Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture and smart farming towards urban greening: A review
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paper_title: A smart agricultural model by integrating IoT, mobile and cloud-based big data analytics

paper_content:

Nowadays, the traditional database paradigm does not have enough storage for the data produced by Internet of Things (IoT) devices leads to the need of cloud storage. These data's are analyzed with the help of Big Data mining techniques. Cloud based big data analytics and the IoT technology performs an important role in the feasibility study of smart agriculture. Smart or precision agricultural systems are estimated to play an essential role in improving agriculture activities. Mobile device usage is very common by everyone, including the farmers. In that, in the daily life of farmers the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) play a vital role to get the agricultural Information. The IoT has various applications in Digital Agriculture domain like monitoring the crop growth, selection of the fertilizer, irrigation decision support system, etc. In this paper, IoT device is used to sense the agricultural data and it is stored into the Cloud database. Cloud based Big data analysis is used to analyze the data viz. fertilizer requirements, analysis the crops, market and stock requirements for the crop. Then the prediction is performed based on data mining technique which information reaches the farmer via mobile app. Our ultimate aim is to increase the crop production and control the agricultural cost of the products using this predicted information.
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paper_title: IoT enabled plant soil moisture monitoring using wireless sensor networks

paper_content:

In recent years, the increasing demand on organic farming necessitates continuous monitoring of plant health. In order to ensure the quality and quantity this becomes more essential. Hence, the objective of this research is to develop a remote monitoring system that continuously monitors the soil moisture of the plant. The Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is integrated with Internet of Things (IoT) to achieve the above objective. Further, to enhance the network lifetime, Exponential Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) event detection algorithm is adopted in the proposed research.
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paper_title: IoT based smart irrigation system and nutrient detection with disease analysis

paper_content:

Agriculture remains the sector which contributes the highest to India's GDP. But, when considering technology that is deployed in this field, we find that the development is not tremendous. After consulting with the Kerala Agricultural University, Mannuthy and Kerala Rice Research Station, Vytilla, we identified a few fundamental issues that are faced by the paddy farmers today. It includes the problem of over or under watering and the need for regular manual irrigation. Furthermore, when it comes to rice, which is the staple crop of Kerala, there does not exist a system for automatically monitoring the diseases associated with the rice species, and checking whether the crop is supplied with ample amount of nutrients. In this paper, we have devised a means for cost-effective automated irrigation and fertigation along with MATLAB based image processing for identifying the rice diseases and nutrient deficiencies. Here, we are focusing on two important nutrients, namely magnesium and nitrogen. The hardware consists of a Raspberry Pi, DHT11 temperature and humidity sensor and solenoid valves. Furthermore, the proposed model enables the farmer to monitor weather conditions using an Android Application, with which he also has a choice to override the system if required.
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paper_title: Intelligent irrigation system — An IOT based approach

paper_content:

The Internet of Things (IOT) has been denoted as a new wave of information and communication technology (ICT) advancements. The IOT is a multidisciplinary concept that encompasses a wide range of several technologies, application domains, device capabilities, and operational strategies, etc. The ongoing IOT research activities are directed towards the definition and design of standards and open architectures which is still have the issues requiring a global consensus before the final deployment. This paper gives over view about IOT technologies and applications related to agriculture with comparison of other survey papers and proposed a novel irrigation management system. Our main objective of this work is to for Farming where various new technologies to yield higher growth of the crops and their water supply. Automated control features with latest electronic technology using microcontroller which turns the pumping motor ON and OFF on detecting the dampness content of the earth and GSM phone line is proposed after measuring the temperature, humidity, and soil moisture.
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paper_title: Lossy compression on IoT big data by exploiting spatiotemporal correlation

paper_content:

As the volume of data generated by various deployed IoT devices increases, storing and processing IoT big data becomes a huge challenge. While compression, especially lossy ones, can drastically reduce data volume, finding an optimal balance between the volume reduction and the information loss is not an easy task given that the data collected by diverse sensors exhibit different characteristics. Motivated by this, we present a feasibility analysis of lossy compression on agricultural sensor data by comparing fidelity of reconstructed data from various signal processing algorithms and temporal difference encoding. Specifically, we evaluated five real-world sensor data from weather stations as one of major IoT applications. Our experimental results indicate that Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and Fast Walsh-Hadamard Transform (FWHT) generate higher compression ratios than others. In terms of information loss, Lossy Delta Encoding (LDE) significantly outperforms others nonetheless. We also observe that, as compression factor is increased, error rates for all compression algorithms also increase. However, the impact of introduced error is much severe in DCT and FWHT while LDE was able to maintain a relatively lower error rate than other methods.
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paper_title: Automation in drip irrigation using IOT devices

paper_content:

Internet of things (IOT) has become very popular and it is growing rapidly in the field of communication. This paper describes the control and monitor of drip irrigation process using IOT and Image processing techniques. The automated system includes a database to analyze the water requirement of plant. The database contains a predefined soil moisture values and it is editable according to the soil type of the place where we implement this system. Different types of soils will have different moisture values and moisture values will also change in accordance with the climate. Our proposed system uses a soil moisture sensor to take the soil moisture reading from the field in real time to water them in an automated way by switching the drip service ON/OFF using an android App. Most of the times infected plants are identified by the change in color of the leaves. A camera is used to take pictures of the plants leaves and image processing algorithms are implemented on those captured image for further steps. A database is used for comparison between the original and real time image, which results in identifying the diseased plant or part of plant. Thus, our proposed system is made effective and cost efficient.
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paper_title: A sustainable agricultural system using IoT

paper_content:

The Internet of Things (IoT) is an element of worldwide data that comprise of web associated items, or things implanted with gadgets, software, sensors and also different instruments which are becoming an integral component of future internet. This work developed a system which will automatically monitor the agricultural field as well as performing live video streaming for monitoring the Agriculture field from the server itself, through raspberry pi camera. The agriculture fields are monitored for environmental temperature, humidity and soil moisture. The automatic irrigation will be performed based on the set points of the temperature, humidity and soil moisture sensor. The data collected from the field are monitored in IoT, the data are then processed and necessary information is passed through the field owners for counter measures.
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paper_title: Providing smart agricultural solutions/techniques by using Iot based toolkit

paper_content:

IoT integrates the pervasive computing, ubiquitous communications and ambient intelligence. India is known as the ‘land of agriculture’. Approximately 70% of the Indian population are connected with agriculture and its related activities. Most of the Agricultural activities are done by villagers. Natural resources and whether conditions are major vital factors in agriculture. This paper proposes automation and smart IOT based solution for agriculture. The highlighting features of this paper include temperature and humidity detection, soil moisture detection, leaf wetness detection, wind speed/direction and rainfall detection, soil pH detection, seed recognition and efficient irrigation system. Our proposed system uses a microcontroller named raspberry pi with sensors which are use to sense the different environmental conditions.
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paper_title: IOT Based Monitoring System in Smart Agriculture

paper_content:

Internet of Things (IoT) plays a crucial role in smart agriculture. Smart farming is an emerging concept, because IoT sensors capable of providing information about their agriculture fields. The paper aims making use of evolving technology i.e. IoT and smart agriculture using automation. Monitoring environmental factors is the major factor to improve the yield of the efficient crops. The feature of this paper includes monitoring temperature and humidity in agricultural field through sensors using CC3200 single chip. Camera is interfaced with CC3200 to capture images and send that pictures through MMS to farmers mobile using Wi-Fi.
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paper_title: Performance evaluation of IEEE 802.15.4-compliant smart water meters for automating large-scale waterways

paper_content:

Climate change and resultant scarcity of water are becoming major challenges for countries around the world. With the advent of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) in the last decade and a relatively new concept of Internet of Things (IoT), embedded systems developers are now working on designing control and automation systems that are lower in cost and more sustainable than the existing telemetry systems for monitoring. The Indus river basin in Pakistan has one of the world's largest irrigation systems and it is extremely challenging to design a low-cost embedded system for monitoring and control of waterways that can last for decades. In this paper, we present a hardware design and performance evaluation of a smart water metering solution that is IEEE 802.15.4-compliant. The results show that our hardware design is as powerful as the reference design, but allows for additional flexibility both in hardware and in firmware. The indigenously designed solution has a power added efficiency (PAE) of 24.7% that is expected to last for 351 and 814 days for nodes with and without a power amplifier (PA). Similarly, the results show that a broadband communication (434 MHz) over more than 3km can be supported, which is an important stepping stone for designing a complete coverage solution of large-scale waterways.
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paper_title: Plant and taste to reap with Internet of Things implementation of IoT in agriculture to make it a parallel industry

paper_content:

India is an agricultural country but no one wants to become a farmer. It's high time that we make agriculture a parallel industry in India [1]. Our project PATRIOT focuses on the same. It is rightly termed as patriot as anyone involved with the project will serve the country and feel proud and patriotic. Right from detection of crop diseases [2] to automating the things like water pump [3], a lot of work has been done on implementation of IoT in Agriculture. But they do not cater to the real problems of the farmers. The farmers can do without a crop disease detection app or automations but raise in income is the major challenge which is overlooked. The implementation of IoT should be such that it should increase the income of the farmer and at the same time help consumers to get organic fruits and vegetables at competitive prices. Also, IoT should itself raise funds for realistic implementation of IoT. PATRIOT stands for plant and taste to reap with Internet of Things. It depicts a gradual and feasible implementation of IoT in agriculture. It realizes the fact that implementation of IoT cannot be hurried upon and would require a huge investment. So, it focuses on raising the finance required for implementation of IoT in Agriculture with the help of IoT itself. PATRIOT has a foolproof plan to help anyone to become a farmer without sacrificing on the present luxurious life style and high salary job. It introduces the concept of agriculture “Anywhere-Anytime” using IoT. PATRIOT will make the farmer dynamic and richer. It will make the consumer pay less for the food and food products. It will generate the huge amount of money for the realistic implementation of IoT. It will give each of us an opportunity to plant and look after the plantation using IOT. It will give each of us a satisfaction of tasting the vegetables, fruits that we have grown. It will make us reap the benefits of farming without ever disturbing our busy schedule. It will make us, above all, a true PATRIOT because we will get immense satisfaction in helping our country in a way in which it actually should be.
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paper_title: IoT based smart irrigation monitoring and controlling system

paper_content:

Interconnection of number of devices through internet describes the Internet of things (IoT). Every object is connected with each other through unique identifier so that data can be transferred without human to human interaction. It allows establishing solutions for better management of natural resources. The smart objects embedded with sensors enables interaction with the physical and logical worlds according to the concept of IoT. In this paper proposed system is based on IoT that uses real time input data. Smart farm irrigation system uses android phone for remote monitoring and controlling of drips through wireless sensor network. Zigbee is used for communication between sensor nodes and base station. Real time sensed data handling and demonstration on the server is accomplished using web based java graphical user interface. Wireless monitoring of field irrigation system reduces human intervention and allows remote monitoring and controlling on android phone. Cloud Computing is an attractive solution to the large amount of data generated by the wireless sensor network. This paper proposes and evaluates a cloud-based wireless communication system to monitor and control a set of sensors and actuators to assess the plants water need.
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paper_title: Automated irrigation with advanced seed germination and pest control

paper_content:

Agriculture can be split into multiple phases like sowing the seeds, germinating the seeds, irrigating, etc. Our innovation deals with automating certain phases of agriculture, such as irrigation and pest control, using artificial intelligence, machine learning and Internet of things. This can be achieved with the help of Ubiquitous computing (Nomadic computing) and sensors working on the concept of IOT. Initially using data analytics techniques, the data about the moisture level maintained in various soils over the entire period to grow various crops are recorded in an online database. In automation the system uses this data to maintain the moisture level in the soil to grow the desired crop. The moisture level in the soil is monitored using multiple moisture sensors which are located all around the field. When the system finds that the moisture is less in the soil than the required amount, as per the data in the database, the field is irrigated using an existing system which uses mechanical valves to allow water to various fields in the farm. But the existing system only works based on the commands from user, in the form of messages from a mobile computer, to control the valves. The proposed system automates this system by integrating it, using the concept of IOT, to its centralised computer system. The proposed system also includes pest control. Currently we use chemicals to kill the pests, whereas, the proposed system uses an ultrasonic sound emitter to keep the rodents away from the farm. It is scientifically proven that the ultrasonic sounds are capable of keeping the rodents away. Also it is proven that certain frequency sound waves boost the growth rate of crops. Thus using all these technologies, low cost and efficient growth of crops is achieved, helping in development of agriculture field.
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paper_title: Implementation of smart infrastructure and non-invasive wearable for real time tracking and early identification of diseases in cattle farming using IoT

paper_content:

The major objective of this system is to make infrastructure of cattle farming smarter and to implement a noninvasive wearable to track physiological and biological activities of cattle using Internet of Things alias IoT. Each cattle is tagged with a wearable device. The wearable device and sink node is designed based on architecture of device to cloud. The wearable device is for early detection of illness, abnormalities detection, emergency handling, location tracking, calving time intimation and determine disease before visual signs. The sink node is responsible for smart lighting, smart ventilation, smart watering and smoke detection along with sprinkler actuation to make infrastructure smarter and safer. All sensor readings will be forwarded to thingspeak cloud to enable remote access. Through thingspeak cloud real time health characteristics of individual cattle, smoke level in farm, daily water and electricity usage will be displayed in line graph. All data along with time and date can be extracted as an excel sheet for further analysis. As a result overall cattle health and milk production will be improved by reducing cattle health inspection costs ensuring small size, low cost, high consistency and reliability.
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paper_title: The comparison of soil sensors for integrated creation of IOT-based Wetting front detector (WFD) with an efficient irrigation system to support precision farming

paper_content:

This study investigates a prototyping of integrated system of Internet of Things based Wetting front detector (IOT-WFD) which focuses on how to enhance the IOT based Wetting front detector design for smart irrigation system. The empirical study was conducted with 2 sensors type to detect the wetting fronts which are the Frequency Domain Reflectrometry sensor (FDR) and Resistor-based sensor (RB) integrated and design with low-cost WFD. The results of this study point toward the IOT-WFD as an appropriated technology providing real time wetting front information in soil positively for application in terms of agricultural water management, with precision agriculture and efficient irrigation domain with a related decision knowledge that matches with the technology trend and smart farmer requirements. Evidence of positive results of this prototyping summary has been provided.
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paper_title: Design and Implementation of Smart Irrigation System Based on LoRa

paper_content:

Water resource: one of the most important natural resource problem to be paid more attention in the world in 21st Century. Irrigation method in traditional agriculture has low utilization of water resource. With the development of Internet of Things(IoT), smart irrigation system has became a new trend in the field of agricultural irrigation. This paper proposes a LoRa- based smart irrigation system. In this system, the irrigation node is mainly composed of LoRa communication module, solenoid valve and hydroelectric generator. The irrigation node sends data to cloud through LoRa gateways via wireless transmission. The system can be controlled remotely by mobile applications. Experimental results show that both transmission distance and energy consumption in the proposed system are reliable the proposed system are reliable.
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paper_title: Rice crop monitoring system — A lot based machine vision approach

paper_content:

In India farmers lose 37% of average estimated rice crop because of bacterial blight disease “Xanthomonasoryzaepv(XOO)” every year. To reduce the spread of infection and to increase the production of the crop the paper “Rice crop monitoring system-An IoT machine vision approach” is beneficial. It detects the infected part of the crop and takes immediate remedy by spraying the pesticide automatically on the infected area of the specific microbial affected plant by tracking the exact location and taking the periodic images of the crop for large area. This system reduces the wastage of pesticides to the entire farm and also reduces the human effort.
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paper_title: Design of Urban Greening Intelligent Monitoring System Based on Internet of Things Technology

paper_content:

The traditional field control of irrigation in the urban greening is often accompanied by some problems such as low irrigation efficiency, high labor costs and low precision. A set of intelligent monitoring system integrated with automatic irrigation and remote monitor is designed in order to solve these problems. The system is based on the Internet of things (IoT) technology which can be divided into three layers of IoT. In the transport layer, we built Zigbee wireless sensor networks (WSN). Besides, we use the J2EE technology to build the Web server application with perfect function in the application layer. The iterative learning control(ILC) arithmetic is used to improve the irrigation efficiency by self correcting the initial lead of closing valve. Both the hardware and software in the system adopt the idea of modularized design and with the cooperation between the hardware and the software it is easy to add or delete of the greening land, ZigBee nodes and sensors. As the experimental results show that the system has the feature of flexibility in the building and expanding process, operating stability, comprehensive functions and high irrigation efficiency, it is suitable to introduce the system to the whole city.
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paper_title: Implement smart farm with IoT technology

paper_content:

With the advent of Internet of Things (IoT) and industrialization, the development of Information Technology (IT) has led to various studies not only in industry but also in agriculture. Especially, IoT technology can overcome distance and place constraints of wired communication systems used in existing farms, and can expect agricultural IT development from automation of agricultural data collection. In this paper, smart farm system using low power Bluetooth and Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) communication modules including the wired communication network used in the existing farm was constructed. In addition, the system implements the monitoring and control functions using the MQ Telemetry Transport (MQTT) communication method, which is an IoT dedicated protocol, thereby enhancing the possibility of development of agricultural IoT.
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paper_title: Cloud based data analysis and monitoring of smart multi-level irrigation system using IoT

paper_content:

India is one of the countries with scarcest water resources in the world; due to poor utilization of the water resources, some parts of our country are facing the risk of draught. In order to conserve existing water resources and efficiently manage it for agriculture, recent advances in technology can be used. Internet of Things is one of such new technology which can help our country to reduce the overall impact of faulty water management in agriculture sector. In this paper, we have designed and developed a new framework for multilevel farming in urban area where cultivation space is limited. We have provided local node for each level with its individual local decision making system, sensors and actuators which is customized to the selected crop. These local nodes communicate to a centralized node via wireless communication. This centralized node is connected to a Cloud Server where the received data will be stored and processed. Cloud based data analysis and monitoring allows the user to analyze and monitor the irrigation system through internet providing ubiquitous access. Our Experimental results show reduced water consumption and better power utilization.
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paper_title: Applied internet of thing for smart hydroponic farming ecosystem (HFE)

paper_content:

In the present, Thailand is developing to fully apply the Internet of things (IoT) [12] into daily life because IoT is a new trend of the technology and it is very popular today. The IoT helps us link objects and mechanisms to the internet for remote control. In addition, Thailand focuses on agriculture because Thailand is an agricultural country and it is also the main occupation of people in the country, which makes agriculture have many formats in Thailand, but hydroponics [5] [11] is an interesting new format that uses less area than others. Although hydroponics uses less space than conventional planting, it can provide many products for the farmer. In hydroponic farming, it is difficult to plant and manage if you aren't a professional farmer or don't have good knowledge about farming. For some it can be very hard to do hydroponic farming. This paper will propose a Hydroponic Farming Ecosystem (HFE) that uses IoT devices to monitor humidity, nutrient solution temperature, air temperature, PH and Electrical Conductivity (EC). The HFE is made to support non-professional farmers, city people who have limited knowledge in farming and people who are interested in doing vertical planting in very small areas in the city such as building tops, balconies of small rooms in high-rise buildings, and in small office spaces. To make the system easy to control and easy to use, we have an android application to control IoT devices in the HFE and alarm users when their farm is in an abnormal situation.
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paper_title: Application of MQTT protocol for real time weather monitoring and precision farming

paper_content:

Smart Farming has become the main trend in agriculture sector. Industrial investments are increasing from day to day to achieve integration of IoT solutions in their smart farming products to cut down the overall cost, increase quality and quantity of the harvesting. Advancements in communication technologies such as GSM and GPRS have enabled remote controlling of irrigation systems. But a precision agriculture system needs continuous monitoring of all the climatic conditions. We propose a MQTT protocol based smart farming solution to collect knowledge from the field ambience for continuous analysis and also to develop and deploy a smart technology for agriculture sector for improving environmental and agricultural sustainability to improve crop traceability and to increase overall yield. The focus area of the proposed system is environmental parameters such as crops temperature, ambient humidity, soil moisture level and light intensity. We also evaluate at the end the performance and efficiency of MQTT protocol for different loading conditions in this application.
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paper_title: IoT Solutions for Precision Farming and Food Manufacturing: Artificial Intelligence Applications in Digital Food

paper_content:

In many respects, farming and food processing have lagged other industries when it comes to adoption of innovative technology. Whilst bioengineering has brought about seeds with much higher yield and less need for water and nutrients, it is only now with IoT that farmers can work on the intensive use of natural resources to increase the sustainability of their operations. In the last ten years, high-end machinery has evolved primarily to the benefit of larger corporations, with the introduction of satellite driven machines, sensors and all components of precision farming. The most recent IoT advances bring about a level of simplification and cost reduction that enable all farmers to benefit and a true adoption of prescription agriculture. In this conference presentation, we will examine a practical case of a Malthouse, where careful modeling of how CO2, Temperature, Humidity and PH vary in the three steps of the malting process, enabled an artificial intelligence system to prescribe different setting and schedules. The end result is malt with higher content of starch and proteins, which in turn means higher alcohol in the downstream process. A second example on the cultivation of Medical Marijuana, where similarly but in a more complex fashion (138 variables) the artificial intelligence supported the tuning of many settings and schedules, is presented only in the conference.
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paper_title: A novel technology for smart agriculture based on IoT with cloud computing

paper_content:

Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the fastest developing technologies throughout the India. But, most of the population (70%) in India depending on agriculture. This situation is one of the reason, that hindering the development of country. in order to solve this problem only one solution that, smart agriculture by adding new technological methods instead of present traditional agriculture methods. Hence we proposed new IoT technology with cloud computing and Li-Fi. Wi-Fi is great for general wireless coverage within buildings, whereas Li-Fi[10] is wireless data coverage with high density in confined area. Li-Fi provides better bandwidth, efficiency, availability and security than Wi-Fi and has already achieved blisteringly high speed in the lab. First this project includes remote controlled process to perform tasks like spraying, weeding, bird and animal scaring, keeping vigilance, moisture sensing, etc. Secondly it includes smart warehouse management which includes temperature maintenance, humidity maintenance and theft detection in the warehouse. Thirdly, intelligent decision making based on accurate real time field data for smart irrigation with smart control. Controlling of all these operations will be through any remote smart device or computer connected to Internet and the operations will be performed by interfacing cameras, sensors, Li-Fi or ZigBee modules.
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paper_title: Design of an Intelligent Management System for Agricultural Greenhouses Based on the Internet of Things

paper_content:

China is a large agricultural country with the largest population in the world. This creates a high demand for food, which is prompting the study of high quality and high-yielding crops. China's current agricultural production is sufficient to feed the nation; however, compared with developed countries agricultural farming is still lagging behind, mainly due to the fact that the system of growing agricultural crops is not based on maximizing output, the latter would include scientific sowing, irrigation and fertilization. In the past few years many seasonal fruits have been offered for sale in markets, but these crops are grown in traditional backward agricultural greenhouses and large scale changes are needed to modernize production. The reform of small-scale greenhouse agricultural production is relatively easy and could be implemented. The concept of the Agricultural Internet of Things utilizes networking technology in agricultural production, the hardware part of this agricultural IoT include temperature, humidity and light sensors and processors with a large data processing capability; these hardware devices are connected by short-distance wireless communication technology, such as Bluetooth, WIFI or Zigbee. In fact, Zigbee technology, because of its convenient networking and low power consumption, is widely used in the agricultural internet. The sensor network is combined with well-established web technology, in the form of a wireless sensor network, to remotely control and monitor data from the sensors.In this paper a smart system of greenhouse management based on the Internet of Things is proposed using sensor networks and web-based technologies. The system consists of sensor networks and asoftware control system. The sensor network consists of the master control center and various sensors using Zigbee protocols. The hardware control center communicates with a middleware system via serial network interface converters. The middleware communicates with a hardware network using an underlying interface and it also communicates with a web system using an upper interface. The top web system provides users with an interface to view and manage the hardware facilities ; administrators can thus view the status of agricultural greenhouses and issue commands to the sensors through this system in order to remotely manage the temperature, humidity and irrigation in the greenhouses. The main topics covered in this paper are:1. To research the current development of new technologies applicable to agriculture and summarizes the strong points concerning the application of the Agricultural Internet of Things both at home and abroad. Also proposed are some new methods of agricultural greenhouse management.2. An analysis of system requirements, the users’ expectations of the system and the response to needs analysis, and the overall design of the system to determine it’s architecture.3. Using software engineering to ensure that functional modules of the system, as far as possible, meet the requirements of high cohesion and low coupling between modules, also detailed design and implementation of each module is considered.
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paper_title: IoT based smart irrigation system and nutrient detection with disease analysis

paper_content:

Agriculture remains the sector which contributes the highest to India's GDP. But, when considering technology that is deployed in this field, we find that the development is not tremendous. After consulting with the Kerala Agricultural University, Mannuthy and Kerala Rice Research Station, Vytilla, we identified a few fundamental issues that are faced by the paddy farmers today. It includes the problem of over or under watering and the need for regular manual irrigation. Furthermore, when it comes to rice, which is the staple crop of Kerala, there does not exist a system for automatically monitoring the diseases associated with the rice species, and checking whether the crop is supplied with ample amount of nutrients. In this paper, we have devised a means for cost-effective automated irrigation and fertigation along with MATLAB based image processing for identifying the rice diseases and nutrient deficiencies. Here, we are focusing on two important nutrients, namely magnesium and nitrogen. The hardware consists of a Raspberry Pi, DHT11 temperature and humidity sensor and solenoid valves. Furthermore, the proposed model enables the farmer to monitor weather conditions using an Android Application, with which he also has a choice to override the system if required.
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paper_title: Internet of Things (IoT): A Vision, Architectural Elements, and Future Directions

paper_content:

Ubiquitous sensing enabled by Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technologies cuts across many areas of modern day living. This offers the ability to measure, infer and understand environmental indicators, from delicate ecologies and natural resources to urban environments. The proliferation of these devices in a communicating-actuating network creates the Internet of Things (IoT), wherein sensors and actuators blend seamlessly with the environment around us, and the information is shared across platforms in order to develop a common operating picture (COP). Fueled by the recent adaptation of a variety of enabling wireless technologies such as RFID tags and embedded sensor and actuator nodes, the IoT has stepped out of its infancy and is the next revolutionary technology in transforming the Internet into a fully integrated Future Internet. As we move from www (static pages web) to web2 (social networking web) to web3 (ubiquitous computing web), the need for data-on-demand using sophisticated intuitive queries increases significantly. This paper presents a Cloud centric vision for worldwide implementation of Internet of Things. The key enabling technologies and application domains that are likely to drive IoT research in the near future are discussed. A Cloud implementation using Aneka, which is based on interaction of private and public Clouds is presented. We conclude our IoT vision by expanding on the need for convergence of WSN, the Internet and distributed computing directed at technological research community.
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paper_title: Intelligent irrigation system — An IOT based approach

paper_content:

The Internet of Things (IOT) has been denoted as a new wave of information and communication technology (ICT) advancements. The IOT is a multidisciplinary concept that encompasses a wide range of several technologies, application domains, device capabilities, and operational strategies, etc. The ongoing IOT research activities are directed towards the definition and design of standards and open architectures which is still have the issues requiring a global consensus before the final deployment. This paper gives over view about IOT technologies and applications related to agriculture with comparison of other survey papers and proposed a novel irrigation management system. Our main objective of this work is to for Farming where various new technologies to yield higher growth of the crops and their water supply. Automated control features with latest electronic technology using microcontroller which turns the pumping motor ON and OFF on detecting the dampness content of the earth and GSM phone line is proposed after measuring the temperature, humidity, and soil moisture.
---
paper_title: A sustainable agricultural system using IoT

paper_content:

The Internet of Things (IoT) is an element of worldwide data that comprise of web associated items, or things implanted with gadgets, software, sensors and also different instruments which are becoming an integral component of future internet. This work developed a system which will automatically monitor the agricultural field as well as performing live video streaming for monitoring the Agriculture field from the server itself, through raspberry pi camera. The agriculture fields are monitored for environmental temperature, humidity and soil moisture. The automatic irrigation will be performed based on the set points of the temperature, humidity and soil moisture sensor. The data collected from the field are monitored in IoT, the data are then processed and necessary information is passed through the field owners for counter measures.
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paper_title: Providing smart agricultural solutions/techniques by using Iot based toolkit

paper_content:

IoT integrates the pervasive computing, ubiquitous communications and ambient intelligence. India is known as the ‘land of agriculture’. Approximately 70% of the Indian population are connected with agriculture and its related activities. Most of the Agricultural activities are done by villagers. Natural resources and whether conditions are major vital factors in agriculture. This paper proposes automation and smart IOT based solution for agriculture. The highlighting features of this paper include temperature and humidity detection, soil moisture detection, leaf wetness detection, wind speed/direction and rainfall detection, soil pH detection, seed recognition and efficient irrigation system. Our proposed system uses a microcontroller named raspberry pi with sensors which are use to sense the different environmental conditions.
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paper_title: Multistage Signaling Game-Based Optimal Detection Strategies for Suppressing Malware Diffusion in Fog-Cloud-Based IoT Networks

paper_content:

We consider the Internet of Things (IoT) with malware diffusion and seek optimal malware detection strategies for preserving the privacy of smart objects in IoT networks and suppressing malware diffusion. To this end, we propose a malware detection infrastructure realized by an intrusion detection system (IDS) with cloud and fog computing to overcome the IDS deployment problem in smart objects due to their limited resources and heterogeneous subnetworks. We then employ a signaling game to disclose interactions between smart objects and the corresponding fog node because of malware uncertainty in smart objects. To minimize privacy leakage of smart objects, we also develop optimal strategies that maximize malware detection probability by theoretically computing the perfect Bayesian equilibrium of the game. Moreover, we analyze the factors influencing the optimal probability of a malicious smart object diffusing malware, and factors influencing the performance of a fog node in determining an infected smart object. Finally, we present a framework to demonstrate a potential and practical application of suppressing malware diffusion in IoT networks.
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paper_title: Material intelligence as a driver for value creation in IoT-enabled business ecosystems

paper_content:

Purpose ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: The purpose of this study is to identify and discuss the role of intelligent materials in the emergence of new business models based on the Internet of Things (IoT). The study suggests new areas for further research to better understand the influences of material intelligence on the business models in industry-wide service ecosystems. ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: Design/methodology/approach ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: The study uses data from an earlier study of intelligent materials in the steel industry networks. The insights are based on 34 qualitative interviews among 15 organizations in the industry. The data are reanalyzed for this study. ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: Findings ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: The observations from the steel industry show how material intelligence can be harnessed for value creation in IoT-based business ecosystems. The results suggest that not all “things” connected to the IoT need to be intelligent, if information related to the things are collected, stored and shared for collaborative value creation among the actors involved in the business ecosystem. ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: Research limitations/implications ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: The study discusses how IoT deployments allow businesses to benefit from the velocity and variety of information associated with things and guides future research to study the ways in which value is created through IoT-enabled business models. ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: Practical implications ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: Rather than focusing on improving the efficiency of the supply network, the study presents new paths for competitive advantages in the new IoT ecosystems. ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: Originality/value ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: The study contributes to the mounting research on the IoT by identifying and discussing the critical aspects of how IoT can transform business models and supply networks within end-to-end ecosystems.
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paper_title: IOT Based Monitoring System in Smart Agriculture

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Internet of Things (IoT) plays a crucial role in smart agriculture. Smart farming is an emerging concept, because IoT sensors capable of providing information about their agriculture fields. The paper aims making use of evolving technology i.e. IoT and smart agriculture using automation. Monitoring environmental factors is the major factor to improve the yield of the efficient crops. The feature of this paper includes monitoring temperature and humidity in agricultural field through sensors using CC3200 single chip. Camera is interfaced with CC3200 to capture images and send that pictures through MMS to farmers mobile using Wi-Fi.
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paper_title: Pentaho and Jaspersoft: A Comparative Study of Business Intelligence Open Source Tools Processing Big Data to Evaluate Performances

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Regardless of the recent growth in the use of “Big Data” and “Business Intelligence” (BI) tools, little research has been undertaken about the implications involved. Analytical tools affect the development and sustainability of a company, as evaluating clientele needs to advance in the competitive market is critical. With the advancement of the population, processing large amounts of data has become too cumbersome for companies. At some stage in a company’s lifecycle, all companies need to create new and better data processing systems that improve their decision-making processes. Companies use BI Results to collect data that is drawn from interpretations grouped from cues in the data set BI information system that helps organisations with activities that give them the advantage in a competitive market. However, many organizations establish such systems, without conducting a preliminary analysis of the needs and wants of a company, or without determining the benefits and targets that they aim to achieve with the implementation. They rarely measure the large costs associated with the implementation blowout of such applications, which results in these impulsive solutions that are unfinished or too complex and unfeasible, in other words unsustainable even if implemented. BI open source tools are specific tools that solve this issue for organizations in need, with data storage and management. This paper compares two of the best positioned BI open source tools in the market: Pentaho and Jaspersoft, processing big data through six different sized databases, especially focussing on their Extract Transform and Load (ETL) and Reporting processes by measuring their performances using Computer Algebra Systems (CAS). The ETL experimental analysis results clearly show that Jaspersoft BI has an increment of CPU time in the process of data over Pentaho BI, which is represented by an average of 42.28% in performance metrics over the six databases. Meanwhile, Pentaho BI had a marked increment of the CPU time in the process of data over Jaspersoft evidenced by the reporting analysis outcomes with an average of 43.12% over six databases that prove the point of this study. This study is a guiding reference for many researchers and those IT professionals who support the conveniences of Big Data processing, and the implementation of BI open source tool based on their needs.
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paper_title: Performance evaluation of IEEE 802.15.4-compliant smart water meters for automating large-scale waterways

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Climate change and resultant scarcity of water are becoming major challenges for countries around the world. With the advent of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) in the last decade and a relatively new concept of Internet of Things (IoT), embedded systems developers are now working on designing control and automation systems that are lower in cost and more sustainable than the existing telemetry systems for monitoring. The Indus river basin in Pakistan has one of the world's largest irrigation systems and it is extremely challenging to design a low-cost embedded system for monitoring and control of waterways that can last for decades. In this paper, we present a hardware design and performance evaluation of a smart water metering solution that is IEEE 802.15.4-compliant. The results show that our hardware design is as powerful as the reference design, but allows for additional flexibility both in hardware and in firmware. The indigenously designed solution has a power added efficiency (PAE) of 24.7% that is expected to last for 351 and 814 days for nodes with and without a power amplifier (PA). Similarly, the results show that a broadband communication (434 MHz) over more than 3km can be supported, which is an important stepping stone for designing a complete coverage solution of large-scale waterways.
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paper_title: Intelligent soil quality monitoring system for judicious irrigation

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As the world population increases exponentially, it is mandatory that we adopt modern agricultural practices to meet food safety demands. Intelligent sensor networks acquire data about soil regarding moisture and nutrient deficiency. This data can be employed to automate irrigation and alert farmer about nutrient deficiency. The data obtained from soil is pushed to the cloud. Great processing capabilities makes cloud storage an important solution to store the vast amount of data generated by the wireless sensor network, which can also be viewed by the farmer through a Smartphone application. This paper proposes and evaluates on a real deployment of wireless sensor network based on an Internet of things platform.
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paper_title: Review: Security and Privacy Issues of Fog Computing for the Internet of Things (IoT)

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. ::: Internet of Things (IoT), devices, and remote data centers need to connect. The purpose of fog is to reduce the amount of data transported for processing, analysis, and storage, to speed-up the computing processes. The gap between, Fog computing technologies and devices need to narrow down as growth in business today relies on the ability to connect to digital channels for processing large amounts of data. Cloud computing is unfeasible for many internet of things applications, therefore fog computing is often seen as a viable alternative. Fog is suitable for many IoT services as it has enabled an extensive collection of benefits, such as decreased bandwidth, reduced latency, and enhanced security. However, Fog devices that are placed at the edge of the internet have met numerous privacy and security threats. This study aims to examine and highlight the security and privacy issues of fog computing through a comprehensive review of recently published literature of fog computing and suggest solutions for identified problems. Data extracted from 34 peer-reviewed scientific publications (2011–2017) were studied, leading to the identification of 49 different issues that were raised, in relation to fog computing. This study revealed a general agreement among researchers about the novelty of Fog computing, and its early stages of development, and identifies several challenges that need to be met, before its wider application and use reaches its full potential.
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paper_title: IoT based smart irrigation monitoring and controlling system

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Interconnection of number of devices through internet describes the Internet of things (IoT). Every object is connected with each other through unique identifier so that data can be transferred without human to human interaction. It allows establishing solutions for better management of natural resources. The smart objects embedded with sensors enables interaction with the physical and logical worlds according to the concept of IoT. In this paper proposed system is based on IoT that uses real time input data. Smart farm irrigation system uses android phone for remote monitoring and controlling of drips through wireless sensor network. Zigbee is used for communication between sensor nodes and base station. Real time sensed data handling and demonstration on the server is accomplished using web based java graphical user interface. Wireless monitoring of field irrigation system reduces human intervention and allows remote monitoring and controlling on android phone. Cloud Computing is an attractive solution to the large amount of data generated by the wireless sensor network. This paper proposes and evaluates a cloud-based wireless communication system to monitor and control a set of sensors and actuators to assess the plants water need.
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paper_title: Implementation of smart infrastructure and non-invasive wearable for real time tracking and early identification of diseases in cattle farming using IoT

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The major objective of this system is to make infrastructure of cattle farming smarter and to implement a noninvasive wearable to track physiological and biological activities of cattle using Internet of Things alias IoT. Each cattle is tagged with a wearable device. The wearable device and sink node is designed based on architecture of device to cloud. The wearable device is for early detection of illness, abnormalities detection, emergency handling, location tracking, calving time intimation and determine disease before visual signs. The sink node is responsible for smart lighting, smart ventilation, smart watering and smoke detection along with sprinkler actuation to make infrastructure smarter and safer. All sensor readings will be forwarded to thingspeak cloud to enable remote access. Through thingspeak cloud real time health characteristics of individual cattle, smoke level in farm, daily water and electricity usage will be displayed in line graph. All data along with time and date can be extracted as an excel sheet for further analysis. As a result overall cattle health and milk production will be improved by reducing cattle health inspection costs ensuring small size, low cost, high consistency and reliability.
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paper_title: Adoption of the Internet of Things technologies in business procurement: impact on organizational buying behavior

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Purpose ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: The purpose of this paper is to discuss the potential of Internet of Things (IoT) to affect organizational buying behavior. Potential impacts on organizational communication, buying center structure and processes and privacy and security issues are discussed. ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: Design/methodology/approach ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: This is a conceptual paper that advances testable propositions based on the technology overview and use of existing organizational buying behavior theory. ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: Findings ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: This paper concludes that major changes are likely as a result of the adoption of IoT. The nature of organizational communication may shift to more machine-to-machine communication and buying centers may become smaller, less hierarchical but more coordinated, with less conflict. In addition, privacy and security concerns will need to be addressed. ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: Originality/value ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: This is the first attempt to conceptualize the impact of adoption of IoT technologies that may help future researchers to examine the impact on a more granular level. For practitioners, it may help them prepare for the impacts of the IoT technological juggernaut.
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paper_title: Opinion: Smart farming is key to developing sustainable agriculture

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Agriculture has seen many revolutions, whether the domestication of animals and plants a few thousand years ago, the systematic use of crop rotations and other improvements in farming practice a few hundred years ago, or the “green revolution” with systematic breeding and the widespread use of man-made fertilizers and pesticides a few decades ago. We suggest that agriculture is undergoing a fourth revolution triggered by the exponentially increasing use of information and communication technology (ICT) in agriculture. ::: ::: ::: ::: New technologies, such as unmanned aerial vehicles with powerful, lightweight cameras, allow for improved farm management advice. Image courtesy of Shutterstock/Kleir. ::: ::: ::: ::: Autonomous, robotic vehicles have been developed for farming purposes, such as mechanical weeding, application of fertilizer, or harvesting of fruits. The development of unmanned aerial vehicles with autonomous flight control (1), together with the development of lightweight and powerful hyperspectral snapshot cameras that can be used to calculate biomass development and fertilization status of crops (2, 3), opens the field for sophisticated farm management advice. Moreover, decision-tree models are available now that allow farmers to differentiate between plant diseases based on optical information (4). Virtual fence technologies (5) allow cattle herd management based on remote-sensing signals and sensors or actuators attached to the livestock. ::: ::: Taken together, these technical improvements constitute a technical revolution that will generate disruptive changes in agricultural practices. This trend holds for farming not only in developed countries but also in developing countries, where deployments in ICT (e.g., use of mobile phones, access to the Internet) are being adopted at a rapid pace and could become the game-changers in the future (e.g., in the form of seasonal drought forecasts, climate-smart agriculture). ::: ::: Such profound changes in practice come not only with opportunities but also big challenges. It is crucial to point them out at an early stage of this … ::: ::: [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: achim.walter{at}usys.ethz.ch. ::: ::: [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
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paper_title: Comparison of edge computing implementations: Fog computing, cloudlet and mobile edge computing

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When it comes to storage and computation of large scales of data, Cloud Computing has acted as the de-facto solution over the past decade. However, with the massive growth in intelligent and mobile devices coupled with technologies like Internet of Things (IoT), V2X Communications, Augmented Reality (AR), the focus has shifted towards gaining real-time responses along with support for context-awareness and mobility. Due to the delays induced on the Wide Area Network (WAN) and location agnostic provisioning of resources on the cloud, there is a need to bring the features of the cloud closer to the consumer devices. This led to the birth of the Edge Computing paradigm which aims to provide context aware storage and distributed Computing at the edge of the networks. In this paper, we discuss the three different implementations of Edge Computing namely Fog Computing, Cloudlet and Mobile Edge Computing in detail and compare their features. We define a set of parameters based on which one of these implementations can be chosen optimally given a particular use-case or application and present a decision tree for the selection of the optimal implementation.
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paper_title: Design and Implementation of Smart Irrigation System Based on LoRa

paper_content:

Water resource: one of the most important natural resource problem to be paid more attention in the world in 21st Century. Irrigation method in traditional agriculture has low utilization of water resource. With the development of Internet of Things(IoT), smart irrigation system has became a new trend in the field of agricultural irrigation. This paper proposes a LoRa- based smart irrigation system. In this system, the irrigation node is mainly composed of LoRa communication module, solenoid valve and hydroelectric generator. The irrigation node sends data to cloud through LoRa gateways via wireless transmission. The system can be controlled remotely by mobile applications. Experimental results show that both transmission distance and energy consumption in the proposed system are reliable the proposed system are reliable.
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paper_title: Precision agriculture using remote monitoring systems in Brazil

paper_content:

Soil and nutrient depletion from intensive use of land is a critical issue for food production. An understanding of whether the soil is adequately treated with appropriate crop management practices in real-time during production cycles could prevent soil erosion and the overuse of natural or artificial resources to keep the soil healthy and suitable for planting. Precision agriculture traditionally uses expensive techniques to monitor the health of soil and crops including images from satellites and airplanes. Recently there are several studies using drones and a multitude of sensors connected to farm machinery to observe and measure the health of soil and crops during planting and harvesting. This paper describes a real-time, in-situ agricultural internet of things (IoT) device designed to monitor the state of the soil and the environment. This device was designed to be compatible with open hardware and it is composed of temperature and humidity sensors (soil and environment), electrical conductivity of the soil and luminosity, Global Positioning System (GPS) and a ZigBee radio for data communication. The field trial involved soil testing and measurements of the local climate in Sao Paulo, Brazil. The measurements of soil temperature, humidity and conductivity are used to monitor soil conditions. The local climate data could be used to support decisions about irrigation and other activities related to crop health. On-going research includes methods to reduce the consumption of energy and increase the number of sensors. Future applications include the use of the IoT device to detect fire in crops, a common problem in sugar cane crops and the integration of the IoT device with irrigation management systems to improve water usage.
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paper_title: On Reducing IoT Service Delay via Fog Offloading

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With the Internet of Things (IoT) becoming a major component of our daily life, understanding how to improve the quality of service (QoS) for IoT applications through fog computing is becoming an important problem. In this paper, we introduce a general framework for IoT-fog-cloud applications, and propose a delay-minimizing collaboration and offloading policy for fog-capable devices that aims to reduce the service delay for IoT applications. We then develop an analytical model to evaluate our policy and show how the proposed framework helps to reduce IoT service delay.
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paper_title: Cloud based data analysis and monitoring of smart multi-level irrigation system using IoT

paper_content:

India is one of the countries with scarcest water resources in the world; due to poor utilization of the water resources, some parts of our country are facing the risk of draught. In order to conserve existing water resources and efficiently manage it for agriculture, recent advances in technology can be used. Internet of Things is one of such new technology which can help our country to reduce the overall impact of faulty water management in agriculture sector. In this paper, we have designed and developed a new framework for multilevel farming in urban area where cultivation space is limited. We have provided local node for each level with its individual local decision making system, sensors and actuators which is customized to the selected crop. These local nodes communicate to a centralized node via wireless communication. This centralized node is connected to a Cloud Server where the received data will be stored and processed. Cloud based data analysis and monitoring allows the user to analyze and monitor the irrigation system through internet providing ubiquitous access. Our Experimental results show reduced water consumption and better power utilization.
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paper_title: Smart farming using IOT

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Even today, different developing countries are also using traditional methods and backward techniques in agriculture sector. Little or very less technological advancement is found here that has increased the production efficiency significantly. To increase the productivity, a novel design approach is presented in this paper. Smart farming with the help of Internet of Things (IOT) has been designed. A remote controlled vehicle operates on both automatic and manual modes, for various agriculture operations like spraying, cutting, weeding etc. The controller keeps monitoring the temperature, humidity, soil condition and accordingly supplies water to the field.
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paper_title: FEMOS: Fog-Enabled Multitier Operations Scheduling in Dynamic Wireless Networks

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Fog computing has recently emerged as a promising technique in content delivery wireless networks to alleviate the heavy bursty traffic burdens on backhaul connections. In order to improve the overall system performance, in terms of network throughput, service delay and fairness, it is very crucial and challenging to jointly optimize node assignments at control tier and resource allocation at access tier under dynamic user requirements and wireless network conditions. To solve this problem, in this paper, a fog-enabled multitier network architecture is proposed to model a typical content delivery wireless network with heterogeneous node capabilities in computing, communication, and storage. Further, based on Lyapunov optimization techniques, a new online low-complexity algorithm, namely fog-enabled multitier operations scheduling (FEMOS), is developed to decompose the original complicated problem into two operations across different tiers. Rigorous performance analysis derives the tradeoff relationship between average network throughput and service delay, i.e., ${[O(1/V), O(V)] }$ with a control parameter $\boldsymbol {V}$ , under FEMOS algorithm in dynamic wireless networks. For different network sizes and traffic loads, extensive simulation results show that FEMOS is a fair and efficient algorithm for all user terminals and, more importantly, it can offer much better performance, in terms of network throughput, service delay, and queue backlog, than traditional node assignment and resource allocation algorithms.
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paper_title: An intelligent report generator for efficient farming

paper_content:

Today, the farmers are suffering from uncertain monsoons and water scarcity due to global warming. The integration of standard farming strategies with latest technologies as Internet of Things and Wireless device Networks may result in agricultural modernization. Keeping this situation in mind it's my approach to style device for automation of agriculture, associate in tending ’Internet of Things’ primarily based devices that is capable of analyzing the perceived data then transmit valuable farming data to the user. These devices is controlled and monitored from remote location and its data is processed and applied in agricultural fields. Intelligent Report Generator for efficient farming deals with the easy testing of soil nutrient. This report helps farmer to understand the health of their farming land soil. This in turn helps farmer to decide, which are the suitable crops to sow at that particular season in that particular land. By investigating the occasional information from farmland, Soil Health Report card is arranged and sent to farmer by means of SMS, which helps the agriculturist in basic decision making. Condition dampness and temperature is detected utilizing DHT11 sensor and light is detected utilizing LDR sensor, soil pH meter is utilized to know the soil pH esteem.
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Title: Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture and smart farming towards urban greening: A review

Section 1: INTRODUCTION
Description 1: This section introduces the concept of IoT in agriculture and smart farming, its significance, and the primary aim of the review.

Section 2: Collection of raw data
Description 2: This section describes the methodology for gathering data, including the selection criteria and sources of information.

Section 3: Data inclusion criteria
Description 3: This section outlines the criteria used for including data in the study, such as specific attributes and exclusions.

Section 4: Data analysis
Description 4: This section explains the methods used to analyze the collected data and presents emerging themes from the analysis.

Section 5: RESULTS
Description 5: This section presents the findings of the review, including the most researched IoT sub-verticals, collected data measurements, and technologies.

Section 6: DISCUSSION
Description 6: This section discusses the implications of the results, identifies gaps in the current research, and suggests areas for future investigation.

Section 7: CONCLUSION
Description 7: This section concludes the paper by summarizing key findings and highlighting the potential benefits and challenges of IoT adoption in agriculture and smart farming.