Spatial modulation for multiple-antenna wireless systems: a survey
---
paper_title: Multiple-antenna techniques for wireless communications - a comprehensive literature survey

paper_content:

The use of multiple antennas for wireless communication systems has gained overwhelming interest during the last decade - both in academia and industry. Multiple antennas can be utilized in order to accomplish a multiplexing gain, a diversity gain, or an antenna gain, thus enhancing the bit rate, the error performance, or the signal-to-noise-plus-interference ratio of wireless systems, respectively. With an enormous amount of yearly publications, the field of multiple-antenna systems, often called multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, has evolved rapidly. To date, there are numerous papers on the performance limits of MIMO systems, and an abundance of transmitter and receiver concepts has been proposed. The objective of this literature survey is to provide non-specialists working in the general area of digital communications with a comprehensive overview of this exciting research field. To this end, the last ten years of research efforts are recapitulated, with focus on spatial multiplexing and spatial diversity techniques. In particular, topics such as transmitter and receiver structures, channel coding, MIMO techniques for frequency-selective fading channels, diversity reception and space-time coding techniques, differential and non-coherent schemes, beamforming techniques and closed-loop MIMO techniques, cooperative diversity schemes, as well as practical aspects influencing the performance of multiple-antenna systems are addressed. Although the list of references is certainly not intended to be exhaustive, the publications cited will serve as a good starting point for further reading.
---
paper_title: Increasing spectral efficiency by data multiplexing using antenna arrays

paper_content:

A novel data multiplexing scheme is presented. This technique uses an antenna array with K transmit antennas. In. total K information bits are multiplexed in an orthogonal fashion. The special property of the multiplexing technique is that, for each symbol duration, only one out of K antennas is transmitting using BPSK modulation. Furthermore, the symbol duration is equivalent to the bit-duration due to the parallelism introduced by the K antennas. The receiver is able to detect the transmitting antenna and by using this information the demultiplexing is carried out. It is demonstrated that the proposed method achieves about the same spectral efficiency as 8PSK, but with a relaxed bit-energy-to-noise ratio of about 2.5 dB. Furthermore, the linear channel capacity gain (error-free transmitted bits) over the single antenna BPSK transmission scheme is found to be in the range of 2.5-3.
---
paper_title: A channel hopping technique I: theoretical studies on band efficiency and capacity

paper_content:

The paper is motivated by the wish to increase the band efficiency of a mobile system using only one antenna at the receiver. The method proposed is based on the fact that the different channels can be effectively characterized by a CDMA receiver. Therefore, when we are hopping the signal transmission over different channels, this hopping information, i.e. the way of hopping, can be identified by the receiver. In the proposed system, the independent channels are used for signal mapping in such a way that transmission of an information symbol over a specified channel represents a specified channel bit value. The total bits of a symbol are the summation of the bits of the symbol itself and the channel bits. The theoretical analysis shows that the capacity gain of the channel hopping technique is the same as that of transmit diversity over the "flat" channel. However, for a DS-CDMA system under the assumption that the multiuser interference obeys a Gaussian distribution, the proposed system has larger system capacity.
---
paper_title: Space modulation on wireless fading channels

paper_content:

To increase the data rate for future wireless systems, a novel scheme using multiple transmit antennas for space digital modulation is proposed. In the scheme of space modulation, more than two antennas are employed to transmit and signal the information bits. The novel space modulation scheme is termed space shift keying (SSK). Numerical results are presented to examine the reception performance.
---
paper_title: Space shift keying modulation for MIMO channels

paper_content:

In this paper, we present space shift keying (SSK) as a new modulation scheme, which is based on spatial modulation (SM) concepts. Fading is exploited for multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO) channels to provide better performance over conventional amplitude/phase modulation (APM) techniques. In SSK, it is the antenna index used during transmission that relays information, rather than the transmitted symbols themselves. This absence of symbol information eliminates the transceiver elements necessary for APM transmission and detection (such as coherent detectors). As well, the simplicity involved in modulation reduces the detection complexity compared to that of SM, while achieving almost identical performance gains. Throughout the paper, we illustrate SSK's strength by studying its interaction with the fading channel. We obtain tight upper bounds on bit error probability, and discuss SSK's performance under some non-ideal channel conditions (estimation error and spatial correlation). Analytical and simulation results show performance gains over APM systems (3 dB at a bit error rate of 10-5), making SSK an interesting candidate for future wireless applications. We then extend SSK concepts to incorporate channel coding, where in particular, we consider a bit interleaved coded modulation (BICM) system using iterative decoding for both convolutional and turbo codes. Capacity results are derived, and improvements over APM are illustrated (up to 1 bits/s/Hz), with performance gains of up to 5 dB.
---
paper_title: Multiple-antenna techniques for wireless communications - a comprehensive literature survey

paper_content:

The use of multiple antennas for wireless communication systems has gained overwhelming interest during the last decade - both in academia and industry. Multiple antennas can be utilized in order to accomplish a multiplexing gain, a diversity gain, or an antenna gain, thus enhancing the bit rate, the error performance, or the signal-to-noise-plus-interference ratio of wireless systems, respectively. With an enormous amount of yearly publications, the field of multiple-antenna systems, often called multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, has evolved rapidly. To date, there are numerous papers on the performance limits of MIMO systems, and an abundance of transmitter and receiver concepts has been proposed. The objective of this literature survey is to provide non-specialists working in the general area of digital communications with a comprehensive overview of this exciting research field. To this end, the last ten years of research efforts are recapitulated, with focus on spatial multiplexing and spatial diversity techniques. In particular, topics such as transmitter and receiver structures, channel coding, MIMO techniques for frequency-selective fading channels, diversity reception and space-time coding techniques, differential and non-coherent schemes, beamforming techniques and closed-loop MIMO techniques, cooperative diversity schemes, as well as practical aspects influencing the performance of multiple-antenna systems are addressed. Although the list of references is certainly not intended to be exhaustive, the publications cited will serve as a good starting point for further reading.
---
paper_title: Multiple-antenna techniques for wireless communications - a comprehensive literature survey

paper_content:

The use of multiple antennas for wireless communication systems has gained overwhelming interest during the last decade - both in academia and industry. Multiple antennas can be utilized in order to accomplish a multiplexing gain, a diversity gain, or an antenna gain, thus enhancing the bit rate, the error performance, or the signal-to-noise-plus-interference ratio of wireless systems, respectively. With an enormous amount of yearly publications, the field of multiple-antenna systems, often called multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, has evolved rapidly. To date, there are numerous papers on the performance limits of MIMO systems, and an abundance of transmitter and receiver concepts has been proposed. The objective of this literature survey is to provide non-specialists working in the general area of digital communications with a comprehensive overview of this exciting research field. To this end, the last ten years of research efforts are recapitulated, with focus on spatial multiplexing and spatial diversity techniques. In particular, topics such as transmitter and receiver structures, channel coding, MIMO techniques for frequency-selective fading channels, diversity reception and space-time coding techniques, differential and non-coherent schemes, beamforming techniques and closed-loop MIMO techniques, cooperative diversity schemes, as well as practical aspects influencing the performance of multiple-antenna systems are addressed. Although the list of references is certainly not intended to be exhaustive, the publications cited will serve as a good starting point for further reading.
---
paper_title: Improving the performance of space shift keying (SSK) modulation via opportunistic power allocation

paper_content:

In this Letter, we show that the performance of Space Shift Keying (SSK) modulation can be improved via opportunistic power allocation methods. For analytical tractability, we focus on a 2 × 1 Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) system setup over correlated Rayleigh fading channels. A closed-form solution of the optimal power allocation problem is derived, and it is shown that the transmit-power of each transmit-antenna should be chosen as a function of the power imbalance ratio and correlation coefficient of the transmit-receive wireless links. Numerical results are shown to substantiate the analytical derivation and the claimed performance improvement.
---
paper_title: A channel hopping technique I: theoretical studies on band efficiency and capacity

paper_content:

The paper is motivated by the wish to increase the band efficiency of a mobile system using only one antenna at the receiver. The method proposed is based on the fact that the different channels can be effectively characterized by a CDMA receiver. Therefore, when we are hopping the signal transmission over different channels, this hopping information, i.e. the way of hopping, can be identified by the receiver. In the proposed system, the independent channels are used for signal mapping in such a way that transmission of an information symbol over a specified channel represents a specified channel bit value. The total bits of a symbol are the summation of the bits of the symbol itself and the channel bits. The theoretical analysis shows that the capacity gain of the channel hopping technique is the same as that of transmit diversity over the "flat" channel. However, for a DS-CDMA system under the assumption that the multiuser interference obeys a Gaussian distribution, the proposed system has larger system capacity.
---
paper_title: Space shift keying modulation for MIMO channels

paper_content:

In this paper, we present space shift keying (SSK) as a new modulation scheme, which is based on spatial modulation (SM) concepts. Fading is exploited for multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO) channels to provide better performance over conventional amplitude/phase modulation (APM) techniques. In SSK, it is the antenna index used during transmission that relays information, rather than the transmitted symbols themselves. This absence of symbol information eliminates the transceiver elements necessary for APM transmission and detection (such as coherent detectors). As well, the simplicity involved in modulation reduces the detection complexity compared to that of SM, while achieving almost identical performance gains. Throughout the paper, we illustrate SSK's strength by studying its interaction with the fading channel. We obtain tight upper bounds on bit error probability, and discuss SSK's performance under some non-ideal channel conditions (estimation error and spatial correlation). Analytical and simulation results show performance gains over APM systems (3 dB at a bit error rate of 10-5), making SSK an interesting candidate for future wireless applications. We then extend SSK concepts to incorporate channel coding, where in particular, we consider a bit interleaved coded modulation (BICM) system using iterative decoding for both convolutional and turbo codes. Capacity results are derived, and improvements over APM are illustrated (up to 1 bits/s/Hz), with performance gains of up to 5 dB.
---
paper_title: Space shift keying modulation for MIMO channels

paper_content:

In this paper, we present space shift keying (SSK) as a new modulation scheme, which is based on spatial modulation (SM) concepts. Fading is exploited for multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO) channels to provide better performance over conventional amplitude/phase modulation (APM) techniques. In SSK, it is the antenna index used during transmission that relays information, rather than the transmitted symbols themselves. This absence of symbol information eliminates the transceiver elements necessary for APM transmission and detection (such as coherent detectors). As well, the simplicity involved in modulation reduces the detection complexity compared to that of SM, while achieving almost identical performance gains. Throughout the paper, we illustrate SSK's strength by studying its interaction with the fading channel. We obtain tight upper bounds on bit error probability, and discuss SSK's performance under some non-ideal channel conditions (estimation error and spatial correlation). Analytical and simulation results show performance gains over APM systems (3 dB at a bit error rate of 10-5), making SSK an interesting candidate for future wireless applications. We then extend SSK concepts to incorporate channel coding, where in particular, we consider a bit interleaved coded modulation (BICM) system using iterative decoding for both convolutional and turbo codes. Capacity results are derived, and improvements over APM are illustrated (up to 1 bits/s/Hz), with performance gains of up to 5 dB.
---
paper_title: Multiple-antenna techniques for wireless communications - a comprehensive literature survey

paper_content:

The use of multiple antennas for wireless communication systems has gained overwhelming interest during the last decade - both in academia and industry. Multiple antennas can be utilized in order to accomplish a multiplexing gain, a diversity gain, or an antenna gain, thus enhancing the bit rate, the error performance, or the signal-to-noise-plus-interference ratio of wireless systems, respectively. With an enormous amount of yearly publications, the field of multiple-antenna systems, often called multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, has evolved rapidly. To date, there are numerous papers on the performance limits of MIMO systems, and an abundance of transmitter and receiver concepts has been proposed. The objective of this literature survey is to provide non-specialists working in the general area of digital communications with a comprehensive overview of this exciting research field. To this end, the last ten years of research efforts are recapitulated, with focus on spatial multiplexing and spatial diversity techniques. In particular, topics such as transmitter and receiver structures, channel coding, MIMO techniques for frequency-selective fading channels, diversity reception and space-time coding techniques, differential and non-coherent schemes, beamforming techniques and closed-loop MIMO techniques, cooperative diversity schemes, as well as practical aspects influencing the performance of multiple-antenna systems are addressed. Although the list of references is certainly not intended to be exhaustive, the publications cited will serve as a good starting point for further reading.
---
paper_title: Spatial modulation: optimal detection and performance analysis

paper_content:

In this letter, we derive the optimal detector for the so-called spatial modulation (SM) system introduced by Mesleh et al. in (Mesleh, 2006). The new detector performs significantly better than the original (~ 4 dB gain), and we support our results by deriving a closed form expression for the average bit error probability. As well, we show that SM with the optimal detector achieves performance gains (~ 1.5 - 3 dB) over popular multiple antenna systems, making it an excellent candidate for future wireless communication standards.
---
paper_title: Multiple-antenna techniques for wireless communications - a comprehensive literature survey

paper_content:

The use of multiple antennas for wireless communication systems has gained overwhelming interest during the last decade - both in academia and industry. Multiple antennas can be utilized in order to accomplish a multiplexing gain, a diversity gain, or an antenna gain, thus enhancing the bit rate, the error performance, or the signal-to-noise-plus-interference ratio of wireless systems, respectively. With an enormous amount of yearly publications, the field of multiple-antenna systems, often called multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, has evolved rapidly. To date, there are numerous papers on the performance limits of MIMO systems, and an abundance of transmitter and receiver concepts has been proposed. The objective of this literature survey is to provide non-specialists working in the general area of digital communications with a comprehensive overview of this exciting research field. To this end, the last ten years of research efforts are recapitulated, with focus on spatial multiplexing and spatial diversity techniques. In particular, topics such as transmitter and receiver structures, channel coding, MIMO techniques for frequency-selective fading channels, diversity reception and space-time coding techniques, differential and non-coherent schemes, beamforming techniques and closed-loop MIMO techniques, cooperative diversity schemes, as well as practical aspects influencing the performance of multiple-antenna systems are addressed. Although the list of references is certainly not intended to be exhaustive, the publications cited will serve as a good starting point for further reading.
---
paper_title: Information-guided channel-hopping for high data rate wireless communication

paper_content:

In this letter, we introduce information-guided channel-hopping, a new scheme for high data rate communication over Rayleigh fading channel using multiple transmit antennas. This scheme is proposed based on the fact that the independence character of multi-channel can be used as an additional information transmitting channel, and the maximum likelihood decoding can be achieved in a simple way by decoupling of the signals conveyed by different methods. The analysis results prove that the capacity behavior of this scheme is better than that of the space-time block coding for more than two transmit antennas.
---
paper_title: A channel hopping technique I: theoretical studies on band efficiency and capacity

paper_content:

The paper is motivated by the wish to increase the band efficiency of a mobile system using only one antenna at the receiver. The method proposed is based on the fact that the different channels can be effectively characterized by a CDMA receiver. Therefore, when we are hopping the signal transmission over different channels, this hopping information, i.e. the way of hopping, can be identified by the receiver. In the proposed system, the independent channels are used for signal mapping in such a way that transmission of an information symbol over a specified channel represents a specified channel bit value. The total bits of a symbol are the summation of the bits of the symbol itself and the channel bits. The theoretical analysis shows that the capacity gain of the channel hopping technique is the same as that of transmit diversity over the "flat" channel. However, for a DS-CDMA system under the assumption that the multiuser interference obeys a Gaussian distribution, the proposed system has larger system capacity.
---
paper_title: Multiple-antenna techniques for wireless communications - a comprehensive literature survey

paper_content:

The use of multiple antennas for wireless communication systems has gained overwhelming interest during the last decade - both in academia and industry. Multiple antennas can be utilized in order to accomplish a multiplexing gain, a diversity gain, or an antenna gain, thus enhancing the bit rate, the error performance, or the signal-to-noise-plus-interference ratio of wireless systems, respectively. With an enormous amount of yearly publications, the field of multiple-antenna systems, often called multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, has evolved rapidly. To date, there are numerous papers on the performance limits of MIMO systems, and an abundance of transmitter and receiver concepts has been proposed. The objective of this literature survey is to provide non-specialists working in the general area of digital communications with a comprehensive overview of this exciting research field. To this end, the last ten years of research efforts are recapitulated, with focus on spatial multiplexing and spatial diversity techniques. In particular, topics such as transmitter and receiver structures, channel coding, MIMO techniques for frequency-selective fading channels, diversity reception and space-time coding techniques, differential and non-coherent schemes, beamforming techniques and closed-loop MIMO techniques, cooperative diversity schemes, as well as practical aspects influencing the performance of multiple-antenna systems are addressed. Although the list of references is certainly not intended to be exhaustive, the publications cited will serve as a good starting point for further reading.
---
paper_title: Increasing spectral efficiency by data multiplexing using antenna arrays

paper_content:

A novel data multiplexing scheme is presented. This technique uses an antenna array with K transmit antennas. In. total K information bits are multiplexed in an orthogonal fashion. The special property of the multiplexing technique is that, for each symbol duration, only one out of K antennas is transmitting using BPSK modulation. Furthermore, the symbol duration is equivalent to the bit-duration due to the parallelism introduced by the K antennas. The receiver is able to detect the transmitting antenna and by using this information the demultiplexing is carried out. It is demonstrated that the proposed method achieves about the same spectral efficiency as 8PSK, but with a relaxed bit-energy-to-noise ratio of about 2.5 dB. Furthermore, the linear channel capacity gain (error-free transmitted bits) over the single antenna BPSK transmission scheme is found to be in the range of 2.5-3.
---
paper_title: Information-guided channel-hopping for high data rate wireless communication

paper_content:

In this letter, we introduce information-guided channel-hopping, a new scheme for high data rate communication over Rayleigh fading channel using multiple transmit antennas. This scheme is proposed based on the fact that the independence character of multi-channel can be used as an additional information transmitting channel, and the maximum likelihood decoding can be achieved in a simple way by decoupling of the signals conveyed by different methods. The analysis results prove that the capacity behavior of this scheme is better than that of the space-time block coding for more than two transmit antennas.
---
paper_title: A channel hopping technique I: theoretical studies on band efficiency and capacity

paper_content:

The paper is motivated by the wish to increase the band efficiency of a mobile system using only one antenna at the receiver. The method proposed is based on the fact that the different channels can be effectively characterized by a CDMA receiver. Therefore, when we are hopping the signal transmission over different channels, this hopping information, i.e. the way of hopping, can be identified by the receiver. In the proposed system, the independent channels are used for signal mapping in such a way that transmission of an information symbol over a specified channel represents a specified channel bit value. The total bits of a symbol are the summation of the bits of the symbol itself and the channel bits. The theoretical analysis shows that the capacity gain of the channel hopping technique is the same as that of transmit diversity over the "flat" channel. However, for a DS-CDMA system under the assumption that the multiuser interference obeys a Gaussian distribution, the proposed system has larger system capacity.
---
paper_title: Spatial Modulation - A New Low Complexity Spectral Efficiency Enhancing Technique

paper_content:

The multiplexing gain of multiple antenna transmission strongly depends on transmit and receive antenna spacing, transmit antenna synchronization, and the algorithm used to eliminate interchannel interference (ICI) at the receiver. In this paper, a new transmission approach, called spatial modulation, that entirely avoids ICI and requires no synchronization between the transmitting antennas while maintaining high spectral efficiency is presented. A block of information bits is mapped into a constellation point in the signal and the spatial domain, i.e. into the location of a particular antenna. The receiver estimates the transmitted signal and the transmit antenna number and uses the two information to de-map the block of information bits. For this purpose, a novel transmit antenna number detection algorithm called iterative-maximum ratio combining (i-MRC) is presented. Spatial modulation is used to transmit different number of information bits and i-MRC is used to estimate both the transmitted signal and the transmit antenna number. The results are compared to ideal V-BLAST (vertical-Bell Lab layered space-time) and to MRC. Spatial modulation outperforms MRC. The (bit-error-ratio) BER performance and the achieved spectral efficiency is comparable to V-BLAST. However, spatial modulation results in a vast reduction in receiver complexity.
---
paper_title: Space modulation on wireless fading channels

paper_content:

To increase the data rate for future wireless systems, a novel scheme using multiple transmit antennas for space digital modulation is proposed. In the scheme of space modulation, more than two antennas are employed to transmit and signal the information bits. The novel space modulation scheme is termed space shift keying (SSK). Numerical results are presented to examine the reception performance.
---
paper_title: Multiple-antenna techniques for wireless communications - a comprehensive literature survey

paper_content:

The use of multiple antennas for wireless communication systems has gained overwhelming interest during the last decade - both in academia and industry. Multiple antennas can be utilized in order to accomplish a multiplexing gain, a diversity gain, or an antenna gain, thus enhancing the bit rate, the error performance, or the signal-to-noise-plus-interference ratio of wireless systems, respectively. With an enormous amount of yearly publications, the field of multiple-antenna systems, often called multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, has evolved rapidly. To date, there are numerous papers on the performance limits of MIMO systems, and an abundance of transmitter and receiver concepts has been proposed. The objective of this literature survey is to provide non-specialists working in the general area of digital communications with a comprehensive overview of this exciting research field. To this end, the last ten years of research efforts are recapitulated, with focus on spatial multiplexing and spatial diversity techniques. In particular, topics such as transmitter and receiver structures, channel coding, MIMO techniques for frequency-selective fading channels, diversity reception and space-time coding techniques, differential and non-coherent schemes, beamforming techniques and closed-loop MIMO techniques, cooperative diversity schemes, as well as practical aspects influencing the performance of multiple-antenna systems are addressed. Although the list of references is certainly not intended to be exhaustive, the publications cited will serve as a good starting point for further reading.
---
paper_title: Performance of Spatial Modulation in Correlated and Uncorrelated Nakagami Fading Channel

paper_content:

Spatial Modulation (SM) has been proposed to avoid interchannel interference and the need of exact time synchronization amongst antennas of the Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) transmission system. In this paper, we study the performance of SM in a Nakagami fading environment. Exact integral expressions for calculating the symbol error rate of multilevel Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (M-QAM) of SM in correlated and uncorrelated Nakagami fading channels are derived. The analytical and simulation results match closely over a wide range of SNR values.
---
paper_title: Soft-output ML detector for spatial modulation OFDM systems

paper_content:

The spatial modulation (SM) divides input data into antenna indexes and data symbols, and transmits data symbols via the specific antenna chosen by the antenna index. Soft decision technology for the SM system has not been developed, and there is room for improving the receive performance. In this paper, soft-output maximum likelihood (ML) detector for antenna index and data bit is derived to recover the desired signals by soft decision. Simulation results show that the conventional SM system with hard decision has a limitation in its performance as compared to SIMO (single-input multiple-output) system. On the other hand, the proposed SM with soft decision outperforms the SM with ML detector based on hard decision.
---
paper_title: Improving the performance of space shift keying (SSK) modulation via opportunistic power allocation

paper_content:

In this Letter, we show that the performance of Space Shift Keying (SSK) modulation can be improved via opportunistic power allocation methods. For analytical tractability, we focus on a 2 × 1 Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) system setup over correlated Rayleigh fading channels. A closed-form solution of the optimal power allocation problem is derived, and it is shown that the transmit-power of each transmit-antenna should be chosen as a function of the power imbalance ratio and correlation coefficient of the transmit-receive wireless links. Numerical results are shown to substantiate the analytical derivation and the claimed performance improvement.
---
paper_title: Information-guided channel-hopping for high data rate wireless communication

paper_content:

In this letter, we introduce information-guided channel-hopping, a new scheme for high data rate communication over Rayleigh fading channel using multiple transmit antennas. This scheme is proposed based on the fact that the independence character of multi-channel can be used as an additional information transmitting channel, and the maximum likelihood decoding can be achieved in a simple way by decoupling of the signals conveyed by different methods. The analysis results prove that the capacity behavior of this scheme is better than that of the space-time block coding for more than two transmit antennas.
---
paper_title: Trellis Coded Spatial Modulation

paper_content:

Trellis coded modulation (TCM) is a well known scheme that reduces power requirements without any bandwidth expansion. In TCM, only certain sequences of successive constellation points are allowed (mapping by set partitioning). The novel idea in this paper is to apply the TCM concept to the antenna constellation points of spatial modulation (SM). The aim is to enhance SM performance in correlated channel conditions. SM considers the multiple transmit antennas as additional constellation points and maps a first part of a block of information bits to the transmit antenna indices. Therefore, spatial multiplexing gains are retained and spectral efficiency is boosted. The second part of the block of information bits is mapped to a complex symbol using conventional digital modulation schemes. At any particular time instant, only one antenna is active. The receiver estimates the transmitted symbol and the active antenna index and uses the two estimates to retrieve the original block of data bits. In this paper, TCM partitions the entire set of transmit antennas into sub-sets such that the spacing between antennas within a particular sub-set is maximized. The scheme is called trellis coded spatial modulation (TCSM). Tight analytical performance bounds over correlated fading channels are proposed in this paper. In addition, the performance and complexity of TCSM is compared to the performance of SM, coded V-BLAST (vertical Bell Labs layered space-time) applying near optimum sphere decoder algorithm, and Alamouti scheme combined with TCM. Also, the performance of all schemes with turbo coded modulation is presented. It is shown that under the same spectral efficiency, TCSM exhibits significant performance enhancements in the presence of realistic channel conditions such as Rician fading and spatial correlation (SC). In addition, the complexity of the proposed scheme is shown to be 80% less than the V-BLAST complexity.
---
paper_title: Space modulation on wireless fading channels

paper_content:

To increase the data rate for future wireless systems, a novel scheme using multiple transmit antennas for space digital modulation is proposed. In the scheme of space modulation, more than two antennas are employed to transmit and signal the information bits. The novel space modulation scheme is termed space shift keying (SSK). Numerical results are presented to examine the reception performance.
---
paper_title: Spatial modulation: optimal detection and performance analysis

paper_content:

In this letter, we derive the optimal detector for the so-called spatial modulation (SM) system introduced by Mesleh et al. in (Mesleh, 2006). The new detector performs significantly better than the original (~ 4 dB gain), and we support our results by deriving a closed form expression for the average bit error probability. As well, we show that SM with the optimal detector achieves performance gains (~ 1.5 - 3 dB) over popular multiple antenna systems, making it an excellent candidate for future wireless communication standards.
---
paper_title: Space shift keying modulation for MIMO channels

paper_content:

In this paper, we present space shift keying (SSK) as a new modulation scheme, which is based on spatial modulation (SM) concepts. Fading is exploited for multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO) channels to provide better performance over conventional amplitude/phase modulation (APM) techniques. In SSK, it is the antenna index used during transmission that relays information, rather than the transmitted symbols themselves. This absence of symbol information eliminates the transceiver elements necessary for APM transmission and detection (such as coherent detectors). As well, the simplicity involved in modulation reduces the detection complexity compared to that of SM, while achieving almost identical performance gains. Throughout the paper, we illustrate SSK's strength by studying its interaction with the fading channel. We obtain tight upper bounds on bit error probability, and discuss SSK's performance under some non-ideal channel conditions (estimation error and spatial correlation). Analytical and simulation results show performance gains over APM systems (3 dB at a bit error rate of 10-5), making SSK an interesting candidate for future wireless applications. We then extend SSK concepts to incorporate channel coding, where in particular, we consider a bit interleaved coded modulation (BICM) system using iterative decoding for both convolutional and turbo codes. Capacity results are derived, and improvements over APM are illustrated (up to 1 bits/s/Hz), with performance gains of up to 5 dB.
---
paper_title: Generalized space shift keying modulation for MIMO channels

paper_content:

A fundamental component of spatial modulation (SM), termed generalized space shift keying (GSSK), is presented. GSSK modulation inherently exploits fading in wireless communication to provide better performance over conventional amplitude/phase modulation (APM) techniques. In GSSK, only the antenna indices, and not the symbols themselves (as in the case of SM and APM), relay information. We exploit GSSKpsilas degrees of freedom to achieve better performance, which is done by formulating its constellation in an optimal manner. To support our results, we also derive upper bounds on GSSKpsilas bit error probability, where the source of GSSKpsilas strength is made clear. Analytical and simulation results show performance gains (1.5-3 dB) over popular multiple antenna APM systems (including Bell Laboratories layered space time (BLAST) and maximum ratio combining (MRC) schemes), making GSSK an excellent candidate for future wireless applications.
---
paper_title: Multiple-antenna techniques for wireless communications - a comprehensive literature survey

paper_content:

The use of multiple antennas for wireless communication systems has gained overwhelming interest during the last decade - both in academia and industry. Multiple antennas can be utilized in order to accomplish a multiplexing gain, a diversity gain, or an antenna gain, thus enhancing the bit rate, the error performance, or the signal-to-noise-plus-interference ratio of wireless systems, respectively. With an enormous amount of yearly publications, the field of multiple-antenna systems, often called multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, has evolved rapidly. To date, there are numerous papers on the performance limits of MIMO systems, and an abundance of transmitter and receiver concepts has been proposed. The objective of this literature survey is to provide non-specialists working in the general area of digital communications with a comprehensive overview of this exciting research field. To this end, the last ten years of research efforts are recapitulated, with focus on spatial multiplexing and spatial diversity techniques. In particular, topics such as transmitter and receiver structures, channel coding, MIMO techniques for frequency-selective fading channels, diversity reception and space-time coding techniques, differential and non-coherent schemes, beamforming techniques and closed-loop MIMO techniques, cooperative diversity schemes, as well as practical aspects influencing the performance of multiple-antenna systems are addressed. Although the list of references is certainly not intended to be exhaustive, the publications cited will serve as a good starting point for further reading.
---
paper_title: Improving the performance of space shift keying (SSK) modulation via opportunistic power allocation

paper_content:

In this Letter, we show that the performance of Space Shift Keying (SSK) modulation can be improved via opportunistic power allocation methods. For analytical tractability, we focus on a 2 × 1 Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) system setup over correlated Rayleigh fading channels. A closed-form solution of the optimal power allocation problem is derived, and it is shown that the transmit-power of each transmit-antenna should be chosen as a function of the power imbalance ratio and correlation coefficient of the transmit-receive wireless links. Numerical results are shown to substantiate the analytical derivation and the claimed performance improvement.
---
paper_title: Spatial modulation: optimal detection and performance analysis

paper_content:

In this letter, we derive the optimal detector for the so-called spatial modulation (SM) system introduced by Mesleh et al. in (Mesleh, 2006). The new detector performs significantly better than the original (~ 4 dB gain), and we support our results by deriving a closed form expression for the average bit error probability. As well, we show that SM with the optimal detector achieves performance gains (~ 1.5 - 3 dB) over popular multiple antenna systems, making it an excellent candidate for future wireless communication standards.
---
paper_title: Improving the performance of space shift keying (SSK) modulation via opportunistic power allocation

paper_content:

In this Letter, we show that the performance of Space Shift Keying (SSK) modulation can be improved via opportunistic power allocation methods. For analytical tractability, we focus on a 2 × 1 Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) system setup over correlated Rayleigh fading channels. A closed-form solution of the optimal power allocation problem is derived, and it is shown that the transmit-power of each transmit-antenna should be chosen as a function of the power imbalance ratio and correlation coefficient of the transmit-receive wireless links. Numerical results are shown to substantiate the analytical derivation and the claimed performance improvement.
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paper_title: Improving the performance of space shift keying (SSK) modulation via opportunistic power allocation

paper_content:

In this Letter, we show that the performance of Space Shift Keying (SSK) modulation can be improved via opportunistic power allocation methods. For analytical tractability, we focus on a 2 × 1 Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) system setup over correlated Rayleigh fading channels. A closed-form solution of the optimal power allocation problem is derived, and it is shown that the transmit-power of each transmit-antenna should be chosen as a function of the power imbalance ratio and correlation coefficient of the transmit-receive wireless links. Numerical results are shown to substantiate the analytical derivation and the claimed performance improvement.
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paper_title: Information-guided channel-hopping for high data rate wireless communication

paper_content:

In this letter, we introduce information-guided channel-hopping, a new scheme for high data rate communication over Rayleigh fading channel using multiple transmit antennas. This scheme is proposed based on the fact that the independence character of multi-channel can be used as an additional information transmitting channel, and the maximum likelihood decoding can be achieved in a simple way by decoupling of the signals conveyed by different methods. The analysis results prove that the capacity behavior of this scheme is better than that of the space-time block coding for more than two transmit antennas.
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paper_title: Multiple-antenna techniques for wireless communications - a comprehensive literature survey

paper_content:

The use of multiple antennas for wireless communication systems has gained overwhelming interest during the last decade - both in academia and industry. Multiple antennas can be utilized in order to accomplish a multiplexing gain, a diversity gain, or an antenna gain, thus enhancing the bit rate, the error performance, or the signal-to-noise-plus-interference ratio of wireless systems, respectively. With an enormous amount of yearly publications, the field of multiple-antenna systems, often called multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, has evolved rapidly. To date, there are numerous papers on the performance limits of MIMO systems, and an abundance of transmitter and receiver concepts has been proposed. The objective of this literature survey is to provide non-specialists working in the general area of digital communications with a comprehensive overview of this exciting research field. To this end, the last ten years of research efforts are recapitulated, with focus on spatial multiplexing and spatial diversity techniques. In particular, topics such as transmitter and receiver structures, channel coding, MIMO techniques for frequency-selective fading channels, diversity reception and space-time coding techniques, differential and non-coherent schemes, beamforming techniques and closed-loop MIMO techniques, cooperative diversity schemes, as well as practical aspects influencing the performance of multiple-antenna systems are addressed. Although the list of references is certainly not intended to be exhaustive, the publications cited will serve as a good starting point for further reading.
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paper_title: Fractional bit encoded spatial modulation (FBE-SM)

paper_content:

In this Letter, we introduce fractional bit encoded (FBE)-spatial modulation (SM), which is a novel and more versatile SM scheme that allows the transmitter to be equipped with an arbitrary number of antennas. The solution is based on the theory of modulus conversion, and is especially useful for compact mobile devices where cost and space constraints pose fundamental limits on the achievable bit rate. Numerical results will show that FBE-SM can offer design flexibility and the desired trade-off in terms of attainable performance and capacity.
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paper_title: Improving the performance of space shift keying (SSK) modulation via opportunistic power allocation

paper_content:

In this Letter, we show that the performance of Space Shift Keying (SSK) modulation can be improved via opportunistic power allocation methods. For analytical tractability, we focus on a 2 × 1 Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) system setup over correlated Rayleigh fading channels. A closed-form solution of the optimal power allocation problem is derived, and it is shown that the transmit-power of each transmit-antenna should be chosen as a function of the power imbalance ratio and correlation coefficient of the transmit-receive wireless links. Numerical results are shown to substantiate the analytical derivation and the claimed performance improvement.
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paper_title: Space shift keying modulation for MIMO channels

paper_content:

In this paper, we present space shift keying (SSK) as a new modulation scheme, which is based on spatial modulation (SM) concepts. Fading is exploited for multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO) channels to provide better performance over conventional amplitude/phase modulation (APM) techniques. In SSK, it is the antenna index used during transmission that relays information, rather than the transmitted symbols themselves. This absence of symbol information eliminates the transceiver elements necessary for APM transmission and detection (such as coherent detectors). As well, the simplicity involved in modulation reduces the detection complexity compared to that of SM, while achieving almost identical performance gains. Throughout the paper, we illustrate SSK's strength by studying its interaction with the fading channel. We obtain tight upper bounds on bit error probability, and discuss SSK's performance under some non-ideal channel conditions (estimation error and spatial correlation). Analytical and simulation results show performance gains over APM systems (3 dB at a bit error rate of 10-5), making SSK an interesting candidate for future wireless applications. We then extend SSK concepts to incorporate channel coding, where in particular, we consider a bit interleaved coded modulation (BICM) system using iterative decoding for both convolutional and turbo codes. Capacity results are derived, and improvements over APM are illustrated (up to 1 bits/s/Hz), with performance gains of up to 5 dB.
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paper_title: Information-Guided Relay Selection for High Throughput in Half-Duplex Relay Channels

paper_content:

In this paper, we consider the relay selection problem for the cooperative transmission in wireless networks with multiple half-duplex relay nodes. In the existing scheme, by using multiple relay nodes, spatial diversity is exploited to improve the transmission reliability. However, only one relay node is active in each relay-help transmission. We propose a novel relay selection scheme to improve relay throughput by selecting more than one relay nodes in the relay-help transmission and using the selection of active relay nodes to map a portion of information to be relayed. In the proposed scheme, extra relayed information can be forwarded besides the basic relayed information transmitted traditionally, and moreover, iterative decoding can be used to achieve robust detection. Especially, we show the efficiency of the proposed scheme by analyzing its capacity performance and comparing with that of the existing scheme.
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Title: Spatial Modulation for Multiple-Antenna Wireless Systems: A Survey

Section 1: INTRODUCTION
Description 1: Introduction to the topic, motivation behind the research, and an overview of the Spatial Modulation concept.

Section 2: HOW IT WORKS
Description 2: Detailed explanation of the working principle of Spatial Modulation.

Section 3: THE TRANSMITTER
Description 3: The design and operational details of the transmitter in a Spatial Modulation system.

Section 4: THE WIRELESS CHANNEL AS A MODULATION UNIT
Description 4: How the wireless channel acts as a modulation unit in Spatial Modulation.

Section 5: THE RECEIVER
Description 5: The design and operational details of the receiver and its detection process in a Spatial Modulation system.

Section 6: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Description 6: Summary of the main advantages and disadvantages of Spatial Modulation compared to other MIMO schemes.

Section 7: STATE-OF-THE-ART
Description 7: An up-to-date overview of the most important and recent results available in the literature for Spatial Modulation.

Section 8: THE CHALLENGES AHEAD
Description 8: Summary of fundamental issues that need to be addressed to better understand and exploit Spatial Modulation in realistic propagation environments.

Section 9: KEY ROLE PLAYED BY THE WIRELESS CHANNEL
Description 9: Discussion on how the statistical properties of the wireless channel are instrumental to the performance of Spatial Modulation.

Section 10: OPPORTUNISTIC POWER ALLOCATION METHODS
Description 10: Discussion on power allocation strategies to enhance the performance of Spatial Modulation under varying channel conditions.

Section 11: RECEIVER COMPLEXITY VS. ACHIEVABLE PERFORMANCE
Description 11: Trade-offs between receiver complexity and performance, including issues related to channel state information (CSI).

Section 12: CHANNEL-AWARE CODING METHODS
Description 12: Need for coding methods that are aware of the random and channel-dependent nature of effective constellation space in Spatial Modulation.

Section 13: DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL COMMUNICATION-AND INFORMATION-THEORETIC TOOLS FOR PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION
Description 13: New theoretical frameworks necessary for analyzing and optimizing Spatial Modulation performance over realistic channels.

Section 14: DESIGN OF SM-BASED SCHEMES WITH TRANSMIT-DIVERSITY GAINS
Description 14: Exploration of methods to incorporate transmit-diversity gains in Spatial Modulation schemes.

Section 15: DESIGN OF SM-BASED SCHEMES FOR AN ARBITRARY NUMBER OF TRANSMIT-ANTENNAS
Description 15: Development of flexible Spatial Modulation schemes that can work with an arbitrary number of transmit-antennas.

Section 16: ULTRA WIDE BAND (UWB-) ASSISTED DESIGN OF SM
Description 16: Potential integration of Ultra Wide Band technology with Spatial Modulation for improved performance.

Section 17: APPLICATION OF SM TO MULTI-HOP AND COOPERATIVE NETWORKS: CAN SM GO DISTRIBUTED?
Description 17: Discussion on applying Spatial Modulation principles to distributed MIMO and cooperative networks.

Section 18: EXPERIMENTAL ASSESSMENT: FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE
Description 18: Importance of moving from theoretical studies to practical experimental assessments for validating Spatial Modulation.

Section 19: CONCLUSION
Description 19: Summary of the survey, emphasizing the promising aspects and the open research issues of Spatial Modulation.