Sustainability in Software Engineering: A Systematic Literature Review for Building up a Knowledge Base
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paper_title: An Empirical Investigation of Systematic Reviews in Software Engineering

paper_content:

BACKGROUND: Systematic Literature Reviews (SLRs) have gained significant popularity among software engineering (SE) researchers since 2004. Several researchers have also been working on improving the scientific and technological support for SLRs in SE. We argue that there is also an essential need for evidence-based body of knowledge about different aspects of the adoption of SLRs in SE. OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this research is to empirically investigate the adoption and use of SLRs in SE research from various perspectives. METHOD: We used multi-method approach as it is based on a combination of complementary research methods which are expected to compensate each others' limitations. RESULTS: A large majority of the participants are convinced of the value of using a rigorous and systematic methodology for literature reviews. However, there are concerns about the required time and resources for SLRs. One of the most important motivators for performing SLRs is new findings and inception of innovative ideas for further research. The reported SLRs are more influential compared to the traditional literature reviews in terms of number of citations. One of the main challenges of conducting SLRs is drawing a balance between rigor and required effort. CONCLUSIONS: SLR has become a popular research methodology for conducting literature review and evidence aggregation in SE. There is an overall positive perception about this methodology. The findings provide interesting insights into different aspects of SLRs. We expect that the findings can provide valuable information to readers on what can be expected from conducting SLRs and the potential impact of such reviews.
---
paper_title: Sustainability in Software Engineering: A Systematic Literature Review for Building up a Knowledge Base

paper_content:

Background: Supporting sustainability in software engineering is becoming an active area of research and we want to contribute the first SLR in this field. Researchers who are motivated to contribute to that topic need to accumulate a body of knowledge as starting point through time-consuming literature research. Aim: We aim to provide an overview of different aspects of sustainability in software engineer- ing research with regard to research activity, investigated topics, identified limitations, proposed approaches, used methods, available studies, and considered domains. Method: The applied method is a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) in five reliable and commonly-used databases according to the (quasi-standard) protocol by Kitchenham et al. [288]. We assessed the 100 first results of each database ordered by relevance with respect to the search query. Results: Of 500 classified publications, we regard 96 as relevant for our research questions. Most of the excluded publications were ruled out because of an unfitting usage of terms within the search query. We sketch a taxonomy of their topics and domains, and provide lists of used methods and proposed approaches. Conclusions: Currently, there is little research coverage on the different aspects of sustainability in software engineering. Future work includes extending the study by reviewing a higher number of publications, including dedicated journal and workshop searches, and snowballing.
---
paper_title: Sustainability in Software Engineering: A Systematic Literature Review for Building up a Knowledge Base

paper_content:

Background: Supporting sustainability in software engineering is becoming an active area of research and we want to contribute the first SLR in this field. Researchers who are motivated to contribute to that topic need to accumulate a body of knowledge as starting point through time-consuming literature research. Aim: We aim to provide an overview of different aspects of sustainability in software engineer- ing research with regard to research activity, investigated topics, identified limitations, proposed approaches, used methods, available studies, and considered domains. Method: The applied method is a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) in five reliable and commonly-used databases according to the (quasi-standard) protocol by Kitchenham et al. [288]. We assessed the 100 first results of each database ordered by relevance with respect to the search query. Results: Of 500 classified publications, we regard 96 as relevant for our research questions. Most of the excluded publications were ruled out because of an unfitting usage of terms within the search query. We sketch a taxonomy of their topics and domains, and provide lists of used methods and proposed approaches. Conclusions: Currently, there is little research coverage on the different aspects of sustainability in software engineering. Future work includes extending the study by reviewing a higher number of publications, including dedicated journal and workshop searches, and snowballing.
---
paper_title: An Empirical Investigation of Systematic Reviews in Software Engineering

paper_content:

BACKGROUND: Systematic Literature Reviews (SLRs) have gained significant popularity among software engineering (SE) researchers since 2004. Several researchers have also been working on improving the scientific and technological support for SLRs in SE. We argue that there is also an essential need for evidence-based body of knowledge about different aspects of the adoption of SLRs in SE. OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this research is to empirically investigate the adoption and use of SLRs in SE research from various perspectives. METHOD: We used multi-method approach as it is based on a combination of complementary research methods which are expected to compensate each others' limitations. RESULTS: A large majority of the participants are convinced of the value of using a rigorous and systematic methodology for literature reviews. However, there are concerns about the required time and resources for SLRs. One of the most important motivators for performing SLRs is new findings and inception of innovative ideas for further research. The reported SLRs are more influential compared to the traditional literature reviews in terms of number of citations. One of the main challenges of conducting SLRs is drawing a balance between rigor and required effort. CONCLUSIONS: SLR has become a popular research methodology for conducting literature review and evidence aggregation in SE. There is an overall positive perception about this methodology. The findings provide interesting insights into different aspects of SLRs. We expect that the findings can provide valuable information to readers on what can be expected from conducting SLRs and the potential impact of such reviews.
---
paper_title: An Empirical Investigation of Systematic Reviews in Software Engineering

paper_content:

BACKGROUND: Systematic Literature Reviews (SLRs) have gained significant popularity among software engineering (SE) researchers since 2004. Several researchers have also been working on improving the scientific and technological support for SLRs in SE. We argue that there is also an essential need for evidence-based body of knowledge about different aspects of the adoption of SLRs in SE. OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this research is to empirically investigate the adoption and use of SLRs in SE research from various perspectives. METHOD: We used multi-method approach as it is based on a combination of complementary research methods which are expected to compensate each others' limitations. RESULTS: A large majority of the participants are convinced of the value of using a rigorous and systematic methodology for literature reviews. However, there are concerns about the required time and resources for SLRs. One of the most important motivators for performing SLRs is new findings and inception of innovative ideas for further research. The reported SLRs are more influential compared to the traditional literature reviews in terms of number of citations. One of the main challenges of conducting SLRs is drawing a balance between rigor and required effort. CONCLUSIONS: SLR has become a popular research methodology for conducting literature review and evidence aggregation in SE. There is an overall positive perception about this methodology. The findings provide interesting insights into different aspects of SLRs. We expect that the findings can provide valuable information to readers on what can be expected from conducting SLRs and the potential impact of such reviews.
---
paper_title: Discovering Sustainability Requirements: An Experience Report

paper_content:

Sustainability has become one of the "grand challenges" of our civilization. Because of their pervasiveness, the way we design, and consequently use, software-intensive systems has a significant impact on sustainability. This gives software requirements engineering an important role to play in society. However, there is currently no specific support for handling sustainability requirements, while such support exists and has proved useful for other quality requirements like security or usability. This paper reports on a software project in which sustainability requirements were treated as first class quality requirements, and as such systematically elicited, analysed and documented. The authors intended to assess how current techniques support these activities. Beyond raising awareness on the importance of sustainability concerns in requirements engineering, this experience report suggests that, while a lot of work remains to be done, small and easy steps may already lead us to more sustainable systems. It also contributes to the agenda of requirements engineering researchers concerned with sustainability.
---
paper_title: Multivariate modeling for a multi-stage green building framework

paper_content:

Green building is a sustainable concept to reduce enviromental impact. Decision-making for green building is a complex task. We present a multi-stage green building framework that will guide future development of a comprehensive multiple stage, multiple objective (MSMO) decision-making framework. Various software tools can assist in studying components of our multi-stage framework. We seek to simultaneously explore building options via a Design and Analysis of Computer Experiments (DACE) approach that uses experimental design and statistical analysis to uncover multivariate patterns that will provide guidance for green building decisions. DACE is a useful method for studying complex engineering systems, and DACE models will be incorporated into our MSMO framework.
---
paper_title: Green Remanufacturing Engineering in Structural Machinery Based on Reverse Engineering

paper_content:

Developing sustainable approaches to manufacture is a critical global problem concerned by people with a lack of resource on Planet Earth. An increasing interest in product take-back, product recovery and the redistribution has been concerned increasingly. Such as green remanufacturing, in particular, has a strong history of product recovery operations in the automotive sector. It can be both more profitable and less harmful to the environment compare with conventional manufacturing. However, the application of green remanufacturing in structural machinery didn?t draw attention. This paper provides the background of green remanufacturing together with the way of product recovery reverse engineering theory. Such as, study target, content, methods, design order, key technology and application of reverse engineering. This method can measure and evaluate wear of machine parts which have complicated curved surface quantitatively, accurately and visualization ally. Reverse engineering methods and technologies play an important role in many software engineering tasks of product model. The significance of this research contributes to theory, to industry and to future research in the field.
---
paper_title: The GREENSOFT Model: A reference model for green and sustainable software and its engineering

paper_content:

Abstract The resource and power consumption of ICT is still increasing, but also the benefits of ICT, e.g. in finding more efficient solutions for environmental problems. To date, it is not clear, whether the resource and energy savings through ICT overbalance the resource and energy consumption by ICT, or not. Up to now, manifold efforts of Green IT address the environmental aspects of sustainability considering computer hardware. However, there is still a lack of models, descriptions or realizations in the area of computer software and software process models. In our contribution, we first propose definitions of the terms “Green and Sustainable Software” and “Green and Sustainable Software Engineering”, then we outline a conceptual reference model, the GREENSOFT Model. This model includes a cradle-to-grave product life cycle model for software products, sustainability metrics and criteria for software, software engineering extensions for sustainably sound software design and development, as well as appropriate guidance.
---
paper_title: Multivariate modeling for a multi-stage green building framework

paper_content:

Green building is a sustainable concept to reduce enviromental impact. Decision-making for green building is a complex task. We present a multi-stage green building framework that will guide future development of a comprehensive multiple stage, multiple objective (MSMO) decision-making framework. Various software tools can assist in studying components of our multi-stage framework. We seek to simultaneously explore building options via a Design and Analysis of Computer Experiments (DACE) approach that uses experimental design and statistical analysis to uncover multivariate patterns that will provide guidance for green building decisions. DACE is a useful method for studying complex engineering systems, and DACE models will be incorporated into our MSMO framework.
---
paper_title: A multi-fidelity software framework for interactive modeling of advective and diffusive contaminant transport in groundwater

paper_content:

Groundwater currently accounts for over 20% of the daily water usage in the United States. As the contamination of groundwater reserves also continues to increase from a variety of pollutants, remediation becomes necessary. Whether the remediation method involves containing or cleaning, a fundamental understanding of the groundwater flow patterns is necessary. This can now be gained through predictive models due to advances in groundwater simulation research. One such method, the Superblock Analytical Element Method (AEM) is capable of capturing both large-scale trends and small-scale variations in complex, heterogeneous flow fields. These trends and variations are not captured by current numerical solutions, typified by finite difference and finite element formulations. The Superblock AEM, as with many groundwater solvers, has a substantial number of input parameters and produces large amounts of 3D output. Thus, an intuitive, 3D visual framework would greatly enhance the usability of the method. With the Superblock AEM as a core solver, Groundwater TRANsport 3D (GTRAN3D) has been developed to provide a platform for modeling and viewing advective and diffusive contaminant spreading over non-intersecting spheroidal in-homogeneities in groundwater. The developed system allows a user to create an input scenario through an interactive three-dimensional graphical user interface (GUI), send that input to the solver, and then view the results on systems ranging from desktop computers to immersive Virtual Reality (VR) environments. In addition, the software can be used on any operating system or even accessed via a web interface. The development of the software framework is discussed along with the presentation of several test cases.
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paper_title: Indirectly driven knowledge modelling in ecology

paper_content:

We describe collaborative efforts among a group of Knowledge Representation (KR) experts, domain scientists, and scientific information managers in developing knowledge models for ecological and environmental concepts. The development of formal, structured approaches to KR used by the group (i.e., ontologies) can be informed by evidence marshalled from unstructured approaches to KR and semantic tagging already in use by the community.
---
paper_title: Green Remanufacturing Engineering in Structural Machinery Based on Reverse Engineering

paper_content:

Developing sustainable approaches to manufacture is a critical global problem concerned by people with a lack of resource on Planet Earth. An increasing interest in product take-back, product recovery and the redistribution has been concerned increasingly. Such as green remanufacturing, in particular, has a strong history of product recovery operations in the automotive sector. It can be both more profitable and less harmful to the environment compare with conventional manufacturing. However, the application of green remanufacturing in structural machinery didn?t draw attention. This paper provides the background of green remanufacturing together with the way of product recovery reverse engineering theory. Such as, study target, content, methods, design order, key technology and application of reverse engineering. This method can measure and evaluate wear of machine parts which have complicated curved surface quantitatively, accurately and visualization ally. Reverse engineering methods and technologies play an important role in many software engineering tasks of product model. The significance of this research contributes to theory, to industry and to future research in the field.
---
paper_title: The GREENSOFT Model: A reference model for green and sustainable software and its engineering

paper_content:

Abstract The resource and power consumption of ICT is still increasing, but also the benefits of ICT, e.g. in finding more efficient solutions for environmental problems. To date, it is not clear, whether the resource and energy savings through ICT overbalance the resource and energy consumption by ICT, or not. Up to now, manifold efforts of Green IT address the environmental aspects of sustainability considering computer hardware. However, there is still a lack of models, descriptions or realizations in the area of computer software and software process models. In our contribution, we first propose definitions of the terms “Green and Sustainable Software” and “Green and Sustainable Software Engineering”, then we outline a conceptual reference model, the GREENSOFT Model. This model includes a cradle-to-grave product life cycle model for software products, sustainability metrics and criteria for software, software engineering extensions for sustainably sound software design and development, as well as appropriate guidance.
---
paper_title: Measuring the Sustainability Performance of Software Projects

paper_content:

Contrary to the common assumption that software is "environmentally friendly" simply because it is virtual, the processes and methods used to develop, maintain and deploy software do have an environmental and social impact that is normally not accounted for by software development practices. For example, e-waste could be greatly minimized if software vendors would take into consideration the lifetime of old hardware. Like so, software that is dependable minimizes waste of resources used to support the system. This paper introduces a set of software engineering metrics that can be used to assess the economic, social and environmental sustainability of software projects, and it demonstrates how these metrics were used to assess a real project.
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paper_title: Green product design through product modularization using atomic theory

paper_content:

With increasing environmental consciousness and the establishment of environmental protection regulations, green product design not only plays a crucial role in a modern industry but is also becoming the main focus of the future market. In this paper, an innovative method is presented that uses the concepts of atomic theory to solve design modularization problems for green product design. With the developed method, products can be modularized based upon given green constraints, e.g., material compatibility, part recyclability, and part disassemblability. The developed method can help engineers effectively create green designs in the initial design stage, based on product lifecycle requirements. With green considerations incorporated into new modules, a new design can be created that improves upon an original design, with respect to environmental impacts. Product designers can use our method to compare differences between their original designs and the new green modules and then perform necessary design modifications. A table lamp and a motor are used as case study examples to show the effectiveness of the atomic-theory-based green product design method.
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paper_title: Creating and consolidating eco-economics through financial and fiscal instruments. contribution of green taxes

paper_content:

Ecologic Economics or Eco-economics is a new research field that combines economic issues with issues related to environmental sciences, with the purpose of developing a new type of environment-friendly economy. The development of Eco-economics implies the development of Eco-culture, i.e. changing man, the values which it observes, the mentality regarding his relationship with the environment. The state is the key element in promoting Eco-culture and Eco-economics, the financial and fiscal instruments, especially green taxes and it has a mobilizing and stimulating effect.
---
paper_title: Indirectly driven knowledge modelling in ecology

paper_content:

We describe collaborative efforts among a group of Knowledge Representation (KR) experts, domain scientists, and scientific information managers in developing knowledge models for ecological and environmental concepts. The development of formal, structured approaches to KR used by the group (i.e., ontologies) can be informed by evidence marshalled from unstructured approaches to KR and semantic tagging already in use by the community.
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paper_title: Expert Control Based on Neural Networks for Controlling Greenhouse Environment

paper_content:

Depending upon the nonlinear feature between neural units in artificial neural networks (ANN), artificial neural network was used to develop a model for greenhouse inside air temperature management. Data was collected and processed for training and simulation of temperature model. The design of the network structure and transfer function was also discussed. Because heuristic logic of greenhouse environment exists, a simple ANN controller does not perfect complex task, the algorithm of ANN with heuristic logic is developed. Experimental result indicated that the performance of the new control scheme meet the requirement of greenhouse environment control.
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paper_title: Life cycle assessment of a micromorph photovoltaic system

paper_content:

In this paper the results from a in-depth life cycle analysis of production and use of a novel grid-connected photovoltaic micromorph system are presented and compared to other thin film and traditional crystalline silicon photovoltaic technologies. Among the new thin film technologies, the micromorph tandem junction appears to be one of the most promising devices from the industrial point of view. The analysis was based on actual production data given to the authors directly from the PRAMAC Swiss Company and it is consistent with the recommendations provided by the ISO norms and updates. The gross energy requirement, green house gas emissions and energy pay-back time have been calculated for the electric energy output virtually generated by the studied system in a lifetime period of 20 years. A comparative framework is also provided, wherein results obtained for the case study are compared with data from literature previously obtained for the best commercially available competing photovoltaic technologies. Results clearly show a significant decrease in gross energy requirement, in green house gas emissions and also a shorter energy pay-back time for the micromorph technology.
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paper_title: E-Shopping Behavior and User-Web Interaction for Developing a Useful Green Website

paper_content:

In recent years there has been an increasing respect for green issues. It has been addressed in various products/services as well. There is still no website to support green customers' decision process on electronic commerce (EC). The aim of this study is to understand user EC needs and expectations in order to elicit the design requirements of a useful interface. A questionnaire and an experiment were conducted to get users' green knowledge and to detect user external behaviors interacting with computer when e-shopping. The study is centered on electric green products, including computers, communication devices, and consumer electronics. The results are used to produce the online-shopping process flowchart and several suggestions for improving e-shopping. The suggestions including information search, information display, and web site features have been addressed. From this, further research will focus on the design of web sites supplying consumers with green product information.
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paper_title: Evaluating firm's green supply chain management in linguistic preferences

paper_content:

Abstract There has been an increasing interest towards firms' environmental sustainability activities to improve practices in their supply chain. Stringent environmental regulations in Europe and US challenge manufacturers to comply with these without losing their competitiveness. This study illustrates the case of a printed circuit board manufacturer in Taiwan that seeks to implement green supply chain management (GSCM) and selects a green supplier to meet its requirements. Choosing the suitable supplier is a key strategic direction in eliminating environmental impact on supply chain management for manufacturing firms. The firm's criteria and supplier selection need to be unified as a system to improve the firm's performance. This study identified the appropriate environmental and non-environmental GSCM criteria for the case firm and developed the following selection method: (i) evaluate the weights of criteria and alternatives as described both by qualitative and quantitative information; and (ii) rank alternative suppliers using a grey relational analysis. The result shows Alternative 3 ranks first among the four evaluated suppliers and demonstrated strong performance in the top three important criteria, namely, environmental management systems, profitability of supplier and relationship supplier closeness. Additionally, the perception weights on criteria itself are same as the most top five in weighted alternative.
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paper_title: Urban wetland planning: A case study in the Beijing central region

paper_content:

Abstract Urban wetlands, a complex social–economic–natural ecosystem, are known to provide many valuable ecological benefits to urban ecosystems. There has been much achievement related to wetland research, however, the research on urban wetland planning is lag. In this paper, the methodology on urban wetland planning was explored from the viewpoint of urban planning. Firstly, the major ecological services of urban wetlands, i.e., its efficacies on water purification, flood control, local microclimate adjustment, and scenic creation and cultural heritage are thoroughly discussed based on the ecological complexity research on urban wetland. Then, from the viewpoint of urban wetland planning, urban wetlands were classified as flood control wetlands, water purification wetlands, cultural, scenic wetlands, etc. Urban wetland planning techniques were proposed, including the setting of main functions; the appropriate locations of urban wetlands; the calculation of urban wetland areas; the determination of urban wetland spatial distribution, and the method of estimating ecological water requirements. Finally, after an in-depth investigation of the wetland situations in Beijing, a document for urban wetland planning in Beijing central region was drafted in accordance with development objectives set forth by Beijing government. In the planning, the acreage and spatial location of each type of urban wetlands were determined, and estimates of ecological water requirement by urban wetlands and its deployment were also given.
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paper_title: Top-management's role in adopting green purchasing standards in high-tech industrial firms

paper_content:

Few prior studies on green purchasing examine the impact of top-management commitment to new regulatory requirements, customer pressure, and suppliers' opportunities to adopt new green purchase requirements. This study attempts to fill this research gap and explores the effects of critical drivers on firms' adoption of green purchasing. This study collected 239 useable questionnaires from 863 electronics firms. The empirical results demonstrate that environmental collaboration with suppliers, top-management commitment, and customer pressure influence firms' green purchasing positively and significantly. Besides directly affecting green purchasing, top-management commitment also indirectly affects green purchasing via environmental collaboration with suppliers. Overall, internal motives of top-management commitment and environmental collaboration with suppliers exceed the external motives of regulatory pressure and customer pressure with regard to green purchasing adoption. Top-management commitment is the primary driver of firms' success in adopting green purchasing standards.
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paper_title: The energy requirements and carbon dioxide emissions of tourism industry of Western China: A case of Chengdu city

paper_content:

Chengdu, the capital city of Sichuan province in western China is the gateway to Tibet. It is also the major habitat for giant panda and the principal city with the largest total tourism economic output in western China. The energy requirement of tourism industry is calculated by combining the 7 energy intensities with tourist consumption data from the Chengdu Domestic Tourist Expenditure Survey in which over 50,000 tourists were involved during 1999-2004. The carbon dioxide emissions of tourism industry are calculated based on the method introduced by IPCC report. Then, decomposition analysis was used to identify key factors causing the change of carbon emission. From 1999 to 2004, the energy consumption and carbon dioxide emission of tourism industry in Chengdu increased from 1.8Â xÂ 107Â GJ to 2.3Â xÂ 107Â GJ and from 1.7Â xÂ 106Â tons to 2.1Â xÂ 106Â tons, respectively. The indirect energy requirements and indirect CO2 emissions dominate the total energy consumptions and total CO2 emissions, with an overwhelming percentage of over 90%. The transportation is the major contributor for energy consumption and carbon emission of tourism industry. The relative importance of the transportation and shopping tends to increase while the food and entertainment tends to decrease. Among the five factors affecting energy consumption and carbon dioxide emission in tourism, energy intensity, expenditure size and the industry size are generally found to be principal drivers of emission growth, whereas energy share and consumption structure are not found to have a sizable influence on the growth of tourism industry emissions. In addition, the energy intensity has a negative effect on the increase of CO2 levels while the expenditure size and the industry size have a positive effect on it.
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paper_title: Green strategy for gaining competitive advantage in housing development : a China study

paper_content:

Abstract The promotion of green strategy in housing development has significant contribution to the implementation of sustainable development principles. Why do the housing developers go for green? This paper examines the benefits and barriers in applying green strategies in the process of housing development and facilities management. The examination is conducted from the whole process of developing a housing project, including project plan and design, construction, and operation and management stages. It is considered by the housing developers that the application of certain types of green strategies can help contribute to building up developers’ competitive advantages, such as solar system and optimizing building envelope thermal performance technology. The four case studies suggest that housing developers believe that the application of these green technologies can contribute to reputation gaining, reduction in construction and operation cost, receiving favorable land prices, and more channels available for financing. On the other hand, the major barriers affecting the application of the green strategies in housing development process have also been identified, such as higher cost for green appliance and higher cost in relation to customers’ demand. Data used for analysis are collected from a comprehensive questionnaire survey and four constructive case studies within the Chinese housing development market.
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paper_title: Green property development practice in China: Costs and barriers

paper_content:

Abstract The promotion of sustainable practice in property development has resulted in the development of various green technologies. Will green technologies bring about additional cost to the property projects? This paper examines the costs and barriers in applying the green elements to the process of developing property projects. By conducting three case studies in China, it is found that the passive design strategy, for example, walls insulation, low-E window and solar heating appliances are comparatively inexpensive to apply as opposed to ‘active’ design strategies such as solar PV or heat pump technologies. By analyzing the additional cost of the three types of green buildings, it is concluded that the major barrier, the higher costs has hindered the extensive application of green technologies in China. A green strategy plan (GSP) is proposed to provide a vehicle for a more systematic use of green strategies to increase the sustainability of a property project. Research findings in the study provide valuable references to guide property development practice towards the sustainable agenda and the manner in which stakeholders approach or low carbon property development projects.
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paper_title: The application of environmental requirements in Swedish road maintenance contracts

paper_content:

This paper reports two studies of the implementation of environmental requirements in Swedish road maintenance contracts. It aims to examine the fulfillment and follow-up of the requirements, the c ...
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paper_title: Study on integrated calculation of ecological water demand for basin system

paper_content:

The operation of reservoir(s) has a certain impact on the downstream hydrologic regime, and even endangers the ecological water safety of river corridor and ecosystems which interact with river system. Therefore, ecological operation needs to be carried out in order to ensure ecological water use of downstream zone. The key technological support is the estimation and integrated calculation of ecological water demand. The connotation of the integrated calculation on ecological water demand lies on that the ecological water demand of different ecosystems is integrated to meet the requirements of water allocation and operation on watershed scale in terms of hydrological cycle. Considering the practical requirement of ecological operation of reservoir(s), this study proposed an integrated calculation approach of ecological water demand according to the ecological water demand in various ecosystems as well as the hydraulic connection among them; it established an integrated calculation model of regional ecological water demand by means of the distributed hydrological model, and studied the integrated calculation in Yalong River basin which is the source area of the west route of South-North Water Transfer Project as an example. The results indicated that the integrated calculation model more effectively combined the ecological water demand and hydraulic connection of ecosystems in time and space, compared with the lumped water balance analysis, since the former conquered the defect of insufficient ecological water source and supplement on multiple spatial and temporal scales, and met the demand of ecological operation of reservoir(s).
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paper_title: Sustainability in Software Engineering: A Systematic Literature Review for Building up a Knowledge Base

paper_content:

Background: Supporting sustainability in software engineering is becoming an active area of research and we want to contribute the first SLR in this field. Researchers who are motivated to contribute to that topic need to accumulate a body of knowledge as starting point through time-consuming literature research. Aim: We aim to provide an overview of different aspects of sustainability in software engineer- ing research with regard to research activity, investigated topics, identified limitations, proposed approaches, used methods, available studies, and considered domains. Method: The applied method is a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) in five reliable and commonly-used databases according to the (quasi-standard) protocol by Kitchenham et al. [288]. We assessed the 100 first results of each database ordered by relevance with respect to the search query. Results: Of 500 classified publications, we regard 96 as relevant for our research questions. Most of the excluded publications were ruled out because of an unfitting usage of terms within the search query. We sketch a taxonomy of their topics and domains, and provide lists of used methods and proposed approaches. Conclusions: Currently, there is little research coverage on the different aspects of sustainability in software engineering. Future work includes extending the study by reviewing a higher number of publications, including dedicated journal and workshop searches, and snowballing.
---
paper_title: Discovering Sustainability Requirements: An Experience Report

paper_content:

Sustainability has become one of the "grand challenges" of our civilization. Because of their pervasiveness, the way we design, and consequently use, software-intensive systems has a significant impact on sustainability. This gives software requirements engineering an important role to play in society. However, there is currently no specific support for handling sustainability requirements, while such support exists and has proved useful for other quality requirements like security or usability. This paper reports on a software project in which sustainability requirements were treated as first class quality requirements, and as such systematically elicited, analysed and documented. The authors intended to assess how current techniques support these activities. Beyond raising awareness on the importance of sustainability concerns in requirements engineering, this experience report suggests that, while a lot of work remains to be done, small and easy steps may already lead us to more sustainable systems. It also contributes to the agenda of requirements engineering researchers concerned with sustainability.
---
paper_title: Participatory sensing: applications and architecture

paper_content:

Participatory sensing is the process whereby individuals and communities use ever-more-capable mobile phones and cloud services to collect and analyze systematic data for use in discovery. The convergence of technology and analytical innovation with a citizenry that is increasingly comfortable using mobile phones and online social networking sets the stage for this technology to dramatically impact many aspects of our daily lives. Participatory sensing can serve as a powerful "make a case" technology to support advocacy and civic engagement. It can provide a framework in which citizens can bring to light a civic bottleneck, hazard, personal-safety concern, cultural asset, or other data relevant to urban and natural-resources planning and services, all using data that are systematic and can be validated (http://whatsinvasive.com.) The same systems can be used as tools for sustainability. For example, individuals and communities can explore their transportation and consumption habits and corporations can promote more sustainable practices among employees (http://peir.cens.ucla.edu and http://biketastic.com.)
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paper_title: Sustainability in Software Engineering: A Systematic Literature Review for Building up a Knowledge Base

paper_content:

Background: Supporting sustainability in software engineering is becoming an active area of research and we want to contribute the first SLR in this field. Researchers who are motivated to contribute to that topic need to accumulate a body of knowledge as starting point through time-consuming literature research. Aim: We aim to provide an overview of different aspects of sustainability in software engineer- ing research with regard to research activity, investigated topics, identified limitations, proposed approaches, used methods, available studies, and considered domains. Method: The applied method is a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) in five reliable and commonly-used databases according to the (quasi-standard) protocol by Kitchenham et al. [288]. We assessed the 100 first results of each database ordered by relevance with respect to the search query. Results: Of 500 classified publications, we regard 96 as relevant for our research questions. Most of the excluded publications were ruled out because of an unfitting usage of terms within the search query. We sketch a taxonomy of their topics and domains, and provide lists of used methods and proposed approaches. Conclusions: Currently, there is little research coverage on the different aspects of sustainability in software engineering. Future work includes extending the study by reviewing a higher number of publications, including dedicated journal and workshop searches, and snowballing.
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Title: Sustainability in Software Engineering: A Systematic Literature Review for Building up a Knowledge Base

Section 1: MOTIVATION AND BACKGROUND
Description 1: Discuss the importance and current state of sustainable research in software engineering and introduce the objective of the review.

Section 2: Definition of Sustainability
Description 2: Define the concept of sustainability and explain its application and relevance to software engineering.

Section 3: Sustainability Aspects in Software Engineering
Description 3: Detail the various aspects of sustainability relevant to both the development and use of software systems.

Section 4: A Body of Knowledge for Sustainability in SE
Description 4: Explain the need for and process of building a comprehensive knowledge base on sustainability in software engineering.

Section 5: Research Questions
Description 5: Enumerate and explain the primary research questions guiding the systematic literature review.

Section 6: Related Work
Description 6: Review existing literature and previous systematic reviews related to sustainability in software engineering.

Section 7: SEARCH DESIGN AND PROCESS
Description 7: Describe the methodology and search process used to collect and analyze relevant publications.

Section 8: Search String
Description 8: Provide the search string used to identify relevant literature in various databases.

Section 9: Inclusion Criteria
Description 9: List the criteria used to determine which publications were included in the review.

Section 10: Article Selection Process
Description 10: Outline the process used to select and classify publications for inclusion in the study.

Section 11: Data Analysis
Description 11: Present the methods used to analyze the collected data and summarize findings.

Section 12: RESULTS
Description 12: Summarize the results of the systematic literature review, including the number and types of publications found.

Section 13: Discussion
Description 13: Discuss the implications of the findings and address potential threats to validity.

Section 14: Conclusions on the State of the Art
Description 14: Provide conclusions on the current state-of-the-art in sustainability in software engineering.

Section 15: Conclusions for a Body of Knowledge
Description 15: Discuss the conclusions for building a body of knowledge based on the review's findings.

Section 16: Threats to Validity
Description 16: Identify and discuss potential threats to the validity of the study and how they were mitigated.

Section 17: CONCLUSIONS
Description 17: Summarize the overall conclusions of the paper and suggest directions for future work.