MaaS and GDPR: an overview
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paper_title: Developing the ‘Service’ in Mobility as a Service: experiences from a field trial of an innovative travel brokerage

paper_content:

This paper presents some of the findings from the trial and evaluation of an example of Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS). The service, UbiGo, was developed within the Go:Smart project in Gothenburg, Sweden. In total 195 individuals in 83 households became paying customers over a period of six months. Overall, outcome of the trial was positive, i.e. the service was used and the customers were satisfied, more so than with their previous travel solution. Based on questionnaires and interviews, key service attributes were identified, including the ‘transportation smorgasbord’ concept, simplicity, improved access and flexibility, convenience, and economy. It is argued that successful implementation of MaaS requires careful consideration of these design attributes. However, MaaS relies on cooperation and collaboration, on the notion of a co-operative and interconnected transport system (including services, infrastructure, information, and payment), where boundaries between not only transport modes are blurred but also between public and private operators. The evaluation of UbiGo indicated that the main obstacles to further dissemination of MaaS may be found within and between service providing companies and organisations in terms of, e.g. regulations and institutional barriers.
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paper_title: Mobility or mobilities: Terrestrial, virtual and aerial categories or entities?

paper_content:

This article attempts to assess the three leading categories of mobility: terrestrial, virtual and aerial, in order to see whether they constitute categories of a single entity of mobility, or alternatively, they constitute three distinct entities of mobility. This exercise is of significance because of the tendency to refer to ‘mobility’ in a rather general sense. Coping with this question, we will, first, put it within a review of relevant concepts and structures. Then, we will elaborate on the distinct features of each of the three mobility categories through their comparison, highlighting mainly differences among them. This will be followed by a presentation of a somehow opposite perspective through the examination of convergences among the three categories of mobility. These two discussions will lead us to view mobility as one single entity consisting of three categories, since all the three categories are IT-based and IT-dependent, and given that they all share a similar model of mobility cycles for both moving people and mobility systems. Using this approach we will compare terrestrial public and personal mobilities, as well as aerial and virtual mobilities, followed by a discussion on implications of a single general mobility model.
---
paper_title: Developing the ‘Service’ in Mobility as a Service: experiences from a field trial of an innovative travel brokerage

paper_content:

This paper presents some of the findings from the trial and evaluation of an example of Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS). The service, UbiGo, was developed within the Go:Smart project in Gothenburg, Sweden. In total 195 individuals in 83 households became paying customers over a period of six months. Overall, outcome of the trial was positive, i.e. the service was used and the customers were satisfied, more so than with their previous travel solution. Based on questionnaires and interviews, key service attributes were identified, including the ‘transportation smorgasbord’ concept, simplicity, improved access and flexibility, convenience, and economy. It is argued that successful implementation of MaaS requires careful consideration of these design attributes. However, MaaS relies on cooperation and collaboration, on the notion of a co-operative and interconnected transport system (including services, infrastructure, information, and payment), where boundaries between not only transport modes are blurred but also between public and private operators. The evaluation of UbiGo indicated that the main obstacles to further dissemination of MaaS may be found within and between service providing companies and organisations in terms of, e.g. regulations and institutional barriers.
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paper_title: Designing Privacy-by-Design

paper_content:

The proposal for a new privacy regulation d.d. January 25th 2012 introduces sanctions of up to 2% of the annual turnover of enterprises. This elevates the importance of mitigation of privacy risks. This paper makes Privacy by Design more concrete, and positions it as the mechanism to mitigate these privacy risks. ::: ::: In this vision paper, we describe how design patterns may be used to make the principle of Privacy by Design specific for relevant application domains. We identify a number of privacy design patterns as examples and we argue that the art is in finding the right level of abstraction to describe a privacy design pattern: the level where the data holder, data subject and privacy risks are described. ::: ::: We give an extended definition of Privacy by Design and, taking Solove's model for privacy invasions as structuring principle, we describe a tool and method to use that tool to generate trust in systems by citizens.
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paper_title: The ITS Directive: More than a timeframe with privacy concerns and a means for access to public data for digital road maps?

paper_content:

Abstract Roads are ever more congested, pollution keeps rising and traffic-related deaths remain at unacceptable levels. It is clear that society’s needs with regard to transportation and mobility have become unsustainable. Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) are often heralded as a potential solution to this problem, yet have still to yield tangible results. The EU has, however, adopted the ITS Directive, aiming for an EU-wide implementation of ITS solutions. Three questions are raised. First, can the ITS Directive really provide for the required substantial provisions in this field? Second, as ITS solutions are often deemed to be pervasive and intrusive, how does the ITS Directive interact with the EU legal framework on privacy and data protection? Third, given the involvement of private commercial entities in the field of providing road, traffic and travel data, can a public–private partnership be found to allow for the re-use of both public and private sector data in ITS solutions?
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paper_title: Mobility or mobilities: Terrestrial, virtual and aerial categories or entities?

paper_content:

This article attempts to assess the three leading categories of mobility: terrestrial, virtual and aerial, in order to see whether they constitute categories of a single entity of mobility, or alternatively, they constitute three distinct entities of mobility. This exercise is of significance because of the tendency to refer to ‘mobility’ in a rather general sense. Coping with this question, we will, first, put it within a review of relevant concepts and structures. Then, we will elaborate on the distinct features of each of the three mobility categories through their comparison, highlighting mainly differences among them. This will be followed by a presentation of a somehow opposite perspective through the examination of convergences among the three categories of mobility. These two discussions will lead us to view mobility as one single entity consisting of three categories, since all the three categories are IT-based and IT-dependent, and given that they all share a similar model of mobility cycles for both moving people and mobility systems. Using this approach we will compare terrestrial public and personal mobilities, as well as aerial and virtual mobilities, followed by a discussion on implications of a single general mobility model.
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paper_title: Evolution of as-a-Service Era in Cloud

paper_content:

Today, a paradigm shift is being observed in science, where the focus is gradually shifting toward the cloud environments to obtain appropriate, robust and affordable services to deal with Big Data challenges (Sharma et al. 2014, 2015a, 2015b). Cloud computing avoids any need to locally maintain the overly scaled computing infrastructure that include not only dedicated space, but the expensive hardware and software also. In this paper, we study the evolution of as-a-Service modalities, stimulated by cloud computing, and explore the most complete inventory of new members beyond traditional cloud computing stack.
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Title: MaaS and GDPR: an Overview

Section 1: Introduction: transport, ITS (Intelligent Transport Systems), MaaS (Mobility as a Service)
Description 1: This section should introduce the topic, providing background information on transport, ITS, and MaaS, and discussing how the information society has influenced these areas.

Section 2: An overview on MaaS model
Description 2: This section should detail the MaaS model, its components, and how it operates, providing insight into infrastructure, data providers, transportation operators, and the role of users.

Section 3: ITS and Data Protection
Description 3: This section should explain how data security and protection have been considered within ITS, including references to European Union regulations and action plans.

Section 4: GDPR issues in MaaS
Description 4: This section should identify and analyze the main data protection issues that arise in MaaS under GDPR, categorized by infrastructure, data providers, transportation operators, and trusted mobility advisors.

Section 5: Infrastructure
Description 5: This section should delve into the challenges related to infrastructure in MaaS, including how user data is collected, processed, and protected.

Section 6: Data providers
Description 6: This section should assess the role and challenges faced by data providers in MaaS, focusing on the quality and accuracy of information, and the division of responsibility under GDPR.

Section 7: Transportation operators
Description 7: This section should examine the data protection issues specific to transportation operators within the MaaS framework.

Section 8: Trusted mobility advisors
Description 8: This section should discuss the role and responsibilities of trusted mobility advisors, including data protection impact assessments and breach notifications as required by GDPR.

Section 9: Conclusions
Description 9: This section should summarize the findings, highlighting the importance of data control in MaaS, the economic value of mobility data, and the need for a specific code of conduct and standard certification for GDPR compliance.