The Virtual Object as a Major Element of the Internet of Things: A Survey
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paper_title: The Internet of Things vision: Key features, applications and open issues

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Abstract The Internet of Things (IoT) is a new paradigm that combines aspects and technologies coming from different approaches. Ubiquitous computing, pervasive computing, Internet Protocol, sensing technologies, communication technologies, and embedded devices are merged together in order to form a system where the real and digital worlds meet and are continuously in symbiotic interaction. The smart object is the building block of the IoT vision. By putting intelligence into everyday objects, they are turned into smart objects able not only to collect information from the environment and interact/control the physical world, but also to be interconnected, to each other, through Internet to exchange data and information. The expected huge number of interconnected devices and the significant amount of available data open new opportunities to create services that will bring tangible benefits to the society, environment, economy and individual citizens. In this paper we present the key features and the driver technologies of IoT. In addition to identifying the application scenarios and the correspondent potential applications, we focus on research challenges and open issues to be faced for the IoT realization in the real world.
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paper_title: SmartSantander: Experimentation and service provision in the smart city

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This paper describes the deployment and high-level architecture of the Internet of Things experimentation facility being deployed at Santander city. SmartSantander is a unique in the world city-scale experimental research facility in support of typical applications and services for a smart city. The testbed that has been deployed has a dual purpose. On the one hand it will allow real-world experimentation on Internet-of-Things related technologies (protocols, middlewares, applications, etc.). On the other hand it is currently supporting the provision of smart city services aimed at enhancing the quality of life in the city of Santander. Tangible results are expected to greatly influence definition and specification of Future Internet architecture design from viewpoints of Internet of Things and Internet of Services. This paper presents the physical deployment carried out in the city of Santander and the high-level architecture supporting the experimentation and service provision duality. Moreover, a brief description of the mechanisms supporting the experimentation life cycle will be done. Finally, the services that are being provided to the city will also be sketched.
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paper_title: Internet of things: Vision, applications and research challenges

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The term ‘‘Internet-of-Things’’ is used as an umbrella keyword for covering various aspects related to the extension of the Internet and the Web into the physical realm, by means of the widespread deployment of spatially distributed devices with embedded identification, sensing and/or actuation capabilities. Internet-of-Things envisions a future in which digital and physical entities can be linked, by means of appropriate information and communication technologies, to enable a whole new class of applications and services. In this article, we present a survey of technologies, applications and research challenges for Internetof-Things.
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paper_title: Role Of Middleware For Internet Of Things: A Study

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Internet of Things (IoT) has been recognized as a part of future internet and ubiquitous computing. It creates a true ubiquitous or smart environment. It demands a complex distributed architecture with numerous diverse components, including the end devices and application and association with their context. This article provides the significance of middleware system for (IoT). The middleware for IoT acts as a bond joining the heterogeneous domains of applications communicating over heterogeneous interfaces. First, to enable the better understanding of the current gap and future directions in this field a comprehensive review of the existing middleware systems for IoT is provided here. Second, fundamental functional blocks are proposed for this middleware system, and based on that feature wise classification is performed on the existing IoT-middleware. Third, open issues are analyzed and our vision on the research scope in this area is presented.
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paper_title: A multi-layer architecture for wireless sensor network virtualization

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Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have become pervasive and are used for a plethora of applications and services. They are usually deployed with specific applications and services; thereby precluding their re-use when other applications and services are contemplated. This can inevitably lead to the proliferation of redundant WSN deployments. Virtualization is a technology that can aid in tackling this issue. It enables the sharing of resources/infrastructures by multiple independent entities. This position paper proposes a novel multi-layer architecture for WSN virtualization and identifies the research challenges. Related work is also discussed. We illustrate the potential of the architecture by applying it to a scenario in which WSNs are shared for fire monitoring.
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paper_title: Mobile Sales Assistant - An NFC-Based Product Information System for Retailers

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The Mobile Sales Assistant (MSA) is a mobile product information system for retailers based on a combination of Near Field Communication (NFC) and the Electronic Product Code (EPC). The MSA aims at optimizing the sales process in retail stores. It enables shop assistants to check the availability and stock information of products directly at the Point of Sale (PoS) with an NFC-enabled mobile phone. Thus, shop assistants can inform their customers without letting them wait, which might increase customer satisfaction and sales. This paper presents a prototype, which has been implemented for a clothing department store, and evaluates its acceptance with a focus group of shop assistants.
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paper_title: Informative things: how to attach information to the real world

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We describe a new method and implementation for managing information through the use of physical objects. In today’s networked world, the trend is toward working in a global virtual environment. To transfer information, users are responsible for finding an appropriate storage location, naming the information, selecting the transport mechanism, and setting the access permissions. Much of the time, these burdens are needless and, in fact, stand in the way of productive use of the networked environment. In many circumstances, a physical floppy disk is the ideal medium for transferring information, as it eliminates these complications. Our Informative Things approach provides a “floppy-like” user interface that gives the impression of storing information on physical objects. In reality, our system stores information in the network, associating pointers to information with objects in the physical world. By hiding these details, we simplify information management. By linking the physical and virtual worlds, we leverage users’ highly-developed ability to work in the real world.
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paper_title: What are virtual environments?

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Virtual environment displays arose from vehicle simulation and teleoperations technology of the 1960s. They are interactive, head-referenced computer displays that give users the illusion of displacement to another location. Different terms have been applied to the illusion. Some, like the oxymoronic "artificial reality" and "virtual reality", suggest much higher performance than current technology can generally provide. Others, like "cyberspace" are puzzling neologisms. Expressions like "virtual worlds" and "virtual environment" seem preferable because they are linguistically conservative, relating to well-established terms like virtual image. In fact, we can define virtual environments as interactive, virtual image displays enhanced by special processing and by nonvisual display modalities, such as auditory and haptic, to convince users that they are immersed in a synthetic space. Why are these displays useful? Who uses them? How are they developed? The article addresses these and other questions related to this emerging technology. >
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paper_title: Survey of virtual machine research

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The complete instruction-by-instruction simulation of one computer system on a different system is a well-known computing technique. It is often used for software development when a hardware base is being altered. For example, if a programmer is developing software for some new special purpose (e.g., aerospace) computer X which is under construction and as yet unavailable, he will likely begin by writing a simulator for that computer on some available general-purpose machine G. The simulator will provide a detailed simulation of the special-purpose environment X, including its processor, memory, and I/O devices. Except for possible timing dependencies, programs which run on the “simulated machine X” can later run on the “real machine X” (when it is finally built and checked out) with identical effect. The programs running on X can be arbitrary — including code to exercise simulated I/O devices, move data and instructions anywhere in simulated memory, or execute any instruction of the simulated machine. The simulator provides a layer of software filtering which protects the resources of the machine G from being misused by programs on X.
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paper_title: Efficient Object Identification with Passive RFID Tags

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Radio frequency identification systems with passive tags are powerful tools for object identification. However, if multiple tags are to be identified simultaneously, messages from the tags can collide and cancel each other out. Therefore, multiple read cycles have to be performed in order to achieve a high recognition rate. For a typical stochastic anti-collision scheme, we show how to determine the optimal number of read cycles to perform under a given assurance level determining the acceptable rate of missed tags. This yields an efficient procedure for object identification. We also present results on the performance of an implementation.
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paper_title: First Steps Towards an Event-Based Infrastructure for Smart Things

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In this paper we examine requirements for an infrastructure that supports implementation and deployment of smart things in the real world. We describe a case study (RFID Chef) where kitchen items and ingredients, equipped with remotely accessible electronic tags, drive an interactive context-aware recipe finder through the use of an event-based infrastructure.
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paper_title: Bridging physical and virtual worlds with electronic tags

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The role of computers in the modern office has divided ouractivities between virtual interactions in the realm of thecomputer and physical interactions with real objects within thetraditional office infrastructure. This paper extends previous workthat has attempted to bridge this gap, to connect physical objectswith virtual representations or computational functionality, viavarious types of tags. We discuss a variety of scenarios we haveimplemented using a novel combination of inexpensive, unobtrusiveand easy to use RFID tags, tag readers, portable computers andwireless networking. This novel combination demonstrates theutility of invisibly, seamlessly and portably linking physicalobjects to networked electronic services and actions that arenaturally associated with their form.
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paper_title: Performance evaluation of RFID tag-based “virtual” communication channels

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The widespread deployment of RFID technology and EPCglobal compliant devices paved the way for research activities on unconventional uses of RFID, beyond the mere identification of people and goods. Focus of this paper is on a recent proposal of passive RFID tags exploitation, in particular their data storage capacity, as a new “virtual” communication channel to exchange data within piconets of RFID readers. Although earlier researches already demonstrated the great potential of this paradigm, still an analytical model for the channel performance evaluation is lacking. The model we propose in this paper, to evaluate goodput and delay over the RFID channel, considers aspects like collisions and tag memory management problems. The trustworthiness of the obtained analytical results is also validated through a simulative campaign. The study definitely helps in (i) defining data transfer rates as a function of number of readers and storage capacity of available tags, and (ii) finding the number of readers that can be served while satisfying goodput and traffic delay constraints.
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paper_title: Architecture of virtual machines

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In this paper we develop a model which represents the addressing of resources by processes executing on a virtual machine. The model distinguishes two maps: the o-map which represents the map visible to the operating system software running on the virtual machine, and the f-map which is invisible to that software but which is manipulated by the virtual machine monitor running on the real machine. The o-map maps process names into resource names and the f-map maps virtual resource names into real resource names. Thus, a process running on a virtual machine addresses its resources under the composed map f o o. In recursive operation, f maps from one virtual machine level to another and we have f o f o ... o f o o. The model is used to describe and characterize previous virtual machine designs. We also introduce and illustrate a general approach for implementing virtual machines which follows directly from the model. This design, the Hardware Virtualizer, handles all process exceptions directly within the executing virtual machine without software intervention. All resource faults (VM-faults) generated by a virtual machine are directed to the appropriate virtual machine monitor without the knowledge of processes on the virtual machine (regardless of the level of recursion).
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paper_title: Smart Identification Frameworks for Ubiquitous Computing Applications

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We present our results of the conceptual design and the implementation of ubiquitous computing applications using smart identification technologies. First, we describe such technologies and their potential application areas, then give an overview of some of the applications we have developed. Based on the experience we have gained from developing these systems, we point out design concepts that we have found useful for structuring and implementing such applications. Building upon these concepts, we have created two frameworks based on Jini (i.e., distributed Java objects) and Web Services to support the development of ubiquitous computing applications that make use of smart identification technology. We describe our prototype frameworks, discuss the underlying concepts and present some lessons learned.
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paper_title: People, places, things: Web presence for the real world

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The convergence of Web technology, wireless networks, and portable client devices provides new design opportunities for computer/communications systems. In the HP Labs' Cooltown project we have been exploring these opportunities through an infrastructure to support Web presence for people, places and things. We put Web servers into things like printers and put information into Web servers about things like artwork; we group physically related things into places embodied in Web servers. Using URLs for addressing, physical URL beaconing and sensing of URLs for discovery, and localized Web servers for directories, we can create a location-aware but ubiquitous system to support nomadic users. On top of this infrastructure we can leverage Internet connectivity to support communications services. Web presence bridges the World Wide Web and the physical world we inhabit, providing a model for supporting nomadic users without a central control point.
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paper_title: Memory coherence in shared virtual memory systems

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The memory coherence problem in designing and implementing a shared virtual memory on loosely coupled multiprocessors is studied in depth. Two classes of algorithms, centralized and distributed, for solving the problem are presented. A prototype shared virtual memory on an Apollo ring based on these algorithms has been implemented. Both theoretical and practical results show that the memory coherence problem can indeed be solved efficiently on a loosely coupled multiprocessor.
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paper_title: Will IEEE 802.15.4 make ubiquitous networking a reality?: a discussion on a potential low power, low bit rate standard

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The new IEEE standard 802.15.4 shows promise to bring ubiquitous networking into our lives, at least technically. Unlike other standards targeting high- or moderate-data-rate applications, IEEE 802.15.4 is a global standard designed for low-data-rate, low power consumption, and low-cost applications. This so-called enabling standard brings many simple, originally standalone devices into networks, and thus not only open the door to an enormous number of new applications, but also add values to many other existing applications. In this article we first present a few application scenarios to show the potential extent to which the new standard can affect our lives, and then give an overview of the standard, focusing on its feasibility and functions in establishing ubiquitous networks. We also outline some quantitative results from our experiments so as to have a better view of the standard.
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paper_title: From today's INTRAnet of things to a future INTERnet of things: a wireless- and mobility-related view

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In this article, we present the current status of the Internet of Things, and discuss how the current situation of many "Intranets" of Things should evolve into a much more integrated and heterogeneous system. We also summarize what in our opinion are the main wirelessand mobility-related technical challenges that lie ahead, and outline some initial ideas on how such challenges can be addressed in order to facilitate the IoT's development and acceptance in the next few years. We also describe a case study on the IoT protocol architecture.
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paper_title: Infrastructure for Data Processing in Large-Scale Interconnected Sensor Networks

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With the price of wireless sensor technologies diminishing rapidly we can expect large numbers of autonomous sensor networks being deployed in the near future. These sensor networks will typically not remain isolated but the need of interconnecting them on the network level to enable integrated data processing will arise, thus realizing the vision of a global "sensor Internet." This requires a flexible middleware layer which abstracts from the underlying, heterogeneous sensor network technologies and supports fast and simple deployment and addition of new platforms, facilitates efficient distributed query processing and combination of sensor data, provides support for sensor mobility, and enables the dynamic adaption of the system configuration during runtime with minimal (zero-programming) effort. This paper describes the global sensor networks (GSN) middleware which addresses these goals. We present GSN's conceptual model, abstractions, and architecture, and demonstrate the efficiency of the implementation through experiments with typical high-load application profiles. The GSN implementation is available from http://gsn.sourceforge.net/.
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paper_title: Pervasive Computing at Scale: Transforming the State of the Art

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The remarkable recent progress in computing power, sensors and embedded devices, smart phones, wireless communications and networking technologies, combined with emerging data mining techniques, cloud computing and social networking paradigms has enabled us to create pervasive computing systems and services with diverse applications and global accessibility. In this paper, we assess the current state of the art of pervasive computing at scale (PeCS) and look ahead to future directions the field can pursue together with challenges it will need to overcome.
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paper_title: Evolution of wireless sensor networks towards the Internet of Things: A survey

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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are playing more and more a key role in several application scenarios such as healthcare, agriculture, environment monitoring, and smart metering. Furthermore, WSNs are characterized by high heterogeneity because there are many different proprietary and non-proprietary solutions. This wide range of technologies has delayed new deployments and integration with existing sensor networks. The current trend, however, is to move away from proprietary and closed standards, to embrace IP-based sensor networks using the emerging standard 6LoWPAN/IPv6. This allows native connectivity between WSN and Internet, enabling smart objects to participate to the Internet of Things (IoT). Building an all-IP infrastructure from scratch, however, would be difficult because many different sensors and actuators technologies (both wired and wireless) have already been deployed over the years. After a review of the state of the art, this paper sketches a framework able to harmonize legacy and new installations, allowing migrating to an all-IP environment at a later stage. The Building Automation use case has been chosen to discuss potential benefits of the proposed framework.
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paper_title: The Internet of Things: A survey

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This paper addresses the Internet of Things. Main enabling factor of this promising paradigm is the integration of several technologies and communications solutions. Identification and tracking technologies, wired and wireless sensor and actuator networks, enhanced communication protocols (shared with the Next Generation Internet), and distributed intelligence for smart objects are just the most relevant. As one can easily imagine, any serious contribution to the advance of the Internet of Things must necessarily be the result of synergetic activities conducted in different fields of knowledge, such as telecommunications, informatics, electronics and social science. In such a complex scenario, this survey is directed to those who want to approach this complex discipline and contribute to its development. Different visions of this Internet of Things paradigm are reported and enabling technologies reviewed. What emerges is that still major issues shall be faced by the research community. The most relevant among them are addressed in details.
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paper_title: Pervasive Computing: A Paradigm for the 21st Century

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Pervasive computing promises to make life simpler via digital environments that sense, adapt, and respond to human needs. Yet we still view computers as machines that run programs in a virtual environment. Pervasive computing presumes a different vision. A device can be a portal into an application-data space, not just a repository of custom software a user must manage. An application is a means by which a user performs a task, not software written to exploit a device's capabilities. And a computing environment is an information-enhanced physical space, not a virtual environment that exists to store and run software. Pervasive computing is close to technical and economic viability.
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paper_title: MQTT-S — A publish/subscribe protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

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Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) pose novel challenges compared with traditional networks. To answer such challenges a new communication paradigm, data-centric communication, is emerging. One form of data-centric communication is the publish/subscribe messaging system. Compared with other data-centric variants, publish/subscribe systems are common and wide-spread in distributed computing. Thus, extending publish/subscribe systems intoWSNs will simplify the integration of sensor applications with other distributed applications. This paper describes MQTT-S [1], an extension of the open publish/subscribe protocol message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) [2] to WSNs. MQTT-S is designed in such a way that it can be run on low-end and battery-operated sensor/actuator devices and operate over bandwidth-constraint WSNs such as ZigBee-based networks. Various protocol design points are discussed and compared. MQTT-S has been implemented and is currently being tested on the IBM wireless sensor networking testbed [3]. Implementation aspects, open challenges and future work are also presented.
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paper_title: Fog computing and its role in the internet of things

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Fog Computing extends the Cloud Computing paradigm to the edge of the network, thus enabling a new breed of applications and services. Defining characteristics of the Fog are: a) Low latency and location awareness; b) Wide-spread geographical distribution; c) Mobility; d) Very large number of nodes, e) Predominant role of wireless access, f) Strong presence of streaming and real time applications, g) Heterogeneity. In this paper we argue that the above characteristics make the Fog the appropriate platform for a number of critical Internet of Things (IoT) services and applications, namely, Connected Vehicle, Smart Grid, Smart Cities, and, in general, Wireless Sensors and Actuators Networks (WSANs).
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paper_title: Moving Application Logic from the Firmware to the Cloud: Towards the Thin Server Architecture for the Internet of Things

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Unlike traditional networked embedded systems, the Internet of Things interconnects heterogeneous devices from various manufacturers with diverse functionalities. To foster the emergence of novel applications, this vast infrastructure requires a common application layer. As a single global standard for all device types and application domains is impracticable, we propose an architecture where the infrastructure is agnostic of applications and application development is fully decoupled from the embedded domain. In our design, the application logic of devices is running on application servers, while thin servers embedded into devices export only their elementary functionality using REST resources. In this paper, we present our design goals and preliminary results of this approach, featuring the Californium (Cf) CoAP framework.
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paper_title: Distributed ONS and its Impact on Privacy

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The EPC Network is an industry proposal to build a global information architecture for objects carrying RFID tags with electronic product codes (EPC). A so-called object naming service (ONS) is used to locate information sources for these objects in the EPC Network. But ONS is based on DNS, which suffers from well-studied weaknesses in robustness, configuration complexity and security. There are promising approaches to enhance the performance and robustness of DNS by using structured P2P systems based on distributed hash tables (DHT) that have a high potential as a replacement for ONS as well. We investigate if and how a decentralized alternative to ONS based on DHT could additionally offer data access control and enhance the privacy of its clients. As it turns out, the strength of privacy protection will slightly increase by using DHT compared to DNS, but strong protection will depend on the feasibility of secure out- of-band key distribution mechanisms.
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paper_title: The Role of QoE on IPTV Services style

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The IPTV, Internet Protocol TV, is one of the hottest topics as an emerging service. This new media service has a significant potential where a various kind of content can be enjoyed in a variety of way. We are living in the content-centric world. This flood of data thanks to the evolution of the hardware since 60 year- old transistor technology becomes the potential problem these days. The user experience of this new media is thought as a key factor to success an IPTV service. Since a very early stage in ITU-T Focus Group on IPTV, QoE, Quality of Experience, is considered as a most important factor. This subjective concept should be measurable in a same manner as the QoS. The metadata function for the personalized service in IPTV will be described also.
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paper_title: TAN: A Distributed Algorithm for Dynamic Task Assignment in WSNs

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We consider the scenario of wireless sensor networks where a given application has to be deployed and each application task has to be assigned to each node in the best possible way. Approaches where decisions on task execution are taken by a single central node can avoid the exchange of data packets between task execution nodes but cannot adapt to dynamic network conditions, and suffer from computational complexity. To address this issue, in this paper, we propose an adaptive and decentralized task allocation negotiation algorithm (TAN) for cluster network topologies. It is based on noncooperative game theory, where neighboring nodes engage in negotiations to maximize their own utility functions to agree on which of them should execute single application tasks. Performance is evaluated in a city scenario, where the urban streets are equipped with different sensors and the application target is the detection of the fastest way to reach a destination, and in random WSN scenarios. Comparisons are made with three other algorithms: 1) baseline setting with no task assignment to multiple nodes; 2) centralized task assignment lifetime optimization; and 3) a dynamic distributed algorithm, DLMA. The result is that TAN outperforms these algorithms in terms of application completion time and average energy consumption.
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paper_title: Mobility support in IP: a survey of related protocols

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This article presents an overview of a set of IP-based mobility protocols mobile IP, HAWAII, cellular IP, hierarchical MIP, TeIeMIP, dynamic mobility agent, and terminal independent MIP - that will play an important role in the forthcoming convergence of IP and legacy wireless networks. A comparative analysis with respect to system parameters such as location update, handoff latency and signaling overhead exposes their ability in managing micro/macro/global-level mobility. We use this observation to relate their features against a number of key design issues identified for seamless IP-based mobility as envisioned for future 4G networks.
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paper_title: Quality of service models for heterogeneous networks: overview and challenges

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The proliferation and convergence of different types of wired, wireless and mobile networks (such as WiMAX, Wireless Mesh Networks, WPANs, WLANs, etc) and cellular-based networks are crucial for the success of next-generation networks. Traditional wired/wireless networks can hardly meet the requirements of future integrated-service networks which are expected to carry multimedia traffic with various quality of service (QoS) requirements. Therefore, it is necessary to develop efficient global control mechanisms that can maintain QoS requirements to maximize network resources utilization, and minimize operational costs on all the types of wireless mobile networks. In this paper, we present an overview of QoS paradigms for heterogeneous networks and focus on those based on deterministic and probabilistic QoS.
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paper_title: Comparison of Discovery Service Architectures for the Internet of Things

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In the emerging Internet of Things rich data on real-world objects and events will be generated in vast amounts and stored in widely distributed databases. In truly global and dynamic application scenarios, intermediate brokers are needed to find these data, even if the exact location and form of storage are initially unknown to the requester. Discovery Services are aimed to fill this gap: they respond to requests for data on specific objects with a list of corresponding data providers. In this paper, we frame functional requirements for Discovery Services, and perform an overview and analysis of five established approaches for implementing Discovery Services that are taken from literature and industrial practice. In order to compare their characteristics, we develop a quality framework based on literature review and an ISO standard for software quality.
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paper_title: Tag-based cooperative data gathering and energy recharging in wide area RFID sensor networks

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The Wireless Identification and Sensing Platform (WISP) conjugates the identification potential of the RFID technology and the sensing and computing capability of the wireless sensors. Practical issues, such as the need of periodically recharging WISPs, challenge the effective deployment of large-scale RFID sensor networks (RSNs) consisting of RFID readers and WISP nodes. In this view, the paper proposes cooperative solutions to energize the WISP devices in a wide-area sensing network while reducing the data collection delay. The main novelty is the fact that both data transmissions and energy transfer are based on the RFID technology only: RFID mobile readers gather data from the WISP devices, wirelessly recharge them, and mutually cooperate to reduce the data delivery delay to the sink. Communication between mobile readers relies on two proposed solutions: a tag-based relay scheme, where RFID tags are exploited to temporarily store sensed data at pre-determined contact points between the readers; and a tag-based data channel scheme, where the WISPs are used as a virtual communication channel for real time data transfer between the readers. Both solutions require: (i) clustering the WISP nodes; (ii) dimensioning the number of required RFID mobile readers; (iii) planning the tour of the readers under the energy and time constraints of the nodes. A simulative analysis demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed solutions when compared to non-cooperative approaches. Differently from classic schemes in the literature, the solutions proposed in this paper better cope with scalability issues, which is of utmost importance for wide area networks.
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paper_title: The Internet of Things in an Enterprise Context

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This paper puts the Internet of Things in a wider context: How it relates to the Future Internet overall, and where the business value lies so that it will become interesting for enterprises to invest in it. Real-World Awareness and Business Process Decomposition are the two major paradigms regarding future business value. The major application domains where the Internet of Things will play an important role and where there are concrete business opportunities are highlighted. But there are also many technical challenges that need to be addressed. These are listed and it is shown how they are tackled by existing research projects with industrial participation.
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paper_title: Management of resource constrained devices in the internet of things

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The embedded computing devices deployed within the Internet of Things are expected to be resource constrained. This resource constraint not only applies to memory and processing capabilities, but the low-power radio standards utilized further constrain the network interfaces. The IPv6 protocol provides a suitable basis for interoperability in the IoT, due to its large address space and a number of existing protocols that function over IP and its flexibility. We investigate how existing IP-based network management protocols can be implemented on resource-constrained devices. We present the resource requirements for SNMP and NETCONF on an 8-bit AVR based device.
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paper_title: A survey of mobility management in next-generation all-IP-based wireless systems

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Next-generation wireless systems are envisioned to have an IP-based infrastructure with the support of heterogeneous access technologies. One of the research challenges for next generation all-IP-based wireless systems is the design of intelligent mobility management techniques that take advantage of IP-based technologies to achieve global roaming among various access technologies. Next-generation wireless systems call for the integration and interoperation of mobility management techniques in heterogeneous networks. In this article the current state of the art for mobility management in next-generation all-IP-based wireless systems is presented. The previously proposed solutions based on different layers are reviewed, and their qualitative comparisons are given. A new wireless network architecture for mobility management is introduced, and related open research issues are discussed in detail.
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paper_title: Interacting with the SOA-Based Internet of Things: Discovery, Query, Selection, and On-Demand Provisioning of Web Services

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The increasing usage of smart embedded devices in business blurs the line between the virtual and real worlds. This creates new opportunities to build applications that better integrate real-time state of the physical world, and hence, provides enterprise services that are highly dynamic, more diverse, and efficient. Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) approaches traditionally used to couple functionality of heavyweight corporate IT systems, are becoming applicable to embedded real-world devices, i.e., objects of the physical world that feature embedded processing and communication. In such infrastructures, composed of large numbers of networked, resource-limited devices, the discovery of services and on-demand provisioning of missing functionality is a significant challenge. We propose a process and a suitable system architecture that enables developers and business process designers to dynamically query, select, and use running instances of real-world services (i.e., services running on physical devices) or even deploy new ones on-demand, all in the context of composite, real-world business applications.
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paper_title: Context Aware Computing for The Internet of Things: A Survey

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As we are moving towards the Internet of Things (IoT), the number of sensors deployed around the world is growing at a rapid pace. Market research has shown a significant growth of sensor deployments over the past decade and has predicted a significant increment of the growth rate in the future. These sensors continuously generate enormous amounts of data. However, in order to add value to raw sensor data we need to understand it. Collection, modelling, reasoning, and distribution of context in relation to sensor data plays critical role in this challenge. Context-aware computing has proven to be successful in understanding sensor data. In this paper, we survey context awareness from an IoT perspective. We present the necessary background by introducing the IoT paradigm and context-aware fundamentals at the beginning. Then we provide an in-depth analysis of context life cycle. We evaluate a subset of projects (50) which represent the majority of research and commercial solutions proposed in the field of context-aware computing conducted over the last decade (2001-2011) based on our own taxonomy. Finally, based on our evaluation, we highlight the lessons to be learnt from the past and some possible directions for future research. The survey addresses a broad range of techniques, methods, models, functionalities, systems, applications, and middleware solutions related to context awareness and IoT. Our goal is not only to analyse, compare and consolidate past research work but also to appreciate their findings and discuss their applicability towards the IoT.
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paper_title: The SSN Ontology of the W3C Semantic Sensor Network Incubator Group

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The W3C Semantic Sensor Network Incubator group (the SSN-XG) produced an OWL 2 ontology to describe sensors and observations - the SSN ontology, available at http://purl.oclc.org/NET/ssnx/ssn. The SSN ontology can describe sensors in terms of capabilities, measurement processes, observations and deployments. This article describes the SSN ontology. It further gives an example and describes the use of the ontology in recent research projects.
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paper_title: Role Of Middleware For Internet Of Things: A Study

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Internet of Things (IoT) has been recognized as a part of future internet and ubiquitous computing. It creates a true ubiquitous or smart environment. It demands a complex distributed architecture with numerous diverse components, including the end devices and application and association with their context. This article provides the significance of middleware system for (IoT). The middleware for IoT acts as a bond joining the heterogeneous domains of applications communicating over heterogeneous interfaces. First, to enable the better understanding of the current gap and future directions in this field a comprehensive review of the existing middleware systems for IoT is provided here. Second, fundamental functional blocks are proposed for this middleware system, and based on that feature wise classification is performed on the existing IoT-middleware. Third, open issues are analyzed and our vision on the research scope in this area is presented.
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paper_title: A Survey of Network Virtualization

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Due to the existence of multiple stakeholders with conflicting goals and policies, alterations to the existing Internet architecture are now limited to simple incremental updates; deployment of any new, radically different technology is next to impossible. To fend off this ossification, network virtualization has been propounded as a diversifying attribute of the future inter-networking paradigm. By introducing a plurality of heterogeneous network architectures cohabiting on a shared physical substrate, network virtualization promotes innovations and diversified applications. In this paper, we survey the existing technologies and a wide array of past and state-of-the-art projects on network virtualization followed by a discussion of major challenges in this area.
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paper_title: Internet of Things: Applications and Challenges in Technology and Standardization

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The phrase Internet of Things (IoT) heralds a vision of the future Internet where connecting physical things, from banknotes to bicycles, through a network will let them take an active part in the Internet, exchanging information about themselves and their surroundings. This will give immediate access to information about the physical world and the objects in it--leading to innovative services and increase in efficiency and productivity. This paper studies the state-of-the-art of IoT and presents the key technological drivers, potential applications, challenges and future research areas in the domain of IoT. IoT definitions from different perspective in academic and industry communities are also discussed and compared. Finally some major issues of future research in IoT are identified and discussed briefly.
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paper_title: Resource and service discovery in SOAs: A P2P oriented semantic approach

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An intense standardization process is favouring the convergence of grids and Service Oriented Architectures (SOAs). One of the benefits of such technological convergence is that grid resources and applications can be virtualized by services and offered through the SOA paradigm. In the broad and interoperable scenarios enabled by the SOA, involving the participation of several grid infrastructures across many administrative domains, service discovery can be a serious issue. In this paper we present a P2P-based infrastructure that leverages semantic technologies to support a scalable and accurate service discovery process. The key concept of the presented idea is the creation of an overlay network organized in several semantic groups of peers, each specialized in answering queries pertaining to specific applicative domains. Groups are formed by clustering together peers offering services that are semantically related. The architecture details of the proposed solution are presented. A system prototype has also been implemented and validated through a case study deployed on the PlanetLab testbed.
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paper_title: The Internet of Things vision: Key features, applications and open issues

paper_content:

Abstract The Internet of Things (IoT) is a new paradigm that combines aspects and technologies coming from different approaches. Ubiquitous computing, pervasive computing, Internet Protocol, sensing technologies, communication technologies, and embedded devices are merged together in order to form a system where the real and digital worlds meet and are continuously in symbiotic interaction. The smart object is the building block of the IoT vision. By putting intelligence into everyday objects, they are turned into smart objects able not only to collect information from the environment and interact/control the physical world, but also to be interconnected, to each other, through Internet to exchange data and information. The expected huge number of interconnected devices and the significant amount of available data open new opportunities to create services that will bring tangible benefits to the society, environment, economy and individual citizens. In this paper we present the key features and the driver technologies of IoT. In addition to identifying the application scenarios and the correspondent potential applications, we focus on research challenges and open issues to be faced for the IoT realization in the real world.
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paper_title: Feasibility analysis of big log data real time search based on Hbase and ElasticSearch

paper_content:

There are a lot of log events generated very day from modern enterprises. Form the pattern of these log data, enterprises can mine business value; it's even better if they can do it in real time. But managing this big log data is a big challenge because traditional technology is not powerful enough to process huge data. Luckily, Hadoop echo system provides a new way to process big data; ElasticSearch, which is based on Lucene, is the modern search engineen for cloud environment. This paper presents a real-time big data search method: First, Flume agent from the end user's machine collect log events, then ElasticSearch according to the search conditions are needed rowkey list; finally Hbase using these rowkey directly from the database to get the data, the paper-based hardware to create a virtual machine environment, the experiment proved, with the search for more log events, the search response time does not increase linearly. This article will explain Hbase based on modern distributed systems and cloud real-time search search engine ElasticSearch feasibility of large data logs.
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paper_title: UbiRoad: Semantic Middleware for Context-Aware Smart Road Environments

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A smart road environment is such a traffic environment that is equipped with all necessary facilities to enable seamless mobile service provisioning to the users. However, advanced sensors and network architectures deployed within the traffic environment are insufficient to make mobile service provisioning autonomous and proactive, thus minimizing drivers’ distraction during their presence in the environment. For that, an Intelligent Transportation System, which is operating on top of numerous sensor and access networks and governing the process of mobile services provisioning to the users in self-managed and proactive way, must be deployed. Specifically, such system should provide solutions to the following two interoperability problems: interoperability between the in-car and roadside devices produced and programmed by different vendors and/or providers, and the need for seamless and flexible collaboration (including discovery, coordination, conflict resolution and possibly even negotiation) amongst the smart road devices and services. To tackle these problems, in this paper we propose UbiRoad middleware intending utilization of semantic languages and semantic technologies for declarative specification of devices’ and services’ behavior, application of software agents as engines executing those specifications, and establishment of common ontologies to facilitate and govern seamless interoperation of devices, services and humans. The main contribution of the paper includes the requirements and the architecture of complex traffic management systems and shows how such systems may benefit from utilization of semantic and agent technologies.
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paper_title: Virtualization and Cognitive Management of Real World Objects in the Internet of Things

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This paper presents a framework for the virtualization of real world objects and the cognitive management of their virtual counterparts. The framework consists of three levels of functionality and each level comprises cognitive entities that provide the means for self-management and learning, allowing for smart, flexible applications and objects. The presented framework enables the abstraction of the heterogeneity that derives from the vast amount of diverse objects/devices, while enhancing reliability and facilitates the consideration of the views of various users/stakeholders (owners of objects & communication means) for ensuring proper application provision, business integrity and, therefore, maximization of exploitation opportunities. The paper also presents a corresponding prototype that has been developed for the validation of the proposed approach, in a real-life fire detection scenario in a Smart Home.
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paper_title: Cognitive Management for the Internet of Things: A Framework for Enabling Autonomous Applications

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The handling of the number of objects that will be part of the Internet of Things (IoT) and the various networking technologies used for their interconnection requires suitable architecture and technological foundations. Despite significant work on architectures and test facilities for the IoT, there is still a lack of management functionality to overcome the technological heterogeneity and complexity of the underlying networks and IoT infrastructure, so as to enhance context/situational-awareness, reliability, and energy-efficiency of IoT applications. This article presents a cognitive management framework for the IoT aiming to address these issues, comprising three levels of functionality: virtual objects (VOs), composite VOs (CVOs), and service levels. Cognitive entities at all levels provide the means for self-management (configuration, optimization, and healing) and learning. Three fundamental processes of this framework are presented: dynamic CVO creation, knowledge-based CVO instantiation, and CVO self-healing. A first prototype implementation of this framework and corresponding derived results are presented.
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paper_title: Internet of Things (IoT): A Vision, Architectural Elements, and Future Directions

paper_content:

Ubiquitous sensing enabled by Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technologies cuts across many areas of modern day living. This offers the ability to measure, infer and understand environmental indicators, from delicate ecologies and natural resources to urban environments. The proliferation of these devices in a communicating-actuating network creates the Internet of Things (IoT), wherein sensors and actuators blend seamlessly with the environment around us, and the information is shared across platforms in order to develop a common operating picture (COP). Fueled by the recent adaptation of a variety of enabling wireless technologies such as RFID tags and embedded sensor and actuator nodes, the IoT has stepped out of its infancy and is the next revolutionary technology in transforming the Internet into a fully integrated Future Internet. As we move from www (static pages web) to web2 (social networking web) to web3 (ubiquitous computing web), the need for data-on-demand using sophisticated intuitive queries increases significantly. This paper presents a Cloud centric vision for worldwide implementation of Internet of Things. The key enabling technologies and application domains that are likely to drive IoT research in the near future are discussed. A Cloud implementation using Aneka, which is based on interaction of private and public Clouds is presented. We conclude our IoT vision by expanding on the need for convergence of WSN, the Internet and distributed computing directed at technological research community.
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paper_title: Feasibility analysis of big log data real time search based on Hbase and ElasticSearch

paper_content:

There are a lot of log events generated very day from modern enterprises. Form the pattern of these log data, enterprises can mine business value; it's even better if they can do it in real time. But managing this big log data is a big challenge because traditional technology is not powerful enough to process huge data. Luckily, Hadoop echo system provides a new way to process big data; ElasticSearch, which is based on Lucene, is the modern search engineen for cloud environment. This paper presents a real-time big data search method: First, Flume agent from the end user's machine collect log events, then ElasticSearch according to the search conditions are needed rowkey list; finally Hbase using these rowkey directly from the database to get the data, the paper-based hardware to create a virtual machine environment, the experiment proved, with the search for more log events, the search response time does not increase linearly. This article will explain Hbase based on modern distributed systems and cloud real-time search search engine ElasticSearch feasibility of large data logs.
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paper_title: Enabling smart cities through a cognitive management framework for the internet of things

paper_content:

The Internet of Things (IoT) is expected to substantially support sustainable development of future smart cities. This article identifies the main issues that may prevent IoT from playing this crucial role, such as the heterogeneity among connected objects and the unreliable nature of associated services. To solve these issues, a cognitive management framework for IoT is proposed, in which dynamically changing real-world objects are represented in a virtualized environment, and where cognition and proximity are used to select the most relevant objects for the purpose of an application in an intelligent and autonomic way. Part of the framework is instantiated in terms of building blocks and demonstrated through a smart city scenario that horizontally spans several application domains. This preliminary proof of concept reveals the high potential that self-reconfigurable IoT can achieve in the context of smart cities.
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paper_title: Clouds of virtual machines in edge networks

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This article addresses the potential impact of emerging technologies and solutions, such as software defined networking and network function virtualization, on carriers' network evolution. It is argued that standard hardware advances and these emerging paradigms can bring the most impactful disruption at the network's edge, enabling the deployment of clouds of nodes using standard hardware: it will be possible to virtualize network and service functions, which are provided today by expensive middleboxes, and move them to the edge, as close as possible to users. Specifically, this article identifies some of key technical challenges behind this vision, such as dynamic allocation, migration, and orchestration of ensembles of virtual machines across wide areas of interconnected edge networks. This evolution of the network will profoundly affect the value chain: it will create new roles and business opportunities, reshaping the entire ICT world.
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paper_title: The problem of task allocation in the Internet of Things and the consensus-based approach

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The realization of the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm relies on the implementation of systems of cooperative intelligent objects with key interoperability capabilities. One of these interoperability features concerns the cooperation among nodes towards a collaborative deployment of applications taking into account the available resources, such as electrical energy, memory, processing, and object capability to perform a given task, which are often limited.In this paper, firstly, we define the issue related to resource allocation for the deployment of distributed applications in the IoT, and we describe the architecture and functionalities of a relevant middleware that represents a possible solution to this issue. Secondly, we propose a consensus protocol for the cooperation among network objects in performing the target application, which aims to distribute the burden of the application execution, so that resources are adequately shared. We demonstrate that, using the proposed protocol, the network converges to a solution where resources are homogeneously allocated among nodes. Performance evaluation of experiments in simulation mode and in real scenarios show that the algorithm converges with a percentage error of about 5% with respect to the optimal allocation obtainable with a centralized approach.
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paper_title: Network navigability in the social Internet of Things

paper_content:

The Internet of Things is expected to be overpopulated by a very large number of objects, with intensive interactions, heterogeneous communications and millions of services. Consequently, scalability issues will arise from the search of the right object that can provide the desired service. A new paradigm known as Social Internet of Things has been introduced and proposes the integration of social networking concepts into the Internet of Things. The underneath idea is that every object can look for the desired service using its friendships, in a distributed manner. However, in the resulting network, every object will still have to manage a large number of friends, slowing down the search of the services. In this work, we intend to address this issue by analyzing possible strategies to drive the objects to select the appropriate links for the benefit of overall network navigability.
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paper_title: Future Internet of Things Architecture: Like Mankind Neural System or Social Organization Framework?

paper_content:

Internet of things (IoT) is fascinating; its future architecture is still under construction. Based on the analysis on the basic and essential characters of IoT, this paper deals with Future IoT architecture in two aspects: Unit IoT and Ubiquitous IoT. Focusing on a special application, the architecture of the Unit IoT is built from man like neural network (MLN) model and its modified model. Ubiquitous IoT refers to the global IoT or the integration of multiple Unit IoTs with "ubiquitous" characters, and its architecture employs social organization framework (SOF) model. The models for Future IoT are not only helpful to interpret the relationship between IoT and reality world, but also beneficial to the implementation of IoT in its current development milieu.
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paper_title: The Internet of Things: A survey

paper_content:

This paper addresses the Internet of Things. Main enabling factor of this promising paradigm is the integration of several technologies and communications solutions. Identification and tracking technologies, wired and wireless sensor and actuator networks, enhanced communication protocols (shared with the Next Generation Internet), and distributed intelligence for smart objects are just the most relevant. As one can easily imagine, any serious contribution to the advance of the Internet of Things must necessarily be the result of synergetic activities conducted in different fields of knowledge, such as telecommunications, informatics, electronics and social science. In such a complex scenario, this survey is directed to those who want to approach this complex discipline and contribute to its development. Different visions of this Internet of Things paradigm are reported and enabling technologies reviewed. What emerges is that still major issues shall be faced by the research community. The most relevant among them are addressed in details.
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paper_title: The Social Internet of Things (SIoT) - When social networks meet the Internet of Things: Concept, architecture and network characterization

paper_content:

Recently there has been quite a number of independent research activities that investigated the potentialities of integrating social networking concepts into Internet of Things (IoT) solutions. The resulting paradigm, named Social Internet of Things (SIoT), has the potential to support novel applications and networking services for the IoT in more effective and efficient ways. In this context, the main contributions of this paper are the following: (i) we identify appropriate policies for the establishment and the management of social relationships between objects in such a way that the resulting social network is navigable; (ii) we describe a possible architecture for the IoT that includes the functionalities required to integrate things into a social network; (iii) we analyze the characteristics of the SIoT network structure by means of simulations.
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Title: The Virtual Object as a Major Element of the Internet of Things: A Survey

Section 1: INTRODUCTION
Description 1: This section provides an introduction to the Internet of Things (IoT) and the concept of virtual objects, highlighting their importance and the role they play in addressing IoT challenges.

Section 2: VIRTUAL OBJECTS DEFINITIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS
Description 2: This section addresses the various definitions and characteristics of virtual objects, providing historical context and key milestones that have shaped their evolution.

Section 3: ROLE OF THE VIRTUAL OBJECT IN THE INTERNET OF THINGS
Description 3: This section describes the functionalities assigned to virtual objects in the IoT, including a discussion of major IoT issues and how virtual objects are intended to solve them.

Section 4: VIRTUAL OBJECTS IN PROPOSED IOT ARCHITECTURE SOLUTIONS
Description 4: This section presents an overview of different IoT architectures that incorporate virtual objects, classifying them based on the type of association between real and virtual objects.

Section 5: LESSONS LEARNED AND CURRENT CHALLENGES
Description 5: This section discusses the lessons learned from existing virtual object implementations and outlines the current and future challenges that need to be addressed.

Section 6: CONCLUSIONS
Description 6: This section provides a summary of the key findings from the survey, emphasizing the importance of virtual objects in the IoT and highlighting areas for future research.