Antenna Performance Improvement Techniques for Energy Harvesting: A Review Study
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paper_title: A Study on a Gain-Enhanced Antenna for Energy Harvesting using Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization

paper_content:

In this paper, the adaptive particle swarm optimization (APSO) algorithm is employed to design a gain-enhanced antenna with a reflector for energy harvesting. We placed the reflector below the main radiating element. Its back-radiated field is reflected and added to the forward radiated field, which could increase the antenna gain. We adopt the adaptive particle swarm optimization (APSO) algorithm, which improves the speed of convergence with a high frequency solver. The result shows that performance of the optimized design successfully satisfied the design goal of the frequency band, gain and axial ratio.
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paper_title: Energy harvesting in wireless sensor networks: A comprehensive review

paper_content:

Recently, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have attracted lot of attention due to their pervasive nature and their wide deployment in Internet of Things, Cyber Physical Systems, and other emerging areas. The limited energy associated with WSNs is a major bottleneck of WSN technologies. To overcome this major limitation, the design and development of efficient and high performance energy harvesting systems for WSN environments are being explored. We present a comprehensive taxonomy of the various energy harvesting sources that can be used by WSNs. We also discuss various recently proposed energy prediction models that have the potential to maximize the energy harvested in WSNs. Finally, we identify some of the challenges that still need to be addressed to develop cost-effective, efficient, and reliable energy harvesting systems for the WSN environment.
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paper_title: A Survey on RF Energy Harvesting: Circuits and Protocols

paper_content:

Abstract Recent advancement in semiconductor technology and fabrication process enable realization of the concept of Radio Frequency (RF) energy harvesting. RF energy harvesting, a process in which energy contained in electromagnetic waves is converted into useful electrical energy, will help realize perennially operating sensors. With energy replenishment capability and protocol design, RF energy harvesting sensors can attain the desirable characteristics of sensor design, lifetime and network performance. This paper investigates detailed aspects of recent research on RF energy harvesting circuits and protocols. We also discuss the impact of energy replenishment capability and protocol design on RF energy harvesting sensor networks.
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paper_title: State-of-the-art research study for green cloud computing

paper_content:

Although cloud computing has rapidly emerged as a widely accepted computing paradigm, the research on cloud computing is still at an early stage. Cloud computing suffers from different challenging issues related to security, software frameworks, quality of service, standardization, and power consumption. Efficient energy management is one of the most challenging research issues. The core services in cloud computing system are the SaaS (Software as a Service), PaaS (Platform as a Service), and IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service). In this paper, we study state-of-the-art techniques and research related to power saving in the IaaS of a cloud computing system, which consumes a huge part of total energy in a cloud computing system. At the end, some feasible solutions for building green cloud computing are proposed. Our aim is to provide a better understanding of the design challenges of energy management in the IaaS of a cloud computing system.
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paper_title: Beamforming power emitter design with 2×2 antenna array and phase control for microwave/RF-based energy harvesting

paper_content:

In this paper, a 915-MHz RF-power emitter with an antenna array controlled by phase shifters is proposed to make directional energy beam point to the energy harvesting (EH) receiver. For the beamforming request, a 2×2 patch antenna array and tunable 360° reflection-type phase shifters are designed. Measurement results show the energy transmission efficiency can be improved by 3.9 times higher than that of single patch antenna at one meter away under the same input power level. Furthermore, by applying ±15° beamforming control, transmission efficiency is increased by 2.7 times when receiving antenna placed at the angle of +24°.
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paper_title: Parasitic stacked slot patch antenna for DTT energy harvesting

paper_content:

In this paper a rectangular patch antenna with two slots, integrated with a stacked parasitic antenna, is presented. These techniques allow a bandwidth (BW) and gain enhancement, two of the major limitations of traditional patch antennas. The antenna is designed to operate at 754 MHz for energy harvesting applications, from the Portuguese Digital Terrestrial Television (DTT) signal. The measured antenna BW is 22.5 MHz, representing an enhancement of around 17 MHz in respect to the simulated BW of the corresponding single patch configuration.
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paper_title: Design of circular patch microstrip ultra wideband antenna with two notch filters

paper_content:

This paper presents a small size UWB patch antenna with two notch filters. U-shaped and J-shaped slots are loaded in the patch of the antenna for WiMAX and WLAN frequency band rejection. The antenna is simulated using the commercially available CST Microwave Studio software. The slots dimensions are systematically adjusted and optimized to achieve the desired band rejection responses. The achieved results demonstrate that the antenna has good performance over the entire working frequency band (3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz) except WiMAX (3.15–3.7 GHz) and WLAN (5.15–5.85 GHz) notched frequency bands. Moreover, the antenna was fabricated and the simulation results are experimentally validated. The measured results demonstrate a good agreement with the simulations.
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paper_title: Multi-state UWB circular patch antenna based on WiMAX and WLAN notch filters operation

paper_content:

This paper presents a multi-state reconfigurable UWB circular patch antenna with two notch filters. The two notch filters can be implemented using U-shaped and J-shaped slots embedded on the patch for WiMAX and WLAN frequency bands rejection. In order to add reconfigurable characteristics to the patch antenna, two copper strips are placed on the slots to represent the ON or OFF switching state of an ideal Pin diode. By using this simple switching technique, the current distribution of the patch changes and enables the antenna to have four modes of operation. The achieved results demonstrate that the antenna can function over the entire UWB working frequency range (3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz) in one of the switching configurations. On the other hand, it rejects one or both WiMAX (3.13 – 3.7 GHz) and WLAN (5.15-5.85 GHz) frequency bands in the other three switching configurations. The antenna is simulated using electromagnetic simulation software CST Studio Suite. The obtained results were experimentally validated and good agreement was observed.
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paper_title: A Study on a Gain-Enhanced Antenna for Energy Harvesting using Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization

paper_content:

In this paper, the adaptive particle swarm optimization (APSO) algorithm is employed to design a gain-enhanced antenna with a reflector for energy harvesting. We placed the reflector below the main radiating element. Its back-radiated field is reflected and added to the forward radiated field, which could increase the antenna gain. We adopt the adaptive particle swarm optimization (APSO) algorithm, which improves the speed of convergence with a high frequency solver. The result shows that performance of the optimized design successfully satisfied the design goal of the frequency band, gain and axial ratio.
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paper_title: An inverted-F antenna integrated with solar cells for energy harvesting

paper_content:

This paper discusses the integration of an inverted- F antenna with solar cells for power harvesting. The objective is to achieve a multi-source energy collecting system in order to improve the RF to DC conversion efficiency. The inverted-F antenna can be used either for communication or to scavenge the ambient RF energy when connected to the appropriate rectifying circuit. A prototype of the antenna is fabricated and tested as a proof of concept.
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paper_title: Meshed Patch Antennas Integrated on Solar Cells

paper_content:

This letter presents the study of integrating meshed patch antennas directly onto the solar cells of a small satellite to save valuable surface real estate. The cover glass of the solar cell is used as the substrate for the antennas. The integrated patch antennas are designed to have sufficient optical transparency to ensure the proper functionality of the solar cells. A prototype meshed patch antenna is designed and integrated on after-market solar cells. The antenna has an optical transparency of 93%, and the measurements agree well with the design.
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paper_title: A wideband coupled E-shaped patch antenna for RF energy harvesting

paper_content:

Wireless energy harvesting of incident waves for electronic devices through rectenna investigated in recent years has proved to be efficient. In work published till date antennas used in rectenna are of limited bandwidth or bulky. This paper presents an E-patch antenna with improved bandwidth and efficiency. Techniques to make trade-offs required for widening the frequency band without variation in efficiency are introduced. The E-patch is electro-magnetically coupled with similar patches and the feeding point location is decided for further increase in bandwidth. An increase of 33% in bandwidth is noticeable with an advantage of multiband operation. The Epatch is investigated for WLAN frequency bands and the coupled patch is investigated for ISM as well as WLAN frequencies.
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paper_title: Designing dual-port pixel antenna for ambient RF energy harvesting using genetic algorithm

paper_content:

In this paper we provide a design for a dual-port pixel antenna for energy harvesting in ambient RF electromagnetic fields. We use Z-parameters to analyze the equivalent circuit network of the antenna and find the relationship between the connections of the pixels in the antenna and the received power. Finding the optimal connection configuration for the pixels which maximizes the power over a frequency band is then achieved by using the genetic algorithm. The simulation result shows that the proposed dual-port antenna can achieve a better power performance than a single dipole antenna of similar size. Measurement results are also provided.
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paper_title: Optimizing RF energy harvester design for low power applications by integrating multi stage voltage doubler on patch antenna

paper_content:

The results of this paper based on analysis of design patch antenna with minimum dimensions and permittivity acquirable that produces a maximum power output. Since RF (Radio Frequency) energy harvesting is a recurring theme which enormously effective and applicable in occasions where remote charging and wireless power transmission take place. The potential use of RF energy was investigated experimentally. The aim of this work is to investigate the power levels that can be harvested from the air and processed to achieve the energy levels that are sufficient to charge low power electronic circuits. An RF collection system has been specifically designed, constructed, and shown to successfully collect enough energy to power circuits. For an equivalent incident signal the circuit can produce required voltage across load. This voltage can be used to power low power sensors in sensor networks ultimately to replace the batteries.
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paper_title: Optimizing RF energy harvester design for low power applications by integrating multi stage voltage doubler on patch antenna

paper_content:

The results of this paper based on analysis of design patch antenna with minimum dimensions and permittivity acquirable that produces a maximum power output. Since RF (Radio Frequency) energy harvesting is a recurring theme which enormously effective and applicable in occasions where remote charging and wireless power transmission take place. The potential use of RF energy was investigated experimentally. The aim of this work is to investigate the power levels that can be harvested from the air and processed to achieve the energy levels that are sufficient to charge low power electronic circuits. An RF collection system has been specifically designed, constructed, and shown to successfully collect enough energy to power circuits. For an equivalent incident signal the circuit can produce required voltage across load. This voltage can be used to power low power sensors in sensor networks ultimately to replace the batteries.
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Title: Antenna Performance Improvement Techniques for Energy Harvesting: A Review Study

Section 1: INTRODUCTION
Description 1: Write about the significance of energy harvesting in communication systems, especially in contexts with limited battery capacity. Introduce the focus of the paper, which is to review different techniques to improve antenna performance for energy harvesting.

Section 2: MODELING OF ENERGY HARVESTING
Description 2: Discuss various works on antenna energy harvesting techniques and summarize their advantages for smart applications with high efficiency and low cost.

Section 3: Phase control for microstrip patch array antenna
Description 3: Review the method of controlling phase shift to enhance energy harvesting in patch array antennas and discuss the effectiveness and efficiency improvements.

Section 4: Slots enhancement of antenna bandwidth
Description 4: Explore the approach of using slots on patch antennas to improve gain and bandwidth, including specific case studies and simulation results.

Section 5: Gain-enhanced antenna with reflector
Description 5: Examine the use of reflectors with patch antennas for gain enhancement, detailing procedures, algorithms used, and achieved performance improvements.

Section 6: Solar and RF energy harvesting of patch antenna
Description 6: Describe the integration of solar cells with patch antennas for dual-source energy harvesting, focusing on design, optimization, and performance.

Section 7: Coupled E-patch for bandwidth improvement
Description 7: Analyze the introduction of coupled E-patch antennas to boost bandwidth and efficiency, including comparative performance analysis with single patch antennas.

Section 8: Dual-port pixel antenna
Description 8: Discuss the concept of dual-port pixel antennas and how they optimize power collection using genetic algorithms.

Section 9: Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW)
Description 9: Explain the design and benefits of using SIW with fractal patches for dual-band energy harvesting, noting the specific performance metrics and challenges.

Section 10: Convert RF to DC power by rectenna
Description 10: Detail the design and functionality of rectennas for converting RF energy to DC power, including circuit design considerations and efficiency outcomes.

Section 11: Rectifier circuit
Description 11: Illustrate the rectifier circuits used in energy harvesting systems, focusing on voltage multiplication and diode characteristics to enhance output voltage.

Section 12: ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
Description 12: Provide a comprehensive analysis of the different techniques discussed, comparing their efficiency, feasibility, and application scope. Highlight the key findings and implications for future research and development.

Section 13: CONCLUSION
Description 13: Summarize the findings of the paper, emphasizing the most effective techniques for antenna performance improvement in energy harvesting. Suggest directions for future work in combining multiple methods to achieve optimal energy harvesting efficiency.