Software Toolkits: Practical Aspects of the Internet of Things—A Survey
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paper_title: Contiki - a lightweight and flexible operating system for tiny networked sensors

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Wireless sensor networks are composed of large numbers of tiny networked devices that communicate untethered. For large scale networks, it is important to be able to download code into the network dynamically. We present Contiki, a lightweight operating system with support for dynamic loading and replacement of individual programs and services. Contiki is built around an event-driven kernel but provides optional preemptive multithreading that can be applied to individual processes. We show that dynamic loading and unloading is feasible in a resource constrained environment, while keeping the base system lightweight and compact.
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paper_title: Portable wireless-networking protocol evaluation

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Abstract Multi-hop wireless networks, such as sensor-, ad hoc- and mesh-nets, can be differentiated in terms of participating devices and usage scenarios. However they share strong characteristics and requirements, such as node cooperation to enable multi-hop forwarding and dynamic routing protocols to deliver packets. As a result of these similarities, protocols designed for all these wireless networks revolve around a common core of functionality, for example coping with link and node dynamics. They differ only in additional network-specific functionality, such as tree routing structures in sensornets, and parameterization, for example buffer sizes. This convergence of functionality and design goals, as well as the sheer number of proposed protocols in each network class, motivates the idea of applying protocols to more than just their one original class. However, network-layer protocols are usually developed for and tested in only one class of wireless network due to the lack of a platform that allows testing of protocols across different classes of networks. As a result, we unnecessarily constrain the range of settings and scenarios in which we test network protocols. In this article, we propose a platform for protocol testing and evaluation in multiple, heterogeneous networks and discuss the requirements and challenges of such a solution. As a first step and case study, we present the detailed architecture of TinyWifi, a platform for executing native sensornet protocols on Linux-driven wireless devices as found in wireless mesh and mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs). TinyWifi builds on nesC code base that abstracts from TinyOS and enables the execution of nesC-based protocols in Linux. Using this abstraction, we expand the applicability and means of protocol execution from one class of wireless network to another without re-implementation. We demonstrate the generality of TinyWifi by evaluating four well-established protocols on IEEE 802.11 and 802.15.4 based testbeds using a single implementation. Based on the experience of building TinyWifi and the presented evaluation, we deduce the feasibility of a cross-network evaluation platform and sketch the requirements for inclusion of further network classes.
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paper_title: Practical Arduino: Cool Projects for Open Source Hardware

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Create your own Arduino-based designs, gain in-depth knowledge of the architecture of Arduino, and learn the user-friendly Arduino language all in the context of practical projects that you can build yourself at home. Get hands-on experience using a variety of projects and recipes for everything from home automation to test equipment. Arduino has taken off as an incredibly popular building block among ubicomp (ubiquitous computing) enthusiasts, robotics hobbyists, and DIY home automation developers. Authors Jonathan Oxer and Hugh Blemings provide detailed instructions for building a wide range of both practical and fun Arduino-related projects, covering areas such as hobbies, automotive, communications, home automation, and instrumentation. Take Arduino beyond "blink" to a wide variety of projects from simple to challenging Hands-on recipes for everything from home automation to interfacing with your car engine management system Explanations of techniques and references to handy resources for ubiquitous computing projects Supplementary material includes a circuit schematic reference, introductions to a range of electronic engineering principles and general hints & tips. These combine with the projects themselves to make Practical Arduino: Cool Projects for Open Source Hardware an invaluable reference for Arduino users of all levels. You'll learn a wide variety of techniques that can be applied to your own projects. What you'll learn Communication with serial devices including RFID readers, temperature sensors, and GPS modules Connecting Arduino to Ethernet and WiFi networks Adding synthesized speech to Arduino Linking Arduino to web services Decoding data streams from commercial wireless devices How to make DIY prototyping shields for only a couple of dollars Who is this book for? This book is for hobbyists and developers interested in physical computing using a low-cost, easy-to-learn platform.
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paper_title: FamiWare: a family of event-based middleware for ambient intelligence

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Most of the middlewares currently available focus on one type of device (e.g., TinyOS sensors) and/or are designed with one requirement in mind (e.g., data management). This is an important limitation since most of the AmI applications work with several devices (such as sensors, smartphones or PDAs) and use a high diversity of low-level services. Ideally, the middleware should provide a single interface for accessing all those services able to work in heterogeneous devices. To address this issue, we propose a family of configurable middleware (FamiWare) with a really flexible architecture, instead of building a single version of a middleware with a rigid structure. In this work, we present the architecture of our middleware that can be configured, following a Software Product Line approach, in order to be instantiated in a particular device fulfilling specific application requirements. Furthermore, we evaluate that the decisions taken at architecture and implementation are the adequate ones for this kind of constrained devices.
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paper_title: A Security Framework for Smart Ubiquitous Industrial Resources

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Conventional approaches to manage and control security seem to have reached their limits in new complex environments. These environments are open, dynamic, heterogeneous, distributed, self-managing, collaborative, international, nomadic, and ubiquitous. We are currently working on a middleware platform focused on the industrial needs, UBIWARE. UBIWARE integrates Ubiquitous Computing with Semantic Web, Distributed AI, Security and Privacy, and Enterprise Application Integration. In this paper, we describe our long-term vision for the security and privacy management in complex multi-agent systems like UBIWARE, SURPAS. The security infrastructure has to become pervasive, interoperable and intelligent enough to naturally fit UBIWARE. SURPAS aims at policy-based optimal collecting, composing, configuring and provisioning of security measures. Particularly, we analyze the security implications of UBIWARE, present the SURPAS research framework, and the SURPAS abstract architecture.
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paper_title: Self-Organised Middleware Architecture for the Internet-of-Things

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Presently, middleware technologies abound for the Internet-of-Things (IoT), directed at hiding the complexity of underlying technologies and easing the use and management of IoT resources. The middleware solutions of today are capable technologies, which provide much advanced services and that are built using superior architectural models, they however fail short in some important aspects: existing middleware do not properly activate the link between diverse applications with much different monitoring purposes and many disparate sensing networks that are of heterogeneous nature and geographically dispersed. Then, current middleware are unfit to provide some system-wide global arrangement (intelligence, routing, data delivery) emerging from the behaviors of the constituent nodes, rather than from the coordination of single elements, i.e. self-organization. This paper presents the SIMPLE self-organized and intelligent middleware platform. SIMPLE middleware innovates from current state-of-research exactly by exhibiting self-organization properties, a focus on data-dissemination using multi-level subscriptions processing and a tiered networking approach able to cope with many disparate, widespread and heterogeneous sensing networks (e.g. WSN). In this way, the SIMLE middleware is provided as robust zero-configuration technology, with no central dependable system, immune to failures, and able to efficiently deliver the right data at the right time, to needing applications.
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paper_title: UbiRoad: Semantic Middleware for Context-Aware Smart Road Environments

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A smart road environment is such a traffic environment that is equipped with all necessary facilities to enable seamless mobile service provisioning to the users. However, advanced sensors and network architectures deployed within the traffic environment are insufficient to make mobile service provisioning autonomous and proactive, thus minimizing drivers’ distraction during their presence in the environment. For that, an Intelligent Transportation System, which is operating on top of numerous sensor and access networks and governing the process of mobile services provisioning to the users in self-managed and proactive way, must be deployed. Specifically, such system should provide solutions to the following two interoperability problems: interoperability between the in-car and roadside devices produced and programmed by different vendors and/or providers, and the need for seamless and flexible collaboration (including discovery, coordination, conflict resolution and possibly even negotiation) amongst the smart road devices and services. To tackle these problems, in this paper we propose UbiRoad middleware intending utilization of semantic languages and semantic technologies for declarative specification of devices’ and services’ behavior, application of software agents as engines executing those specifications, and establishment of common ontologies to facilitate and govern seamless interoperation of devices, services and humans. The main contribution of the paper includes the requirements and the architecture of complex traffic management systems and shows how such systems may benefit from utilization of semantic and agent technologies.
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paper_title: RFID Added Value Sensing Capabilities: European Advances in Integrated RFID-WSN Middleware

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Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a key technology for Europe. Since the initial emergence of the technology, there has been a noticeable shift away from RFID pilot projects of the early days, towards a broad deployment of RFID in order to increase the efficiency and innovation of processes. Even though Europe is a leading player in the world of RFID technology, several challenges need to be addressed in order for RFID to reach its full potential. The funded under FP7 ICT project ASPIRE is one of the coordinated European efforts to further the advancement of this technology, in the areas of enabling technology development for RFID. In particular, the focus of ASPIRE is on design, development and adoption of an innovative, programmable, royalty-free, lightweight and privacy friendly RFID middleware.
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paper_title: Many task computing for orthologous genes identification in protozoan genomes using Hydra

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One of the main advantages of using a scientific workflow management system (SWfMS) is to orchestrate data flows among scientific activities and register provenance of the whole workflow execution. Nevertheless, the execution control of distributed activities in high performance computing environments by SWfMS presents challenges such as steering control and provenance gathering. Such challenges may become a complex task to be accomplished in bioinformatics experiments, particularly in Many Task Computing scenarios. This paper presents a data parallelism solution for a bioinformatics experiment supported by Hydra, a middleware that bridges SWfMS and high performance computing to enable workflow parallelization with provenance gathering. Hydra Many Task Computing parallelization strategies can be registered and reused. Using Hydra, provenance may also be uniformly gathered. We have evaluated Hydra using an Orthologous Gene Identification workflow. Experimental results show that a systematic approach for distributing parallel activities is viable, sparing scientist time and diminishing operational errors, with the additional benefits of distributed provenance support. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ::: ::: (The speed-up is based on comparisons with executions using one core in the cluster.)
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paper_title: XGSN: An Open-source Semantic Sensing Middleware for the Web of Things

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We present XGSN, an open-source system that relies on semantic representations of sensor metadata and observations, to guide the process of annotating and publishing sensor data on the Web. XGSN is able to handle the data acquisition process of a wide number of devices and protocols, and is designed as a highly extensible platform, leveraging on the existing capabilities of the Global Sensor Networks (GSN) middleware. Going beyond traditional sensor management systems, XGSN is capable of enriching virtual sensor descriptions with semantically annotated content using standard vocabularies. In the proposed approach, sensor data and observations are annotated using an ontology network based on the SSN ontology, providing a standardized queryable representation that makes it easier to share, discover, integrate and interpret the data. XGSN manages the annotation process for the incoming sensor observations, producing RDF streams that are sent to the cloud-enabled Linked Sensor Middleware, which can internally store the data or perform continuous query processing. The distributed nature of XGSN allows deploying different remote instances that can interchange observation data, so that virtual sensors can be aggregated and consume data from other remote virtual sensors. In this paper we show how this approach has been implemented in XGSN, and incorporated to the wider OpenIoT platform, providing a highly flexible and scalable system for managing the life-cycle of sensor data, from acquisition to publishing, in the context of the semantic Web of Things.
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paper_title: A Survey of Middleware for Internet of Things

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This paper provides a survey of middleware system for Internet of Things (IoT). IoT is considered as a part of future internet and ubiquitous computing, and it creates a true ubiquitous or smart environment. The middleware for IoT acts as a bond joining the heterogeneous domains of applications communicating over heterogeneous interfaces. Comprehensive review of the existing middleware systems for IoT is provided here to achieve the better understanding of the current gaps and future directions in this field. Fundamental functional blocks are proposed for this middleware system, and based on that a feature wise classification is performed on the existing IoT-middleware. Open issues are analyzed and our vision on the research scope in this area is presented.
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paper_title: SIXTH: A Middleware for Supporting Ubiquitous Sensing in Personal Health Monitoring

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For an arbitrary event, a lack of the prevailing context compromises understanding. In health monitoring services, this may have serious repercussions. Yet many biomedical devices tend to exhibit a lack of openness and interoperability that reduces their potential as active nodes in broader healthcare information systems. One approach to addressing this deficiency rests in the realization of a middleware solution that is heterogeneous in a multiplicity of dimensions, whilst supporting dynamic reprogramming as the needs of patients change. This paper demonstrates how such functionality may be interwoven into a middleware solution, both from a design and implementation perspective.
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paper_title: The Internet of Things: A survey

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This paper addresses the Internet of Things. Main enabling factor of this promising paradigm is the integration of several technologies and communications solutions. Identification and tracking technologies, wired and wireless sensor and actuator networks, enhanced communication protocols (shared with the Next Generation Internet), and distributed intelligence for smart objects are just the most relevant. As one can easily imagine, any serious contribution to the advance of the Internet of Things must necessarily be the result of synergetic activities conducted in different fields of knowledge, such as telecommunications, informatics, electronics and social science. In such a complex scenario, this survey is directed to those who want to approach this complex discipline and contribute to its development. Different visions of this Internet of Things paradigm are reported and enabling technologies reviewed. What emerges is that still major issues shall be faced by the research community. The most relevant among them are addressed in details.
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paper_title: Enabling a Mobile, Dynamic and Heterogeneous Discovery Service in a Sensor Web by Using AndroSIXTH

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Achieving the vision of Ambient Intelligence, a world where devices adapt and anticipation our needs without intervention, requires a device to connect to multiple sensors to achieve this goal. One solution to this goal is to create a sensor web between sensors. This proves to be challenging due to the range of devices, different application requirements and is compounded by the fact that devices with their corresponding sensors can be mobile. Therefore a sensor web also requires the ability of heterogenous sensors to be discovered dynamically. This paper seeks to address the challenge of discovery by demonstrating how this can be achieved using a lightweight discovery service developed for this paper. AndroSIXTH aims to improve network middleware SIXTH with discovery services and extend its abilities to mobile networks. To illustrate the functionality of AndroSIXTH discovery service and its importance to the creation of Ambient Intelligent applications, a case study will be examined that demonstrates how through a seamless discovery service, an Augmented Reality environment can be created and used for maintenance and deployment of sensors for an Ambient Intelligent environment.
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paper_title: Data parallelism in bioinformatics workflows using Hydra

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Large scale bioinformatics experiments are usually composed by a set of data flows generated by a chain of activities (programs or services) that may be modeled as scientific workflows. Current Scientific Workflow Management Systems (SWfMS) are used to orchestrate these workflows to control and monitor the whole execution. It is very common in bioinformatics experiments to process very large datasets. In this way, data parallelism is a common approach used to increase performance and reduce overall execution time. However, most of current SWfMS still lack on supporting parallel executions in high performance computing (HPC) environments. Additionally keeping track of provenance data in distributed environments is still an open, yet important problem. Recently, Hydra middleware was proposed to bridge the gap between the SWfMS and the HPC environment, by providing a transparent way for scientists to parallelize workflow executions while capturing distributed provenance. This paper analyzes data parallelism scenarios in bioinformatics domain and presents an extension to Hydra middleware through a specific cartridge that promotes data parallelism in bioinformatics workflows. Experimental results using workflows with BLAST show performance gains with the additional benefits of distributed provenance support.
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paper_title: Middleware for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey

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Given the fast growing technological progress in microelectronics and wireless communication devices, in the near future, it is foreseeable that Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) will offer and make possible a wide range of applications. However real world integration and application development on such networks composed of tiny, low power and limited resources devices are not easy. Therefore, middleware services are a novel approach offering many possibilities and drastically enhancing the application development on WSN. This survey shows the current state of research in this domain. It discusses middleware challenges in such networks and presents some representative middleware specifically designed for WSN. The selection of the studied methods tries to cover as many views of objectives and approaches as possible. We will focus on discovering similarities and differences by making classifications, comparisons and appropriateness studies. At the end we argue that most of the proposed work is at an early stage and there is still a long way to go before a middleware that fully meets the wide variety of WSN requirements is achieved.
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paper_title: Coalitions and Incentives for Content Distribution over a Secure Peer-to-Peer Middleware

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Nowadays, Peer-to-Peer is responsible for more than 60% of Internet traffic. These protocols have proved to save bandwidth and computing resources in content distribution system. But, problems related to user behaviour, such as free riding, still persist, and users must be motivated to share content. In previous work, we have designed and simulated a coalition and incentive theoretical mechanism for content distribution that aims to fight against problems in user behaviour. In this pa- per, we present a real implementation of it. Since devel- oping a peer-to-peer application from scratch is a labori- ous and error prone task, we use SMEPP, a middleware that aims to ease the development of secure distributed application, to implement it.
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paper_title: MOSDEN: A Scalable Mobile Collaborative Platform for Opportunistic Sensing Applications

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Mobile smartphones along with embedded sensors have become an efficient enabler for various mobile applications including opportunistic sensing. The hi-tech advances in smartphones are opening up a world of possibilities. This paper proposes a mobile collaborative platform called MOSDEN that enables and supports opportunistic sensing at run time. MOSDEN captures and shares sensor data across multiple apps, smartphones and users. MOSDEN supports the emerging trend of separating sensors from application-specific processing, storing and sharing. MOSDEN promotes reuse and re-purposing of sensor data hence reducing the efforts in developing novel opportunistic sensing applications. MOSDEN has been implemented on Android-based smartphones and tablets. Experimental evaluations validate the scalability and energy efficiency of MOSDEN and its suitability towards real world applications. The results of evaluation and lessons learned are presented and discussed in this paper.
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paper_title: Integrating WSN with web services for patient's record management using RFID

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Web service supports interoperability for collecting, storing, manipulating and retrieving data from heterogeneous environments. The Wireless Sensor Network is a resource-constrained device, which is low cost, low power and small in size and used in various applications such as industrial control & monitoring, environmental sensing, health care, etc. The main intent is to design a middleware that hides the complexity of accessing the sensor network environment and developing an application for sensor web enablement. This concept holds great importance because integrating wireless sensor network into IP-based systems are still a challenging issue. It is very important to collect patient's details during the emergency period. To create a web service to manage patient's personal data with the help of Radio Frequency Identification Tag (RFID), Web Service is dedicated to collecting, storing, manipulating, and making available clinical information. Context-aware services are needed for searching information more accurately and to produce highly impeccable output.
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paper_title: Correlation analysis of MQTT loss and delay according to QoS level

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MQTT is an open protocol developed and released by IBM. To ensure the reliability of message transmission, MQTT supports three levels of QoS. In this paper, we analyze MQTT message transmission process which consists of real wired/wireless publish client, broker server and Subscribe client. By transmitting messages through 3 levels of QoS with various sizes of payloads, we have captured packets to analyze end-to-end delays and message loss.
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paper_title: SOCRADES: A framework for developing intelligent systems in manufacturing

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Nowadays two main reasons are determining the increased number of intelligent systems in manufacturing. The first one is market-driven: demand is more and more variable and mass customization is the new way to compete in manufacturing, requiring feasible reconfigurable manufacturing systems. The second one is technology-pushed: the increasing availability of high-performance, low-power electronic components and the emerging wireless technologies are boosting the creation of intelligent systems (with personal intelligent perception, reasoning, etc.). However research should still be done in intelligent systems? field. Since the complexity both of the topic and of the consequences on manufacturing domain, a framework for addressing the overall field should be defined. We propose the framework adopted in SOCRADES, a European research project exploiting service oriented architecture paradigm both at the device and at the application level. Finally the impacts of SOCRADES architecture on manufacturing performance are described and motivated.
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paper_title: Connecting mobile things to global sensor network middleware using system-generated wrappers

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Internet of Things (IoT) will create a cyberphysical world where all the things around us are connected to the Internet, sense and produce "big data" that has to be stored, processed and communicated with minimum human intervention. With the ever increasing emergence of new sensors, interfaces and mobile devices, the grand challenge is to keep up with this race in developing software drivers and wrappers for IoT things. In this paper, we examine the approaches that automate the process of developing middleware drivers/wrappers for the IoT things. We propose ASCM4GSN architecture to address this challenge efficiently and effectively. We demonstrate the proposed approach using Global Sensor Network (GSN) middleware which exemplifies a cluster of data streaming engines. The ASCM4GSN architecture significantly speeds up the wrapper development and sensor configuration process as demonstrated for Android mobile phone based sensors as well as for Sun SPOT sensors.
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paper_title: ManySense: An Extensible and Accessible Middleware for Consumer-Oriented Heterogeneous Body Sensor Networks

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Consumer-oriented wearable sensors such as smart watches are becoming popular, but each manufacturer uses its own data access mechanism. At the same time, the need for inferred context data is increasing in context-aware applications. A system is needed to provide a unified access to heterogeneous wearable devices for context-aware application developers. We propose ManySense—an Android-based middleware for heterogeneous consumer-oriented BSNs. Extensibility is achieved through adapter interfaces which allow sensors and context inferencing algorithms to be coupled with the middleware. Accessibility of the middleware allows third party applications to access raw sensor data and inferred context data uniformly. This paper provides two main contributions which are divided into several outcomes: (1) design and implementation of the ManySense BSN middleware that allows low-effort addition of new sensors and context inferencing algorithms through adapter interfaces, provides unified access to optionally filtered sensor data and inferred context data for third party applications, mediates control queries to sensor adapters and context inferencing adapters, and facilitates adapter development through an SDK and (2) evaluation of ManySense by comparing its performance with manual sensor data acquisition, analysis of ManySense’s extensibility through adapter interfaces, and analysis of ManySense’s accessibility from third party applications.
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paper_title: Linked Data -- The story so far

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The term “Linked Data” refers to a set of best practices for publishing and connecting structured data on the Web. These best practices have been adopted by an increasing number of data providers over the last three years, leading to the creation of a global data space containing billions of assertions— the Web of Data. In this article, the authors present the concept and technical principles of Linked Data, and situate these within the broader context of related technological developments. They describe progress to date in publishing Linked Data on the Web, review applications that have been developed to exploit the Web of Data, and map out a research agenda for the Linked Data community as it moves forward.
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paper_title: D2R Server – Publishing Relational Databases on the Semantic Web

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D2R Server is a tool for publishing the content of relational databases on the Semantic Web. Database content is mapped to RDF by a declarative mapping which specifies how resources are identified and how property values are generated from database content. Based on this mapping, D2R Server allows Web agents to retrieve RDF and XHTML representations of resources and to query non-RDF databases using the SPARQL query language over the SPARQL protocol. The generated representations are richly interlinked on RDF and XHTML level in order to enable browsers and crawlers to navigate database content.
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paper_title: Scheduling with Quality of Service Requirements in Real-Time Energy Harvesting Sensors

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This paper is concerned with the problem of periodic task scheduling in sensor nodes powered by energy harvesters. We address this issue by proposing two energy-aware scheduling algorithms, respectively called Green-RTO and Green-BWP. They aim to guarantee an acceptable Quality of Service (QoS) measured in terms of deadline success ratio.
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paper_title: Energy Harvesting for Autonomous Wireless Sensor Networks

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Wireless sensor nodes (WSNs) are employed today in many different application areas, ranging from health and lifestyle to automotive, smart building, predictive maintenance (e.g., of machines and infrastructure), and active RFID tags. Currently these devices have limited lifetimes, however, since they require significant operating power. The typical power requirements of some current portable devices, including a body sensor network, are shown in Figure 1.
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paper_title: An improved magnetoelectric vibration energy harvester for wireless sensors

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An energy harvester is presented to scavenge ambient vibration energy using Terfenol-D/PMN-PT/Terfenol-D laminate magnetoelectric transducers. The harvester uses eight magnets to make up a magnetic circuit to produce a concentrated flux gradient, which makes the harvester generate high power. The nonlinear vibration characteristics and the electrical-output performances of the harvester at resonance are analyzed. A prototype has been fabricated and tested. The experimental results are in agreement with the analytical results. The prototype can produce a sufficient power to supply low consumption wireless sensors applied in the Internet of Things.
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paper_title: Dynamic share energy provisioning service for one-hop multiple RFID tags identification system

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Internet of Things applications using RFID sensors are a challenging task due to the limited capacity of batteries. Thus, energy efficient control has become more critical design with RFID sensor integrating complex tag identification processing techniques. Previous works on power efficient control in multiple RFID tags identification systems often design tag anti-collision protocols in identification process, and seldom consider the features of tags are able to detect energy within its radio rang among each other. This paper is dedicated to developing a share energy provisioning (SEP) strategy for energy-limited multiple RFID tag identification system. First, SEP can dynamically adapt the variable energy resources due to the cognitive radio technique. Second, SEP combines the energy control with tags groups in wait time T, through classifying the tag into different groups according to its distances. Third, it introduces the optimization theoretical analysis energy for multiple RFID tags identification system, so as to minimize the time and energy of it takes to send tags data to reader. Finally, it shares the energy resource as different energy harvest under energy-limited RFID systems. Experimental results demonstrate the energy efficiency of the proposed approach.
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paper_title: Quality-Driven Energy-Neutralized Power and Relay Selection for Smart Grid Wireless Multimedia Sensor Based IoTs

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With the popularity of photovoltaic based green energy in smart grid systems, accurate information gathering becomes a critical issue in predicting microgrid power input. In this paper, we propose a new quality-optimized multimedia information gathering scheme, in the energy harvesting wireless sensor networks based Internet of things system, to provide the best-effort sky camera information accuracy for further predicting available photovoltaic power. In the proposed approach, the power control and relay node selection strategies are jointly optimized to achieve maximum sky camera image quality subject to the harvestable energy neutrality constraint. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can improve multimedia data transmission quality by exploring adaptive transmission power and relay selection strategy.
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paper_title: Movers and Shakers: Kinetic Energy Harvesting for the Internet of Things

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Numerous energy harvesting wireless devices that will serve as building blocks for the Internet of Things (IoT) are currently under development. However, there is still only limited understanding of the properties of various energy sources and their impact on energy harvesting adaptive algorithms. Hence, we focus on characterizing the kinetic (motion) energy that can be harvested by a wireless node with an IoT form factor and on developing energy allocation algorithms for such nodes. In this paper, we describe methods for estimating harvested energy from acceleration traces. To characterize the energy availability associated with specific human activities (e.g., relaxing, walking, cycling), we analyze a motion dataset with over 40 participants. Based on acceleration measurements that we collected for over 200 hours, we study energy generation processes associated with day-long human routines. We also briefly summarize our experiments with moving objects. We develop energy allocation algorithms that take into account practical IoT node design considerations, and evaluate the algorithms using the collected measurements. Our observations provide insights into the design of motion energy harvesters, IoT nodes, and energy harvesting adaptive algorithms.
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paper_title: Energy Harvesting Sensor Nodes: Survey and Implications

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Sensor networks with battery-powered nodes can seldom simultaneously meet the design goals of lifetime, cost, sensing reliability and sensing and transmission coverage. Energy-harvesting, converting ambient energy to electrical energy, has emerged as an alternative to power sensor nodes. By exploiting recharge opportunities and tuning performance parameters based on current and expected energy levels, energy harvesting sensor nodes have the potential to address the conflicting design goals of lifetime and performance. This paper surveys various aspects of energy harvesting sensor systems- architecture, energy sources and storage technologies and examples of harvesting-based nodes and applications. The study also discusses the implications of recharge opportunities on sensor node operation and design of sensor network solutions.
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Title: Software Toolkits: Practical Aspects of the Internet of Things—A Survey

Section 1: Introduction
Description 1: Introduce the concept of the Internet of Things (IoT), its history, and the motivation of the paper to provide practical guidance on utilizing software toolkits for IoT.

Section 2: Node Operating Systems
Description 2: Summarize various node operating systems for IoT including TinyOS, Contiki, Nut/OS, Mote Runner, Raspberry Pi, Arduino, and Android, along with their characteristics and applications.

Section 3: IoT Middleware
Description 3: Discuss different types of middleware, their importance, and how middleware addresses issues such as interoperability, scalability, and data management in IoT. Include examples such as Hydra, ASPIRE, UBISOAP, SOCRADES, and GSN.

Section 4: Data Storage via RDF
Description 4: Explain the use of the RDF data model for storing and managing semantic data in IoT, and describe relevant systems like the D2RQ Platform for accessing relational databases as virtual RDF graphs.

Section 5: IoT Energy Harvesting
Description 5: Explore various energy harvesting methods for the IoT, focusing on techniques for converting environmental energy to electrical energy and the challenges associated with energy efficiency and sustainability.

Section 6: Conclusions
Description 6: Summarize the importance of integrating multiple techniques to realize the IoT, reiterate the practical guidance provided by the survey, and emphasize the role of both industry and academia in advancing IoT technologies.