Towards automated composition of convergent services: A survey
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paper_title: A survey of transactional issues for Web Service composition and recovery

paper_content:

This paper presents a survey of transactional and recovery issues for web service composition. Service composition creates challenges for concurrent processes that access shared data. This paper outlines past research on advanced transaction models and transactional workflows. Standards to support transactions for web service composition are then presented. The paper then elaborates on data consistency issues for web service composition, outlining relaxed locking techniques, data dependency analysis, and other modularisation techniques for user-defined correctness, flexible recovery actions, and cross-cutting concerns. Failure recovery strategies, self-healing mechanisms, and checkpointing systems are also addressed. The paper concludes by outlining challenges for future research.
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paper_title: Linked Open Data in Sensor Data Mashups,

paper_content:

Sensors and the real-time data they produce are novel sources of information which need to be integrated into the SemanticWeb at very large scale. Most of the time such data is locked inside specific applications and only accessible within organizational boundaries. Publishing and integrating sensor data across these islands is difficult and labor-intensive. In this paper we present an approach and an infrastructure which makes sensor data available following the linked open data principle and enables the seamless integration of such data into mashups. SensorMasher publishes sensor data as Web data sources which can then easily be integrated with other (linked) data sources and sensor data. Raw sensor readings and sensors can be semantically described and annotated by the user. These descriptions can then be exploited in mashups and in linked open data scenarios and enable the discovery and integration of sensors and sensor data at large scale. The user-generated mashups of sensor data and linked open data can in turn be published as linked open data sources and be used by others.
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paper_title: Efficient algorithms for Web services selection with end-to-end QoS constraints

paper_content:

Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) provides a flexible framework for service composition. Using standard-based protocols (such as SOAP and WSDL), composite services can be constructed by integrating atomic services developed independently. Algorithms are needed to select service components with various QoS levels according to some application-dependent performance requirements. We design a broker-based architecture to facilitate the selection of QoS-based services. The objective of service selection is to maximize an application-specific utility function under the end-to-end QoS constraints. The problem is modeled in two ways: the combinatorial model and the graph model. The combinatorial model defines the problem as a multidimension multichoice 0-1 knapsack problem (MMKP). The graph model defines the problem as a multiconstraint optimal path (MCOP) problem. Efficient heuristic algorithms for service processes of different composition structures are presented in this article and their performances are studied by simulations. We also compare the pros and cons between the two models.
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paper_title: TQoS: Transactional and QoS-Aware Selection Algorithm for Automatic Web Service Composition

paper_content:

Web Services are the most famous implementation of service-oriented architectures that has brought some challenging research issues. One of these is the composition, i.e., the capability to recursively construct a composite Web service as a workflow of other existing Web services, which are developed by different organizations and offer diverse functionalities (e.g., ticket purchase, payment), transactional properties (e.g., compensatable or not), and Quality of Service (QoS) values (e.g., execution price, success rate). The selection of a Web service, for each activity of the workflow, meeting the user's requirements, is still an important challenge. Indeed, the selection of one Web service among a set of them that fulfill some functionalities is a critical task, generally depending on a combined evaluation of QoS. However, the conventional QoS-aware composition approaches do not consider the transactional constraints during the composition process. This paper addresses the issue of selecting and composing Web services not only according to their functional requirements but also to their transactional properties and QoS characteristics. We propose a selection algorithm that satisfies user's preferences, expressed as weights over QoS criteria and as risk levels defining semantically the transactional requirements. Proofs and experimental results are presented.
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paper_title: Semantics-based context-aware dynamic service composition

paper_content:

This article presents a semantics-based context-aware dynamic service composition framework that composes an application through combining distributed components based on the semantics of components and contexts of users. The proposed framework consists of Component Service Model with Semantics (CoSMoS), Component Runtime Environment (CoRE), and Semantic Graph based Service Composition (SeGSeC). CoSMoS models the semantics of components and contexts of users. CoRE is a middleware to support CoSMoS on various distributed computing technologies. SeGSeC is a mechanism to compose an application by synthesizing its workflow based on the semantics of components and contexts of users. The proposed framework is capable of composing applications requested in a natural language by leveraging the semantic information of components. The proposed framework composes applications differently to individual users based on their contexts and preferences. The proposed framework acquires user preferences from user-specified rules and also via learning. The proposed framework also adapts to dynamic environments by autonomously composing a new application upon detecting context change. This article describes the design and mechanism of the proposed framework, and also presents simulation experiments to evaluate the proposed framework.
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paper_title: Self-aware Services of NGSDP: Using Bayesian Networks for Measuring Quality of Convergent Services

paper_content:

We propose a general architecture and implementation for the autonomous assessment of quality of arbitrary service elements in the convergent service environments. We describe a quality engine, which is the central component of our proposed architecture of self-aware convergent services of NGSDP. The quality engine combines domain independent statistical analysis and probabilistic reasoning technology (Bayesian networks) with domain dependent measurement collection and evaluation methods. The resultant probabilistic assessment can be transported via network protocols in the convergent services and it enables non-hierarchical communications about the quality of service elements. We demonstrate the validity of our approach using Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) Relay/Server and detecting anomalies: storage overflow and message expiration.
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paper_title: Markov-HTN Planning Approach to Enhance Flexibility of Automatic Web Service Composition

paper_content:

Automatic Web services composition can be achieved by using AI planning techniques. HTN planning has been adopted to handle the OWL-S Web service composition problem. However, existing composition methods based on HTN planning have not considered the choice of decompositions available to a problem which can lead to a variety of valid solutions.In this paper, we propose a model of combining a Markov decision process model and HTN planning to address Web services composition. In the model, HTN planning is enhanced to decompose a task in multiple ways and hence be able to find more than one plan,taking both functional and non-functional properties into account. Furthermore, an evaluation method to choose the optimal plan and some experimental results illustrate that the proposed approach works effectively.
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paper_title: Toward a Tailored Modeling of Non-Functional Requirements for Telecommunication Systems

paper_content:

Addressing non-functional requirements in Real-Time Embedded Systems (RTES) is of critical importance. Proper functionality of the whole system is heavily dependent on satisfying these requirements. In model-based approaches for development of the systems in RTES domain, there are several methods and languages for modeling and analysis of non-functional requirements. However, in this domain there are different types of systems that have different sets of non-functional requirements. The problem is that the general modeling approaches for RTES may not cover all the needs of these sub domains such as telecommunication. In this poster paper, we suggest an approach to complement and apply general RTES modeling languages to better cover different non-functional requirements of telecommunication systems.
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paper_title: A data confidentiality architecture for developing management mashups

paper_content:

Mashups are powerful applications created from accessing and composing multiple and distributed information sources. Their ease-of-use and modularity allow users at any skill level to construct, share and integrate their own applications. However, data security concerns remain a hindering factor in its widespread adoption, in particular, for network management. In this paper, we propose a novel development methodology and system architecture called Maestro that allows developers to express their data privacy concerns and enforce policies during mashup executions. We evaluated Maestro by building two mashup applications for managing live networks and by running performance tests that show that our runtime has negligible overhead.
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paper_title: Automatic Service Composition

paper_content:

Broadly speaking, service composition, the process of creating a service chain, can address many aspects of Web service provision and use, including discovery, selection, composition, negotiation, invocation. However, following the main efforts published in the literature, the automatic service composition issue addressed here focuses on the methods for dynamic service discovery and composition in automatic generation of composite service. This chapter briefly sketches the methods from the business perspective and AI research area. In particular, some basic concepts of workflow and AI planning are introduced. Finally, related work in geospatial domain is introduced.
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paper_title: Semantic Context-Aware Service Composition for Building Automation System

paper_content:

Service-oriented architecture (SOA) is realized by independent, standardized, and self-describing units known as services. This architecture has been widely used and verified for automatic, dynamic, and self-configuring distributed systems such as in building automation. This paper presents a building automation system adopting SOA paradigm with devices implemented by device profile for web service (DPWS) in which context information is collected, processed, and sent to a composition engine to coordinate appropriate devices/services based on the context, composition plan, and predefined policy rules. A six-phased composition process is proposed to carry out the task. In addition, two other components are designed to support the composition process: building ontology as a schema for representing semantic data and composition plan description language to describe context-based composite services in form of composition plans. A prototype consisting of a DPWSim simulator and SamBAS is developed to illustrate and test the proposed idea. Comparison analysis and experimental results imply the feasibility and scalability of the system.
---
paper_title: Linked Open Data in Sensor Data Mashups,

paper_content:

Sensors and the real-time data they produce are novel sources of information which need to be integrated into the SemanticWeb at very large scale. Most of the time such data is locked inside specific applications and only accessible within organizational boundaries. Publishing and integrating sensor data across these islands is difficult and labor-intensive. In this paper we present an approach and an infrastructure which makes sensor data available following the linked open data principle and enables the seamless integration of such data into mashups. SensorMasher publishes sensor data as Web data sources which can then easily be integrated with other (linked) data sources and sensor data. Raw sensor readings and sensors can be semantically described and annotated by the user. These descriptions can then be exploited in mashups and in linked open data scenarios and enable the discovery and integration of sensors and sensor data at large scale. The user-generated mashups of sensor data and linked open data can in turn be published as linked open data sources and be used by others.
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paper_title: Building Quick Service Query List Using WordNet and Multiple Heterogeneous Ontologies toward More Realistic Service Composition

paper_content:

Although semantic-based composition approaches have brought some comprehensive advantages such as higher precisions and recalls, they are far from the real practice and hard to be applied in real-world applications due to the several challenging issues such as performance issues of time-consuming ontology reasoning, exponentially expanded searching time in large service repositories, lack of available and consensus ontologies, and higher using thresholds for users who do not have much semantic knowledge. To reduce these issues, in this paper, we present an innovative composition technique by building an Extended Quick Service Query List (EQSQL) for supporting more efficient and more realistic service composition. In EQSQL, data structures are specially designed to record service information and their associated semantic concepts by in advance processing semantic-related computing during service publication period. Particularly, WordNet and semantic similarities among multiple heterogeneous ontologies are exploited in our developed algorithms for forming EQSQL. As a result, EQSQL-based planning algorithm can not only achieve a quick response for a composition request, but guarantee the semantic composition quality as well. More importantly, our approaches can be scalable to the large service repositories and also significantly alleviate users or developers from the burden of using complicated semantic service composition, thus making service composition easier and more realistic. Our final experiments further demonstrate the feasibility and the efficiency of our proposed approaches.
---
paper_title: TQoS: Transactional and QoS-Aware Selection Algorithm for Automatic Web Service Composition

paper_content:

Web Services are the most famous implementation of service-oriented architectures that has brought some challenging research issues. One of these is the composition, i.e., the capability to recursively construct a composite Web service as a workflow of other existing Web services, which are developed by different organizations and offer diverse functionalities (e.g., ticket purchase, payment), transactional properties (e.g., compensatable or not), and Quality of Service (QoS) values (e.g., execution price, success rate). The selection of a Web service, for each activity of the workflow, meeting the user's requirements, is still an important challenge. Indeed, the selection of one Web service among a set of them that fulfill some functionalities is a critical task, generally depending on a combined evaluation of QoS. However, the conventional QoS-aware composition approaches do not consider the transactional constraints during the composition process. This paper addresses the issue of selecting and composing Web services not only according to their functional requirements but also to their transactional properties and QoS characteristics. We propose a selection algorithm that satisfies user's preferences, expressed as weights over QoS criteria and as risk levels defining semantically the transactional requirements. Proofs and experimental results are presented.
---
paper_title: Semantics-based context-aware dynamic service composition

paper_content:

This article presents a semantics-based context-aware dynamic service composition framework that composes an application through combining distributed components based on the semantics of components and contexts of users. The proposed framework consists of Component Service Model with Semantics (CoSMoS), Component Runtime Environment (CoRE), and Semantic Graph based Service Composition (SeGSeC). CoSMoS models the semantics of components and contexts of users. CoRE is a middleware to support CoSMoS on various distributed computing technologies. SeGSeC is a mechanism to compose an application by synthesizing its workflow based on the semantics of components and contexts of users. The proposed framework is capable of composing applications requested in a natural language by leveraging the semantic information of components. The proposed framework composes applications differently to individual users based on their contexts and preferences. The proposed framework acquires user preferences from user-specified rules and also via learning. The proposed framework also adapts to dynamic environments by autonomously composing a new application upon detecting context change. This article describes the design and mechanism of the proposed framework, and also presents simulation experiments to evaluate the proposed framework.
---
paper_title: Markov-HTN Planning Approach to Enhance Flexibility of Automatic Web Service Composition

paper_content:

Automatic Web services composition can be achieved by using AI planning techniques. HTN planning has been adopted to handle the OWL-S Web service composition problem. However, existing composition methods based on HTN planning have not considered the choice of decompositions available to a problem which can lead to a variety of valid solutions.In this paper, we propose a model of combining a Markov decision process model and HTN planning to address Web services composition. In the model, HTN planning is enhanced to decompose a task in multiple ways and hence be able to find more than one plan,taking both functional and non-functional properties into account. Furthermore, an evaluation method to choose the optimal plan and some experimental results illustrate that the proposed approach works effectively.
---
paper_title: Automatic Service Composition

paper_content:

Broadly speaking, service composition, the process of creating a service chain, can address many aspects of Web service provision and use, including discovery, selection, composition, negotiation, invocation. However, following the main efforts published in the literature, the automatic service composition issue addressed here focuses on the methods for dynamic service discovery and composition in automatic generation of composite service. This chapter briefly sketches the methods from the business perspective and AI research area. In particular, some basic concepts of workflow and AI planning are introduced. Finally, related work in geospatial domain is introduced.
---
paper_title: Ontology-Based User-Defined Rules and Context-Aware Service Composition System

paper_content:

The World Wide Web is becoming increasingly personalized as users provide more of their information on the Web. Thus, Web service functionality is becoming reliant on user profile information and context in order to provide user-specific data. In this paper, we discuss enhancements to SECE (Sense Everything, Control Everything), a platform for context-aware service composition based on user-defined rules. We have enhanced SECE to interpret ontology descriptions of services. With this enhancement, SECE can now create user-defined rules based on the ontology description of the service and interoperate within any service domain that has an ontology description. Additionally, it can use an ontology-based service discovery system like GloServ as its service discovery back-end in order to issue more complex queries for service discovery and composition. This paper discusses the design and implementation of these improvements.
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paper_title: Enhancing ESB Based Execution Platform to Support Flexible Communication Web Services over Heterogeneous Networks

paper_content:

The merging of telecommunication and Internet domains is a real challenge for supporting the evolution towards the next generation of Web services. Enterprise service bus (ESB) has been regarded as a promising way to support dynamic and agile service integration in distributed heterogeneous environments. As communication services have strong real-time requirements and are based on asynchronous interactions, generic ESB based service integration is no longer suitable. This paper proposes an enhanced ESB based execution platform in which a low-latency service engine has been seamlessly integrated to support flexible communication Web services over heterogeneous networks. The design and implementation of the enhancements, a novel communication Web services based multimedia conference system, the prototype, and some preliminary performance measurements are presented. The performance results are encouraging.
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Title: Towards automated composition of convergent services: A survey

Section 1: Introduction
Description 1: This section provides an overview of the shift in the telecommunication and computer network industries towards convergent services and introduces the motivation and research questions addressed in the survey.

Section 2: Methodology
Description 2: This section outlines the methodology used in the survey to gather and analyze relevant literature and approaches in the field of service composition.

Section 3: Foundations of Service Composition
Description 3: This section reviews the fundamental concepts of service composition, covering both Web and Telecom domains, and the differences between the two.

Section 4: Phases for Convergent Service Composition
Description 4: This section introduces the distinct phases involved in the process of convergent service composition.

Section 5: Service Creation
Description 5: This section describes the approaches and technologies used for creating services, focusing on tools and methods for translating user requests into machine-readable formats.

Section 6: Service Generation
Description 6: This section discusses the composition of service chains and linked sets of services, including dynamic and AI-based approaches for generating service compositions.

Section 7: Service Adaptation and Execution
Description 7: This section explores the execution phase, detailing the deployment and management of composite services on various technological platforms.

Section 8: Research Directions
Description 8: This section provides insights and future research directions for improving the phases of convergent service composition, highlighting current gaps and potential advancements.

Section 9: Conclusion
Description 9: This section summarizes the key findings from the survey and offers guidance for selecting appropriate approaches for specific scenarios in convergent service composition.