanctuary in the war-torn Democratic Republic of Congo. There, Sophie, the 14-year-old daughter of the sanctuary’s owner, bonds with a bonobo orphan named Otto. When the sanctuary is attacked, she flees with him into the surrounding jungle, and together they forage for food, dodge militants and try to survive. Eliot Schrefer grounds this taut, heart-wrenching tale in details gleaned from his work on a similar sanctuary and paints vivid portraits of intelligent, peaceful primates in a land where, on average, “twelve hundred Congolese had been killed every day since 1998.”

Danger threatens the fantasy city of Zombay in Goblin Secrets (McElderry, $16.99, ages 8-12), where humans and automatons coexist beside a great river. For years, Rownie, almost 10, and his older brother, Rowan, have dwelled with a clever, chicken-legged witch. When Rowan disappears, Rownie runs away from his vindictive benefactor and searches for his brother by joining a traveling troupe of performing goblins. This plunges the boy into a misty, mysterious world of fugitive actors, magical masks and rising floodwaters. In a bow to the goblins’ profession, William Alexander organizes his atmospheric first novel into acts and scenes, rather than chapters, and he couches it in the beautifully elliptical language of the old fairy tales.

For Arn Chorn-Pond, the narrator of Never Fall Down (Balzer+Bray, $17.99, age 14 and up), music in his Cambodian town is “like air, always there.” He starts his story as a mischievous 11-year-old in 1975, just before Khmer Rouge forces sweep in, herd the townsfolk into the countryside and force them to farm with scant food and shelter. With haunting music of his own, Arn relays the horrors that follow — the loss of his family, his duties as a child soldier — in the staccato rhythms and sentence fragments of a non-native speaker of English. To authentically convey the boy’s experience, former journalist Patricia McCormick interviewed Arn, now grown and the founder of Cambodian Living Arts, and fellow survivors over a two-year period. This historical novel is every bit as powerful as McCormick’s “Sold,” a fictional account of human trafficking and an NBA finalist in 2006. Though harrowing, Arn’s chronicle also hits the high notes of his escape to Thailand, his adoption by an American family and his determination to help Cambodia recover the culture all but destroyed by the radical communist group.

A current of tender, believable sadness flows through Out of Reach (Simon Pulse, $16.99, age 14 and up), the first novel by Carrie Arcos. It opens with what 16-year-old Rachel Stevens claims is a universal truth: “Everyone lies.” When her beloved older brother, Micah, vanishes, though, Rachel must confront not only his lies about his crystal meth addiction but her own in covering for him. As she and Micah’s best friend, Tyler, hunt for him in the seedy beach town where he was last seen, Rachel finds “bits and pieces” of her lost brother in the homeless teens and drug users she questions, in small, joyful memories of their shared childhood, and in the hopeful lift of her heart every time she glimpses “a guy with brown hair and tattoos.” This is a thought-provoking novel of choices and their effect on who we become.

Quattlebaum is a children’s author and regular reviewer for The Washington Post. She teaches at Vermont College’s MFA Program in Writing for Children and Young Adults.

© The Washington Post Company


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Sentencing postponed for Scott Bloch, former head of the Office of Special Counsel

The legal odyssey of Scott J. Bloch, the former head of the federal agency that protects government whistleblowers, continued Monday when a federal judge balked at proceeding with sentencing because of what he called an “improperly sanitized version of events.”

Bloch, the Bush-era head of the Office of Special Counsel, pleaded guilty in February to a misdemeanor charge of destroying government property when he ordered the deletion of office computer files by private technicians.

But U.S. District Judge Robert L. Wilkins chastised attorneys on both sides for presenting a narrow account of Bloch’s actions that the judge said doesn’t fully describe the conduct at issue. Wilkins said he was uncomfortable issuing a sentence until a fuller description of Bloch’s actions was in the record.

Sentencing documents, Wilkins noted, make little mention of Bloch’s previous deal with the U.S. Attorney’s Office in which he pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor charge of contempt of Congress.

Bloch’s lawyer, William M. Sullivan Jr., said after the hearing, “We look forward to addressing the issues Judge Wilkins raised during sentencing.”

Bloch admitted in 2010 that he had not given House investigators complete information about an incident in which he hired a company called Geeks on Call to scrub computers at the Office of Special Counsel. At the time, Bloch had been accused of retaliating against his staff and closing whistleblower cases without proper investigation. He has maintained that he was trying to deal with a computer virus.

Bloch was initially sentenced to 30 days in jail, but a federal judge allowed him to withdraw his guilty plea because neither side in the case had been aware that the offense required a sentence of jail time.

In the current case, federal guidelines call for a sentence from zero to six months in prison. But prosecutors have agreed not to oppose a period of probation and want Bloch to pay a $5,000 fine and complete 200 hours of community service.

Wilkins suggested Monday, however, that he intends to consider Bloch’s conduct related to the previous case, which could expose him to jail time. The judge pointed specifically to Bloch’s position as a presidential appointee, a “position of public trust, operating with little oversight.”

Bloch’s sentencing hearing has been rescheduled for June 24.

Watchdog groups representing government whistleblowers have been critical of a possible sentence of probation for Bloch, saying it would send a weak message about accountability.

Ann covers legal affairs in the District and Maryland for the Washington Post. Ann previously covered state government and politics in California, New Hampshire and Maryland. She joined the Post in 2005.

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Missouri Gov. Jay Nixon withdraws National Guard from Ferguson, as clashes subside

Gov. Jay Nixon ordered the Missouri National Guard to begin withdrawing from this St. Louis suburb Thursday, the clearest sign yet that the violent clashes between police and residents may be subsiding after nearly two weeks of civil unrest.

Nixon’s decision came four days after he first called on Guard troops to help contain the escalating protests over the police shooting of 18-year-old Michael Brown on Aug. 9. The nightly confrontations between protesters and a heavily armed police force wielding tear gas canisters and rubber bullets have attracted global attention.

In a statement, Nixon (D) said the security situation in Ferguson had improved, after a night when just six people were arrested, far fewer than in previous nights. In total, at least 161 people have been arrested in disturbances linked to Brown’s shooting.

The signs of easing tensions came as a family friend of the officer who fatally shot Brown came forward to offer a version of the incident with new details, saying that the officer suffered a fracture to his eye socket in a scuffle with the unarmed teenager before opening fire.

Hospital X-rays of the injury have been taken and will be shared with a grand jury that is weighing evidence to determine whether Officer Darren Wilson should be charged in the shooting, said the friend, who spoke on the condition of anonymity because of fear of threats. The friend has been in contact with Wilson’s family members.

Angry aftermath of the Missouri shooting

Ed Magee, a spokesman for St. Louis County Prosecutor Robert McCulloch, declined to comment on the new reports about Wilson, and said prosecutors have not received any medical records. But he said that because Wilson was taken to the hospital, McCulloch’s office assumes such records exist.

McCulloch has been in touch with Wilson’s attorney, but has not spoken to Wilson, Magee added. Wilson will be given an opportunity to appear before the grand jury, but he cannot be compelled to appear.

Prosecutors began presenting evidence to the St. Louis County grand jury Wednesday. McCulloch has said that it could be mid-October before all the evidence is presented, noting that not all of it is ready yet.

Meantime, on Capitol Hill, Sen. Claire McCaskill (D-Mo.) said Thursday she will hold a hearing in September to examine the militarization of local police departments. Authorities in Ferguson and St. Louis County have been criticized for deploying heavy militarized equipment to help quell the protests.

Since Brown was killed, authorities have provided relatively few details about the encounter between the teenager and Wilson. Ferguson Police Chief Thomas Jackson said last week that Wilson had a “swollen face” after the altercation and was taken to a hospital for treatment, but he did not provide any other information beyond saying the injuries were not life-threatening.

A day after Brown was shot, St. Louis County Police Chief Jon Bellmar told reporters that Brown “allegedly pushed” Wilson back into the car and physically assaulted him. Bellmar did not elaborate.

Dorian Johnson, 22, who was with Brown and said he witnessed the shooting, has said that Wilson instigated the confrontation, pulling up to the pair in his police cruiser and telling them to get out of the middle of the street.

Fantasy football strength of schedule

Freeman Bosley Jr., Johnson’s attorney and a former St. Louis mayor, told The Washington Post that Wilson pulled up so close to Brown that when he opened his car door, it bumped into the teenager.

Wilson reached out and grabbed Brown by the throat and grabbed his shirt as Brown tried to move away, Bosley said. At that point, Johnson said he saw Wilson pull out a gun and shoot Brown in the chest or arm. Johnson said the officer hit Brown with another round as he was running away and fatally gunned him down after he stopped and raised his hands in surrender.

Michael Brady, another eyewitness, told CNN that he saw “some kind of tussle going on” with Wilson still inside the car and Brown next to it. Brady said Brown and Johnson then ran away, while Wilson got out of his car and began shooting.

A private autopsy showed that Brown had at least six gunshot wounds and that all of the rounds were fired from the front, none of them at close range.

Wilson, 28, who is now in a secret location and under police protection because of death threats, has told family and friends that he knows he was justified in the Aug. 9 shooting but is “brokenhearted” about having taken a life in the line of duty, the friend said.

In his account to close confidants, Wilson has repeatedly said he thought Brown was acting erratically when they had an altercation on a street in a garden apartment complex in Ferguson. He said that Brown was coming at him when he fired the fatal shots.

“Darren was adamant that he believed Michael Brown had some drugs in his system,” the friend said.

Preliminary results of a county autopsy showed that Brown had marijuana in his system. Full toxicology tests of Brown’s blood have not been completed, the friend said, and the family is awaiting that information.

In Washington, Attorney General Eric H. Holder Jr. reiterated a pledge Thursday that the Justice Department would conduct a “thorough and fair” investigation into the shooting of Brown. He spoke a day after he visited Ferguson for meetings with elected officials, community leaders and members of Brown’s family.

“My commitment to them is, long after this tragic story no longer receives this level of attention, the Justice Department will continue to stand with Ferguson,” Holder added.

Branigin reported from Washington. David Nakamura and Mark Berman in Washington contributed to this report.

Carol Leonnig covers federal agencies with a focus on government accountability.
William Branigin writes and edits breaking news. He previously was a reporter on the Post’s national and local staffs and spent 19 years overseas, reporting in Southeast Asia, Central America, the Middle East and Europe.

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The Fighting Conciliator

By E. J. Dionne Jr.
Monday, February 9, 2009

It took less than three weeks for the real Barack Obama to come into view. He turns out to be both a conciliator and a fighter.

These are not contradictions in his character. They represent different sides of a politician who sees some issues as more susceptible to compromise than others and who wants his adversaries to know that his easygoing style does not make him a pushover.

The sudden clarity emerged in the two best speeches of his short presidency and in the ongoing saga of the stimulus bill.

Obama addressed the National Prayer Breakfast on Thursday with a warning against the use of religion "as a tool to divide us from one another -- as an excuse for prejudice and intolerance."

Obama did not cite Isaiah's injunction that we should come and reason together, a favorite biblical passage of Lyndon B. Johnson's, but it seemed to be on his mind: "For it is only through common struggle and common effort, as brothers and sisters, that we fulfill our highest purpose as beloved children of God."

That was in the morning. By evening, when the president spoke to Democratic House members in Williamsburg, he had cast aside his efforts to placate Republicans who had no intention of reasoning with him on the stimulus bill. Obama had turned the other cheek often enough.

"Don't come to the table with the same tired arguments and worn ideas that helped to create this crisis," the born-again campaigner thundered. "We are not going to get relief by turning back to the very same policies that, for the last eight years, doubled the national debt and threw our economy into a tailspin."

Deploying a preacher's unapologetically judgmental cadences, Obama denounced "the losing formula that says only tax cuts will work for every problem we face." He reiterated that argument in his Saturday radio address and will press it in speeches on the road this week.

The Williamsburg speech let loose a great gnashing of teeth from those who seem to believe that bipartisan form matters more than substance. But the new tone reflected the very thing about Obama that has won so much notice: He's a pragmatist who takes a method and tries it until it no longer works.

Initially, Obama hoped to win broad Republican support for his stimulus package, but most Republicans preferred to bloody up this new, young president. Obama adjusted. If the GOP wanted a fight, he would not back down.

Obama's tougher rhetoric and terrible new economic news helped push a handful of wavering senators to agree to a compromise stimulus bill on Friday. Still, there was a cost to Obama's delayed response to Republican provocations. By giving conservatives a week to savage the House-passed stimulus, Obama weakened his negotiating hand.

The changes made in the proposal to pick up votes from a few Republican senators made it less effective than the House bill. Programs that would spur the economy -- aid to fiscally ailing states, more help for the needy, spending on health, education and the environment -- were cut back. Kept in were tax cuts of limited stimulative value that the Senate had added.

Nonetheless, Obama staved off defeat, and the Senate bill is better than it might have been. A House-Senate conference should fix some of the inequities in the compromise, whose critics can use Obama's own arguments to explain their insistence on a better final product.

But fighting for his recovery program does not preclude Obama's efforts to ease the cultural conflicts that have divided the country since the late 1960s. If Obama is happy to wage war on right-wing economic theories and overpaid Wall Street executives, he does not want to pick gratuitous fights with those who are moderate or conservative on cultural and religious matters.

Obama's own cultural instincts run right down the middle of the road. His politics are more neo-Truman than neo-Woodstock, more compatible with "It's a Wonderful Life" than "Easy Rider."

He supports abortion rights but argues for fewer abortions. He supports religious liberty but thinks religion has a legitimate public role. He wants to fix but not abolish George W. Bush's faith-based program. MTV loyalists love him, but he models a family life more likely to play on the Disney Channel.

So Obama's decision to fight Republicans on the stimulus bill doesn't mean he's lost his conciliatory instincts. It means he's neither a chump nor a wimp. There are rank-and-file cultural conservatives willing to join Obama to end the feuds of the 1960s. But Washington conservatives, insisting that tax cuts are the one and only important matter in American life, are stuck in a 1980s time warp.

View all comments that have been posted about this article.

© 2009 The Washington Post Company


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Tornado causes damage in rural Northern Calif town

The Associated Press
Thursday, March 24, 2011; 12:37 AM

WILLIAMS, Calif. -- The National Weather Service says a small tornado touched down in a Northern California town, ripping roof tiles from several homes.

Weather service meteorologist Drew Peterson says the tornado, with winds between 65 to 85 miles per hour, hit the rural town of Williams at around 3 p.m. News video from KCRA-3 in Sacramento showed damage to at least two homes, with tiles missing from part of one home.

Williams police could not provide a dollar amount of the damage late Wednesday. No injuries were reported.

The weather service also says a funnel cloud was also spotted around 5 p.m. near Sutter, about 27 miles east of Williams. The funnel cloud did not cause any damage.

The two rural communities are about 70 miles north of Sacramento.

© 2011 The Associated Press


text:
- Associated Press - Wednesday, March 7, 2012

NAIROBI, KENYA While tens of thousands of its citizens were dying from famine, the U.N.-backed Somali government spent only $1 million on social services despite having $58 million in revenue, according to a report by a former Somali government official.

The whistleblowing report shines a light on chaotic and secretive financial dealings and says the Somali government failed to explain how the $58 million it recorded receiving last year actually was spent.

Somali government officials disputed the report by Abdirazak Fartaag, the former head of the Public Finance Management Unit, a Somali government body charged with overseeing the country’s financial management.

“The government is very committed in terms of fighting corruption,” said government spokesman Abdirahman Omar Osman. “That report does not reflect the reality on the ground, and it lacks credibility and data.”

More than $2.6 million was budgeted for social services, according to the report.

Mr. Fartaag was fired around the time he wrote another report saying tens of millions of dollars were missing from government accounts. Improved accounting of the money that comes in and out of the government is vital to solving Somalia’s 21-year-old civil war, analysts say.

As long as warlords and corrupt officials are able to benefit from the chaos, they have little incentive to end it.

At a conference attended by world leaders in London last month, donors and Somali officials agreed to set up a joint board to manage Somalia’s finances.

The failure to keep track of Somalia’s cash has proved deadly. Politicians fight for control of the cash, but little of it reaches the needy.

A promise to end corruption was a key recruiting tool for the Islamist insurgency fighting the government.

The fighting was a key cause of last year’s famine, which killed 50,000 to 100,000 people, according to the British government.

A refusal by insurgents to allow many aid groups access to distribute food also is a major problem. The United Nations is appealing for $1.5 billion this year to aid Somalia.

Somalia needs a solid framework that improves transparency,” said Comfort Ero, the Africa program director for the International Crisis Group think tank. “[The government] hasn’t provided basic services.”

The report, while not publicly released, was presented to Somali legislators last month. It is based on banking records, the government budget and other financial documents.

Last year, the government raised about $58 million, including about $20 million in domestic revenue and an additional $3.7 million seized at the airport as part of a confiscated ransom for pirates.

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The Omnipure E5721-P is a 10 micron Carbon Block Water Filter with Phosphate Scale Inhibitor. The Omnipure E5721-P Carbon Block Scale Inhibitor is a replacement filter body engineered with a universal cap designed to affix to existing permanent heads. The new E-Series was designed for customers that are using existing permanent heads but would like an alternative to the replacement bodies offered. The main benefit of the E-Series is price-to-performance value. The Omnipure E5721-P features a friction welded cap, multiple o-rings for a weepless connection, durable polypropylene body and high grade filtration media. The Omnipure E5721-P Water Filter is ideal for use in commercial beverage and food service applications. The Omnipure E5721-P GAC water filter is a 10 micron granular activated carbon block filter with phosphate used to reduce scale, taste, odor and chlorine.
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Filter for hot water dispenser Review by FrankG
I have a hot water dispenser that uses this filter. As it gets old,the flow does slow down. The water still tastes a lot better than what comes out of the tap. The E5721-P is what has been used before, so I ordered it again. There are a LOT of other filters than appear to fit my system and I don't really know how much different this one is. It does have scale reduction listed as a distinguishing feature and it handles a larger volume than other similar filters. I am happy with its performance although it can be hard to get. My filter was back-ordered for a while before it could be shipped, apparently because of a manufacturer issue.I don't know how well an alternative filter would have worked but the next time I need to order (I bought three to avoid this problem for a while) I might look into some of the other similar models. (Posted on 7/17/15)

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Waterstone Winery

Napa Valley vineyards and winery

Our Story

In this time of multimillion-dollar vineyard estates and celebrity winemaking consultants, when it seems that financial backing has replaced skill as the key to success in enology, it is rare that a simple idea can give birth to wines that stand out for flavor and balance, rather than pedigree alone. A collaboration between veteran winemaker Philip Zorn and longtime wine executive Brent Shortridge, Waterstone Winery was formed in 2000 when the two men were introduced and discovered a shared interest in creating luxury wines at affordable prices. Bringing together their previously established relationships with Napa Valley growers and vintners, the pair set out to develop balanced wines of varietal character through intelligent sourcing. Preferring to focus on the wine itself rather than the accumulation of land and facilities, Zorn and Shortridge own no vineyards themselves, nor do they own the facility where their wines are made. Dedicated winemaking, strong relationships with top growers and long-term grape contracts are the keys to Waterstone’s quality and success.

Winemaking Team

Philip Zorn
A respected winemaker with broad international experience, Philip Zorn brings a European perspective to the creation of Waterstone’s Napa Valley wines. Born in the U.S. and raised in Germany, Zorn attended the nation’s top school of enology and worked at noted producer Weingut Pieroth. After returning to the U.S. in 1984, he became winemaker at a number of top California wineries, including Sunny St. Helena, Gauer Estate, Paraiso Springs and Tria. Through this process Zorn gained a keen understanding of grape growing and winemaking in California and developed an intimate knowledge of the state’s subregions, eventually settling in the Napa Valley and becoming a specialist in its particular viticultural properties.

Brent Shortridge
Brent Shortridge has extensive hands-on experience in virtually every aspect of the wine industry, from the cellar to the boardroom. With a biochemistry background and medical school in his sights, Shortridge had no intention of entering the wine business until a summer job at Sonoma’s Buena Vista Winery changed his life. After working with legendary winemaker Andre Tchelistcheff, Shortridge knew that wine was his calling and stayed at Buena Vista, first as a chemist, then in exports and finance, eventually becoming the winery’s vice president of marketing. After leaving Buena Vista, Shortridge immersed himself in the wine country community as marketing director for the Napa Valley Vintners Association. He has since worked with a number of industry associations, including Zinfandel Advocates and Producers (ZAP), and he currently chairs the international program at the Wine Institute.

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Northern New York Newspapers
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Sun., Aug. 30
Serving the communities of Jefferson, St. Lawrence and Lewis counties, New York
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Louisville adds to Syracuse’s difficulties

SYRACUSE — Syracuse’s ship is slowly sinking in the Big East Conference. The Orange have nobody to blame but themselves.

For the fourth time this season, and second time this week, Jim Boeheim’s team faded down the stretch of a key conference game, which they had controlled.

After blowing a seven-point lead over the final six minutes Monday at Marquette, late-game turnovers plagued the Orange Saturday, allowing No. 10 Louisville to beat No. 12 SU, 58-53, before 31,173 at the Carrier Dome.

SU (22-7 overall, 10-6 Big East) not only lost its third consecutive game for the first time since a four-game losing streak during the 2010-11 season, it was a second straight disappointing home loss.

The Orange also saw its chances of earning a top-four finish and a bye into the conference postseason tournament quarterfinals diminished. SU is tied for fourth place with Notre Dame (which lost at Marquette Saturday) and Pittsburgh with two games left against DePaul at home Wednesday and at Georgetown Saturday.

But the Orange is also just a game out of eighth place.

“We’ve got to mentally regroup for the final two games, and started playing better,’’ said a subdued Boeheim, whose team was outscored 11-5 in the final three minutes. “I still like this team, and I think we can still be pretty good. If we were getting blown out by 20, I’d be worried. But we’ve been in these last few games against ranked teams right to the end and realistically had a chance to win all three.”

C.J. Fair scored 19 points for SU and James Southerland added 13. But starting guards Brandon Triche and Michael Carter-Williams went a woeful 5-for-21 from the floor, including a 2-for-11 day by Triche, the senior who is suffering through a mesmerizing shooting slump.

In the past 10 games where SU is just 4-6, SU’s scoring leader is 9-for-54 on 3-pointers. He was 0-for-3 Saturday and finished with only five points.

“It’s disappointing, but I’m not down on myself,’’ Triche said. “That would be out of character. I’ve just got to knock down a couple in a row and I’ll be fine.’’

Boeheim suggested Triche “may be trying too hard if anything. The bottom line is we can’t have him shooting like that and turning the ball over for us to win.’’

SU shot just 35.7 percent from the field, and turned the ball over an uncharacteristic 16 times, leading to 20 Cardinal points.

“Turning the ball over at the end is something we haven’t done,’’ Boeheim said. “You can’t give a team as good as Louisville extra chances. And certainly not on simple out of bounds plays on which we gave it up three times.’’

For Louisville (24-5, 12-4), which avenged a two-point loss at home in mid-January, the hero wasn’t one of the Cardinals’ established stars. George Mason junior transfer Luke Hancock, who comes off the bench, scored 12 points and hit three, huge 3-pointers in the final half. He also garnered a key steal of an SU inbounds pass with just over a minute left and the score tied.

“Luke is valuable to us in a lot of ways,’’ Louisville coach Rick Pitino said. “He finds ways to get open, and he’s very poised. Today, he won the game for us.’’

Russ Smith scored 18 points to lead the Cardinals, who have won five in a row since a five-overtime loss to Notre Dame on Feb. 9. Center Gorgui Dieng added 11 points and 14 rebounds.

Both teams shot poorly the first half as Louisville clung to a 23-19 lead.

The lead went back-and-forth most of the second half. Southerland, who was 1-for-8 the first half, made three 3-pointers, his last giving SU a 38-36 lead with 9:17 to play.

Hancock then made a three to start a mini-Louisville run, and then another to cap off an 11-2 Cardinals’ spurt, giving them a 47-40 lead.

SU answered with eight straight points. Fair’s scooping drive put the Orange back on top 48-47 at the 2:47 mark, but the Orange failed to score on their next four possessions.

The key giveaway occurred with just under a minute left. Triche was inbounding under his basket when Hancock stepped in front of Carter-Williams for a steal. Following a Louisville timeout, Hancock nailed a huge 3-pointer from the corner.

“We just lost him for a second, which you can’t do at that point,’’ Fair said.

Carter-Williams then misfired on a 3-pointer, and Smith made two free throws to boost the Louisville lead to 53-48 with 35 seconds left.

Triche coughed up the ball on SU’s next possession, and Kevin Ware hit a free throw to all but seal the win

“We’re having trouble finishing games for some reason,’’ Triche said. “Early in the season, that wasn’t a problem.’’

Asked if the Orange were in a desperation mode, Triche said, “No. I don’t think our confidence is shaken because we’re right in these games. We just have to play better when it counts.’’

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Northern New York Newspapers
NNY Business
NNY Living
Sun., Aug. 30
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Skating Club presents “Lion King”

The unforgettable characters and captivating story lines of Disney’s “The Lion King” will brought to life on Saturday at The Golden Dome beginning at 7 p.m.

The ticket price for the show is $5 and children under three years old will be admitted free of charge.

The club’s Senior Skaters will play the main characters with the Junior Skaters playing the Hyenas, the Basic Skills Skaters 6-7-8 portraying the Lionesses and the Basic Skills Skaters 1-5 performing as the Animals.

Coaches Melissa Maggio, Lauren Morley and Julia Wears and Junior Coach Maddie Ward will be directing the performances.

Board of Directors members Jen George, Gidget Kimble and Melissa Fennessy along with President Jessica Montroy, Vice President/Treasurer Kara Lawton and Secretary Lynette Snodgrass will also be involved in the production.

Senior Skaters skating the roles of the main characters are: Maddie Ward - Simba, Kelsi Donaldson - Nala, Hayley Snodgrass - Timon, Sara Lawton - Scar, Mollie Lawton - Zazu, Kaylee L’Orange - Rafiki, Taylor Mack - Muras, Jordyn Simmons - Banazi, Liberty Montroy - Pumba, Laken Kelly - Ed, Miranda Ditta - Shenzi and Alison Kimble - Sarabi.

Junior Skaters skating as Hyenas are: Hanna O’Reilly, Amber Cunningham, Maya Randle, Carolyn Wright, Julia L’Orange, Hallie Boyer, Regan Kelly and Naleigha Kinney.

Basic Skills Skaters 6,7,8 performing as the Lionesses are: Quinn Crosson, Alison Latimer, Madison Brandy, Madison Miller, Gabriella Fennessy, Alaina Montroy, Hannah Costello and Macy Murdock.

Basic Skills Skaters 1-5 performing in the roles of Animals are: Emma O’Reilly, Madison Green, Madison Bleau, Jailynn Lovely, Landon Perry, Kiera Duprey, Mia Downey, Madalynn Costello, Melody George, Vanessa Skipka, Karissa Donnelly, Chasity Johnson, Audrey Harradine, Sophia Carter, Paige Bertram, Ramie Blackmere, Madialynn Fennessy, Rori McCarthy, Aries Streeter, Marina Perry, Jessica Hartman, Brynn Sweeney, Payton McDevitt, Azlyn Richardson, Abby Refici and Emma Seeley.

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