Historical survey and emerging challenges of manufacturing automation modeling and control: A systems architecting perspective
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paper_title: Springer Handbook of Automation

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Automation is undergoing a major transformation in scope and dimension and plays an increasingly important role in the global economy and in our daily lives. Engineers combine automated devices with mathematical and organizational tools to create complex systems for a rapidly expanding range of applications and human activities. The Springer Handbook of Automation incorporates these new developments and presents a widespread and well-structured conglomeration of new emerging application areas of automation. Besides manufacturing as a primary application of automation, the handbook contains new application areas such as medical systems and health, transportation, security and maintenance, service, construction and retail as well as production or logistics. This Springer Handbook is not only an ideal resource for automation experts but also for people new to this expanding field such as engineers, computer scientists, designers. It is edited by an internationally renowned and experienced expert. Chapters in Part A explain the significant influence of automation on our life, on individuals, organizations, and society, in economic terms and context, and impacts of precision, accuracy and reliability with automatic and automated equipment and operations. The theoretical and scientific knowledge about the human role in automation is covered in Part B from the human-oriented and human-centered aspects of automation to be applied and operated by humans, to the human role as supervisor and intelligent controller of automation systems and platforms. This part concludes with analysis and discussion on the limits of automation to the best of our current understanding. Covering automation design from theory to building automation machines, systems, and systems-of-systems , Part C explains the fundamental elements of mechatronics, sensors, robots, and other components useful for automation, and how they are combined with control and automation software, including models and techniques for automation software engineering, and the automation of the design process itself. Chapters in Part D cover the basic design requirements for the automation and illustrate examples of how the challenging issues can be solved for the deign and integration of automation with respect to its main purpose: Continuous and discrete processes and industries, design techniques, criteria and algorithms for flow lines, and integrated automation. Concluding this part is the design for safety of automation, and of automation for safety. The main aspects of automation management are covered by the chapters in Part E: Cost effectiveness and economic reasons for the design, feasibility analysis, implementation, rationalization, use, and maintenance of particular automation; performance and functionality measures and criteria. Related also are the issues of how to manage automatically and control maintenance, replacement, and upgrading. Part F, industrial automation, begins with explanation of machine tool automation, including various types of numerical control (NC), flexible, and precision machinery for production, manufacturing, and assembly, digital and virtual industrial production, to detailed design, guidelines and application of automation in the principal industries, from aerospace and automotive to semi-conductor, mining, food, paper and wood industries. Chapters are also devoted to the design, control and operation of functions common to all industrial automation. Infrastructures and service automation are covered in Part G and it is explained how automation is designed, selected, integrated, justified and applied, its challenges and emerging trends in those areas and in the construction of structures, roads and bridges; of smart buildings, smart roads and intelligent vehicles; cleaning of surfaces, tunnels and sewers; land, air, and space transportation; information, knowledge, learning, training, and library services; and in sports and entertainment. Automation in medical and healthcare systems is covered in Part H and shows the exponential penetration and main contributions of automation to the health and medical well being of individuals and societies. First, the scientific and theoretical foundations of control and automation in biological and biomedical systems and mechanisms are explained, then specific areas are described and analyzed. Available, proven, and emerging automation techniques in healthcare delivery and elimination of hospital and other medical errors are also addressed. Finally, Part I, Home, Office, and Enterprise Automation is about functional automation areas at home, in the office, and in general enterprises, including multi-enterprise networks. Chapters also cover the automation theories, techniques and practice, design, operation, challenges and emerging trends in education and learning, banking, commerce. An important dimension of the material compiled for this part is that it is useful for all other functional areas of automation. The concluding part of this Springer Handbook contains figures and tables with statistical information and summaries about automation applications and impacts in four main areas: industrial automation, service automation, healthcare automation, and financial and e-commerce automation. A rich list of associations and of periodical publications around the world that focus on automation in its variety of related fields is also included for the benefit of readers worldwide. Throughout the 94 chapters, divided into ten main parts, with 124 tables, 1005 figures, the 168 co-authors present proven knowledge, original analysis, best practices and authoritative expertise. Plenty of case studies, creative examples and unique illustrations, covering topics of automation from the basics and fundamentals to advanced techniques, cases and theories will serve the readers and benefit the students and researchers, engineers and managers, inventors, investors and developers.
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paper_title: Problem frames for socio-technical systems: predictability and change

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Problem frames are a widely accepted framework for analysing and cataloguing software problems. Their foundation is the widely accepted separation between the machine, the solution which is the object of design, and its context, the environment where the problem exists. Recently, problem frames have been shown to be amenable to the analysis of complex socio-technical problems, in which social components, once only part of the problem description, are now the subject of design. To this end, a further separation is required to identify those social elements. In this position paper we proposed a program of research to resolve issues of predictability and change that arise when social and technological components are objects of co-design. Our work is inspired by the change state model of Stacey. We argue how this model may apply to problem frames in the context of design of complex socio-technical systems, and discuss the implications in terms of both problem frames foundation and notation.
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paper_title: Cooperative Control in Production and Logistics

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Classical applications of control engineering and information and communication technology (ICT) in production and logistics are often done in a rigid, centralized and hierarchical way. These inflexible approaches are typically not able to cope with the complexities of the manufacturing environment, such as the instabilities, uncertainties and abrupt changes caused by internal and external disturbances, or a large number and variety of interacting, interdependent elements. A paradigm shift, e.g., novel organizing principles and methods, is needed for supporting the interoperability of dynamic alliances of agile and networked systems. Several solution proposals argue that the future of manufacturing and logistics lies in network-like, dynamic, open and reconfigurable systems of cooperative autonomous entities. The paper overviews various distributed approaches and technologies of control engineering and ICT that can support the realization of cooperative structures from the resource level to the level of networked enterprises. Standard results as well as recent advances from control theory, through cooperative game theory, distributed machine learning to holonic systems, cooperative enterprise modelling, system integration, and autonomous logistics processes are surveyed. A special emphasis is put on the theoretical developments and industrial applications of Robustly Feasible Model Predictive Control (RFMPC). Two case studies are also discussed: i) a holonic, PROSA-based approach to generate short-term forecasts for an additive manufacturing system by means of a delegate multi-agent system (D-MAS); and ii) an application of distributed RFMPC to a drinking water distribution system.
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paper_title: Systemic Thinking: Building Maps for Worlds of Systems

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"Systemic thinking" is the process of understanding how systems influence one another within a world of systems and has been defined as an approach to problem solving by viewing "problems" as parts of an overall system, rather than reacting to a specific part, outcome, or event.This book provides a complete overview of systemic thinking, exploring a framework and graphical technique for understanding and identifying new ways to more efficiently solve problems and create solutions. Demystifying the conjunction of systems concepts and systemic diagramming techniques, this comprehensive pocket guide introduces and explains the basis of systemigrams, how to create a systemigram and a SystemiShow, illuminates multiple complex problems, and provides an overview of what purpose they serve for today's industry professionals.Systemic Thinking: Building Maps for Worlds of Systems:Includes illustrative systemigrams and case studiesIncludes the SystemiTool software, developed by the authorsProvides an overview of systemic thinking, particularly with regard to systemigramsIncorporates graphical representations of systemigramsInstructs how and when to implement a systemigram when a problem arisesAn invaluable book for industry professionalsspecifically, technical leaders in industry and business trying to confront complex problemsSystemic Thinking is also ideal for postgraduate students in engineering and business management.
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paper_title: Design for the Unexpected, From Holonic Manufacturing Systems towards a Humane Mechatronics Society

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Design for the Unexpected: From Holonic Manufacturing Systems Towards a Humane Mechatronics Society presents new, even revolutionary, ideas to managing production and production systems which may fundamentally shift the paradigm of manufacturing systems design. It provides guidelines for the design of complex systems that can deal with unexpected disturbances and presents a decentralized control methodology that goes far beyond the traditional hierarchical control approach that currently prevails. The benefits are illustrated by a variety of examples and case studies from different fields, with the book's well-established authors presenting Holonic Manufacturing Systems (HMS) as the framework for the ?factory-of-the-future', and suggesting that the application of biologically inspired control paradigms can control complex manufacturing systems, and that there are far wider applications for these systems than pure manufacturing. In addition, the book explores how this multi-agent control framework can be extended to other fields such as traffic, transport, services, and health care. Provides a practical control system architecture that can be applied to a wide variety of systems in manufacturing, transportation, logistics, and roboticsContains a wide range of case studies from different engineering disciplinesProvides a decentralized control methodology that goes beyond the traditional hierarchical control approach that currently prevailsA must-read resource for researchers and professionals alike
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paper_title: Resilience in supply networks: Definition, dimensions, and levels

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Abstract Oftentimes, seemingly robust systems fail, almost inexplicably, due to unforeseen events leading to disruption. Exploration and research of the mechanisms behind the failure of such systems have revealed that those capable of surviving are not robust, but resilient. This has spawned a stream of research on the resilience of different complex systems, from ecosystems, to the human body, to supply chains and communication networks. Supply networks are complex adaptive systems in which a subset of agents create flow and are required to deliver such flow to sink agents located at the other end of the network. Delivery of flow under pre-defined service conditions requires resilient design and operation protocols. In this article, a supply network formalism is introduced, and the concept and dimensions of resilience in supply networks, explored. Five core components of resilience are derived from reviewed definitions; two resilience dimensions, structure and control protocols, and two resilience levels, agent and network level, are characterized based on insights from articles in literature. Finally, emerging trends in resilience research as well as current research gaps are presented and future work directions outlined.
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paper_title: Collaborative control theory for e-Work, e-Production, and e-Service

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Abstract Recent developments in collaborative control theory and e-Work influence the emergence of e-Production and e-Service. The influence includes impacts of e-Work on enterprises, and proliferation of applications of robotics and agents’ services. Our concern is the effective design and implementation of such e-systems. The purpose of this article is to review design principles and collaborative control theory guiding these new developments. The “four wheels” of e-Work, their 15 e-dimensions and their role in e-Production and e-Service are explained and illustrated. Network models and their bio-inspired redesign counterparts are explained with implications to the future of production and service systems.
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paper_title: Synthesis and implementation of logic controllers – A review

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Abstract This paper provides an overview of some well-known formal approaches for the synthesis and implementation of logic controllers. Most of these approaches are based on the use and the adaptation/extension of the supervisory control theory of discrete-event systems. Recent contributions, based on algebraic synthesis and logic constraints are also be highlighted.
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paper_title: A Journey Through the Systems Landscape

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Systems are everywhere and affect us daily in our private and professional lives. We all use the word "system" to describe something that is essential but often abstract, complex and even mysterious. However, learning to utilize system concepts as first class objects as well as methodologies for systems thinking and systems engineering provides a basis for removing the mystery and moving towards mastery even for complex systems. This journey through the Systems Landscape has been developed to promote learning to "think" and "act" in terms of systems. A unique aspect is the introduction of concrete system semantics provided as a "system survival kit" and based upon a limited number of concepts and principles as well as a mental model called the system-coupling diagram. This discipline independent presentation assists individuals and is essential for building a learning organization that can utilize a systems approach to achieving its enterprise goals. The eight chapters are presented as stops along a journey that successively build system knowledge. Each chapter terminates with a Knowledge Verification section that provides questions and exercises for individuals and groups. Case studies reflecting the utilization of the system related concepts, principles and methodologies are provided as chapter interludes.
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paper_title: Embedded holonic fault diagnosis of complex transportation systems

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The use of electronic equipment and embedded computing technologies in modern complex transportation systems continues to grow in a highly competitive market, in which product maintainability and availability is vital. These technological advances also make fault diagnosis and maintenance interventions much more challenging, since these operations require a deep understanding of the entire system. This paper proposes a holonic cooperative fault diagnosis approach, along with a generic architecture, to increase the embedded diagnosis capabilities of complex transportation systems. This concept is applied to the fault diagnosis of door systems of a railway transportation system.
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paper_title: The Purdue Enterprise Reference Architecture

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Abstract This paper presents the basic concepts which comprise the Purdue Enterprise Reference Architecture along with a description of its development and use. This architecture provides the capability for modelling the human component as well as the manufacturing or customer service component of anyenterprise in addition to the information and control system component. This latter component is the major focus of most reference architectures and models available today for computer integrated manufacturing or complete enterprise study. This paper particularly points out those areas where this architecture differs from others available. In doing this it describes a new and unique method for defining the place of the human in the computer integrated plant or enterprise. It also develops the concept of customer service, which allowed the architecture, which was originally developed for computer integrated manufacturing, to be extended to define the development and operation of any enterprise regardless of the industry or field of endeavor involved.
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paper_title: Relating software requirements and architectures using problem frames

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Problem frames provide a means of analyzing and decomposing problems. They emphasise the world outside of the computer, helping the developer to focus on the problem domain, instead of drifting into inventing solutions. However, even modestly complex problems can force us into detailed consideration of the architecture of the solution. This is counter to the intention of the problem frames approach, which is to delay consideration of the solution space until a good understanding of the problem is gained. We therefore extend problem frames, allowing architectural structures, services and artifacts to be considered as part of the problem domain. Through a case study, we show how this extension enhances the applicability of problem frames in permitting an architecture-based approach to software development. We conclude that, through our extension, the applicability of problem frames is extended to include domains with existing architectural support.
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paper_title: Revolutionizing Collaboration through e-Work, e-Business, and e-Service

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Collaboration in highly distributed organizations of people, robots, and autonomous systems is and must be revolutionized by engineering augmentation. The aim is to augment humans abilities at work and, through this augmentation, improve organizations abilities to accomplish their missions. This book establishes the theoretical foundations and design principles of collaborative e-Work, e-Business and e-Service, their models and applications, design and implementation techniques. The fundamental premise is that without effective e-Work and e-Services, the potential of emerging activities, such as e-Commerce, virtual manufacturing, tele-robotic medicine, automated construction, smart energy grid, cyber-supported agriculture, and intelligent transportation cannot be fully materialized. Typically, workers and managers of such value networks are frustrated with complex information systems, originally designed and built to simplify and improve performance. Even if the human-computer interface for such systems is well designed, the information and task overloads can be overwhelming. Effective delivery of expected outcomes may not occur. Challenges and emerging solutions in the context of the recently developed CCT, Collaborative Control Theory, are described, with emphasis on issues of computer-supported and communication-enabled integration, coordination and augmented collaboration. Research results and analyses of engineering design methods and complex systems management techniques are explained and illustrated.
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paper_title: Collaborative e-work and e-manufacturing: challenges for production and logistics managers

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The foundations and scope of e-Work and e-Mfg., and investigations of fundamental design principles for their effectiveness are reviewed. The premise is that without effective e-Work, potential benefits of emerging and promising electronic work activities, such as virtual manufacturing, tele-robotic maintenance, automated inspection, e-supply and e-logistics cannot be materialized. Challenges and emerging solutions are described, clustered in four areas: (1). e-Work; (2). Integration, Coordination and Collaboration; (3). Distributed Decision Support; and (4). Active Middleware. Design principles, models and tools are described, and challenges in production and logistics management are illustrated. This article is intended to stimulate and inspire fruitful future investigations, revolutionizing the way we can design beneficial e-Work and e-Mfg.
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paper_title: Theory of Hierarchical, Multilevel, Systems

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Pharmacologically active diphenylmethane derivatives of formula (I) wherein: R is halo, nitro or lower alkoxy; R1 is hydrogen, halo, nitro, lower alkyl or lower alkoxy; R2 is hydrogen, lower acyl, carbamyl or substituted carbamyl; X is an -OR3 or -NHR4 group wherein R3 is hydrogen, lower alkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, phenyl-lower alkyl, acyl, carbamyl or substituted carbamyl; R4 is hydrogen, lower alkyl or lower acyl; and x and y are integers from zero to two, provided that the sum of x and y is at least one. The compounds are prepared by hydrogenation of an o-benzoylbenzoic acid of formula (II) to the corresponding diol of formula (III) according to the following scheme:
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paper_title: Collaborative service-component integration in cloud manufacturing

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The Industrial Internet technologies are anticipated to enable agile manufacturing processes in response to the growing demand for personalised products/services with shorter lifecycles. This trend has resulted in a gradual transformation of traditional ‘tree-like’ and monolithic systems into complex networks of self-contained and autonomous ‘components’ (a.k.a., Internet of things) and ‘services’ (a.k.a., Internet of services). Cloud Manufacturing is an emerging concept that enables modularisation and service-orientation in the context of manufacturing, in which systematic orchestration, matching, and sharing of services and components are the key. This work develops a framework for dynamic integration of manufacturing services and components in a collaborative network of organisations. The framework dynamically recommends the best matching of services, components and organisations, as well as the best collaboration decisions in terms of sharing (shareable) services and/or components between organisation...
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paper_title: Research Advances in Manufacturing with Service-Oriented e-Work and Production

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New relations, methods and opportunities in manufacturing and industrial engineering have emerged in response to major challenges in recent decades, leveraging results from multi-disciplinary approaches. We review the evolution, comparing past predictions with the current accomplishments and frontiers in this area. The presentation focuses on manufacturing network paradigms, strategic and global influences, cyber-supported analytics and informatics, and collaborative control for automation, robotics, and decision support. Case studies illustrated draw from recent progress in manufacturing factories and processes, facility sensor networks, and supply decision networks. Future challenges and open questions for next generation manufacturing engineers, managers and researchers are also suggested.
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paper_title: Manufacturing, service, and their integration: some history and theory

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explain why the historical integration of manufacturing with service was quickly seen as advantageous in some circumstances, but not so in others.Design/methodology/approach – The paper reviews the history of manufacturing companies in the USA during the last half of the nineteenth century, categorizes them, and ties them to theory.Findings – The bundling of manufactured goods to downstream‐available services was led by companies with new products but with no great manufacturing strengths, as a way to establish barriers to entry. Companies with significant manufacturing capabilities were not as quick or as complete in their integration of manufacturing and service.Originality/value – This paper shows that servitization has antecedents that go back 150 years.
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paper_title: Manufacturing-as-a-Service—From e-Work and Service-Oriented Architecture to the Cloud Manufacturing Paradigm

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Abstract After consolidation of classic manufacturing line, several alternative arrangements have been experimented and modeled to explore emerging features such as non-linearity, integration, flexibility, and decentralization by the virtue of holonic and agent-based technologies. All this transformation reflects remarkable evolution in manufacturing systems and emergence of a ubiquitous culture introduced by e- Work and supported by Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). Yet, there is a new paradigm shift emerging in manufacturing: the tendency to move from the traditional product- /production-oriented manufacturing to service-oriented manufacturing. Such tendency is being spread in academic work as well as in today's management decisions. This article briefly reviews and analyzes the emerging coalition between collaborative e-Manufacturing and Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) towards the fonnation of a new manufacturing paradigm composed of a cloud of sendees that enable the notion of Manufacturing-as-a-Service (MaaS).
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paper_title: Cloud manufacturing: a computing and service-oriented manufacturing model

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Combining the emerged advanced technologies (such as cloud computing, ‘internet of thing’, virtualization, and service-oriented technologies, advanced computing technologies) with existing advanced manufacturing models and enterprise ‘informationization’ technologies, a new computing- and service-oriented manufacturing model, called cloud manufacturing (CMfg), is proposed. The concept, architecture, core enabling technologies, and typical characteristics of CMfg are discussed and investigated, as well as the differences and relationship between cloud computing and CMfg. Four typical CMfg service platforms, i.e. public, private, community, and hybrid CMfg service platforms, are introduced. The key advantages and challenges for implementing CMfg are analysed, as well as the key technologies and main research findings.
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paper_title: Information systems and knowledge management in industrial engineering: recent advances and new perspectives

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Production Research is foundational for advancing theories, methods, technologies and practices in manufacturing industries, production systems and related service industries. Over the last five decades, tremendous scientific and technical progresses have been made in all areas of production of goods and services, ranging from the birth of Computer-Aided tools (CAx, where x stands for Design, Manufacturing, Process Planning or Engineering), Computer Numerically Controlled (CNC) machines and industrial robotics in the 60's, then to Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMSs), Automated Guided-Vehicles (AGVs) and concept of unmanned factories in the 70's, to Computer-Integrated Manufacturing (CIM), quality management, value chains and lean management in the 80's, to mass customization, distributed warehousing and networked organizations governed by integrated Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) packages in the 90's, then to service-orientation (or “servitization”), global supply chains and interoperable and knowledge-based systems in the 2000's and, finally, to emerging smart, sensing and sustainable production systems today culminating with the concept of smart factories and Industry 4.0 since 2011.
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paper_title: Collaborative service-component integration in cloud manufacturing

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The Industrial Internet technologies are anticipated to enable agile manufacturing processes in response to the growing demand for personalised products/services with shorter lifecycles. This trend has resulted in a gradual transformation of traditional ‘tree-like’ and monolithic systems into complex networks of self-contained and autonomous ‘components’ (a.k.a., Internet of things) and ‘services’ (a.k.a., Internet of services). Cloud Manufacturing is an emerging concept that enables modularisation and service-orientation in the context of manufacturing, in which systematic orchestration, matching, and sharing of services and components are the key. This work develops a framework for dynamic integration of manufacturing services and components in a collaborative network of organisations. The framework dynamically recommends the best matching of services, components and organisations, as well as the best collaboration decisions in terms of sharing (shareable) services and/or components between organisation...
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paper_title: Towards a cyber-physical-social-connected and service-oriented manufacturing paradigm: Social Manufacturing

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Abstract Manufacturing industry is heading toward socialization, personalization, servitization and mass collaboration. Motivated by the infiltration of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) and social media usage in manufacturing industry, this paper addresses a new Social Manufacturing (SocialM) paradigm and provides a theoretical basis for future production organization. Definitions and organizational logic of SocialM are given. Three core aspects of SocialM are addressed from the configuration, operation and management perspectives. It is expected that SocialM would contribute to the production mode transformation and social innovation.
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paper_title: Service-oriented manufacturing: a new product pattern and manufacturing paradigm

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Service plays an increasingly important role in modern manufacturing: (a) Services and physical products are integrated into one product service system (PSS) to provide a comprehensive solution for customers; (b) The companies involved in offering PSS focus on specialized sectors, and provide producer services for one another. In this paper, the new product pattern together with the innovative manufacturing paradigm is called service-oriented manufacturing. The competitive advantage of a PSS can be originated from products or services, and the ownership of PSS's may or may not be transferred from sellers to buyers during transactions. Various PSS's were categorized into three classes. The characteristics of each type of PSS's and the shift between them are discussed. Many companies, which provide producer services and manufacturing services to one another, form a service-based manufacturing network. The reasons why producer services act as intermediate goods among different companies and motivations for companies to outsource their business processes are analyzed economically. Many companies in different segments of the production-chain may have discrepant profitability. Technology strength and industry insight competences are adopted to explain the discrepant values added from various segments along the production chain. Service-oriented manufacturing is summarized from the perspectives of business model, industry insight and technology strength (BIT).
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paper_title: Perspectives on Manufacturing Automation Under the Digital and Cyber Convergence

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The evolution of industrial automation has been divided into four or five main cycles of “industrial revolutions,” also called “disruptive innovations” and “automation revolutions.” The most recent one, started around the 1990s and still on-going, points to the current perspectives envisioned for the twenty-first century and perhaps even beyond. In practice, however, it is difficult to comprehend the real value and impacts by the so called Digital Manufacturing, Smart Factory, Automation 5.0, or Industry 4.0. Furthermore, with frequent and rapid innovations, it is unclear how the emerging digital, smart, and cyber-augmented factories of the future can benefit from the digital and cyber convergence. Which are the dominant factors that motivate and justify the evolution of manufacturing through this current cycle? In this article, we review the relationships between digital, virtual, and cyber convergence, and recent manufacturing engineering challenges ranging from virtual enterprises to collaborative e-Manufacturing, and service orientation. We then point out new perspectives and opportunities for design and re-arrangement in production, highlighting the trend of fusion between knowledge, product, process, and service. The impact on methods of analysis, informatics, collaborative intelligence, and design of industrial systems is also analyzed under the new trends and achievements so far in digital and cyber convergence. With several case studies, we also illustrate the emerging challenges.
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paper_title: Collaborative intelligence in knowledge based service planning

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E-services are provided by several web-enabled companies. While some of them are competitive in nature, others are collaborative. There are few methodologies currently existing for measuring the value of e-collaboration among these e-service providers. The objective of this research is to measure collaborative intelligence (CI) in the knowledge based service (KBS) industry and to identify measures for finding the best collaborators during the formation and functioning stages of collaborative networks. The model developed in this research, CIMK (collaborative intelligence measure of KBS), measures CI by multi-objective optimization on parameters for collaboration, and suggests optimal operating points for various clients with greater flexibility. CIMK allows decision makers to customize the model based on their knowledge of the industry. Then, the CNOA (Collaborative Network Optimization Algorithm) is applied to select the best providers for requests based on their CI levels. CNOA has been implemented over a HUB-CI (HUB with CI) platform, which is a next generation collaboration support system developed at Purdue University. Three analytic experiments are designed and performed to validate the models (1) in terms of usability, (2) to compare the CIMK with alternative methods, and (3) to find the relative advantages of the CIMK model. The results of the experiments indicate that the average service cost can decrease by close to 50% when operating points with high CI, suggested by CIMK model, are implemented. The CI level computed by CIMK is successfully used as a decision parameter for on-going matching e-service providers to different requests.
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paper_title: The collaborative factory of the future

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This work is a contribution to the ever-evolving concept of factory of the future (FoF); thinking about its challenges, and how we can best accomplish its promise. Globalised economies, competitive, volatile and complex business environments have gradually transformed modern manufacturing processes into highly distributed but interconnected networks of entities, which divide their responsibilities and core competencies to sustain and evolve. To achieve these ends, collaboration among networks of intelligent and autonomous entities must be effectively engineered and augmented. In view of that need, a formalism of the collaborative control theory (CCT) is developed in this article, based on the state-of-the-art advances in its design principles, supported by collaborative e-Work and their roles in engineering augmentation of collaboration. Several specific examples of e-Manufacturing systems (e-Factories) are used to elaborate further the mechanics of the developed formalism. The goal is to provide a framework of the collaborative factory of the future (CFoF). This framework is applied to enable the abstraction of disparate e-Factories as collaborative networks of entities, which in turn can be engineered and augmented through the CCT operators in order to address the FoF-2020 challenges of scalability and sustainability.
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paper_title: Integrative construct for Model-Based Human-System Integration: a case study

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Abstract A significant feature of critical systems such as power plants is their control by human operators. For that, they are placed at the field level where they perceive, process and provide the necessary information, which is partially digitalized. Another significant feature of the engineering of these systems is to focus mainly on technical requirements that are further checked by human factors and ergonomics specialists. Improving the co-specification process of these systems as a whole requires providing measurable requirements in order to bring together human and technical aspects of these systems. The resulting issue is to check the balance between the two types of specifications from an early project stage. In that way, we propose a system co-specification framework based on an integrative construct enabling to check the compliance of system requirements with automation and physiological requirements by co-execution of models. This framework is applied on a case-study in order to propose physical-physiological pre-requirements of a sound perception artefact by a field operator. These exploratory works aim to contribute to Model-Based Human-System Integration.
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paper_title: Development and Applications of Holonic Manufacturing Systems: A Survey

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This paper surveys the literature in the holonic manufacturing systems area in an attempt to bring together the key issues in the development and applications of holonic systems. A brief introduction presents the characteristics of today’s manufacturing environment and the requirements for next generation manufacturing systems. Then, starting with considerations about the origins of the holonic concept and its first applications in manufacturing, the paper presents the advances made in applying the holonic concept to manufacturing systems area. Several considerations for the development of holonic manufacturing systems and specific holonic system requirements are discussed. As holonic concept is considered a solution for next generation manufacturing systems, there is a significant number of applications and implementations of the holonic concept in manufacturing systems domain. The most important and relevant approaches developed so far are presented. Finally, a short conclusion and future research directions in the area are provided
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paper_title: Distributed intelligent actuation and measurement (IAM) system within an integrated shop-floor organisation

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Abstract The world of instrumentation is undergoing a major evolution shift as embedded intelligence and field-bus communication allow a migration of functionality into all parts of distributed automation systems. This innovative architecture allows an integrated shop-floor organisation by providing Control, Maintenance and technical Management (CMM) activities with a common and efficient representation of the process. On the basis of the industrial research and development initiated by European projects, evolution based on intelligent field devices and leading towards more adaptive automation systems is discussed. An engineering framework, as needed to structure the system models in line with the distribution and integration requirements, is suggested through a case study based on the level control system of our pilot laboratory.
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paper_title: Towards a classification framework for interoperability of enterprise applications

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Software applications interoperability is a challenge for modern enterprises. It needs establishing standards and protocols for data exchange between different enterprise systems. Nevertheless, since there is no methodology for collecting data, exchanged information is generally incomplete. Business process modelling aims at specifying object flows and processes inside enterprise levels and among networked enterprises. Enterprise-control systems aim at driving and scheduling the manufacturing resources based on information coming from the whole enterprise. However, the increased complexity of these models does not help to ensure coherent relationships between its components. In the current paper, the author will analyse how enterprise applications, models and standards used at different levels of the enterprise could be classified to come to a framework of many interoperability types.
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paper_title: Product intelligence in industrial control: Theory and practice

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This paper explores the evolving industrial control paradigm of product intelligence. The approach seeks to give a customer greater control over the processing of an order – by integrating technologies which allow for greater tracking of the order and methodologies which allow the customer [via the order] to dynamically influence the way the order is produced, stored or transported. The paper examines developments from four distinct perspectives: conceptual developments, theoretical issues, practical deployment and business opportunities. In each area, existing work is reviewed and open challenges for research are identified. The paper concludes by identifying four key obstacles to be overcome in order to successfully deploy product intelligence in an industrial application.
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paper_title: Manufacturing and the 21st century — Intelligent manufacturing systems and the renaissance of the manufacturing industry

paper_content:

Abstract The affluence of modern Western society can be said to be largely a result of the autonomous development of the manufacturing industry brought about by the industrial revolution. Japan's drive toward modernization represents an attempt to participate in the mechanism of what propels this cycle. As an eager and earnest latecomer, Japan joined in this ever-evolving productive system, this mechanism for creating an affluent society. And, as a result of its efforts, Japanese producers now account for approximately 15% of the world's productive output. Yet, the success of Japan revealed contradictions within the system. Indeed, although the system has continued to developed ever since the industrial revolution, it still provides its benefits to only about one-fourth of the world's population and has created a deluge of artificially produced items. The contradictions made apparent by the success of Japan cannot be resolved through the efforts of Japan alone. The advanced countries must work together to attain a manufacturing renaissance. It is also necessary to introduce new concepts, such as global productivity, and to establish the study of manufacturing as a separate discipline having a systematic structure comparable to that of other scientific and technical fields. Such moves toward the creation of a renaissance in manufacturing provide the contextual background for discussions on the feasibility of the Intelligent Manufacturing System (IMS) project among officials from six governmental bodies representing regions in Europe, North America, and the Pacific. This paper explains this contextual background and, for the attainment of the renaissance, points out the need for cooperation to assure constructive competition.
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paper_title: Cooperative Control in Production and Logistics

paper_content:

Classical applications of control engineering and information and communication technology (ICT) in production and logistics are often done in a rigid, centralized and hierarchical way. These inflexible approaches are typically not able to cope with the complexities of the manufacturing environment, such as the instabilities, uncertainties and abrupt changes caused by internal and external disturbances, or a large number and variety of interacting, interdependent elements. A paradigm shift, e.g., novel organizing principles and methods, is needed for supporting the interoperability of dynamic alliances of agile and networked systems. Several solution proposals argue that the future of manufacturing and logistics lies in network-like, dynamic, open and reconfigurable systems of cooperative autonomous entities. The paper overviews various distributed approaches and technologies of control engineering and ICT that can support the realization of cooperative structures from the resource level to the level of networked enterprises. Standard results as well as recent advances from control theory, through cooperative game theory, distributed machine learning to holonic systems, cooperative enterprise modelling, system integration, and autonomous logistics processes are surveyed. A special emphasis is put on the theoretical developments and industrial applications of Robustly Feasible Model Predictive Control (RFMPC). Two case studies are also discussed: i) a holonic, PROSA-based approach to generate short-term forecasts for an additive manufacturing system by means of a delegate multi-agent system (D-MAS); and ii) an application of distributed RFMPC to a drinking water distribution system.
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paper_title: A Description and Reasoning of Plant Controllers in Temporal Logic

paper_content:

This paper describes the methodology to deal with the behavior of a dynamical system such as plant controllers in the framework of Temporal Logic. Many important concepts of the dynamical system like stability or observability are represented in this framework. As a reasoning method, we present an w -graph approach which enables us to represent the dynamical behavior of a given system, and an automatic synthesis of control rules can be reduced to a simple decision procedure on the w -graph. Moreover, the typical reasoning about the time-dependent system such as a causal argument or a qualitative simulation can be also treated on the w -graph in the same way.
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paper_title: Rockwell Automation's Holonic and Multiagent Control Systems Compendium

paper_content:

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of long-term R&D activities of the Rockwell Automation (RA) company in the field of holonic and agent-based manufacturing control systems. It presents a coherent framework of methodologies for designing agent-based control systems, tools that support implementation and validation of them, and agent applications that were developed for various industrial systems. The common attribute is the integration of novel techniques, such as multiagent systems or semantics with the current “old-fashioned” automation architectures represented mainly by programmable logic controllers. Retaining the ability of the control system to meet the strict real-time constraints and concurrently raise its intelligence has always been of highest importance. The paper does not focus merely on RA's work, but discusses all its aspects in a context of other existing works in this area.
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paper_title: Conceptual framework for e-Maintenance: Illustration by e-Maintenance technologies and platforms☆

paper_content:

Abstract At present we can find different complementary definitions of the term e-Maintenance. These definitions apply to maintenance several principles and concepts such as collaboration, pro-activity, knowledge, intelligence, web services or the Internet. A clear consensus is not yet reached, even when some contributions try to propose unique repositories to ensure consistency. Consequently the aim of this paper is: (a) to discuss, briefly, on the concept of e-Maintenance and on a first conceptual e-Maintenance framework based on 5 abstraction levels in order; (b) to detail the last level named “infrastructure” for illustrating e-Maintenance technologies and platforms. This level allows to put in evidence new technologies supporting e-Maintenance services and to describe e-Maintenance architecture resulting from the technology's integration. The main illustration is done with a TELeMAintenance platform (TELMA).
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paper_title: Conflict and error prevention and detection in complex networks

paper_content:

Conflicts and errors are unavoidable in complex networks such as energy grids and supply chains. The objective of this research is to design algorithms for effective and automated conflict and error prevention and detection. Most algorithms developed earlier, i.e., the traditional algorithm, are centralized sequential algorithms which do not use relationships between conflicts and errors for prevention and detection. A constraint-based model is designed based on the complex network theory to define conflicts and errors and provide prescriptive models for real-world systems. Two algorithms, a centralized algorithm taking advantage of network topology and a decentralized algorithm enabling parallelism with distributed agents, are designed to prevent and detect conflicts and errors. Both algorithms use relationships between constraints to improve efficiency. Analytical study and simulation experiments are conducted to validate the new algorithms and compare their performance to that of the traditional algorithm. Results show that for effective prevention and detection, the decentralized algorithm shall be used according to four performance measures: time, coverage ability, preventability, and damage. If information transmission between agents is disrupted, the centralized algorithm shall be used to achieve better performance than the traditional algorithm. The alignment between algorithms and networks, i.e., centralized algorithms for centralized networks and decentralized algorithms for decentralized networks, improves prevention and detection.
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paper_title: BDI Agents: From Theory to Practice

paper_content:

The study of computational agents capable of rational behaviour has received a great deal of attention in recent years. Theoretical formalizations of such agents and their implementations have proceeded in parallel with little or no connection between them. Tkis paper explores a particular type of rational agent, a BeliefDesire-Intention (BDI) agent. The primary aim of this paper is to integrate (a) the theoretical foundations of BDI agents from both a quantitative decision-theoretic perspective and a symbolic reasoning perspective; (b) the implementations of BDI agents from an ideal theoretical perspective and a more practical perspective; and (c) the building of large-scale applications based on BDI agents. In particular, an air-trafflc management application will be described from both a theoretical and an implementation perspective.
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paper_title: Building an Ontology for Intelligent Maintenance Systems and Spare Parts Supply Chain Integration

paper_content:

Abstract Global competition has been leading to more complex production systems, in which satisfactory maintenance is crucial for the operations. The ability to properly forecast failures, provided by Intelligent Maintenance Systems (IMS) can avoid downtimes and provide a competitive advantage. Moreover, it can also enable more precise demand planning in Spare Parts Supply Chain (SPSC), resulting in the availability of parts and services when they are necessary in shop floor, avoiding breakdowns and production interruptions. The proper integration of IMS and SPSC is of utmost importance to achieve these results. Some of the challenges related to this integration refer to semantic differences between these areas with diverse concepts and vocabulary. This work intends to propose the building of an ontology to overcome these difficulties by providing a common vocabulary and proper semantic integration of the areas, as a basis for the construction of a future integration information system to integrate IMS and SPSC.
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paper_title: Industrial adoption of agent-based technologies

paper_content:

We developed new class of approaches to manufacturing and supply chain decision making. These approaches employ multiagent systems, which consist of a set of intelligent agents hosted on an appropriate software platform. Agent-based technology can potentially solve complex, dynamic decision processes that are distributed. By enabling networks of autonomous yet interacting reasoning elements, this technology provides an alternative to the centralized systems prevailing in industry.
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paper_title: Past, Present, and Future of Industrial Agent Applications

paper_content:

Industrial agents technology leverages the benefits of multiagent systems, distributed computing, artificial intelligence techniques and semantics in the field of production, services and infrastructure sectors, providing a new way to design and engineer control solutions based on the decentralization of control over distributed structures. The key drivers for this application are the benefits of agent-based industrial systems, namely in terms of robustness, scalability, reconfigurability and productivity, all of which translate to a greater competitive advantage. This manuscript monitors the chronology of research and development of the industrial applications of multiagent and holonic systems. It provides the comprehensive overview of methodologies, architectures and applications of agents in industrial domain from early nineties up to present. It also gives an outlook of the current trends as well as challenges and possible future application domains of industrial agents.
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paper_title: Cooperative Control in Production and Logistics

paper_content:

Classical applications of control engineering and information and communication technology (ICT) in production and logistics are often done in a rigid, centralized and hierarchical way. These inflexible approaches are typically not able to cope with the complexities of the manufacturing environment, such as the instabilities, uncertainties and abrupt changes caused by internal and external disturbances, or a large number and variety of interacting, interdependent elements. A paradigm shift, e.g., novel organizing principles and methods, is needed for supporting the interoperability of dynamic alliances of agile and networked systems. Several solution proposals argue that the future of manufacturing and logistics lies in network-like, dynamic, open and reconfigurable systems of cooperative autonomous entities. The paper overviews various distributed approaches and technologies of control engineering and ICT that can support the realization of cooperative structures from the resource level to the level of networked enterprises. Standard results as well as recent advances from control theory, through cooperative game theory, distributed machine learning to holonic systems, cooperative enterprise modelling, system integration, and autonomous logistics processes are surveyed. A special emphasis is put on the theoretical developments and industrial applications of Robustly Feasible Model Predictive Control (RFMPC). Two case studies are also discussed: i) a holonic, PROSA-based approach to generate short-term forecasts for an additive manufacturing system by means of a delegate multi-agent system (D-MAS); and ii) an application of distributed RFMPC to a drinking water distribution system.
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paper_title: Watchdog Agent - an infotronics-based prognostics approach for product performance degradation assessment and prediction

paper_content:

Abstract In today's competitive market, production costs, lead time and optimal machine utilization are crucial values for companies. Since machine or process breakdowns severely limit their effectiveness, methods are needed to predict products' life expectancy. Furthermore, continuous assessment and prediction of product's performance could also enable a collaborative product life-cycle management in which products are followed, assessed and improved throughout their life-cycle. Finally, information about the remaining life of products and their components is crucial for their disassembly and reuse, which in turn leads to a more efficient and environmentally friendly usage of products and resources. Development of the Watchdog Agent™ answers the aforementioned needs through enabling multi-sensor assessment and prediction of performance of products and machines.
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paper_title: Intelligent products: The grace experience

paper_content:

Abstract Product intelligence is a new industrial manufacturing control paradigm aligned with the context of cyber-physical systems and addressing the current requirements of flexibility, reconfigurability and responsiveness. This paradigm introduces benefits in terms of improvement of the entire product׳s life-cycle, and particularly the product quality and customization, aiming the customer satisfaction. This paper presents an implementation of a system of intelligent products, developed under the scope of the GRACE project, where an agent-based solution was deployed in a factory plant producing laundry washing machines. The achieved results show an increase of the production and energy efficiency, an increase of the product quality and customization, as well as a reduction of the scrap costs.
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paper_title: The Ghost in the Machine

paper_content:

Koestler examines the notion that the parts of the human brain-structure which account for reason and emotion are not fully coordinated. This kind of deficiency may explain the paranoia, violence, and insanity that are central parts of human history, according to Koestler's challenging analysis of the human predicament.
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paper_title: Development and Applications of Holonic Manufacturing Systems: A Survey

paper_content:

This paper surveys the literature in the holonic manufacturing systems area in an attempt to bring together the key issues in the development and applications of holonic systems. A brief introduction presents the characteristics of today’s manufacturing environment and the requirements for next generation manufacturing systems. Then, starting with considerations about the origins of the holonic concept and its first applications in manufacturing, the paper presents the advances made in applying the holonic concept to manufacturing systems area. Several considerations for the development of holonic manufacturing systems and specific holonic system requirements are discussed. As holonic concept is considered a solution for next generation manufacturing systems, there is a significant number of applications and implementations of the holonic concept in manufacturing systems domain. The most important and relevant approaches developed so far are presented. Finally, a short conclusion and future research directions in the area are provided
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paper_title: Design for the Unexpected, From Holonic Manufacturing Systems towards a Humane Mechatronics Society

paper_content:

Design for the Unexpected: From Holonic Manufacturing Systems Towards a Humane Mechatronics Society presents new, even revolutionary, ideas to managing production and production systems which may fundamentally shift the paradigm of manufacturing systems design. It provides guidelines for the design of complex systems that can deal with unexpected disturbances and presents a decentralized control methodology that goes far beyond the traditional hierarchical control approach that currently prevails. The benefits are illustrated by a variety of examples and case studies from different fields, with the book's well-established authors presenting Holonic Manufacturing Systems (HMS) as the framework for the ?factory-of-the-future', and suggesting that the application of biologically inspired control paradigms can control complex manufacturing systems, and that there are far wider applications for these systems than pure manufacturing. In addition, the book explores how this multi-agent control framework can be extended to other fields such as traffic, transport, services, and health care. Provides a practical control system architecture that can be applied to a wide variety of systems in manufacturing, transportation, logistics, and roboticsContains a wide range of case studies from different engineering disciplinesProvides a decentralized control methodology that goes beyond the traditional hierarchical control approach that currently prevailsA must-read resource for researchers and professionals alike
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paper_title: Complexity: The Emerging Science at the Edge of Order and Chaos

paper_content:

In a rented convent in Santa Fe, a revolution has been brewing. The activists are not anarchists, but rather Nobel Laureates in physics and economics such as Murray Gell-Mann and Kenneth Arrow, and pony-tailed graduate students, mathematicians, and computer scientists down from Los Alamos. They've formed an iconoclastic think tank called the Santa Fe Institute, and their radical idea is to create a new science called complexity. These mavericks from academe share a deep impatience with the kind of linear, reductionist thinking that has dominated science since the time of Newton. Instead, they are gathering novel ideas about interconnectedness, coevolution, chaos, structure, and order - and they're forging them into an entirely new, unified way of thinking about nature, human social behavior, life, and the universe itself. They want to know how a primordial soup of simple molecules managed to turn itself into the first living cell - and what the origin of life some four billion years ago can tell us about the process of technological innovation today. They want to know why ancient ecosystems often remained stable for millions of years, only to vanish in a geological instant - and what such events have to do with the sudden collapse of Soviet communism in the late 1980s. They want to know why the economy can behave in unpredictable ways that economists can't explain - and how the random process of Darwinian natural selection managed to produce such wonderfully intricate structures as the eye and the kidney. Above all, they want to know how the universe manages to bring forth complex structures such as galaxies, stars, planets, bacteria, plants, animals, and brains. There are commonthreads in all of these queries, and these Santa Fe scientists seek to understand them. Complexity is their story: the messy, funny, human story of how science really happens. Here is the tale of Brian Arthur, the Belfast-born economist who stubbornly pushed his theories of economic ch
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paper_title: General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications.

paper_content:

It is often disconcerting to learn that a discovery that one has made has been around a long time, and thus is no discovery at all; but this should not deter one from sharing his good fortune. Ludwig von Bertalanffy has been writing about a general systems theory since at least 1945 but it did not become a component of psychiatric study until introduced by Dr. William Gray in 1965 at an APA panel. It has not, however, managed to sustain much over-all enthusiasm in psychiatry except for a small group of investigators. The present volume by Bertalanffy, as its title suggests, covers the foundations, the development, and the applications of this theory. This reviewer can only suggest and urge that every psychiatrist read it. Once that has been done, I would next urge you to read it again. The book consists of ten chapters
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paper_title: Simplexity: Simplifying Principles for a Complex World

paper_content:

In this book a noted physiologist and neuroscientist introduces the concept of simplexity, the set of solutions living organisms find that enable them to deal with information and situations, while taking into account past experiences and anticipating future ones. Such solutions are new ways of addressing problems so that actions may be taken more quickly, more elegantly, and more efficiently. In a sense, the history of living organisms may be summed up by their remarkable ability to find solutions that avoid the world's complexity by imposing on it their own rules and functions. Evolution has resolved the problem of complexity not by simplifying but by finding solutions whose processes-though they can sometimes be complex-allow us to act in the midst of complexity and of uncertainty. Nature can inspire us by making us realize that simplification is never simple and requires instead that we choose, refuse, connect, and imagine, in order to act in the best possible manner. Such solutions are already being applied in design and engineering and are significant in biology, medicine, economics, and the behavioral sciences.
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paper_title: Roadmap to master the complexity of process operation to help operators improve safety, productivity and reduce environmental impact

paper_content:

Summary There is now on the market a profusion of technological devices to build plants. These devices are standardized to facilitate their dissemination and integration. The standards are technology driven because they are mainly elaborated by vendors for the design and delivery of complex plants. Operating plants means to control, maintain and manage them. Plants are operated by skilled operators, whose knowledge is mainly acquired by experience and feedback. The aim of this paper is to pave the way to master the complexity of plant operation, through explicit representation, and to help operators improve safety, productivity and reduce environmental impact.
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paper_title: On the history of Ludwig von Bertalanffy’s “general systemology”, and on its relationship to cybernetics - Part II: Contexts and developments of the systemological hermeneutics instigated by von Bertalanffy

paper_content:

The history of “general system theory” is investigated in order to clarify its meanings, vocations, foundations and achievements. It is characterized as the project of a science of the systemic interpretation of the “real”, renamed here “general systemology”. The contexts and modes of its elaboration, publication and implementation are discussed. The paper mostly focuses on the works of its instigator: Ludwig von Bertalanffy. However, general systemology was a collective project: the main contributions of other “systemologists”, from the 1950s until the 1970s, are hence also considered. Its solidarity with the history of the Society for General Systems Research is notably discussed. A reconstruction of the systemological hermeneutics is undertaken on this basis. It finds out the potential systematic unity underlying the diversity of the contributions to this both scientific and philosophical project. Light is thus shed on the actual scope of von Bertalanffy’s works.
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paper_title: Systems Thinking: Coping with 21st Century Problems

paper_content:

Perspectives If You Leave Me Now Areas of Perspective Perspectives on Google Returning to Iraq Concepts Just a Thought What's the Big Idea? The Conceptagon Engineering Pressed into Action The Way We Were Quite another Story Dynamics Thinks Can Only Get Better Soft Breakfast @ Tiffs 'n' Ease Softly, as I Lead You Into Great Issues Evolution From Prose to Picture Going off the Rails Normal Service Will Never Be Resumed Postlude Togetherness Common Causes An Intelligent Community? The Madder of All Wars Principles for Togetherness Of Social Networks Order Forms Technology Networks Less Auto, More Mobile The Price and Prize of Togetherness The System of Systems Debate Essential Characteristics Back to Biology Paradox Make My Joy Complete The World of Both System Paradoxes Bothersome Bovines Complex Life's Rich Tapestry Sides of Bacon A Weakness Stronger than Strength Ready, Fire, Aim Snowballs and Seesaws Significant Others Postlude Index A "Time to Think" section and Endnotes appear at the end of each chapter.
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paper_title: The Handbook of Human-Machine Interaction: A Human-Centered Design Approach

paper_content:

Contents: Introduction: a human-centered design approach, Guy A. Boy Part I Analysis: Analysis, modeling and simulation of human operator's mental activities, Thierry Bellet Psychophysiology and performance: considerations for human-centered design, Anil K. Raj, Margery J. Doyle and Joshua D. Cameron Automation and situation awareness, Anke Popken and Josef F. Krems Human error, interaction and the development of safety-critical systems, Christopher Johnson Operating documents that change in real-time: dynamic documents and user performance support, Barbara K. Burian and Lynne Martin The authority issue in organizational automation, Guy A. Boy and Gudela Grote. Part II Design: Scenario-based design, John M. Carroll and Stephen R. Haynes Socio-cognitive issues in human-centred design for the real world, Saadi Lahlou Cognitive function analysis in the design of human and machine multi-agent systems, Guy A. Boy Authority and cooperation between humans and machines, Patrick Millot, Serge Debernard and FrA(c)dA(c)ric Vanderhaegen Formal description techniques for human-machine interfaces: model-based approaches for the design and evaluation of dependable usable interactive systems, David Navarre, Philippe Palanque, CA(c)lia Martinie, Marco A.A. Winkler and Sandra Steere Designing human-automation interaction, Amy Pritchett and Michael Feary Human-agent interaction, Jeffrey M. Bradshaw, Paul J. Feltovich and Matthew Johnson. Part III Evaluation: From usability to user experience with interactive systems, Jean-Marc Robert and Annemarie Lesage Designing and evaluating user experience, Jean-Marc Robert and Annmarie Lesage Eye tracking from a human factors perspective, Alexandre Lucas Stephane Operator fatigue: implications for human-machine interaction, Philippa Gander, Curt Graeber and Gregory Belenky Transversal perspectives on human-machine interaction: the effect of age in human-machine systems, Anabela dos Santos SimA es, Marta Pereira and Maria Panou Error on the flight deck: interfaces, organizations and culture, Don Harris and Wen-Chin Li The diminishing relevance of human-machine interaction, Erik Hollnagel Conclusion and perspectives: from automation to interaction design, Guy A. Boy Index.
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paper_title: The conceptagon: A framework for systems thinking and systems practice

paper_content:

For the myriad scientific, technological, and socio-politico-economic specialties to be better integrated, the term system must add to its ubiquity a precision that facilitates communion among specialists. This paper, building on the body of Systems Thinking knowledge and cognizant of the key problem-solving systems methodologies, presents a new framework, the Conceptagon, and illustrates its use by describing its application to a case study drawing on the United States Department of Defense Biometrics Enterprise.
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paper_title: Anti-logicist framework for design-knowledge representation

paper_content:

The knowledge reuse and mapping are among the most important concerns related to the design knowledge representation. In this paper, authors focus on the importance of one specific property of a design knowledge representation: the unambiguity. Authors show 1) how the ambiguity of the representation can increase the risk of a failure in the reuse and mapping processes, 2) how most of works in the literature use formal logic constructs and finally 3) how the use of these can increase the risk of ambiguity. On the basis of these remarks, an overview on the works on the anti-logicist architecture is provided: the systems based on this architecture show an intelligent behaviour without using logic constructs. An analysis and a transposition of the anti-logicist principles are then performed to build a framework allowing to represent design knowledge without logic constructs. To do so 1) main concepts are formalised in a conceptual model; 2) an algorithm has been designed to map pieces of knowledge based only on the representation syntax; 3) two instantiations of the framework are showed using a CAD instantiation. Finally, the limits of the current deployment of the framework and the research perspectives are discussed.
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paper_title: The Hidden Perils of Addressing Complexity with Formal Process - A Philosophical and Empirical Analysis

paper_content:

This paper analyzes ethnographic interview data at two different points in time to assess the impact of formal process on the production process in a systems engineering context. While formal processes are adopted by organizations to grapple with increasing levels of complexity, they nonetheless make strong assumptions about the nature of work and the nature of the worker leading to unintended consequences. The fields of philosophy of technology and labor studies each pose deep questions about the nature of work and technology and how changes in them affect human experience and provide a compelling context in which to analyze the ethnographic data. We conclude that formal processes tend to ignore the social dynamics of the production process resulting in systemic quality problems. We also conclude that both the philosophy of technology and labor studies would benefit from a more social rather than individualistic framing of technology and production.
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paper_title: A Journey Through the Systems Landscape

paper_content:

Systems are everywhere and affect us daily in our private and professional lives. We all use the word "system" to describe something that is essential but often abstract, complex and even mysterious. However, learning to utilize system concepts as first class objects as well as methodologies for systems thinking and systems engineering provides a basis for removing the mystery and moving towards mastery even for complex systems. This journey through the Systems Landscape has been developed to promote learning to "think" and "act" in terms of systems. A unique aspect is the introduction of concrete system semantics provided as a "system survival kit" and based upon a limited number of concepts and principles as well as a mental model called the system-coupling diagram. This discipline independent presentation assists individuals and is essential for building a learning organization that can utilize a systems approach to achieving its enterprise goals. The eight chapters are presented as stops along a journey that successively build system knowledge. Each chapter terminates with a Knowledge Verification section that provides questions and exercises for individuals and groups. Case studies reflecting the utilization of the system related concepts, principles and methodologies are provided as chapter interludes.
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paper_title: Development of Manufacturing Sustainability Assessment Using Systems Thinking

paper_content:

The existing body of knowledge in sustainability assessment of manufacturing indicates that although extensive research is going on, significant shortcomings remain unsolved. In this paper, the specific needs of a new sustainability assessment system are discussed. Systems thinking is suggested as an alternative to the reductionist approach which is commonly applied to sustainability assessment. Although previous research has recognized the potential of systems thinking applied to sustainability assessment, few practical examples have been demonstrated. Therefore, this article focuses on a practical application of systems thinking to the development of a sustainability assessment system of a manufacturing organization. A framework for development is proposed employing systems thinking. It is suggested that systems thinking reveals several aspects usually not addressed by the reductionist approaches. It is demonstrated that a combination of tools like analysis of multiple viewpoints, conceptagon, seven samurai, and model-based systems engineering can enhance a development of a suitable assessment systems.
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paper_title: SmartFactory - Towards a factory-of-things

paper_content:

Abstract In 1991, Mark Weiser described the vision of a future world under the name of Ubiquitous Computing. Since then, many details of the described vision have become reality: Our mobile phones are powerful multimedia systems, our cars computer systems on wheels, and our homes are turning into smart living environments. All these advances must be turned into products for very cost-sensitive world markets in shorter cycles than ever before. Today, the resulting requirements for design, setup, and operation of our factories become crucial for success. In the past, we often increased the complexity in structures and control systems, resulting in inflexible monolithic production systems. But the future must become “lean”—not only in organization, but also in planning and technology! We must develop technologies which allow us to speed up planning and setup, to adapt to rapid product changes during operation, and to reduce the planning effort. To meet these challenges we should also make use of the smart technologies of our daily lives. But for industrial use, there are many open questions to be answered. The existing technologies may be acceptable for consumer use but not yet for industrial applications with high safety and security requirements. Therefore, the SmartFactory KL initiative was founded by industrial and academic partners to create and operate a demonstration and research test bed for future factory technologies. Many projects develop, test, and evaluate new solutions. This presentation describes changes and challenges, and it summarizes the experience gained to date in the SmartFactory KL .
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paper_title: From plant and logistics control to multi-enterprise collaboration

paper_content:

Current and emerging manufacturing and logistics systems are posing new challenges and opportunities for the automation and control community. This milestone report describes the main problems, such as management of complexity, scalability, increasing costs, coordination, market-based resource allocation, and more. Recent accomplishments and trends are discussed: Control and automation techniques, manufacturing plant automation, collaborative control through integration and networking, and control methods applied to extended enterprises and large-scale critical infrastructure. Finally, forecasts are presented for the next generation manufacturing system; e-work; integration, coordination and collaboration; networked, distributed decision support (NDSS); and active middleware.
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paper_title: Perspectives on Manufacturing Automation Under the Digital and Cyber Convergence

paper_content:

The evolution of industrial automation has been divided into four or five main cycles of “industrial revolutions,” also called “disruptive innovations” and “automation revolutions.” The most recent one, started around the 1990s and still on-going, points to the current perspectives envisioned for the twenty-first century and perhaps even beyond. In practice, however, it is difficult to comprehend the real value and impacts by the so called Digital Manufacturing, Smart Factory, Automation 5.0, or Industry 4.0. Furthermore, with frequent and rapid innovations, it is unclear how the emerging digital, smart, and cyber-augmented factories of the future can benefit from the digital and cyber convergence. Which are the dominant factors that motivate and justify the evolution of manufacturing through this current cycle? In this article, we review the relationships between digital, virtual, and cyber convergence, and recent manufacturing engineering challenges ranging from virtual enterprises to collaborative e-Manufacturing, and service orientation. We then point out new perspectives and opportunities for design and re-arrangement in production, highlighting the trend of fusion between knowledge, product, process, and service. The impact on methods of analysis, informatics, collaborative intelligence, and design of industrial systems is also analyzed under the new trends and achievements so far in digital and cyber convergence. With several case studies, we also illustrate the emerging challenges.
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paper_title: The dynamic lines of collaboration model: Collaborative disruption response in cyber-physical systems

paper_content:

Model is established for collaborative response to ongoing cascading disruptions.Performance metrics of the model are designed: response time, preventability, etc.Our model is validated by numerical experiments & case study on water supply system.Small-worldness hampers the removing of cascading disruptions by responders.Efficient collaboration & centrality-based depot allocation improve performance. Cyberphysical systems (CPSs) are emerging engineered systems with combined efforts in cybernetics and computerized physical components. The pervasive links between CPS elements improve their connectivity, but inevitably enable failures to propagate to large-scale disasters. External responders (repair-agents) often need to collaborate concurrently with peers to perform emergency services and repair operations. Systematic understanding of the collaborative response to ongoing cascading failures is required for responders to effectively prepare response teams and arrange disruption response. Previous modeling approaches are lacking the ability to capture the dynamic interactions between a CPS and its response teams. In this work, the Dynamic Lines of Collaboration model for Collaborative Disruption Response (DLOC/CDR) is established. It can capture general requirements of collaborative responders to respond to and to resolve ongoing disruptions with cascading effects. Two depot allocation policies are tested and compared to examine the new model over different CPS structures. Four performance measures (response time, maximum cascade, travel distance by responders, and preventability) are designed to compare different parametric settings. It is observed from the experiments that the small-world phenomenon increases the difficulty of resolving cascading failures in CPSs by response resources. Experiments on both conceptual networks and the Hetch Hetchy water system case study validate that the collaboration ability and the centrality-based depot allocation policy improve the disruption response performance with statistical significance. While these experimental observations support intuitive rational, the model for DLOC/CDR also provides specific guidelines for emergency responders, and serves as a base model for future research in the effective disruption management and response area.
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Title: Historical survey and emerging challenges of manufacturing automation modeling and control: A systems architecting perspective

Section 1: Introduction and context
Description 1: Discuss the historical context and evolution of manufacturing automation and the systemic perspectives that have shaped its integration and intelligence paradigms.

Section 2: Integrated manufacturing systems and engineering
Description 2: Explore the emergence and development of Computer-Integrated Manufacturing systems and their centralized/hierarchical architectures.

Section 3: Component-based integrated-system architecting
Description 3: Explain how data-intensive components and advancements in real-time communications have facilitated the networking and integration of Manufacturing Plant Control within Extended Enterprise Systems.

Section 4: Service-oriented integrated-system architecting
Description 4: Describe the rise of service orientation in manufacturing, driven by sustainable production needs and the convergence of digital and cyber-physical systems.

Section 5: Synthesis
Description 5: Synthesize the structural and dynamic modeling techniques and the challenges faced in fully integrating enterprise control systems.

Section 6: Intelligent manufacturing systems and engineering
Description 6: Discuss the shift from centralized to distributed control architectures and the embedding of computational intelligence and bio-inspired techniques into manufacturing systems.

Section 7: Agent-based intelligent-system architecting
Description 7: Detail the contributions and applications of Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) and the importance of product-driven control and intelligent maintenance systems.

Section 8: Holon-based intelligent-system architecting
Description 8: Investigate the holonic concept and the implementation of holonic control systems, emphasizing their recursive, adaptive, and decentralized nature.

Section 9: Interdisciplinary systems engineering
Description 9: Highlight the necessity of harmonizing interdisciplinary knowledge and the cognitive aspects of collaborative system thinking in manufacturing and logistics.

Section 10: Non-linear systems thinking and acting
Description 10: Examine the role of humans in control loops, the need for cognitive control, and the implications of non-linear systems thinking for resilient manufacturing systems.

Section 11: Process-Guided versus model-based systems engineering
Description 11: Compare traditional engineering processes with Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE), focusing on interdisciplinary model orchestration and system integrative frameworks.

Section 12: Interdisciplinary knowledge orchestrating
Description 12: Discuss the importance of feedback mechanisms in maintaining system wholeness and the orchestration of interdisciplinary knowledge.

Section 13: Conclusion and perspectives
Description 13: Summarize the lessons learned, the need for collective improvements in the interdisciplinary knowledge corpus, and suggest future directions for addressing emerging challenges in cyber-physical systems and sustainability.