Evolution and Overview of Linked USDL
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paper_title: Linked Data -- The story so far

paper_content:

The term “Linked Data” refers to a set of best practices for publishing and connecting structured data on the Web. These best practices have been adopted by an increasing number of data providers over the last three years, leading to the creation of a global data space containing billions of assertions— the Web of Data. In this article, the authors present the concept and technical principles of Linked Data, and situate these within the broader context of related technological developments. They describe progress to date in publishing Linked Data on the Web, review applications that have been developed to exploit the Web of Data, and map out a research agenda for the Linked Data community as it moves forward.
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paper_title: Data integration: a theoretical perspective

paper_content:

Data integration is the problem of combining data residing at different sources, and providing the user with a unified view of these data. The problem of designing data integration systems is important in current real world applications, and is characterized by a number of issues that are interesting from a theoretical point of view. This document presents on overview of the material to be presented in a tutorial on data integration. The tutorial is focused on some of the theoretical issues that are relevant for data integration. Special attention will be devoted to the following aspects: modeling a data integration application, processing queries in data integration, dealing with inconsistent data sources, and reasoning on queries.
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paper_title: A Practical Approach to Model Extension

paper_content:

In object technology, reusability is achieved primarily through class inheritance. In model engineering, where reusability is also important, it should be possible to extend a modeling artifact in a similar manner to add new capabilities. This paper presents a conceptual and practical approach tomodel extensibility, in which new models are created as derivations from base models. There are several situations where such an extensibility mechanism is useful and essential (e.g., in the case of hierarchies of metamodels). In order to achieve the goal of model extension, a precise definition of the extensionmechanism is needed, based on a strictmodel definition. After describing the context of model extension through a motivating example, the paper outlines a practical implementation with characterization of its main conceptual properties. The solution is being implemented as part of the AMMA model engineering platform under Eclipse.
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paper_title: Handbook of Service Description: USDL and Its Methods

paper_content:

The Handbook of Service Description introduces an in-depth overview of service description efforts. The book also highlights the recent Unified Service Description Language (USDL) in detail and discusses its methods. The Handbook of Service Description is the normative scientific reference for the upcoming standardization of the Unified Service Description Language (USDL). Complete documentation is included. The Handbook of Service Description is designed for those working in the service science industry as a reference book. Advanced-level students focused on computer science, engineering and business will also find this book a valuable asset.
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paper_title: Linked USDL: A Vocabulary for Web-Scale Service Trading

paper_content:

Real-world services ranging from cloud solutions to consulting currently dominate economic activity. Yet, despite the increasing number of service marketplaces online, service trading on the Web remains highly restricted. Services are at best traded within closed silos that offer mainly manual search and comparison capabilities through a Web storefront. Thus, it is seldom possible to automate the customisation, bundling, and trading of services, which would foster a more efficient and effective service sector. In this paper we present Linked USDL, a comprehensive vocabulary for capturing and sharing rich service descriptions, which aims to support the trading of services over the Web in an open, scalable, and highly automated manner. The vocabulary adopts and exploits Linked Data as a means to efficiently support communication over the Web, to promote and simplify its adoption by reusing vocabularies and datasets, and to enable the opportunistic engagement of multiple cross-domain providers.
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paper_title: Toward unique identifiers

paper_content:

This paper discusses the creation and use of unique identifiers for intellectual property. General concepts applicable to unique identifiers are defined and discussed [identifier, digital object, dumb and intelligent identifiers, readability, affordance or computability, multiple identification, resolution, metadata, persistence, granularity, derivatives (e.g., versions, formats, manifestations, and copies), check digits, and intermediate objects]. Requirements for unique identifiers are reviewed. Capacity issues for an identifier scheme and business issues (cost, antitrust considerations, and intellectual property rights) are explored. Technical and administrative issues of identifiers are discussed, with particular reference to the uses of identifiers, which necessitates intelligence within a system of unique identifiers (scope, protocol independence, multiple roles, fungibility, persistence, standards, and emerging structural metadata approaches). Two brief illustrations of failure in unique identifiers are given. The role of unique identifiers on the Internet is discussed with explanation of the architecture of uniform resource addressing, specifying the resource from a uniform resource name (URN), names and addresses, URN implementations, and a future digital object infrastructure. Brief examples of unique information identifier systems in music, text, and digital objects in general are discussed. Recommendations are made for actions to assist in the development of future identifiers.
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paper_title: Towards a Unified Service Description Language for the Internet of Services: Requirements and First Developments

paper_content:

Service-oriented Architectures (SOA) and Web services leverage the technical value of solutions in the areas of distributed systems and cross-enterprise integration. The emergence of Internet marketplaces for business services is driving the need to describe services, not only from a technical level, but also from a business and operational perspective. While, SOA and Web services reside in an IT layer, organizations owing Internet marketplaces are requiring advertising and trading business services which reside in a business layer. As a result, the gap between business and IT needs to be closed. This paper presents USDL (Unified Service Description Language), a specification language to describe services from a business, operational and technical perspective. USDL plays a major role in the Internet of Services to describe tradable services which are advertised in electronic marketplaces. The language has been tested using two service marketplaces as use cases.
---
paper_title: Toward unique identifiers

paper_content:

This paper discusses the creation and use of unique identifiers for intellectual property. General concepts applicable to unique identifiers are defined and discussed [identifier, digital object, dumb and intelligent identifiers, readability, affordance or computability, multiple identification, resolution, metadata, persistence, granularity, derivatives (e.g., versions, formats, manifestations, and copies), check digits, and intermediate objects]. Requirements for unique identifiers are reviewed. Capacity issues for an identifier scheme and business issues (cost, antitrust considerations, and intellectual property rights) are explored. Technical and administrative issues of identifiers are discussed, with particular reference to the uses of identifiers, which necessitates intelligence within a system of unique identifiers (scope, protocol independence, multiple roles, fungibility, persistence, standards, and emerging structural metadata approaches). Two brief illustrations of failure in unique identifiers are given. The role of unique identifiers on the Internet is discussed with explanation of the architecture of uniform resource addressing, specifying the resource from a uniform resource name (URN), names and addresses, URN implementations, and a future digital object infrastructure. Brief examples of unique information identifier systems in music, text, and digital objects in general are discussed. Recommendations are made for actions to assist in the development of future identifiers.
---
paper_title: Linked USDL: A Vocabulary for Web-Scale Service Trading

paper_content:

Real-world services ranging from cloud solutions to consulting currently dominate economic activity. Yet, despite the increasing number of service marketplaces online, service trading on the Web remains highly restricted. Services are at best traded within closed silos that offer mainly manual search and comparison capabilities through a Web storefront. Thus, it is seldom possible to automate the customisation, bundling, and trading of services, which would foster a more efficient and effective service sector. In this paper we present Linked USDL, a comprehensive vocabulary for capturing and sharing rich service descriptions, which aims to support the trading of services over the Web in an open, scalable, and highly automated manner. The vocabulary adopts and exploits Linked Data as a means to efficiently support communication over the Web, to promote and simplify its adoption by reusing vocabularies and datasets, and to enable the opportunistic engagement of multiple cross-domain providers.
---
paper_title: Linked USDL: A Vocabulary for Web-Scale Service Trading

paper_content:

Real-world services ranging from cloud solutions to consulting currently dominate economic activity. Yet, despite the increasing number of service marketplaces online, service trading on the Web remains highly restricted. Services are at best traded within closed silos that offer mainly manual search and comparison capabilities through a Web storefront. Thus, it is seldom possible to automate the customisation, bundling, and trading of services, which would foster a more efficient and effective service sector. In this paper we present Linked USDL, a comprehensive vocabulary for capturing and sharing rich service descriptions, which aims to support the trading of services over the Web in an open, scalable, and highly automated manner. The vocabulary adopts and exploits Linked Data as a means to efficiently support communication over the Web, to promote and simplify its adoption by reusing vocabularies and datasets, and to enable the opportunistic engagement of multiple cross-domain providers.
---
paper_title: Value Webs: Ontology-Based Bundling of Real-World Services

paper_content:

Real-world service production involves a mixture of intangible and physical elements, including goods, acts as well as people required for delivery. In many cases, companies are not offering just a single service to a customer, but a more or less interrelated collection of them: service bundles. This makes it possible to have a broader and better coverage of customers’ needs, and at the same time achieve scale and scope efficiencies in service cost by sharing and reusing service elements. In this article we show that business analysis and design of real-world service bundles stand to benefit from an interdisciplinary semantic approach. Specifically, we discuss a component-based ontology for real-world services, associated methods and tools for visual modelling, and knowledge-based configuration of service bundles, with applications from online events organization and the energy industry.
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paper_title: GoodRelations: An Ontology for Describing Products and Services Offers on the Web

paper_content:

A promising application domain for Semantic Web technology is the annotation of products and services offerings on the Web so that consumers and enterprises can search for suitable suppliers using products and services ontologies. While there has been substantial progress in developing ontologies for typesof products and services, namely eClassOWL, this alone does not provide the representational means required for e-commerce on the Semantic Web. Particularly missing is an ontology that allows describing the relationships between (1) Web resources, (2) offerings made by means of those Web resources, (3) legal entities, (4) prices, (5) terms and conditions, and the aforementioned ontologies for products and services (6). For example, we must be able to say that a particular Web site describes an offer to sell cell phones of a certain make and model at a certain price, that a piano house offers maintenance for pianos that weigh less than 150 kg, or that a car rental company leases out cars of a certain make and model from a set of branches across the country. In this paper, we analyze the complexity of product description on the Semantic Web and define the GoodRelations ontology that covers the representational needs of typical business scenarios for commodity products and services.
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paper_title: E-service design using i* and e3value modeling

paper_content:

An ink ribbon winding and reversing assembly suitable for use in a printer having two ratchet wheels for winding ink ribbon spools and an ink ribbon cassette having two rotatably mounted ink ribbon spools is provided. The assembly includes a feeding lever formed with opposed pawls for driving a first ratchet wheel in a first winding direction in response to displacement of the feeding lever. A detecting lever formed with a central arm disposed between the spools is biased towards the unwinding spool and causes the feeding lever to be displaced toward the unwinding spool at completion of winding thereon in response to the feeding lever shifting engagement to drive the second spool. This reversal process is repeated at completion of winding in each direction. The central arm of the detecting lever is formed with lateral guide surfaces for permitting engagement of an ink ribbon spool and an ink ribbon cassette with the detecting layer in a single snap-in motion.
---
paper_title: Value Webs: Ontology-Based Bundling of Real-World Services

paper_content:

Real-world service production involves a mixture of intangible and physical elements, including goods, acts as well as people required for delivery. In many cases, companies are not offering just a single service to a customer, but a more or less interrelated collection of them: service bundles. This makes it possible to have a broader and better coverage of customers’ needs, and at the same time achieve scale and scope efficiencies in service cost by sharing and reusing service elements. In this article we show that business analysis and design of real-world service bundles stand to benefit from an interdisciplinary semantic approach. Specifically, we discuss a component-based ontology for real-world services, associated methods and tools for visual modelling, and knowledge-based configuration of service bundles, with applications from online events organization and the energy industry.
---
paper_title: Linked USDL: A Vocabulary for Web-Scale Service Trading

paper_content:

Real-world services ranging from cloud solutions to consulting currently dominate economic activity. Yet, despite the increasing number of service marketplaces online, service trading on the Web remains highly restricted. Services are at best traded within closed silos that offer mainly manual search and comparison capabilities through a Web storefront. Thus, it is seldom possible to automate the customisation, bundling, and trading of services, which would foster a more efficient and effective service sector. In this paper we present Linked USDL, a comprehensive vocabulary for capturing and sharing rich service descriptions, which aims to support the trading of services over the Web in an open, scalable, and highly automated manner. The vocabulary adopts and exploits Linked Data as a means to efficiently support communication over the Web, to promote and simplify its adoption by reusing vocabularies and datasets, and to enable the opportunistic engagement of multiple cross-domain providers.
---
paper_title: SAWSDL: Semantic Annotations for WSDL and XML Schema

paper_content:

Web services are important for creating distributed applications on the Web. In fact, they're a key enabler for service-oriented architectures that focus on service reuse and interoperability. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) has recently finished work on two important standards for describing Web services the Web Services Description Language (WSDL) 2.0 and Semantic Annotations for WSDL and XML Schema (SAWSDL). Here, the authors discuss the latter, which is the first standard for adding semantics to Web service descriptions.
---
paper_title: GoodRelations: An Ontology for Describing Products and Services Offers on the Web

paper_content:

A promising application domain for Semantic Web technology is the annotation of products and services offerings on the Web so that consumers and enterprises can search for suitable suppliers using products and services ontologies. While there has been substantial progress in developing ontologies for typesof products and services, namely eClassOWL, this alone does not provide the representational means required for e-commerce on the Semantic Web. Particularly missing is an ontology that allows describing the relationships between (1) Web resources, (2) offerings made by means of those Web resources, (3) legal entities, (4) prices, (5) terms and conditions, and the aforementioned ontologies for products and services (6). For example, we must be able to say that a particular Web site describes an offer to sell cell phones of a certain make and model at a certain price, that a piano house offers maintenance for pianos that weigh less than 150 kg, or that a car rental company leases out cars of a certain make and model from a set of branches across the country. In this paper, we analyze the complexity of product description on the Semantic Web and define the GoodRelations ontology that covers the representational needs of typical business scenarios for commodity products and services.
---
paper_title: E-service design using i* and e3value modeling

paper_content:

An ink ribbon winding and reversing assembly suitable for use in a printer having two ratchet wheels for winding ink ribbon spools and an ink ribbon cassette having two rotatably mounted ink ribbon spools is provided. The assembly includes a feeding lever formed with opposed pawls for driving a first ratchet wheel in a first winding direction in response to displacement of the feeding lever. A detecting lever formed with a central arm disposed between the spools is biased towards the unwinding spool and causes the feeding lever to be displaced toward the unwinding spool at completion of winding thereon in response to the feeding lever shifting engagement to drive the second spool. This reversal process is repeated at completion of winding in each direction. The central arm of the detecting lever is formed with lateral guide surfaces for permitting engagement of an ink ribbon spool and an ink ribbon cassette with the detecting layer in a single snap-in motion.
---
paper_title: Towards a Unified Service Description Language for the Internet of Services: Requirements and First Developments

paper_content:

Service-oriented Architectures (SOA) and Web services leverage the technical value of solutions in the areas of distributed systems and cross-enterprise integration. The emergence of Internet marketplaces for business services is driving the need to describe services, not only from a technical level, but also from a business and operational perspective. While, SOA and Web services reside in an IT layer, organizations owing Internet marketplaces are requiring advertising and trading business services which reside in a business layer. As a result, the gap between business and IT needs to be closed. This paper presents USDL (Unified Service Description Language), a specification language to describe services from a business, operational and technical perspective. USDL plays a major role in the Internet of Services to describe tradable services which are advertised in electronic marketplaces. The language has been tested using two service marketplaces as use cases.
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Title: Evolution and Overview of Linked USDL
Section 1: Evolution of USDL
Description 1: Discuss the history and development milestones of USDL, highlighting key versions and the organizations involved.

Section 2: Lessons Learned
Description 2: Summarize the key findings from developing USDL versions and how these lessons can benefit future service description languages.

Section 3: Model Extensibility
Description 3: Describe the extensibility capabilities of different USDL versions and the importance of extensibility in service models.

Section 4: Data Interoperability
Description 4: Explain the impact of data interoperability on the adoption of USDL and how various versions handle interoperability.

Section 5: Data Integration
Description 5: Discuss the functionality of Linked USDL RDFS for integrating data from different sources compared to previous USDL versions.

Section 6: Instance Identification
Description 6: Examine the methods used for instance identification in different USDL versions and the advantages of URI-based identification in Linked USDL.

Section 7: Linked USDL Family
Description 7: Detail the modular approach of Linked USDL, listing and describing the different modules and their status.

Section 8: Standardization Efforts
Description 8: Review the standardization activities surrounding Linked USDL and their significance for the wider adoption of the language.

Section 9: Modeling Example
Description 9: Provide a detailed example of how to describe a service using Linked USDL, specifically focusing on the Last.fm service.

Section 10: Related Work
Description 10: Compare Linked USDL with other service description languages and related research efforts, emphasizing the unique contributions of Linked USDL.

Section 11: Conclusion
Description 11: Summarize the importance of service description languages like Linked USDL and future directions for research and development in this field.