A Review on Using Opportunities of Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality in Construction Project Management
---
paper_title: Augmented Reality in Architecture and Design: Potentials and Challenges for Application

paper_content:

Recent advances in computer interface and hardware power have fostered Augmented Reality (AR) prototypes for various architecture and design applications. More intuitive visualization platforms are necessary for efficient use of digital information nowadays in the architecture and design industries. As a promising visualization platform to address this need, this paper introduces the concept and associated enabling technologies of AR and also presents a survey of its existing applications in the area of architecture and design. Another focus of the paper is to discuss how the identified key technical issues could potentially be addressed in the context of architecture and design applications.
---
paper_title: 3D and VR models in Civil Engineering education: Construction, rehabilitation and maintenance

paper_content:

Where educational validity is concerned, a school of engineering can reasonably be expected to constantly update computational resources in frequent use in the professions. Virtual reality (VR) technology could be applied as a complement to three-dimensional (3D) modelling, leading to better communication whether in vocational training, in education or in professional practice. Techniques of 3D modelling and VR were applied to the development of models related to the construction process. The 3D models created to support rehabilitation design emerge as an important tool for the monitoring of anomalies in structures and to assist decisions based on the visual analyses of alternative solutions. The VR model created to help the management of lighting systems in buildings allows the visual and interactive transmission of information related to the physical behaviour of the elements, defined as a function of the time variable. Didactic interactive models showing construction works were also developed. These applications allow the visual simulation of the physical progression of each type of work and also assist in the study of the necessary equipment needed and how it functions on site. The introduction of CAD and VR techniques in school is helpful to students in order to prepare them to consider these technologies as important supports, later in their professional practice.
---
paper_title: A critical review of virtual and augmented reality (VR/AR) applications in construction safety

paper_content:

Abstract Construction is a high hazard industry which involves many factors that are potentially dangerous to workers. Safety has always been advocated by many construction companies, and they have been working hard to make sure their employees are protected from fatalities and injuries. With the advent of Virtual and Augmented Reality (VR/AR), there has been a witnessed trend of capitalizing on sophisticated immersive VR/AR applications to create forgiving environments for visualizing complex workplace situations, building up risk-preventive knowledge and undergoing training. To better understand the state-of-the-art of VR/AR applications in construction safety (VR/AR-CS) and from which to uncover the related issues and propose possible improvements, this paper starts with a review and synthesis of research evidence for several VR/AR prototypes, products and the related training and evaluation paradigms. Predicated upon a wide range of well-acknowledged scholarly journals, this paper comes up with a generic taxonomy consisting of VR/AR technology characteristics, application domains, safety scenarios and evaluation methods. According to this taxonomy, a number of technical features and types that could be implemented in the context of construction safety enhancement are derived and further elaborated, while significant application domains and trends regarding the VR/AR-CS research are generalized, i.e., hazards recognition and identification, safety training and education, safety instruction and inspection, and so on. Last but not least, this study sets forth a list of gaps derived from the in-depth review and comes up with the prospective research works. It is envisioned that the outcomes of this paper could assist both researchers and industrial practitioners with appreciating the research and practice frontier of VR/AR-CS and soliciting the latest VR/AR applications.
---
paper_title: An investigation of learners' collaborative knowledge construction performances and behavior patterns in an augmented reality simulation system

paper_content:

The purpose of this study was to investigate how a mobile collaborative augmented reality (AR) simulation system affects learners' knowledge construction behaviors and learning performances. In this study, 40 undergraduate students were recruited and divided into dyads to discuss a given task either with the assistance of a mobile collaborative AR system or traditional 2D simulation system. The participants' knowledge acquisition regarding elastic collision was evaluated through a pre-test and a post-test comparison. Learners' knowledge construction behaviors were qualitatively identified according to an adapted three-category coding scheme including construction of problem space (PS), construction of conceptual space (CS), and construction of relations between conceptual and problem space (CPS), and were then analyzed by adopting lag sequential analysis. The results indicated that the learners who learned with the AR system showed significant better learning achievements than those who learned with the traditional 2D simulation system. Furthermore, the sequential patterns of the learners' behaviors were identified, including three sustained loops (PS->PS, CS->CS, CPS->CPS), a bi-directional path between the PS and CPS activities (PS@?CPS), and a one way path from the PS activity to the CS activity (PS->CS). The revealed behavior patterns suggest that the AR Physics system may serve as a supportive tool and enable dyad learners to respond quickly to the displayed results and support their knowledge construction processes to produce a positive outcome. Based on the behavioral patterns found in this study, suggestions for future studies and further modifications to the system are proposed.
---
paper_title: An Iterative Methodology for Mapping Mixed Reality Technologies to AEC Operations

paper_content:

Mixed Reality (MR) technology can create an environment where objects from the digital and real worlds can be combined together in a real time manner. The practical contribution of this paper is a structured and iterative methodology developed for mapping appropriate Mixed Reality technology to a specific architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) task. To increase the likelihood of success in technology transfer, this methodology for developing user-centered, performance enhancing MR-based systems is formulated, where AEC tasks are generically analyzed and categorized according to common functional features, which could be mapped to a collection of suitable or required MR-related technology strategies. Also, a technology selection process is identified to choose appropriate technology characteristics including information representations, interaction methods and, tracking technology for a specific task category. Such a thorough mapping methodology can be used to guide new MR-based system design as well as to help evaluate existing systems.
---
paper_title: Augmented Reality Teaching and Learning

paper_content:

This literature review focuses on augmented realities (AR) for learning that utilize mobile, context-aware technologies (e.g., smartphones, tablets), which enable participants to interact with digital information embedded within the physical environment. We summarize research findings about AR in formal and informal learning environments (i.e., schools, universities, museums, parks, zoos, etc.), with an emphasis on the affordances and limitations associated with AR as it relates to teaching, learning, and instructional design. As a cognitive tool and pedagogical approach, AR is primarily aligned with situated and constructivist learning theory, as it positions the learner within a real-world physical and social context while guiding, scaffolding and facilitating participatory and metacognitive learning processes such as authentic inquiry, active observation, peer coaching, reciprocal teaching and legitimate peripheral participation with multiple modes of representation.
---
paper_title: Measuring the potential of augmented reality in civil engineering

paper_content:

Recently building information models have substantially improved the explicit semantic content of design information. Information models are used to integrate the initial phases of project development. On the construction site, however, the designs are still mostly represented as line-based paper drawings or projections on portable displays. A generic technology that can integrate information and situate it in time, place and context is augmented reality. The specific research issues addressed are (1) does augmented reality have a potential use in civil engineering, (2) how big - in comparison to other technologies - is this potential and (3) what are the main barriers to its adoption. The generic research issue was to develop a methodology for evaluation of potentials of technology. A prototype was built. It was tested on a real construction site to evaluate the potential of its use using the action-research method. A set of structured interviews with potential users was then conducted to compare the prototype to conventional presentation methods. Using this methodology it has been found out that augmented reality is expected to be as big a step as the transition from 2D line drawings to photorealistic 3D projections. The main barrier to the adoption is immature core virtual reality technology, conservative nature of construction businesses and size of building information models. Well-formed digital models, such as BIM, are a prerequisite for construction AR.Augmented reality can contribute to the understanding of project documentation.Construction AR needs to be developed in parallel with conventional methods.Construction AR can help better understand construction 3D models.
---
paper_title: Trends in augmented reality tracking, interaction and display: A review of ten years of ISMAR

paper_content:

Although Augmented Reality technology was first developed over forty years ago, there has been little survey work giving an overview of recent research in the field. This paper reviews the ten-year development of the work presented at the ISMAR conference and its predecessors with a particular focus on tracking, interaction and display research. It provides a roadmap for future augmented reality research which will be of great value to this relatively young field, and also for helping researchers decide which topics should be explored when they are beginning their own studies in the area.
---
paper_title: Automated progress tracking using 4D schedule and 3D sensing technologies

paper_content:

Abstract Efficient and effective construction progress tracking is critical to construction management. Current manual tracking methods are time consuming and/or error prone. Three dimensional (3D) laser scanners are being investigated in the construction industry and have shown potential for supporting progress tracking. However, their full potential has not yet been achieved. The reason may be that commercial software packages are still too complicated for processing scanned data. Methods have however been developed for the automated recognition of project 3D CAD model objects in site laser scans. A novel system is thus described herein that combines 3D object recognition technology with schedule information into a combined 4D object oriented progress tracking system. This system is tested on a comprehensive field database acquired during the construction of the Engineering V Building at the University of Waterloo. It demonstrates a degree of accuracy for automated progress tracking that meets or exceeds typical manual performance.
---
paper_title: Integrating building information models with construction process simulations for project scheduling support

paper_content:

Abstract Many construction practitioners and researchers have developed four-dimensional (4D) models by linking the three-dimensional (3D) components of a building information model (BIM) with the network activities of a project schedule. In such a 4D model, the BIM provides limited information, except for the 3D components. To enhance the benefits of using BIM in 4D applications, this study proposes an interface system that uses the BIMs ability with regard to quantity takeoffs of required materials (such as steel, forms, and concrete) to support site-level operations simulation, ultimately leading to the generation of a project schedule. Our proposed system includes mechanisms that collect, store, and transfer information among various software packages. Facilitated by the BIM's quantity takeoffs, the operations simulation is able to consider uncertain durations of work tasks, which allows it to consider the competing needs for resources among multiple work tasks, and to evaluate various resource allocation strategies in order to create a suitable construction plan. Finally, the resulting project schedule is also linked to the BIM 3D components, thus producing an improved BIM-based 4D model.
---
paper_title: On-Site Building Information Retrieval by Using Projection-Based Augmented Reality

paper_content:

AbstractThis research focuses on a long-standing problem at construction sites: on-site information retrieval. A wearable device, therefore, has been developed that can project the construction drawings and related information on the basis of the needs of the users. This device is envisaged to help engineers avoid carrying bulky construction drawings to the site, and to reduce the effort required in looking for the correct drawings to obtain the information they need. This device includes four modules: the information-integration module, the display module, the positioning module, and the manipulation module. The information-integration module is used to transfer information in the building information model (BIM) into images to enable the on-site retrieval from the device that was developed. The position module enables users to input their locations and automatically search for the images that the users might need. The manipulation module can analyze the gestures of the users from the touch screen and ac...
---
paper_title: Recruitment Framework for Participatory Sensing Data Collections

paper_content:

Mobile phones have evolved from devices that are just used for voice and text communication to platforms that are able to capture and transmit a range of data types (image, audio, and location). The adoption of these increasingly capable devices by society has enabled a potentially pervasive sensing paradigm - participatory sensing. A coordinated participatory sensing system engages individuals carrying mobile phones to explore phenomena of interest using in situ data collection. For participatory sensing to succeed, several technical challenges need to be solved. In this paper, we discuss one particular issue: developing a recruitment framework to enable organizers to identify well-suited participants for data collections based on geographic and temporal availability as well as participation habits. This recruitment system is evaluated through a series of pilot data collections where volunteers explored sustainable processes on a university campus.
---
paper_title: High-precision vision-based mobile augmented reality system for context-aware architectural, engineering, construction and facility management (AEC/FM) applications

paper_content:

Many context-aware techniques have been proposed to deliver cyber-information, such as project specifications or drawings, to on-site users by intelligently interpreting their environment. However, these techniques primarily rely on RF-based location tracking technologies (e.g., GPS or WLAN), which typically do not provide sufficient precision in congested construction sites or require additional hardware and custom mobile devices. This paper presents a new vision-based mobile augmented reality system that allows field personnel to query and access 3D cyber-information on-site by using photographs taken from standard mobile devices. The system does not require any location tracking modules, external hardware attachments, and/or optical fiducial markers for localizing a user’s position. Rather, the user’s location and orientation are purely derived by comparing images from the user’s mobile device to a 3D point cloud model generated from a set of pre-collected site photographs. The experimental results show that 1) the underlying 3D reconstruction module of the system generates complete 3D point cloud models of target scene, and is up to 35 times faster than other state-of-the-art Structure-from-Motion (SfM) algorithms, 2) the localization time takes at most few seconds in actual construction site. The localization speed and empirical accuracy of the system provides the ability to use the system on real-world construction sites. Using an actual construction case study, the perceived benefits and limitations of the proposed method for on-site context-aware applications are discussed in detail.
---
paper_title: A Survey of Augmented Reality Technologies, Applications and Limitations

paper_content:

We are on the verge of ubiquitously adopting Augmented Reality (AR) technologies to enhance our percep- tion and help us see, hear, and feel our environments in new and enriched ways. AR will support us in fields such as education, maintenance, design and reconnaissance, to name but a few. This paper describes the field of AR, including a brief definition and development history, the enabling technologies and their characteristics. It surveys the state of the art by reviewing some recent applications of AR technology as well as some known limitations regarding human factors in the use of AR systems that developers will need to overcome.
---
paper_title: MIXED REALITY FOR MOBILE CONSTRUCTION SITE VISUALIZATION AND COMMUNICATION

paper_content:

This article gives an presentation of the AR4BC (Augmented Reality for Building and Construction) software system, consisting of the following modules. The 4DStudio module is used to read in BIMs and link them to a project time table. It is also used to view photos and other information attached to the model from mobile devices. The MapStudio module is used to position the building model on a map using geographic coordinates from arbitrary map formats, e.g. Google Earth or more accurate ones. The OnSitePlayer module is the mobile application used to visualize the model data on top of the real world view using augmented reality. It also provides the ability to insert annotations on the virtual model. The OnSitePlayer may be operated either stand-alone, or in the case of large models, as a client-server solution. The system is compatible with laptop PCs, hand held PCs and even scales down to mobile phones. Data glasses provide another display option, with a novel user interface provided by a Wiimote controller. A technical discussion on methods for feature based tracking and tracking initialization is also presented. The proposed system can also be used for pre-construction architectural AR visualization, where in-house developed methods are employed to achieve photorealistic rendering quality.
---
paper_title: Environmental Detectives: PDAs as a window into a virtual simulated world

paper_content:

The use of computer simulations is changing the nature of scientific investigation and providing us unique insights into the way that the world works. As simulation moves from the desktop to more ubiquitous portable devices (such as PDAs), we can draw upon the unique affordances of these devices-portability, social interactivity, context sensitivity, connectivity, and individuality. The purpose of this research project is to develop and examine a new simulation platform that is designed from the ground up for handhelds to create augmented reality simulations (i.e. simulations that bridge virtual and real worlds). This paper describes environmental detectives, one such augmented reality simulation that is currently being developed at MIT. In the upcoming months, we develop and test this concept as well as produce a suite of authoring tools that students and teachers can use to design their own augmented reality simulations.
---
paper_title: BIM2MAR: An Efficient BIM Translation to Mobile Augmented Reality Applications

paper_content:

AbstractMobile augmented reality (MAR) provides an easy-to-learn and easy-to-use method of accessing information in an intuitive way by visually parsing the environment and relating information in the form of augmentations to specific objects in specific places through handheld mobile devices. With the architecture, engineering, construction, and operation (AECO) industry widely adopting building information modeling (BIM) technologies, this research contributes an efficient and cost-effective solution to integrate BIM into MAR by developing a method and workflow that practitioners can use to consolidate, optimize, and visualize their data and models in an MAR environment. Moreover, a real-world application of this method, called BIM2MAR, within facility management practices is described in this paper. In the future, this research will investigate the integration of the BIM2MAR method into cloud computing, as well as conducting user-centered evaluation.
---
paper_title: A defect management system for reinforced concrete work utilizing BIM, image-matching and augmented reality

paper_content:

Abstract The repeated and inevitable occurrence of defects remains one of the primary causes of project schedule and cost overruns in construction. Currently, quality management on site is done by site managers through their visual senses. However, it is often challenging for a handful of site managers to perform quality management efficiently for an entire site based on inspected progress of construction works. As a consequence, inspections are often omitted, resulting in faulty construction and quality degradation which may necessitate rework. This may adversely affect project costs and schedule. This paper addresses these issues by utilizing BIM, image-matching, and augmented reality (AR) to develop two types of defect management systems including: 1) an image-matching system to enable quality inspection without visiting the real work site; and 2) a mobile DM-AR app which enables workers and managers to automatically detect dimension errors and omissions on the jobsite. The two systems are tested and evaluated by lab and site experiments for reinforcement concrete (RC) work to assess the benefits and limitations. Experimental results demonstrate the defect management system's effectiveness in automatic omission and error detection at real job sites. The study emphasizes the potential applicability of BIM, image-matching, and AR technologies that could be utilized to improve construction defect management.
---
paper_title: Review and analysis of augmented reality literature for construction industry

paper_content:

Research has identified various beneficial capabilities for augmented reality technologies in the AEC industry such as virtual site visits, comparing as-built and as-planned status of projects, pre-empting schedule disputes, enhancing collaboration opportunities, and planning/training for similar projects. This paper provides an expanded foundation for future research by presenting a statistical review of augmented reality technology in the AEC industry. The review is based on articles found within eight well-known journals in architecture, engineering, construction, and facility management (AEC/FM) until the end of the year 2012. The review further narrows the literature within these journals by considering only those 133 articles found through a key word search for “augmented reality.” The selected journal articles are classified within the following dimensions: improvement focus, industry sector, target audience, project phase, stage of technology maturity, application area, comparison role, and technology. The number of articles within these dimensions are used to identify maturing and emerging trends in the literature as well as to synthesize the current state-of-the-art of augmented reality research in the AEC industry. In summary, the AR literature has increasingly focused on the demonstration of visualization and simulation applications for comparison of as-planned versus as-built statuses of the project during the construction phase to monitor project progress and address issues faced by field workers. In addition, the future trend is toward using web-based mobile augmented systems for field construction monitoring.
---
paper_title: Natural markers for augmented reality-based indoor navigation and facility maintenance

paper_content:

Abstract The longest phase in a facility's lifecycle is its maintenance period, during which operators perform activities to provide a comfortable living and working environment as well as to upkeep equipment to prevent functional failures. In current practice operators need a considerable amount of time to manually process dispersed and unformatted facility information to perform an actual task. Existing research approaches rely on expensive hardware infrastructure or use artificial, thus unesthetic Augmented Reality (AR) markers. In this paper we present a natural marker based AR framework that can digitally support facility maintenance (FM) operators when navigating to the FM item of interest and when actually performing the maintenance and repair actions. Marker detection performance experiments and case studies on our university campus indicate the feasibility and potential of natural markers for AR-based maintenance support.
---
paper_title: A framework for knowledge discovery in massive building automation data and its application in building diagnostics

paper_content:

Abstract Building Automation System (BAS) plays an important role in building operation nowadays. A huge amount of building operational data is stored in BAS; however, the data can seldom be effectively utilized due to the lack of powerful tools for analyzing the large data. Data mining (DM) is a promising technology for discovering knowledge hidden in large data. This paper presents a generic framework for knowledge discovery in massive BAS data using DM techniques. The framework is specifically designed considering the low quality and complexity of BAS data, the diversity of advanced DM techniques, as well as the integration of knowledge discovered by DM techniques and domain knowledge in the building field. The framework mainly consists of four phases, i.e., data exploration, data partitioning, knowledge discovery, and post-mining. The framework is applied to analyze the BAS data of the tallest building in Hong Kong. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) method is adopted to identify the most significant time variables to the aggregated power consumption. Then the clustering analysis is used to identify the typical operation patterns in terms of power consumption. Eight operation patterns have been identified and therefore the entire BAS data are partitioned into eight subsets. The quantitative association rule mining (QARM) method is adopted for knowledge discovery in each subset considering most of BAS data are numeric type. To enhance the efficiency of the post-mining phase, two indices are proposed for fast and conveniently identifying and utilizing potentially interesting rules discovered by QARM. The knowledge discovered is successfully used for understanding the building operating behaviors, identifying non-typical operating conditions and detecting faulty conditions.
---
paper_title: Impact of Augmented Reality (AR) in Civil Engineering

paper_content:

The ability to view constructions virtually before using the real resources to construct them has been of main interest in civil engineering over a long period of time. This has been achieved partially through virtual reality. Virtual Reality helps in visualizing the operations on computer generated jobsites and to study the available alternate plans. Even though the latest software in virtual reality helps us in designing and drawing the plans, the question of reality still arises. The plans that are done in computer sometimes do not match with the real practical applications. This shows that it is difficult to bring the experiences of practical world into the computer. In order to overcome the gap between the real and virtual environments, this paper highlights the use of Augmented Reality (AR) in all the areas of civil engineering instead of using Virtual Reality. This paper describes the developing augmented reality technology and its various application domains in civil engineering.
---
paper_title: A defect management system for reinforced concrete work utilizing BIM, image-matching and augmented reality

paper_content:

Abstract The repeated and inevitable occurrence of defects remains one of the primary causes of project schedule and cost overruns in construction. Currently, quality management on site is done by site managers through their visual senses. However, it is often challenging for a handful of site managers to perform quality management efficiently for an entire site based on inspected progress of construction works. As a consequence, inspections are often omitted, resulting in faulty construction and quality degradation which may necessitate rework. This may adversely affect project costs and schedule. This paper addresses these issues by utilizing BIM, image-matching, and augmented reality (AR) to develop two types of defect management systems including: 1) an image-matching system to enable quality inspection without visiting the real work site; and 2) a mobile DM-AR app which enables workers and managers to automatically detect dimension errors and omissions on the jobsite. The two systems are tested and evaluated by lab and site experiments for reinforcement concrete (RC) work to assess the benefits and limitations. Experimental results demonstrate the defect management system's effectiveness in automatic omission and error detection at real job sites. The study emphasizes the potential applicability of BIM, image-matching, and AR technologies that could be utilized to improve construction defect management.
---
paper_title: A review of cloud-based BIM technology in the construction sector

paper_content:

Cloud computing technology ::: is ::: regarded as ::: a ::: major transformational for ::: ce ::: that is causing ::: unprecedented change across the communication and business discipline ::: s ::: . In the architecture, engineering and ::: construction sector, ::: cloud ::: - ::: BIM ::: i ::: ntegration ::: is considered to be the second generation of ::: building information ::: management ( ::: BIM ::: ) ::: development ::: , ::: and ::: is expected to produce ::: another wave of change ::: across ::: the construction ::: indu ::: stry. ::: Despite this, few stud ::: ies ::: to date ::: have attempted to summarise the research ::: literature on ::: cloud ::: - ::: BIM. ::: Th ::: is ::: paper explore ::: s ::: the literature to identify the substantive work on cloud ::: - ::: BIM, particular ::: ly regarding ::: building ::: life cycle ::: management ::: , ::: to ::: provide valuable insight ::: for ::: practitioners and ::: to propose ::: avenue ::: s ::: for further research. ::: Thirty ::: academic sources ::: , including refereed journal articles and conference papers, ::: were ::: retrieved and ::: analysed in terms of ::: their ::: research ::: focus ::: and ::: nature of ::: applicati ::: on. The review reveal ::: ed ::: that most ::: cloud ::: - ::: BIM ::: research ::: has focused ::: on ::: the ::: building planning/design and construction stages ::: . ::: The findings ::: suggest that ::: more ::: research should be directed towards ::: operation, maintenance and facility management ::: , ::: energy efficiency ::: and ::: the ::: d ::: emolition and deconstruction ::: stages of building life cycle management ::: . ::: F ::: urther empirical research ::: o ::: n ::: organi ::: s ::: ational and legal issues ::: , ::: including security, responsibility, liability and model ownership ::: , ::: of ::: the ::: cloud ::: - ::: BIM model is ::: also ::: needed
---
paper_title: Integrating Augmented Reality with Building Information Modeling: Onsite construction process controlling for liquefied natural gas industry

paper_content:

Abstract The extent of effectiveness of real-time communication within BIM environment is somehow restrained due to the limited sense of immersion into virtual environments. The objective of this paper highlights the need for a structured methodology of fully integrating Augmented Reality (AR) technology in BIM. Based on the generic review of BIM in construction, this paper forms the rationales for the onsite information system for construction site activities, and then formulates the methods of configuring BIM + AR prototypes. It is demonstrated that, extended to the site via the “hand” of AR, the BIM solution can address more real problems, such as low productivity in retrieving information, tendency of committing error in assembly, and low efficiency of communication and problem solving.
---
paper_title: Comparative effectiveness of augmented reality in object assembly

paper_content:

Although there has been much speculation about the potential of Augmented Reality (AR), there are very few empirical studies about its effectiveness. This paper describes an experiment that tested the relative effectiveness of AR instructions in an assembly task. Task information was displayed in user's field of view and registered with the workspace as 3D objects to explicitly demonstrate the exact execution of a procedure step. Three instructional media were compared with the AR system: a printed manual, computer assisted instruction (CAI) using a monitor-based display, and CAI utilizing a head-mounted display. Results indicate that overlaying 3D instructions on the actual work pieces reduced the error rate for an assembly task by 82%, particularly diminishing cumulative errors - errors due to previous assembly mistakes. Measurement of mental effort indicated decreased mental effort in the AR condition, suggesting some of the mental calculation of the assembly task is offloaded to the system.
---
paper_title: A Survey of Augmented Reality Technologies, Applications and Limitations

paper_content:

We are on the verge of ubiquitously adopting Augmented Reality (AR) technologies to enhance our percep- tion and help us see, hear, and feel our environments in new and enriched ways. AR will support us in fields such as education, maintenance, design and reconnaissance, to name but a few. This paper describes the field of AR, including a brief definition and development history, the enabling technologies and their characteristics. It surveys the state of the art by reviewing some recent applications of AR technology as well as some known limitations regarding human factors in the use of AR systems that developers will need to overcome.
---
paper_title: Building information modelling (BIM): now and beyond

paper_content:

Building Information Modeling (BIM), also called n-D Modeling or Virtual Prototyping Technology, is a revolutionary development that is quickly reshaping the Architecture-Engineering-Construction (AEC) industry. BIM is both a technology and a process. The technology component of BIM helps project stakeholders to visualize what is to be built in a simulated environment to identify any potential design, construction or operational issues. The process component enables close collaboration and encourages integration of the roles of all stakeholders on a project. The paper presents an overview of BIM with focus on its core concepts, applications in the project life cycle and benefits for project stakeholders with the help of case studies. The paper also elaborates risks and barriers to BIM implementation and future trends.
---
paper_title: A conceptual framework for integrating building information modeling with augmented reality

paper_content:

During the last two decades, designers have been embracing building information modeling (BIM) to improve the quality of the documentation that is produced as well as constructability. While BIM has become an innate feature of the design process within the construction industry, there have been limited investigations that have examined how it can be integrated into real-time communication on-site. In addressing this gap, this paper proposes a conceptual framework that integrates BIM with augmented reality (AR) so as to enable the physical context of each construction activity or task to be visualized in real-time. To be effective, it is suggested that AR should be ubiquitous (including context awareness) and thus operate in conjunction with tracking and sensing technologies such as radio frequency identification (RFID), laser pointing, sensors and motion tracking.
---
paper_title: Augmented Reality in Education and Training

paper_content:

There are many different ways for people to be educated and trained with regard to specific information and skills they need. These methods include classroom lectures with textbooks, computers, handheld devices, and other electronic appliances. The choice of learning innovation is dependent on an individual’s access to various technologies and the infrastructure environment of a person’s surrounding. In a rapidly changing society where there is a great deal of available information and knowledge, adopting and applying information at the right time and right place is needed to main efficiency in both school and business settings. Augmented Reality (AR) is one technology that dramatically shifts the location and timing of education and training. This literature review research describes Augmented Reality (AR), how it applies to education and training, and the potential impact on the future of education.
---
paper_title: Mobile Augmented Reality, an Advanced Tool for the Construction Sector

paper_content:

Augmented reality is nowadays a novel technology that is acquiring great relevancy as a research area. This technology complements the perception and interaction with the real world and allows placing the user in a real environment augmented with additional information generated by computer. Throughout last years it is increasing the interest and the results reached in the technologies of augmented reality on desktop environments. However there are numerous environments of application of these technologies that require mobility of the user, need of access to the in-formation at any time and any place, in these cases there becomes necessary the utilization of mobile devices. Construc-tion Sector is a clear example. The development of mobile computing solutions is crucial in construction sites. The per-manent change of the site (workers, activities, work place, etc.) implies that users need to get permanently updated in-formation. Mobile computing solutions make this information available without reducing or disturbing the mobility and agility of the users. In this paper we present the mobile augmented reality as an advanced and innovative tool for the construction sector. This technology has a high potential to achieve more sustainability, profitability and higher quality level in this sector. It is structured in two main sections. An initial one that analyses the current status of the augmented reality technologies using mobile devices and describes the benefits provided by these technologies, the most recent challenges achieved, the novel applications and the problems not yet solved. And a second one that analyses the poten-tial applications of the mobile augmented reality in the construction sector and describes a scenario in which the use of mobile computing solutions makes possible to increase efficiency and safety in construction sites.
---
paper_title: Research Trends and opportunities of augmented reality applications in architecture, engineering, and construction

paper_content:

Abstract Augmented reality (AR), a state-of-the-art technology for superimposing information onto the real world, has recently started to affect our daily lives. AR applications are becoming mature and versatile. This paper discusses trends in AR applications for architecture, engineering, construction, and facility management (AEC/FM). This paper specifically focuses on four technologies—localization, natural user interface (NUI), cloud computing, and mobile devices—which have the potential to influence the development of AR applications. Advances in localization technology will enable the deployment of AR in a complex environment. An NUI provides more convenient and intuitive user experiences, which can increase the usability of AR. Cloud computing environments allow users with internet access to ubiquitously retrieve information from almost anywhere. Hence, cloud computing increases the freedom of using AR in AEC/FM applications. Another factor that will lead to the wider usage of AR is that mobile devices are becoming smaller, more powerful, and less expensive. This paper summarizes the results of 101 research efforts, and outlines the research trends and opportunities for applying AR in the fields of AEC/FM.
---
paper_title: Construction safety personnel's perceptions of safety training practices

paper_content:

Abstract The effectiveness of safety training practices is an important part of safety management on a construction site. Safety professionals’ perceptions of the effectiveness of training practices in safety training sessions were sought in a survey administered to the top 400 contractors in the U.S. The study shows that contractors are sensitive to organizational, feedback, content, process, and worker issues. Whenever they encounter language problems, they use visual aids, and provide translators and safety guidelines written in workers’ own language. Very few statistically significant differences are observed when the findings are analyzed from the point of view of the demographic characteristics of the respondents. The contribution of this study is that it conveys the views of safety personnel about how safety learning can be achieved, sustained and improved by addressing organizational, feedback, content, process, and worker issues in training sessions. It provides project managers with best practices in safety training sessions.
---
paper_title: A Social Virtual Reality Based Construction Safety Education System for Experiential Learning

paper_content:

The construction industry is a complex environment where high accident rates make significant contributions to cost overruns and time delays. Safety education is important in promoting a safe and healthful working environment in construction; however current pedagogical methods and tools at the tertiary level are unable to provide students with real practical and safety experiences. This study proposes an online social virtual reality (VR) system framework which allows students to perform role-playing, dialogic learning, and social interaction for construction safety and health education. The framework includes the following three modules: 1) Cooperative Distributed Safety Learning (CDSL) to understand root causes of accidents in construction site; 2) Hazard Inspection and Safety Cognition (HISC) to reflect on safety theories through hazard inspection within a social VR environment; 3) Active Safety Game-based Learning (ASGL) to enhance practical capacities by playing the safety training game in a 3D virtual environment. The system prototype is developed and evaluated with virtual scenarios derived from real safety cases to identify the system’s benefits and limitations. The results concluded that the social/collaborative virtual reality platform would improve construction safety & health education effectively.
---
paper_title: A Framework for Developing an As-built Virtual Environment to Advance Training of Crane Operators

paper_content:

Although hands-on practices are considered as the most effective training method for crane operators, they are always expensive and dangerous to be performed in the real world. As an alternative, virtual reality and simulator technology provide a close-to-reality experience in lifting operation while minimizing costs and hazards. However, the virtual environment in current training systems are static and designed ahead of time rather than representing an as-built construction site with its dynamic construction resource (workers, equipment, materials). Such drawback greatly limits the effectiveness of virtual training systems. To advance virtual training for crane operators, this research presents a framework towards constructing as-built virtual training environments by integrating Building Information Modeling (BIM) and real-time location tracking technology in a virtual environment. Implementing the proposed framework, a virtual training system for lifting tasks at an actual construction site was developed. The results of a pilot test show that such approach can effectively construct as-built work scenarios and potentially assess and improve operator proficiency in a virtual training environment.
---
paper_title: Virtual reality simulation for construction safety promotion

paper_content:

Safety is a critical issue for the construction industry. Literature argues that human error contributes to more than half of occupational incidents and could be directly impacted by effective training programs. This paper reviews the current safety training status in the US construction industry. Results from the review evidence the gap between the status and industry expectation on safety. To narrow this gap, this paper demonstrates the development and utilisation of a training program that is based on virtual reality (VR) simulation. The VR-based safety training program can offer a safe working environment where users can effectively rehearse tasks with electrical hazards and ultimately promote their abilities for electrical hazard cognition and intervention. Its visualisation and simulation can also remove the training barriers caused by electricity's features of invisibility and dangerousness.
---
paper_title: Interactive Building Anatomy Modeling for Experiential Building Construction Education

paper_content:

AbstractBuilding construction education is crucial in ensuring university students are adequately knowledgeable and competent to meet industry demands. Attributable to the changeable and complex environment, traditional pedagogical methods in building construction courses cannot equip students with concrete experience and knowledge. Despite several studies, adapting information and communication technology (ICT) tools such as virtual reality (VR) to enhance construction education, limited interaction and low detail of virtual contents still remain an unsolved issue. To address this problem, this study proposes an interactive building anatomy modeling (IBAM) system, which allows students to conveniently interact with VR environment for experiential building construction education. The IBAM system is developed based on the medical anatomy concept, including intuitive features, which support detaching and attaching components; and dissecting which enhances student-model interaction. To identify the advantage...
---
paper_title: The application of virtual reality technology in the construction of bridge: The cantilever and incremental launching methods

paper_content:

Abstract Virtual reality technology was applied to the development of two models related to the activity of bridge construction. One model presents the cantilever method of bridge deck construction and the other model concerns the incremental launching method of bridge deck construction, both frequently used construction techniques. The developed interactive applications make it possible to show the physical evolution of the construction work, the monitoring of the planned construction sequence, and the visualization of details of the form of every component of each construction. They also support the study of the type and method of operation of the equipment necessary for these construction methodologies. Specialists in construction processes and bridge design were consulted and involved in the development of the educational models in order to obtain efficient, accurate didactic applications. The pedagogic considerations and the technical knowledge transmitted by the models are evident in the selection of the quantity and type of elements to show in each virtual model, and in the choices made regarding the sequence in which those elements are shown as well as in the relationship established between the components of both types of construction. The developed models bring new perspectives to teaching as a support when discussing new curricular issues or complex sequence construction, both students and teachers interacting with the VR models.
---
paper_title: A framework for using mobile based virtual reality and augmented reality for experiential construction safety education

paper_content:

Due to the complex working environment, construction site still presents high accident rate, causing serious project delaysand cost overruns. Safety education is important in promoting a safe and healthy working environment in construction;however current pedagogical methods and tools at the tertiary level are unable to provide students with realistic andpractical safety experiences. This study proposes a framework for using mobile based Virtual Reality (VR) and AugmentedReality (AR) for experiential construction safety education. The framework consists of the following three modules: SafetyKnowledge Dissemination (SKD), Safety Knowledge Reflection (SKR), and Safety Knowledge Assessment (SKA). Thesystem prototype was developed and evaluated with case studies to identify the system’s benefits and limitations. Theresults concluded that using mobile based VR+AR would improve construction safety & health effectively.
---
paper_title: A critical review of virtual and augmented reality (VR/AR) applications in construction safety

paper_content:

Abstract Construction is a high hazard industry which involves many factors that are potentially dangerous to workers. Safety has always been advocated by many construction companies, and they have been working hard to make sure their employees are protected from fatalities and injuries. With the advent of Virtual and Augmented Reality (VR/AR), there has been a witnessed trend of capitalizing on sophisticated immersive VR/AR applications to create forgiving environments for visualizing complex workplace situations, building up risk-preventive knowledge and undergoing training. To better understand the state-of-the-art of VR/AR applications in construction safety (VR/AR-CS) and from which to uncover the related issues and propose possible improvements, this paper starts with a review and synthesis of research evidence for several VR/AR prototypes, products and the related training and evaluation paradigms. Predicated upon a wide range of well-acknowledged scholarly journals, this paper comes up with a generic taxonomy consisting of VR/AR technology characteristics, application domains, safety scenarios and evaluation methods. According to this taxonomy, a number of technical features and types that could be implemented in the context of construction safety enhancement are derived and further elaborated, while significant application domains and trends regarding the VR/AR-CS research are generalized, i.e., hazards recognition and identification, safety training and education, safety instruction and inspection, and so on. Last but not least, this study sets forth a list of gaps derived from the in-depth review and comes up with the prospective research works. It is envisioned that the outcomes of this paper could assist both researchers and industrial practitioners with appreciating the research and practice frontier of VR/AR-CS and soliciting the latest VR/AR applications.
---
paper_title: A Social Virtual Reality Based Construction Safety Education System for Experiential Learning

paper_content:

The construction industry is a complex environment where high accident rates make significant contributions to cost overruns and time delays. Safety education is important in promoting a safe and healthful working environment in construction; however current pedagogical methods and tools at the tertiary level are unable to provide students with real practical and safety experiences. This study proposes an online social virtual reality (VR) system framework which allows students to perform role-playing, dialogic learning, and social interaction for construction safety and health education. The framework includes the following three modules: 1) Cooperative Distributed Safety Learning (CDSL) to understand root causes of accidents in construction site; 2) Hazard Inspection and Safety Cognition (HISC) to reflect on safety theories through hazard inspection within a social VR environment; 3) Active Safety Game-based Learning (ASGL) to enhance practical capacities by playing the safety training game in a 3D virtual environment. The system prototype is developed and evaluated with virtual scenarios derived from real safety cases to identify the system’s benefits and limitations. The results concluded that the social/collaborative virtual reality platform would improve construction safety & health education effectively.
---
paper_title: Safety knowledge transfer through mobile virtual reality: A study of aviation life preserver donning

paper_content:

Abstract Aviation safety knowledge is a key factor in determining how passengers will respond in an emergency, but the effectiveness of the tools (preflight safety briefing, safety briefing card) used by airlines to educate passengers about safety has been shown to be lacking. This paper explores how one of these tools could be made interactive in order to increase its effectiveness. In particular, we use Virtual Reality (VR) techniques, adapting them to the constraints imposed by on-board aircraft use, such as usage on non-immersive, small displays. As a practical application, the paper examines aviation life preserver donning, which the literature has shown to be particularly difficult for passengers. To evaluate the proposed mobile VR tool, we contrasted it with the traditional safety briefing card in a between-groups study with 68 participants, age 20–24, focusing on different aspects of effectiveness. The results of the study show that the participants who used the mobile VR tool were able to transfer the presented safety knowledge to the real world, and don an aviation life preserver significantly faster and with fewer errors than participants who used the traditional briefing card. Moreover, these objective results were consistent with subjective ratings by participants; the mobile VR tool was perceived as significantly more engaging, simpler, and more effective than the traditional briefing card. Finally, participants who used the mobile VR tool attained a higher level of self-efficacy. The generalizability of these results would benefit with additional work aimed at an older age cohort that would ostensibly be less familiar with interactive VR technology.
---
paper_title: The Impact of BIM-based virtual and augmented reality interfaces on health and safety in construction projects: protocol for a systematic review

paper_content:

The construction sector is notable for its interdisciplinary knowledge and complex interactions between different parties and the sector has been gradually adopting new methodologies to improve work and collaboration practices, such as the case of Building Information Modeling (BIM). A protocol for a systematic review is proposed to evaluate the effectiveness of virtual reality techniques in the Architectural, Engineering, Construction and Operations sector. The search will be carried out in the reference databases for the field. One of the main outcomes of this study is to assess the effectiveness of virtual reality tools implemented in construction projects at the same time it will try to estimate the cost of the equipment and the implementation of the intervention and if any other mentioned cost might be related to risk reduction or better performance. This protocol is registered in PROSPERO under the code of PROSPERO CRD42018085845.
---
paper_title: Construction Job Safety Analysis

paper_content:

Job Safety Analysis (JSA), which is also known as Job Hazard Analysis, is an efficient proactive measure for safety risk assessment used in industrial manufacturing settings. However, unlike the manufacturing settings for which JSA was developed, at construction sites the physical environment is constantly changing, workers move through the site in the course of their work, and they are often endangered by activities performed by other teams. To address this difficulty, a structured method for hazard analysis and assessment for construction activities, called ‘‘Construction Job Safety Analysis” (CJSA), was developed. The method was developed within the framework of research toward a lean approach to safety management in construction, which required the ability to predict fluctuating safety risk levels in order to support safety conscious planning and pulling of safety management efforts to the places and times where they are most effective. The method involves identification of potential loss-of-control events for detailed stages of the activities commonly performed in construction, and assessment of the probability of occurrence for each event identified. It was applied to explore 14 primary construction activities in an extensive trial implementation that included expert workshops and a series of 101 interviews with site engineers and superintendents. Detailed quantitative results were obtained for a total of 699 possible loss-of-control events; the most frequent events are those related to exterior work at height.
---
paper_title: Safety by design: dialogues between designers and builders using virtual reality

paper_content:

Designers can contribute to enhancing the safety of construction work by considering how their decisions impact on both the physical environment in which construction workers operate and the means and methods they use. To do so, however, designers require knowledge about safety hazards on site and the opportunity to examine their designs early in projects. Through a set of studies virtual reality tools were used to examine the potential for collaborative dialogue between designers and builders to provide a forum for learning and proactive change of a design to make a project safer to build. In the tests, participants viewed proposed designs using virtual reality to examine various alternative design and construction scenarios. The study shows that consultation and dialogue with an experienced construction professional are highly beneficial for designers to appreciate the implications of designs on safety, and that designers are more willing to adapt design details than to change aesthetic aspects of their designs.
---
paper_title: A virtual training system of a hydraulic excavator using a remote controlled excavator with augmented reality

paper_content:

A Hydraulic excavator is commonly used in construction site. However, its user interfaces by operation levers are difficult to operate skillfully. In this study, we propose a virtual operating experience system of a hydraulic excavator using an RC excavator and augmented reality technique for skill training and evaluation of the operation. The proposed system realizes a virtual cockpit view by using an omni-directional camera and a head mounted display. It enables the similar operating feeling as that of a real excavator. We compare an expert and beginners by using the proposed system and discuss the difference.
---
paper_title: State-of-the-Art Review of Virtual Reality Environment Applications in Construction Safety

paper_content:

Although the numbers of injuries in the construction industry have decreased significantly since legislation of the Occupational Safety and Health Act in the 1970s, more than 700 workers face fatalities every year. As a result, in any construction project, addressing safety challenges remains one of the top priorities; safety managers constantly attempt to enhance the effectiveness of training materials provided to workers. With the emergence of the Net Generation—those who have grown up with information technology—project managers will be obliged to relinquish passive means of training and place more emphasis on creating active learning experiences that embrace state-of-the-art technologies. One of the technologies that is gaining wide acceptance for educational purposes is virtual reality environments (VRE). It has been found that VRE has a great potential to engage students in classrooms and to help construction works retain safety knowledge. Thus, the objectives of this study are to synthesize the potential applications of virtual reality environments, explore the current adoption rate of VRE to train workers regarding safety issues, and identify limitations in the current body of knowledge. The objectives are fulfilled by conducting an in-depth literature review and interviewing safety training providers across the United States. The results of the study indicated that the current adoption rate of VRE to provide safety training is minimal and safety professionals prefer hands on training. The findings of the paper summarize the current strength and weaknesses of virtual reality applications in construction safety and provide suggestions for further improvements.
---
paper_title: CONSTRUCTION DEFECT REPORTING USING MOBILE AND DIGITAL WORKBENCH TECHNOLOGIES

paper_content:

Sending data between the construction site and an off-site design office is one of the more problematic areas in information technology for construction automation, particularly for construction defect management. The aim of this research is to investigate how mobile computing and new forms of human-computer interaction can be brought to bear on specific problems in construction management. The construction defect reporting system is one such application. Combining mobile and wireless computing technologies with a digital workbench, we have developed a system to facilitate remote telecollaboration between a construction site and an off-site engineering office. The application reported in this paper demonstrates how construction defect reporting can be streamlined by field collection of construction defect information using a mobile device and visualising the defect in a CAD model on a digital workbench in an engineering office. This paper reports on the design of the system and our tests of sending images from the construction site to the engineer’s office and positional accuracy of GPS for localization of the defect.
---
paper_title: Systems integration and collaboration in architecture, engineering, construction, and facilities management: A review

paper_content:

With the rapid advancement of information and communication technologies, particularly Internet and Web-based technologies during the past 15 years, various systems integration and collaboration technologies have been developed and deployed to different application domains, including architecture, engineering, construction, and facilities management (AEC/FM). These technologies provide a consistent set of solutions to support the collaborative creation, management, dissemination, and use of information through the entire product and project lifecycle, and further to integrate people, processes, business systems, and information more effectively. This paper presents a comprehensive review of research literature on systems integration and collaboration in AEC/FM, and discusses challenging research issues and future research opportunities.
---
paper_title: A review of cloud-based BIM technology in the construction sector

paper_content:

Cloud computing technology ::: is ::: regarded as ::: a ::: major transformational for ::: ce ::: that is causing ::: unprecedented change across the communication and business discipline ::: s ::: . In the architecture, engineering and ::: construction sector, ::: cloud ::: - ::: BIM ::: i ::: ntegration ::: is considered to be the second generation of ::: building information ::: management ( ::: BIM ::: ) ::: development ::: , ::: and ::: is expected to produce ::: another wave of change ::: across ::: the construction ::: indu ::: stry. ::: Despite this, few stud ::: ies ::: to date ::: have attempted to summarise the research ::: literature on ::: cloud ::: - ::: BIM. ::: Th ::: is ::: paper explore ::: s ::: the literature to identify the substantive work on cloud ::: - ::: BIM, particular ::: ly regarding ::: building ::: life cycle ::: management ::: , ::: to ::: provide valuable insight ::: for ::: practitioners and ::: to propose ::: avenue ::: s ::: for further research. ::: Thirty ::: academic sources ::: , including refereed journal articles and conference papers, ::: were ::: retrieved and ::: analysed in terms of ::: their ::: research ::: focus ::: and ::: nature of ::: applicati ::: on. The review reveal ::: ed ::: that most ::: cloud ::: - ::: BIM ::: research ::: has focused ::: on ::: the ::: building planning/design and construction stages ::: . ::: The findings ::: suggest that ::: more ::: research should be directed towards ::: operation, maintenance and facility management ::: , ::: energy efficiency ::: and ::: the ::: d ::: emolition and deconstruction ::: stages of building life cycle management ::: . ::: F ::: urther empirical research ::: o ::: n ::: organi ::: s ::: ational and legal issues ::: , ::: including security, responsibility, liability and model ownership ::: , ::: of ::: the ::: cloud ::: - ::: BIM model is ::: also ::: needed
---
paper_title: Combining reality capture technologies for construction defect detection: A case study

paper_content:

Defects that occur during the construction process account for a large percentage of overall defects in the built environment. Defects waste time and money, and affect the overall performance of the built environment. These problems can be minimized with proactive application of advanced scanners, sensing, and data modelling techniques. Researchers in the departments of Architecture, Robotics, and Civil and Environmental Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University are investigating ways to integrate suites of emerging evaluation technologies to help find, record, manage, and limit the impact of construction defects. As part of this effort, the researchers have conducted a case study on a construction site near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The case study serves to identify challenges in applying specific reality capture technologies and in coordinating suites of these tools on construction sites. The researchers conducted the following activities: creation of a 3D design model, generation of strategies and mechanisms to create 3D as-built models; establishment of specific measurement goals; creation of laser scanner and sensor planning software; targeted use of laser scanners and wireless embedded sensing for capturing as-built data; and analysis of captured data for possible defects. This paper discusses the process of deploying sensing and scanning tools on the case study construction site, and the process of implementing components of an integrated early defect detection system.
---
paper_title: Systems integration and collaboration in architecture, engineering, construction, and facilities management: A review

paper_content:

With the rapid advancement of information and communication technologies, particularly Internet and Web-based technologies during the past 15 years, various systems integration and collaboration technologies have been developed and deployed to different application domains, including architecture, engineering, construction, and facilities management (AEC/FM). These technologies provide a consistent set of solutions to support the collaborative creation, management, dissemination, and use of information through the entire product and project lifecycle, and further to integrate people, processes, business systems, and information more effectively. This paper presents a comprehensive review of research literature on systems integration and collaboration in AEC/FM, and discusses challenging research issues and future research opportunities.
---
paper_title: A virtual prototyping system for simulating construction processes

paper_content:

Virtual prototyping (VP) technology has been regarded as a cost-effective way of envisaging real circumstances that enhance effective communication of designs and ideas, without manufacturing physical samples. In the construction field, although a large number of digital technologies have been developed to visualize the innovative architectural design, few VP systems have been developed to facilitate integrated planning and visualization of construction plans of the building projects. This paper describes a virtual prototyping system, called the Construction Virtual Prototyping (CVP) system, which is developed for modeling, simulation, analysis and VP of construction processes from digital design. The CVP system allows project teams to check constructability, safety and to visualize 3D models of a facility before the commencement of construction works. The real-life case study presented in the study shows that the CVP system is effective in assessing the executability of a construction planning including site layout, temporary work design, as well as resource planning.
---
paper_title: Research in visualization techniques for field construction

paper_content:

Field construction can be planned, monitored, and controlled at two distinct levels: (1) the activity or schedule level; and (2) the operation or process level. Graphical three-dimensional (3D) visualization can serve as an effective communication method at both levels. Many research efforts in visualizing construction are rooted in scheduling. They typically involve linking activity-based construction schedules and 3D computer-aided design (CAD) models of facilities to describe discretely evolving construction product visualizations (often referred to as four-dimensional CAD). The focus is on communicating what components are built where and when, with the intention of studying the optimal activity sequence, spatial, and temporal interferences. The construction processes or operations actually involved in building the components are usually implied. A second approach in visualizing construction is rooted in discrete-event simulation that, in addition to visualizing evolving construction products, also co...
---
paper_title: Innovation and users: virtual reality in the construction sector

paper_content:

Firms in the construction sector act as users of technologies produced outside the sector. This paper considers their role as users and explores their contribution to the 're-innovation' of an emerging information technology - virtual reality. An empirical study of virtual reality use within the construction sector has been conducted using the multiple case study method. Data was collected within 11 lead-user organizations (and four suppliers) and emerging patterns of use are explored. An analytic framework is developed to investigate how two aspects of project-based construction processes - project size and extent of design reuse - affect the technological requirements of users. Divergent requirements are found for the use of virtual reality on different types of projects and, through supplier interaction, these may lead to different families of solutions.
---
paper_title: Virtual assembly using virtual reality techniques

paper_content:

Virtual reality is a technology which is often regarded as a natural extension to 3D computer graphics with advanced input and output devices. This technology has only recently matured enough to warrant serious engineering applications. The integration of this new technology with software systems for engineering, design, and manufacturing will provide a new boost to the field of computer-aided engineering. One aspect of design and manufacturing which may be significantly affected by virtual reality is design for assembly. This paper presents a research effort aimed at creating a virtual assembly design environment.
---
paper_title: Visualisation in architecture, engineering and construction (AEC)

paper_content:

In the architecture, engineering and construction industries, computer visualization usage can cover the whole lifecycle of a product from presentation of initial concepts to the final stages of production and can also extend to maintenance issues. Three-dimensional walkthroughs can be created from hand drawn sketches at the very early stages of the design process. Three-dimensional models can be used by design teams to communicate design intent to client and users and to compare and evaluate design options. During more advanced stages of design, three-dimensional representations can be used to check the integrity of services coordination, accessibility and maintainability. During construction, visualization can facilitate the interpretation of design details by site operatives. The concept of visualization is not limited to modeling physical objects but can extend to the representation of abstract data sets of the type obtained from simulation programs used in performance assessment or from Computation Fluid Dynamics (CFD) applications. This paper will review the application of visualization in the process of design and construction and then present findings from three research projects that made use of some of these techniques at various stages of the process: for collaborative working during concept design stage, for design development and marketing in the house building sector, and for the modeling of design details during the construction stage.
---
paper_title: Real-time resource location data collection and visualization technology for construction safety and activity monitoring applications

paper_content:

Abstract Data to field operations of construction resources (personnel, equipment, materials) is vast, but the effort of collecting, analyzing, and visualizing is hardly ever taken. One main reason that limits higher quality in project site management decision making especially in resource intensive and complex operations is access to real-time information and subsequent technology that enables effortless data collection, processing, and visualization. Although recent developments in remote data sensing and intelligent data processing supplement manual data recording and analyze practices, few data on visualization tools in construction exist that gather data from dynamic resources and stream it to a field-realistic virtual reality environment in real-time. State-of-the-art technology in the field of real-time data collection and visualization is reviewed. A novel framework is presented that explains the method of streaming data from real-time positioning sensors to a real-time data visualization platform. Three case studies are presented which highlight its methods for recording data and visualizing information of construction activities in a (1) simulated virtual construction site, (2) outdoor construction setting, and (3) worker training environment. The results demonstrate that important construction information related to both safety and activity in field operations can be automatically monitored and visualized in real-time, thus offering benefits such as increased situational awareness to workers, equipment operators, or decision makers anywhere on a construction project or from a remote location.
---
paper_title: MIXED REALITY FOR MOBILE CONSTRUCTION SITE VISUALIZATION AND COMMUNICATION

paper_content:

This article gives an presentation of the AR4BC (Augmented Reality for Building and Construction) software system, consisting of the following modules. The 4DStudio module is used to read in BIMs and link them to a project time table. It is also used to view photos and other information attached to the model from mobile devices. The MapStudio module is used to position the building model on a map using geographic coordinates from arbitrary map formats, e.g. Google Earth or more accurate ones. The OnSitePlayer module is the mobile application used to visualize the model data on top of the real world view using augmented reality. It also provides the ability to insert annotations on the virtual model. The OnSitePlayer may be operated either stand-alone, or in the case of large models, as a client-server solution. The system is compatible with laptop PCs, hand held PCs and even scales down to mobile phones. Data glasses provide another display option, with a novel user interface provided by a Wiimote controller. A technical discussion on methods for feature based tracking and tracking initialization is also presented. The proposed system can also be used for pre-construction architectural AR visualization, where in-house developed methods are employed to achieve photorealistic rendering quality.
---

Title: A Review on Using Opportunities of Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality in Construction Project Management

Section 1: Introduction
Description 1: Provide an overview of the advancements in the construction industry and the role of AR and VR technologies in transforming various aspects of construction project management.

Section 2: Research Method
Description 2: Describe the research methodology used for conducting the review, including the sources, keywords, databases accessed, and the criteria for selecting relevant literature.

Section 3: AR in Construction
Description 3: Discuss the applications and opportunities of augmented reality in different phases and departments of construction projects.

Section 4: Scheduling and Project Progress Tracking
Description 4: Highlight how AR enhances project scheduling and progress tracking by providing visual tools for comparing planned versus actual progress.

Section 5: Communication and Data Acquisition
Description 5: Explain the advancements in communication and information retrieval on construction sites using AR technologies, and their impact on project management.

Section 6: Quality and Defect Management
Description 6: Illustrate the role of AR in automating quality and defect management processes and its effectiveness in improving QA/QC in construction projects.

Section 7: Time and Cost Management
Description 7: Explore how AR technologies contribute to managing and reducing time and costs in construction projects by preventing defects and enhancing process efficiencies.

Section 8: Employee Training and Safety Management Program
Description 8: Detail how AR assists in worker training and safety management by providing immersive and interactive training tools and safety monitoring systems.

Section 9: VR in Construction
Description 9: Discuss the comprehensive use of virtual reality technologies in various departments of the construction industry, including worker training, safety management, progress tracking, and defect management.

Section 10: Worker Training
Description 10: Highlight the effectiveness of VR technologies in enhancing worker training programs and preparing labor for various construction tasks and equipment operation.

Section 11: Construction Safety Management
Description 11: Examine the role of VR in promoting safety in construction projects through training exercises, safety education, and hazard identification.

Section 12: Defect and Quality Management
Description 12: Discuss how VR technologies facilitate defect and quality management in construction projects by automating reporting and inspection processes.

Section 13: Visualization
Description 13: Explain the benefits of VR in visualizing construction project models, assisting in project planning, designing, monitoring, and maintenance.

Section 14: Discussion
Description 14: Summarize the effectiveness, benefits, and limitations of AR and VR technologies in construction management and predict future trends and developments in these technologies.

Section 15: Conclusion
Description 15: Conclude the review by reiterating the primary findings regarding the applications and opportunities of AR and VR technologies in the construction industry, and their potential impact on future construction management practices.