Measuring the Results of Creative Acts in R&D: Literature Review and Perspectives
---
paper_title: Measuring innovation best practices: Improvement of an innovation index integrating threshold and synergy effects

paper_content:

Abstract Innovation, as a competitive economic factor, is a process that requires a continuous, evolving and mastered management. Therefore innovative companies need to measure their innovation capacity. Literature attests of research in the field of innovation measurement or the innovation abilities evaluation. One major theoretical problem consists in elaborating mathematical models that consider the threshold effect and synergy between innovation practices and verify their validity. In this article, mathematical approaches supplementing multi-criteria models are suggested.
---
paper_title: Indicators used to measure the innovation process: defects and possible remedies

paper_content:

Some diverse indicators used to measure the innovation process are considered. They include those with an aggregate, and often national, focus, and rely on data from scientific publications, patents and RD improved capacity to measure it has implications for policy-makers, managers and researchers. Copyright , Beech Tree Publishing.
---
paper_title: Fourth Generation R&D: Managing Knowledge, Technology, and Innovation

paper_content:

Introduction: Innovation in Crisis. 4th Generation R&D. Competitive Architecture: The External Framework. Organizational Capability: The Internal Framework. The Knowledge Channel and Market Development. Managing Knowledge and Financial Assets. Organizational Architecture. Organizational Capability Development. The Innovation Business Process. Notes. Index.
---
paper_title: Innovation and firm performance

paper_content:

In this paper, the current state of knowledge regarding the relation between innovation and firm performance is reviewed. The relationship is empirically tested. There is a special focus on small and medium-sized firms. In the literature, there is a trend towards a system approach. Empirical studies using this approach distinguish four parts in the innovation-performance relationship. First of all, a company decides whether or not to innovate. Secondly, if a company decides to innovate, what is the level of input in innovation. The innovative input will be transformed into innovative output. And finally, the innovative output will result in a better firm performance. In the model several feedback loops are incorporated, for instance, from firm performance to innovative input.
---
paper_title: The role of knowledge codification in the emergence of consensus under uncertainty: empirical analysis and policy implications

paper_content:

The aim of the article is to empirically analyse the main factors, which allow the emergence of consensus. Moreover, we raise the question of the nature of the codified process involved which seems to be too reducing to promote knowledge flows within the community and, therefore, to contribute to learning processes and better choices about the future. Our analysis relies on a prospective investigation based on a Delphi type study carried out by BETA in 1994.
---
paper_title: Handbook of creativity

paper_content:

I The Nature of the Beast.- 1 Creativity: What are We to Measure?.- 2 Psychometric Issues in the Assessment of Creativity.- 3 A Taxonomy and Critique of Measurements Used in the Study of Creativity.- 4 Individual Differences in Creativity: An Interactionist Perspective.- 5 The Nature-Nurture Problem in Creativity.- 6 Creativity and Intelligence.- II Cognitive Models of Creativity.- 7 Cognitive Processes in Creativity.- 8 Creativity and Perception.- 9 Memory and Creativity.- 10 Metacognition in Creativity.- 11 The Creative Construction of Rationality: A Paradox?.- 12 Dialectical Thinking and Adult Creativity.- III Personalogical Variables and Creativity.- 13 Personality, Situation, and Creativity.- 14 The Self and Creativity: Several Constructs in Search of a Theory.- 15 Creativity and Psychopathology: Gamboling at the Seat of Madness.- 16 Examining Counselors' Creative Processes in Counseling.- IV Applications.- 17 Foundations for Creativity in the Writing Process: Rhetorical Representations of Ill-Defined Problems.- 18 Cognition and Writing: The Idea Generation Process.- 19 Creating the Conditions for Creativity in Reader Response to Literature.- 20 Learning via Model Construction and Criticism: Protocol Evidence on Sources of Creativity in Science.- 21 Analogical Reasoning and Problem Solving in Science Textbooks.- 22 Toward a Model of Creativity Based upon Problem Solving in the Social Sciences.- 23 The Teaching of Creativity to Preschool Children: The Behavior Analysis Approach.- 24 Mental Management and Creativity: A Cognitive Model of Time Management for Intellectual Productivity.
---
paper_title: Understanding design ideation mechanisms through multilevel aligned empirical studies

paper_content:

The overall objectives of the study are to identify key components of ideation methods and develop effectiveness metrics. This paper presents experimental results conducted on six ideation components (Provocative Stimuli, Suspend Judgment, Flexible Representation, Frame of Reference Shifting, Incubation, and Example Exposure). These experiments were conducted simultaneously at the Design (engineering) and Lab (cognitive psychology) levels following an experimental procedure previously developed to align these two levels of experiments. Results show the effectiveness of the ideation components in terms of effectiveness metrics and also the extent of alignment of the results from these two levels. Understanding of ideation components has been gained (main effects ease of manipulation and interactions). 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
---
paper_title: The impact on innovation performance of different sources of knowledge: Evidence from the UK Community Innovation Survey

paper_content:

This paper considers two main categories of knowledge sources and their impact on the innovation performance of enterprises: own-generation through R&D versus knowledge transfers via bought-in resources for innovation purposes, external collaborations on R&D, and internal sources within the company. The national and international dimensions of both internal networks and external collaborative agreements are explored, as is the interaction between R&D and other sources. Data from two UK Community Innovation Surveys allow for the lagging of relevant variables. Our results suggest that, while intra-company knowledge sources, own-generation, and bought-in R&D matter in innovation performance, the benefits of joint innovation efforts in the form of cooperation are less clear. The international dimension of internal networks is highly relevant, and interactions between the own-generation of knowledge and external sources increase the innovation potential of enterprises.
---
paper_title: Meta-analysis and the study of group dynamics

paper_content:

A major feature of the invention is an open-top receptacle for receiving and holding the blade of a spinnerbait. The preferred receptacle has a pair of rigid, confronting and spaced-apart walls that are designated (for identification purposes) as first and second walls. The spacing between the first and second walls is made less than the width of a spinnerbait blade, in order that a vertically oriented blade within a receptacle cannot rotate about a vertical axis within the receptacle. Additionally, the first wall has a small notch that is sized and located to receive and restrain one leg of the spring wire against movement in a side-to-side direction with respect to the receptacle.Another major part of the invention may be broadly described as a means for holding a given spinnerbait against accidental removal from the particular receptacle in which it is being stored. The holding is accomplished by manually placing the spring wire in tension by temporarily forcing the distal ends of the two legs together in order that the included angle between the two legs is appreciably less than the original 80 degrees. There is also a structure for restraining the legs and holding them against their natural tendency to return to a rest condition, i.e., to spread the legs back to the position they had before they were slightly distended during insertion. The preferred structure includes a small plate that is inclined away from and affixed to the first wall, and the plate having a generally L-shaped recess into which a leg of the spinnerbait is inserted when the spinnerbait is to be stored. The structural plate and an appropriately shaped and sized recess do their holding in a completely passive manner, in the sense that they have no moving parts or springs, etc. Instead of using moving parts, holding of a spinnerbait is accomplished in this invention by relying-at least primarily-on the resilience that is inherent in the wire of a spinnerbait.
---
paper_title: Beyond productivity loss in brainstorming groups : The evolution of a question

paper_content:

Why do interactive brainstorming groups perform so much worse than individuals working as nominal groups? This was the original question, which stimulated three decades of research, as described in this chapter. Three different phases in brainstorming research can be distinguished, each of which answered a new question. In Phase 1, interactive brainstorming groups were compared with nominal groups with respect to the quantity of ideas produced, and production blocking (having to take turns to express ideas) was identified as the major cause of productivity loss. But why did production blocking have such devastating effects on idea generation? To answer this question, a cognitive model was developed and tested in Phase 2. Blocking was shown to lead to cognitive interference. But at the same time, evidence indicated that exchanging ideas could have cognitive stimulation effects. This opened the possibility that with blocking effects removed, exposure to the ideas of others could increase idea quality as well as quantity. Therefore, in Phase 3, research attention shifted to idea quality. It was found that a deep exploration of categories of ideas led to higher idea originality. To assess whether participants were able to identify their best ideas, we added idea selection to idea generation and found that people prefer ideas that are feasible to those that are original. The outcomes of each of these phases have implications for work in other areas, including group performance, human memory, and creativity. These implications, as well as the implications for practice, are discussed.
---
paper_title: Collaborative problem solving in design methods: Foundation elements for an integrated approach

paper_content:

Product design is a fundamental activity for company success. The challenge of industrial environment, based on the capability of innovation and problem solving, is dealt with numerous well-known methodologies. This paper presents a survey of these techniques and it is oriented to prove that the existence of common characteristics is the baseline for an integrated and synergic development of the methodologies. Moreover this work highlights not only technical aspects of the collaborative problem solving environment, but also analyses some fundamental needs (human and ICT) for problem solving teams. A perspective of future works, concerning methods and their integration, is finally provided.
---
paper_title: ASIT—a problem solving strategy for education and eco-friendly sustainable design

paper_content:

There is growing recognition of the role teaching and learning experiences in technology education can contribute to Education for Sustainable Development. It appears, however, that in the Technology Education classroom little or no change has been achieved to the practice of designing and problem solving strategies oriented towards sustainable design. Brainstorming, Brainwriting, SCAMPER, Metaphoric Thinking, Outrageous Thinking, Mind Mapping and other problem-solving strategies used in the classroom could be suitable for eco-design, however, there appears to be little research data on their use. This paper examines and presents the ‘Advanced Systematic Inventive Thinking’ (ASIT) system as an eco-design strategy. ASIT is derived from a more complex engineering-based problem solving strategy known as TRIZ (the Russian acronym for The Theory of the Solution of Inventive Problems). Drawing on Stable’s (in press) call for new approaches to address sustainable design and achieve solutions through Technology Education, this article traces the history of TRIZ and the development of ASIT. It then argues that the ASIT strategy can be an effective methodology to be taught and used in the Technology Education classroom to solve problems in the ‘eco’ or sustainable design context. Several design scenarios have been included to illustrate how ASIT can deliver eco-design solutions to problems. These examples demonstrate the flexibility of the methodology and the diverse range of applications in which ASIT can be applied.
---

Title: Measuring the Results of Creative Acts in R&D: Literature Review and Perspectives

Section 1: Introduction
Description 1: In this section, provide an overview of the importance of performance measurement in the industrial world and the need to clarify the relationships between creativity, ideas, inventions, and innovation.

Section 2: The CEN389 Project
Description 2: Discuss the future European innovation norm and its nine key actions to standardize innovation and enhance competitiveness among European companies.

Section 3: The DEFI Project
Description 3: Explain the objectives of the DEFI project, which aims to understand and measure the inventive efficiency in design activities and develop indicators for R&D collective inventive capacities.

Section 4: Literature Synthesis
Description 4: Analyze the existing literature on measuring the inventive act in design, focusing on economic, productive, and quantitative approaches.

Section 5: Analysis of the 3 Approaches
Description 5: Discuss the limitations of the economic, productive, and quantitative indicators in the context of measuring creativity in R&D.

Section 6: Measuring Creativity: Myth or Imperious Necessity?
Description 6: Explore the debates on the feasibility and necessity of measuring creativity, and review various tests and models designed to measure individual creativity.

Section 7: Perimeter of Our Action
Description 7: Clarify the definitions and relationships between ideas, inventions, and innovations using a schematic classification (3I diagram), and discuss their significance in assessing creative metrics.

Section 8: Discussions
Description 8: Highlight existing tools, materials, and techniques in support of the creative act in design, focusing on the limitations of brainstorming and the potential of TRIZ for systematic problem-solving.

Section 9: Three Leads for an Inventive Design Efficiency Metrics
Description 9: Present three main outlines for developing inventive design efficiency metrics, emphasizing the production of inventive ideas, collective persistence, and consideration of adoption difficulties.

Section 10: Conclusions
Description 10: Summarize the key points from the literature review and discussions, and outline future research directions needed to develop a legitimate and efficient indicator for measuring creativity in the industry.