Taxonomy and Survey of Retransmission Based
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paper_title: Adaptive Error Control for Multimedia Data Transfers

paper_content:

In this paper we suggest the need for a new class of transport service to handle the requirements of digital continuous-media data transfers and other applications that may desire to trade of f data completeness for latenc y considerations. Specifically, we define a P artially Error-Controlled Connection service under which the user submits applicationand endsystem-specific parameters to coordinate the protocol’s use of data retransmissions for error reco very with latenc y concerns. We implement a prototype of this service as a lightweight implementation enhancement to an existing protocol, the Xpress T ransfer Protocol. Measurements of our implementation suggest that the PECC approach can pro vide for a service that limits the frequency and duration of data loss, which a non-error-controlled service can not do, while avoiding the delay-insensitivity of traditional error control in a fully reliable connection.
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paper_title: Retransmission-Based Error Control for Continuous Media Applications

paper_content:

Retransmission-based error recovery has been, in general, considered inappropriate for continuous media (CM) applications, because of its latency. However, retransmission is still attractive because it requires minimal network bandwidth, (less than either peak-bandwidth allocation or FEC for bursty streams) and processing cost. Despite its latency, we believe that retransmission can be used successfully in many cases, especially if playout buffering is employed. We have designed and implemented a r etransmissionbased error contr ol scheme for CM applications, which aims to pr ovide the best possible reliability at a minimal cost, without violating the application’ s timing constraints. We have enhanced selective-repeat retransmission with: (1) playout buffering to incr ease the time available for recovery, (2) gap-based rather than timer-based loss detection to minimize loss detection latency , (3) implicit expiration of sender retransmission buffers to eliminate acknowledgments, (4) conditional rrequests to avoid triggering late, unnecessary r etransmissions, and (5) data integrity information delivery to the application to aid in concealment. Experimental r show that the mechanism significantly robserved loss without violating the application’ s delay constraints.
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paper_title: On the definition and representation of the quality of service for multimedia systems

paper_content:

This paper presents a new geometrical view of the concept of Quality of Service (QoS). QoS is of utmost importance and quite often referred to when handling information in distributed communications systems. Nevertheless, no formal definition exists and consequently no evaluation and no comparative analysis of QoS can be done. This paper is considered as a first step towards a well defined approach to access the QoS; such approaches have to be developed to guarantee the quality of high performance multimedia data transfers.
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paper_title: Selective retransmission protocol for multimedia on the Internet

paper_content:

Internet multimedia applications have different requirements than do traditional text-based applications, placing new demands on TCP and UDP, the dc-facto Internet transport protocols. We propose a Selective Retransmission Protocol (SRP) to balance the potentially high loss found in UDP with the potentially high latency found in TCP. SRP uses an applicationspecific decision algorithm to determine whether or not to ask for a retransmission for a lost packet, adjusting the loss and latency to the optimum level for the application. We develop and experimentally evaluate an audioconference using SRP on a wide-area network testhed. We find SRP outperforms both TCP and UDP in terms of multimedia application quality.
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paper_title: Evaluation of the QoS Offered by PRTP-ECN - A TCP-Compliant Partially Reliable Transport Protocol

paper_content:

The introduction of multimedia in the Internet imposes new QoS requirements on existing transport protocols. Since neither TCP nor UDP comply with these requirements, a common approach today is to use RTP/UDP and to relegate the QoS responsibility to the application. Even though this approach has many advantages, it also entails leaving the responsibility for congestion control to the application. Considering the importance of efficient and reliable congestion control for maintaining stability in the Internet, this approach may prove dangerous. Improved support at the transport layer is therefore needed. In this paper, a partially reliable transport protocol, PRTP-ECN, is presented. PRTP-ECN is a protocol designed to be both TCP-friendly and to better comply with the QoS requirements of applications with soft real-time constraints. This is achieved by trading reliability for better jitter characteristics and improved throughput. A simulation study of PRTP-ECN has been conducted. The outcome of this evaluation suggests that PRTPECN can give applications that tolerate a limited amount of packet loss significant reductions in interarrival jitter and improvements in throughput as compared to TCP. The simulations also verified the TCP-friendly behavior of PRTP-ECN.
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paper_title: Partially reliable transport service

paper_content:

An analytic model is presented for a partially reliable transport protocol based on retransmissions. The model illustrates tradeoffs between two QoS parameters (delay and throughput), and various levels of reliability. The model predicts that the use of a reliable transport service when an application only needs a partially reliable one causes considerable throughput decreases and delay increases in lossy networks. On the other hand, over lossy networks, an unreliable transport service is unable to respect an application's loss tolerance. In lossy environments, partially reliable transport service avoids the extra cost of a reliable transport service, and, simultaneously, guarantees the minimal reliability that an application requires. A retransmission-based partially reliable transport service can be provided through either sender-based or receiver-based loss detection and recovery. Results show that both techniques provide almost identical reliability and delay. However, a sender-based approach provides better throughput than a receiver-based approach at high acknowledge loss rates.
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paper_title: An application-oriented error control scheme for high-speed networks

paper_content:

Many new network applications demand interprocess communication (IPC) services that are not supported by existing transport protocol mechanisms. Large bandwidth-delay products of high-speed networks also render some of the existing error and flow control mechanisms less efficient. In particular, new error control schemes that can provide variable degrees of error recovery according to the application's requirements are desirable. This paper presents the design, evaluation, and implementation of an application-oriented error control-scheme that is aimed at supporting efficient IPC in high-speed networking environments. Our results indicate that the proposed error control scheme allows effective control of the trade-off between the amount of error an application can tolerate and the amount of delay it has to suffer.
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paper_title: Selective retransmission protocol for multimedia on the Internet

paper_content:

Internet multimedia applications have different requirements than do traditional text-based applications, placing new demands on TCP and UDP, the dc-facto Internet transport protocols. We propose a Selective Retransmission Protocol (SRP) to balance the potentially high loss found in UDP with the potentially high latency found in TCP. SRP uses an applicationspecific decision algorithm to determine whether or not to ask for a retransmission for a lost packet, adjusting the loss and latency to the optimum level for the application. We develop and experimentally evaluate an audioconference using SRP on a wide-area network testhed. We find SRP outperforms both TCP and UDP in terms of multimedia application quality.
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paper_title: Retransmission-based partially reliable transport service: an analytic model

paper_content:

Many applications such as video and audio can tolerate loss. When the network layer provides a best-effort service such as on the Internet, the loss rate of the underlying network service may be higher than an application's tolerance for loss. This paper analytically studies retransmission-based partially reliable transport (layer protocol) service. Results show that a partially reliable transport service provides increasingly higher throughput and lower delay than a reliable transport service as an application's loss tolerance increases and as the underlying network service gets more lossy. Also, to some degree, a partially reliable transport service eases the negative effects of ack losses on throughput. Three cost functions associated with the reliability level that a system can support are introduced. These cost functions help demonstrate the penalty when a transport service does not support the ideal reliability level for an application. Results show that the use of a reliable transport service when an application only needs a partially reliable transport service can cause considerable throughput drops and delay increases in lossy networks. On the other hand, at high loss rates, an unreliable transport service is unable to respect an application's loss tolerance. Thus, in lossy environments, a partially reliable transport service is necessary to avoid the extra cost of a reliable transport service, and, at the same time, to guarantee the minimal reliability that an application requires.
---
paper_title: Adaptive Error Control for Multimedia Data Transfers

paper_content:

In this paper we suggest the need for a new class of transport service to handle the requirements of digital continuous-media data transfers and other applications that may desire to trade of f data completeness for latenc y considerations. Specifically, we define a P artially Error-Controlled Connection service under which the user submits applicationand endsystem-specific parameters to coordinate the protocol’s use of data retransmissions for error reco very with latenc y concerns. We implement a prototype of this service as a lightweight implementation enhancement to an existing protocol, the Xpress T ransfer Protocol. Measurements of our implementation suggest that the PECC approach can pro vide for a service that limits the frequency and duration of data loss, which a non-error-controlled service can not do, while avoiding the delay-insensitivity of traditional error control in a fully reliable connection.
---
paper_title: An application-oriented error control scheme for high-speed networks

paper_content:

Many new network applications demand interprocess communication (IPC) services that are not supported by existing transport protocol mechanisms. Large bandwidth-delay products of high-speed networks also render some of the existing error and flow control mechanisms less efficient. In particular, new error control schemes that can provide variable degrees of error recovery according to the application's requirements are desirable. This paper presents the design, evaluation, and implementation of an application-oriented error control-scheme that is aimed at supporting efficient IPC in high-speed networking environments. Our results indicate that the proposed error control scheme allows effective control of the trade-off between the amount of error an application can tolerate and the amount of delay it has to suffer.
---
paper_title: Selective retransmission protocol for multimedia on the Internet

paper_content:

Internet multimedia applications have different requirements than do traditional text-based applications, placing new demands on TCP and UDP, the dc-facto Internet transport protocols. We propose a Selective Retransmission Protocol (SRP) to balance the potentially high loss found in UDP with the potentially high latency found in TCP. SRP uses an applicationspecific decision algorithm to determine whether or not to ask for a retransmission for a lost packet, adjusting the loss and latency to the optimum level for the application. We develop and experimentally evaluate an audioconference using SRP on a wide-area network testhed. We find SRP outperforms both TCP and UDP in terms of multimedia application quality.
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paper_title: Time-lined TCP for the TCP-friendly delivery of streaming media

paper_content:

This paper introduces time-lined TCP (TLTCP). TLTCP is a protocol designed to provide TCP-friendly delivery of time-sensitive data to applications that are loss-tolerant, such as streaming media players. Previous work on unicast delivery, of streaming media over the Internet proposes using UDP and performs congestion control at the user level by regulating the application's sending rate. TLTCP, on the other hand is intended to be implemented at the transport level, and is based on TCP with modifications to support time-lines. Instead of treating all data as a byte stream TLTCP allows the application to associate data with deadlines. TLTCP sends data in a similar fashion to TCP with the deadline for a section of data has elapsed; at which point the now obsolete data is discarded in favor of new data. As a result, TLTCP supports TCP-friendly delivery of streaming media by retaining much of TCP's congestion control functionality. We describe an API for TLTCP that involves augmenting the recvmsg and sendmsg socket calls. We also describe how streaming media applications that use various encoding schemes like MPEG-1 can associate data with deadlines and use TLTCP's API. We use simulations to examine the behavior of TLTCP under a wide range of networks and workloads. We find that it indeed performs time-lined data delivery and under most circumstances the bandwidth is shared equally, among completing TLTCP and TCP flows. Moreover those scenarios under which TLTCP appears to be unfriendly are those under which TCP flows competing only with other TCP flows do not share bandwidth equitably.
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paper_title: Evaluation of the QoS Offered by PRTP-ECN - A TCP-Compliant Partially Reliable Transport Protocol

paper_content:

The introduction of multimedia in the Internet imposes new QoS requirements on existing transport protocols. Since neither TCP nor UDP comply with these requirements, a common approach today is to use RTP/UDP and to relegate the QoS responsibility to the application. Even though this approach has many advantages, it also entails leaving the responsibility for congestion control to the application. Considering the importance of efficient and reliable congestion control for maintaining stability in the Internet, this approach may prove dangerous. Improved support at the transport layer is therefore needed. In this paper, a partially reliable transport protocol, PRTP-ECN, is presented. PRTP-ECN is a protocol designed to be both TCP-friendly and to better comply with the QoS requirements of applications with soft real-time constraints. This is achieved by trading reliability for better jitter characteristics and improved throughput. A simulation study of PRTP-ECN has been conducted. The outcome of this evaluation suggests that PRTPECN can give applications that tolerate a limited amount of packet loss significant reductions in interarrival jitter and improvements in throughput as compared to TCP. The simulations also verified the TCP-friendly behavior of PRTP-ECN.
---
paper_title: Retransmission-based partially reliable transport service: an analytic model

paper_content:

Many applications such as video and audio can tolerate loss. When the network layer provides a best-effort service such as on the Internet, the loss rate of the underlying network service may be higher than an application's tolerance for loss. This paper analytically studies retransmission-based partially reliable transport (layer protocol) service. Results show that a partially reliable transport service provides increasingly higher throughput and lower delay than a reliable transport service as an application's loss tolerance increases and as the underlying network service gets more lossy. Also, to some degree, a partially reliable transport service eases the negative effects of ack losses on throughput. Three cost functions associated with the reliability level that a system can support are introduced. These cost functions help demonstrate the penalty when a transport service does not support the ideal reliability level for an application. Results show that the use of a reliable transport service when an application only needs a partially reliable transport service can cause considerable throughput drops and delay increases in lossy networks. On the other hand, at high loss rates, an unreliable transport service is unable to respect an application's loss tolerance. Thus, in lossy environments, a partially reliable transport service is necessary to avoid the extra cost of a reliable transport service, and, at the same time, to guarantee the minimal reliability that an application requires.
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paper_title: A Multimedia Document Retrieval System Using Partially-Ordered/partially-Reliable Transport Service

paper_content:

We investigate the benefits of using a partially-ordered/partially-reliable (PO/PR) transport service for multimedia document retrieval over the Internet by implementing a prototype system. We introduce PMSL, a document specification language combining aspects of Little and Ghafoor's OCPN with features for graceful degradation. We then show that for retrieval of PMSL documents, our PO/PR transport protocol (POCv2) provides several benefits over traditional protocols such as TCP or UDP. First, POCv2 provides mechanisms to achieve the reliability and order requirements of individual multimedia objects as specified by a document author. Second, when network conditions are poor (e.g., high loss rates), POCv2 provides for graceful degradation. Finally, POCv2 simplifies application development by providing appropriate mechanisms for synchronization.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
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paper_title: Media Streaming Protocol: an adaptive protocol for the delivery of audio and video over the Internet

paper_content:

The introduction of audio and video content on the World Wide Web has greatly increased traffic on the Internet. Congestion within the network may delay the reception of frames and cause them to miss presentation deadlines. A new protocol, the Media Streaming Protocol (MSP), has been developed to stream audio and video over the Internet, which is fair in its consumption of network bandwidth. The protocol incorporates a novel technique to identify congestion within the system. The algorithm monitors the state of the system and is able to quickly adjust to the changing capacity of the network. The protocol reduces the amount of data being transmitted and minimizes the aural and visual defects during playback. Such a protocol is critical as network bandwidth is increasingly being consumed by audio and video applications.
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paper_title: SCTP Partial Reliability Extension

paper_content:

The method of activating aqueous solutions of per-compounds utilizing an activator acylated glycoluril and solid activated compositions of solid per-compounds and an activator acylated glycoluril, said activator acylated glycoluril having the formula WHEREIN AT LEAST TWO OF R1, R2, R3 and R4 are acyls of organic carboxylic acids having from two to eight carbon atoms and the remainder of R1, R2, R3 and R4 are members selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl having from one to eight carbon atoms, phenyl, phenylalkyl having from seven to eight carbon atoms and acyls of organic carboxylic acids having from two to eight carbon atoms, and novel acylated glycolurils.
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paper_title: A new error control scheme for packetized voice over high-speed local area networks

paper_content:

A new, unified approach towards the delay and error constraints that influence the quality of a digitized voice over asynchronous local computer networks is proposed. This approach, called Slack automatic repeat request (ARQ) (S-ARQ), proposes an extension of the control time mechanism for jitter control in order to provide error recovery through retransmissions in the case of packet losses in the network. While existing packet voice protocols do not use retransmission schemes, the authors' simulation studies indicate that extended control time can provide significant error coverage while remaining within the same order of magnitude as the control time required for jitter control. Simulation experiments reveal that the concept is clearly feasible within the end-to-end delay constraints in packet voice transmissions.
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paper_title: Adaptive Error Control for Multimedia Data Transfers

paper_content:

In this paper we suggest the need for a new class of transport service to handle the requirements of digital continuous-media data transfers and other applications that may desire to trade of f data completeness for latenc y considerations. Specifically, we define a P artially Error-Controlled Connection service under which the user submits applicationand endsystem-specific parameters to coordinate the protocol’s use of data retransmissions for error reco very with latenc y concerns. We implement a prototype of this service as a lightweight implementation enhancement to an existing protocol, the Xpress T ransfer Protocol. Measurements of our implementation suggest that the PECC approach can pro vide for a service that limits the frequency and duration of data loss, which a non-error-controlled service can not do, while avoiding the delay-insensitivity of traditional error control in a fully reliable connection.
---
paper_title: A Multimedia Document Retrieval System Using Partially-Ordered/partially-Reliable Transport Service

paper_content:

We investigate the benefits of using a partially-ordered/partially-reliable (PO/PR) transport service for multimedia document retrieval over the Internet by implementing a prototype system. We introduce PMSL, a document specification language combining aspects of Little and Ghafoor's OCPN with features for graceful degradation. We then show that for retrieval of PMSL documents, our PO/PR transport protocol (POCv2) provides several benefits over traditional protocols such as TCP or UDP. First, POCv2 provides mechanisms to achieve the reliability and order requirements of individual multimedia objects as specified by a document author. Second, when network conditions are poor (e.g., high loss rates), POCv2 provides for graceful degradation. Finally, POCv2 simplifies application development by providing appropriate mechanisms for synchronization.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
---
paper_title: Selective retransmission protocol for multimedia on the Internet

paper_content:

Internet multimedia applications have different requirements than do traditional text-based applications, placing new demands on TCP and UDP, the dc-facto Internet transport protocols. We propose a Selective Retransmission Protocol (SRP) to balance the potentially high loss found in UDP with the potentially high latency found in TCP. SRP uses an applicationspecific decision algorithm to determine whether or not to ask for a retransmission for a lost packet, adjusting the loss and latency to the optimum level for the application. We develop and experimentally evaluate an audioconference using SRP on a wide-area network testhed. We find SRP outperforms both TCP and UDP in terms of multimedia application quality.
---
paper_title: SCTP Partial Reliability Extension

paper_content:

The method of activating aqueous solutions of per-compounds utilizing an activator acylated glycoluril and solid activated compositions of solid per-compounds and an activator acylated glycoluril, said activator acylated glycoluril having the formula WHEREIN AT LEAST TWO OF R1, R2, R3 and R4 are acyls of organic carboxylic acids having from two to eight carbon atoms and the remainder of R1, R2, R3 and R4 are members selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl having from one to eight carbon atoms, phenyl, phenylalkyl having from seven to eight carbon atoms and acyls of organic carboxylic acids having from two to eight carbon atoms, and novel acylated glycolurils.
---
paper_title: Evaluation of the QoS Offered by PRTP-ECN - A TCP-Compliant Partially Reliable Transport Protocol

paper_content:

The introduction of multimedia in the Internet imposes new QoS requirements on existing transport protocols. Since neither TCP nor UDP comply with these requirements, a common approach today is to use RTP/UDP and to relegate the QoS responsibility to the application. Even though this approach has many advantages, it also entails leaving the responsibility for congestion control to the application. Considering the importance of efficient and reliable congestion control for maintaining stability in the Internet, this approach may prove dangerous. Improved support at the transport layer is therefore needed. In this paper, a partially reliable transport protocol, PRTP-ECN, is presented. PRTP-ECN is a protocol designed to be both TCP-friendly and to better comply with the QoS requirements of applications with soft real-time constraints. This is achieved by trading reliability for better jitter characteristics and improved throughput. A simulation study of PRTP-ECN has been conducted. The outcome of this evaluation suggests that PRTPECN can give applications that tolerate a limited amount of packet loss significant reductions in interarrival jitter and improvements in throughput as compared to TCP. The simulations also verified the TCP-friendly behavior of PRTP-ECN.
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Title: Taxonomy and Survey of Retransmission Based, Partially Reliable Transport Protocols

Section 1: Preliminaries
Description 1: Introduce the concept of retransmission-based, partially reliable transport protocols and provide an overview of the paper's objectives and contributions.

Section 2: Definition of Retransmission-Based, Partially Reliable Transport Protocol
Description 2: Define what constitutes a retransmission-based, partially reliable transport protocol and explain the characteristics that differentiate them from completely reliable protocols.

Section 3: The Taxonomy
Description 3: Present the taxonomy used to classify retransmission-based, partially reliable transport protocols, detailing the two main classification schemes related to reliability service and error control schemes.

Section 4: Classification with Respect to Reliability Service
Description 4: Describe the classification of protocols based on the reliability service they offer, including dimensions such as specification of reliability level, granularity, and adaptiveness.

Section 5: Classification with Respect to Error Control Scheme
Description 5: Discuss the classification of protocols based on their error control schemes, emphasizing components like error detection, retransmission decision, and feedback.

Section 6: A Classification and Survey of Existing Protocols
Description 6: Survey and classify existing retransmission-based, partially reliable transport protocols according to the proposed taxonomy, providing examples and detailed analysis of specific protocols.

Section 7: Concluding Remarks
Description 7: Summarize the paper's findings, discuss the implications of the proposed taxonomy, and suggest directions for future research and protocol development.