A Survey Of Machine Translation: Its History, Current Status, And Future Prospects
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paper_title: Computerized russian translation at ORNL

paper_content:

Since 1964, as an adjunct to its automated technical information processing services to ERDA and other federal agencies, a generalized language translation system has been used by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) to translate Russian scientific text to English. The translation system, first implemented at Georgetown University around 1960, has been rewritten and improved through the years as computer models changed. Although the translations lack high literary quality, the system, by means of its context sensitive dictionary, nevertheless provides inexpensive, fast and highly useful translations of scientific literature. The method used involves a linguistically‐oriented programming language called Simulated Linguistic Computer (SLC), with which a language‐specific dictionary can be written for use by the translation system. The dictionary entry for any word can be augmented by procedures which permit its meaning to be modified by its context; more general linguistic procedures operate on the sentence as a whole. In an evaluation of user reaction, over ninety percent of the respondents rated the machine translation (MT) service “good” or “acceptable” on translations of their subject specialty. Development, implementation, and documentation of the system are continuing, as we meet increasing requests for service and attempt new applications of the MT system.
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paper_title: Multi-Level Translation Aids In A Distributed System

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At COLING80, we reported on an Interactive Translation System called ITS. We will discuss three problems in the design of the first version of ITS: (1) human factors, (2) the "all or nothing" syndrome, and (3) traditional centralized processing. We will also discuss a new version of ITS, which is now being programmed. This new version will hopefully overcome these problems by placing the translator in control, providing multiple levels of aid, and distributing the processing.
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paper_title: QUALITY CONTROL PROCEDURES IN MODIFICATION OF THE AIR FORCE RUSSIAN-ENGLISH MT SYSTEM

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The paper gives the background leading to the development of current quality control procedures used in modification of the Russian-English system. A special program showing target language translation differences has become the central control mechanism. Procedures for modification of dictionaries, homographs and lexicals, and generalized linguistic modules are discussed in detail. A final assessment is made of the procedures and the quantitative results that can be obtained when they are used.
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paper_title: Further Experiments in Language Translation: A Second Evaluation of the Readability of Computer Translations,

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Application of computational linguistics, i.e., language translation by computer, has been proposed as a means of producing readable translations of technical English-to-Vietnamese. This report is about an experimental study of the readability of translations that could be used for training or equipment maintenance. The experiments involved assessing the readability of Vietnamese that had been translated from English by three methods: (1) expert human translators, (2) un-edited translation by computer, and (3) edited computer translation. English was a control condition. Readers included two groups of student pilots : 168 in the Vietnamese Air Force (VNAF) and 88 in the USAF. Material that was translated consisted of three 500-word passages sampled from a standard Air Force text, Instrument Flying. Readability was measured by : (1) reading comprehension tests, (2) cloze procedure, and (3) clarity ratings. Time to complete each of these tasks was also measured. Major conclusions of the study are : (1) expert human translators produce more readable translations of technical English-to-Vietnamese than is done by computer; (2) Vietnamese readers, trained in English, show the highest comprehension when dealing with that language; (3) comprehension loss becomes relatively greater, as more and more difficult material is read, for computer-based translations than for human translations; (4) method of translation does not affect reading speed.
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paper_title: AN INTERACTIVE ON-LINE MACHINE TRANSLATION SYSTEM (CHINESE INTO ENGLISH)

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The present on-line system is a direct conversion of the CULT (batch) machine translation system which has been used since January 1975 on a regular basis in translating Chinese mathematics journals. The pre-editing procedures used in CULT are being implemented in the present on-line system by means of editing programs. The enormous problem of inputting Chinese texts is being solved by keying the text directly with a newly designed Chinese keyboard.
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paper_title: Machine Translation - Past, Present, and Future

paper_content:

The attempt to translate meaning from one language to another by formal means traces back to the philosophical schools of secret and universal languages as they were originated by Ramon Llull or Johann Joachim Becher. Until today, machine translation (MT) is known as the crowning discipline of natural language processing. Due to current MT approaches, the time needed to develop new systems with similar power to the older ones, has decreased enormously. However, when comparing current achievements to those of thirty years ago, only a minor dierence in the number and type of errors can be observed. In this article, the history of MT, the dierence to computer aided translation and the current approaches are discussed.
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paper_title: An Application Of MONTAGUE Grammar To English-Japanese Machine Translation

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English-Japanese machine translation requires a large amount of structural transformations in both grammatical and conceptual level. In order to make its control structure clearer and more understandable, this paper proposes a model based on Montague Gramamr. Translation process is modeled as a data flow computation process. Formal description tools are developed and a prototype system is constructed. Various problems which arise in this modeling and their solutions are described. Results of experiments are shown and it is discussed how far initial goals are achieved.
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paper_title: Knowledge Representation And Machine Translation

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This paper describes a new knowledge representation called "frame knowledge representation-0" (FKR-0), and an experimental machine translation system named ATLAS/I which uses FKR-0.The purpose of FKR-0 is to stored information required for machine translation processing as flexibly as possible, and to make the translation system as expandable as possible.
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paper_title: Design Characteristics of a Machine Translation System

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This paper distinguishes a set of criteria to be met by a machine translation system (EUROTRA) currently being planned under the sponsorship of the Commission of the European Communities and attempts to show the effect of meeting those criteria on the overall system design.
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Title: A Survey Of Machine Translation: Its History, Current Status, And Future Prospects

Section 1: INTRODUCTION
Description 1: This section provides a historical overview and sets the context for the survey, highlighting the different phases of MT's development and its current resurgence.

Section 2: THE HUMAN TRANSLATION CONTEXT
Description 2: This section discusses the standards and practices of human translation, contrasting them with machine translation, and emphasizing the importance of post-editing and domain expertise.

Section 3: MACHINE TRANSLATION TECHNOLOGY
Description 3: This section delves into the various categories, purposes, and technologies behind machine translation, explaining the broad classifications and specific applications for MT.

Section 4: CATEGORIES OF SYSTEMS
Description 4: This section categorizes translation tools into Machine Translation (MT), Machine-aided Translation (MAT), and Terminology Data banks, describing their different levels of human intervention and use cases.

Section 5: THE PURPOSES OF TRANSLATION
Description 5: This section explores the main purposes of translation, differentiating between information acquisition and information dissemination, and the specific needs for rapid and precise translations in different contexts.

Section 6: INTENDED APPLICATIONS OF M(A)T
Description 6: This section identifies the primary applications for Machine-aided Translation (MAT) systems, particularly in the field of technical translation, and contrasts it with the lesser demand for literary translation.

Section 7: LINGUISTIC TECHNIQUES
Description 7: This section reviews the different linguistic techniques employed in MT systems, distinguishing between direct and indirect translation, interlingua and transfer approaches, and local versus global scope.

Section 8: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Description 8: This section provides a detailed history of various notable MT projects and systems, such as GAT, TIQUE, METAL, TAUM, ALP, and others, outlining their development, challenges, and impacts.

Section 9: CURRENT PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
Description 9: This section identifies and reviews the major Machine Translation systems and Machine-aided Translation systems currently in use or marketed, discussing their implementations and user experiences.

Section 10: CURRENT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Description 10: This section surveys ongoing research and development efforts in MT, highlighting projects in Japan, Europe, and the U.S., and discussing their goals and innovations.

Section 11: THE STATE OF THE ART
Description 11: This section evaluates the current state of MT technology, analyzing the capabilities, limitations, and progress in production systems, development systems, and research systems.

Section 12: FUTURE PROSPECTS
Description 12: This section forecasts the future of Machine Translation, predicting greater acceptance and integration of MT systems, the need for advanced R&D, and the evolving demands for translation services.

Section 13: CONCLUSIONS
Description 13: This section concludes the survey by summarizing the inevitability of MT development due to the persistent demand for translation, the successes of existing systems, and the necessity for continued research.