COMBINING SYSTEM DYNAMICS AND DISCRETE EVENT SIMULATIONS - OVERVIEW OF HYBRID SIMULATION MODELS
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paper_title: Discrete-event simulation: from the pioneers to the present, what next?

paper_content:

Discrete-event simulation is one of the most popular modelling techniques. It has developed significantly since the inception of computer simulation in the 1950s, most of this in line with developments in computing. The progress of simulation from its early days is charted with a particular focus on recent history. Specific developments in the past 15 years include visual interactive modelling, simulation optimization, virtual reality, integration with other software, simulation in the service sector, distributed simulation and the use of the worldwide web. The future is then speculated upon. Potential changes in model development, model use, the domain of application for simulation and integration with other simulation approaches are all discussed. The desirability of continuing to follow developments in computing, without significant developments in the wider methodology of simulation, is questioned.
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paper_title: Semiconductor supply network simulation

paper_content:

More efficient and effective control of supply networks is conservatively worth billions of dollars to the national and world economy. Developing improved control requires simulation of physical flows of materials involved and decision policies governing these flows. We describe our initial work on modelling each of these flows as well as simulating their integration through the synchronized interchange of data. We show the level of abstraction that is appropriate, formulate and test a representative model, and describe our findings and conclusions.
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paper_title: An Approach to a Hybrid Software Process Simulation using the DEVS Formalism

paper_content:

This article proposes an approach to a hybrid software process simulation modeling (SPSM) using discrete event system specification (DEVS) formalism, which implements the dynamic structure and discrete characteristics of the software development process. Many previous researchers on hybrid SPSM have described both discrete and continuous aspects of the software development process to provide more realistic simulation models. The existing hybrid models, however, have not fully implemented the feedback loop mechanism of the system dynamics. We define the DEVS Hybrid SPSM formalism by extending DEVS to the hybrid SPSM domain. Our hybrid SPSM approach uses system dynamics modeling to convey details concerning activity behaviors and managerial policies, while discrete event modeling controls activity start/completion and sequence. This approach also provides a clear specification, an explicit extension point to extend the simulation model, and a reuse mechanism. We will demonstrate a Waterfall-like hybrid software process simulation model using the DEVS Hybrid SPSM formalism. Copyright  2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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paper_title: Discrete-Event System Simulation

paper_content:

This book provides a basic treatment of one of the most widely used operations research tools: discrete-event simulation. Prerequisites are calculus, probability theory, and elementary statistics. Contents, abridged: Introduction to discrete-event system simulation. Mathematical and statistical models. Random numbers. Analysis of simulation data. Index.
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paper_title: Simulation Modeling and Analysis

paper_content:

From the Publisher: ::: This second edition of Simulation Modeling and Analysis includes a chapter on "Simulation in Manufacturing Systems" and examples. The text is designed for a one-term or two-quarter course in simulation offered in departments of industrial engineering,business,computer science and operations research.
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paper_title: Comparing Discrete Simulation and System Dynamics: Modeling an Anti-Insurgency Influence Operation

paper_content:

This paper contrasts the tradeoffs of modeling the same dynamic problem at a micro scale and at a macro scale of analysis: discrete system simulation (DS) versus continuous system simulation or system dynamics (SD). Both are employed to model the influence of entertainment education on terrorist system decay, with implications for field application. Each method optimizes different design, scope/scale, data availability/accuracy, parameter settings, and system sensitivities. Whether the research served by the computer model is applied or theoretical, DS tends to be useful for understand low-level individual unit/step influences on system change over time, whereas SD tends to shine when a wide-angle focus upon sociological/aggregate change is required.
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paper_title: Utilizing simulation to evaluate business decisions in sense-and-respond systems

paper_content:

Simulation can be an effective way to evaluate alternative decisions in sense-and-respond systems prior to taking actions to resolve existing or anticipated business situations. In sense-and-respond systems, business situations arise within predefined contexts that specify what aspects of the business need to be monitored and what information is needed to make decisions. We have designed a decision support system that dynamically configures simulation models based on business context and interactively presents simulation results to business analysts. In this paper, our decision support system is applied to the IBM demand conditioning process, in which mismatches between supply and demand are identified and corrective actions are initiated.
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paper_title: Enterprise simulation: a hybrid system approach

paper_content:

Manufacturing enterprise decisions can be classified into four groups: business decisions, design decisions, engineering decisions, and production decisions. Numerous physical and software simulation techniques have been used to evaluate specific decisions by predicting their impact on either system performance or product performance. In this paper, we focus on the impact of production decisions, evaluated using discrete-event-simulation models, on enterprise-level performance measures. We argue that these discrete-event models alone are not enough to capture this impact. To address this problem, we propose integrating discrete-event simulation models with system dynamics models in a hybrid approach to the simulation of the entire enterprise system. This hybrid approach is conceptually consistent with current business trend toward integrated systems. We show the potentials for using this approach through an example of a semiconductor enterprise.
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paper_title: Strategic-Operational Construction Management: Hybrid System Dynamics and Discrete Event Approach

paper_content:

A significant number of large-scale civil infrastructure projects experience cost overruns and schedule delays. To minimize these disastrous consequences, management actions need to be carefully examined at both the strategic and operational levels, as their effectiveness is mainly dependent on how well strategic perspectives and operational details of a project are balanced. However, current construction project management approaches have treated the strategic and operational issues separately, and consequently introduced a potential conflict between strategic and operational analyses. To address this issue, a hybrid simulation model is presented in this paper. This hybrid model combines system dynamics and discrete event simulation which have mainly been utilized to analyze the strategic and operational issues in isolation, respectively. As an application example, a nontypical repetitive earthmoving process is selected and simulated. The simulation results demonstrate that a systematic integration of strategic perspective and operational details is helpful to enhance the process performance by enabling construction managers to identify potential process improvement areas that traditional approaches may miss. Based on the simulation results, it is concluded that the proposed hybrid simulation model has great potential to support both the strategic and operational aspects of construction project management and to ultimately help increase project performance.
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paper_title: Hybrid System Dynamics and Discrete Event Simulation for Construction Management

paper_content:

Simulations have significantly contributed to the analysis of construction, and Discrete Event Simulation has been a primary means of simulation focusing on Construction Operation. In this paper, the authors address the importance of Construction Context as another realm for understanding and managing construction through representation of overall behavior of construction associated with Construction Operation. The issues raised from representing both Construction Operation and Construction Context together in a simulation model are discussed, and a hybrid System Dynamics and Discrete Event Simulation approach is proposed as a comprehensive simulation framework for that purpose. Briefly, its application to construction is also discussed.
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paper_title: Applicability of hybrid simulation to different modes of governance in UK healthcare

paper_content:

Healthcare organizations exhibit both detailed and dynamic complexity. Effective and sustainable decision-making in healthcare requires tools that can comprehend this complexity. Discrete event simulation (DES) due to its ability to capture detail complexity is widely used for operational decision making. However at the strategic level, System Dynamics (SD) with its focus on a holistic perspective and its ability to comprehend dynamic complexity has advantages over DES. Appreciating the complexity of healthcare, the authors have proposed the use of hybrid simulation in healthcare. As argued previously, effective decision making require tools which are capable of comprehending both detail and dynamic interactions of healthcare. The interactions in the organizations are governed by the governance design. In appreciation of that argument the authors have described the applicability of a hybrid approach to various modes of governance in UK healthcare.
---
paper_title: MODELING ARCHITECTURE FOR HYBRID SYSTEM DYNAMICS AND DISCRETE EVENT SIMULATION

paper_content:

Construction systems and projects comprise complex combinations of subsystems, processes, operations, and activities. Discrete Event Simulation (DES) has been used extensively for modeling construction systems, addressing system complexity, and analyzing system behavior. However, while DES is a powerful tool for capturing operations as they occur in reality, DES does have difficulty modeling context and its mutual effects on the operational components of a system. System Dynamics (SD), on the other hand, captures feedback loops that are derived from the context level of a system and that can anticipate system behavior; nevertheless, SD cannot effectively model the operational parts of a system. Hybrid SD and DES modeling provide a set of tools that use the capabilities, while improving upon the disadvantages, of these two approaches. Although initial efforts to develop hybrid SD-DES modeling dates back to the late 1990s, in the construction industry, there are relatively few studies in this area, and there is still no robust architecture for hybrid system developers. This paper addresses these issues by proposing a comprehensive hybrid simulation architecture based on the High Level Architecture (HLA) infrastructure, which can be used by hybrid simulation developers in the construction industry. A typical steel fabrication shop has been modeled based on the proposed architecture, and it has been compared with the ideally developed hybrid simulation architecture.
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paper_title: Hybrid system dynamic—discrete event simulation-based architecture for hierarchical production planning

paper_content:

Multi-plant production planning problem deals with the determination of type and quantity of products to produce at the plants over multiple time periods. Hierarchical production planning provides a formal bridge between long-term plans and short-term schedules. A hybrid simulation-based hierarchical production planning architecture consisting of system dynamics (SD) components for the enterprise level planning and discrete event simulation (DES) components for the shop-level scheduling is presented. The architecture consists of the Optimizer, Performance Monitor and Simulator modules at each decision level. The Optimizers select the optimal set of control parameters based on the estimated behaviour of the system. The enterprise-level simulator (SD model) and shop-level simulator (DES model) interact with each other to evaluate the plan. Feedback control loops are employed at each level to monitor the performance and update the control parameters. Functional and process models of the proposed architecture...
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paper_title: Application of a hybrid process simulation model to a software development project

paper_content:

Abstract Simulation models of the software development process can be used to evaluate potential process changes. Careful evaluation should consider the change within the context of the project environment. While system dynamics models have been used to model the project environment, discrete event and state-based models are more useful when modeling process activities. Hybrid models of the software development process can examine questions that cannot be answered by either system dynamics models or discrete event models alone. In this paper, we present a detailed hybrid model of a software development process currently in use at a major industrial developer. We describe the model and show how the model was used to evaluate simultaneous changes to both the process and the project environment.
---
paper_title: Hierarchical production planning using a hybrid system dynamic-discrete event simulation architecture

paper_content:

Hierarchical production planning provides a formal bridge between long-term plans and short-term schedules. A hybrid simulation-based production planning architecture consisting of system dynamics (SD) components at the higher decision level and discrete event simulation (DES) components at the lower decision level is presented. The need for the two types of simulation has been justified. The architecture consists of four modules: enterprise-level decision maker, SD model of enterprise, shop-level decision maker and DES model of shop. The decision makers select the optimal set of control parameters based on the estimated behavior of the system. These control parameters are used by the SD and DES models to determine the best plan based on the actual behavior of the system. High level architecture has been employed to interface SD and DES simulation models. Experimental results from a single-product manufacturing enterprise demonstrate the validity and scope of the proposed approach.
---
paper_title: Enterprise scheduling: Hybrid and hierarchical issues

paper_content:

We build a hybrid discrete-continuous simulation model of the manufacturing enterprise system. This model consists of an overall system dynamics model of the manufacturing enterprise and connected to it are a number of discrete event simulations for selected operational and tactical functions. System dynamics modeling best fits the macroscopic nature of activities at the higher management levels while the discrete models best fit the microscopic nature of the operational and tactical levels. An advanced mechanism based on information theory is used for the integration of the different simulation modeling modalities. In addition, the impact of the decisions at the factory level in scheduling are analyzed at the management level. The different models of control are discussed.
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paper_title: Integrating agent-based simulation and system dynamics to support product strategy decisions in the automotive industry

paper_content:

Especially in the European Union both, regulatory requirements regarding the CO2 emissions of new vehicles and the shortage of crude oil force car manufacturers to introduce alternative fuel and powertrain concepts. Due to high investments and long development times as well as the parallel offer of conventional and alternative technologies, an appropriate product strategy is required. Car manufacturers have to decide, which powertrain to introduce at which time in which vehicle class. Hence, the aim of this paper is to develop a framework for the analysis of product strategies in the automotive industry with special regard to alternative fuel and powertrain technologies. The framework integrates System Dynamics and Agent-based Simulation in a simulation environment. On basis of this analysis recommendations can be deduced concerning the implementation of different product portfolios.
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paper_title: Towards the holy grail: Combining system dynamics and discrete-event simulation in healthcare

paper_content:

The idea of combining discrete-event simulation and system dynamics has been a topic of debate in the operations research community for over a decade. Many authors have considered the potential benefits of such an approach from a methodological or practical standpoint. However, despite numerous examples of models with both discrete and continuous parameters in the computer science and engineering literature, nobody in the OR field has yet succeeded in developing a genuinely hybrid approach which truly integrates the philosophical approach and technical merits of both DES and SD in a single model. In this paper we consider some of the reasons for this and describe two practical healthcare examples of combined DES/SD models, which nevertheless fall short of the "holy grail" which has been so widely discussed in the literature over the past decade.
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paper_title: The high level architecture: is there a better way?

paper_content:

This paper first discusses the basic design approach adopted for the High Level Architecture and the design goals that it addresses in the military simulation arena. Next, the limitations of this architecture are discussed with particular focus on the real-time information requirements needed to support its operation. Finally, the paper discusses HLA's inability to model complex systems with hierarchical command and control structures and the inherent limitations that this deficiency will impose upon the application of futuristic simulation technologies to military applications.
---
paper_title: MODELING ARCHITECTURE FOR HYBRID SYSTEM DYNAMICS AND DISCRETE EVENT SIMULATION

paper_content:

Construction systems and projects comprise complex combinations of subsystems, processes, operations, and activities. Discrete Event Simulation (DES) has been used extensively for modeling construction systems, addressing system complexity, and analyzing system behavior. However, while DES is a powerful tool for capturing operations as they occur in reality, DES does have difficulty modeling context and its mutual effects on the operational components of a system. System Dynamics (SD), on the other hand, captures feedback loops that are derived from the context level of a system and that can anticipate system behavior; nevertheless, SD cannot effectively model the operational parts of a system. Hybrid SD and DES modeling provide a set of tools that use the capabilities, while improving upon the disadvantages, of these two approaches. Although initial efforts to develop hybrid SD-DES modeling dates back to the late 1990s, in the construction industry, there are relatively few studies in this area, and there is still no robust architecture for hybrid system developers. This paper addresses these issues by proposing a comprehensive hybrid simulation architecture based on the High Level Architecture (HLA) infrastructure, which can be used by hybrid simulation developers in the construction industry. A typical steel fabrication shop has been modeled based on the proposed architecture, and it has been compared with the ideally developed hybrid simulation architecture.
---
paper_title: On-line data processing in simulation models: New approaches and possibilities through HLA

paper_content:

The United States Department of Defense's High Level Architecture for Modeling and Simulation (HLA) provides a standardized interface for distributed simulations. The recent advent of HLA has greatly increased interest in the use of distributed, interoperable simulation model components. This paper focuses on how on-line data (i.e. data from real-time dependent processes) can be used in analytical simulation models and how the use of HLA based components can facilitate the integration of this kind of data into simulations. The paper also discusses the issue of cloning federates and federations and introduces some potential applications of cloning for a public transportation prototype example.
---
paper_title: Hierarchical production planning using a hybrid system dynamic-discrete event simulation architecture

paper_content:

Hierarchical production planning provides a formal bridge between long-term plans and short-term schedules. A hybrid simulation-based production planning architecture consisting of system dynamics (SD) components at the higher decision level and discrete event simulation (DES) components at the lower decision level is presented. The need for the two types of simulation has been justified. The architecture consists of four modules: enterprise-level decision maker, SD model of enterprise, shop-level decision maker and DES model of shop. The decision makers select the optimal set of control parameters based on the estimated behavior of the system. These control parameters are used by the SD and DES models to determine the best plan based on the actual behavior of the system. High level architecture has been employed to interface SD and DES simulation models. Experimental results from a single-product manufacturing enterprise demonstrate the validity and scope of the proposed approach.
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paper_title: Supply chain and hybrid modeling: The Panama Canal operations and its salinity diffusion

paper_content:

This paper deals with the simulation modeling of the service supply chain and the salinity and its diffusion in the Panama Canal. An operational supply chain model was created using discrete-event simulation. Once complete, a component based on differential equations was added to the model to investigate the intrusion of salt and the resulting salinity diffusion into the lakes of the canal. This component was implemented in the AnyLogic simulation modeling environment by taking advantage of the concept of hybrid modeling that is embedded in AnyLogic.
---
paper_title: Towards the holy grail: Combining system dynamics and discrete-event simulation in healthcare

paper_content:

The idea of combining discrete-event simulation and system dynamics has been a topic of debate in the operations research community for over a decade. Many authors have considered the potential benefits of such an approach from a methodological or practical standpoint. However, despite numerous examples of models with both discrete and continuous parameters in the computer science and engineering literature, nobody in the OR field has yet succeeded in developing a genuinely hybrid approach which truly integrates the philosophical approach and technical merits of both DES and SD in a single model. In this paper we consider some of the reasons for this and describe two practical healthcare examples of combined DES/SD models, which nevertheless fall short of the "holy grail" which has been so widely discussed in the literature over the past decade.
---
paper_title: Enterprise simulation: a hybrid system approach

paper_content:

Manufacturing enterprise decisions can be classified into four groups: business decisions, design decisions, engineering decisions, and production decisions. Numerous physical and software simulation techniques have been used to evaluate specific decisions by predicting their impact on either system performance or product performance. In this paper, we focus on the impact of production decisions, evaluated using discrete-event-simulation models, on enterprise-level performance measures. We argue that these discrete-event models alone are not enough to capture this impact. To address this problem, we propose integrating discrete-event simulation models with system dynamics models in a hybrid approach to the simulation of the entire enterprise system. This hybrid approach is conceptually consistent with current business trend toward integrated systems. We show the potentials for using this approach through an example of a semiconductor enterprise.
---
paper_title: Application of a hybrid process simulation model to a software development project

paper_content:

Abstract Simulation models of the software development process can be used to evaluate potential process changes. Careful evaluation should consider the change within the context of the project environment. While system dynamics models have been used to model the project environment, discrete event and state-based models are more useful when modeling process activities. Hybrid models of the software development process can examine questions that cannot be answered by either system dynamics models or discrete event models alone. In this paper, we present a detailed hybrid model of a software development process currently in use at a major industrial developer. We describe the model and show how the model was used to evaluate simultaneous changes to both the process and the project environment.
---
paper_title: Hierarchical production planning using a hybrid system dynamic-discrete event simulation architecture

paper_content:

Hierarchical production planning provides a formal bridge between long-term plans and short-term schedules. A hybrid simulation-based production planning architecture consisting of system dynamics (SD) components at the higher decision level and discrete event simulation (DES) components at the lower decision level is presented. The need for the two types of simulation has been justified. The architecture consists of four modules: enterprise-level decision maker, SD model of enterprise, shop-level decision maker and DES model of shop. The decision makers select the optimal set of control parameters based on the estimated behavior of the system. These control parameters are used by the SD and DES models to determine the best plan based on the actual behavior of the system. High level architecture has been employed to interface SD and DES simulation models. Experimental results from a single-product manufacturing enterprise demonstrate the validity and scope of the proposed approach.
---
paper_title: Towards the holy grail: Combining system dynamics and discrete-event simulation in healthcare

paper_content:

The idea of combining discrete-event simulation and system dynamics has been a topic of debate in the operations research community for over a decade. Many authors have considered the potential benefits of such an approach from a methodological or practical standpoint. However, despite numerous examples of models with both discrete and continuous parameters in the computer science and engineering literature, nobody in the OR field has yet succeeded in developing a genuinely hybrid approach which truly integrates the philosophical approach and technical merits of both DES and SD in a single model. In this paper we consider some of the reasons for this and describe two practical healthcare examples of combined DES/SD models, which nevertheless fall short of the "holy grail" which has been so widely discussed in the literature over the past decade.
---
paper_title: Enterprise simulation: a hybrid system approach

paper_content:

Manufacturing enterprise decisions can be classified into four groups: business decisions, design decisions, engineering decisions, and production decisions. Numerous physical and software simulation techniques have been used to evaluate specific decisions by predicting their impact on either system performance or product performance. In this paper, we focus on the impact of production decisions, evaluated using discrete-event-simulation models, on enterprise-level performance measures. We argue that these discrete-event models alone are not enough to capture this impact. To address this problem, we propose integrating discrete-event simulation models with system dynamics models in a hybrid approach to the simulation of the entire enterprise system. This hybrid approach is conceptually consistent with current business trend toward integrated systems. We show the potentials for using this approach through an example of a semiconductor enterprise.
---
paper_title: Application of a hybrid process simulation model to a software development project

paper_content:

Abstract Simulation models of the software development process can be used to evaluate potential process changes. Careful evaluation should consider the change within the context of the project environment. While system dynamics models have been used to model the project environment, discrete event and state-based models are more useful when modeling process activities. Hybrid models of the software development process can examine questions that cannot be answered by either system dynamics models or discrete event models alone. In this paper, we present a detailed hybrid model of a software development process currently in use at a major industrial developer. We describe the model and show how the model was used to evaluate simultaneous changes to both the process and the project environment.
---
paper_title: Hierarchical production planning using a hybrid system dynamic-discrete event simulation architecture

paper_content:

Hierarchical production planning provides a formal bridge between long-term plans and short-term schedules. A hybrid simulation-based production planning architecture consisting of system dynamics (SD) components at the higher decision level and discrete event simulation (DES) components at the lower decision level is presented. The need for the two types of simulation has been justified. The architecture consists of four modules: enterprise-level decision maker, SD model of enterprise, shop-level decision maker and DES model of shop. The decision makers select the optimal set of control parameters based on the estimated behavior of the system. These control parameters are used by the SD and DES models to determine the best plan based on the actual behavior of the system. High level architecture has been employed to interface SD and DES simulation models. Experimental results from a single-product manufacturing enterprise demonstrate the validity and scope of the proposed approach.
---
paper_title: Enterprise scheduling: Hybrid and hierarchical issues

paper_content:

We build a hybrid discrete-continuous simulation model of the manufacturing enterprise system. This model consists of an overall system dynamics model of the manufacturing enterprise and connected to it are a number of discrete event simulations for selected operational and tactical functions. System dynamics modeling best fits the macroscopic nature of activities at the higher management levels while the discrete models best fit the microscopic nature of the operational and tactical levels. An advanced mechanism based on information theory is used for the integration of the different simulation modeling modalities. In addition, the impact of the decisions at the factory level in scheduling are analyzed at the management level. The different models of control are discussed.
---
paper_title: Towards the holy grail: Combining system dynamics and discrete-event simulation in healthcare

paper_content:

The idea of combining discrete-event simulation and system dynamics has been a topic of debate in the operations research community for over a decade. Many authors have considered the potential benefits of such an approach from a methodological or practical standpoint. However, despite numerous examples of models with both discrete and continuous parameters in the computer science and engineering literature, nobody in the OR field has yet succeeded in developing a genuinely hybrid approach which truly integrates the philosophical approach and technical merits of both DES and SD in a single model. In this paper we consider some of the reasons for this and describe two practical healthcare examples of combined DES/SD models, which nevertheless fall short of the "holy grail" which has been so widely discussed in the literature over the past decade.
---
paper_title: Applicability of hybrid simulation to different modes of governance in UK healthcare

paper_content:

Healthcare organizations exhibit both detailed and dynamic complexity. Effective and sustainable decision-making in healthcare requires tools that can comprehend this complexity. Discrete event simulation (DES) due to its ability to capture detail complexity is widely used for operational decision making. However at the strategic level, System Dynamics (SD) with its focus on a holistic perspective and its ability to comprehend dynamic complexity has advantages over DES. Appreciating the complexity of healthcare, the authors have proposed the use of hybrid simulation in healthcare. As argued previously, effective decision making require tools which are capable of comprehending both detail and dynamic interactions of healthcare. The interactions in the organizations are governed by the governance design. In appreciation of that argument the authors have described the applicability of a hybrid approach to various modes of governance in UK healthcare.
---

Title: COMBINING SYSTEM DYNAMICS AND DISCRETE EVENT SIMULATIONS - OVERVIEW OF HYBRID SIMULATION MODELS
Section 1: INTRODUCTION
Description 1: This section introduces the advances in Industrial Engineering, the role of computers in simulation and modelling, and sets the context for combining System Dynamics and Discrete Event Simulation.

Section 2: SYSTEM DYNAMICS
Description 2: This section explains what System Dynamics (SD) is, its principles, modelling techniques, and the limitations encountered when applying SD in specific scenarios.

Section 3: DISCRETE EVENT SIMULATION
Description 3: This section discusses Discrete Event Simulation (DES), its principles, the areas of application, and its strengths and weaknesses.

Section 4: COMPARISON
Description 4: This section provides a comparative analysis between System Dynamics and Discrete Event Simulation, highlighting their differences and suitability for various types of modelling tasks.

Section 5: COMBINING TWO MODELLING TECHNIQUES
Description 5: This section explores the concept of hybrid models combining SD and DES, including examples of how these hybrid models are applied in different industries and the benefits they offer.

Section 6: Area/industry of application
Description 6: This section provides specific examples of hybrid models applied in various industries, discussing their design and the problems they solve.

Section 7: Type of connection
Description 7: This section details how hybrid models are connected, the communication between the models, and the tools and techniques used to integrate them.

Section 8: Scope of the hybrid model
Description 8: This section addresses the scope of hybrid models, including their application within organizational contexts and specific functional areas.

Section 9: Dependent\independent models inside hybrid model
Description 9: This section examines whether the models in a hybrid setup are dependent or independent of each other and discusses the practical implications of each scenario.

Section 10: Type of hybrid model format
Description 10: This section categorizes hybrid models based on their format of communication and integration, and reviews the different approaches taken by various studies.

Section 11: EXAMPLE / CASE
Description 11: This section presents a specific case study or example of a hybrid model being developed, including the objectives, design, and functioning of the model.

Section 12: CONCLUSION
Description 12: This section summarizes the key points discussed in the paper, the justification for using hybrid models, and their importance in accurately representing complex real-world scenarios.