Multipath Routing protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey and Analysis
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paper_title: Energy-balancing multipath routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

paper_content:

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a collection of wireless sensor nodes forming a temporary network without the aid of any established infrastructure or centralized administration. In such an environment, due to the limited range of each node's wireless transmissions, it may be necessary for one sensor node to ask for the aid of other sensor nodes in forwarding a packet to its destination, usually the base station. One big issue when designing wireless sensor network is the routing protocol to make the best use of the severe resource constraints presented by WSN, especially the energy limitation. In this paper, we propose a new scheme called EBMR: Energy-Balancing Multipath Routing Protocol that uses multipath alternately to prolong the lifetime of the network.
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paper_title: Sensor networks: evolution, opportunities, and challenges

paper_content:

Wireless microsensor networks have been identified as one of the most important technologies for the 21st century. This paper traces the history of research in sensor networks over the past three decades, including two important programs of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) spanning this period: the Distributed Sensor Networks (DSN) and the Sensor Information Technology (SensIT) programs. Technology trends that impact the development of sensor networks are reviewed, and new applications such as infrastructure security, habitat monitoring, and traffic control are presented. Technical challenges in sensor network development include network discovery, control and routing, collaborative signal and information processing, tasking and querying, and security. The paper concludes by presenting some recent research results in sensor network algorithms, including localized algorithms and directed diffusion, distributed tracking in wireless ad hoc networks, and distributed classification using local agents.
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paper_title: A survey on routing protocols for wireless sensor networks

paper_content:

Recent advances in wireless sensor networks have led to many new protocols specifically designed for sensor networks where energy awareness is an essential consideration. Most of the attention, however, has been given to the routing protocols since they might differ depending on the application and network architecture. This paper surveys recent routing protocols for sensor networks and presents a classification for the various approaches pursued. The three main categories explored in this paper are data-centric, hierarchical and location-based. Each routing protocol is described and discussed under the appropriate category. Moreover, protocols using contemporary methodologies such as network flow and quality of service modeling are also discussed. The paper concludes with open research issues. � 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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paper_title: Survey on wireless sensor network devices

paper_content:

Wireless sensor networks are networks of compact microsensors with wireless communication capability. These small devices are relatively cheap with the potential to be disseminated in large quantities. Emerging applications of data gathering range from the environmental to the military. As autonomous devices they can provide pervasive distributed and collaborative network of computer nodes. Architectural challenges are posed for designers such as computational power, energy consumption, energy sources, communication channels and sensing capabilities. Embedded Systems provide the computational platform for hardware and software components to interact with the environment and other nodes. This survey presents the current state-of-the-art for wireless sensor nodes, investigating and analyzing these challenges. We discuss the characteristics and requirements for a sensor node mainly processing, communications, power and sensing components. In this survey we present a comprehensive comparative study of sensor nodes platforms, energy management techniques, off-the-shelf microcontrollers, battery types and radio devices.
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paper_title: Energy-balancing multipath routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

paper_content:

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a collection of wireless sensor nodes forming a temporary network without the aid of any established infrastructure or centralized administration. In such an environment, due to the limited range of each node's wireless transmissions, it may be necessary for one sensor node to ask for the aid of other sensor nodes in forwarding a packet to its destination, usually the base station. One big issue when designing wireless sensor network is the routing protocol to make the best use of the severe resource constraints presented by WSN, especially the energy limitation. In this paper, we propose a new scheme called EBMR: Energy-Balancing Multipath Routing Protocol that uses multipath alternately to prolong the lifetime of the network.
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paper_title: Multipath Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks: Survey and Research Challenges

paper_content:

A wireless sensor network is a large collection of sensor nodes with limited power supply and constrained computational capability. Due to the restricted communication range and high density of sensor nodes, packet forwarding in sensor networks is usually performed through multi-hop data transmission. Therefore, routing in wireless sensor networks has been considered an important field of research over the past decade. Nowadays, multipath routing approach is widely used in wireless sensor networks to improve network performance through efficient utilization of available network resources. Accordingly, the main aim of this survey is to present the concept of the multipath routing approach and its fundamental challenges, as well as the basic motivations for utilizing this technique in wireless sensor networks. In addition, we present a comprehensive taxonomy on the existing multipath routing protocols, which are especially designed for wireless sensor networks. We highlight the primary motivation behind the development of each protocol category and explain the operation of different protocols in detail, with emphasis on their advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, this paper compares and summarizes the state-of-the-art multipath routing techniques from the network application point of view. Finally, we identify open issues for further research in the development of multipath routing protocols for wireless sensor networks.
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paper_title: Multipath Routing for Wireless Mesh Networks

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This thesis addresses the problem of multipath routing in wireless mesh networks. We study the use of clustering algorithms to facilitate the discovery and deployment of non-interfering multipath routes in these settings. In this context we propose a novel clustering algorithm and complementary protocols to discover and maintain routes in an efficient manner, aiming at minimizing interferences between transmissions of neighboring nodes. We provide an evaluation using the NS-2 network simulator and show that our solution offers an interesting tradeoff between the signaling cost, the time required to set up and maintain paths, and the properties of the discovered paths. Palavras Chave Keywords
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paper_title: Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks - A Survey

paper_content:

Advances in wireless sensor network (WSN) technology has provided the availability of small and low-cost sensor nodes with capability of sensing various types of physical and environmental conditions, data processing, and wireless communication. Variety of sensing capabilities results in profusion of application areas. However, the characteristics of wireless sensor networks require more effective methods for data forwarding and processing. In WSN, the sensor nodes have a limited transmission range, and their processing and storage capabilities as well as their energy resources are also limited. Routing protocols for wireless sensor networks are responsible for maintaining the routes in the network and have to ensure reliable multi-hop communication under these conditions. In this paper, we give a survey of routing protocols for Wireless Sensor Network and compare their strengths and limitations.
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paper_title: Survey of multipath routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks

paper_content:

This survey investigates multipath routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The main objectives of multipath routing protocols are to provide reliable communication and to ensure load balancing as well as to improve quality of service (QoS) of MANETs. These multipath protocols are broadly classified into five categories based on their major goals. The goals are to improve delay, provide reliability, reduce overhead, maximize network life and support hybrid routing. Multipath routing protocols address issues such as multiple paths discovery and maintaining these paths. Issues, objectives, performances, advantages and disadvantages of these protocols are investigated and summarized. A checklist is provided as a guideline so that a network designer can choose an appropriate multipath routing protocol to meet the network's application objectives.
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paper_title: Multipath routing algorithms for congestion minimization

paper_content:

Unlike traditional routing schemes that route all traffic along a single path, multipath routing strategies split the traffic among several paths in order to ease congestion. It has been widely recognized that multipath routing can be fundamentally more efficient than the traditional approach of routing along single paths. Yet, in contrast to the single-path routing approach, most studies in the context of multipath routing focused on heuristic methods. We demonstrate the significant advantage of optimal solutions. Hence, we investigate multipath routing adopting a rigorous (theoretical) approach. We formalize problems that incorporate two major requirements of multipath routing. Then, we establish the intractability of these problems in terms of computational complexity. Accordingly, we establish efficient solutions with proven performance guarantees.
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paper_title: Directed diffusion: a scalable and robust communication paradigm for sensor networks

paper_content:

Advances in processor, memory and radio technology will enable small and cheap nodes capable of sensing, communication and computation. Networks of such nodes can coordinate to perform distributed sensing of environmental phenomena. In this paper, we explore the directed diffusion paradigm for such coordination. Directed diffusion is datacentric in that all communication is for named data. All nodes in a directed diffusion-based network are application-aware. This enables diffusion to achieve energy savings by selecting empirically good paths and by caching and processing data in-network. We explore and evaluate the use of directed diffusion for a simple remote-surveillance sensor network.
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paper_title: Directed diffusion: a scalable and robust communication paradigm for sensor networks

paper_content:

Advances in processor, memory and radio technology will enable small and cheap nodes capable of sensing, communication and computation. Networks of such nodes can coordinate to perform distributed sensing of environmental phenomena. In this paper, we explore the directed diffusion paradigm for such coordination. Directed diffusion is datacentric in that all communication is for named data. All nodes in a directed diffusion-based network are application-aware. This enables diffusion to achieve energy savings by selecting empirically good paths and by caching and processing data in-network. We explore and evaluate the use of directed diffusion for a simple remote-surveillance sensor network.
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paper_title: Energy efficient and QoS based routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

paper_content:

The increasing demand for real-time applications in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) has made the Quality of Service (QoS) based communication protocols an interesting and hot research topic. Satisfying Quality of Service (QoS) requirements (e.g. bandwidth and delay constraints) for the different QoS based applications of WSNs raises significant challenges. More precisely, the networking protocols need to cope up with energy constraints, while providing precise QoS guarantee. Therefore, enabling QoS applications in sensor networks requires energy and QoS awareness in different layers of the protocol stack. In many of these applications (such as multimedia applications, or real-time and mission critical applications), the network traffic is mixed of delay sensitive and delay tolerant traffic. Hence, QoS routing becomes an important issue. In this paper, we propose an Energy Efficient and QoS aware multipath routing protocol (abbreviated shortly as EQSR) that maximizes the network lifetime through balancing energy consumption across multiple nodes, uses the concept of service differentiation to allow delay sensitive traffic to reach the sink node within an acceptable delay, reduces the end to end delay through spreading out the traffic across multiple paths, and increases the throughput through introducing data redundancy. EQSR uses the residual energy, node available buffer size, and Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) to predict the best next hop through the paths construction phase. Based on the concept of service differentiation, EQSR protocol employs a queuing model to handle both real-time and non-real-time traffic. By means of simulations, we evaluate and compare the performance of our routing protocol with the MCMP (Multi-Constraint Multi-Path) routing protocol. Simulation results have shown that our protocol achieves lower average delay, more energy savings, and higher packet delivery ratio than the MCMP protocol.
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paper_title: Network coding based reliable disjoint and braided multipath routing for sensor networks

paper_content:

This paper presents network coding based reliable disjoint and braided multipath routing (NC-RMR ) for sensor networks, which forms multipath by hop-by-hop method and only maintains local path information of each node without establishing end-to-end paths. Neighbors of each local node are divided into groups according to their hops to sink nodes to improve the network load balancing. For further performance improvement of NC-RMR with disjoint multipath model, local nodes select their own backup nodes in neighbor nodes to form additional logical paths, which implement a braided multipath model. Security advantages of NC-RMR with multipath and network coding mechanisms are analyzed. Analytical and simulation results prove that braided multipath routing model has better performance over disjoint model, and NC-RMR protocol can reduce the required number of transmission paths, ensure load balance of sensor network system, reduce the energy consumption of nodes.
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paper_title: REAR: Reliable Energy Aware Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

paper_content:

In wireless sensor networks, micro sensor nodes dispersed in real environmental field have a constraint energy capacity, so energy-efficient mechanism for wireless communication on each sensor node is so crucial. Specially, the jobs sending and processing sensing data information from on sensor node to the others are more majority parts than merely sensing some events. Thus, energy-efficient routing protocol in wireless sensor networks is necessary for increasing the network lifetime and is also influenced by many challenging factors in terms of energy, processing, and storage capacities. In this paper, we designed and implemented a reliable energy aware routing (REAR) protocol for wireless sensor networks and evaluated the performance of REAR by comparing with existing routing protocols. REAR considers residual energy capacity of each sensor node in establishing routing paths and supports multi-path routing protocol for reliable data transmission. Furthermore, REAR allows each sensor node to confirm success of data transmission to other sensor nodes by supporting the DATA-ACK oriented packet transmission. Finally, the performance evaluation results show that REAR provides energy-efficiency and reliability related to wireless communication in wireless sensor networks.
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paper_title: HDMRP: An Efficient Fault-Tolerant Multipath Routing Protocol for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks

paper_content:

In wireless sensor networks, fault tolerance represents a key issue and a design goal of primary concern. Indeed, nodes in wireless sensor networks are prone to failures due to energy depletion or hostile environments. Multipath routing protocols are a category of solutions which enables the network to operate properly despite of faults. In this paper, we present a new multipath routing protocol which provides strong fault tolerance by increasing the number of constructed paths up to three times in some scenarios. Our protocol relies on a new multipath construction paradigm that we have defined specifically for heterogeneous WSN. We call this paradigm: energy-node-disjointness. Our approach leverages a reasonable increase in the cost of the network to a longer network lifetime and a higher resilience and fault tolerance.
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paper_title: Energy efficient and QoS based routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

paper_content:

The increasing demand for real-time applications in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) has made the Quality of Service (QoS) based communication protocols an interesting and hot research topic. Satisfying Quality of Service (QoS) requirements (e.g. bandwidth and delay constraints) for the different QoS based applications of WSNs raises significant challenges. More precisely, the networking protocols need to cope up with energy constraints, while providing precise QoS guarantee. Therefore, enabling QoS applications in sensor networks requires energy and QoS awareness in different layers of the protocol stack. In many of these applications (such as multimedia applications, or real-time and mission critical applications), the network traffic is mixed of delay sensitive and delay tolerant traffic. Hence, QoS routing becomes an important issue. In this paper, we propose an Energy Efficient and QoS aware multipath routing protocol (abbreviated shortly as EQSR) that maximizes the network lifetime through balancing energy consumption across multiple nodes, uses the concept of service differentiation to allow delay sensitive traffic to reach the sink node within an acceptable delay, reduces the end to end delay through spreading out the traffic across multiple paths, and increases the throughput through introducing data redundancy. EQSR uses the residual energy, node available buffer size, and Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) to predict the best next hop through the paths construction phase. Based on the concept of service differentiation, EQSR protocol employs a queuing model to handle both real-time and non-real-time traffic. By means of simulations, we evaluate and compare the performance of our routing protocol with the MCMP (Multi-Constraint Multi-Path) routing protocol. Simulation results have shown that our protocol achieves lower average delay, more energy savings, and higher packet delivery ratio than the MCMP protocol.
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paper_title: ReInForM: reliable information forwarding using multiple paths in sensor networks

paper_content:

Sensor networks are meant for sensing and disseminating information about the environment they sense. The criticality of a sensed phenomenon determines its importance to the end user. Hence, data dissemination in a sensor network should be information aware. Such information awareness is essential firstly to disseminate critical information more reliably and secondly to consume network resources proportional to the criticality of information. In this paper, we describe a protocol called RelnForM to deliver packets at desired reliability at a proportionate communication cost. RelnForm sends multiple copies of each packet along multiple paths from source to sink, such that data is delivered at the desired reliability. It uses the concept of dynamic packet state in context of sensor networks, to control the number of paths required for the desired reliability, and does so using only local knowledge of channel error rates and topology. We show that for uniform unit disk graphs, the number of edge-disjoint paths between nodes is equal to the average node degree with very high probability. RelnForm utilizes this property in its randomized forwarding mechanism which results in use of all possible paths and efficient load balancing.
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paper_title: H-SPREAD: a hybrid multipath scheme for secure and reliable data collection in wireless sensor networks

paper_content:

Communication security and reliability are two important issues in any network. A typical communication task in a wireless sensor network is for every sensor node to sense its local environment, and upon request, send data of interest back to a base station (BS). In this paper, a hybrid multipath scheme (H-SPREAD) to improve both the security and reliability of this task in a potentially hostile and unreliable wireless sensor network is proposed. The new scheme is based on a distributed N-to-1 multipath discovery protocol, which is able to find multiple node-disjoint paths from every sensor node to the BS simultaneously in one route discovery process. Then, a hybrid multipath data collection scheme is proposed. On the one hand, end-to-end multipath data dispersion, combined with secret sharing, enhances the security of the end-to-end data delivery in the sense that the compromise of a small number of paths will not result in the compromise of a data message in the face of adversarial nodes. On the other hand, in the face of unreliable wireless links and/or sensor nodes, alternate path routing available at each sensor node improves the reliability of each packet transmission significantly. The extensive simulation results show that the hybrid multipath scheme is very efficient in improving both the security and reliability of the data collection service seamlessly
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paper_title: Secure and efficient disjoint multipath construction for fault tolerant routing in wireless sensor networks

paper_content:

In wireless sensor networks, reliability is a design goal of a primary concern. To build a comprehensive reliable system, it is essential to consider node failures and intruder attacks as unavoidable phenomena. In this paper, we present a new intrusion-fault tolerant routing scheme offering a high level of reliability through a secure multipath routing construction. Unlike existing intrusion-fault tolerant solutions, our protocol is based on a distributed and in-network verification scheme, which does not require any referring to the base station. Furthermore, it employs a new multipath selection scheme seeking to enhance the tolerance of the network and conserve the energy of sensors. Extensive analysis and simulations using TinyOS showed that our approach improves many important performance metrics such as: the mean time to failure of the network, detection overhead of some security attacks, energy consumption, and resilience.
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paper_title: REER: Robust and Energy Efficient Multipath Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

paper_content:

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are subject to node failures because of energy constraints, as well nodes can be added to or removed from the network upon application demands, resulting in unpredictable topology changes. Furthermore, due to limited transmission range of wireless sensor nodes, multiple hops are usually needed for a node to exchange information with other nodes or sink node(s). This makes the design of routing protocols in such networks a challenging task. In all proposed single path routing schemes a periodic low-rate flooding of data is required to recover from path failures, which causes consumption of scarce resources of the sensor node. Thus multipath routing schemes is an optimal alternative to maximize the network lifetime. Multipath routing schemes distribute the traffic across multiple paths instead of routing all the traffic along a single path, which spreads consumed energy evenly across the nodes within the network, potentially resulting in longer lifetimes. ::: ::: In this paper, we propose a robust and energy efficient multipath routing protocol (shortly abbreviated as REER). REER uses the residual energy, node available buffer size, and Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) to predict the best next hop through the paths construction phase. REER examines two methods of traffic allocation; the first method uses a single path among the discovered paths to transfer the data message, when this path cost falls bellow a certain threshold, it then switches to the next alternative path. The second method is to split up the transmitted message into number of segments of equal size, add XOR-based error correction codes, and then transmit it across multiple paths simultaneously to increase the probability that an essential portion of the packet is received at the destination without incurring excessive delay. ::: ::: Through computer simulation, we evaluate and study the performance of our routing protocol and compare it with other protocols. Simulation results show that our protocol achieves more energy savings, lower average delay and higher packet delivery ratio than other protocols.
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paper_title: MMSPEED: multipath Multi-SPEED protocol for QoS guarantee of reliability and. Timeliness in wireless sensor networks

paper_content:

In this paper, we present a novel packet delivery mechanism called Multi-Path and Multi-SPEED Routing Protocol (MMSPEED) for probabilistic QoS guarantee in wireless sensor networks. The QoS provisioning is performed in two quality domains, namely, timeliness and reliability. Multiple QoS levels are provided in the timeliness domain by guaranteeing multiple packet delivery speed options. In the reliability domain, various reliability requirements are supported by probabilistic multipath forwarding. These mechanisms for QoS provisioning are realized in a localized way without global network information by employing localized geographic packet forwarding augmented with dynamic compensation, which compensates for local decision inaccuracies as a packet travels towards its destination. This way, MMSPEED can guarantee end-to-end requirements in a localized way, which is desirable for scalability and adaptability to large scale dynamic sensor networks. Simulation results show that MMSPEED provides QoS differentiation in both reliability and timeliness domains and, as a result, significantly improves the effective capacity of a sensor network in terms of number of flows that meet both reliability and timeliness requirements up to 50 percent (12 flows versus 18 flows).
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paper_title: A Survey of QoS Based Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

paper_content:

With the increasing demand for real time applications in the Wireless Senor Network (WSN), real time critical events anticipate an efficient quality-of-service (QoS) based routing for data delivery from the network infrastructure. Designing such QoS based routing protocol to meet the reliability and delay guarantee of critical events while preserving the energy efficiency is a challenging task. Considerable research has been focused on developing robust energy efficient QoS based routing protocols. In this paper, we present the state of the research by summarizing the work on QoS based routing protocols that has already been published and by highlighting the QoS issues that are being addressed. The performance comparison of QoS based routing protocols such as SAR, MMSPEED, MCMP, MCBR, and EQSR has also been analyzed using ns-2 for various parameters.
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paper_title: Multi path Multi SPEED Contention Window Adapter

paper_content:

Summary In this paper, we are interested to enhance the QoS in sensor networks. First, we study the MMSPEED routing protocol (Multi path Multi SPEED) [1] conceived to ensure the quality of real-time services in sensor networks. We present, then, a second approach which takes advantage of the standard 802.11e EDCA protocol [16] that ensures effective end to end delay and good quality of traffic. Finally, we tried to improve the provision of quality of service in sensor networks by offering a new approach which aims to improve the mechanism of service differentiation implemented in the 802.11e.
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paper_title: Energy efficient and QoS based routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

paper_content:

The increasing demand for real-time applications in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) has made the Quality of Service (QoS) based communication protocols an interesting and hot research topic. Satisfying Quality of Service (QoS) requirements (e.g. bandwidth and delay constraints) for the different QoS based applications of WSNs raises significant challenges. More precisely, the networking protocols need to cope up with energy constraints, while providing precise QoS guarantee. Therefore, enabling QoS applications in sensor networks requires energy and QoS awareness in different layers of the protocol stack. In many of these applications (such as multimedia applications, or real-time and mission critical applications), the network traffic is mixed of delay sensitive and delay tolerant traffic. Hence, QoS routing becomes an important issue. In this paper, we propose an Energy Efficient and QoS aware multipath routing protocol (abbreviated shortly as EQSR) that maximizes the network lifetime through balancing energy consumption across multiple nodes, uses the concept of service differentiation to allow delay sensitive traffic to reach the sink node within an acceptable delay, reduces the end to end delay through spreading out the traffic across multiple paths, and increases the throughput through introducing data redundancy. EQSR uses the residual energy, node available buffer size, and Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) to predict the best next hop through the paths construction phase. Based on the concept of service differentiation, EQSR protocol employs a queuing model to handle both real-time and non-real-time traffic. By means of simulations, we evaluate and compare the performance of our routing protocol with the MCMP (Multi-Constraint Multi-Path) routing protocol. Simulation results have shown that our protocol achieves lower average delay, more energy savings, and higher packet delivery ratio than the MCMP protocol.
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paper_title: Review of Multipath Routing Protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network –A Survey

paper_content:

Various applications like automated information gathering in military, industrial, environmental and surveillance applications requires improved QoS guarantee as well as high reliability in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs). In this paper, we have exhaustly reviewed various multi-path routing schemes and classified them accordingly to be suitable for multimedia-traffic. Benefits of using Multipath routing protocols are represented. In general detailed study has been made on multipath routing scheme with Qos requirement for transmission of multimedia data in Wireless multimedia sensor networks.
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paper_title: Energy efficient and QoS based routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

paper_content:

The increasing demand for real-time applications in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) has made the Quality of Service (QoS) based communication protocols an interesting and hot research topic. Satisfying Quality of Service (QoS) requirements (e.g. bandwidth and delay constraints) for the different QoS based applications of WSNs raises significant challenges. More precisely, the networking protocols need to cope up with energy constraints, while providing precise QoS guarantee. Therefore, enabling QoS applications in sensor networks requires energy and QoS awareness in different layers of the protocol stack. In many of these applications (such as multimedia applications, or real-time and mission critical applications), the network traffic is mixed of delay sensitive and delay tolerant traffic. Hence, QoS routing becomes an important issue. In this paper, we propose an Energy Efficient and QoS aware multipath routing protocol (abbreviated shortly as EQSR) that maximizes the network lifetime through balancing energy consumption across multiple nodes, uses the concept of service differentiation to allow delay sensitive traffic to reach the sink node within an acceptable delay, reduces the end to end delay through spreading out the traffic across multiple paths, and increases the throughput through introducing data redundancy. EQSR uses the residual energy, node available buffer size, and Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) to predict the best next hop through the paths construction phase. Based on the concept of service differentiation, EQSR protocol employs a queuing model to handle both real-time and non-real-time traffic. By means of simulations, we evaluate and compare the performance of our routing protocol with the MCMP (Multi-Constraint Multi-Path) routing protocol. Simulation results have shown that our protocol achieves lower average delay, more energy savings, and higher packet delivery ratio than the MCMP protocol.
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paper_title: Delay-constrained high throughput protocol for multi-path transmission over wireless multimedia sensor networks

paper_content:

Real-time multimedia transport has stringent QoS requirements, such as bandwidth, delay, jitter, and loss ratio. Wireless sensor networks are useful for streaming multimedia data in infrastructure-free and hazardous environments. However, these networks are composed of nodes with constrained bandwidth and energy. In QoS routing for wired networks, multipath routing is widely used. Some existing ad hoc routing algorithms also provide multipath routing. Directed diffusion has been commonly used for wireless sensor networks because of its energy efficiency and scalability. However, the basic protocol only routes packets through a single path, which barely meets the throughput requirement of multimedia data. Instead, we propose a multipath algorithm based on directed diffusion that reinforces multiple routes with high link quality and low latency. We use the NS-2 simulation tool with video trace generated by multiple description coding (MDC) to evaluate the performance. The results show that our algorithm gives better throughput and delay performance than standard directed diffusion.
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paper_title: REMP: Reliable and Energy Balancing Multi-Path Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks

paper_content:

Reliable and energy-efficient transmission of sensory data is a key problem in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). This is due to resource constraint and it is necessary to present a new routing algorithm that can provide these requirements in network layer. The main objectives of multipath routing protocols are to provide reliable communication and ensure load balancing as well as to improve quality of service (QoS) of WSNs. Satisfying Quality of Service requirements (e.g. reliability and delay constraints) for the different QoS based applications of WSNs raises significant challenges. More precisely, the networking protocols need to cope up with energy constraints, while providing precise QoS guarantee For this purpose, we propose a new reliable and energy balancing multi path routing algorithm (REMP) for wireless sensor networks. The REMP protocol guarantees the mentioned quality of service parameters in wireless sensor networks and balances the energy consumption in all sensor nodes. By means of simulations, we evaluate and compare the performance of our routing protocol with the MCMP (Multi-Constraint Multi-Path) and EQSR (Energy Efficient and QoS aware multipath routing protocol) routing protocol. Simulation results have shown that our protocol achieves more energy savings and higher packet delivery ratio than the other two protocols.
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paper_title: Review of Multipath Routing Protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network –A Survey

paper_content:

Various applications like automated information gathering in military, industrial, environmental and surveillance applications requires improved QoS guarantee as well as high reliability in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs). In this paper, we have exhaustly reviewed various multi-path routing schemes and classified them accordingly to be suitable for multimedia-traffic. Benefits of using Multipath routing protocols are represented. In general detailed study has been made on multipath routing scheme with Qos requirement for transmission of multimedia data in Wireless multimedia sensor networks.
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paper_title: MMSPEED: multipath Multi-SPEED protocol for QoS guarantee of reliability and. Timeliness in wireless sensor networks

paper_content:

In this paper, we present a novel packet delivery mechanism called Multi-Path and Multi-SPEED Routing Protocol (MMSPEED) for probabilistic QoS guarantee in wireless sensor networks. The QoS provisioning is performed in two quality domains, namely, timeliness and reliability. Multiple QoS levels are provided in the timeliness domain by guaranteeing multiple packet delivery speed options. In the reliability domain, various reliability requirements are supported by probabilistic multipath forwarding. These mechanisms for QoS provisioning are realized in a localized way without global network information by employing localized geographic packet forwarding augmented with dynamic compensation, which compensates for local decision inaccuracies as a packet travels towards its destination. This way, MMSPEED can guarantee end-to-end requirements in a localized way, which is desirable for scalability and adaptability to large scale dynamic sensor networks. Simulation results show that MMSPEED provides QoS differentiation in both reliability and timeliness domains and, as a result, significantly improves the effective capacity of a sensor network in terms of number of flows that meet both reliability and timeliness requirements up to 50 percent (12 flows versus 18 flows).
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paper_title: Load balanced, energy-aware communications for Mars sensor networks

paper_content:

The deployment and operation of self-organizing sensor networks is envisioned to play a key role in space exploration, such as for future in situ exploration of Mars. Sensors are equipped with several measurement instruments and are able to cooperate autonomously and to collect scientific measurements (seismic, chemicals, temperature, etc.). One or more landers or rovers functioning as base stations periodically (or on demand) collect measurements and relay the aggregated sensor field results to an orbiter and from the orbiter back to Earth. In this paper, we propose an efficient routing scheme for Mars sensor networks exploiting the similarity of operations between the wireless, multi-hop communications network connecting instruments (sensors) and rover(s) and the packet radio network used in a typical ad hoc networking environment. A critical issue in routing strategy design that sets the Mars sensor network apart from conventional ad hoc networks is energy conservation and prolonging network lifetime while maintaining connectivity and satisfying latency constraints. Simulation results show that with energy aware path selection, a more even distribution of energy consumption among nodes is developed and leads to longer network life time.
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paper_title: Performance Optimization Using Multipath Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc and Wireless Sensor Networks

paper_content:

Multipath routing has been a promising technique in MANETs and WSNs. It has been shown through both theoretical analysis and simulation results that multipath routing provides many performance benefits, including improved fault tolerance, security, and reliability, improved routing efficiency and reduced routing overhead, more balanced traffic load and energy consumption, reduced end-to-end latency, and aggregated network bandwidth, etc. Significant research efforts have been made and are continuously being made in developing multipath routing protocols and multipath packet forwarding techniques in order to achieve the above-mentioned performance gains effectively and efficiently. Nevertheless, many issues that are directly related to the application of multipath routing remain untouched, such as the integration of the multipath routing into the current single-path routing paradigm, the synchronization of the packets among the multiple paths, and the interfaces of multipath routing protocols to other layers of protocol in the network protocol stack, etc.
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paper_title: Energy-Efficient Multi-path Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks

paper_content:

The paper investigates the usefulness of multi-path routing to achieve lifetime improvements by load balancing and exploiting cross-layer information in wireless sensor networks. Performance gains in the order of 10-15 % could be achieved by altering path update rules of existing on-demand routing schemes. Problems encountered with concurrent traffic along interfering paths have been identified as a direct consequence of special MAC protocol properties.
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paper_title: An Energy-Efficient Multipath Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

paper_content:

The energy consumption is a key design criterion for the routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. Some of the conventional single path routing schemes may not be optimal to maximize the network lifetime and connectivity. In this paper, we propose a distributed, scalable and localized multipath search protocol to discover multiple node-disjoint paths between the sink and source nodes. We also propose a load balancing algorithm to distribute the traffic over the multiple paths discovered. We compare our proposed scheme with the directed diffusion, directed transmission, and the energy-aware routing protocols. Simulation results show that our proposed scheme has a higher node energy efficiency, lower average delay and control overhead than those protocols.
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paper_title: Maximally radio-disjoint multipath routing for wireless multimedia sensor networks

paper_content:

In wireless sensor networks, bandwidth is one of precious resources to multimedia applications. To get more bandwidth, multipath routing is one appropriate solution provided that inter-path interferences are minimized. In this paper, we address the problem of interfering paths in the context of wireless multimedia sensor networks and consider both intra-session as well as inter-session interferences. Our main objective is to provide necessary bandwidth to multimedia applications through non-interfering paths while increasing the network lifetime. To do so, we adopt an incremental approach where for a given session, only one path is built at once. Additional paths are built when requi red, typically in case of congestion or bandwidth shortage. Interference awareness and energy saving are achieved by switching a subset of sensor nodes in a passive state in which they do not take part in the routing process. Despite the routing overhead introduced by the incremental approach we adopt, our simulations show that this can be compensated by the overall achieved throughput and the amount of consumed energy per correctly received packet especially for relatively long sessions such as multimedia ones. This is mainly due to the fact that a small number of non-interfering paths allows for better performances than a large number of interfering ones.
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paper_title: Energy Efficient Collision Aware Multipath Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks

paper_content:

Multipath routing can reduce the need for route updates, balance the traffic load and increase the data transfer rate in a wireless sensor network, improving the utilization of the limited energy of sensor nodes. However, previous multiple path routing methods use flooding for route discovery and transmit data with maximum power regardless of need, which results in waste of energy. Moreover, often a serious problem of collisions among multiple paths arises. In this paper, we propose an energy efficient and collision aware (EECA) node-disjoint multipath routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks. With the aid of node position information, the EECA algorithm attempts to find two collision-free routes using constrained and power adjusted flooding and then transmits the data with minimum power needed through power control component of the protocol. Our preliminary simulation results show that ECCA algorithm results in good overall performance, saving energy and transferring data efficiently.
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paper_title: LIEMRO: A Low-Interference Energy-Efficient Multipath Routing Protocol for Improving QoS in Event-Based Wireless Sensor Networks

paper_content:

In the recent years, multipath routing techniques are recognized as an effective approach to improve QoS in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). However, in most of the previously proposed protocols either the effects of inter-path interference are ignored, or establishing low-interference paths is very costly. In this paper, we propose a Low-Interference Energy-efficient Multipath ROuting protocol (LIEMRO) for WSNs. This protocol is mainly designed to improve packet delivery ratio, lifetime, and latency, through discovering multiple interference-minimized node-disjoint paths between source node and sink node. In addition, LIEMRO includes a load balancing algorithm to distribute source node’s traffic over multiple paths based on the relative quality of each path. Simulation results show that using LIEMRO in high traffic load conditions can increase data reception rate and network lifetime even more than 1.5x compared with single path routing approach, while end-to-end latency reduces significantly. Accordingly, LIEMRO is a multipath solution for event-driven applications in which lifetime, reliability, and latency are of great importance.
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paper_title: LIEMRO: A Low-Interference Energy-Efficient Multipath Routing Protocol for Improving QoS in Event-Based Wireless Sensor Networks

paper_content:

In the recent years, multipath routing techniques are recognized as an effective approach to improve QoS in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). However, in most of the previously proposed protocols either the effects of inter-path interference are ignored, or establishing low-interference paths is very costly. In this paper, we propose a Low-Interference Energy-efficient Multipath ROuting protocol (LIEMRO) for WSNs. This protocol is mainly designed to improve packet delivery ratio, lifetime, and latency, through discovering multiple interference-minimized node-disjoint paths between source node and sink node. In addition, LIEMRO includes a load balancing algorithm to distribute source node’s traffic over multiple paths based on the relative quality of each path. Simulation results show that using LIEMRO in high traffic load conditions can increase data reception rate and network lifetime even more than 1.5x compared with single path routing approach, while end-to-end latency reduces significantly. Accordingly, LIEMRO is a multipath solution for event-driven applications in which lifetime, reliability, and latency are of great importance.
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Title: Multipath Routing protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey and Analysis

Section 1: Introduction
Description 1: This section introduces the topic of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and highlights the unique characteristics and challenges of routing in these networks, setting the stage for the discussion on multipath routing protocols.

Section 2: Multipath Routing Protocol in WSN
Description 2: This section explains the multipath routing technique, highlighting its efficiency in improving wireless sensor performance and identifying alternate paths between sources and sinks.

Section 3: Benefits of Multipath Routing
Description 3: This section describes various benefits of multipath routing including reliability, fault-tolerance, load balancing, QoS improvement, reduced delay, and bandwidth aggregation.

Section 4: Elements of a Multipath Routing Protocol
Description 4: This section explains the critical elements of a multipath routing protocol, including path discovery, traffic distribution, and path maintenance.

Section 5: Alternative Path Routing
Description 5: This section discusses the concept of alternative path routing, focusing on its role in providing route failure protection and increasing resiliency to route failures.

Section 6: Directed Diffusion
Description 6: This section describes the Directed Diffusion protocol, which floods queries from the sink towards sensors and sets up gradients to route data back to the sink.

Section 7: Braided Multipath Routing Protocol
Description 7: This section examines braided multipath routing, which constructs braided paths to provide alternative routes without flooding the network.

Section 8: REAR: Reliable Energy Aware Routing Protocol
Description 8: This section describes the REAR protocol, focusing on its consideration of residual energy and support for reliable data transmission through multipath routing.

Section 9: HDMRP: An Efficient Fault-Tolerant Multipath Routing
Description 9: This section discusses the HDMRP protocol that creates multiple energy-node-disjoint paths for fault-tolerant communication.

Section 10: Data Transmission Reliability
Description 10: This section elaborates on achieving data transmission reliability by sending multiple copies of data across different paths.

Section 11: H-SPREAD
Description 11: This section describes the H-SPREAD protocol, which finds additional routes at the cost of extra messages to improve reliability in challenging network conditions.

Section 12: N-to-1 Multipath Routing Protocol
Description 12: This section discusses the N-to-1 protocol that establishes node-disjoint paths and distributes traffic to improve reliability and security.

Section 13: Multipath Multispeed Protocol (MMSPEED)
Description 13: This section explains the MMSPEED protocol, which provides multi-speed transmission and multiple paths to enhance traffic quality.

Section 14: Multi-Constrained QoS Multipath Routing (MCMP)
Description 14: This section describes the MCMP protocol, which uses braided routes to meet QoS requirements related to reliability and delay.

Section 15: Energy Constrained Multipath Routing (ECMP)
Description 15: This section discusses the ECMP protocol, focusing on energy optimization while satisfying QoS constraints.

Section 16: Delay-Constrained High-Throughput Protocol for Multipath Transmission (DCHT)
Description 16: This section examines the DCHT protocol for multipath video streaming, which aims to achieve high throughput and desirable delay.

Section 17: Energy-Efficient and QoS-based Multipath Routing Protocol (EQSR)
Description 17: This section details the EQSR protocol, which balances energy consumption and ensures QoS for data transmission.

Section 18: Reliable Information Forwarding (ReInForm) Using Multiple Paths in Sensor Networks
Description 18: This section explains the ReInForm scheme that sends multiple copies of packets over different routes to ensure data delivery.

Section 19: Load Balancing
Description 19: This section discusses load balancing, which diverts traffic through alternate paths to minimize congestion.

Section 20: Meshed Multipath Routing (M-MPR)
Description 20: This section describes the M-MPR protocol, which achieves better load distribution with minimal route maintenance overhead.

Section 21: Load Balanced, Energy-Aware Communications
Description 21: This section explains a scheme that uses a multi-path routing model to balance load and select routes based on energy usage.

Section 22: Energy-Efficient
Description 22: This section discusses energy-efficient routing protocols aimed at minimizing energy consumption and maximizing network lifetime.

Section 23: Energy-Efficient Multipath Routing Protocol
Description 23: This section describes a scalable multipath search protocol and load balancing algorithm for energy-efficient routing.

Section 24: Maximally Radio-Disjoint Multipath Routing (MR2)
Description 24: This section explains the MR2 protocol focused on providing necessary bandwidth through non-interfering paths while increasing network lifetime.

Section 25: Energy-Efficient and Collision-Aware Multipath Routing Protocol (EECA)
Description 25: This section discusses the EECA protocol, which avoids collisions and achieves energy efficiency with minimal overhead.

Section 26: Low-Interference Energy-Efficient Multipath Routing Protocol (LIEMRO)
Description 26: This section details the LIEMRO protocol designed to discover low-interference, node-disjoint paths for efficient data transmission.

Section 27: Energy Efficient Adaptive Multipath Routing
Description 27: This section explains an adaptive multipath routing protocol that evenly distributes traffic over multiple paths to minimize interference and improve data reception.

Section 28: Conclusions
Description 28: This section presents concluding remarks on the effectiveness of multipath routing protocols in WSNs, summarizing the challenges and comparing various properties of these protocols.