Online self-disclosure and wellbeing of adolescents: A systematic literature review
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paper_title: Negotiating privacy concerns and social capital needs in a social media environment

paper_content:

Social network sites (SNSs) are becoming an increasingly popular resource for both students and adults, who use them to connect with and maintain relationships with a variety of ties. For many, the primary function of these sites is to consume and distribute personal content about the self. Privacy concerns around sharing information in a public or semi-public space are amplified by SNSs’ structural characteristics, which may obfuscate the true audience of these disclosures due to their technical properties (e.g., persistence, searchability) and dynamics of use (e.g., invisible audiences, context collapse) (boyd 2008b). Early work on the topic focused on the privacy pitfalls of Facebook and other SNSs (e.g., Acquisti and Gross 2006; Barnes 2006; Gross and Acquisti 2005) and argued that individuals were (perhaps inadvertently) disclosing information that might be inappropriate for some audiences, such as future employers, or that might enable identity theft or other negative outcomes.
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paper_title: Behind the Curtains of Privacy Calculus on Social Networking Sites: The Study of Germany and the USA

paper_content:

As social networking sites (SNSs) become increasingly global, the issues of cultural differences in participation patterns become acute. However, current research offers only limited insights into the role of culture behind SNS usage. Aiming to fill this gap, this study adopts a ‘privacy calculus’ perspective to study the differences between German and American SNS users. Results of structural equation modeling and multi-group analysis reveal distinct variability in the cognitive patterns of American and German subjects. We contribute to the theory by rejecting the universal nature of privacy-calculus processes. From a practical standpoint, our results signal that SNS providers cannot rely on the “proven” means in ensuring user participation when crossing geographic boundaries. When financial means are limited, SNS providers should direct their investments into enhancing platform enjoyment and granting users with more control and, paradoxically, lobbying for more legalistic safeguards of user privacy.
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paper_title: Are Norms of Disclosure of Online and Offline Personal Information Associated with the Disclosure of Personal Information Online?

paper_content:

This study investigated whether norms of self-disclosure of one's online and offline identity are linked to online disclosure of personal and intimate information. We expected online disclosure of personal and intimate information to be associated with norms of online disclosure. Secondary analysis of the 2006 Pew and American Life Survey of parents and teens data set was conducted to test the study's hypotheses. A weak relationship emerged between adherence to norms supporting the disclosure of offline and online personal information. Supporting theories of computer-mediated communication, our findings show a strong relationship between adherence to norms of online identity disclosure and the disclosure of personal information online through the posting of personal photos, videos, and an online profile.
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paper_title: Judgment and Decision Making in Adolescence

paper_content:

In this article, we review the most important findings to have emerged during the past 10 years in the study of judgment and decision making (JDM) in adolescence and look ahead to possible new directions in this burgeoning area of research. Three inter-related shifts in research emphasis are of particular importance and serve to organize this review. First, research grounded in normative models of JDM has moved beyond the study of age differences in risk perception and toward a dynamic account of the factors predicting adolescent decisions. Second, the field has seen widespread adoption of dual-process models of cognitive development that describe 2 relatively independent modes of information processing, typically contrasting an analytic (cold) system with an experiential (hot) one. Finally, there has been an increase in attention to the social, emotional, and self-regulatory factors that influence JDM. This shift in focus reflects the growing influence of findings from developmental neuroscience, which describe a pattern of structural and functional maturation that may set the stage for a heightened propensity to make risky decisions in adolescence.
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paper_title: The role of disclosure of personal information in the evaluation of risk and trust in young peoples' online interactions

paper_content:

This study examined the relationship between the evaluation of risk, trust and disclosure of personal information in young peoples' online interactions. A series of 18 focus groups were conducted with young people aged 9-19years old. The results suggested that the majority of young people have a high level of awareness of the risks and potential outcomes associated with their online behaviour. Participants perceived disclosure of personal information to be important for the development of online relationships, and discussed associated strategies for evaluating trust and verifying identity. The study suggests that the perceived benefits associated with the disclosure of personal information and interacting with 'strangers' online may outweigh the perceived risks associated with these behaviours as the result of the importance of peer relationships and the exploration of identity during adolescence. Identified age-related differences and similarities in relation to the themes are explored, and areas for future research discussed.
---
paper_title: Hey Mom, What’s on Your Facebook? Comparing Facebook Disclosure and Privacy in Adolescents and Adults:

paper_content:

People of all ages are increasingly exposed to online environments that encourage them to share and connect with others. However, there is a perception that adolescents are particularly susceptible to these cues and share more online than do other age groups. With a group of 288 adolescents and 285 adults, we explored differences and similarities in use of Facebook for information sharing and use of the controls to protect their privacy. Adolescents reported disclosing more information on Facebook and using the privacy settings less than adults. Despite these differences, the results indicated that adolescents and adults were more similar than different in the factors that predicted information disclosure and control. Adolescents spent more time on Facebook, which partially mediated the relationship between group (adolescents vs. adults) and disclosure. Self-esteem partially mediated the relationship between group and information control, with adults having higher self-esteem than adolescents.
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paper_title: Personal Information of Adolescents on the Internet: A Quantitative Content Analysis of MySpace.

paper_content:

Many youth have recently embraced online social networking sites such as MySpace (myspace.com) to meet their social and relational needs. While manifold benefits stem from participating in such web-based environments, the popular media has been quick to demonize MySpace even though an exponentially small proportion of its users have been victimized due to irresponsible or naive usage of the technology it affords. Major concerns revolve around the possibility of sexual predators and pedophiles finding and then assaulting adolescents who carelessly or unwittingly reveal identifiable information on their personal profile pages. The current study sought to empirically ascertain the type of information youth are publicly posting through an extensive content analysis of randomly sampled MySpace profile pages. Among other findings, 8.8% revealed their full name, 57% included a picture, 27.8% listed their school, and 0.3% provided their telephone number. When considered in its proper context, these results indicate that the problem of personal information disclosure on MySpace may not be as widespread as many assume, and that the overwhelming majority of adolescents are responsibly using the web site. Implications for Internet safety among adolescents and future research regarding adolescent Internet use are discussed.
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paper_title: Young people, disclosure of personal information and online privacy: Control, choice and consequences

paper_content:

This paper examines the privacy implications of the different online practices in which young people disclose personal information, and how associated configurations of choice and control create possibilities for violations of online privacy. The implications of the commercial and non-commercial use of young peoples' personal information are examined, with a specific focus on how this can potentially facilitate cyberbullying. The paper suggests that educational strategies should more clearly focus on encouraging young people to protect their online privacy, encourage control over disclosure practices, and consider the potential commercial and non-commercial uses of their information. There is a need for development of these strategies to be informed by empirical research exploring the everyday contexts and social norms which influence young peoples' online behaviour. Such an evidence-base can inform a critical review of educational, legal and regulatory actions which aim to protect their online privacy and safety.
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paper_title: Comparing online opportunities and risks among Israeli children and youth Hebrew and Arabic speakers

paper_content:

This study explores the relationships between application usage, online communication patterns, problematic Internet use (PIU) of online applications, and online self-disclosure among children from culturally different groups. An online survey was administered in Hebrew and Arabic among 3867 Israeli 7–17 year old, including Jews, Arabs, and Bedouins. The level of PIU was relatively low—only 9.5% scored “very high” in the PIU index. For all the groups the highest level of communication was reported for safe interactions with family and friends, lower level for purely virtual communication with online acquaintances, and the lowest level for meeting online acquaintances face-to-face. However, various forms of the online communication patterns and use of applications differed across the groups, suggesting cultural diversity in Internet usage among children in the same country. PIU and self-disclosure explained 47.3% of variance in risky e-communication activities (e.g. sending ones' photos to online acquainta...
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paper_title: How do young people use disclosure in real-time and non-real-time online groups?

paper_content:

While self-disclosure is an important feature of adolescent peer friendships there is little evidence to identify how disclosure processes are affected by the online environment. A qualitative analysis of two online groups, established for research purposes, enabled a comparison of disclosure processes in young people with chronic skin conditions. Young people with psoriasis took part in a series of real-time discussions, while counterparts with vitiligo communicated through a non-real-time message board. The groups were observed and content analysis was used to identify the forms of support exchanged. Both groups used disclosure to elicit and provide support although interaction styles varied between the groups. Factors including rapport and anonymity are identified as influential in this mediation of social support. The findings are compared to a model of self-disclosure in online support groups (Tichon and Shapiro, 2003) and implications for online interventions with young people are considered.
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paper_title: A REVIEW OF ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING PROFILES BY ADOLESCENTS : IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH AND INTERVENTION

paper_content:

The Internet has earned its own niche in social research (Greenfield & Yan, 2006) and the newest phenomena of online social networking is rapidly developing its own field of inquiry in the social sciences (Herring, Scheidt, Wright, & Bonus, 2005; Mee, 2006). In fact, researchers are scrambling to understand the phenomenon almost as quickly as the technology advances. Mazur (2005) defined blogs as updateable public records of private thoughts. As our knowledge of this new social forum advances, research is beginning to differentiate between social networking sites and blogs. However, for the purposes of this study, blogs, web journals, and social networking profiles are considered synonymous as they all involve individuals creating and maintaining personal Internet sites allowing authors and other users to post content, thus creating a personal network. Lenhart and Madden (2007), senior researchers for the Pew Internet and American Life Project, said that in the past five years social networking has "rocketed from a niche activity into a phenomenon that engages tens of millions of Internet users" ([paragraph] 3). Previous studies have examined surface content found in various web journal forums such as demographic information, communication styles, thematic content, purposes for blogging, and disclosure of personally identifiable information also referred to by Huffaker (2006) as identity vulnerability (Lenhart & Fox, 2006; Fox & Madden, 2005; Subrahmanyam, Smahel, & Greenfield, 2006; Huffaker & Calvert, 2005; Mazur, 2005; Herring et al., 2005; Mee, 2006). However, to date there has been very little research on dynamic social and emotional content provided in blogs and how such content relates to adolescent development, peer relationships, and indicators of emotional well-being. The present study proposes that online social networking profiles posted by adolescents contain intimate, candid, and observable self-disclosure and peer interaction that can be analyzed creating an overall picture of adolescent behavior, highlighting specific areas needing additional research, and addressing implications for parental monitoring and intervention. ADOLESCENT SOCIAL NETWORKING Fifty-five percent of teenagers online use and create online social networking profiles (Lehnhart & Madden, 2007). With more than half of teenage Internet users interacting online, the concept of blogging is a salient research topic investigating what adolescents are blogging about, how they are socially interacting, and what potential effects this phenomena may have on other dimensions of their lives. Social networking profiles present a unique research opportunity as the process of blogging involves individuals voluntarily posting information about themselves--personal thoughts, feelings, beliefs, activities-in a public arena with unlimited access for anyone with an Internet connection. The amount of personal information contained in a blog is completely dependent on the author's judgment. This situation is ideal for social scientists as it allows unobtrusive observations of authentic human behaviors and interactions with no "real" contact or interference. Adolescent blogs are full of information about their daily lives (Mazur, 2005) documenting whatever they choose to disclose about themselves and any subsequent written interaction by individuals posting comments to the blog. A recent study involving adolescents and the Internet sums up the communication medium's impact and potential: The Internet is more exciting and challenging as a research environment than earlier media because it is a complex, virtual, social, and physical world that children and adolescents participate in and co-construct, rather than something that is merely watched or used such as television or personal computers. It becomes a complex virtual universe behind a small screen on which developmental issues play out . …
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paper_title: Predicting Adolescents' Disclosure of Personal Information in Exchange for Commercial Incentives: An Application of an Extended Theory of Planned Behavior

paper_content:

Abstract This study adopts a global theoretical framework to predict adolescents' disclosure of personal information in exchange for incentives offered by commercial Websites. The study postulates and tests the validity of a model based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), including antecedent factors of attitude and perceived behavioral control (PBC). A survey was conducted among 1,042 respondents. Results from SEM analyses show that the hypothesized model fits the empirical data well. The model accounts for 61.9 percent of the variance in adolescents' intention to disclose and 43.7 percent of the variance in self-reported disclosure. Perceived social pressure exerted by significant others (subjective norm) is the most important TPB factor in predicting intention to disclose personal information in exchange for incentives. This finding suggests that in discussions of adolescents' information privacy, the importance of social factors outweighs the individually oriented TPB factors of attitude and PBC....
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paper_title: A developmental perspective regarding the behaviour of adolescents, young adults, and adults on social network sites

paper_content:

Young people are often seen as a generation that shares too much, too openly online. This paper provides support for taking a developmental perspective to understand individuals behaviour’ on social network sites in the forms of sharing information and the type of contacts. Adolescents, young adults, and adults’ use of social network sites was investigated and compared to developmental expectations based on the needs for relationship development and identity development. Data were gathered by means of an online survey among 1008 respondents in the age range of 12 to 83-year-old. The results showed that adolescents have most contacts and were most likely to add unknown contacts, while young adults disclosed most information and adjusted privacy settings most often. These results match expectations based on adolescents’ and young adults’ greater need for relationship and identity development compared to adults. Implications of these findings in relation to future regulations of online behaviour are discussed.
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paper_title: Late adolescent identity definition and intimate disclosure on Facebook

paper_content:

During the last decade, online social networks such as Facebook(TM) (Facebook) grew rapidly in popularity and this was due in no small measure to use of these media by adolescents. For many teenagers and young adults, Facebook represents a social institution that can be used by adolescents not only for sharing basic information and for connecting with others, but also as a platform for exploring and divulging information about their identities. To examine issues related to questions about the formation and disclosure of identity-related information by late adolescents, this study investigates the relationship between disclosures of intimate information by late adolescents through Facebook and their stage of psychosocial development. To examine disclosure behaviors of young college students on Facebook, we conducted focus groups in conjunction with a content analysis of Facebook profiles. Findings point to an extended adolescence period resting on the identity construction dilemma posed by digital social networks.
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paper_title: Online social networking behaviors among Chinese younger and older adolescent: The influences of age, gender, personality, and attachment styles

paper_content:

We conducted survey on social networking behaviors in 531 Chinese adolescents.We found many Chinese adolescents displayed personal information online.Participants' privacy disclosure was negatively correlated with SNS behaviors.SNS behaviors were influenced by developmental factors.Attachment styles moderated association between disclosure and SNS behaviors. Risks associated with adolescents' uses of social networking sites (SNSs) propelled investigations concerning how online privacy and security behaviors are related to young people's general activities online. To explore adolescents' SNS behaviors, among a group of 531 volunteered adolescent participants during their junior or senior middle school years in Beijing, this study ran exploratory factor analysis based on statements from non-structured interview targeting their Renren SNS uses, and further investigated the levels of and the associations between SNS behaviors based on developmental factors of age, gender, personality, and attachment styles. Results suggest most Chinese younger and older adolescents were likely disclosing real names and photos on SNSs, and their latent utilization, socializing, and privacy disclosure SNS behaviors were influenced by age, gender, personality, or attachment styles. Moreover, the negative associations of privacy disclosure with utilization or socializing behaviors were likely affected by personality and attachment categories. Although Chinese adolescents showed some levels of concerns in their SNS privacy disclosure, education of SNS privacy and security along with adolescent care in general are perhaps helpful for providing a better online experience for young people.
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paper_title: Adolescents sexual self-disclosure on the Internet: Deindividuation and impression management.

paper_content:

This study examined the effect of anonymity on adolescents sexual self-disclosure on the Internet and the impact of topic intimacy on their reply intent for sexual disclosure by conducting a survey with 1347 adolescents. It was found that male participants were more likely than females to engage in sexual selfdisclosure and to correspondingly respond to cyber partners sexual disclosure. Results showed that the greater the anonymity the greater the intent for sexual self-disclosure. Participants exhibited greater reply intent when cyber partners self-disclosed sexual topics with greater intimacy and the effect of topic intimacy was more pronounced in male participants. The findings suggest that male adolescents tend to adopt a reciprocal strategy in responding to partners sexual disclosure on the Internet whereas females tend to employ a conservative strategy. It was concluded that male and female adolescents revealed differential self-presentation and impression management for their sexual self-disclosing and responding on the Internet. (authors)
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paper_title: Self-disclosure on social networking sites, positive feedback, and social capital among Chinese college students

paper_content:

Drawing on social capital theory, this study examined whether college students' self-disclosure on a social networking site was directly associated with social capital, or related indirectly through the degree of positive feedback students got from Internet friends. Structural equation models applied to anonymous, self-report survey data from 264 first-year students at 3 universities in Beijing, China, indicated direct effects on bridging social capital and indirect effects on bonding social capital. Effects remained significant, though modest in magnitude, after controlling for social skills level. Findings suggest ways in which social networking sites can foster social adjustment as an adolescent transition to residential college environments.
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paper_title: Are Norms of Disclosure of Online and Offline Personal Information Associated with the Disclosure of Personal Information Online?

paper_content:

This study investigated whether norms of self-disclosure of one's online and offline identity are linked to online disclosure of personal and intimate information. We expected online disclosure of personal and intimate information to be associated with norms of online disclosure. Secondary analysis of the 2006 Pew and American Life Survey of parents and teens data set was conducted to test the study's hypotheses. A weak relationship emerged between adherence to norms supporting the disclosure of offline and online personal information. Supporting theories of computer-mediated communication, our findings show a strong relationship between adherence to norms of online identity disclosure and the disclosure of personal information online through the posting of personal photos, videos, and an online profile.
---
paper_title: Online social networking behaviors among Chinese younger and older adolescent: The influences of age, gender, personality, and attachment styles

paper_content:

We conducted survey on social networking behaviors in 531 Chinese adolescents.We found many Chinese adolescents displayed personal information online.Participants' privacy disclosure was negatively correlated with SNS behaviors.SNS behaviors were influenced by developmental factors.Attachment styles moderated association between disclosure and SNS behaviors. Risks associated with adolescents' uses of social networking sites (SNSs) propelled investigations concerning how online privacy and security behaviors are related to young people's general activities online. To explore adolescents' SNS behaviors, among a group of 531 volunteered adolescent participants during their junior or senior middle school years in Beijing, this study ran exploratory factor analysis based on statements from non-structured interview targeting their Renren SNS uses, and further investigated the levels of and the associations between SNS behaviors based on developmental factors of age, gender, personality, and attachment styles. Results suggest most Chinese younger and older adolescents were likely disclosing real names and photos on SNSs, and their latent utilization, socializing, and privacy disclosure SNS behaviors were influenced by age, gender, personality, or attachment styles. Moreover, the negative associations of privacy disclosure with utilization or socializing behaviors were likely affected by personality and attachment categories. Although Chinese adolescents showed some levels of concerns in their SNS privacy disclosure, education of SNS privacy and security along with adolescent care in general are perhaps helpful for providing a better online experience for young people.
---
paper_title: Adolescents sexual self-disclosure on the Internet: Deindividuation and impression management.

paper_content:

This study examined the effect of anonymity on adolescents sexual self-disclosure on the Internet and the impact of topic intimacy on their reply intent for sexual disclosure by conducting a survey with 1347 adolescents. It was found that male participants were more likely than females to engage in sexual selfdisclosure and to correspondingly respond to cyber partners sexual disclosure. Results showed that the greater the anonymity the greater the intent for sexual self-disclosure. Participants exhibited greater reply intent when cyber partners self-disclosed sexual topics with greater intimacy and the effect of topic intimacy was more pronounced in male participants. The findings suggest that male adolescents tend to adopt a reciprocal strategy in responding to partners sexual disclosure on the Internet whereas females tend to employ a conservative strategy. It was concluded that male and female adolescents revealed differential self-presentation and impression management for their sexual self-disclosing and responding on the Internet. (authors)
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paper_title: Friendship 2.0: Adolescents' experiences of belonging and self-disclosure online

paper_content:

Abstract This study explores the role that digital media technologies play in adolescents' experiences of friendship and identity. The author draws on findings from in-depth interviews with 32 adolescents (15 girls, 17 boys) ages 13–18 ( M = 15.5 years) attending one of seven secondary schools in Bermuda. The adolescents were asked to describe the nature of their online exchanges with friends and the value they ascribe to these conversations. A thematic analysis of their responses revealed that online peer communications promote adolescents' sense of belonging and self-disclosure, two important peer processes that support identity development during adolescence. At the same time, the unique features of computer-mediated communication shape adolescents' experiences of these processes in distinct ways. Gender and age differences show that adolescents' online peer communications are not uniform; the characteristics that distinguish adolescents offline also shape their online activities.
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paper_title: Developing a Model of Adolescent Friendship Formation on the Internet

paper_content:

Previous research has been largely silent about what precisely influences online friendship formation and has ignored motives for online communication as potential explanations. Drawing on a sample of 493 adolescents, this study tested a path model of adolescent friendship formation including as predictors introversion/extraversion, online self-disclosure, motive for social compensation, and frequency of online communication. Our path analysis showed that extraverted adolescents self-disclosed and communicated online more frequently, which, in turn, facilitated the formation of online friendships. Introverted adolescents, by contrast, were more strongly motivated to communicate online to compensate for lacking social skills. This increased their chances of making friends online. Among introverted adolescents, a stronger motive for social compensation also led to more frequent online communication and online self-disclosure, resulting in more online friendships. The model suggests that the antecedents of o...
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paper_title: Hey Mom, What’s on Your Facebook? Comparing Facebook Disclosure and Privacy in Adolescents and Adults:

paper_content:

People of all ages are increasingly exposed to online environments that encourage them to share and connect with others. However, there is a perception that adolescents are particularly susceptible to these cues and share more online than do other age groups. With a group of 288 adolescents and 285 adults, we explored differences and similarities in use of Facebook for information sharing and use of the controls to protect their privacy. Adolescents reported disclosing more information on Facebook and using the privacy settings less than adults. Despite these differences, the results indicated that adolescents and adults were more similar than different in the factors that predicted information disclosure and control. Adolescents spent more time on Facebook, which partially mediated the relationship between group (adolescents vs. adults) and disclosure. Self-esteem partially mediated the relationship between group and information control, with adults having higher self-esteem than adolescents.
---
paper_title: Personal Information of Adolescents on the Internet: A Quantitative Content Analysis of MySpace.

paper_content:

Many youth have recently embraced online social networking sites such as MySpace (myspace.com) to meet their social and relational needs. While manifold benefits stem from participating in such web-based environments, the popular media has been quick to demonize MySpace even though an exponentially small proportion of its users have been victimized due to irresponsible or naive usage of the technology it affords. Major concerns revolve around the possibility of sexual predators and pedophiles finding and then assaulting adolescents who carelessly or unwittingly reveal identifiable information on their personal profile pages. The current study sought to empirically ascertain the type of information youth are publicly posting through an extensive content analysis of randomly sampled MySpace profile pages. Among other findings, 8.8% revealed their full name, 57% included a picture, 27.8% listed their school, and 0.3% provided their telephone number. When considered in its proper context, these results indicate that the problem of personal information disclosure on MySpace may not be as widespread as many assume, and that the overwhelming majority of adolescents are responsibly using the web site. Implications for Internet safety among adolescents and future research regarding adolescent Internet use are discussed.
---
paper_title: Online social networking behaviors among Chinese younger and older adolescent: The influences of age, gender, personality, and attachment styles

paper_content:

We conducted survey on social networking behaviors in 531 Chinese adolescents.We found many Chinese adolescents displayed personal information online.Participants' privacy disclosure was negatively correlated with SNS behaviors.SNS behaviors were influenced by developmental factors.Attachment styles moderated association between disclosure and SNS behaviors. Risks associated with adolescents' uses of social networking sites (SNSs) propelled investigations concerning how online privacy and security behaviors are related to young people's general activities online. To explore adolescents' SNS behaviors, among a group of 531 volunteered adolescent participants during their junior or senior middle school years in Beijing, this study ran exploratory factor analysis based on statements from non-structured interview targeting their Renren SNS uses, and further investigated the levels of and the associations between SNS behaviors based on developmental factors of age, gender, personality, and attachment styles. Results suggest most Chinese younger and older adolescents were likely disclosing real names and photos on SNSs, and their latent utilization, socializing, and privacy disclosure SNS behaviors were influenced by age, gender, personality, or attachment styles. Moreover, the negative associations of privacy disclosure with utilization or socializing behaviors were likely affected by personality and attachment categories. Although Chinese adolescents showed some levels of concerns in their SNS privacy disclosure, education of SNS privacy and security along with adolescent care in general are perhaps helpful for providing a better online experience for young people.
---
paper_title: Cognitive, personality, and social factors associated with adolescents' online personal information disclosure

paper_content:

Abstract The current study aims to understand the factors that influence adolescents' disclosure of personally identifiable information (PII) on social networking sites (SNSs). A survey was conducted among 780 adolescent participants (between 13 and 18) who were Facebook users. Structural equation modeling was used for analyzing the data and obtaining an overarching model that include cognitive, personality, and social factors that influence adolescents' PII disclosure. Results showed privacy concern as the cognitive factor reduces adolescents' PII disclosure and it serves as a potential mediator for personality and social factors. Amongst personality factors, narcissism was found to directly increase PII disclosure, and social anxiety indirectly decreases PII disclosure by increasing privacy concern. Amongst social factors, active parental mediation decreases PII disclosure directly and indirectly by increasing privacy concern. Restrictive parental mediation decreases PII disclosure only indirectly by increasing privacy concern. Implications of the findings to parents, educators, and policy makers were discussed.
---
paper_title: The role of disclosure of personal information in the evaluation of risk and trust in young peoples' online interactions

paper_content:

This study examined the relationship between the evaluation of risk, trust and disclosure of personal information in young peoples' online interactions. A series of 18 focus groups were conducted with young people aged 9-19years old. The results suggested that the majority of young people have a high level of awareness of the risks and potential outcomes associated with their online behaviour. Participants perceived disclosure of personal information to be important for the development of online relationships, and discussed associated strategies for evaluating trust and verifying identity. The study suggests that the perceived benefits associated with the disclosure of personal information and interacting with 'strangers' online may outweigh the perceived risks associated with these behaviours as the result of the importance of peer relationships and the exploration of identity during adolescence. Identified age-related differences and similarities in relation to the themes are explored, and areas for future research discussed.
---
paper_title: Online social networking behaviors among Chinese younger and older adolescent: The influences of age, gender, personality, and attachment styles

paper_content:

We conducted survey on social networking behaviors in 531 Chinese adolescents.We found many Chinese adolescents displayed personal information online.Participants' privacy disclosure was negatively correlated with SNS behaviors.SNS behaviors were influenced by developmental factors.Attachment styles moderated association between disclosure and SNS behaviors. Risks associated with adolescents' uses of social networking sites (SNSs) propelled investigations concerning how online privacy and security behaviors are related to young people's general activities online. To explore adolescents' SNS behaviors, among a group of 531 volunteered adolescent participants during their junior or senior middle school years in Beijing, this study ran exploratory factor analysis based on statements from non-structured interview targeting their Renren SNS uses, and further investigated the levels of and the associations between SNS behaviors based on developmental factors of age, gender, personality, and attachment styles. Results suggest most Chinese younger and older adolescents were likely disclosing real names and photos on SNSs, and their latent utilization, socializing, and privacy disclosure SNS behaviors were influenced by age, gender, personality, or attachment styles. Moreover, the negative associations of privacy disclosure with utilization or socializing behaviors were likely affected by personality and attachment categories. Although Chinese adolescents showed some levels of concerns in their SNS privacy disclosure, education of SNS privacy and security along with adolescent care in general are perhaps helpful for providing a better online experience for young people.
---
paper_title: Preadolescents' and adolescents' online communication and their closeness to friends

paper_content:

The 1st goal of this study was to investigate how online communication is related to the closeness of existing friendships. Drawing from a sample of 794 preadolescents and adolescents, the authors found that online communication was positively related to the closeness of friendships. However, this effect held only for respondents who primarily communicated online with existing friends and not for those who mainly talked with strangers. The 2nd goal was to refine 2 opposing hypotheses, the rich-get-richer and the social compensation hypotheses. Consistent with the rich-get-richer hypothesis, socially anxious respondents communicated online less often than did nonsocially anxious respondents. However, socially anxious respondents perceived the Internet as more valuable for intimate self-disclosure than did nonsocially anxious respondents, and this perception in turn led to more online communication. This result is consistent with the social compensation hypothesis. Online communication and closeness to friends increased with age. There was a curvilinear relationship between age and perceived value of the Internet for intimate self-disclosure, such that 15-year-olds were at the epitome of online self-disclosure. Girls were closer to friends and more socially anxious than were boys.
---
paper_title: Comparing online opportunities and risks among Israeli children and youth Hebrew and Arabic speakers

paper_content:

This study explores the relationships between application usage, online communication patterns, problematic Internet use (PIU) of online applications, and online self-disclosure among children from culturally different groups. An online survey was administered in Hebrew and Arabic among 3867 Israeli 7–17 year old, including Jews, Arabs, and Bedouins. The level of PIU was relatively low—only 9.5% scored “very high” in the PIU index. For all the groups the highest level of communication was reported for safe interactions with family and friends, lower level for purely virtual communication with online acquaintances, and the lowest level for meeting online acquaintances face-to-face. However, various forms of the online communication patterns and use of applications differed across the groups, suggesting cultural diversity in Internet usage among children in the same country. PIU and self-disclosure explained 47.3% of variance in risky e-communication activities (e.g. sending ones' photos to online acquainta...
---
paper_title: Adolescents sexual self-disclosure on the Internet: Deindividuation and impression management.

paper_content:

This study examined the effect of anonymity on adolescents sexual self-disclosure on the Internet and the impact of topic intimacy on their reply intent for sexual disclosure by conducting a survey with 1347 adolescents. It was found that male participants were more likely than females to engage in sexual selfdisclosure and to correspondingly respond to cyber partners sexual disclosure. Results showed that the greater the anonymity the greater the intent for sexual self-disclosure. Participants exhibited greater reply intent when cyber partners self-disclosed sexual topics with greater intimacy and the effect of topic intimacy was more pronounced in male participants. The findings suggest that male adolescents tend to adopt a reciprocal strategy in responding to partners sexual disclosure on the Internet whereas females tend to employ a conservative strategy. It was concluded that male and female adolescents revealed differential self-presentation and impression management for their sexual self-disclosing and responding on the Internet. (authors)
---
paper_title: Friendship 2.0: Adolescents' experiences of belonging and self-disclosure online

paper_content:

Abstract This study explores the role that digital media technologies play in adolescents' experiences of friendship and identity. The author draws on findings from in-depth interviews with 32 adolescents (15 girls, 17 boys) ages 13–18 ( M = 15.5 years) attending one of seven secondary schools in Bermuda. The adolescents were asked to describe the nature of their online exchanges with friends and the value they ascribe to these conversations. A thematic analysis of their responses revealed that online peer communications promote adolescents' sense of belonging and self-disclosure, two important peer processes that support identity development during adolescence. At the same time, the unique features of computer-mediated communication shape adolescents' experiences of these processes in distinct ways. Gender and age differences show that adolescents' online peer communications are not uniform; the characteristics that distinguish adolescents offline also shape their online activities.
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Title: Online self-disclosure and wellbeing of adolescents: A systematic literature review
Section 1: Introduction
Description 1: This section introduces the concept of self-disclosure, its historical context, and its significance in the age of the internet, focusing on adolescents.

Section 2: Online Self-Disclosure (SD)
Description 2: This section explains the concept of online self-disclosure, its unique aspects, and how it differs from offline self-disclosure.

Section 3: Online SD and Adolescents
Description 3: This section discusses the particular challenges and implications of online self-disclosure for adolescents, including risk-taking behaviors and privacy concerns.

Section 4: Objectives
Description 4: This section outlines the main objectives of the literature review, focusing on patterns, formats, intended audiences, and motivations behind adolescents' online self-disclosure.

Section 5: Methods
Description 5: This section details the systematic review method used to gather and analyze literature on the topic.

Section 6: Research Strategy
Description 6: This section describes the strategies used to search for and select relevant literature, including databases and keywords.

Section 7: Inclusion Criteria
Description 7: This section lists the criteria for including studies in the review.

Section 8: Exclusion Criteria
Description 8: This section lists the criteria for excluding studies from the review.

Section 9: Data extraction and validity
Description 9: This section details the process of data extraction and the methods used to ensure the validity of the included studies.

Section 10: Results
Description 10: This section presents the findings from the review, including major themes and analyses of the studies.

Section 11: Motivation behind adolescents' online SD
Description 11: This section explores the social development and anonymity aspects of adolescents' online self-disclosure.

Section 12: Gender and personality factors associated with SD
Description 12: This section examines how gender and personality factors influence online self-disclosure in adolescents.

Section 13: Dangers and Consequences of SD
Description 13: This section discusses the negative impacts and risks associated with adolescents' online self-disclosure.

Section 14: Interventions
Description 14: This section reviews proposed interventions to reduce risky online self-disclosure among adolescents and improve their online safety.

Section 15: Future directions for further research
Description 15: This section identifies gaps in existing research and suggests areas for future studies on adolescents' online self-disclosure.

Section 16: Discussion
Description 16: This section provides a detailed analysis of the reviewed studies and highlights the need for more research focusing on adolescents' online interactions and self-disclosure.

Section 17: Conclusion
Description 17: This section summarizes the key findings, emphasizes the need for further research, and discusses the importance of policy making in supporting positive online self-disclosure among adolescents.