Special Issue on Innovation through Open Data - A Review of the State-of-the-Art and an Emerging Research Agenda: Guest Editors' Introduction
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paper_title: A Coordination Theory Perspective to Improve the Use of Open Data in Policy-Making

paper_content:

At this moment there is little coordination of the publication and use of open data. In this research coordination needs and challenges for open data and coordination mechanisms that can help in improving coordination are identified. A literature review shows that the opening and use of data are isolated and unrelated processes. Open data publishers do not profit from the wisdom of the crowd by having knowledge of how their data are reused. In addition, results of data reuse are not discussed and little feedback is gained by data providers, in this way barely supporting policy and decision-making. Coordination mechanisms, such as standardization and interconnected processes, can enable open data providers to profit from publishing data and to use this for improving their policy-making and decision-making. Yet, it is difficult to coordinate the open data process with these coordination mechanisms due to the complexity, lack of structure, uncertainty, dynamism, and the involvement of varying stakeholders in the open data process. Further research is necessary to investigate which coordination mechanisms are appropriate in the context of open data publication and use.
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paper_title: Benefits, Adoption Barriers and Myths of Open Data and Open Government

paper_content:

Although a significant number of public organizations have embraced the idea of open data, many are still reluctant to do this. One root cause is that the publicizing of data represents a shift from a closed to an open system of governance, which has a significant impact upon the relationships between public agencies and the users of open data. Yet no systematic research is available which compares the benefits of an open data with the barriers to its adoption. Based on interviews and a workshop, the benefits and adoption barriers for open data have been derived. The findings show that a gap exists between the promised benefits and barriers. They furthermore suggest that a conceptually simplistic view is often adopted with regard to open data, one which automatically correlates the publicizing of data with use and benefits. Five ‘myths’ are formulated promoting the use of open data and placing the expectations within a realistic perspective. Further, the recommendation is given to take a user’s view and to actively govern the relationship between government and its users.
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paper_title: Designing electronic government information access programs: A holistic approach

paper_content:

That electronic government information repositories are growing in number, use, and diversity is one manifestation of the emergence of e-government. These information-centered programs both shape and respond to user demand for electronic government information as computer-mediated user access has displaced traditional staff-mediated access. These programs are no longer concentrated in statistical agencies but increasingly are offered by a wide array of mission-driven operating agencies to complement their other services. This study identified the design dimensions of electronic information access programs by examining mature existing programs. These dimensions address users, uses, organizational capabilities, data characteristics, and technology. The study then explored the application and interdependence of these dimensions in three efforts to design and develop new access programs. The study produced an empirically based, testable model of observable dimensions that shape the cost, complexity, and potential performance of these programs. In addition, the article offers government managers some insight into the practical implications they will face in designing and operating electronic information access programs.
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paper_title: Issues and Guiding Principles for Opening Governmental Judicial Research Data

paper_content:

The opening of data is considered to provide many benefits. However, opening up data by public bodies is a complex and ill-understood activity. Although many public bodies might be willing to open up their data, they lack any systematic guidance. In this paper, guidance is provided by investigating the publishing processes at the Dutch Research and Documentation Centre (WODC), which owns governmental judicial research data. We developed guidance by providing 1) a list of issues that play a role in deciding whether to open data, 2) an alternative to completely publishing data (i.e. restricted access) and 3) solutions for overcoming some of the issues. The latter include dealing with privacy-sensitive data, deletion policies, publishing after embargo periods instead of not publishing at all, adding related documents and adding information about the quality and completeness of datasets. The institutional context should be taken into account when using the guidance, as opening data requires considerable changes of organizations.
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paper_title: Creating Public Value: Strategic Management in Government

paper_content:

Acknowledgments Introduction Purposes Sources and Methods Tests 1. Managerial Imagination The Town Librarian and the Latchkey Children Public Managers and Public Management An Alternative Approach to Public Administration PART I ENVISIONING PUBLIC VALUE 2. Defining Public Value The Aim of Managerial Work Different Standards for Reckoning Public Value Municipal Sanitation: An Example Toward a Managerial View of Public Value 3. Organizational Strategy in the Public Sector William Ruckeishaus and the Environmental Protection Agency Jerome Miller and the Department of Youth Services Managerial Discretion and Leadership in the Public Sector Defining Mission and Goals in the Private Sector Defining Mission and Goals in the Public Sector The Mission of the EPA: Pollution Abatement The Mission of DYS: Humanizing the Treatment of Children The Managerial Utility of Mission Statements Evaluative Criteria for Organizational Strategies PART II BUILDING SUPPORT AND LEGITIMACY 4. Mobilizing Support, Legitimacy, and Coproduction: The Functions of Political Management Miles Mahoney and Park Plaza David Sencer and the Threat of Swine flu Political Management: A Key Managerial Function Who Is Important in Political Management Combining Diverse Interests and Values The Dynamics of the Authorizing Environment The Challenge of Political Management 5. Advocacy, Negotiation, and Leadership: The Techniques of Political Management Mahoney's Initiatives Sencer's Initiatives Evaluation The Ethics and Techniques of Political Management Entrepreneurial Advocacy Managing Policy Development Negotiation Public Deliberation, Social Learning, and Leadership Public Sector Marketing and Strategic Communication Helping to Define and Produce Public Value PART III DELIVERING PUBLIC VALUE 6. Reengineering Public Sector Production: The Function of Operational Management Harry Spence and the Boston Housing Authority Lee Brown and the Houston Police Department The Function of Operational Management Defining Organizational Mission and Product Redesigning Production Processes Using Administrative Systems to Influence Operations Innovating and Capitalizing From Diagnosis to Intervention 7. Implementing Strategy: The Techniques of Operational Management Spence: Rehabilitating Public Housing in Boston Brown: Exploring the Frontiers of Policing Reengineering Organizations: What Strategic Managers Think and Do Acting in a Stream Conclusion: Acting for a Divided, Uncertain Society Ethical Challenges of Public Leadership Psychological Challenges of Public Leadership Notes Index
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paper_title: Barriers and Development Directions for the Publication and Usage of Open Data: A Socio-Technical View

paper_content:

Open data have considerable potential to provide citizens, researchers, companies and other stakeholders with many advantages, such as a growing economy by stimulating innovation and increased transparency. Nevertheless, the process in which data are created, published, found, analysed, processed and discussed, which is here referred to as the open data process, consists of many complexities and complex relationships among social and technical aspects. Often the complexity, dynamics and heterogeneity of the open data process are neglected, and extensive overviews of barriers for the open data process are lacking. Hence, in this chapter, the questions asked are (1) which socio-technical barriers exist in the open data process and (2) which development directions could be derived from this overview of barriers. Our overview shows that many barriers can be identified with regard to data creation, publication, finding, analysing, processing, discussion and providing feedback. Activities early in the open data process could result in or increase barriers later in the process. Furthermore, the analysis of barriers for the open data process showed the importance of combining a social and technical view to overcome the barriers. A number of development directions for open data are identified. The findings suggest that, to be able to realize the benefits of open data, both social and technical barriers should be considered and an integrated approach to successfully counteract these barriers should be taken. In this integral approach, the social and technical barriers should be dealt with simultaneously rather than separately to successfully realize the benefits of open data.
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paper_title: A Coordination Theory Perspective to Improve the Use of Open Data in Policy-Making

paper_content:

At this moment there is little coordination of the publication and use of open data. In this research coordination needs and challenges for open data and coordination mechanisms that can help in improving coordination are identified. A literature review shows that the opening and use of data are isolated and unrelated processes. Open data publishers do not profit from the wisdom of the crowd by having knowledge of how their data are reused. In addition, results of data reuse are not discussed and little feedback is gained by data providers, in this way barely supporting policy and decision-making. Coordination mechanisms, such as standardization and interconnected processes, can enable open data providers to profit from publishing data and to use this for improving their policy-making and decision-making. Yet, it is difficult to coordinate the open data process with these coordination mechanisms due to the complexity, lack of structure, uncertainty, dynamism, and the involvement of varying stakeholders in the open data process. Further research is necessary to investigate which coordination mechanisms are appropriate in the context of open data publication and use.
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paper_title: Understanding the Dynamics of Open Data: From Sweeping Statements to Complex Contextual Interactions

paper_content:

This chapter challenges existing impact assessments of open data in the public sector for three reasons: (1) the exclusive focus on economic effects of open data and not on other desirables such as a clean environment, good education, equitable health care, etc.; (2) the assumed linear relation between open data and impacts that ignores the dynamics of the interactions between the various stakeholders that may result in unpredictable and unforeseeable outcomes; (3) the homogeneous perspective on open data in the public sector that fails to acknowledge the variation of open data incentives, practices and consequences between countries and business sectors. As an alternative to “naive impact assessments,” this chapter develops an approach that embraces the complexity and contextuality of societal dynamics and takes a variety of values and desirables into account. We argue that whether open data delivers its “promise” depends on specific, local interactions that can be managed and controlled to a limited extent. Open data and its uses should be studied as social constructions that emerge over time in a specific context. We use two cases—open data in public transportation and in policing—to show the use of our perspective. For policy makers the complexity, contextuality, and multi-value approach means that they should shift their focus from working on “grand open data designs” to facilitating and promoting smart, local, pluralistic approaches to open data.
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paper_title: Brave new open data world

paper_content:

There is a growing tendency to release all sorts of public data on the Internet. The greater availability of interoperable public data catalyses secondary use of such data, which leads to growth of information industries and better government transparency. Open data policies may, nevertheless, be in conflict with the individual’s right to information privacy as protected by the Data Protection Directive. This directive sets rules to the processing of personal data in the European Union. Technological developments and the increasing amount of publicly available data are, however, blurring the lines between non-personal and personal data. Open data may not seem to be personal data on first glance especially when it is anonymised or aggregated. However, it may become personal data by combining it with other publicly available data or when it is de-anonymised. In this article, we argue that these developments extend the reach of European Union privacy regulation to open data, which may obstruct the implementation of open data policies in the European Union.
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paper_title: Open government and e-government: democratic challenges from a public value perspective

paper_content:

We argue that the Obama Administration's Open Government Initiative blurs distinctions between e-democracy and e-government by incorporating historically democratic practices. now enabled by emerging technology. within administrative agencies. We consider the nature of transparency, participation. and collaboration. suggesting that these processes should be viewed as means toward desirable ends, rather than administrative ends in themselves, as they appear to be currently treated. We propose alternatively that planning OG initiatives be addressed within a "public value" framework. The creation of public value is the goal of public organizations; through public value. public organizations meet public goals with respect to substantive benefits as well as the intrinsic value of better government. We extend this view to OG by using the framework as a way to describe the value produced when interaction between government and citizens becomes more transparent. participative. and collaborative. i.e., more democratic.
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paper_title: (De)Composing Public Value: In Search of Basic Dimensions and Common Ground

paper_content:

ABSTRACT In re-emphasizing public organizations’ societal and related normative functions, public value (PV) discourse is one way of approaching public sector performance. Although PV research is flourishing, empirical studies are still lacking. We provide evidence of the basic dimensions of PV creation in Germany's Federal Labor Agency. The results suggest a three-part factor structure and a second-order factor, indicating a broad notion of performance across different constituencies. The factors provide a framework to measure any public organization's perceived PV contribution. Our study complements the existing process perspective of PV, as developed by Moore (1995).
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paper_title: A comparison of open data policies in different countries: Lessons learned for an open data policy in Indonesia

paper_content:

Many countries around the world have joined the open data movement. Data is being published for a various number of reasons which include for the public to reuse, to create a more efficient government, and to increase transparency. Recent development in this field is that the data published is expected to be in machine readable format. In general, there is a lack in guidelines to regulate and help the process of opening data. Many countries are in different stages in developing these guidelines. Indonesia is an example of a country just beginning to join the open data movement. A field of study that is lacking is about how countries can learn from each other in developing the necessary guidelines. Being in the early stages of development, Indonesia can especially benefit from research in this area. A complex comparison of open data policies is conducted in this research to provide a basis for drawing conclusions and recommendations for the open data policy in Indonesia. For this study, five different countries that are in different stages of development in their open data initiatives are explored which results in an extensive list of findings. These countries include the United States, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Kenya and Indonesia. For the design of the framework, literature and case studies are conducted. The case studies are in the form of interviews with eight respondents involved in open data in each country. First, it is identified what aspects influence the uneven development of open data. Second, lessons that are relevant for Indonesia based on the many similarities and differences are identified. As the scientific contribution of the research, this framework and comparison is given because there is currently lacking research in this area. It was concluded that Indonesia can synthesize a number of lessons from the comparison that comprises a combination of elements that were presented as findings from each of the countries. The lessons that were developed include suggestions for a more robust legal framework, the creation of an ecosystem between data publishers and data users, the development of stronger IT and organizational support for open data, and the launch of initiatives that use open data at the district government levels. Interestingly, from the study, it suggests that the focus of the policies for countries in the developing stages are more related to the release of data from the publishers and less on the technical processes that are involved with opening the data. Other interesting results that were founded from the study suggest that the difference between the countries are influenced by specific forces and counter forces in the area of open government and also from the existence of individuals that highly advocate for the development of open data in that country. So, the practical contribution of this research is the lessons that each of the countries can derive from the comparison and also the specific lessons that are designed for Indonesia’s open data policy both to reap the identified benefits of opening data. Further to this research, there is a possibility to conduct research on further comparisons for a more robust and comprehensive learning process. Comparisons can be conducted on different countries about open data policies or about different aspects of open data itself. Another possibility is to create lessons for all countries involved in this current study.
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paper_title: Public Values An Inventory

paper_content:

Exploring boundaries and meanings of public value, the authors seek to identify some of the impediments to progress in the study of public values. The study of public values is often hamstrung by m...
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paper_title: IT-induced public sector transformation

paper_content:

IT-induced public sector transformation investigates the organizational changes that are undertaken to transform public administrations using information technology (IT). While IT made governments more efficient, it is unclear whether it will also make them more effective in creating public value for citizens and businesses. This study investigates the outcomes of IT-induced transformation and the factors that influence these outcomes. It finds that transformed organizations do not emerge on the short term; IT-induced transformation often remains a promise of IT projects rather than an outcome. Instead of realizing organizational change, governments focus on setting up governance. While many of the public sector IT-projects traditionally aim to improve service delivery to citizens and businesses, in practice, they more often create better enforcement and control for government organizations.
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paper_title: Public Value Inside: What is Public Value Creation?

paper_content:

The author develops building blocks for a non-normative public value theory. After a short overview of the rise of public value and challenges in defining public value, the constructs "value," "public," "public value," and "public value creation" are systematically introduced by drawing on a range of philosophical, psychological, and economic concepts. Psychological accounts are identified as the key to understand public value creation. Derived from needs theory, four basic public value dimensions are proposed and related to a public value landscape. Consequences of this re-conceptualization of public value are discussed with special emphasis of the public sector.
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paper_title: Creating Open Government Ecosystems: A Research and Development Agenda

paper_content:

In this paper, we propose to view the concept of open government from the perspective of an ecosystem, a metaphor often used by policy makers, scholars, and technology gurus to convey a sense of the interdependent social systems of actors, organizations, material infrastructures, and symbolic resources that can be created in technology-enabled, information-intensive social systems. We use the concept of an ecosystem to provide a framework for considering the outcomes of a workshop organized to generate a research and development agenda for open government. The agenda was produced in discussions among participants from the government (at the federal, state, and local levels), academic and civil sector communities at the Center for Technology in Government (CTG) at the University at Albany, SUNY in April 2011. The paper begins by discussing concepts central to understanding what is meant by an ecosystem and some principles that characterize its functioning. We then apply this metaphor more directly to government, proposing that policymakers engage in strategic ecosystems thinking, which means being guided by the goal of explicitly and purposefully constructing open government ecosystems. From there, we present the research agenda questions essential to the development of this new view of government's interaction with users and organizations. Our goal is to call attention to some of the fundamental ways in which government must change in order to evolve from outdated industrial bureaucratic forms to information age networked and interdependent systems.
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paper_title: Exploring the determinants of scientific data sharing: Understanding the motivation to publish research data

paper_content:

Abstract The research community is working to create new capabilities to share data and to deal with issues of data quality, standards, and protection, and ethical and responsible use of shared data. These issues have been found to influence the willingness of researchers to publish data created during the course of their research. We use the results of a survey conducted by the working groups of the DataONE project to present a new understanding of challenges to the development of global data collections and preservation by systematically examining the determinants of the researchers' likelihood to openly publish research data. This study found two key determinants affecting researchers' willingness to publish their data. First is data management in terms of data management skills and organization support. Second is the acknowledgement of the data set's originator in terms of appreciation and legal and policy requirements. This study also found that the impact of the significant determinants is contingent on the amount of data to be published. Finally, this study calls for further investigation to ascertain the relationship of data management and data quality, and systematic investigation on the roles and responsibility of government within these global data preservations.
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paper_title: A Coordination Theory Perspective to Improve the Use of Open Data in Policy-Making

paper_content:

At this moment there is little coordination of the publication and use of open data. In this research coordination needs and challenges for open data and coordination mechanisms that can help in improving coordination are identified. A literature review shows that the opening and use of data are isolated and unrelated processes. Open data publishers do not profit from the wisdom of the crowd by having knowledge of how their data are reused. In addition, results of data reuse are not discussed and little feedback is gained by data providers, in this way barely supporting policy and decision-making. Coordination mechanisms, such as standardization and interconnected processes, can enable open data providers to profit from publishing data and to use this for improving their policy-making and decision-making. Yet, it is difficult to coordinate the open data process with these coordination mechanisms due to the complexity, lack of structure, uncertainty, dynamism, and the involvement of varying stakeholders in the open data process. Further research is necessary to investigate which coordination mechanisms are appropriate in the context of open data publication and use.
---
paper_title: Benefits, Adoption Barriers and Myths of Open Data and Open Government

paper_content:

Although a significant number of public organizations have embraced the idea of open data, many are still reluctant to do this. One root cause is that the publicizing of data represents a shift from a closed to an open system of governance, which has a significant impact upon the relationships between public agencies and the users of open data. Yet no systematic research is available which compares the benefits of an open data with the barriers to its adoption. Based on interviews and a workshop, the benefits and adoption barriers for open data have been derived. The findings show that a gap exists between the promised benefits and barriers. They furthermore suggest that a conceptually simplistic view is often adopted with regard to open data, one which automatically correlates the publicizing of data with use and benefits. Five ‘myths’ are formulated promoting the use of open data and placing the expectations within a realistic perspective. Further, the recommendation is given to take a user’s view and to actively govern the relationship between government and its users.
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paper_title: Interagency information sharing: Expected benefits, manageable risks

paper_content:

The sharing of program information among government agencies can help achieve important public benefits: increased productivity; improved policy-making; and integrated public services. Information sharing, however, is often limited by technical, organizational, and political barriers. This study of the attitudes and opinions of state government managers shows that more than 8 in 10 judge information sharing to be moderately to highly beneficial. It also reveals specific concerns about the inherent professional, programmatic, and organizational risks. The study proposes a theoretical model for understanding how policy, practice, and attitudes interact and suggests two policy principles, stewardship and usefulness, to promote the benefits and mitigate the risks of sharing.
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paper_title: Exploring the Motive for Data Publication in Open Data Initiative: Linking Intention to Action

paper_content:

The present article reports a study on the motivation for publishing research datasets in the open data linking intention and action in regard to publishing datasets. This research study was designed to broaden understanding of the behavioral nature of publishing research datasets by distinguishing between the intention to share and the action of sharing. The data was generated from preliminary survey results conducted by Data ONE work groups. The final data used in this paper is based on 587 observations. The analysis results show support for all of the path coefficients of the theoretical model except for the path of perceived self-efficacy, and legal context and policy variables. The intention to share a dataset was found to be a significant determinant in the action of sharing data. Acknowledging the key determinants of intention to publish datasets arguably entails significant policy implications on data sharing.
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paper_title: Barriers to open data release: A view from the top

paper_content:

The pressure for governments to release much of the vast reservoir of data that they collectively hold continues to grow. This pressure is grounded not just in principles such as the right of the public to know or freedom of information, but in beliefs about the economic, social, administrative and political benefits that will flow from the wide availability of such data. However it is also acknowledged that there is a considerable gap between such expectations and current realities one component of which is the many barriers to open data release. This paper examines these barriers from the perspective of senior managers in Irish central and local government. A taxonomy of such barriers is proposed and compared with other classifications of barriers in the literature. The paper concludes with some reflections on the implications for the opening up of government data.
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paper_title: Information quality and community municipal portal use

paper_content:

Abstract This paper presents an in-depth research investigation of the role information quality plays in the use of community municipal portals. These portals are a new type of website spearheaded by local governments and community agencies in response to citizen calls for a more user-friendly, comprehensive, and convenient way of accessing community-based and local government information via a single entry point. Prior empirical evidence on electronic government adoption and use shapes the study's theoretical model. The model was tested via a survey completed by 1279 respondents across five community municipal portal sites in the province of Ontario, Canada. The survey polled respondents' uptake and perceptions of these portals. Cross-validation using structural equation modeling analysis indicates that information quality plays a critical but indirect role in influencing a person's use of a community municipal portal. In addition, other end-user factors, namely perceived ease of use and compatibility, also affect usage. Importantly, the need to pay attention to the information quality of community municipal portals is raised as a means of rallying citizen response to this new type of website specifically, as well as to local government websites more generally.
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paper_title: Access to Public-Sector Information in Europe: Policy, Rights, and Obligations

paper_content:

The article reviews the debates and policies on access to public-sector information (PSI) in Europe in relation to the contests between policies of open access, rights of access to PSI by citizens and business, and the assessment of the cost benefits of PSI to the economy and society. The political dimension of these debates within the European Union is highlighted to demonstrate the complexities of the governance of information within a pan-European regulatory framework.
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paper_title: Public information strategies: Making government information available to citizens

paper_content:

New technological opportunities and increasing demands make it imperative for government agencies to make the information they gather available to citizens. How should they go about this? This paper presents a conceptual framework for analyzing the strategic options open to agencies which have information that could be relevant to citizens. The conceptual framework is constructed on the basis of the literature and tested in a case study. The Directorate-General for Public Works and Water Management in the Netherlands gathers traffic information which is useful for citizens when they want to avoid traffic jams. Presently, the agency sells information to intermediaries. The agency wanted to release the information through its own website but this was prohibited by a court ruling. This paper reviews other strategies and proposes that an 'Intel inside' strategy may be a viable option in view of the consequences for effectiveness, manageability, cost-effectiveness, equity and legitimacy. The paper concludes that the conceptual framework proves useful for analyzing the strategic options open to agencies for making government information available to citizens.
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paper_title: Barriers and Development Directions for the Publication and Usage of Open Data: A Socio-Technical View

paper_content:

Open data have considerable potential to provide citizens, researchers, companies and other stakeholders with many advantages, such as a growing economy by stimulating innovation and increased transparency. Nevertheless, the process in which data are created, published, found, analysed, processed and discussed, which is here referred to as the open data process, consists of many complexities and complex relationships among social and technical aspects. Often the complexity, dynamics and heterogeneity of the open data process are neglected, and extensive overviews of barriers for the open data process are lacking. Hence, in this chapter, the questions asked are (1) which socio-technical barriers exist in the open data process and (2) which development directions could be derived from this overview of barriers. Our overview shows that many barriers can be identified with regard to data creation, publication, finding, analysing, processing, discussion and providing feedback. Activities early in the open data process could result in or increase barriers later in the process. Furthermore, the analysis of barriers for the open data process showed the importance of combining a social and technical view to overcome the barriers. A number of development directions for open data are identified. The findings suggest that, to be able to realize the benefits of open data, both social and technical barriers should be considered and an integrated approach to successfully counteract these barriers should be taken. In this integral approach, the social and technical barriers should be dealt with simultaneously rather than separately to successfully realize the benefits of open data.
---
paper_title: A Coordination Theory Perspective to Improve the Use of Open Data in Policy-Making

paper_content:

At this moment there is little coordination of the publication and use of open data. In this research coordination needs and challenges for open data and coordination mechanisms that can help in improving coordination are identified. A literature review shows that the opening and use of data are isolated and unrelated processes. Open data publishers do not profit from the wisdom of the crowd by having knowledge of how their data are reused. In addition, results of data reuse are not discussed and little feedback is gained by data providers, in this way barely supporting policy and decision-making. Coordination mechanisms, such as standardization and interconnected processes, can enable open data providers to profit from publishing data and to use this for improving their policy-making and decision-making. Yet, it is difficult to coordinate the open data process with these coordination mechanisms due to the complexity, lack of structure, uncertainty, dynamism, and the involvement of varying stakeholders in the open data process. Further research is necessary to investigate which coordination mechanisms are appropriate in the context of open data publication and use.
---
paper_title: Benefits, Adoption Barriers and Myths of Open Data and Open Government

paper_content:

Although a significant number of public organizations have embraced the idea of open data, many are still reluctant to do this. One root cause is that the publicizing of data represents a shift from a closed to an open system of governance, which has a significant impact upon the relationships between public agencies and the users of open data. Yet no systematic research is available which compares the benefits of an open data with the barriers to its adoption. Based on interviews and a workshop, the benefits and adoption barriers for open data have been derived. The findings show that a gap exists between the promised benefits and barriers. They furthermore suggest that a conceptually simplistic view is often adopted with regard to open data, one which automatically correlates the publicizing of data with use and benefits. Five ‘myths’ are formulated promoting the use of open data and placing the expectations within a realistic perspective. Further, the recommendation is given to take a user’s view and to actively govern the relationship between government and its users.
---
paper_title: Public information strategies: Making government information available to citizens

paper_content:

New technological opportunities and increasing demands make it imperative for government agencies to make the information they gather available to citizens. How should they go about this? This paper presents a conceptual framework for analyzing the strategic options open to agencies which have information that could be relevant to citizens. The conceptual framework is constructed on the basis of the literature and tested in a case study. The Directorate-General for Public Works and Water Management in the Netherlands gathers traffic information which is useful for citizens when they want to avoid traffic jams. Presently, the agency sells information to intermediaries. The agency wanted to release the information through its own website but this was prohibited by a court ruling. This paper reviews other strategies and proposes that an 'Intel inside' strategy may be a viable option in view of the consequences for effectiveness, manageability, cost-effectiveness, equity and legitimacy. The paper concludes that the conceptual framework proves useful for analyzing the strategic options open to agencies for making government information available to citizens.
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paper_title: Building open government

paper_content:

article i nfo Available online 8 August 2010 Keywords: Transparency Openness FOIA Secrecy Open government E-government On his first full day in office, President Obama issued a Memorandum on Transparency and Open Government calling on his administration to develop recommendations that would "establish a system of transparency, public participation, and collaboration." Together, the recommendations would be used to create an "Open Government Directive" instructing agencies to transform themselves to become more transparent, collaborative, and participatory. The President also issued a Memorandum on the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). These statements did not spring ex nihilo from President Obama and his aides (or even from the army of organizations and individuals who advised them or submitted recommendations during the transition). They have a basis in extant law and regulation, and it this basis at which this article looks.
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paper_title: Open Government and (Linked) (Open) (Government) (Data)

paper_content:

This article explores the opening and the free usage of stored public sector data, supplied by state. In the age of Open Government and Open Data it’s not enough just to put data online. It should be rather weighed out whether, how and which supplied public sector data can be published. Open Data are defined as stored data which could be made accessible in a public interest without any restrictions for usage and distribution. These Open Data can possibly be statistics, geo data, maps, plans, environmental data and weather data in addition to materials of the parliaments, ministries and authorities. The preparation and the free access to existing data permit varied approaches to the reuse of data, discussed in the article. In addition, impulses can be given for Open Government – the opening of state and administration, to more transparency, participation and collaboration as well as to innovation and business development. The Open Data movement tries to get to the bottom of current publication processes in the public sector which could be formed even more friendly to citizens and enterprises.
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paper_title: An unsupervised approach to automatic classification of scientific literature utilizing bibliographic metadata

paper_content:

This article describes an unsupervised approach for automatic classification of scientific literature archived in digital libraries and repositories according to a standard library classification scheme. The method is based on identifying all the references cited in the document to be classified and, using the subject classification metadata of extracted references as catalogued in existing conventional libraries, inferring the most probable class for the document itself with the help of a weighting mechanism. We have demonstrated the application of the proposed method and assessed its performance by developing a prototype software system for automatic classification of scientific documents according to the Dewey Decimal Classification scheme. A dataset of 1000 research articles, papers, and reports from a well-known scientific digital library, CiteSeer, were used to evaluate the classification performance of the system. Detailed results of this experiment are presented and discussed.
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paper_title: Scholarship in the Digital Age: Information, Infrastructure, and the Internet

paper_content:

Awarded 2008 "Best Information Science Book" by the American Society for Information Science and Technology (ASIS&T).Scholars in all fields now have access to an unprecedented wealth of online information, tools, and services. The Internet lies at the core of an information infrastructure for distributed, data-intensive, and collaborative research. Although much attention has been paid to the new technologies making this possible, from digitized books to sensor networks, it is the underlying social and policy changes that will have the most lasting effect on the scholarly enterprise. In Scholarship in the Digital Age, Christine Borgman explores the technical, social, legal, and economic aspects of the kind of infrastructure that we should be building for scholarly research in the twenty-first century.Borgman describes the roles that information technology plays at every stage in the life cycle of a research project and contrasts these new capabilities with the relatively stable system of scholarly communication, which remains based on publishing in journals, books, and conference proceedings. No framework for the impending "data deluge" exists comparable to that for publishing. Analyzing scholarly practices in the sciences, social sciences, and humanities, Borgman compares each discipline's approach to infrastructure issues. In the process, she challenges the many stakeholders in the scholarly infrastructurescholars, publishers, libraries, funding agencies, and othersto look beyond their own domains to address the interaction of technical, legal, economic, social, political, and disciplinary concerns. Scholarship in the Digital Age will provoke a stimulating conversation among all who depend on a rich and robust scholarly environment.
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paper_title: A comparison of open data policies in different countries: Lessons learned for an open data policy in Indonesia

paper_content:

Many countries around the world have joined the open data movement. Data is being published for a various number of reasons which include for the public to reuse, to create a more efficient government, and to increase transparency. Recent development in this field is that the data published is expected to be in machine readable format. In general, there is a lack in guidelines to regulate and help the process of opening data. Many countries are in different stages in developing these guidelines. Indonesia is an example of a country just beginning to join the open data movement. A field of study that is lacking is about how countries can learn from each other in developing the necessary guidelines. Being in the early stages of development, Indonesia can especially benefit from research in this area. A complex comparison of open data policies is conducted in this research to provide a basis for drawing conclusions and recommendations for the open data policy in Indonesia. For this study, five different countries that are in different stages of development in their open data initiatives are explored which results in an extensive list of findings. These countries include the United States, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Kenya and Indonesia. For the design of the framework, literature and case studies are conducted. The case studies are in the form of interviews with eight respondents involved in open data in each country. First, it is identified what aspects influence the uneven development of open data. Second, lessons that are relevant for Indonesia based on the many similarities and differences are identified. As the scientific contribution of the research, this framework and comparison is given because there is currently lacking research in this area. It was concluded that Indonesia can synthesize a number of lessons from the comparison that comprises a combination of elements that were presented as findings from each of the countries. The lessons that were developed include suggestions for a more robust legal framework, the creation of an ecosystem between data publishers and data users, the development of stronger IT and organizational support for open data, and the launch of initiatives that use open data at the district government levels. Interestingly, from the study, it suggests that the focus of the policies for countries in the developing stages are more related to the release of data from the publishers and less on the technical processes that are involved with opening the data. Other interesting results that were founded from the study suggest that the difference between the countries are influenced by specific forces and counter forces in the area of open government and also from the existence of individuals that highly advocate for the development of open data in that country. So, the practical contribution of this research is the lessons that each of the countries can derive from the comparison and also the specific lessons that are designed for Indonesia’s open data policy both to reap the identified benefits of opening data. Further to this research, there is a possibility to conduct research on further comparisons for a more robust and comprehensive learning process. Comparisons can be conducted on different countries about open data policies or about different aspects of open data itself. Another possibility is to create lessons for all countries involved in this current study.
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paper_title: Data Sharing by Scientists: Practices and Perceptions

paper_content:

Background: Scientific research in the 21st century is more data intensive and collaborative than in the past. It is important to study the data practices of researchers – data accessibility, discovery, re-use, preservation and, particularly, data sharing. Data sharing is a valuable part of the scientific method allowing for verification of results and extending research from prior results. Methodology/Principal Findings: A total of 1329 scientists participated in this survey exploring current data sharing practices and perceptions of the barriers and enablers of data sharing. Scientists do not make their data electronically available to others for various reasons, including insufficient time and lack of funding. Most respondents are satisfied with their current processes for the initial and short-term parts of the data or research lifecycle (collecting their research data; searching for, describing or cataloging, analyzing, and short-term storage of their data) but are not satisfied with long-term data preservation. Many organizations do not provide support to their researchers for data management both in the shortand long-term. If certain conditions are met (such as formal citation and sharing reprints) respondents agree they are willing to share their data. There are also significant differences and approaches in data management practices based on primary funding agency, subject discipline, age, work focus, and world region. Conclusions/Significance: Barriers to effective data sharing and preservation are deeply rooted in the practices and culture of the research process as well as the researchers themselves. New mandates for data management plans from NSF and other federal agencies and world-wide attention to the need to share and preserve data could lead to changes. Large scale programs, such as the NSF-sponsored DataNET (including projects like DataONE) will both bring attention and resources to the issue and make it easier for scientists to apply sound data management principles.
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paper_title: The potential of metadata for linked open data and its value for users and publishers

paper_content:

Public and private organizations increasingly release their data to gain benefits such as transparency and economic growth. The use of these open data can be supported and stimulated by providing considerable metadata (data about the data), including discovery, contextual and detailed metadata. In this paper we argue that metadata are key enablers for the effective use of Linked Open Data (LOD). We illustrate the potential of metadata by 1) presenting an overview of advantages and disadvantages of metadata derived from literature, 2) presenting metadata requirements for LOD architectures derived from literature, workshops and a questionnaire, 3) describing a LOD metadata architecture that meets the requirements and 4) showing examples of the application of this architecture in the ENGAGE project. The paper shows that using metadata with the appropriate metadata architecture can yield considerable benefits for LOD publication and use, including improving find ability, accessibility, storing, preservation, analysing, comparing, reproducing, finding inconsistencies, correct interpretation, visualizing, linking data, assessing and ranking the quality of data and avoiding unnecessary duplication of data. The Common European Research Information Format (CERIF) can be used to build the metadata architecture and achieve the advantages.
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paper_title: Towards efficient data search and subsetting of large-scale atmospheric datasets

paper_content:

Discovering the correct dataset in an efficient fashion is critical for effective simulations in the atmospheric sciences. Unlike text-based web documents, many of the large scientific datasets often contain binary encoded data that is hard to discover using popular search engines. In the atmospheric sciences, there has been a significant growth in public data hosting services. However, the ability to index and search has been limited by the metadata provided by the data host. We have developed an infrastructure-Atmospheric Data Discovery System (ADDS)-that provides an efficient data discovery environment for observational datasets in the atmospheric sciences. To support complex querying capabilities, we automatically extract and index fine-grained metadata. Datasets are indexed based on periodic crawling of popular sites and also of files requested by the users. Users are allowed to access subsets of a large dataset through our data customization feature. Our focus is the overall architecture, data subsetting scheme, and a performance evaluation of our system.
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Title: Special Issue on Innovation through Open Data - A Review of the State-of-the-Art and an Emerging Research Agenda: Guest Editors' Introduction

Section 1: Perspectives on Open Data
Description 1: Discuss the seven different perspectives on open data and the potential benefits of combining these perspectives.

Section 2: Complexities of Open Data Innovations
Description 2: Examine the complexities and challenges in stimulating innovation through open data, considering the various factors and stakeholders involved.

Section 3: Research on Open Data
Description 3: Provide an overview of the recent research on open data, including the types of papers published and the theories used.

Section 4: Developments, Challenges and Barriers
Description 4: Highlight the developments in the open data field, the challenges faced, and the barriers to publishing and using open data.

Section 5: Open Data Policies, Use and Innovation
Description 5: Elaborate on the legal and political landscape of open data policies and discuss specific research areas for future development.

Section 6: Paper Overview
Description 6: Summarize the papers included in the special issue and their contributions to the topic of innovation through open data.

Section 7: Semantic Interoperability, Ontologies and Data Quality
Description 7: Discuss the importance of semantic interoperability, ontologies, and data quality in the context of open data.

Section 8: Value Creation: Evaluation of Innovation through Open Data
Description 8: Evaluate the creation of value through open data innovation as discussed in the selected papers of the special issue.