Usability of Security Specification Approaches for UML Design: A Survey ∗
---
paper_title: A Static Verification Framework for Secure Peer-to-Peer Applications

paper_content:

In this paper we present a static verification framework to support the design and verification of secure peer-to-peer applications. The framework supports the specification, modeling, and analysis of security aspects together with the general characteristics of the system, during early stages of the development life-cycle. The approach avoids security issues to be taken into consideration as a separate layer that is added to the system as an afterthought by the use of security protocols. The main functionality supported by the framework are concerned with the modeling of the system together with its security aspects by using an extension of UML, modeling of abuse cases to represent scenarios of attackers and assist with the identification of properties to be verified, specification of properties to be verified in a graphical template language, verification of the models against the properties, and visualization of the results of the verification process.
---
paper_title: Towards a business process-driven framework for security engineering with the UML

paper_content:

A challenging task in security engineering concerns the specification and integration of security with other requirements at the top level of requirements engineering. Empirical studies show that it is commonly at the business process level that customers and end users are able to express their security needs. In addition, systems are often developed by automating existing manual business processes. Since many security notions belongs conceptually to the world of business processes, it is natural to try to capture and express them in the context of business models in which moreover customers and end users feel most comfortable. In this paper, based on experience drawn from an ongoing work within the CASENET project [1], we propose a UML-based business process-driven framework for the development of security-critical systems.
---
paper_title: Verifiable composition of access control and application features

paper_content:

Access control features are often spread across and tangled with other functionality in a design. This makes modifying and replacing these features in a design difficult. Aspect-oriented modeling (AOM) techniques can be used to support separation of access control concerns from other application design concerns. Using an AOM approach, access control features are described by aspect models and other application features are described by a primary model. Composition of aspect and primary models yields a design model in which access control features are integrated with other application features. In this paper, we present, through an example, an AOM approach that supports verifiable composition of behaviors described in access control aspect models and primary models. Given an aspect model, a primary model, and a specified property, the composition technique produces proof obligations as the behavioral descriptions in the aspect and primary models are composed. One has to discharge the proof obligations to establish that the composed model has the specified property.
---
paper_title: Using parameterized UML to specify and compose access control models

paper_content:

Situations can arise in which organizations have to merge policies that are based on different access control frameworks, such as Role Based Access Control (RBAC) and Mandatory Access Control (MAC). Integrating policies requires addressing the following question: How will the integration impact access to protected resources? In particular, one needs to determine that the integration does not result in security breaches or unavailability of resources. A way of addressing these concerns is to model the access control frameworks, compose the models, and analyze the resulting model to identify problems. In this paper we outline a technique for modeling and composing access control policy frameworks. Specifically, we model RBAC and MAC using a variant of the Unified Modeling Language (UML) and show how to compose the models. The composed model can be used as a base for defining access control policies in a military domain.
---
paper_title: Security-critical system development with extended use cases

paper_content:

Due to increasing interconnection, IT systems are confronted with more and more attacks. To address this problem, we have to consider security requirements from the beginning of the system development. In early phases of system development, it is common to use a hybrid system view which is based on an object oriented modeling of the application core and the specification of use cases. We present an extension of this process for security-critical systems. We show a methodical approach for the development of security-critical systems and the modeling of security aspects in the application core with an extension of the Unified Modeling Language for secure systems development, UMLsec. Furthermore, we introduce security use cases for the development of security aspects in conjunction with behavioral modeling.
---
paper_title: For-LySa: UML for Authentication Analysis

paper_content:

The DEGAS project aims at enriching standard UML-centred development environments in such a way that the developers of global applications can exploit automated formal analyses with minimal overhead. In this paper, we present For-LySa, an instantiation of the DEGAS approach for authentication analysis, which exploits an existing analysis tool developed for the process calculus LySa. We discuss what information is needed for the analysis, and how to build the UML model of an authentication protocol in such a way that the needed information can be extracted from the model. We then present our prototype implementation and report on some promising results of its use.
---
paper_title: Role-based authorization constraints specification using Object Constraint Language

paper_content:

The purpose of access control is to limit the actions on a computer system that a legitimate user can perform. Role-based access control (RBAC) has generated great interest in the security community as a flexible approach in access control. An important aspect of RBAC is constraints that constrain what components in RBAC are allowed to do. Although researchers have identified useful constraints using formal specification languages such as RCL2000, there still exists a demand to have constraint specification languages for system developers who are working on secure systems development. The authors discuss another approach to specifying constraints using a de facto constraint specification language in the software engineering arena. We use a declarative language, Object Constraint Language (OCL) that is part of the Unified Modeling Language (UML) and has been used in object oriented analysis and design. We describe how to specify previously identified role-based authorization constraints, and the future direction of this work is also addressed.
---
paper_title: Integrating security design into the software development process for e‐commerce systems

paper_content:

Development of Web‐based e‐commerce systems has posed challenges in different dimensions of the software development process including design, maintenance and performance. Non‐functional requirements such as performance added to the system as an after thought would lead to extremely high cost and undesirable effects. Security, rarely regarded in the past as one of the non‐functional requirements, has to be integrated into the software development process due to its impact on e‐commerce systems. In this paper, a design methodology based on systems security engineering capability maturity model (SSE‐CMM) is proposed to specify design details for the three defined processes: risk, engineering and assurance. By means of an object‐oriented security design pattern, security design covering impact, threats, risks and countermeasures for different parts of an e‐commerce system can be examined systematically in the risk process. The proposed software development process for secured systems (SDPSS), representing the engineering process, consists of four steps: object and collaboration modeling, tier identification, component identification and deployment specification. Selected unified modeling language notations and diagrams are used to support the SDPSS. Using a simplified supply‐chain e‐commerce system as an example, integration of security design into the software development process is shown with discussions of possible security assurance activities that can be performed on a design.
---
paper_title: An attempt to combine UML and formal methods to model airport security

paper_content:

The EDEMOI project aims to model standards that regulate airport security. It involves the production of a UML model, to support the validation activity, and a formal model for verification purposes. This paper discusses the use of the RoZ tool to establish a strong link between both models and lists the problems faced during this translation.
---
paper_title: SOCLe: Integrated Design of Software Applications and Security

paper_content:

Abstract : Defense Research and Development Canada (DRDC) Valcartier, with the support of the CRAC Laboratory at Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, carried out an ambitious R&D project aiming at developing a tool called SOCLe which integrates the design of software applications with their security. Integrating the design of software applications and security into a unique tool is not only particularly innovative but also crucial to ensure the quality and security of critical command and control information systems. Moreover, as it is 50 to 100 times more expensive to correct a software error once the design phase is finished, detecting and correcting errors at design-time saves time and money. This paper presents the SOCLe project's major achievements along with a simplified case study on Caveats, as an illustrative example of a possible military application for this new technology.
---
paper_title: Towards a UML based approach to role engineering

paper_content:

Role based access control (RBAC) is a promising technology for scalable access control. For RBAC to rise to its full potential, the roles must be properly constructed to reflect organizational access control policy and needs. This requires a discipline of Role Engineering to develop various components of RBAC such as role hierarchy, permissions (and permissionrole assignment), and constraints. The importance of Role Engineering has been recognized but very little work has been done to date. In this paper we explore the possibility of using the Unified Modeling Language (UML) to support Role Engineering. We chose UML because it is a de facto standard and refIects a consensus in the modeling community. To investigate the capability of UML for Role Engineering, we represent an existing Role framework recently published by Thomsen, O’Brien, and Bogle. This framework can be modeled in UML, with the assistance of adding a new user defined UML vocabulary.
---
paper_title: SecureUML : A UML-Based Modeling Language for Model-Driven Security ?

paper_content:

We present a modeling language for the model-driven development of secure, distributed systems based on the Unified Modeling Language (UML). Our approach is based on role-based access control with additional support for specifying authorization constraints. We show how UMLcan be used to specify information related to access control in the overall design of an application and how this information can be used to automatically generate complete access control infrastructures. Our approach can be used to improve productivity during the development of secure distributed systems and the quality of the resulting systems.
---
paper_title: The temporal logic of programs

paper_content:

A unified approach to program verification is suggested, which applies to both sequential and parallel programs. The main proof method suggested is that of temporal reasoning in which the time dependence of events is the basic concept. Two formal systems are presented for providing a basis for temporal reasoning. One forms a formalization of the method of intermittent assertions, while the other is an adaptation of the tense logic system Kb, and is particularly suitable for reasoning about concurrent programs.
---
paper_title: Enforceable security policies

paper_content:

A precise characterization is given for the class of security policies that can be enforced using mechanisms that work by monitoring system execution, and a class of automata is introduced for specifying those security policies. Techniques to enforce security policies specified by such automata are also discussed. READERS NOTE: A substantially revised version of this document is available at http://cs-tr.cs.cornell.edu:80/Dienst/UI/1.0/Display/ncstrl.cornell/TR99-1759
---
paper_title: Beyond stereotyping: metamodeling approaches for the UML

paper_content:

UML is being used as the universal technique for modeling object-oriented applications across a wide range of domains. Developing a truly adequate uniform modeling technique in the face of these diverse domains seems an unsolvable quest and contrasts domain specific software engineering activities. Recently, many adaptations to UML have been made to reflect a domain's world view. These adaptations often exceed the UML's own extension mechanisms and result in yet another urban UML slang. However, domain-specifically adapting the UML metamodel becomes increasingly important in the context of model checking and code generation mechanisms. Therefore solutions should be found to fully support metamodeling within the UML and UML CASE tools. The paper discusses and evaluates the UML's inherent as well as proprietary metamodeling approaches and provides domain driven ideas for a meta-modeling approach for a diversely used Unified Modeling Language.
---
paper_title: Reflections on the Object Constraint Language

paper_content:

The object Constraint Language (OCL), which forms part of the UML set of modelling notations, is a precise, textual language for expressing constraints that cannot be shown diagrammatically in UML. This paper reflects on a number of aspects of the syntax and semantics of the OCL, and makes proposals for clarification or extension. Specifically, the paper suggests that: the concept of flattening collections of collections is unnecessary, state models should be connectable to class models, defining object creation should be made more convenient, OCL should be based on a 2-valued logic, set subtraction should be covered more fully, and a “let” feature should be introduced.
---
paper_title: A Static Verification Framework for Secure Peer-to-Peer Applications

paper_content:

In this paper we present a static verification framework to support the design and verification of secure peer-to-peer applications. The framework supports the specification, modeling, and analysis of security aspects together with the general characteristics of the system, during early stages of the development life-cycle. The approach avoids security issues to be taken into consideration as a separate layer that is added to the system as an afterthought by the use of security protocols. The main functionality supported by the framework are concerned with the modeling of the system together with its security aspects by using an extension of UML, modeling of abuse cases to represent scenarios of attackers and assist with the identification of properties to be verified, specification of properties to be verified in a graphical template language, verification of the models against the properties, and visualization of the results of the verification process.
---
paper_title: Towards a business process-driven framework for security engineering with the UML

paper_content:

A challenging task in security engineering concerns the specification and integration of security with other requirements at the top level of requirements engineering. Empirical studies show that it is commonly at the business process level that customers and end users are able to express their security needs. In addition, systems are often developed by automating existing manual business processes. Since many security notions belongs conceptually to the world of business processes, it is natural to try to capture and express them in the context of business models in which moreover customers and end users feel most comfortable. In this paper, based on experience drawn from an ongoing work within the CASENET project [1], we propose a UML-based business process-driven framework for the development of security-critical systems.
---
paper_title: Verifiable composition of access control and application features

paper_content:

Access control features are often spread across and tangled with other functionality in a design. This makes modifying and replacing these features in a design difficult. Aspect-oriented modeling (AOM) techniques can be used to support separation of access control concerns from other application design concerns. Using an AOM approach, access control features are described by aspect models and other application features are described by a primary model. Composition of aspect and primary models yields a design model in which access control features are integrated with other application features. In this paper, we present, through an example, an AOM approach that supports verifiable composition of behaviors described in access control aspect models and primary models. Given an aspect model, a primary model, and a specified property, the composition technique produces proof obligations as the behavioral descriptions in the aspect and primary models are composed. One has to discharge the proof obligations to establish that the composed model has the specified property.
---
paper_title: Using parameterized UML to specify and compose access control models

paper_content:

Situations can arise in which organizations have to merge policies that are based on different access control frameworks, such as Role Based Access Control (RBAC) and Mandatory Access Control (MAC). Integrating policies requires addressing the following question: How will the integration impact access to protected resources? In particular, one needs to determine that the integration does not result in security breaches or unavailability of resources. A way of addressing these concerns is to model the access control frameworks, compose the models, and analyze the resulting model to identify problems. In this paper we outline a technique for modeling and composing access control policy frameworks. Specifically, we model RBAC and MAC using a variant of the Unified Modeling Language (UML) and show how to compose the models. The composed model can be used as a base for defining access control policies in a military domain.
---
paper_title: Security requirement with a UML 2.0 profile

paper_content:

Business processes are important for companies because they allow us to obtain an advanced marketplace position, and then, these enterprises can optimize and assure the quality of their products and services. Moreover, business processes are important for software developers, because they can capture from them the necessary requirements for software design and creation. At the same time, organizations have been opened and this implies more vulnerability. In spite of all these facts, security is an aspect that has been scarcely dealt with in the business process modeling. In this paper, we summarize our UML 2.0 profile for secure business process modeling through activity diagrams, and we apply this approach to a typical health-care business process.
---
paper_title: Security-critical system development with extended use cases

paper_content:

Due to increasing interconnection, IT systems are confronted with more and more attacks. To address this problem, we have to consider security requirements from the beginning of the system development. In early phases of system development, it is common to use a hybrid system view which is based on an object oriented modeling of the application core and the specification of use cases. We present an extension of this process for security-critical systems. We show a methodical approach for the development of security-critical systems and the modeling of security aspects in the application core with an extension of the Unified Modeling Language for secure systems development, UMLsec. Furthermore, we introduce security use cases for the development of security aspects in conjunction with behavioral modeling.
---
paper_title: For-LySa: UML for Authentication Analysis

paper_content:

The DEGAS project aims at enriching standard UML-centred development environments in such a way that the developers of global applications can exploit automated formal analyses with minimal overhead. In this paper, we present For-LySa, an instantiation of the DEGAS approach for authentication analysis, which exploits an existing analysis tool developed for the process calculus LySa. We discuss what information is needed for the analysis, and how to build the UML model of an authentication protocol in such a way that the needed information can be extracted from the model. We then present our prototype implementation and report on some promising results of its use.
---
paper_title: Role-based authorization constraints specification using Object Constraint Language

paper_content:

The purpose of access control is to limit the actions on a computer system that a legitimate user can perform. Role-based access control (RBAC) has generated great interest in the security community as a flexible approach in access control. An important aspect of RBAC is constraints that constrain what components in RBAC are allowed to do. Although researchers have identified useful constraints using formal specification languages such as RCL2000, there still exists a demand to have constraint specification languages for system developers who are working on secure systems development. The authors discuss another approach to specifying constraints using a de facto constraint specification language in the software engineering arena. We use a declarative language, Object Constraint Language (OCL) that is part of the Unified Modeling Language (UML) and has been used in object oriented analysis and design. We describe how to specify previously identified role-based authorization constraints, and the future direction of this work is also addressed.
---
paper_title: Integrating security design into the software development process for e‐commerce systems

paper_content:

Development of Web‐based e‐commerce systems has posed challenges in different dimensions of the software development process including design, maintenance and performance. Non‐functional requirements such as performance added to the system as an after thought would lead to extremely high cost and undesirable effects. Security, rarely regarded in the past as one of the non‐functional requirements, has to be integrated into the software development process due to its impact on e‐commerce systems. In this paper, a design methodology based on systems security engineering capability maturity model (SSE‐CMM) is proposed to specify design details for the three defined processes: risk, engineering and assurance. By means of an object‐oriented security design pattern, security design covering impact, threats, risks and countermeasures for different parts of an e‐commerce system can be examined systematically in the risk process. The proposed software development process for secured systems (SDPSS), representing the engineering process, consists of four steps: object and collaboration modeling, tier identification, component identification and deployment specification. Selected unified modeling language notations and diagrams are used to support the SDPSS. Using a simplified supply‐chain e‐commerce system as an example, integration of security design into the software development process is shown with discussions of possible security assurance activities that can be performed on a design.
---
paper_title: An attempt to combine UML and formal methods to model airport security

paper_content:

The EDEMOI project aims to model standards that regulate airport security. It involves the production of a UML model, to support the validation activity, and a formal model for verification purposes. This paper discusses the use of the RoZ tool to establish a strong link between both models and lists the problems faced during this translation.
---
paper_title: SOCLe: Integrated Design of Software Applications and Security

paper_content:

Abstract : Defense Research and Development Canada (DRDC) Valcartier, with the support of the CRAC Laboratory at Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, carried out an ambitious R&D project aiming at developing a tool called SOCLe which integrates the design of software applications with their security. Integrating the design of software applications and security into a unique tool is not only particularly innovative but also crucial to ensure the quality and security of critical command and control information systems. Moreover, as it is 50 to 100 times more expensive to correct a software error once the design phase is finished, detecting and correcting errors at design-time saves time and money. This paper presents the SOCLe project's major achievements along with a simplified case study on Caveats, as an illustrative example of a possible military application for this new technology.
---
paper_title: Towards a UML based approach to role engineering

paper_content:

Role based access control (RBAC) is a promising technology for scalable access control. For RBAC to rise to its full potential, the roles must be properly constructed to reflect organizational access control policy and needs. This requires a discipline of Role Engineering to develop various components of RBAC such as role hierarchy, permissions (and permissionrole assignment), and constraints. The importance of Role Engineering has been recognized but very little work has been done to date. In this paper we explore the possibility of using the Unified Modeling Language (UML) to support Role Engineering. We chose UML because it is a de facto standard and refIects a consensus in the modeling community. To investigate the capability of UML for Role Engineering, we represent an existing Role framework recently published by Thomsen, O’Brien, and Bogle. This framework can be modeled in UML, with the assistance of adding a new user defined UML vocabulary.
---
paper_title: Aspect-oriented programming

paper_content:

We have found many programming problems for which neither procedural nor object-oriented programming techniques are sufficient to clearly capture some of the important design decisions the program must implement. This forces the implementation of those design decisions to be scattered throughout the code, resulting in “tangled” code that is excessively difficult to develop and maintain. We present an analysis of why certain design decisions have been so difficult to clearly capture in actual code. We call the properties these decisions address aspects, and show that the reason they have been hard to capture is that they cross-cut the system's basic functionality. We present the basis for a new programming technique, called aspect-oriented programming, that makes it possible to clearly express programs involving such aspects, including appropriate isolation, composition and reuse of the aspect code. The discussion is rooted in systems we have built using aspect-oriented programming.
---
paper_title: SecureUML : A UML-Based Modeling Language for Model-Driven Security ?

paper_content:

We present a modeling language for the model-driven development of secure, distributed systems based on the Unified Modeling Language (UML). Our approach is based on role-based access control with additional support for specifying authorization constraints. We show how UMLcan be used to specify information related to access control in the overall design of an application and how this information can be used to automatically generate complete access control infrastructures. Our approach can be used to improve productivity during the development of secure distributed systems and the quality of the resulting systems.
---
paper_title: A Static Verification Framework for Secure Peer-to-Peer Applications

paper_content:

In this paper we present a static verification framework to support the design and verification of secure peer-to-peer applications. The framework supports the specification, modeling, and analysis of security aspects together with the general characteristics of the system, during early stages of the development life-cycle. The approach avoids security issues to be taken into consideration as a separate layer that is added to the system as an afterthought by the use of security protocols. The main functionality supported by the framework are concerned with the modeling of the system together with its security aspects by using an extension of UML, modeling of abuse cases to represent scenarios of attackers and assist with the identification of properties to be verified, specification of properties to be verified in a graphical template language, verification of the models against the properties, and visualization of the results of the verification process.
---
paper_title: Mechanical Translation of I/O Automaton Specifications into First-Order Logic

paper_content:

We describe a tool that improves the process of verifying relations between descriptions of a distributed algorithm at different levels of abstraction using interactive proof assistants. The tool automatically translates algorithms, written in the IOA language, into first-order logic, expressed in the Larch Shared Language, in a style that facilitates reasoning with a theorem prover. The translation uses a unified strategy to handle the various forms of nondeterminism that appear in abstract system descriptions. Applications of the tool to verify safety properties of three data management algorithms, including a substantial example based on Lamport's logical time algorithm, suggest that the tool can be used to validate complicated, practical designs.
---
paper_title: Aspect-oriented programming

paper_content:

We have found many programming problems for which neither procedural nor object-oriented programming techniques are sufficient to clearly capture some of the important design decisions the program must implement. This forces the implementation of those design decisions to be scattered throughout the code, resulting in “tangled” code that is excessively difficult to develop and maintain. We present an analysis of why certain design decisions have been so difficult to clearly capture in actual code. We call the properties these decisions address aspects, and show that the reason they have been hard to capture is that they cross-cut the system's basic functionality. We present the basis for a new programming technique, called aspect-oriented programming, that makes it possible to clearly express programs involving such aspects, including appropriate isolation, composition and reuse of the aspect code. The discussion is rooted in systems we have built using aspect-oriented programming.
---
paper_title: For-LySa: UML for Authentication Analysis

paper_content:

The DEGAS project aims at enriching standard UML-centred development environments in such a way that the developers of global applications can exploit automated formal analyses with minimal overhead. In this paper, we present For-LySa, an instantiation of the DEGAS approach for authentication analysis, which exploits an existing analysis tool developed for the process calculus LySa. We discuss what information is needed for the analysis, and how to build the UML model of an authentication protocol in such a way that the needed information can be extracted from the model. We then present our prototype implementation and report on some promising results of its use.
---
paper_title: SecureUML : A UML-Based Modeling Language for Model-Driven Security ?

paper_content:

We present a modeling language for the model-driven development of secure, distributed systems based on the Unified Modeling Language (UML). Our approach is based on role-based access control with additional support for specifying authorization constraints. We show how UMLcan be used to specify information related to access control in the overall design of an application and how this information can be used to automatically generate complete access control infrastructures. Our approach can be used to improve productivity during the development of secure distributed systems and the quality of the resulting systems.
---
paper_title: SOCLe: Integrated Design of Software Applications and Security

paper_content:

Abstract : Defense Research and Development Canada (DRDC) Valcartier, with the support of the CRAC Laboratory at Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, carried out an ambitious R&D project aiming at developing a tool called SOCLe which integrates the design of software applications with their security. Integrating the design of software applications and security into a unique tool is not only particularly innovative but also crucial to ensure the quality and security of critical command and control information systems. Moreover, as it is 50 to 100 times more expensive to correct a software error once the design phase is finished, detecting and correcting errors at design-time saves time and money. This paper presents the SOCLe project's major achievements along with a simplified case study on Caveats, as an illustrative example of a possible military application for this new technology.
---
paper_title: SecureUML : A UML-Based Modeling Language for Model-Driven Security ?

paper_content:

We present a modeling language for the model-driven development of secure, distributed systems based on the Unified Modeling Language (UML). Our approach is based on role-based access control with additional support for specifying authorization constraints. We show how UMLcan be used to specify information related to access control in the overall design of an application and how this information can be used to automatically generate complete access control infrastructures. Our approach can be used to improve productivity during the development of secure distributed systems and the quality of the resulting systems.
---
paper_title: SecureUML : A UML-Based Modeling Language for Model-Driven Security ?

paper_content:

We present a modeling language for the model-driven development of secure, distributed systems based on the Unified Modeling Language (UML). Our approach is based on role-based access control with additional support for specifying authorization constraints. We show how UMLcan be used to specify information related to access control in the overall design of an application and how this information can be used to automatically generate complete access control infrastructures. Our approach can be used to improve productivity during the development of secure distributed systems and the quality of the resulting systems.
---
paper_title: SecureUML : A UML-Based Modeling Language for Model-Driven Security ?

paper_content:

We present a modeling language for the model-driven development of secure, distributed systems based on the Unified Modeling Language (UML). Our approach is based on role-based access control with additional support for specifying authorization constraints. We show how UMLcan be used to specify information related to access control in the overall design of an application and how this information can be used to automatically generate complete access control infrastructures. Our approach can be used to improve productivity during the development of secure distributed systems and the quality of the resulting systems.
---

Title: Usability of Security Specification Approaches for UML Design: A Survey

Section 1: INTRODUCTION
Description 1: Introduce the topic of security in software engineering, the use of UML for security specification, and outline the main questions addressed by the survey.

Section 2: Security Requirements
Description 2: Discuss the classification of security requirements and how different UML approaches represent them.

Section 3: Related Work
Description 3: Review the existing literature and related work on the usability of various approaches to specifying and enforcing security requirements in UML design.

Section 4: State of the Art Survey
Description 4: Present a survey of the main state-of-the-art contributions related to specifying and designing security for UML, classified into different approaches.

Section 5: Security Specification Using UML Artifacts
Description 5: Show how stereotypes and tagged values, the Object Constraint Language (OCL), and behavior diagrams can be used for security specification and design.

Section 6: Stereotypes and Tagged Values
Description 6: Explain the concept of stereotypes and tagged values and their use in security specification.

Section 7: Object Constraint Language (OCL)
Description 7: Describe the role of OCL in specifying security constraints and its usability for security specification.

Section 8: Behavior Diagrams
Description 8: Discuss the use of behavior diagrams for security specification, including their expressiveness, tool support, verifiability, and complexity.

Section 9: Security Specification by Extending the UML Meta-language
Description 9: Show how the UML meta-language can be extended to specify security requirements.

Section 10: Security Specification by Creating New Meta-languages
Description 10: Explain the creation of new meta-languages for security specification and the rationale behind this approach.

Section 11: USABILITY DISCUSSION
Description 11: Discuss the usability of each security specification approach based on a set of defined usability criteria inspired by software usability and security requirements specification.

Section 12: Usability Criteria
Description 12: Define and explain the usability criteria used to evaluate the different security specification approaches.

Section 13: CONCLUSION
Description 13: Summarize the key findings and observations from the survey, highlighting the most usable approaches and providing final thoughts on verifying security requirements in UML designs.