A Review on Dyadic Conversation Visualizations - Purposes, Data, Lens of Analysis
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paper_title: Asking Too Much? The Rhetorical Role of Questions in Political Discourse

paper_content:

Questions play a prominent role in social interactions, performing rhetorical functions that go beyond that of simple informational exchange. The surface form of a question can signal the intention and background of the person asking it, as well as the nature of their relation with the interlocutor. While the informational nature of questions has been extensively examined in the context of question-answering applications, their rhetorical aspects have been largely understudied. ::: In this work we introduce an unsupervised methodology for extracting surface motifs that recur in questions, and for grouping them according to their latent rhetorical role. By applying this framework to the setting of question sessions in the UK parliament, we show that the resulting typology encodes key aspects of the political discourse---such as the bifurcation in questioning behavior between government and opposition parties---and reveals new insights into the effects of a legislator's tenure and political career ambitions.
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paper_title: Are Dyads Really Groups

paper_content:

Social scientists who study groups disagree about whether (and to what extent) dyads ought to be included in their work. In this article, I argue that dyads are not really groups because (a) dyads are more ephemeral than groups, forming and dissolving more quickly; (b) people feel stronger (and often different) emotions in dyads than in groups; (c) dyads are simpler than groups—some group phenomena cannot occur in dyads, and those that do may operate differently there; and (d) research on dyads is carried out almost independently (by different people, applying different theories and methods, and publishing their work in different outlets) from research on groups. I also review some of the conceptual and methodological problems that can arise when dyads are mistakenly viewed as groups.
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paper_title: Mixed methods research synthesis: definition, framework, and potential

paper_content:

Literature on the combination of qualitative and quantitative research components at the primary empirical study level has recently accumulated exponentially. However, this combination is only rarely discussed and applied at the research synthesis level. The purpose of this paper is to explore the possible contribution of mixed methods research to the integration of qualitative and quantitative research at the synthesis level. In order to contribute to the methodology and utilization of mixed methods at the synthesis level, we present a framework to perform mixed methods research syntheses (MMRS). The presented classification framework can help to inform researchers intending to carry out MMRS, and to provide ideas for conceptualizing and developing those syntheses. We illustrate the use of this framework by applying it to the planning of MMRS on effectiveness studies concerning interventions for challenging behavior in persons with intellectual disabilities, presenting two hypothetical examples. Finally, we discuss possible strengths of MMRS and note some remaining challenges concerning the implementation of these syntheses.
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paper_title: ConVisIT: Interactive Topic Modeling for Exploring Asynchronous Online Conversations

paper_content:

In the last decade, there has been an exponential growth of asynchronous online conversations thanks to the rise of social media. Analyzing and gaining insights from such conversations can be quite challenging for a user, especially when the discussion becomes very long. A promising solution to this problem is topic modeling, since it may help the user to quickly understand what was discussed in the long conversation and explore the comments of interest. However, the results of topic modeling can be noisy and may not match the user's current information needs. To address this problem, we propose a novel topic modeling system for asynchronous conversations that revises the model on the fly based on user's feedback. We then integrate this system with interactive visualization techniques to support the user in exploring long conversations, as well as revising the topic model when the current results are not adequate to fulfill her information needs. An evaluation with real users illustrates the potential benefits of our approach for exploring conversations, when compared to both a traditional interface as well as an interactive visual interface that does not support human-in-the-loop topic model.
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paper_title: ConVis: a visual text analytic system for exploring blog conversations

paper_content:

Today it is quite common for people to exchange hundreds of comments in online conversations e.g., blogs. Often, it can be very difficult to analyze and gain insights from such long conversations. To address this problem, we present a visual text analytic system that tightly integrates interactive visualization with novel text mining and summarization techniques to fulfill information needs of users in exploring conversations. At first, we perform a user requirement analysis for the domain of blog conversations to derive a set of design principles. Following these principles, we present an interface that visualizes a combination of various metadata and textual analysis results, supporting the user to interactively explore the blog conversations. We conclude with an informal user evaluation, which provides anecdotal evidence about the effectiveness of our system and directions for further design.
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paper_title: Real conversations with artificial intelligence: A comparison between human-human online conversations and human-chatbot conversations

paper_content:

How does communication change when speaking to intelligent agents over humans?We compared 100 IM conversations to 100 exchanges with the chatbot Cleverbot.People used more, but shorter, messages when communicating with chatbots.People also used more restricted vocabulary and greater profanity with chatbots.People can easily adapt their language to communicate with intelligent agents. This study analyzed how communication changes when people communicate with an intelligent agent as opposed to with another human. We compared 100 instant messaging conversations to 100 exchanges with the popular chatbot Cleverbot along seven dimensions: words per message, words per conversation, messages per conversation, word uniqueness, and use of profanity, shorthand, and emoticons. A MANOVA indicated that people communicated with the chatbot for longer durations (but with shorter messages) than they did with another human. Additionally, human-chatbot communication lacked much of the richness of vocabulary found in conversations among people, and exhibited greater profanity. These results suggest that while human language skills transfer easily to human-chatbot communication, there are notable differences in the content and quality of such conversations.
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paper_title: Conversation Clock: Visualizing audio patterns in co-located groups

paper_content:

Aural conversation is ephemeral by nature. The interaction history of conversation fades as the present moment demands the attention of participants. In this paper, we explore the nature of group interaction by augmenting aural conversation with a persistent visualization of audio input. This visualization, conversation clock, displays individual contribution via audio input and provides a corresponding social mirror over the course of interaction. This paper describes the implementation of conversation clock, provides observations on an initial pilot study, and outlines the future progression of this research
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paper_title: Mood and Emotions in Small Groups and Work Teams

paper_content:

Affective influences abound in groups. In this article we propose an organizing model for understanding these affective influences and their effects on group life. We begin with individual-level affective characteristics that members bring to their groups: moods, emotions, sentiments, and emotional intelligence. These affective characteristics then combine to form a group's affective composition. We discuss explicit and implicit processes through which this affective combination occurs by examining the research on emotional contagion, entrainment, modeling, and the manipulation of affect. We also explore how elements of the affective context, such as organizationwide emotion norms and the group's particular emotional history, may serve to constrain or amplify group members' emotions. The outcome, group emotion, results from the combination of the group's affective composition and the affective context in which the group is behaving. Last, we focus on the important interaction between nonaffective factors and affective factors in group life and suggest a possible agenda for future research.
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paper_title: T-Cal: Understanding Team Conversational Data with Calendar-based Visualization

paper_content:

Understanding team communication and collaboration patterns is critical for improving work efficiency in organizations. This paper presents an interactive visualization system, T-Cal, that supports the analysis of conversation data from modern team messaging platforms (e.g., Slack). T-Cal employs a user-familiar visual interface, a calendar, to enable seamless multi-scale browsing of data from different perspectives. T-Cal also incorporates a number of analytical techniques for disentangling interleaving conversations, extracting keywords, and estimating sentiment. The design of T-Cal is based on an iterative user-centered design process including interview studies, requirements gathering, initial prototypes demonstration, and evaluation with domain users. The resulting two case studies indicate the effectiveness and usefulness of T-Cal in real-world applications, including daily conversations within an industry research lab and student group chats in a MOOC.
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paper_title: Effects of Size and Task Type on Group Performance and Member Reactions

paper_content:

The effects of group size (2 through 7 members) and certain task characteristics (production, discussion, and problem solving type tasks) on group performance and member reactions were assessed. Subjects were students at two universities who performed three 15-minute tasks. Results showed that size had negligible effects on performance characteristics and strong effects on member reactions. Dyads tended to be most satisfied, and dissatisfaction increased in approximately linear fashion for larger groups. Type of task strongly affected both performance characteristics and member reactions. Contrary to expectations, there were no substantial interactions between size and task type in predicting member reactions or group performance. Several implications of the results were discussed: (a) the uniqueness of dyads in comparison to other groups sizes; (b) the question of what is the "optimal" group size; (c) the means by which the strong effects of task type may take place; and (d) questions raised by the finding that some substantial differences were obtained for subjects run at the two different universities. Many of the most obvious-and most potent-determiners of group behavior are, ironically enough, also among the least investigated and least understood in the group psychology field. Several reviewers (e.g., Golembiewski, 1962; Collins and Guetzkow, 1964; McGrath and Altman, 1966) have documented the dearth of systematic knowledge about two such factors: group size and the nature of the group task. Clearly, both group size and task characteristics should make differences in the ways people interact in groups and in the kinds of reactions they have to the group experience. The scattered empirical work which has in
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paper_title: Are Dyads Really Groups

paper_content:

Social scientists who study groups disagree about whether (and to what extent) dyads ought to be included in their work. In this article, I argue that dyads are not really groups because (a) dyads are more ephemeral than groups, forming and dissolving more quickly; (b) people feel stronger (and often different) emotions in dyads than in groups; (c) dyads are simpler than groups—some group phenomena cannot occur in dyads, and those that do may operate differently there; and (d) research on dyads is carried out almost independently (by different people, applying different theories and methods, and publishing their work in different outlets) from research on groups. I also review some of the conceptual and methodological problems that can arise when dyads are mistakenly viewed as groups.
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paper_title: Visualizing Conversation

paper_content:

Although the archive of text generated by a persistent conversation (i.e. newsgroup, mailing list, recorded chat, etc.) is searchable, it is not very expressive of the underlying social patterns. We discuss the design of graphical interfaces that reveal the social structure of the conversation by visualizing patterns such as bursts of activity, the arrival of new members, or the evolution of conversational topics. Our focus is on two projects: Chat Circles, a graphical interface for synchronous conversation and Loom, a visualization of threaded discussion. Through these examples we explore key issues in the generation, design and use of graphical interfaces for persistent conversations.
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paper_title: Towards an Automatic Turing Test: Learning to Evaluate Dialogue Responses

paper_content:

Automatically evaluating the quality of dialogue responses for unstructured domains is a challenging problem. Unfortunately, existing automatic evaluation metrics are biased and correlate very poorly with human judgements of response quality. Yet having an accurate automatic evaluation procedure is crucial for dialogue research, as it allows rapid prototyping and testing of new models with fewer expensive human evaluations. In response to this challenge, we formulate automatic dialogue evaluation as a learning problem. We present an evaluation model (ADEM) that learns to predict human-like scores to input responses, using a new dataset of human response scores. We show that the ADEM model's predictions correlate significantly, and at a level much higher than word-overlap metrics such as BLEU, with human judgements at both the utterance and system-level. We also show that ADEM can generalize to evaluating dialogue models unseen during training, an important step for automatic dialogue evaluation.
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paper_title: Seven Guiding Scenarios for Information Visualization Evaluation

paper_content:

We take a new, scenario based look at evaluation in information visualization. Our seven scenarios, evaluating visual data analysis and reasoning, evaluating user performance, evaluating user experience, evaluating environments and work practices, evaluating communication through visualization, automated evaluation of visualizations, and evaluating collaborative data analysis were derived through an extensive literature review of over 800 visualization publications. These scenarios are described through their goals, the types of questions they embody and illustrated through example studies. Through this broad survey and the distillation of these scenarios we make two contributions. One, we encapsulate the current practices in the information visualization research community and, two, we provide a different approach to reaching decisions about what might be the most effective evaluation of a given information visualization. For example, if the research goals or evaluative questions are known they can be used to map to specific scenarios, where practical existing examples can be considered for effective evaluation approaches.
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paper_title: Beyond the five-user assumption: Benefits of increased sample sizes in usability testing

paper_content:

It is widely assumed that 5 participants suffice for usability testing. In this study, 60 users were tested and random sets of 5 or more were sampled from the whole, to demonstrate the risks of using only 5 participants and the benefits of using more. Some of the randomly selected sets of 5 participants found 99% of the problems; other sets found only 55%. With 10 users, the lowest percentage of problems revealed by any one set was increased to 80%, and with 20 users, to 95%.
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paper_title: Seven Guiding Scenarios for Information Visualization Evaluation

paper_content:

We take a new, scenario based look at evaluation in information visualization. Our seven scenarios, evaluating visual data analysis and reasoning, evaluating user performance, evaluating user experience, evaluating environments and work practices, evaluating communication through visualization, automated evaluation of visualizations, and evaluating collaborative data analysis were derived through an extensive literature review of over 800 visualization publications. These scenarios are described through their goals, the types of questions they embody and illustrated through example studies. Through this broad survey and the distillation of these scenarios we make two contributions. One, we encapsulate the current practices in the information visualization research community and, two, we provide a different approach to reaching decisions about what might be the most effective evaluation of a given information visualization. For example, if the research goals or evaluative questions are known they can be used to map to specific scenarios, where practical existing examples can be considered for effective evaluation approaches.
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paper_title: SUS-A quick and dirty usability scale

paper_content:

Sensory substitution devices engage sensory modalities other than vision to communicate information typically obtained through the sense of sight. In this paper, we examine the ability of subjects who are blind to follow simple verbal and vibrotactile commands that allow them to navigate a complex path. A total of eleven visually impaired subjects were enrolled in the study. Prototype systems were developed to deliver verbal and vibrotactile commands to allow an investigator to guide a subject through a course. Using this mode, subjects could follow commands easily and navigate significantly faster than with their cane alone (p <0.05). The feedback modes were similar with respect to the increased speed for course completion. Subjects rated usability of the feedback systems as "above average" with scores of 76.3 and 90.9 on the system usability scale.
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paper_title: An Empirical Evaluation of the System Usability Scale

paper_content:

This article presents nearly 10 year's worth of System Usability Scale (SUS) data collected on numerous products in all phases of the development lifecycle. The SUS, developed by Brooke (1996), reflected a strong need in the usability community for a tool that could quickly and easily collect a user's subjective rating of a product's usability. The data in this study indicate that the SUS fulfills that need. Results from the analysis of this large number of SUS scores show that the SUS is a highly robust and versatile tool for usability professionals. The article presents these results and discusses their implications, describes nontraditional uses of the SUS, explains a proposed modification to the SUS to provide an adjective rating that correlates with a given score, and provides details of what constitutes an acceptable SUS score.
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paper_title: A Survey of Available Corpora for Building Data-Driven Dialogue Systems

paper_content:

During the past decade, several areas of speech and language understanding have witnessed substantial breakthroughs from the use of data-driven models. In the area of dialogue systems, the trend is less obvious, and most practical systems are still built through significant engineering and expert knowledge. Nevertheless, several recent results suggest that data-driven approaches are feasible and quite promising. To facilitate research in this area, we have carried out a wide survey of publicly available datasets suitable for data-driven learning of dialogue systems. We discuss important characteristics of these datasets and how they can be used to learn diverse dialogue strategies. We also describe other potential uses of these datasets, such as methods for transfer learning between datasets and the use of external knowledge, and discuss appropriate choice of evaluation metrics for the learning objective.
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paper_title: The sound of sarcasm

paper_content:

The present study was conducted to identify possible acoustic cues of sarcasm. Native English speakers produced a variety of simple utterances to convey four different attitudes: sarcasm, humour, sincerity, and neutrality. Following validation by a separate naive group of native English speakers, the recorded speech was subjected to acoustic analyses for the following features: mean fundamental frequency (F0), F0 standard deviation, F0 range, mean amplitude, amplitude range, speech rate, harmonics-to-noise ratio (HNR, to probe for voice quality changes), and one-third octave spectral values (to probe resonance changes). The results of analyses indicated that sarcasm was reliably characterized by a number of prosodic cues, although one acoustic feature appeared particularly robust in sarcastic utterances: overall reductions in mean F0 relative to all other target attitudes. Sarcasm was also reliably distinguished from sincerity by overall reductions in HNR and in F0 standard deviation. In certain linguistic contexts, sarcasm could be differentiated from sincerity and humour through changes in resonance and reductions in both speech rate and F0 range. Results also suggested a role of language used by speakers in conveying sarcasm and sincerity. It was concluded that sarcasm in speech can be characterized by a specific pattern of prosodic cues in addition to textual cues, and that these acoustic characteristics can be influenced by language used by the speaker.
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paper_title: Other-initiated repair across languages: towards a typology of conversational structures

paper_content:

This special issue reports on a cross-linguistic study of other-initiated repair, a domain at the crossroads of language, mind, and social life. Other-initiated repair is part of a system of practices that people use to deal with problems of speaking, hearing and understanding. The contributions in this special issue describe the linguistic resources and interactional practices associated with other-initiated repair in ten different languages. Here we provide an overview of the research methods and the conceptual framework. The empirical base for the project consists of corpora of naturally occurring conversations, collected in fieldsites around the world. Methodologically, we combine qualitative analysis with a comparative-typological perspective, and we formulate principles for the cross-linguistic comparison of conversational structures. A key move, of broad relevance to pragmatic typology, is the recognition that formats for repair initiation form paradigm-like systems that are ultimately language-specific, and that comparison is best done at the level of the constitutive properties of these formats. These properties can be functional (concerning aspects of linguistic formatting) as well as sequential (concerning aspects of the interactional environment). We show how functional and sequential aspects of conversational structure can capture patterns of commonality and diversity in conversational structures within and across languages.
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paper_title: Universals and cultural variation in turn-taking in conversation

paper_content:

Informal verbal interaction is the core matrix for human social life. A mechanism for coordinating this basic mode of interaction is a system of turn-taking that regulates who is to speak and when. Yet relatively little is known about how this system varies across cultures. The anthropological literature reports significant cultural differences in the timing of turn-taking in ordinary conversation. We test these claims and show that in fact there are striking universals in the underlying pattern of response latency in conversation. Using a worldwide sample of 10 languages drawn from traditional indigenous communities to major world languages, we show that all of the languages tested provide clear evidence for a general avoidance of overlapping talk and a minimization of silence between conversational turns. In addition, all of the languages show the same factors explaining within-language variation in speed of response. We do, however, find differences across the languages in the average gap between turns, within a range of 250 ms from the cross-language mean. We believe that a natural sensitivity to these tempo differences leads to a subjective perception of dramatic or even fundamental differences as offered in ethnographic reports of conversational style. Our empirical evidence suggests robust human universals in this domain, where local variations are quantitative only, pointing to a single shared infrastructure for language use with likely ethological foundations.
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paper_title: Empirical Evaluation of Information Visualizations: An Introduction

paper_content:

Throughout the 1990s, we have witnessed the burgeoning interest and rapidly advancing technologies in the "eld of information visualization (Card, Mackinlay & Shneiderman, 1999; Chen, 1999; Ware, 2000). This "eld has captured the imagination of researchers and practitioners from a wide range of disciplines all over the world. Increasingly powerful and visually appealing information visualization techniques are "nding their way into everyday life in our information society. The widespread proliferation of information visualization techniques has also highlighted the need for principles and methodologies for empirical evaluation of these techniques. Urgently needed are improved methods in areas such as task analysis, usability evaluation and usage analysis, especially those with special emphasis on visualization}intrinsic user interfaces. Until recently, research in information visualization has largely focused on the development of innovative computing techniques. George Robertson, the inventor of wellknown information visualization techniques such as Cone Trees (Robertson, Mackinlay & Card, 1991), was among the "rst to draw our attention to the importance of empirical evaluation with his keynote speech in 1998 at the IEEE Information Visualization Symposium. We are "nally beginning to see evaluations of advanced visualization techniques, but progress has been slow and isolated (e.g. Pirolli, Card & Van Der Wege, 2000; Graham, Kennedy & Hand, 2000). This special issue aims to provide a timely and unifying forum for researchers and practitioners to tackle some of the fundamental and practical issues concerning empirical evaluation of information visualizations. We have solicited nine original articles on topics related to this theme. Two thematic aspects become apparent in this special issue, namely, evaluating well-known information visualization techniques and analysing the use of information visualization techniques in a practical context. A detailed introduction will be given below to guide the reader of the special issue.
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paper_title: Seven Guiding Scenarios for Information Visualization Evaluation

paper_content:

We take a new, scenario based look at evaluation in information visualization. Our seven scenarios, evaluating visual data analysis and reasoning, evaluating user performance, evaluating user experience, evaluating environments and work practices, evaluating communication through visualization, automated evaluation of visualizations, and evaluating collaborative data analysis were derived through an extensive literature review of over 800 visualization publications. These scenarios are described through their goals, the types of questions they embody and illustrated through example studies. Through this broad survey and the distillation of these scenarios we make two contributions. One, we encapsulate the current practices in the information visualization research community and, two, we provide a different approach to reaching decisions about what might be the most effective evaluation of a given information visualization. For example, if the research goals or evaluative questions are known they can be used to map to specific scenarios, where practical existing examples can be considered for effective evaluation approaches.
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paper_title: Fair Statistical Communication in HCI

paper_content:

Statistics are tools to help end users accomplish their task. In research, to be qualified as usable, statistical tools should help researchers advance scientific knowledge by supporting and promoting the effective communication of research findings. Yet areas such as human-computer interaction (HCI) have adopted tools — i.e., p-values and dichotomous testing procedures — that have proven to be poor at supporting these tasks. The abusive use of these procedures has been severely criticized in a range of disciplines for several decades, suggesting that tools should be blamed, not end users. This chapter explains in a non-technical manner why it would be beneficial for HCI to switch to an estimation approach, i.e., reporting informative charts with effect sizes and interval estimates, and offering nuanced interpretations of our results. Advice is offered on how to communicate our empirical results in a clear, accurate, and transparent way without using any tests or p-values.
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paper_title: SUS-A quick and dirty usability scale

paper_content:

Sensory substitution devices engage sensory modalities other than vision to communicate information typically obtained through the sense of sight. In this paper, we examine the ability of subjects who are blind to follow simple verbal and vibrotactile commands that allow them to navigate a complex path. A total of eleven visually impaired subjects were enrolled in the study. Prototype systems were developed to deliver verbal and vibrotactile commands to allow an investigator to guide a subject through a course. Using this mode, subjects could follow commands easily and navigate significantly faster than with their cane alone (p <0.05). The feedback modes were similar with respect to the increased speed for course completion. Subjects rated usability of the feedback systems as "above average" with scores of 76.3 and 90.9 on the system usability scale.
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paper_title: Visualizing Spoken Discourse: Prosodic Form And Discourse Functions Of Interruptions

paper_content:

In this paper we show that interruptions are important elements in the interactive character of discourse and in the resolution of issues of cognitive uncertainty and planning. By representing discourse graphically, we also show that interruptions are part of the local and global coherence that is brought about through the systematic phrase-to-phrase prosodic patterns of discourse. The specific pitch height of the interruption varies with the expression of emotion, signals of attention-getting, and signals of competitiveness. These prosodic forms are potentially usable in spoken dialogue systems to provide intelligent responding systems that are responsive to human motivations in dialogues.
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paper_title: Oncologist communication about emotion during visits with patients with advanced cancer.

paper_content:

INTRODUCTION ::: Cancer care involves addressing patient emotion. When patients express negative emotions, empathic opportunities emerge. When oncologists respond with a continuer statement, which is one that offers empathy and allows patients to continue expressing emotions, rather than with a terminator statement, which is one that discourages disclosure, patients have less anxiety and depression and report greater satisfaction and adherence to therapy. We studied whether oncologist traits were associated with empathic opportunities and empathic responses. ::: ::: ::: PATIENTS AND METHODS ::: We audio-recorded 398 clinic conversations between 51 oncologists and 270 patients with advanced cancer; oncologists also completed surveys. Conversations were coded for the presence of empathic opportunities and oncologist responses. Analyses examined the relationship with oncologists' demographics, self-reported confidence, outcome expectancies, and comfort to address social versus technical aspects of care. ::: ::: ::: RESULTS ::: In 398 conversations, 37% contained at least one empathic opportunity; the range was 0 to 10, and the total empathic opportunities was 292. When they occurred, oncologists responded with continuers 22% of the time. Oncologist sex was related to the number of empathic opportunities; female patients seen by female oncologists had the most empathic opportunities (P = .03). Younger oncologists (P = .02) and those who rated their orientation as more socioemotional than technical (P = .03) were more likely to respond with empathic statements. ::: ::: ::: CONCLUSION ::: Oncologists encountered few empathic opportunities and responded with empathic statements infrequently. Empathic responses were more prevalent among younger oncologists and among those who were self-rated as socioemotional. To reduce patient anxiety and increase patient satisfaction and adherence, oncologists may need training to encourage patients to express emotions and to respond empathically to patients' emotions.
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paper_title: Online learning for latent dirichlet allocation

paper_content:

We develop an online variational Bayes (VB) algorithm for Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA). Online LDA is based on online stochastic optimization with a natural gradient step, which we show converges to a local optimum of the VB objective function. It can handily analyze massive document collections, including those arriving in a stream. We study the performance of online LDA in several ways, including by fitting a 100-topic topic model to 3.3M articles from Wikipedia in a single pass. We demonstrate that online LDA finds topic models as good or better than those found with batch VB, and in a fraction of the time.
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paper_title: SentiWordNet 3.0: An Enhanced Lexical Resource for Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining

paper_content:

In this work we present SENTIWORDNET 3.0, a lexical resource explicitly devised for supporting sentiment classification and opinion mining applications. SENTIWORDNET 3.0 is an improved version of SENTIWORDNET 1.0, a lexical resource publicly available for research purposes, now currently licensed to more than 300 research groups and used in a variety of research projects worldwide. Both SENTIWORDNET 1.0 and 3.0 are the result of automatically annotating all WORDNET synsets according to their degrees of positivity, negativity, and neutrality. SENTIWORDNET 1.0 and 3.0 differ (a) in the versions of WORDNET which they annotate (WORDNET 2.0 and 3.0, respectively), (b) in the algorithm used for automatically annotating WORDNET, which now includes (additionally to the previous semi-supervised learning step) a random-walk step for refining the scores. We here discuss SENTIWORDNET 3.0, especially focussing on the improvements concerning aspect (b) that it embodies with respect to version 1.0. We also report the results of evaluating SENTIWORDNET 3.0 against a fragment of WORDNET 3.0 manually annotated for positivity, negativity, and neutrality; these results indicate accuracy improvements of about 20% with respect to SENTIWORDNET 1.0.
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Title: A Review on Dyadic Conversation Visualizations - Purposes, Data, Lens of Analysis

Section 1: INTRODUCTION
Description 1: This section introduces the topic, discussing the importance and complexity of communication, and highlighting the need for visualizations of dyadic conversations.

Section 2: SURVEY METHODS
Description 2: This section outlines the methodology used to identify and review relevant literature.

Section 3: Overview of studies selection
Description 3: This section provides an overview of the process of selecting the studies included in the review.

Section 4: Dyadic human-human conversations
Description 4: This section discusses the reasons for focusing on visualizations that analyze dyadic human-human conversations.

Section 5: Overview of purposes
Description 5: This section summarizes the purposes for which the visualizations are designed and the target user groups.

Section 6: Measuring the success of the visualizations
Description 6: This section presents the methods used for evaluating the success of the visualizations.

Section 7: DATA
Description 7: This section describes the types of data used in the studies, including speech transcripts, instant/mobile messaging, and emails.

Section 8: LENS OF ANALYSIS
Description 8: This section discusses the different lenses through which the content of dyadic conversations is analyzed, such as words and phrases, themes, argument structures, and emotions.

Section 9: CONCLUSION
Description 9: This section summarizes the findings of the review, identifies research gaps, and suggests directions for future research.

Section 10: Suggestions for future research experiment design
Description 10: This section provides suggestions for improving experiment design in future research.

Section 11: Lack of multi-modal visualizations with text
Description 11: This section discusses the gap in multi-modal visualizations that integrate text data with other forms of data.

Section 12: Visualizations for the expert users
Description 12: This section identifies opportunities for developing visualizations aimed at expert users.

Section 13: Text analysis methods
Description 13: This section reviews the methods used for text analysis in the included studies and suggests improvements for future research.