Greening Internet of Things for Smart Everythings with A Green-Environment Life: A Survey and Future Prospects
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paper_title: Greener and Smarter: ICTs, the Environment and Climate Change

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Information and communication technologies (ICTs) are a key enabler of “green growth” in all sectors of the economy. They are a key part of government strategies for a sustainable economic recovery. This report looks at how ICTs can improve their own environmental performance, and how they can be used to improve environmental performance throughout the economy and society. Direct environmental impacts of ICTs are considerable in areas such as energy use, materials throughput and end-of-life treatment. Government “green ICT” policies can be instrumental in promoting life-cycle approaches for improved R&D and design of ICT goods, services and systems. Innovative ICT applications enable sustainable production and consumption across the entire economy. The potential for improving environmental performance targets specific products, but also entire systems and industry sectors, e.g. construction, transport, energy.
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paper_title: Information and communication technologies and climate change adaptation in Latin America and the Caribbean: a framework for action

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Despite ongoing interest in deploying information and communication technologies (ICTs) for sustainable development, their use in climate change adaptation remains understudied. Based on the integration of adaptation theory and the existing literature on the use of ICTs in development, we present an analytical model for conceptualizing the contribution of existing ICTs to adaptation, and a framework for evaluating ICT success. We apply the framework to four case studies of ICTs in use for early warning systems and managing extreme events in the Latin American and the Caribbean countries. We propose that existing ICTs can support adaptation through enabling access to critical information for decision-making, coordinating actors and building social capital. ICTs also allow actors to communicate and disseminate their decision experience, thus enhancing opportunities for collective learning and continual improvements in adaptation processes. In this way, ICTs can both communicate the current and potential imp...
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paper_title: Enabling Technologies for Green Internet of Things

paper_content:

Recent technological advances have led to an increase in the carbon footprint. Energy efficiency in the Internet of Things (IoT) has been attracting a lot of attention from researchers and designers over the last couple of years, paving the way for an emerging area called green IoT. There are various aspects (such as key enablers, communications, services, and applications) of IoT, where efficient utilization of energy is needed to enable a green IoT environment. We explore and discuss how the various enabling technologies (such as the Internet, smart objects, sensors, etc.) can be efficiently deployed to achieve a green IoT. Furthermore, we also review various IoT applications, projects and standardization efforts that are currently under way. Finally, we identify some of the emerging challenges that need to be addressed in the future to enable a green IoT.
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paper_title: Climate Change Adaptation: Services and Role of Information Communication Technology (ICT) in India

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Changing climate is one the most challenging issue that humankind is facing and its intensity seems to be more throbbing in the time to come. In order to overcome the alarming situation of climate change, mitigation and adaptation are two alternatives. On one hand, the mitigation is gradual and long term process however on other adaptation is usually based on quick responses to the changing scenario. Adaptation requires effective and timely delivery and exchange of all supporting mechanism and meteorological information, thus successful adaptation to climate change necessitate the Information Communication Technologies (ICT) to disseminate the information in multifarious ways. ICT not only reduce the time lag but also systemically transform the information through networked governance. ICTs can play a crucial role in supporting public outreach, building a data base, creating awareness for the adaptation against the impact of climate change and thus secure well being of biophysical entities.
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paper_title: IOT-based air pollution monitoring and forecasting system

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Using empirical analysis, conventional air automatic monitoring system has high precision, but large bulk, high cost, and single datum class make it impossible for large-scale installation. Based on intriducing Internet of Things(IOT) into the field of environmental protection, this paper puts forward a kind of real-time air pollution monitoring and forecasting system. By using IOT, this system can reduce the hardware cost into 1/10 as before. The system can be laid out in a large number in monitoring area to form monitoring sensor network. Besides the functions of conventional air automatic monitoring system, it also exhibits the function of forecasting development trend of air pollution within a certain time range by analyzing the data obtained by front-end perception system according to neural network technology. Targeted emergency disposal measures can be taken to minimize losses in practical application.
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paper_title: Printable Green RFID Antennas for Embedded Sensors

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In the recent years, radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology has been widely integrated into modern society applications, ranging from barcode successor to retail supply chain, remote moni ...
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paper_title: Enabling Technologies for Green Internet of Things

paper_content:

Recent technological advances have led to an increase in the carbon footprint. Energy efficiency in the Internet of Things (IoT) has been attracting a lot of attention from researchers and designers over the last couple of years, paving the way for an emerging area called green IoT. There are various aspects (such as key enablers, communications, services, and applications) of IoT, where efficient utilization of energy is needed to enable a green IoT environment. We explore and discuss how the various enabling technologies (such as the Internet, smart objects, sensors, etc.) can be efficiently deployed to achieve a green IoT. Furthermore, we also review various IoT applications, projects and standardization efforts that are currently under way. Finally, we identify some of the emerging challenges that need to be addressed in the future to enable a green IoT.
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paper_title: Feasibility Study of UAV use for RFID Material Tracking on Construction Sites

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The use of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology has been successfully deployed in construction to provide identification of both materials and workers entering a construction site and in other supply chain management areas. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are also being tested on construction sites for tasks such as inspection, documentation of construction work progress, and safety visualization. The ability to locate specific materials on a construction site in order to allow quick retrieval is important to improving job site productivity on large and complex job sites. This paper presents the findings of an initial feasibility study on combining RFID technologies with UAV technologies to improve construction project supply chain management. The study provides proof of concept and addresses technology issues such as frequency interaction between the UAV telemetry and RFID scanning frequencies. Test results indicate that an RFID reader equipped on a UAV can identify and provide location of tagged materials. Notable technical restrictions include RFID reader weight and detection range between RFID reader and tags. Results of this study indicate that the RFID equipped UAV can be used to provide data that can be implemented in supply chain management systems and connected with Building Information Models (BIM).
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paper_title: Generalized Energy-Efficient Algorithms for the RFID Estimation Problem

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Radio frequency identification (RFID) has been gaining popularity for inventory control, object tracking, and supply-chain management in warehouses, retail stores, hospitals, etc. Periodically and automatically estimating the number of RFID tags deployed in a large area has many important applications in inventory management and theft detection. Prior works focus on designing time-efficient algorithms that can estimate tens of thousands of tags in seconds. We observe that for an RFID reader to access tags in a large area, active tags are likely to be used due to their longer operational ranges. These tags are battery-powered and use their own energy for information transmission. However, recharging batteries for tens of thousands of tags is laborious. Hence, conserving energy for active tags becomes critical. Some prior works have studied how to reduce energy expenditure of an RFID reader when it reads tag IDs. We study how to reduce the amount of energy consumed by active tags during the process of estimating the number of tags in a system. We design two energy-efficient probabilistic estimation algorithms that iteratively refine a control parameter to optimize the information carried in transmissions from tags, such that both the number and the size of transmissions are reduced. These algorithms can also take time efficiency into consideration. By tuning a contention probability parameter $\omega$ , the new algorithms can make tradeoff between energy cost and estimation time.
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paper_title: A solution for monitoring operations in harsh environment: A RFID reader for small UAV

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RIFD technologies are applied in a various number of environmental monitoring applications. Efficient energy management is one of the most important prerequisites for the realization of such systems and the power consumption of the RFID tag during radio transmissions must be kept low. The proposed system is composed by the RFID tags distributed on the territory and a reader installed on an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). The idea is to use the UAV to collect data from the RFID sensors scattered throughout the area by simply approaching them, flying above them, and downloading measured data. This solution can be adopted to implement a grid of independent RFID sensors covering a large area, or to query sensors located in dangerous scenarios for humans. RFID tags are equipped with measuring sensors and store locally the measured parameters; the reader is mounted on the UAV and through an appropriate communication protocols it identifies the tags, downloads the data and sends them to the Ground Control Station (GCS). At the GCS a technician can control the reader through a GUI console: it is possible to start the discovery, download the sensor data (manually or automatically) and clear the RFID tags memory. An ad-hoc mechanisms has also been implemented to join fast tag discovery procedure, fast data downloading and energy saving. The present paper describes the system, presents the testing methodology and analyses some achieved performances in a test scenario.
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paper_title: Enabling Technologies for Green Internet of Things

paper_content:

Recent technological advances have led to an increase in the carbon footprint. Energy efficiency in the Internet of Things (IoT) has been attracting a lot of attention from researchers and designers over the last couple of years, paving the way for an emerging area called green IoT. There are various aspects (such as key enablers, communications, services, and applications) of IoT, where efficient utilization of energy is needed to enable a green IoT environment. We explore and discuss how the various enabling technologies (such as the Internet, smart objects, sensors, etc.) can be efficiently deployed to achieve a green IoT. Furthermore, we also review various IoT applications, projects and standardization efforts that are currently under way. Finally, we identify some of the emerging challenges that need to be addressed in the future to enable a green IoT.
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paper_title: Radio Frequency Identification Technology Utilization and Organizational Agility

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This study examines the impact of RFID technology utilization on organizational agility in manufacturing firms. Data from a sample of 328 manufacturers were collected and the model was assessed following a structural equation methodology. Findings indicate that adoption of RFID technology utilization directly and positively impacts organizational agility which in turn directly and positively impacts both operational and logistics performance. Additionally, operational performance directly and positively impacts logistics performance. Data were collected during the growth stage of RFID technology adoption and were only collected from firms in the manufacturing sector. Respondents held operations-level positions in manufacturing organizations. Results should be interpreted with these limitations in mind. The implementation of RFID technology can result in improved organizational agility resulting in improved performance. Practitioners considering adoption of RFID technology should weigh potential benefits from increased agility and performance against the costs of technology adoption.
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paper_title: Recharging RFID Tags for Environmental Monitoring Using UAVs: A Feasibility Analysis

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RFID tags are used for different purposes. One of the major problems to be addressed, particularly for monitoring purposes, is their limited power autonomy. Tags must perform different tasks with limited power consumption and their batteries capacities are often too low, even if low power consumption techniques are implemented. In these operational situations tags should be kept in operation for long periods of time and the common solution is to go directly where they are installed and recharge them manually or change their batteries; alternatively, when possible, small photovoltaic (PV) panels may be adopted. This paper proposes a feasibility analysis of how it is possible to recharge a multipurpose RFID tag using a UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle), which is programmed to go above the tags and recharge them. This possibility is analyzed from an energetic point of view assuming to recharge a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) using a common commercial UAV adequately instrumented using the wireless power transfer technique.
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paper_title: BRTCO: A Novel Boundary Recognition and Tracking Algorithm for Continuous Objects in Wireless Sensor Networks

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Continuous objects monitoring and tracking, which aims to detect the invasion of unauthorized materials of interest, is one of the most prominent applications in wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we propose a novel boundary recognition and tracking algorithm for continuous objects (BRTCO) to ensure the efficiency of objects contour extraction. On precondition of assuring the tracking accuracy, a collaborative filtering scheme is proposed to minimize the number of boundary nodes. Also, in the phase of data transmission, we take the advantage of clustering to ensure energy efficiency. A report node selection mechanism is designed based on the competition of cluster heads. Simulation results demonstrate that BRTCO can significantly reduce the total energy consumption, the number of boundary nodes, and the number of report nodes.
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paper_title: Cooperative wireless sensor networks for green internet of things

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Green internet of things are investigated by studying energy-efficiency in wireless sensor networks. A cooperative multihop data transmission approach is presented and analyzed. Significant energy savings are achieved with the proposed approach compared to the non cooperative scenario, in addition to better delay results.
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paper_title: Evolving Constraints in Military Applications Using Wireless Sensor Networks

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WSNs consist of a large number of small sensor nodes. These nodes are very cheap in terms of cost. In military operations, there is always a threat of being attacked by enemies. So, the use of these cheap sensor nodes will help to reduce the loss. In this paper, we analyze the existing literature of using WSNs for military applications. We will discuss the available scenarios of using sensor nodes in the military uses. Provided suitable sensors the system can detect identify and classify threads based on the count, number, type weather it is armored vehicles or men in foot, type and amount of weapons they carry, etc., can be detected in advance. This system provides reliable real time war picture and better situational awareness. This will further help to improve the troop readiness and decrease the reaction time. Added using the data collected tactical planning for deploying troops effectively can be done. In case of civil applications economic zones like oil fields, gold mines, can be protected from intruders and attackers. Industrial complex and production facility can be protected with minimized man power and improved efficiency. Basic criteria are which had to be taken into account while deploying wireless sensors for such applications has been discussed. Particularly locating the intruder with respect to the distance from the sensor node to the target in terms of latitude and longitudinal coordinates are discussed here.
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paper_title: TGM-COT: energy-efficient continuous object tracking scheme with two-layer grid model in wireless sensor networks

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In a resource-constrained wireless sensor network, energy efficiency is a principle issue for monitoring the movement of continuous objects, such as wild fire and hazardous chemical material. In this paper, a continuous object tracking scheme with two-layer grid model (TGM-COT) is proposed. To address the problem of boundary distortion caused by uneven node distribution, we put forward a novel mechanism for boundary nodes identification. Furthermore, a streamlining mechanism is designed to reduce the amount of uploaded data. Simulation results demonstrate that, without sacrificing additional energy consumption, TGM-COT is able to achieve high tracking accuracy and significantly reduce the communication overhead.
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paper_title: Energy harvesting in wireless sensor networks: A comprehensive review

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Recently, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have attracted lot of attention due to their pervasive nature and their wide deployment in Internet of Things, Cyber Physical Systems, and other emerging areas. The limited energy associated with WSNs is a major bottleneck of WSN technologies. To overcome this major limitation, the design and development of efficient and high performance energy harvesting systems for WSN environments are being explored. We present a comprehensive taxonomy of the various energy harvesting sources that can be used by WSNs. We also discuss various recently proposed energy prediction models that have the potential to maximize the energy harvested in WSNs. Finally, we identify some of the challenges that still need to be addressed to develop cost-effective, efficient, and reliable energy harvesting systems for the WSN environment.
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paper_title: Design and performance analysis of MAC schemes for Wireless Sensor Networks Powered by Ambient Energy Harvesting

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Energy consumption is a perennial issue in the design of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) which typically rely on portable sources like batteries for power. Recent advances in ambient energy harvesting technology have made it a potential and promising alternative source of energy for powering WSNs. By using energy harvesters with supercapacitors, WSNs are able to operate perpetually until hardware failure and in places where batteries are hard or impossible to replace. In this paper, we study the performance of different medium access control (MAC) schemes based on CSMA and polling techniques for WSNs which are solely powered by ambient energy harvesting using energy harvesters. We base the study on (i) network throughput (S), which is the rate of sensor data received by the sink, (ii) fairness index (F), which determines whether the bandwidth is allocated to each sensor node equally and (iii) inter-arrival time (@c) which measures the average time difference between two packets from a source node. For CSMA, we compare both the slotted and unslotted variants. For polling, we first consider identity polling. Then we design a probabilistic polling protocol that takes into account the unpredictability of the energy harvesting process to achieve good performance. Finally, we present an optimal polling MAC protocol to determine the theoretical maximum performance. We validate the analytical models using extensive simulations incorporating experimental results from the characterization of different types of energy harvesters. The performance results show that probabilistic polling achieves high throughput and fairness as well as low inter-arrival times.
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paper_title: Energy harvesting from wind and water for autonomous wireless sensor nodes

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It is well-known that wireless sensor networks (WSNs) promise to revolutionise the way the authors can interact with the physical world. However, the deployment of these systems in practical environments is very limited because of power constraints. Systems based on solar, vibrational and thermal energy are the most used in WSN applications and only a few studies consider the wind for energy harvesting. Another important source of energy is the water flow. In the context of the WSN, it was found that there are practically no systems using such source. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the use of small-scale wind and hydro generators for energy harvesting to power wireless sensor nodes. For this purpose, the power coefficients and the output power of several horizontal-axis and Savonius wind turbines were determined. Systems based on Pelton and propeller turbines were constructed to evaluate the effect of some parameters in small-scale power generation.
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paper_title: A Novel Scheme for an Energy Efficient Internet of Things Based on Wireless Sensor Networks

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One of the emerging networking standards that gap between the physical world and the cyber one is the Internet of Things. In the Internet of Things, smart objects communicate with each other, data are gathered and certain requests of users are satisfied by different queried data. The development of energy efficient schemes for the IoT is a challenging issue as the IoT becomes more complex due to its large scale the current techniques of wireless sensor networks cannot be applied directly to the IoT. To achieve the green networked IoT, this paper addresses energy efficiency issues by proposing a novel deployment scheme. This scheme, introduces: (1) a hierarchical network design; (2) a model for the energy efficient IoT; (3) a minimum energy consumption transmission algorithm to implement the optimal model. The simulation results show that the new scheme is more energy efficient and flexible than traditional WSN schemes and consequently it can be implemented for efficient communication in the IoT.
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paper_title: Object tracking through RSSI measurements in wireless sensor networks

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In this letter, the localization of moving and transceiver-free objects is addressed by processing the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) available at the nodes of a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). Starting from the RSSI measurements, the probability of the presence of unknown mobile objects is determined by means of a customized classification approach based on a Support Vector Machine (SVM). Experimental results assess the feasibility of the proposed approach. This paper is a postprint of a paper submitted to and accepted for publication in Electronics Letters and is subject to Institution of Engineering and Technology Copyright. The copy of record is available at IET Digital Library.
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paper_title: Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Based Wireless Sensor Network for Marine-Coastal Environment Monitoring

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A UAV-bouy hybried Wireless Sensor Network, with LoRa communications, is presented for the monitorization of marine-coastal environments. This implementation offers a low-power, long-range and cost-effective solution to current marine monitoring applications, as well as a safer method to observing natural protected areas and reservoirs.
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paper_title: Optimal Power Control in Green Wireless Sensor Networks With Wireless Energy Harvesting, Wake-Up Radio and Transmission Control

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Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are autonomous networks of spatially distributed sensor nodes that are capable of wirelessly communicating with each other in a multihop fashion. Among different metrics, network lifetime and utility, and energy consumption in terms of carbon footprint are key parameters that determine the performance of such a network and entail a sophisticated design at different abstraction levels. In this paper, wireless energy harvesting (WEH), wake-up radio (WUR) scheme, and error control coding (ECC) are investigated as enabling solutions to enhance the performance of WSNs while reducing its carbon footprint. Specifically, a utility-lifetime maximization problem incorporating WEH, WUR, and ECC, is formulated and solved using distributed dual subgradient algorithm based on the Lagrange multiplier method. Discussion and verification through simulation results show how the proposed solutions improve network utility, prolong the lifetime, and pave the way for a greener WSN by reducing its carbon footprint.
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paper_title: Enabling Technologies for Green Internet of Things

paper_content:

Recent technological advances have led to an increase in the carbon footprint. Energy efficiency in the Internet of Things (IoT) has been attracting a lot of attention from researchers and designers over the last couple of years, paving the way for an emerging area called green IoT. There are various aspects (such as key enablers, communications, services, and applications) of IoT, where efficient utilization of energy is needed to enable a green IoT environment. We explore and discuss how the various enabling technologies (such as the Internet, smart objects, sensors, etc.) can be efficiently deployed to achieve a green IoT. Furthermore, we also review various IoT applications, projects and standardization efforts that are currently under way. Finally, we identify some of the emerging challenges that need to be addressed in the future to enable a green IoT.
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paper_title: Wireless sensor network-based fire detection, alarming, monitoring and prevention system for Bord-and-Pillar coal mines

paper_content:

Fire is a major concern for those who work in underground coal mines. Coal mine fire can occur at any time and often results in partial or total evacuation of mine personnel and could result in the loss of lives. Therefore, having a warning system that is capable of detecting fire and generating an alarm is important. In this paper, we present the response time of a proposed system for detecting fire hazard in a Bord-and-Pillar coal mine panel (Hustrulid and Bullock, 2001). It uses wireless sensor networks (WSNs), and can be used to detect the exact fire location and spreading direction, and also provide the fire prevention system to stop the spread of fire to save the natural resources and the mining personnel from fire. The proposed system is capable of early detection of fire and generating alarm in case of emergencies. The performance of the proposed system has been evaluated through rigorous simulations. Simulation results show that the average network delay varies almost linearly with the increasing the number of hops.
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paper_title: Real-Time Performance of a Self-Powered Environmental IoT Sensor Network System

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Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) play an increasingly important role in monitoring applications in many areas. With the emergence of the Internet-of-Things (IoT), many more lowpower sensors will need to be deployed in various environments to collect and monitor data about environmental factors in real time. Providing power supply to these sensor nodes becomes a critical challenge for realizations of IoT applications as sensor nodes are normally battery-powered and have a limited lifetime. This paper proposes a wireless sensor network that is powered by solar energy harvesting. The sensor network monitors the environmental data with low-power sensor electronics and forms a network using multiple XBee wireless modules. A detailed performance analysis of the network system under solar energy harvesting has been presented. The sensor network system and the proposed energy-harvesting techniques are configured to achieve a continuous energy source for the sensor network. The proposed energy-harvesting system has been successfully designed to enable an energy solution in order to keep sensor nodes active and reliable for a whole day. The paper also outlines some of our experiences in real-time implementation of a sensor network system with energy harvesting.
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paper_title: Estimation of Distribution Algorithm for Resource Allocation in Green Cooperative Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks

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Due to the rapid increase in the usage and demand of wireless sensor networks (WSN), the limited frequency spectrum available for WSN applications will be extremely crowded in the near future. More sensor devices also mean more recharging/replacement of batteries, which will cause significant impact on the global carbon footprint. In this paper, we propose a relay-assisted cognitive radio sensor network (CRSN) that allocates communication resources in an environmentally friendly manner. We use shared band amplify and forward relaying for cooperative communication in the proposed CRSN. We present a multi-objective optimization architecture for resource allocation in a green cooperative cognitive radio sensor network (GC-CRSN). The proposed multi-objective framework jointly performs relay assignment and power allocation in GC-CRSN, while optimizing two conflicting objectives. The first objective is to maximize the total throughput, and the second objective is to minimize the total transmission power of CRSN. The proposed relay assignment and power allocation problem is a non-convex mixed-integer non-linear optimization problem (NC-MINLP), which is generally non-deterministic polynomial-time (NP)-hard. We introduce a hybrid heuristic algorithm for this problem. The hybrid heuristic includes an estimation-of-distribution algorithm (EDA) for performing power allocation and iterative greedy schemes for constraint satisfaction and relay assignment. We analyze the throughput and power consumption tradeoff in GC-CRSN. A detailed analysis of the performance of the proposed algorithm is presented with the simulation results.
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paper_title: P-SEP: a prolong stable election routing algorithm for energy-limited heterogeneous fog-supported wireless sensor networks

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Energy efficiency is one of the main issues that will drive the design of fog-supported wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Indeed, the behavior of such networks becomes very unstable in node's heterogeneity and/or node's failure. In WSNs, clusters are dynamically built up by neighbor nodes, to save energy and prolong the network lifetime. One of the nodes plays the role of Cluster Head (CH) that is responsible for transferring data among the neighboring sensors. Due to pervasive use of WSNs, finding an energy-efficient policy to opt CHs in the WSNs has become increasingly important. Due to this motivations, in this paper, a modified Stable Election Protocol (SEP), named Prolong-SEP (P-SEP) is presented to prolong the stable period of Fog-supported sensor networks by maintaining balanced energy consumption. P-SEP enables uniform nodes distribution, new CH selecting policy, and prolong the time interval of the system, especially before the failure of the first node. P-SEP considers two-level nodes' heterogeneities: advanced and normal nodes. In P-SEP, the advanced and normal nodes have the opportunity to become CHs. The performance of the proposed approach is evaluated by varying the various parameters of the network in comparison with other state-of-the-art cluster-based routing protocols. The simulation results point out that, by varying the initial energy and node heterogeneity parameters, the network lifetime of P-SEP improved by 31, 29, 20 and 40 % in comparison with SEP, Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy with Deterministic Cluster-Head Selection (LEACH-DCHS), Modified SEP (M-SEP) and an efficient modified SEP (EM-SEP), respectively.
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paper_title: A green wireless sensor network for environmental monitoring and risk identification

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A sensor-based community network for environmental data gathering and predictive analysis has been developed. A mesh network of wireless sensors reports data to a central site for environmental monitoring and risk identification. Data analysis and visual presentation is provided in a geographical and temporal context. This network is considered green due to decreased energy usage by the overall network as well as its actual application, which permits environmental information to be contextually presented and communicated with concerned urban community as well as decision makers. Periodic data reporting from the sensor network, in contrast with the usual timestamp synchronisation, reduces the amount of communication required between network nodes, resulting in an overall energy saving, while not compromising the nature of the data gathered. The sensor network applications provide an outstanding representation of green networking as sparse but sufficient environmental monitoring, accompanied by real-time data analysis, and historical pattern identification permits risk identification in support of public safety and protection.
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paper_title: Energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks: A top-down survey

paper_content:

The design of sustainable wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is a very challenging issue. On the one hand, energy-constrained sensors are expected to run autonomously for long periods. However, it may be cost-prohibitive to replace exhausted batteries or even impossible in hostile environments. On the other hand, unlike other networks, WSNs are designed for specific applications which range from small-size healthcare surveillance systems to large-scale environmental monitoring. Thus, any WSN deployment has to satisfy a set of requirements that differs from one application to another. In this context, a host of research work has been conducted in order to propose a wide range of solutions to the energy-saving problem. This research covers several areas going from physical layer optimization to network layer solutions. Therefore, it is not easy for the WSN designer to select the efficient solutions that should be considered in the design of application-specific WSN architecture. We present a top-down survey of the trade-offs between application requirements and lifetime extension that arise when designing wireless sensor networks. We first identify the main categories of applications and their specific requirements. Then we present a new classification of energy-conservation schemes found in the recent literature, followed by a systematic discussion as to how these schemes conflict with the specific requirements. Finally, we survey the techniques applied in WSNs to achieve trade-off between multiple requirements, such as multi-objective optimisation.
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paper_title: A Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Rural and Forest Fire Detection and Verification

paper_content:

Forest and rural fires are one of the main causes of environmental degradation in Mediterranean countries. Existing fire detection systems only focus on detection, but not on the verification of the fire. However, almost all of them are just simulations, and very few implementations can be found. Besides, the systems in the literature lack scalability. In this paper we show all the steps followed to perform the design, research and development of a wireless multisensor network which mixes sensors with IP cameras in a wireless network in order to detect and verify fire in rural and forest areas of Spain. We have studied how many cameras, sensors and access points are needed to cover a rural or forest area, and the scalability of the system. We have developed a multisensor and when it detects a fire, it sends a sensor alarm through the wireless network to a central server. The central server selects the closest wireless cameras to the multisensor, based on a software application, which are rotated to the sensor that raised the alarm, and sends them a message in order to receive real-time images from the zone. The camera lets the fire fighters corroborate the existence of a fire and avoid false alarms. In this paper, we show the test performance given by a test bench formed by four wireless IP cameras in several situations and the energy consumed when they are transmitting. Moreover, we study the energy consumed by each device when the system is set up. The wireless sensor network could be connected to Internet through a gateway and the images of the cameras could be seen from any part of the world.
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paper_title: A green and reliable communication modeling for industrial internet of things

paper_content:

An improved protocol (HTP) is proposed through combining SW-ARQ and NCRT scheme.HTP protocol is a strategy which can optimize multiple performances at the same time.HTP protocol is proved to improve lifetime above 15% under same reliability.HTP protocol is proved to improve reliability by 10%45% under same lifetime.HTP protocol is more practicality which allows low complexity implementation. Green and reliable communication has great significance for Industrial Internet of Things. Unfortunately, because of the loss nature, achieving reliable transmission is challenging. In this paper, a novel hybrid transmission protocol (HTP) is proposed to maximize lifetime while the reliability is still guaranteed. The proposed protocol adopts Send-Wait automatic Repeat-Request protocol in hotspot areas to reduce the energy consumption and network coding based redundant transmission approach with adaptive redundancy level in non-hotspot areas to guarantee the reliability. The proposed protocol could improve the lifetime and shorten the delay on the premise of ensuring the reliability. Comparing with Send-Wait automatic Repeat-Request protocol, it can improve lifetime by 15%30% under the same reliability and improve the reliability by 12%45% under the same lifetime. Comparing with network coding based redundant transmission approach, the lifetime has increased by more than one time under the same reliability. Display Omitted
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paper_title: Smart Energy Efficient Hierarchical Data Gathering Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

paper_content:

WSNs are the most important machineries to monitor the physical environments. It is an infrastructure-less autonomous, and can be developed under any circumstances. Due to its importance, it is being widely used in different applications of our daily life. Similarly, it is making our hard challenges easy. On contrary of other networks, it has a resource constrained environment. Normally, WSN deployed in an area which is not in the reach of human. So the resources must be used in a fashion that could increase its lifetime. This paper discusses energy and communication overhead saving in each category of routing protocols with respect to the design trade-offs. We also pointed out the performance and advantages of each technique On the basis of these findings any future work could be performed to improve the existing protocols and also use them for other types of networks as well.
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paper_title: Green Cloud Computing: Balancing Energy in Processing, Storage, and Transport

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Network-based cloud computing is rapidly expanding as an alternative to conventional office-based computing. As cloud computing becomes more widespread, the energy consumption of the network and computing resources that underpin the cloud will grow. This is happening at a time when there is increasing attention being paid to the need to manage energy consumption across the entire information and communications technology (ICT) sector. While data center energy use has received much attention recently, there has been less attention paid to the energy consumption of the transmission and switching networks that are key to connecting users to the cloud. In this paper, we present an analysis of energy consumption in cloud computing. The analysis considers both public and private clouds, and includes energy consumption in switching and transmission as well as data processing and data storage. We show that energy consumption in transport and switching can be a significant percentage of total energy consumption in cloud computing. Cloud computing can enable more energy-efficient use of computing power, especially when the computing tasks are of low intensity or infrequent. However, under some circum- stances cloud computing can consume more energy than conventional computing where each user performs all com- puting on their own personal computer (PC).
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paper_title: Fog of Everything: Energy-Efficient Networked Computing Architectures, Research Challenges, and a Case Study

paper_content:

Fog computing (FC) and Internet of Everything (IoE) are two emerging technological paradigms that, to date, have been considered standing-alone. However, because of their complementary features, we expect that their integration can foster a number of computing and network-intensive pervasive applications under the incoming realm of the future Internet. Motivated by this consideration, the goal of this position paper is fivefold. First, we review the technological attributes and platforms proposed in the current literature for the standing-alone FC and IoE paradigms. Second, by leveraging some use cases as illustrative examples, we point out that the integration of the FC and IoE paradigms may give rise to opportunities for new applications in the realms of the IoE, Smart City, Industry 4.0, and Big Data Streaming, while introducing new open issues. Third, we propose a novel technological paradigm, the Fog of Everything (FoE) paradigm, that integrates FC and IoE and then we detail the main building blocks and services of the corresponding technological platform and protocol stack. Fourth, as a proof-of-concept, we present the simulated energy-delay performance of a small-scale FoE prototype, namely, the V-FoE prototype. Afterward, we compare the obtained performance with the corresponding one of a benchmark technological platform, e.g., the V-D2D one. It exploits only device-to-device links to establish inter-thing “ad hoc” communication. Last, we point out the position of the proposed FoE paradigm over a spectrum of seemingly related recent research projects.
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paper_title: An Energy Aware Unified Ant Colony System for Dynamic Virtual Machine Placement in Cloud Computing

paper_content:

Energy efficiency is a significant topic in cloud computing. Dynamic consolidation of virtual machines (VMs) with live migration is an important method to reduce energy consumption. However, frequent VM live migration may cause a downtime of service. Therefore, the energy save and VM migration are two conflict objectives. In order to efficiently solve the dynamic VM consolidation, the dynamic VM placement (DVMP) problem is formed as a multiobjective problem in this paper. The goal of DVMP is to find a placement solution that uses the fewest servers to host the VMs, including two typical dynamic conditions of the assignment of new coming VMs and the re-allocation of existing VMs. Therefore, we propose a unified algorithm based on an ant colony system (ACS), termed the unified ACS (UACS), that works on both conditions. The UACS firstly uses sufficient servers to host the VMs and then gradually reduces the number of servers. With each especial number of servers, the UACS tries to find feasible solutions with the fewest VM migrations. Herein, a dynamic pheromone deposition method and a special heuristic information strategy are also designed to reduce the number of VM migrations. Therefore, the feasible solutions under different numbers of servers cover the Pareto front of the multiobjective space. Experiments with large-scale random workloads and real workload traces are conducted to evaluate the performance of the UACS. Compared with traditional heuristic, probabilistic, and other ACS based algorithms, the proposed UACS presents competitive performance in terms of energy consumption, the number of VM migrations, and maintaining quality of services (QoS) requirements.
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paper_title: Enabling Technologies for Green Internet of Things

paper_content:

Recent technological advances have led to an increase in the carbon footprint. Energy efficiency in the Internet of Things (IoT) has been attracting a lot of attention from researchers and designers over the last couple of years, paving the way for an emerging area called green IoT. There are various aspects (such as key enablers, communications, services, and applications) of IoT, where efficient utilization of energy is needed to enable a green IoT environment. We explore and discuss how the various enabling technologies (such as the Internet, smart objects, sensors, etc.) can be efficiently deployed to achieve a green IoT. Furthermore, we also review various IoT applications, projects and standardization efforts that are currently under way. Finally, we identify some of the emerging challenges that need to be addressed in the future to enable a green IoT.
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paper_title: Max-Min Ant System based Approach for Intelligent VM Migration and Consolidation for Green Cloud Computing

paper_content:

Cloud computing has bring a revolution in the field of computing. Many algorithms are proposed to make it even more efficient. In cloud computing Virtualization plays an important role and whole performance of cloud depends on VM allocation and Migration. As lots of energy is consumed in this technology so algorithms to save energy and improve efficiency are proposed called Green algorithms. In this paper a green algorithm for VM Migration is proposed using metaheuristic algorithm called ACO. The variant of ACO used in this paper is Max-Min Ant System. Results show that MaxMin Ant System gives best result as compared to other approaches in terms of VM Migrations, VM consolidation and energy consumptions.
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paper_title: Greening emerging IT technologies: techniques and practices

paper_content:

The tremendous increase in global industrial activity has resulted in high utilization of natural energy resources and increase in global warming over the last few decades. Meanwhile, computing has become a popular utility of modern human lifestyle. With the increased popularity of computing and IT services, the corresponding energy consumption of the IT industry has also increased rapidly. The computing community realizes the importance of green measures and provides technological solutions that lead to its energy-aware operations along with facilitating the same in other IT enabled industries. Green and sustainable computing practices review the environmental impact of the computing industry to encourage the adoption of practices and technologies for efficient operations. “Green Computing” paradigm advocates the energy-proportional and efficient usage of computing resources in all emerging technologies, such as Big Data and Internet of Things (IoT). This article presents a review of green computing techniques amidst the emerging IT technologies that are evident in our society. The best practices for green computing and the trade-off between green and high-performance policies is debated. Further, we discuss the imminent challenges facing the efficient green operations of emerging IT technologies.
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paper_title: Machine-to-Machine Communications Over FiWi Enhanced LTE Networks: A Power-Saving Framework and End-to-End Performance

paper_content:

To cope with the unprecedented acceleration of machine-to-machine (M2M) services over cellular networks, this paper envisions a highly converged network architecture based on the integration of hig ...
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paper_title: Machine-to-Machine Communication in LTE-A

paper_content:

Wireless equipped machines are increasing greatly in recent years, among which the cellular network based machine-to-machine communication (M2M) has shown the advantages of better coverage and lower network deployment cost. However, the current cellular network is designed for human-to-human communication, targeting the voice/media transmission with low access delay and high throughput, so the machines in GSM and UMTS are designed like a screenless phone. To extend the market to machine type communication, it is envisaged that the specific optimizations for M2M will be introduced in LTE-A, especially when M2M communication accounts for the considerable part in the total networking activities. In this paper, some of the considerations of the network side improvements are presented, from the physical layer, MAC to core network.
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paper_title: Energy-Efficient Relay Selection and Power Allocation for Two-Way Relay Channel with Analog Network Coding

paper_content:

In this letter, we consider a two-way relay channel (TWRC) with two end nodes and k relay nodes, where end nodes have the full channel-state information (CSI) and relay nodes only have the channel-amplitude information (CAI). With the objective of minimizing transmit power consumption at required end-to-end rates, energy-efficient relay selection (RS) and power allocation (PA) scheme is studied for TWRC based on analog network coding (ANC). Firstly, we propose an energy-efficient single RS and PA (E-SRS-PA) scheme, where the best relay node is selected to minimize total transmit power. Then, we prove that E-SRS-PA scheme is the optimal energy-efficient RS and PA (OE-RS-PA) scheme in ANC-based TWRC, and thus the optimal number of relay nodes to be selected in energy efficiency sense is equal to one. In addition, the closed-form expressions of optimal power allocation of E-SRS-PA scheme are derived. Numerical simulations confirm the optimality of proposed E-SRS-PA and demonstrate the energy efficiency of ANC-based TWRC compared with the other relaying schemes.
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paper_title: Machine-to-machine communications energy efficiencies: the implications of different M2M communications specifications

paper_content:

The energy inefficiency of electronic devices is the major limiting factor for the adoption of these devices in Machine-to-Machine Communications (M2M)/Internet of Things (IoT). In order to address this, different emerging M2M communications standardisation organisations have proposed perceived energy efficient protocols. The essence of this paper is to discuss the energy implications of different M2M communication standards on the lifespan of the electronic devices that are to be used for the M2M communications.
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paper_title: Collision-Aware Resource Access Scheme for LTE-Based Machine-to-Machine Communications

paper_content:

Long-term evolution (LTE) network is considered as the most promising infrastructure to provide efficient connectivity for a large number of autonomous machine-type communications devices (MTCDs). In order to improve the random access (RA) throughput of massive access machine-to-machine (M2M) communications over LTE networks, we propose a collision-aware resource access (CARA) scheme to reduce the collisions on the granted physical resource blocks (PRBs). In CARA, the evolved Node B exploits early collision detection of preambles at the first message and informs the MTCDs in the corresponding random access response (RAR) message if it can detect the collision successfully. The collided MTCDs then contend for PRBs access using an appropriate probability for efficient use of granted PRBs. Analytical and numerical performance evaluations of the CARA show that the RA throughput can be improved in comparison with the traditional RA procedure.
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paper_title: A joint energy-saving mechanism for M2M communications in LTE-based system

paper_content:

Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication is rising to prominence in wireless networks. Besides the research hotspot on the random access (RA) overload solution, the energy consumption (EC) problem of massive synchronized machine type communications (MTC) devices should also be considered urgently. In this paper, a joint energy-saving mechanism is proposed for M2M communication, which composed of overload protection and resources allocation. The first phase is operated by clustering technology, which preliminary achieve a relatively minimum system EC. The second phase is executed by resources allocation to further minimize EC of M2M system. The analysis and simulation show that the joint control mechanism can perfectly minimize EC of M2M communication, which consistent with the concept of green communication. Furthermore, the introduction of overload protection scheme can greatly decrease RA blocking probability and largely minimize system signaling consumption, which consistent with the new proposed concepts of low-cost UE design in M2M system.
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paper_title: Green Cooperative Device–to–Device Communication: a Social–Aware Perspective

paper_content:

As the mobile operators strive to accommodate the increasing load and capacity requirements, direct communication among users’ devices, namely, device-to-device (D2D) communication, emerges as an advantageous solution for cellular traffic offloading. However, the formation and the operation of D2D networks are challenging, as D2D peers must satisfy various network-related constraints. Although existing approaches address the D2D communication technical challenges, they usually neglect the fact that devices are used by humans possibly reluctant to communicate with unknown users, introducing an additional constraint. Following the proliferation of social networks and cutting edge mobile devices, social ties among users can promote D2D cooperation. In D2D cooperative communication, multiple devices in close proximity attempt to access the wireless medium. Their interactions at medium access level are affected by the users’ social features, as socially connected users are more likely to engage in D2D cooperation. Moreover, the energy consumption of power-constrained mobile devices affects the effectiveness of D2D cooperative communication, stressing the need for incorporating energy awareness in D2D networking. In this paper, we outline the challenges that appear in D2D cooperative networking and medium access control (MAC) design under the influence of social characteristics and the energy consumption concerns that arise in modern D2D networking scenarios. Considering the users’ social ties, we present an energy efficient social-aware cooperative D2D MAC protocol as a paradigm of social information inclusion in the green D2D MAC design. Last, we discuss the practical issues of the adoption of social awareness in green D2D cooperation, which may affect the D2D performance in realistic scenarios. Our simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of exploiting the existence of users’ social connections in D2D cooperation, highlighting the need for green social-aware D2D cooperative schemes.
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paper_title: Multi-objective MTC device controller resource optimization in M2M communication

paper_content:

Machine to machine (M2M) communication has received increasing attention in recent years. It exhibits features such as large number of devices and low data rates. In order to accommodate massive, energy efficient M2M traffic and to reduce the access delay and signalling overhead, the recommendation is to introduce a clustered network structure. In this effort, we consider machines (or devices) in a macro cell divided into clusters. The machines belonging to a cluster communicate to the cluster head/controller, which then aggregates the traffic and relays to the eNB. Unlike related work that focuses on formation of clusters and their energy consumption, in this paper we investigate the multi-objective optimization problem of throughput maximization and power control of cluster heads in interference-limited M2M communication. Our objective is to maximize the number of admitted MTC device controllers with least interference caused to conventional (human) devices such that their quality of service (QoS) is not affected by the M2M communications. To maximize the number of machines that can communicate while meeting the interference constraints of human devices and machines themselves, we formulate a mixed-integer non-linear programming (MINLP) problem. OPTI toolbox is used to optimize the power, capacity and maximum number of admitted machines collectively.
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paper_title: Energy-Efficient Client Relay Scheme for Machine-to-Machine Communication

paper_content:

In this paper, we consider a wireless cellular network capable of supporting Machine-to-Machine (M2M) applications. According to the recent IEEE 802.16p proposals, a wireless M2M device may act as an aggregation point and communicate data packets on behalf of the other M2M devices, which may lack a cellular interface or have a poor communication link to the network. We propose a client relay scheme to improve the link reliability and energy efficiency for devices with weak links. Performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated through analysis and simulation across several metrics covering client throughput, latency, and energy consumption. Our analytical approach is a novel queueing model that captures realistic traffic arrival patterns borrowed from the evaluation methodology. It is shown that the obtained analytical results demonstrate excellent agreement with simulation. We also conclude that the proposed client relay scheme may save power for devices with poor communication link.
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paper_title: Data Center Energy Consumption Modeling: A Survey

paper_content:

Data centers are critical, energy-hungry infrastructures that run large-scale Internet-based services. Energy consumption models are pivotal in designing and optimizing energy-efficient operations to curb excessive energy consumption in data centers. In this paper, we survey the state-of-the-art techniques used for energy consumption modeling and prediction for data centers and their components. We conduct an in-depth study of the existing literature on data center power modeling, covering more than 200 models. We organize these models in a hierarchical structure with two main branches focusing on hardware-centric and software-centric power models. Under hardware-centric approaches we start from the digital circuit level and move on to describe higher-level energy consumption models at the hardware component level, server level, data center level, and finally systems of systems level. Under the software-centric approaches we investigate power models developed for operating systems, virtual machines and software applications. This systematic approach allows us to identify multiple issues prevalent in power modeling of different levels of data center systems, including: i) few modeling efforts targeted at power consumption of the entire data center ii) many state-of-the-art power models are based on a few CPU or server metrics, and iii) the effectiveness and accuracy of these power models remain open questions. Based on these observations, we conclude the survey by describing key challenges for future research on constructing effective and accurate data center power models.
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paper_title: Applying Device-to-Device Communication to Enhance IoT Services

paper_content:

Massive machine type communication (mMTC) to serve billions of IoT devices is considered to offer the potential to open a potential new market for the next generation cellular network. Legacy cellular networks cannot meet the requirements of emerging mMTC applications, since they were designed for human-driven services. In order to provide support for mMTC services, current research and standardization work focuses on the improvement and adaptation of legacy networks. However, these solutions face challenges to enhance the service availability and improve the battery life of mMTC devices simultaneously. In this article, we propose to exploit a network controlled sidelink communication scheme to enable cellular networks with better support for mMTC services. Moreover, a context-aware algorithm is applied to ensure the efficiency of the proposed scheme and multiple context information of devices are taken into account. Correspondingly, signaling schemes are also designed and illustrated in this work to facilitate the proposed technology. The signaling schemes enable the network to collect required context information with light signaling effort and thus the network can derive a smart configuration for both the sidelink and cellular link. In order to demonstrate the improvements brought by our scheme, a system-level simulator is implemented and numerical results show that our scheme can simultaneously enhance both the service availability and battery life of sensors.
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paper_title: An Efficient MAC Protocol With Adaptive Energy Harvesting for Machine-to-Machine Networks

paper_content:

In a machine-to-machine network, the throughput performance plays a very important role. Recently, an attractive energy harvesting technology has shown great potential to the improvement of the network throughput, as it can provide consistent energy for wireless devices to transmit data. Motivated by that, an efficient energy harvesting-based medium access control (MAC) protocol is designed in this paper. In this protocol, different devices first harvest energy adaptively and then contend the transmission opportunities with energy level related priorities. Then, a new model is proposed to obtain the optimal throughput of the network, together with the corresponding hybrid differential evolution algorithm, where the involved variables are energy-harvesting time, contending time, and contending probability. Analytical and simulation results show that the network based on the proposed MAC protocol has greater throughput than that of the traditional methods. In addition, as expected, our scheme has less transmission delay, further enhancing its superiority.
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paper_title: Energy-Efficient Algorithms and Evaluations for Massive Access Management in Cellular Based Machine to Machine Communications

paper_content:

As more and more machines are networked, machine-to-machine (M2M) communication have captured attention of IEEE 802.16 and 3GPP which, however, have only described possible system architecture, features, and issues, but no specification of M2M communication so far. Therefore, it is important for us to define the problems and provide solutions. Since most of the machine devices (MD) are battery equipped, and the number of MD is expected to be significantly more than human population, there are two critical requirements in M2M communications, low uplink energy consumption (EC) and massive access management. In this paper, we propose MD access control algorithms to ensure low uplink EC of M2M communication under the constraint of maximum number of access from MD to BS by implementing grouping and coordinator selection. Moreover, weighting factor which takes channel condition between the coordinator and base station (BS) into consideration is introduced to further improve EC performance. Numerical results show that our algorithms can not only achieve lower EC but also adapt to various distribution of MD.
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paper_title: A congestion reduction mechanism using D2D cooperative relay for M2M communication in the LTE-A cellular network

paper_content:

The Long Term Evolution-advanced cellular network is designed for human-to-human communication. When a large number of machine-to-machine M2M devices are trying to access the network simultaneously, it leads to a low random access RA successful rate and high congestion problem, which may cause the waste of radio resources, packet loss, latency, extra power consumption, and the worst, M2M service error. There is an urge to propose an efficient method for M2M communication on the LTE-A network to resolve the congestion problem. In this paper, we propose a congestion reduction mechanism, which can analyze and model the RA procedure on the Long Term Evolution-advanced network, to find out the collapse point in the RA procedure and then design a scheme named device-to-device cooperative relay scheme to relieve the congestion problem. Meanwhile, this work also adds a relay access barring algorithm to improve performance and an RA resource separation mechanism for human-to-human communication. The proposed method can effectively reduce the network congestion problem. Simulation results show that the network throughput and the congestion can be significantly improved using the proposed mechanism. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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paper_title: GRS: The green, reliability, and security of emerging machine to machine communications

paper_content:

Machine-to-machine communications is characterized by involving a large number of intelligent machines sharing information and making collaborative decisions without direct human intervention. Due to its potential to support a large number of ubiquitous characteristics and achieving better cost efficiency, M2M communications has quickly become a market-changing force for a wide variety of real-time monitoring applications, such as remote e-healthcare, smart homes, environmental monitoring, and industrial automation. However, the flourishing of M2M communications still hinges on fully understanding and managing the existing challenges: energy efficiency (green), reliability, and security (GRS). Without guaranteed GRS, M2M communications cannot be widely accepted as a promising communication paradigm. In this article, we explore the emerging M2M communications in terms of the potential GRS issues, and aim to promote an energy-efficient, reliable, and secure M2M communications environment. Specifically, we first formalize M2M communications architecture to incorporate three domains - the M2M, network, and application domains - and accordingly define GRS requirements in a systematic manner. We then introduce a number of GRS enabling techniques by exploring activity scheduling, redundancy utilization, and cooperative security mechanisms. These techniques hold promise in propelling the development and deployment of M2M communications applications.
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paper_title: Lifetime maximization via cooperative nodes and relay deployment in wireless networks

paper_content:

Extending lifetime of battery-operated devices is a key design issue that allows uninterrupted information exchange among distributed nodes in wireless networks. Cooperative communications has recently emerged as a new communication paradigm that enables and leverages effective resource sharing among cooperative nodes. In this paper, a general framework for lifetime extension of battery-operated devices by exploiting cooperative diversity is proposed. The framework efficiently takes advantage of different locations and energy levels among distributed nodes. First, a lifetime maximization problem via cooperative nodes is considered and performance analysis for M-ary PSK modulation is provided. With an objective to maximize the minimum device lifetime under a constraint on bit-error-rate performance, the optimization problem determines which nodes should cooperate and how much power should be allocated for cooperation. Since the formulated problem is NP hard, a closed-form solution for a two-node network is derived to obtain some insights. Based on the two-node solution, a fast suboptimal algorithm is developed for multi-node scenarios. Moreover, the device lifetime is further improved by a deployment of cooperative relays in order to help forward information of the distributed nodes in the network. Optimum location and power allocation for each cooperative relay are determined with an aim to maximize the minimum device lifetime. A suboptimal algorithm is developed to solve the problem with multiple cooperative relays and cooperative nodes. Simulation results show that the minimum device lifetime of the network with cooperative nodes improves 2 times longer than the lifetime of the non-cooperative network. In addition, deploying a cooperative relay in a proper location leads up to 12 times longer lifetime than that of the non-cooperative network.
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paper_title: Low-power low-rate goes long-range: the case for secure and cooperative machine-to-machine communications

paper_content:

The vision of connecting a large amount of objects on this planet to improve well-being and safety is slowly taking shape. Preceded by a decade-long era of research on low-power low-rate short-range wireless sensor networks, first proprietary and later standards-compliant embedded technologies have successfully been put forward. Cellular machine-to-machine (M2M) is taking this technology to a next step where communication ranges are significantly extended by relying on cellular infrastructure. This position paper discusses these emerging paradigms and highlights how cooperative as well as security requirements are core to their designs.
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paper_title: Bandwidth Management VMs Live Migration in Wireless Fog Computing for 5G Networks

paper_content:

Live virtual machine migration aims at enabling the dynamic balanced use of the networking/computing physical resources of virtualized data-centers, so to lead to reduced energy consumption. Here, we analytically characterize, prototype in software and test an optimal bandwidth manager for live migration of VMs in wireless channel. In this paper we present the optimal tunable-complexity bandwidth manager (TCBM) for the QoS live migration of VMs under a wireless channel from smartphone to access point. The goal is the minimization of the migration-induced communication energy under service level agreement (SLA)-induced hard constrains on the total migration time, downtime and overall available bandwidth.
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paper_title: Using Ant Colony System to Consolidate VMs for Green Cloud Computing

paper_content:

High energy consumption of cloud data centers is a matter of great concern. Dynamic consolidation of Virtual Machines (VMs) presents a significant opportunity to save energy in data centers. A VM consolidation approach uses live migration of VMs so that some of the under-loaded Physical Machines (PMs) can be switched-off or put into a low-power mode. On the other hand, achieving the desired level of Quality of Service (QoS) between cloud providers and their users is critical. Therefore, the main challenge is to reduce energy consumption of data centers while satisfying QoS requirements. In this paper, we present a distributed system architecture to perform dynamic VM consolidation to reduce energy consumption of cloud data centers while maintaining the desired QoS. Since the VM consolidation problem is strictly NP-hard, we use an online optimization metaheuristic algorithm called Ant Colony System (ACS). The proposed ACS-based VM Consolidation (ACS-VMC) approach finds a near-optimal solution based on a specified objective function. Experimental results on real workload traces show that ACS-VMC reduces energy consumption while maintaining the required performance levels in a cloud data center. It outperforms existing VM consolidation approaches in terms of energy consumption, number of VM migrations, and QoS requirements concerning performance.
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paper_title: Multi-objective dynamic virtual machine consolidation in the cloud using ant colony system

paper_content:

AbstractIn this paper, we present a novel multi-objective ant colony system algorithm for virtual machine (VM) consolidation in cloud data centres. The proposed algorithm builds VM migration plans, which are then used to minimise over-provisioning of physical machines (PMs) by consolidating VMs on under-utilised PMs. It optimises two objectives that are ordered by their importance. The first and foremost objective in the proposed algorithm is to maximise the number of released PMs. Moreover, since VM migration is a resource-intensive operation, it also tries to minimise the number of VM migrations. The proposed algorithm is empirically evaluated in a series of experiments. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm provides an efficient solution for VM consolidation in cloud data centres. Moreover, it outperforms two existing ant colony optimization-based VM consolidation algorithms in terms of number of released PMs and number of VM migrations.
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paper_title: Green data center with IoT sensing and cloud-assisted smart temperature control system

paper_content:

With the growing shortage of energy around the world, energy efficiency is one of the most important considerations for a data center. In this paper, we propose a green data center air conditioning system assisted by cloud techniques, which consists of two subsystems: a data center air conditioning system and a cloud management platform. The data center air conditioning system includes environment monitoring, air conditioning, ventilation and temperature control, whereas the cloud platform provides data storage and analysis to support upper-layer applications. Moreover, the detailed design and implementation are presented, including the dispatch algorithm for the temperature control, topological structure of the sensor network, and framework for the environment monitoring node. A feasibility evaluation is used to verify that the proposed system can significantly reduce the data center energy consumption without degradation in the cooling performance.
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paper_title: Survey of Techniques and Architectures for Designing Energy-Efficient Data Centers

paper_content:

Cloud computing has emerged as the leading paradigm for information technology businesses. Cloud computing provides a platform to manage and deliver computing services around the world over the Internet. Cloud services have helped businesses utilize computing services on demand with no upfront investments. The cloud computing paradigm has sustained its growth, which has led to increase in size and number of data centers. Data centers with thousands of computing devices are deployed as back end to provide cloud services. Computing devices are deployed redundantly in data centers to ensure 24/7 availability. However, many studies have pointed out that data centers consume large amount of electricity, thus calling for energy-efficiency measures. In this survey, we discuss research issues related to conflicting requirements of maximizing quality of services (QoSs) (availability, reliability, etc.) delivered by the cloud services while minimizing energy consumption of the data center resources. In this paper, we present the concept of inception of data center energy-efficiency controller that can consolidate data center resources with minimal effect on QoS requirements. We discuss software- and hardware-based techniques and architectures for data center resources such as server, memory, and network devices that can be manipulated by the data center controller to achieve energy efficiency.
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paper_title: Minimum-energy bandwidth management for QoS live migration of virtual machines

paper_content:

Live virtual machine (VM) migration aims at enabling the dynamic balanced use of the networking/computing physical resources of virtualized datacenters, so to lead to reduced energy consumption. However, the bandwidth consumption and latency of current state-of-the-art live VM migration techniques still reduce the experienced benefits to much less than their potential. Motivated by this consideration, in this paper, we analytically characterize, prototype in software and test through field trials the optimal bandwidth manager for intra-datacenter live migration of VMs. The goal is the minimization of the migration-induced communication energy under service level agreement (SLA)-induced hard constraints on the total migration time, downtime, slowdown of the migrating applications and overall available bandwidth. For this purpose, after recognizing that the resulting (nonconvex) optimization problem is an instance of Geometric Programming, we solve it by resorting to suitably developed adaptive version of the so-called primal-dual gradient-based iterations and, then, we analytically characterize its feasibility conditions. Hence, we prototype the resulting bandwidth manager atop an intra-datacenter wired test-bed, and, then, test and compare its energy performance through extensive field trials. The carried out field trials point out that: (i) the energy savings attained by the proposed bandwidth manager over the state-of-the-art ones currently utilized by Xen, KVM and VMware hypervisors are over 40% and approach 66% under strict QoS constraints; (ii) the proposed bandwidth manager is capable to quickly adapt to the abrupt changes possibly experienced by the dirty rates of the running applications and/or the round trip times of the utilized (possibly, congested) TCP/IP connections; and, (iii) its actual implementation may be carried out in a distributed and scalable way, and it consumes less than 1.5% of the CPU computing power per migrated VM.
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paper_title: Data Center Energy Consumption Modeling: A Survey

paper_content:

Data centers are critical, energy-hungry infrastructures that run large-scale Internet-based services. Energy consumption models are pivotal in designing and optimizing energy-efficient operations to curb excessive energy consumption in data centers. In this paper, we survey the state-of-the-art techniques used for energy consumption modeling and prediction for data centers and their components. We conduct an in-depth study of the existing literature on data center power modeling, covering more than 200 models. We organize these models in a hierarchical structure with two main branches focusing on hardware-centric and software-centric power models. Under hardware-centric approaches we start from the digital circuit level and move on to describe higher-level energy consumption models at the hardware component level, server level, data center level, and finally systems of systems level. Under the software-centric approaches we investigate power models developed for operating systems, virtual machines and software applications. This systematic approach allows us to identify multiple issues prevalent in power modeling of different levels of data center systems, including: i) few modeling efforts targeted at power consumption of the entire data center ii) many state-of-the-art power models are based on a few CPU or server metrics, and iii) the effectiveness and accuracy of these power models remain open questions. Based on these observations, we conclude the survey by describing key challenges for future research on constructing effective and accurate data center power models.
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paper_title: Green data centers for cloud-assisted mobile ad hoc networks in 5G

paper_content:

Cloud-assisted mobile ad-hoc networks are expected to be so popular in future fifth generation (5G) mobile network because the significantly faster performance of 5G communications enables clouds to provide realistic services. On the other hand, the energy consumption problem will become serious due to the highly increased cloud computing speed. Mobile communication link loss occurs when a mobile device leaves the network. Link loss can cause serious energy consumption when the lost link is directly connected to a cloud data server, which is required to do excessive searching and link routing transactions. None of the existing normal methods have solved the problem. We show how this problem can be solved using our proposed mechanism. The experimental results demonstrate that our proposed mechanism saves nine times more energy than normal methods.
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paper_title: Towards Green IoT Networking: Performance Optimization of Network Coding Based Communication and Reliable Storage

paper_content:

Internet of things (IoT) is expanding its outreach to almost every aspect of our daily life. By utilizing network coding in IoT, the IoT energy consumption can be reduced. Thus it is worthwhile studying and improving the applications in IoT, where network coding is incorporated. In this paper, we optimize the performance of network coding-based communication and reliable storage in two important components of IoT, including the IoT core network, where data is sensed and transmitted, and the distributed cloud storage, where the data generated by the IoT core network is stored. First, we propose an adaptive network coding scheme in the IoT core network to improve the transmission efficiency. We demonstrate the efficacy of the scheme and the performance advantage over existing schemes through simulations. Second, we introduce the optimal storage allocation problem in the network coding-based distributed cloud storage, which aims at searching for the most reliable allocation that distributes the $n$ data components into $N$ data centers, given the failure probability $p$ of each data center. Finally, we propose a polynomial-time optimal storage allocation (OSA) scheme to solve the problem. Both the theoretical analysis and the simulation results show that the storage reliability could be greatly improved by the OSA scheme.
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paper_title: Implementation of call admission control technique in HAP for enhanced QoS in wireless network deployment

paper_content:

Exponential growth in the number of subscribers of mobile communication services has prompted service providers to maintain high level of quality of service (QoS). QoS performance is usually measured in terms of the probability of call blocking and probability of call dropping parameters. Recently, high altitude platform (HAP) is being explored to deploy mobile communication services due to various advantages. In this paper, a modified call admission control (CAC) technique has been proposed. We propose a novel CAC technique which uses two schemes viz. "bandwidth reservation" and "degradation scheme" to deliver the desired QoS. Under the `bandwidth reservation scheme', we allocated dedicated bandwidth to each category of service. Consequently, when a new call request arrives and when there are no more channels available, in that particular class; we use the `adaptive degradation scheme' under which the allocated bandwidth of each channel is reduced slightly and additional channels are created and hence allocated to the new call request. Using these schemes in conjunction with CAC, better bandwidth utilization has been obtained over preferred category of committed QoS and the connections services enjoy more available bandwidth with improve in the blocking probability and dropping probability.
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paper_title: HAP antenna radiation pattern for providing coverage and service characteristics

paper_content:

The purpose of this paper is to show the most important technique in wireless communication networks that is an antenna radiation pattern. The antenna radiation pattern represents features of the antenna radiation shape in the space. The antenna radiation patterns used for determine the shape of cell size so that the difference cell sizes have difference antenna radiation patterns. The quality of coverage is depending on the cell size and QoS is depending on the coverage area which can provide via HAPs. Therefore, the antenna radiation pattern plays the most important role for HAPs coverage. The study focuses on the manner of cells or tier provided via HAP and the probability of services. If the distance between cells decreases, the number of cells increases that means the large number of tiers are used as well as the network performance will be affected by decreasing the distance between cells. Using steerable antenna is able to vary for providing constant coverage and improve the QoS. Since a steerable antenna is used on the HAP for allowance HAPs to be deployed in the different parts of the sky while the antennas boresight are still pointing at the desired coverage area. For each antenna pattern result is shown when Single HAP is considered in this study.
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paper_title: Green Network Planning of Single Frequency Networks

paper_content:

This paper investigates the network deployment of single frequency networks (SFN) based on OFDM schemes that are standardized for terrestrial broadcasting systems, for digital audio broadcasting (DAB) and for digital video broadcasting (DVB) systems. The concept of green network planning is presented. The term `green' refers to low carbon, energy efficiency and low exposure to radiation, parameters important for the sustainable growth. For the purpose of our investigation a mountainous area of Northern Greece is examined, that is described by a digital terrain elevation model (DTEM) and field computations are based on multi shape slope uniform theory of diffraction (UTD) technique. A genetic algorithm (GA) optimization method is developed for the network planning purposes. A comparison between various planning strategies is presented. It is shown that great CO2 reductions, cost savings and low exposure to radiation can be achieved when the network planning considers a `green' strategy.
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paper_title: Estimation of Distribution Algorithm for Resource Allocation in Green Cooperative Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks

paper_content:

Due to the rapid increase in the usage and demand of wireless sensor networks (WSN), the limited frequency spectrum available for WSN applications will be extremely crowded in the near future. More sensor devices also mean more recharging/replacement of batteries, which will cause significant impact on the global carbon footprint. In this paper, we propose a relay-assisted cognitive radio sensor network (CRSN) that allocates communication resources in an environmentally friendly manner. We use shared band amplify and forward relaying for cooperative communication in the proposed CRSN. We present a multi-objective optimization architecture for resource allocation in a green cooperative cognitive radio sensor network (GC-CRSN). The proposed multi-objective framework jointly performs relay assignment and power allocation in GC-CRSN, while optimizing two conflicting objectives. The first objective is to maximize the total throughput, and the second objective is to minimize the total transmission power of CRSN. The proposed relay assignment and power allocation problem is a non-convex mixed-integer non-linear optimization problem (NC-MINLP), which is generally non-deterministic polynomial-time (NP)-hard. We introduce a hybrid heuristic algorithm for this problem. The hybrid heuristic includes an estimation-of-distribution algorithm (EDA) for performing power allocation and iterative greedy schemes for constraint satisfaction and relay assignment. We analyze the throughput and power consumption tradeoff in GC-CRSN. A detailed analysis of the performance of the proposed algorithm is presented with the simulation results.
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paper_title: Green information and communication technology: energy efficiency in a motorway model

paper_content:

The focus in Green ICT (information and communication technology) is on software and hardware solutions to reduce energy consumption. Here the authors consider the design of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) to reduce energy consumption because of communications. Based on a realistic transport traffic scenario on a motorway, ‘M4’ in UK, this study computes the energy consumption in a motorway ad hoc wireless network. This is based on a geographical adaptive fidelity (GAF) topology management protocol, where the energy consumption has been analysed for equal-grid, adjustable-grid and genetic algorithm models. Considering nodes in the VANET network and their transmission ranges, this study provides a network model to compute the energy consumption of VANETs and compare their energy efficiency performance. As a result, the proposed genetic algorithm model has been found to be more energy efficient than the adjustable-grid model which is better than the equal-grid model.
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paper_title: Power Optimization in 5G Networks: A Step Towards GrEEn Communication

paper_content:

In the present scenario, an energy efficiency has become a matter of prime importance for wireless networks. To meet the demands of an increased capacity, an improved data rate, and a better quality of the service of the next-generation networks, there is a need to adopt energy-efficient architectures. Along with these requirements, it is also our social responsibility to reduce the carbon footprint by reducing the power consumption in a wireless network. Hence, a green communication is an urgent need. In this paper, we have surveyed various techniques for the power optimization of the upcoming 5G networks. The primary focus is on the use of relays and small cells to improve the energy efficiency of the network. We have discussed the various scenarios of relaying for the next-generation networks. Along with this, the importance of simultaneous wireless power and information transfer, massive multiple input multiple output, and millimeter waves has been analyzed for 5G networks.
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paper_title: Comprehensive Optimization of Energy Consumption and Delay Performance for Green Communication in Internet of Things

paper_content:

Energy efficiency as well as fast data transmission is vital to green communications-based applications for Internet of Things (IoT). Wireless sensors, which constitute one of the important parts of IoT, adopt duty cycle operating mode to save energy. Although duty cycle operating mode will decrease the energy consumption of sensor nodes, it leads to a larger communication delay. In this paper, a utility-based adaptive duty cycle (UADC) routing algorithm is proposed to increase energy efficiency, reduce transmission delay, and keep long lifetime at the same time. First, UADC routing algorithm adopts a comprehensive performance evaluation function to evaluate the utility of choosing different relay nodes. Then it selects the node which maximizes the utility of the system to perform data relay. The utility function synthesizes comprehensive indexes like the reliability, energy consumption, and delay of the node. UADC routing algorithm adopts a high-duty cycle operating mode in the areas which have more remaining energy to decrease the delay. And a low-duty cycle operating mode in the energy-strained areas is adopted to ensure a long lifetime. The simulation results also prove the significant performances of our proposed algorithms.
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paper_title: Methodologies for assessing the use-phase power consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of telecommunications network services.

paper_content:

Internet traffic has grown rapidly in recent years and is expected to continue to expand significantly over the next decade. Consequently, the resulting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of telecommunications service-supporting infrastructures have become an important issue. In this study, we develop a set of models for assessing the use-phase power consumption and carbon dioxide emissions of telecom network services to help telecom providers gain a better understanding of the GHG emissions associated with the energy required for their networks and services. Due to the fact that measuring the power consumption and traffic in a telecom network is a challenging task, these models utilize different granularities of available network information. As the granularity of the network measurement information decreases, the corresponding models have the potential to produce larger estimation errors. Therefore, we examine the accuracy of these models under various network scenarios using two approaches: (i) a sensitivity analysis through simulations and (ii) a case study of a deployed network. Both approaches show that the accuracy of the models depends on the network size, the total amount of network service traffic (i.e., for the service under assessment), and the number of network nodes used to process the service.
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paper_title: 5G green mobile communication networks

paper_content:

With the popularization of wireless multimedia communications, the wireless traffic is predicated to be increased more than 1000 time in the next decade. Some new technologies, e.g., massive multi-input multi-output antennas, millimeter wave and small cell networks are developed to support high speed wireless transmission in future fifth generation (5G) mobile communication systems. On the other hand, it is a great challenge how to face the quick growth of energy consumption in 5G mobile communication networks due to the massive wireless traffic. However, detailed investigation of the energy efficiency of 5G mobile communication networks from three aspects of theory models, technology developments and applications is surprisingly rare in the open literature. Fortunately, the scholarly writing, 5G Green mobile communication networks, published by Publishing House of Electronics Industry in November 2016, points out the directions and research advance of 5G green mobile communication networks.
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paper_title: An Intelligent Hand-off Algorithm to Enhance Quality of Service in High Altitude Platforms Using Neural Network

paper_content:

Efficient hand-off algorithm enhances the capacity and quality of service (QoS) of cellular systems. Hand-off algorithm is used in wireless cellular systems to decide when and to which base station (BS) will receive the handoff call, without any service interruption. High altitude platforms (HAPs) is considered as a complementary BS to mobiles in an obstacle position. HAPs can supply services to uncovered areas of terrestrial systems, thus with the goodness of HAPs total capacity in a service-limited area will be improved. Recently, artificial neural network (ANN) has been utilized to improve hand-off algorithms due to its ability to handle large data. As a revolutionary wireless system, ANN helps in taking the hand-off decision based on receive signal strength, speed, traffic intensity, and directivity. Radial based function network is used for making a hand-off decision to the chosen neighbor BS. This paper presents novel approaches of combining HAPs and terrestrial system in a particular coverage area for the design of high performance hand-off algorithm. It is found that hand-off rate and blocking rate are greatly improved using ANN for handoff decision.
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paper_title: A green and reliable communication modeling for industrial internet of things

paper_content:

An improved protocol (HTP) is proposed through combining SW-ARQ and NCRT scheme.HTP protocol is a strategy which can optimize multiple performances at the same time.HTP protocol is proved to improve lifetime above 15% under same reliability.HTP protocol is proved to improve reliability by 10%45% under same lifetime.HTP protocol is more practicality which allows low complexity implementation. Green and reliable communication has great significance for Industrial Internet of Things. Unfortunately, because of the loss nature, achieving reliable transmission is challenging. In this paper, a novel hybrid transmission protocol (HTP) is proposed to maximize lifetime while the reliability is still guaranteed. The proposed protocol adopts Send-Wait automatic Repeat-Request protocol in hotspot areas to reduce the energy consumption and network coding based redundant transmission approach with adaptive redundancy level in non-hotspot areas to guarantee the reliability. The proposed protocol could improve the lifetime and shorten the delay on the premise of ensuring the reliability. Comparing with Send-Wait automatic Repeat-Request protocol, it can improve lifetime by 15%30% under the same reliability and improve the reliability by 12%45% under the same lifetime. Comparing with network coding based redundant transmission approach, the lifetime has increased by more than one time under the same reliability. Display Omitted
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paper_title: Wind blows, traffic flows: Green Internet routing under renewable energy

paper_content:

We present a study on minimizing non-renewable energy for the Internet. The classification of renewable and non-renewable energy brings in several challenges. First, it is necessary to understand how the routing system can distinguish the two types of energy in the power supply. Second, the routing problem changes due to renewable energy; and so do the algorithm designs and analysis. We first clarify the model of how routers can distinguish renewable and non-renewable energy supporting their power supply. This cannot be determined by the routing system alone, and involves modeling the energy generation and supply of the grid. We then present the router power consumption model, which has a fixed startup power and a dynamic traffic-dependent power. We formulate a minimum non-renewable energy routing problem, and two special cases representing either the startup power dominates or the traffic-dependent power dominates. We analyze the complexity of these problems, develop optimal and sub-optimal algorithms, and jointly consider QoS requirements such as path stretch. We evaluate our algorithms using real data from both National and European centers. As compared to the algorithms minimizing the total energy, our algorithms can reduce the non-renewable energy consumption for more than 20% under realistic assumptions.
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paper_title: A study on impact of wired access networks for green Internet

paper_content:

The energy consumption of data network equipment used for the Internet is generally unknown, although such equipment is known to use a substantial amount of energy. In addition, there is a lack of related studies with a special focus on wired networking. This paper aims at analyzing the impact of wired access networks in data network for greening the Internet, and encouraging further research in this field by clearly presenting the significance and reasonability of this endeavor. For this work, we first introduce the background and motivation of green networking. Next, we survey the existing works and describe reasonability of our approach, and then we estimate the overall energy consumption of wired access networks by which the energy consumption of data network is driven, calculate CO2 emissions and economic costs from the energy consumption and explore savings potential of them. Going a step, we analyze the impact of energy consumption, economy, and environment from the use of wired access network equipment depending on IP traffic types. Finally, we present a new viewpoint on energy efficiency focusing on the quality-of-service with future works related to this issue. HighlightsWe estimate the overall real energy consumption, CO2 emissions and economic costs of wired access networks by network modeling.We explore energy savings potential of wired access networks.We analyze the impact of energy consumption, economy, and environment on IP traffic types.
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paper_title: Energy Efficient Multimedia Streaming to Mobile Devices — A Survey

paper_content:

Energy conservation in battery powered mobile devices that perform wireless multimedia streaming has been a significant research problem since last decade. This is because these mobile devices consume a lot of power while receiving, decoding and ultimately, presenting the multimedia content. What makes things worse is the fact that battery technologies have not evolved enough to keep up with the rapid advancement of mobile devices. This survey examines solutions that have been proposed during the last few years, to improve the energy efficiency of wireless multimedia streaming in mobile hand-held devices. We categorize the research work according to different layers of the Internet protocol stack they utilize. Then, we again regroup these studies based on different traffic scheduling and multimedia content adaptation mechanisms. The traffic scheduling category contains those solutions that optimize the wireless receiving energy without changing the actual multimedia content. The second category on the other hand, specifically modifies the content, in order to reduce the energy consumed by the wireless receiver and to decode and view the content. We compare them and provide evidence of the fact that some of these tactics already exist in modern smaprtphones and provide energy savings with real measurements. In addition, we discuss some relevant literature on the complementary problem of energy-aware multimedia delivery from mobile devices and contrast with our target approaches for multimedia transmission to mobile devices.
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paper_title: A study on energy savings potential of data network equipment for a green Internet

paper_content:

A green Internet is becoming a major concern recently. The main concept of it is to improve energy efficiency in the Internet for reduction of unnecessary energy consumption. Generally, energy consumption of data network equipment in the Internet is unknown although they use a substantial amount of energy. In this area, there is a lack of deeper related studies with a special focus on wired networking and it still remains to be many challenges. This paper aims at exploring an impact of data network equipment for greening the Internet. We first introduce backgrounds and motivations of green networking on aspect of energy consumption. Secondly, we estimate energy consumption and energy savings potential of data network equipment in detail. Thirdly, we assess impacts of it based on IP traffic type and propose new viewpoint on energy efficiency focused on the QoS. Lastly, we propose the future works for green networking from the perspective of QoS.
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paper_title: On the impact of monitoring router energy consumption for greening the Internet

paper_content:

Research in the field of green-networking is raising more and more interest, in particular driven by energy saving purposes. The global Internet and its thousands of equipments consume an enormous energy amount, have an impact on global warming. In addition, nobody has a precise idea about what the Internet - or at least one of its AS (Autonomous System) - consumes. It is obvious designing new routing or management strategies for greening the Internet relies on an initial study of the energy consumption of network equipments at large, and routers on a more focuses way. That is why we study in this paper the power consumption of a router depending on several factors as the traffic rate it has to compute, and its configuration (in particular depending on queue management policy). This work then aims to establish an effective method to measure and analyze the power consumption of a router, as well as to provide data from a real router. This work was motivated by the fact that very little data on the power consumption of network devices is available, despite its huge importance for greening network communication. Based on these first results, a discussion is started on how it would be possible to change routing and management strategies and policies in the Internet for saving energy.
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paper_title: How internet concepts and technologies can help green and smarten the electrical grid

paper_content:

Several powerful forces are gathering to make fundamental and irrevocable changes to the century-old grid. The next-generation grid, often called the 'smart grid,' will feature distributed energy production, vastly more storage, tens of millions of stochastic renewable-energy sources, and the use of communication technologies both to allow precise matching of supply to demand and to incentivize appropriate consumer behaviour. These changes will have the effect of reducing energy waste and reducing the carbon footprint of the grid, making it 'smarter' and 'greener.' In this position paper, we discuss how the concepts and techniques pioneered by the Internet, the fruit of four decades of research in this area, are directly applicable to the design of a smart, green grid. This is because both the Internet and the electrical grid are designed to meet fundamental needs, for information and for energy, respectively, by connecting geographically dispersed suppliers with geographically dispersed consumers. Keeping this and other similarities (and fundamental differences, as well) in mind, we propose several specific areas where Internet concepts and technologies can contribute to the development of a smart, green grid. We also describe some areas where the Internet operations can be improved based on the experience gained in the electrical grid. We hope that our work will initiate a dialogue between the Internet and the smart grid communities.
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paper_title: Hop-by-hop computing for green Internet routing

paper_content:

In this paper we study energy conservation in the Internet. We observe that different traffic volumes on a link can result in different energy consumption; this is mainly due to such technologies as trunking (IEEE 802.1AX), adaptive link rates, etc. We design a green Internet routing scheme, where the routing can lead traffic in a way that is green. We differ from previous studies where they switch network components, such as line cards and routers, into sleep mode. We do not prune the Internet topology. We first develop a power model, and validate it using real commercial routers. Instead of developing a centralized optimization algorithm, which requires additional protocols such as MPLS to materialize in the Internet, we choose a hop-by-hop approach. It is thus much easier to integrate our scheme into the current Internet. We progressively develop three algorithms, which are loop-free, maximize energy conservation, and jointly consider green and QoS requirements such as path stretch. We comprehensively evaluate our algorithms through simulations on synthetic and real topologies and traffic traces. We show that the power saving in the line cards can be as much as 50%.
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paper_title: Escaping from ancient Rome! Applications and challenges for designing smart cities

paper_content:

From ancient Europe, the renaissance and industrialisation eras, to the modern times, urban planning paradigms have evolved in many ways, advancing the environments where people live in. Nevertheless, the recent development of wireless and wired communication network technologies and low-power miniature sensors for various application domains provide us with another chance of revolutionising cities by making them smarter. Smart cities, propelled by a city-scale infrastructure, where information provided from different application systems integrate together, will initiate the development of new applications that can benefit our everyday lives. This article presents an overview of representative applications that consist a smart city with their respective challenges and application requirements. Furthermore, we share our experiences obtained from designing and deploying examples of such smart systems in multiple application domains and summarise the remaining challenges for making the vision of designing smart cities a reality. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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paper_title: Semantic interoperability for big-data in heterogeneous IoT infrastructure for healthcare

paper_content:

Abstract Interoperability remains a major burden to the developers of Internet of Things systems. It is due to IoT devices are extremely heterogeneous regarding basic communication protocols, data formats, and technologies. Furthermore, due to the absence of worldwide satisfactory standards, Interoperability tools remains imperfect. In this paper, we have proposed Semantic Interoperability Model for Big-data in IoT (SIMB-IoT) to deliver semantic interoperability among heterogeneous IoT devices in health care domain. This model is used to recommend medicine with side effects for different symptoms collected from heterogeneous IoT sensors. Two datasets are taken for the analysis of big-data. One dataset contains diseases with drug details and the second dataset contains medicines with side effects. Information between physician and patient are semantically annotated and transferred in a meaningful way. A Lightweight Model for Semantic annotation of Big-data using heterogeneous devices in IoT is proposed to provide annotations for big data. Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a semantic web framework that is recycled to communicate things using Triples to make it semantically significant. RDF annotated patients’ data and made it semantically interoperable. SPARQL query is used to extract records from RDF graph. Tableau, Gruff-6.2.0, and Mysql tools are used in simulation in this article.
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paper_title: A REVIEW PAPER ON SMART HEALTH CARE SYSTEM USING INTERNET OF THINGS

paper_content:

Health is fundament need. And it is human right to get quality Health Care. Nowadays India is facing many health issues because of less resource. This review paper presents the idea of solving health issues using latest technology, Internet of Things. It presents the architectural review of smart health care system using Internet of Things which is aimed to provide Quality Health Care to everyone. Using this system architecture, patients’ body parameters can be measure in real time. Sensors collects patients body parameters and transfers that data to Arduino Uno which further transfer that data to cloud with the help of WiFI module. This data is stored into MySql database server which manages data and provides accessibility. User can view this data with the help of Android App. Which one can install in Smart phone, Tablet or PC. Cloud computing handles authentication, privacy, security, data management etc. If data is abnormal then patient gets notification also care takers will get mail. With the help of different decision making algorithms decisions can be made and according to it people have access to database. Patient can check their medical record Hence, this system provides Quality Health Care to everyone and error free and smooth communication to patients.
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paper_title: Exploring Data Validity in Transportation Systems for Smart Cities

paper_content:

Efficient urban transportation systems are widely accepted as essential infrastructure for smart cities, and they can highly increase a city�s vitality and convenience for residents. The three core pillars of smart cities can be considered to be data mining technology, IoT, and mobile wireless networks. Enormous data from IoT is stimulating our cities to become smarter than ever before. In transportation systems, data-driven management can dramatically enhance the operating efficiency by providing a clear and insightful image of passengers� transportation behavior. In this article, we focus on the data validity problem in a cellular network based transportation data collection system from two aspects: internal time discrepancy and data loss. First, the essence of time discrepancy was analyzed for both automated fare collection (AFC) and automated vehicular location (AVL) systems, and it was found that time discrepancies can be identified and rectified by analyzing passenger origin inference success rate using different time shift values and evolutionary algorithms. Second, the algorithmic framework to handle location data loss and time discrepancy was provided. Third, the spatial distribution characteristics of location data loss events were analyzed, and we discovered that they have a strong and positive relationship with both high passenger volume and shadowing effects in urbanized areas, which can cause severe biases on passenger traffic analysis. Our research has proposed some data-driven methodologies to increase data validity and provided some insights into the influence of IoT level data loss on public transportation systems for smart cities.
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paper_title: IoT smart parking system for reducing green house gas emission

paper_content:

Rapid climate change results natural calamity and severe economic impact and threats to the life. Burning fossil fuels by the medium of transportation contributes 1/3 of portion in increasing greenhouse emission and leading to raise surface temperate. Commuters in and around the developed cities faces difficulties in finding parking lot due to lack of notification process and autonomous parking systems. This causes commuters to take multiple rounds trips to get the parking slot which causes burning additional fuel and ultimately producing excessive CO 2 emission. This paper describes solution to smart parking system using Internet of Things (IoT) to override parking hazards and explains how does it helps to minimize emitting greenhouse gases. IoT enables smart parking system using the system of interconnected Raspberry Pi, Distance Sensor, Pi Camera devices together. This hardware reacts to one another collects data and transmits to cloud storage.
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paper_title: 1 The cooperative Internet of Things enabled Smart Grid

paper_content:

The strong coupling of Information and Communication (ICT) technologies – especially via the usage of networked embedded devices – with the energy domain, is leading to a sophisticated dynamic ecosystem referred to as the Internet of Energy. In the last mile of the Smart Grid i.e. the future smart home, heterogeneous devices will be able to measure and share their energy consumption, and actively participate in house-wide or building wide energy management systems. The emerging Smart Grid will heavily depend on cooperation that will emerge at various layers (horizontally and vertically), and on the interaction with networked embedded systems that will be realizing its sensing and actuation functionality. We focus here on the enabling aspects of cooperation between the real world such as the Internet of Things and its interactions in the smart house and Smart Grid era.
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paper_title: Internet of Things and Big Data Analytics for Smart and Connected Communities

paper_content:

This paper promotes the concept of smart and connected communities SCC, which is evolving from the concept of smart cities. SCC are envisioned to address synergistically the needs of remembering the past (preservation and revitalization), the needs of living in the present (livability), and the needs of planning for the future (attainability). Therefore, the vision of SCC is to improve livability, preservation, revitalization, and attainability of a community. The goal of building SCC for a community is to live in the present, plan for the future, and remember the past. We argue that Internet of Things (IoT) has the potential to provide a ubiquitous network of connected devices and smart sensors for SCC, and big data analytics has the potential to enable the move from IoT to real-time control desired for SCC. We highlight mobile crowdsensing and cyber-physical cloud computing as two most important IoT technologies in promoting SCC. As a case study, we present TreSight, which integrates IoT and big data analytics for smart tourism and sustainable cultural heritage in the city of Trento, Italy.
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paper_title: Energy-Efficient Multi-Constraint Routing Algorithm With Load Balancing for Smart City Applications

paper_content:

Many researches show that the power consumption of network devices of ICT is nearly 10% of total global consumption. While the redundant deployment of network equipment makes the network utilization is relatively low, which leads to a very low energy efficiency of networks. With the dynamic and high quality demands of users, how to improve network energy efficiency becomes a focus under the premise of ensuring network performance and customer service quality. For this reason, we propose an energy consumption model based on link loads, and use the network’s bit energy consumption parameter to measure the network energy efficiency. This paper is to minimize the network’s bit energy consumption parameter, and then we propose the energy-efficient minimum criticality routing algorithm, which includes energy efficiency routing and load balancing. To further improve network energy efficiency, this paper proposes an energy-efficient multi-constraint rerouting (E2MR2) algorithm. E2MR2 uses the energy consumption model to set up the link weight for maximum energy efficiency and exploits rerouting strategy to ensure network QoS and maximum delay constraints. The simulation uses synthetic traffic data in the real network topology to analyze the performance of our method. Simulation results that our approach is feasible and promising.
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paper_title: Towards a smart city based on cloud of things, a survey on the smart city vision and paradigms

paper_content:

Smart City represents one of the most promising, prominent and challenging Internet of Things (IoT) applications. In the last few years, indeed, the smart city concept has played an important role in academic and industry fields, with the development and deployment of various middleware platforms and IoT-based infrastructures. However, this expansion has followed distinct approaches creating, therefore, a fragmented scenario, in which different IoT ecosystems are not able to communicate between them. To fill this gap, there is a need to re-visit the smart city IoT semantic and offer a global common approach. To this purpose, this paper browses the semantic annotation of the sensors in the cloud, and innovative services can be implemented and considered by bridging Cloud and Internet of Things. Things-like semantic will be considered to perform the aggregation of heterogeneous resources by defining the Cloud of Things (CoT) paradigm. We survey the smart city vision, providing information on the main requirements and highlighting the benefits of integrating different IoT ecosystems within the cloud under this new CoT vision. This paper also discusses relevant challenges in this research area.
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paper_title: Device Centric Throughput and QoS Optimization for IoTsin a Smart Building Using CRN-Techniques

paper_content:

The Internet of Things (IoT) has gained an incredible importance in the communication and networking industry due to its innovative solutions and advantages in diverse domains. The IoT' network is a network of smart physical objects: devices, vehicles, buildings, etc. The IoT has a number of applications ranging from smart home, smart surveillance to smart healthcare systems. Since IoT consists of various heterogeneous devices that exhibit different trafﬁc patterns and expect different quality of service (QoS) in terms of data rate, bit error rate and the stability index of the channel, therefore, in this paper, we formulated an optimization problem to assign channels to heterogeneous IoT devices within a smart building for the provisioning of their desired QoS. To solve this problem, a novel particle swarm optimization-based algorithm is proposed. Then, exhaustive simulations are carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm. Simulation results demonstrate the supremacy of our proposed algorithm over the existing ones in terms of throughput, bit error rate and the stability index of the channel.
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Title: Greening Internet of Things for Smart Everythings with A Green-Environment Life: A Survey and Future Prospects

Section 1: Introduction
Description 1: Outline the concept of greening IoT technology and its importance in creating a sustainable and environmentally friendly IoT ecosystem.

Section 2: Green RFID Technology
Description 2: Discuss the role of RFID technology in achieving greener IoT implementations, including its mechanisms and benefits.

Section 3: Green Wireless Sensor Network Technology
Description 3: Detail how wireless sensor networks (WSNs) contribute to green IoT by maximizing energy efficiency and minimizing CO₂ emissions.

Section 4: Green Cloud Computing Technology
Description 4: Explain the integration of cloud computing with green IoT and how it reduces energy consumption and improves recyclability.

Section 5: Green Machine to Machine Technology
Description 5: Describe the advancements in M2M communications that contribute to greener IoT through energy-efficient techniques and protocols.

Section 6: Green Data Center Technology
Description 6: Highlight the strategies for creating green data centers, focusing on reducing energy consumption and CO₂ emissions while maintaining high performance.

Section 7: Green Communication and Networking
Description 7: Cover the principles and practices of green communication networks, emphasizing energy efficiency and reduced environmental impact.

Section 8: Green Internet Technologies
Description 8: Explore the methods for greening the internet, including power consumption reduction and dynamic topology management.

Section 9: Application of Green IoT
Description 9: Present various applications of green IoT in different domains such as smart homes, industrial automation, healthcare, and smart cities, along with their benefits.

Section 10: Future of Green IoT
Description 10: Discuss the future prospects and research areas for green IoT technologies that aim to create a more sustainable and eco-friendly environment.

Section 11: Conclusion
Description 11: Summarize the key findings of the survey and emphasize the significance of green IoT in achieving a sustainable environment for the future.