A Survey on Wireless Sensor Networks Security
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paper_title: LLK: a link-layer key establishment scheme for wireless sensor networks

paper_content:

The establishment of link-layer keys between neighboring nodes is a fundamental issue in securing sensor network communications. Most existing solutions are key pre-distribution schemes which rely on sensor nodes to broadcast hundreds of or even thousands of preloaded key IDs to find pairwise keys between neighboring nodes. The shortcomings include poor resilience against node compromise, low network connectivity, large communication overhead, etc. The paper presents a novel location-based link-layer key establishment scheme, in which a hexagonal-grid-based deployment model and a polynomial-based key establishment model are combined for the first time to establish a link-layer key between two neighboring nodes. Compared with conventional proposals, our scheme features much lower communication overhead and memory requirements while still maintaining high network connectivity and network resilience against node compromise.
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paper_title: Scoping in wireless sensor networks

paper_content:

One of the trends of wireless sensor networks (WSN) is to allow multiple applications to run on top of the same sensor network. This will have an enormous impact on the way WSN applications are developed, deployed and maintained. Many applications for WSN are still developed on very low level functions provided by simple operating systems or bare hardware. Alternatively, generic WSN middleware focuses on very high-level system abstractions, such as declarative query languages, and acts as black box that tries to automatically map applications to the underlying resources. In this paper, we propose scopes as a generic abstraction for the definition of groups of nodes. They bridge the gap between highand low-level interfaces and enable the partitioning of WSN functionality. As middleware building block they facilitate the construction of tailored services in multipurpose WSNs.
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paper_title: Security in Wireless Sensor Networks: Issues and Challenges

paper_content:

Wireless sensor network (WSN) is an emerging technology that shows great promise for various futuristic applications both for mass public and military. The sensing technology combined with processing power and wireless communication makes it lucrative for being exploited in abundance in future. The inclusion of wireless communication technology also incurs various types of security threats. The intent of this paper is to investigate the security related issues and challenges in wireless sensor networks. We identify the security threats, review proposed security mechanisms for wireless sensor networks. We also discuss the holistic view of security for ensuring layered and robust security in wireless sensor networks.
---
paper_title: An efficient key management scheme in hierarchical sensor networks

paper_content:

Recent advances in micro-electro-mechanical systems technology, wireless communications and digital electronics have enabled the development of sensor networks, in which a large number of sensor nodes collaborate to monitor certain environment. Many applications are dependent on the security of sensor networks, and have serious consequences if the network is compromised or disrupted. In sensor networks, plaintext is encrypted by keys before it is sent to the destination. Therefore key management is essential to any secure communication. Depending on the application, sensor networks can be very different so as the key management protocols. In this paper, we study the key management scheme for sensor networks with hierarchical structures such as the situation in the military or some government organizations. Analysis is conducted to show the effectiveness of the scheme by taking advantage of the topology. So far to our knowledge, no other paper has discussed the key management scheme in a hierarchical sensor network
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paper_title: Implementation and Analysis of New Lightweight Cryptographic Algorithm Suitable for Wireless Sensor Networks

paper_content:

Sensor devices have critical resource constraints such as processing speed, memory size and energy supply. Especially, energy consumption affects the network lifetime so that energy efficiency is an important requirement for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It means that it is a considerable matter to choose the energy- and memory-efficient cryptographic algorithm suitable for wireless sensor networks. Tiny Sec, de facto security architecture for wireless sensor networks, supports traditional cryptographic algorithms such as RC5 and Skipjack while the traditional cryptographic algorithms might be unsuitable for 8-bit computing devices of which wireless sensor networks consist. Accordingly, it is necessary to evaluate the traditional cryptographic algorithms and 8-bit oriented cryptographic algorithm in performance but there is no work in this area. In this paper, we consider another candidate HIGHT, designed to be proper to ubiquitous 8-bit computing devices (e.g. sensor node or RFID tag), for wireless sensor networks. After implementing new lightweight HIGHT on Mica! and analyzing the performance between HIGHT and the traditional cryptographic algorithms, we can conclude that HIGHT, outstanding in security and efficiency, is recommended for TinySec as like traditional cryptographic algorithms on TinySec. Hence, we recommend new lightweight candidate HIGHT to be added to security module in TinySec.
---
paper_title: Senceive: A Middleware for a Wireless Sensor Network

paper_content:

A significant amount of research effort is being carried out by the research community to increase the scope and usefulness of wireless sensor networks; to optimise life time by developing energy efficient power management, self-organising, medium access and routing protocols; and to reduce the cost of sensing nodes so that dense and robust deployment is possible. Though much has already been achieved, currently the cost of commercially available wireless sensor nodes is considerable and the wide applicability of proposed or existing protocols is still under investigation. One essential problem associated with cost or wide applicability of protocols is that sensor networks are application-specific. Protocols and in-network algorithms are optimised for particular sensing tasks. On the other hand, in research environments researchers would like to experiment not with a single application but with many applications. Considering the not-so-cheap sensing nodes available on the market and the management overhead of deploying wireless sensor networks, it is not economical or efficient to dedicate wireless sensor networks just to a single application, not at present at any rate. We therefore propose a middleware that enables researchers to experiment with multiple applications while providing them with essential in-network functionalities to satisfy individual application's requirements. The middleware cleanly separates sensing from network management so that application developers can obtain data from the wireless sensor networks without having to deal with management concerns.
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paper_title: Intrusion detection techniques in mobile ad hoc and wireless sensor networks

paper_content:

Mobile ad hoc networks and wireless sensor networks have promised a wide variety of applications. However, they are often deployed in potentially adverse or even hostile environments. Therefore, they cannot be readily deployed without first addressing security challenges. Intrusion detection systems provide a necessary layer of in-depth protection for wired networks. However, relatively little research has been performed about intrusion detection in the areas of mobile ad hoc networks and wireless sensor networks. In this article, first we briefly introduce mobile ad hoc networks and wireless sensor networks and their security concerns. Then, we focus on their intrusion detection capabilities. Specifically, we present the challenge of constructing intrusion detection systems for mobile ad hoc networks and wireless sensor networks, survey the existing intrusion detection techniques, and indicate important future research directions.
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paper_title: A dynamic user authentication scheme for wireless sensor networks

paper_content:

In this paper, we consider user authentication (UA) for wireless sensor networks. UA is a fundamental issue in designing dependable and secure systems. Imagine that a wireless sensor network is deployed in an intelligent building, a hospital, or even a university campus, to allow legitimate users to send queries and retrieve the respective result at any of the sensor nodes. Importantly, the system needs to provide a means of user authentication to verify if the user is valid. We propose a dynamic strong-password based solution to this access control problem and adapt it into a wireless sensor network environment. The proposed strong-password authentication approach imposes very light computational load and requires simple operations, such as one-way hash function and exclusive-OR operations. We present the design of the proposed scheme and discuss how to make use of the security features on MAC sublayer (medium access control) based on the IEEE 802.15.4 specification. Analysis on security and communication costs is presented to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
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paper_title: Public key cryptography in sensor networks - revisited

paper_content:

The common perception of public key cryptography is that it is complex, slow and power hungry, and as such not at all suitable for use in ultra-low power environments like wireless sensor networks. It is therefore common practice to emulate the asymmetry of traditional public key based cryptographic services through a set of protocols [1] using symmetric key based message authentication codes (MACs). Although the low computational complexity of MACs is advantageous, the protocol layer requires time synchronization between devices on the network and a significant amount of overhead for communication and temporary storage. The requirement for a general purpose CPU to implement these protocols as well as their complexity makes them prone to vulnerabilities and practically eliminates all the advantages of using symmetric key techniques in the first place. In this paper we challenge the basic assumptions about public key cryptography in sensor networks which are based on a traditional software based approach. We propose a custom hardware assisted approach for which we claim that it makes public key cryptography feasible in such environments, provided we use the right selection of algorithms and associated parameters, careful optimization, and low-power design techniques. In order to validate our claim we present proof of concept implementations of two different algorithms—Rabin’s Scheme and NtruEncrypt—and analyze their architecture and performance according to various established metrics like power consumption, area, delay, throughput, level of security and energy per bit. Our implementation of NtruEncrypt in ASIC standard cell logic uses no more than 3,000 gates with an average power consumption of less than 20 μW. We envision that our public key core would be embedded into a light-weight sensor node architecture.
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paper_title: TinySec: a link layer security architecture for wireless sensor networks

paper_content:

We introduce TinySec, the first fully-implemented link layer security architecture for wireless sensor networks. In our design, we leverage recent lessons learned from design vulnerabilities in security protocols for other wireless networks such as 802.11b and GSM. Conventional security protocols tend to be conservative in their security guarantees, typically adding 16--32 bytes of overhead. With small memories, weak processors, limited energy, and 30 byte packets, sensor networks cannot afford this luxury. TinySec addresses these extreme resource constraints with careful design; we explore the tradeoffs among different cryptographic primitives and use the inherent sensor network limitations to our advantage when choosing parameters to find a sweet spot for security, packet overhead, and resource requirements. TinySec is portable to a variety of hardware and radio platforms. Our experimental results on a 36 node distributed sensor network application clearly demonstrate that software based link layer protocols are feasible and efficient, adding less than 10% energy, latency, and bandwidth overhead.
---
paper_title: Security in Wireless Sensor Networks: Issues and Challenges

paper_content:

Wireless sensor network (WSN) is an emerging technology that shows great promise for various futuristic applications both for mass public and military. The sensing technology combined with processing power and wireless communication makes it lucrative for being exploited in abundance in future. The inclusion of wireless communication technology also incurs various types of security threats. The intent of this paper is to investigate the security related issues and challenges in wireless sensor networks. We identify the security threats, review proposed security mechanisms for wireless sensor networks. We also discuss the holistic view of security for ensuring layered and robust security in wireless sensor networks.
---
paper_title: A Centralized Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

paper_content:

Wireless sensor networks made up of less battery powered devices with restricted energy resources. Once this is fitted, the small sensor nodes are usually not permitted to the user side, and therefore exchange of the energy source is not feasible. Hence, energy efficiency is a key design issue that needs to be enhanced in order to improve the life span of the network. Various network layer protocols have been proposed to upgrade the effective lifetime of a network with a limited energy supply. In this article we propose a centralized routing protocol called Base-station controlled Dynamic Clustering Protocol (BCDCP), which distributes the energy dissipation evenly among all sensor nodes to improve network lifetime and average energy savings. The performance of BCDCP is then compared to clustering based schemes such as Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH), LEACH-centralized (LEACH-C), and Power Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information System (PEGASIS). Simulation results show that BCDCP reduces overall energy consumption and improves network lifetime over its comparatives.
---
paper_title: An efficient key management scheme in hierarchical sensor networks

paper_content:

Recent advances in micro-electro-mechanical systems technology, wireless communications and digital electronics have enabled the development of sensor networks, in which a large number of sensor nodes collaborate to monitor certain environment. Many applications are dependent on the security of sensor networks, and have serious consequences if the network is compromised or disrupted. In sensor networks, plaintext is encrypted by keys before it is sent to the destination. Therefore key management is essential to any secure communication. Depending on the application, sensor networks can be very different so as the key management protocols. In this paper, we study the key management scheme for sensor networks with hierarchical structures such as the situation in the military or some government organizations. Analysis is conducted to show the effectiveness of the scheme by taking advantage of the topology. So far to our knowledge, no other paper has discussed the key management scheme in a hierarchical sensor network
---
paper_title: Implementation and Analysis of New Lightweight Cryptographic Algorithm Suitable for Wireless Sensor Networks

paper_content:

Sensor devices have critical resource constraints such as processing speed, memory size and energy supply. Especially, energy consumption affects the network lifetime so that energy efficiency is an important requirement for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It means that it is a considerable matter to choose the energy- and memory-efficient cryptographic algorithm suitable for wireless sensor networks. Tiny Sec, de facto security architecture for wireless sensor networks, supports traditional cryptographic algorithms such as RC5 and Skipjack while the traditional cryptographic algorithms might be unsuitable for 8-bit computing devices of which wireless sensor networks consist. Accordingly, it is necessary to evaluate the traditional cryptographic algorithms and 8-bit oriented cryptographic algorithm in performance but there is no work in this area. In this paper, we consider another candidate HIGHT, designed to be proper to ubiquitous 8-bit computing devices (e.g. sensor node or RFID tag), for wireless sensor networks. After implementing new lightweight HIGHT on Mica! and analyzing the performance between HIGHT and the traditional cryptographic algorithms, we can conclude that HIGHT, outstanding in security and efficiency, is recommended for TinySec as like traditional cryptographic algorithms on TinySec. Hence, we recommend new lightweight candidate HIGHT to be added to security module in TinySec.
---
paper_title: Senceive: A Middleware for a Wireless Sensor Network

paper_content:

A significant amount of research effort is being carried out by the research community to increase the scope and usefulness of wireless sensor networks; to optimise life time by developing energy efficient power management, self-organising, medium access and routing protocols; and to reduce the cost of sensing nodes so that dense and robust deployment is possible. Though much has already been achieved, currently the cost of commercially available wireless sensor nodes is considerable and the wide applicability of proposed or existing protocols is still under investigation. One essential problem associated with cost or wide applicability of protocols is that sensor networks are application-specific. Protocols and in-network algorithms are optimised for particular sensing tasks. On the other hand, in research environments researchers would like to experiment not with a single application but with many applications. Considering the not-so-cheap sensing nodes available on the market and the management overhead of deploying wireless sensor networks, it is not economical or efficient to dedicate wireless sensor networks just to a single application, not at present at any rate. We therefore propose a middleware that enables researchers to experiment with multiple applications while providing them with essential in-network functionalities to satisfy individual application's requirements. The middleware cleanly separates sensing from network management so that application developers can obtain data from the wireless sensor networks without having to deal with management concerns.
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paper_title: Resilient aggregation in sensor networks

paper_content:

This paper studies security for data aggregation in sensor networks. Current aggregation schemes were designed without security in mind and there are easy attacks against them. We examine several approaches for making these aggregation schemes more resilient against certain attacks, and we propose a mathematical framework for formally evaluating their security.
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paper_title: SPINS: security protocols for sensor networks

paper_content:

Wireless sensor networks will be widely deployed in the near future. While much research has focused on making these networks feasible and useful, security has received little attention. We present a suite of security protocols optimized for sensor networks: SPINS. SPINS has two secure building blocks: SNEP and μTESLA. SNEP includes: data confidentiality, two-party data authentication, and evidence of data freshness. μTESLA provides authenticated broadcast for severely resource-constrained environments. We implemented the above protocols, and show that they are practical even on minimal hardware: the performance of the protocol suite easily matches the data rate of our network. Additionally, we demonstrate that the suite can be used for building higher level protocols.
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paper_title: LEAP: efficient security mechanisms for large-scale distributed sensor networks

paper_content:

In this paper, we describe LEAP (Localized Encryption and Authentication Protocol), a key management protocol for sensor networks that is designed to support in-network processing, while at the same time restricting the security impact of a node compromise to the immediate network neighborhood of the compromised node. The design of the protocol is motivated by the observation that different types of messages exchanged between sensor nodes have different security requirements, and that a single keying mechanism is not suitable for meeting these different security requirements. LEAP supports the establishment of four types of keys for each sensor node -- an individual key shared with the base station, a pairwise key shared with another sensor node, a cluster key shared with multiple neighboring nodes, and a group key that is shared by all the nodes in the network. The protocol used for establishing and updating these keys is communication- and energy-efficient, and minimizes the involvement of the base station. LEAP also includes an efficient protocol for inter-node traffic authentication based on the use of one-way key chains. A salient feature of the authentication protocol is that it supports source authentication without precluding in-network processing and passive participation. We analyze the performance and the security of our scheme under various attack models and show our schemes are very efficient in defending against many attacks.
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paper_title: Security in Wireless Sensor Networks: Issues and Challenges

paper_content:

Wireless sensor network (WSN) is an emerging technology that shows great promise for various futuristic applications both for mass public and military. The sensing technology combined with processing power and wireless communication makes it lucrative for being exploited in abundance in future. The inclusion of wireless communication technology also incurs various types of security threats. The intent of this paper is to investigate the security related issues and challenges in wireless sensor networks. We identify the security threats, review proposed security mechanisms for wireless sensor networks. We also discuss the holistic view of security for ensuring layered and robust security in wireless sensor networks.
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Title: A Survey on Wireless Sensor Networks Security

Section 1: INTRODUCTION
Description 1: Write about the basics of wireless sensor networks, their components, deployment, and the security challenges they face.

Section 2: COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS
Description 2: Discuss the layered architecture of wireless sensor networks and detail the security functions and objectives of each layer including Physical Layer, Data Link Layer, Network Layer, Transport Layer, and Application Layer.

Section 3: ATTACKS ON WSN AND THEIR MITIGATION
Description 3: Describe various types of attacks on wireless sensor networks such as Denial of Service, Attack of Information in Transit, Sybil Attack, Blackhole/Sinkhole Attack, 'Hello Flood' Attack, and Wormhole Attack, including their impacts and countermeasures.

Section 4: SIMULATION TOOLS
Description 4: Introduce different simulation tools used for wireless sensor networks like TOSSIM, OMNeT++, and GloMoSim, and explain their features and use cases.

Section 5: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
Description 5: Summarize the paper's content, reiterate key points about WSN security, and indicate future research directions and technological advancements that might impact security strategies in wireless sensor networks.