A Historical Overview of the Status of Function Words in Dependency Grammar
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paper_title: Introduction to Government and Binding Theory

paper_content:

Preface Introduction: The Chomskyan Perspective on Language Study 1. The Lexicon and Sentence Structure 2. Phrase Structure 3. Case Theory 4. Introduction and Overview 5. Non Overt Categories: PRO and Control 6. Transformations: NP--Movement 7. WH--Movement 8. An Inventory of Empty Categories 9. Logical Form and Phonetic Form 10. Barriers: An Introduction 11. Aspects of the Syntax of Germanic Languages 12. Romance Languages Bibliography Index
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paper_title: Introduction To Generative-Transformational Syntax

paper_content:

This is a representation of the modern approach to the study of syntax as pioneered by Noam Chomsky. The author demonstrates connections between studies of individual languages and universal grammar and compares competing transformational analyses of the four basic English syntax issues. The book also demonstrates the reasons for developing a more restricitve grammar and includes tree tables indicating key points in derivations of sample sentences.
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paper_title: Natural Language Syntax

paper_content:

1. Overview 2. Syntactic Categories 3. Basic Sentential Structure 4. Phrasal Categories 5. Conceptual Structure and the Lexicon 6. Argument Correspondences 7. Complex Clauses: Raising and Control 8. Predication 9. A' Constructions Glossary of Terms References Index
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paper_title: Syntax: Theory and Problems

paper_content:

This introduction to linguistic methodology - to "doing" linguistics - uses syntax as an example. It can thus be used as a primary text in introductory syntax courses. It is also, however, intended for scholars and students of other disciplines, such as psychology, philosophy, and computer science, who wish to acquire enough knowledge of linguists' methods to be able to solve problems. Napoli's book is unique in employing an inductive approach to teaching this material. Students are presented with data from the start, and led to considerations of the data that enable them to develop a theory of grammar. The organization is designed to allow students access to the intricate theory of Government and Binding without intimidation or mindless memorization. Extensively classroom tested, each chapter of the text is enhanced by numerous problem sets (covering English, Japanese, and Romance languages), reflecting Napoli's conviction that in order to truly understand syntactic analysis, one must do syntactic analysis. The book also includes both a general bibliography and a bibliography for the problem sets.
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paper_title: Syntax: A Generative Introduction

paper_content:

Preface and Acknowledgments. Part 1: Preliminaries:. 1. Generative Grammar. 0. Preliminaries. 1. Syntax as a Cognitive Science. 2. Modeling Syntax. 3. Syntax as Science - the Scientific Method. An Example of the Scientific Method as Applied to Syntax. Sources of Data. 4. Where do the Rules Come From?. Learning vs. Acquisition. Innateness: Language as an Instinct. The Logical Problem of Language Acquisition. Other Arguments for UG. Explaining Language Variation. 5. Choosing among Theories about Syntax. 6. The Scientific Method and the Structure of this Textbook. 7 Summary. Ideas Introduced in this Chapter. Further Reading. General Problem Sets. Challenge Problem Sets. 2. Parts of Speech. 0. Words and Why They Matter to Syntax. 1. Determining Part of Speech. The Problem of Traditional Definitions. Distributional Criteria. 2. The Major Parts of Speech: N, V, Adj, and Adv. Nouns. Verbs. Adjectives. Adverbs. 3. Open vs. Closed Lexical vs. Functional. Open vs. Closed Parts of Speech. Lexical vs. Functional. Some Functional (Closed) Categories of English. Summary. 4. Subcategories and Features. Subcategories of Nouns. Subcategories of Verbs. 5. Summary. Ideas Introduced in this Chapter. Further Reading. General Problem Sets. Challenge Problem Sets. 3. Constituency, Trees, and Rules. 0. Introduction. 1. Rules and Trees. Noun Phrases (NPs). Adjective Phrases (AdjPs) and Adverb Phrases (AdvPs). Prepositional Phrases (PPs). Verb Phrases (VPs). Clauses. Summary. 2. How to Draw a Tree. Bottom-up Trees. The Top-down Method of Drawing Trees. Bracketed Diagrams. 3. Modification and Ambiguity. 4. Constituency Tests. 5. Summary and Conclusion. Appendix: How to do Foreign Language PSR Problems. A1. Doing problems with word-by-word glosses. A2. Doing problems without word-by-word glosses. Ideas Introduced in this Chapter. Further Reading. General Problem Sets. Challenge Problem Sets. 4. Structural Relations. 0. Introduction. 1. The Parts of a Tree. 2. Domination. Domination. Exhaustive Domination. Immediate Domination. 3. Precedence. 4. C-command. 5. Grammatical Relations. 6. Summary and Conclusions. Ideas Introduced in this Chapter. Further Reading. General Problem Sets. Challenge Problem Sets. 5. Binding Theory. 0. Introduction. 1. The Notions Coindex and Antecedent. 2. Binding. 3. Locality Conditions on the Binding of Anaphors. 4. The Distribution of Pronouns. 5. The Distribution of R-expressions. 6. Conclusion. Ideas Introduced in this Chapter. Further Reading. General Problem Sets. Challenge Problem Sets. Part 2: The Base:. 6. X-bar Theory. 0. Introduction. 1. Bar-level Projections. V-bar. Adj-bar and Adv-bar. P-bar. 2. Generalizing the Rules: The X-bar Schema. 3. Complements, Adjuncts, and Specifiers. Complements and Adjuncts in NPs. Complements and Adjuncts in VPs, AdjPs, AdvPs, and PPs. The Notion Specifier. 4. Some Definitional Housekeeping. 5. Parameters of Word Order. 6. Drawing Trees in X-bar Notation. Important Considerations in Tree Drawing. A Sample Tree. 7. X-bar Theory: A Summary. Ideas Introduced in this Chapter. Further Reading. General Problem Sets. Challenge Problem Sets. 7. Extending X-bar Theory to Functional Categories. 0. Introduction. 1. Determiner Phrases (DPs). 2. A Descriptive Tangent into Clause Types. 3. Complementizer Phrases (CPs). 4. Tense Phrases (TPs). 5. CP, TP, DP tree. Ideas Introduced in this Chapter. Further Reading. General Problem Sets. Challenge Problem Sets. 8. Constraining X-bar Theory: The Lexicon. 0. Introduction. 1. Some Basic Terminology. 2. Thematic Relations and Theta Roles. 3. The Lexicon. 4. Expletives and the Extended Projection Principle. 5. Summary. Ideas Introduced in this Chapter. Further Reading. General Problem Sets. Challenge Problem Sets. Part 3: Movement:. 9. Head-to-Head Movement. 0. Introduction. 1. Verb Movement (V -> T). French. Irish. 2. T Movement (T -> C). 3. Do-support. 4. Multiple Auxiliaries and Affix-hopping in English. Multiple Auxiliaries. Affix-hopping. 5. Summary. Appendix: Tests for Determining if a Language has V -> T or Affix Lowering. Ideas Introduced in this Chapter. Further Reading. General Problem Sets. Challenge Problem Sets. 10. DP Movement. 0. Introduction. 1. A Puzzle for the Theory of Theta Roles. 2. Passives. 3. Case. 4. Raising: Reprise. 5. Passives: Reprise. 6. Closing Up a Loose End. 7. Conclusion. Ideas Introduced in this Chapter. Further Reading. General Problem Sets. Challenge Problem Sets. 11. Wh-movement. 0. Introduction. 1. Movement in Wh-questions. 2. Islands. 3. The Minimal Link Condition. Wh-islands and the Minimal Link Condition. The MLC in DP Movement and Head Movement. 4. Echo Questions (Wh-in-situ) in English. 5. Conclusion. Ideas Introduced in this Chapter. Further Reading. General Problem Sets. Challenge Problem Sets. 12. A Unified Theory of Movement. 0. Introduction. 1. Move. 2. Explaining Cross-linguistic Differences. 3. Scope, Covert Movement, and The MLC. MLC Effects in Wh-in-situ Languages. English Quantifiers and Scope. 4. Conclusion. Ideas Introduced in this Chapter. Further Reading. General Problem Sets. Challenge Problem Sets. Part 4: Advanced Topics:. 13. Expanded VPs. 0. Introduction. 1. The Problem of Ditransitive Verbs. 2. Light Verbs. 3. Object Shift. 4. Ditransitives: Reprise. Ideas Introduced in this Chapter. Further Reading. General Problem Sets. Challenge Problem Sets. 14. Raising, Control, and Empty Categories. 0. Introduction. 1. Raising vs. Control. Two Kinds of Theta Grids for Main Predicates. Distinguishing Raising from Control. What is PRO?. 2. Two Kinds of Raising, Two Kinds of Control. Two Kinds of Raising. Two Kinds of Control. Summary of Predicate Types. 3. Control Theory. 4. Another Kind of Null Subject: "Little" pro. 5. Summary. Ideas Introduced in this Chapter. Further Reading. General Problem Sets. Challenge Problem Sets. 15. Advanced Topics in Binding Theory. 0. A Quick Review of Chapter 5 Binding Theory. 1. Levels of Representation. 2. The Definition of Binding Domain. A Miscellany of Domain Violations. Anaphors. Pronouns. Ideas Introduced in this Chapter. Further Reading. General Problem Sets. Challenge Problem Sets. Part 5: Alternatives:. 16. Lexical-Functional Grammar. 0. Alternative Theories. 1. C-structure. 2. Functions. 3. The Lexicon. 4. F-structure. Why F-structures?. 5. Assorted Phenomena. Head Mobility. Passives. Raising and Control. Wh-movement: Long Distance Dependencies. 6. Conclusion. Ideas Introduced in this Chapter. Further Reading. General Problem Set. Challenge Problem Sets. 17. Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar. 0. Introduction. 1. Features. 2. The Lexicon. 3. Rules, Features, and Trees. 4. Binding. 5. Long Distance Dependencies. Ideas Introduced in this Chapter. Further Reading. General Problem Set. Challenge Problem Sets. Conclusions and Directions for Further Study. References. Index.
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Title: A Historical Overview of the Status of Function Words in Dependency Grammar

Section 1: The dependency status of function words
Description 1: Outline the distinction between function words and content words and explore the recent proposals for surface analyses of dependencies within the realm of USD.

Section 2: Tesnière (1959/2015)
Description 2: Discuss Tesnière's approach to function words and how his views have evolved or been received in modern DG theories.

Section 3: Hays (1964)
Description 3: Analyze Hays' treatment of function words in his dependency grammar framework, focusing on his understanding of auxiliary and copular verbs.

Section 4: Hudson (1976, 1984, 1990)
Description 4: Present Richard Hudson's consistent treatment of function words within the Word Grammar framework, including any notable debates or distinctions.

Section 5: Matthews (1981)
Description 5: Summarize Matthews' perspectives on function words within dependency-based syntax, emphasizing his rationale and examples.

Section 6: Schubert (1987)/Maxwell & Schubert (1989)
Description 6: Delve into Schubert and Maxwell's analysis on function words in various languages for the DLT project and highlight any agreements or exceptions noted.

Section 7: The German schools
Description 7: Review the contributions and agreements among German DG grammarians concerning the hierarchical analysis of function words, touching on any significant reasoning they provide.

Section 8: The Prague school
Description 8: Examine the Prague school of DG's approach, especially the treatment of auxiliary verbs in the PDT, and discuss their linguistic motivations.

Section 9: Concluding discussion
Description 9: Provide an overview of the main findings from the survey, questioning the position of USD concerning the status of function words and discussing the broader implications for dependency grammar.