A survey on low-cost RFID authentication protocols
---
paper_title: Anonymous mutual authentication protocol for RFID tag without back-end database

paper_content:

RFID, as an emerging technology, has very huge potential in today's social and business developments. Security and Privacy are one of the important issues in the design of practical RFID protocols. In this paper, we focus on RFID authentication protocol. RFID mutual authentication is used to ensure that only an authorized RFID reader can access to the data of RFID tag while the RFID tag is confirmed that it releases data to the authenticated RFID reader. This paper will propose an anonymous mutual authentication protocol for RFID tag and reader. RFID tag is anonymous to RFID reader so that privacy can be preserved. In addition, mutual authentication does not need to rely on a back-end database.
---
paper_title: Anonymous mutual authentication protocol for RFID tag without back-end database

paper_content:

RFID, as an emerging technology, has very huge potential in today's social and business developments. Security and Privacy are one of the important issues in the design of practical RFID protocols. In this paper, we focus on RFID authentication protocol. RFID mutual authentication is used to ensure that only an authorized RFID reader can access to the data of RFID tag while the RFID tag is confirmed that it releases data to the authenticated RFID reader. This paper will propose an anonymous mutual authentication protocol for RFID tag and reader. RFID tag is anonymous to RFID reader so that privacy can be preserved. In addition, mutual authentication does not need to rely on a back-end database.
---
paper_title: Anonymous mutual authentication protocol for RFID tag without back-end database

paper_content:

RFID, as an emerging technology, has very huge potential in today's social and business developments. Security and Privacy are one of the important issues in the design of practical RFID protocols. In this paper, we focus on RFID authentication protocol. RFID mutual authentication is used to ensure that only an authorized RFID reader can access to the data of RFID tag while the RFID tag is confirmed that it releases data to the authenticated RFID reader. This paper will propose an anonymous mutual authentication protocol for RFID tag and reader. RFID tag is anonymous to RFID reader so that privacy can be preserved. In addition, mutual authentication does not need to rely on a back-end database.
---
paper_title: Mutual authentication protocol for RFID tags based on synchronized secret information with monitor

paper_content:

RFID, as an anti-conterfeiting technology, is pushing huge potential industrial, medical, business and social applications. RFID-based identification is an example of emerging technology which requires authentication. In this paper, we will propose a new mutual authentication protocol for RFID tags. The RFID reader and tag will carry out the authentication based on their synchronized secret information. The synchronized secret information will be monitored by a component of the database server. Our protocol also supports the low-cost non-volatile memory of RFID tags. This is desirable since non-volatile memory is an expensive unit in RFID tags.
---
paper_title: A study on low-cost RFID system management with mutual authentication scheme in ubiquitous

paper_content:

The RFID system is a core technology used in building a ubiquitous environment, and is considered an alternative to bar-code identification. The RFID system has become very popular, with various strengths such as fast recognition speed and non-touch detection. However, there are some problems remaining, as the low-cost tag can operate through queries, leading to information exposure and privacy encroachment. Various approaches have been used to increase the security of the system, but the low-cost tag, which has about 5K-10K gates, can only allocate 250-3K gates to security. Therefore, the current study provides a reciprocal authentication solution that can be used with low-cost RFID systems, by splitting 64 bit keys and minimizing calculations. Existing systems divided a 96 bit key into 4 parts. However, the proposed system reduces the key to 32 bits, and reduces communications from 7 down to. 5. To increase security, one additional random number is added to the two existing numbers. The previous system only provided XOR calculations, however in the proposed system an additional hash function was added. The added procedure does not increase effectiveness in terms of the XOR calculation, but provides more security to the RFID system, for better use over remote distances.
---
paper_title: Enabling ubiquitous sensing with RFID

paper_content:

Radio frequency identification has attracted considerable press attention in recent years, and for good reasons: RFID not only replaces traditional barcode technology, it also provides additional features and removes boundaries that limited the use of previous alternatives. Printed bar codes are typically read by a laser-based optical scanner that requires a direct line-of-sight to detect and extract information. With RFID, however, a scanner can read the encoded information even when the tag is concealed for either aesthetic or security reasons. In the future, RFID tags will likely be used as environmental sensors on an unprecedented scale.
---
paper_title: Practical Minimalist Cryptography for RFID Privacy

paper_content:

The fear of unauthorized, hidden readouts has dominated the radio frequency identification (RFID) privacy debate. Virtually all proposed privacy mechanisms so far require consumers to actively and explicitly protect read access to their tagged items-either by jamming rogue readers or by encrypting or pseudonymizing their tags. While this approach might work well for activists and highly concerned individuals, it is unlikely (and rather undesirable) that the average consumer should be outfitted with RFID jamming devices before stepping outside, or that anyone would bother pseudonymizing every can of soda they buy with a personal PIN code. Juels' ldquominimalist cryptographyrdquo offers a simple, yet effective, identification and tracking protection based on simple ID rotation, but it requires that the corresponding mappings (i.e., from pseudonyms to real IDs) are electronically exchanged whenever a product changes hands (e.g., for buying a pack of chewing gum at a kiosk)-a rather impractical requirement. Our work extends Juels' concept in order to alleviate the need for passing ID mapping tables. Using carefully assembled sets of IDs based on the cryptographic principle of secret shares, we can create RFID tags that yield virtually no information to casual ldquohit-and-runrdquo attackers, but only reveal their true ID after continuous and undisturbed reading from up-close-something that can hardly go unnoticed by an item's owner. This paper introduces the underlying mechanism of our extension to Juels' proposal, called ldquoShamir Tag,rdquo analyzes its tracking resistance and identification performance, and discusses deployment aspects.
---
paper_title: Password authentication with insecure communication

paper_content:

A method of user password authentication is described which is secure even if an intruder can read the system's data, and can tamper with or eavesdrop on the communication between the user and the system. The method assumes a secure one-way encryption function and can be implemented with a microcomputer in the user's terminal.
---
paper_title: Hash-based enhancement of location privacy for radio-frequency identification devices using varying identifiers

paper_content:

Radio-frequency identification devices (RFID) may emerge as one of the most pervasive computing technologies in history. On the one hand, with tags affixed to consumer items as well as letters, packets or vehicles costs in the supply chain can be greatly reduced and new applications introduced. On the other hand, unique means of identification in each tag like serial numbers enable effortless traceability of persons and goods. But data protection and privacy are worthwhile civil liberties. We introduce a simple scheme relying on one way hash-functions that greatly enhances location privacy by changing traceable identifiers on every read getting by with only a single, unreliable message exchange. Thereby the scheme is safe from many threats like eavesdropping, message interception, spoofing, and replay attacks.
---
paper_title: Password authentication with insecure communication

paper_content:

A method of user password authentication is described which is secure even if an intruder can read the system's data, and can tamper with or eavesdrop on the communication between the user and the system. The method assumes a secure one-way encryption function and can be implemented with a microcomputer in the user's terminal.
---
paper_title: Hash-based enhancement of location privacy for radio-frequency identification devices using varying identifiers

paper_content:

Radio-frequency identification devices (RFID) may emerge as one of the most pervasive computing technologies in history. On the one hand, with tags affixed to consumer items as well as letters, packets or vehicles costs in the supply chain can be greatly reduced and new applications introduced. On the other hand, unique means of identification in each tag like serial numbers enable effortless traceability of persons and goods. But data protection and privacy are worthwhile civil liberties. We introduce a simple scheme relying on one way hash-functions that greatly enhances location privacy by changing traceable identifiers on every read getting by with only a single, unreliable message exchange. Thereby the scheme is safe from many threats like eavesdropping, message interception, spoofing, and replay attacks.
---
paper_title: Practical Minimalist Cryptography for RFID Privacy

paper_content:

The fear of unauthorized, hidden readouts has dominated the radio frequency identification (RFID) privacy debate. Virtually all proposed privacy mechanisms so far require consumers to actively and explicitly protect read access to their tagged items-either by jamming rogue readers or by encrypting or pseudonymizing their tags. While this approach might work well for activists and highly concerned individuals, it is unlikely (and rather undesirable) that the average consumer should be outfitted with RFID jamming devices before stepping outside, or that anyone would bother pseudonymizing every can of soda they buy with a personal PIN code. Juels' ldquominimalist cryptographyrdquo offers a simple, yet effective, identification and tracking protection based on simple ID rotation, but it requires that the corresponding mappings (i.e., from pseudonyms to real IDs) are electronically exchanged whenever a product changes hands (e.g., for buying a pack of chewing gum at a kiosk)-a rather impractical requirement. Our work extends Juels' concept in order to alleviate the need for passing ID mapping tables. Using carefully assembled sets of IDs based on the cryptographic principle of secret shares, we can create RFID tags that yield virtually no information to casual ldquohit-and-runrdquo attackers, but only reveal their true ID after continuous and undisturbed reading from up-close-something that can hardly go unnoticed by an item's owner. This paper introduces the underlying mechanism of our extension to Juels' proposal, called ldquoShamir Tag,rdquo analyzes its tracking resistance and identification performance, and discusses deployment aspects.
---
paper_title: Password authentication with insecure communication

paper_content:

A method of user password authentication is described which is secure even if an intruder can read the system's data, and can tamper with or eavesdrop on the communication between the user and the system. The method assumes a secure one-way encryption function and can be implemented with a microcomputer in the user's terminal.
---
paper_title: A study on low-cost RFID system management with mutual authentication scheme in ubiquitous

paper_content:

The RFID system is a core technology used in building a ubiquitous environment, and is considered an alternative to bar-code identification. The RFID system has become very popular, with various strengths such as fast recognition speed and non-touch detection. However, there are some problems remaining, as the low-cost tag can operate through queries, leading to information exposure and privacy encroachment. Various approaches have been used to increase the security of the system, but the low-cost tag, which has about 5K-10K gates, can only allocate 250-3K gates to security. Therefore, the current study provides a reciprocal authentication solution that can be used with low-cost RFID systems, by splitting 64 bit keys and minimizing calculations. Existing systems divided a 96 bit key into 4 parts. However, the proposed system reduces the key to 32 bits, and reduces communications from 7 down to. 5. To increase security, one additional random number is added to the two existing numbers. The previous system only provided XOR calculations, however in the proposed system an additional hash function was added. The added procedure does not increase effectiveness in terms of the XOR calculation, but provides more security to the RFID system, for better use over remote distances.
---
paper_title: Enabling ubiquitous sensing with RFID

paper_content:

Radio frequency identification has attracted considerable press attention in recent years, and for good reasons: RFID not only replaces traditional barcode technology, it also provides additional features and removes boundaries that limited the use of previous alternatives. Printed bar codes are typically read by a laser-based optical scanner that requires a direct line-of-sight to detect and extract information. With RFID, however, a scanner can read the encoded information even when the tag is concealed for either aesthetic or security reasons. In the future, RFID tags will likely be used as environmental sensors on an unprecedented scale.
---
paper_title: A study on low-cost RFID system management with mutual authentication scheme in ubiquitous

paper_content:

The RFID system is a core technology used in building a ubiquitous environment, and is considered an alternative to bar-code identification. The RFID system has become very popular, with various strengths such as fast recognition speed and non-touch detection. However, there are some problems remaining, as the low-cost tag can operate through queries, leading to information exposure and privacy encroachment. Various approaches have been used to increase the security of the system, but the low-cost tag, which has about 5K-10K gates, can only allocate 250-3K gates to security. Therefore, the current study provides a reciprocal authentication solution that can be used with low-cost RFID systems, by splitting 64 bit keys and minimizing calculations. Existing systems divided a 96 bit key into 4 parts. However, the proposed system reduces the key to 32 bits, and reduces communications from 7 down to. 5. To increase security, one additional random number is added to the two existing numbers. The previous system only provided XOR calculations, however in the proposed system an additional hash function was added. The added procedure does not increase effectiveness in terms of the XOR calculation, but provides more security to the RFID system, for better use over remote distances.
---
paper_title: Practical Minimalist Cryptography for RFID Privacy

paper_content:

The fear of unauthorized, hidden readouts has dominated the radio frequency identification (RFID) privacy debate. Virtually all proposed privacy mechanisms so far require consumers to actively and explicitly protect read access to their tagged items-either by jamming rogue readers or by encrypting or pseudonymizing their tags. While this approach might work well for activists and highly concerned individuals, it is unlikely (and rather undesirable) that the average consumer should be outfitted with RFID jamming devices before stepping outside, or that anyone would bother pseudonymizing every can of soda they buy with a personal PIN code. Juels' ldquominimalist cryptographyrdquo offers a simple, yet effective, identification and tracking protection based on simple ID rotation, but it requires that the corresponding mappings (i.e., from pseudonyms to real IDs) are electronically exchanged whenever a product changes hands (e.g., for buying a pack of chewing gum at a kiosk)-a rather impractical requirement. Our work extends Juels' concept in order to alleviate the need for passing ID mapping tables. Using carefully assembled sets of IDs based on the cryptographic principle of secret shares, we can create RFID tags that yield virtually no information to casual ldquohit-and-runrdquo attackers, but only reveal their true ID after continuous and undisturbed reading from up-close-something that can hardly go unnoticed by an item's owner. This paper introduces the underlying mechanism of our extension to Juels' proposal, called ldquoShamir Tag,rdquo analyzes its tracking resistance and identification performance, and discusses deployment aspects.
---
paper_title: Password authentication with insecure communication

paper_content:

A method of user password authentication is described which is secure even if an intruder can read the system's data, and can tamper with or eavesdrop on the communication between the user and the system. The method assumes a secure one-way encryption function and can be implemented with a microcomputer in the user's terminal.
---
paper_title: Hash-based enhancement of location privacy for radio-frequency identification devices using varying identifiers

paper_content:

Radio-frequency identification devices (RFID) may emerge as one of the most pervasive computing technologies in history. On the one hand, with tags affixed to consumer items as well as letters, packets or vehicles costs in the supply chain can be greatly reduced and new applications introduced. On the other hand, unique means of identification in each tag like serial numbers enable effortless traceability of persons and goods. But data protection and privacy are worthwhile civil liberties. We introduce a simple scheme relying on one way hash-functions that greatly enhances location privacy by changing traceable identifiers on every read getting by with only a single, unreliable message exchange. Thereby the scheme is safe from many threats like eavesdropping, message interception, spoofing, and replay attacks.
---

Title: A Survey on Low-Cost RFID Authentication Protocols

Section 1: INTRODUCTION
Description 1: In this section, provide a comprehensive overview of RFID technology, focusing on its components, applications, and the specific interest in passive tags. Discuss the importance of low-cost and security concerns in RFID systems.

Section 2: RFID ATTACKS
Description 2: Analyze various security threats and attacks on RFID systems, categorizing them by their points of attack: the air interface, readers, and systems. Discuss examples and implications of each type of attack.

Section 3: PROTOCOLS IN LOW-COST RFID ENVIRONMENT
Description 3: Present an overview of several protocols designed to enhance the security and privacy of low-cost RFID systems. Discuss their constraints and the specific security mechanisms they use.

Section 4: SURVEY OF THE LOW-COST RFID AUTHENTICATION PROTOCOLS
Description 4: Conduct a comparative study of various low-cost RFID authentication protocols, evaluating them in terms of data protection, tracking prevention, and forward security. Provide detailed explanations of different methods such as One-time Pad based on XOR, External Re-Encryption Scheme, Hash Chain-based Scheme, Blocker Tag, Extended Hash-lock Scheme, Hash-based Varying Identifier, Improved Hash-based Varying Identifier, Mutual Authentication, and Ultra Lightweight methods.

Section 5: CONCLUSIONS
Description 5: Summarize the findings of the comparative analysis. Discuss the effectiveness and limitations of each protocol regarding data protection, tracking prevention, and forward security. Offer insights into future research directions to improve RFID authentication protocols.