A Survey on Container Processing in Railway Yards
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paper_title: Assessment of a transport policy potential for intermodal mode shift on a European scale

paper_content:

Policies of general nature for improving the competitive position of intermodal transport have not always been successful. On the contrary, specific policies, such as targeting the supply chain or the offered services and transport are probably more effective in identifying and subsequently shifting transport from road to intermodal. The aim of the paper is the development of a methodology with the necessary tools to assess the potential of a specific policy measure to produce a modal shift in favour of intermodal transport. In addition, for the cases of positive outcomes, the necessary elements for the policy action plan are presented. The methodology comprises of three parts: a toolbox called the macro-scan, which assesses the potential for modal shift, a sensitivity analysis and the policy action plan. Thus, an insight on the impact of a modal shift on supply chains and on the potential for modal shift is acquired. The methodology, developed within the SPIN Research Project of the European Commission, will be useful to policy makers at governmental level as well as to the private sector, especially in the European Union countries.
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paper_title: Container terminal operation and operations research — a classification and literature review

paper_content:

In the last four decades the container as an essential part of a unit-load-concept has achieved undoubted importance in international sea freight transportation. With ever increasing containerization the number of seaport container terminals and competition among them have become quite remarkable. Operations are nowadays unthinkable without effective and efficient use of information technology as well as appropriate optimization (operations research) methods. In this paper we describe and classify the main logistics processes and operations in container terminals and present a survey of methods for their optimization.
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paper_title: FREIGHT PLANNING REQUIREMENTS FOR INTERSTATE CORRIDORS

paper_content:

A debate is underway as to how transportation planning processes should evolve. Among the new challenges to be faced is the need for improvements in the freight sector, where both private and public interests are strong. This article addresses a complex aspect of intermodal planning which deals with multistate concerns. Specifically, it addresses three requirements for corridor planning: data, analysis tools, and institutional structures. The article also discusses a redefined federal role and the need for cooperation among all governmental levels and for partnerships between the public and private sectors.
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paper_title: A model for medium-term operations planning in an intermodal rail-truck service

paper_content:

This paper describes a model developed for medium-term operations planning in an intermodal rail-truck system. It was motivated by the need to redesign such systems to produce 1. (1) more reliable service, 2. (2) multiple service classes, and 3. (3) better equipment and facility utilization. The model is an integer linear program, which is computationally difficult to solve. A heuristic procedure was developed which provides excellent solutions, generally within 1% of the known optimal solution to the relaxed (non-integer) problem. Thus the model and heuristic could be used on large networks. Uses of the model and possible extensions are briefly discussed.
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paper_title: HUB LOCATION IN BACKBONE/TRIBUTARY NETWORK DESIGN: A REVIEW

paper_content:

Abstract A common architecture for a communications network consists of tributary networks, which connect nodes to hubs, and a backbone network, which interconnects the hubs. Often, because of the size of the problem or the nature of the application, the design of the backbone network and the tributary networks are considered independently. However, in many cases, it is desirable or necessary to treat backbone and tributary design as an integrated problem, in which a key decision is the choice of hub locations. We provide a review of earlier algorithmic work on this integrated problem, drawing from the literature on facility location, network design, telecommunications, computer systems and transportation. Certain key issues in modeling hub location problems in the particular context of communications networks are discussed, and possible avenues for future work are proposed.
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paper_title: Determining fixed Crane Areas in Rail-Rail Transshipment Yards

paper_content:

To enable rapid container transshipment between freight trains in modern rail-rail transshipment yards efficient computerized scheduling procedures are indispensable. This paper proposes a dynamic programming approach, which determines yard areas for gantry cranes, so that the workload is evenly spread among cranes and, thus, train processing is accelerated. In a straightforward simulation of transshipment yard operations, the effect of optimal crane areas vs. equally sized areas is studied, the latter being a common real-world policy. The results indicate a remarkable speed-up of train processing if optimal crane areas are applied.
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paper_title: INTEGRATION OF SMALL FREIGHT FLOWS IN THE INTERMODAL TRANSPORT SYSTEM.

paper_content:

Abstract This paper explores the possibility of implementing innovative bundling models and new-generation terminals as a means to integrate small flows, mainly from outside the economic core areas, in the intermodal transport system. Any integration of these small flows would increase the transport volume that is potentially suitable for intermodal transportation, and could therefore add to the modal shift from road to rail. To illustrate this concept, it will be applied to the proposed terminal in Valburg in the Netherlands. The theoretical and practical results of this example will be discussed in the context of the more general research on innovative intermodal transport.
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paper_title: Modeling and optimization of the intermodal terminal Mega Hub

paper_content:

The convergence of European states can be expected to lead to an increase in the trading of goods within the next few years and thus to a growing demand for transport. Overland intermodal transport is an important development, because it combines the advantages of rail for long distance transportation with the effective area cover offered by road. Different terminal concepts and production forms have been developed to increase the flexibility of intermodal transport and to make it more attractive for the customer.
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paper_title: Engine Routing and Scheduling at Industrial In-Plant Railroads

paper_content:

In-plant railroad engine scheduling involves routing and scheduling decisions for a heterogeneous fleet of switching engines to serve a set of time-window- and capacity-constrained transportation requests. Despite an ever-increasing competition, the current planning is purely by pencil and paper. Our paper describes the mathematical and algorithmic developments for addressing in-plant railroad decision support for scheduling and routing. The problem discussed in our work is related to the multiple-vehicle pickup and delivery problem. Exploiting the structure of admissible schedules of our particular railroad situation, we introduce two formulations of the problem as mixed integer and set partitioning programs. We propose solving the linear programming relaxation of the set partition model by column generation. We focus on the pricing problem stated in the form of a constrained shortest path problem, which isNP complete in the strong sense. A new exact label correcting algorithm is developed that prunes the search space in a novel manner. Heuristically obtained integer solutions of a practical quality are proposed as well. All the claims are demonstrated by computational experiments on both artificial and real-life data. We discuss implementation details as well.
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paper_title: Operations research at container terminals: a literature update

paper_content:

The current decade sees a considerable growth in worldwide container transportation and with it an indispensable need for optimization. Also the interest in and availability of academic literatures as well as case reports are almost exploding. With this paper an earlier survey which proved to be of utmost importance for the community is updated and extended to provide the current state of the art in container terminal operations and operations research.
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paper_title: Planning Australian freight rail operations: An overview

paper_content:

After a brief outline of freight rail operations planning, the paper reviews the research and development of optimization and simulation tools to undertake train planning, train and locomotive scheduling, as well as track maintenance planning. Although optimum solutions can be obtained using such tools, they have not been widely embraced by rail organizations. The simplifying assumptions made by most models make their practical application difficult to achieve. Whilst drawing on overseas research, the paper focuses mainly on the Australian experience for operations planning practice. Freight rail market share increases are closely related to the level of service offered, particularly in transit times and reliability of arrivals. Both these two levels of service attributes are associated with track infrastructure design and maintenance standards. The paper summarizes some of the requirements for track maintenance planning, and describes a model designed to optimize the location of sidings on a single track corridor. Considerable research has been devoted to the development of operations research applications for individual planning and control tasks. However, the use of such techniques to optimize an entire rail operation, subject to resource and customer service constraints, has not been attempted. This is mainly due to the complexity of the overall task, and the degree to which practical issues prevent optimal solutions from being implemented. The use of simulation and expert systems approaches would seem to offer a useful practical path in operations planning.
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paper_title: Scheduling Direct and Indirect Trains and Containers in an Intermodal Setting

paper_content:

The focus of our research is on rail transportation of intermodal containers. We address the problem of determining day-of-week schedules for both direct and indirect (via a hub) trains and allocating containers to these trains for the rail (linehaul) portion of the intermodal trip. The goal is to minimize operating costs, including a fixed charge for each train, variable transportation and handling costs for each container and yard storage costs, while meeting on-time delivery requirements. We formulate the problem as an integer program and develop a novel decomposition procedure to find near-optimal solutions. We also develop a method to provide relatively tight bounds on the objective function values. Finally, we compare our solutions to those obtained with heuristics designed to mimic current operations, and show that a savings of between 5 and 20% can be gained from using our solution procedure.
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paper_title: Measuring the performance of intermodal freight terminals

paper_content:

As the interface point between road and rail, intermodal freight terminals (IFTs) are critical elements in the total freight distribution chain. This paper addresses the twin objectives of reducing freight transport costs and improving customer service by putting forward a number of indicators designed to measure the performance of IFTs. Each of the three major performance areas, namely customer service, operational efficiency and terminal productivity are discussed in detail. A methodology is put forward which enables operating strategies to be evaluated. Computer simulation is used in order to arrive at strategies which reduce operating and capital costs and satisfy customer service requirements. The simulation model outputs include performance measures related to customer service such as mean waiting times required for loading and unloading of containers, as well as productivity measures of terminal operations such as lifting equipment utilisation.
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paper_title: TERMINAL OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT IN VEHICLE TRANSSHIPMENT

paper_content:

This paper reports on the development of an automated planning and scheduling system supporting terminal operations of the vehicle transshipment hub in Bremerhaven. We describe terminal operations and derive an integral decision model for manpower planning and inventory control. Thereby we propose a hierarchical separation of the integral model into sub-models and develop heuristics to solve the arising sub-problems.
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paper_title: Discrete optimization in public rail transport

paper_content:

Many problems arising in traffic planning can be modelled and solved using discrete optimization. We will focus on recent developments which were applied to large scale real world instances.
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paper_title: A Survey of Optimization Models for Train Routing and Scheduling

paper_content:

The aim of this paper is to present a survey of recent optimization models for the most commonly studied rail transportation problems. For each group of problems, we propose a classification of models and describe their important characteristics by focusing on model structure and algorithmic aspects. The review mainly concentrates on routing and scheduling problems since they represent the most important portion of the planning activities performed by railways. Routing models surveyed concern the operating policies for freight transportation and railcar fleet management, whereas scheduling models address the dispatching of trains and the assignment of locomotives and cars. A brief discussion of analytical yard and line models is also presented. The emphasis is on recent contributions, but several older yet important works are also cited.
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paper_title: GANTRY CRANE OPERATIONS TO TRANSFER CONTAINERS BETWEEN TRAINS: A SIMULATION STUDY OF A SPANISH TERMINAL

paper_content:

Freight transfer operations are critical in combined transport networks. In this paper a simulation model and modelling approach to the transfer of cargo between trains at rail terminals is presented. The model is used to study the Port-Bou terminal, the main intermodal terminal at the Spanish-French frontier. Four different gantry crane operation modes to interchange containers between trains are evaluated. These operation rules are tested in several scenarios to examine the critical factors of the system and the best operation rule for each situation. Latest generation software is used to develop the model that incorporates modular programming and enhanced graphic systems for output representation. It allows a dynamic display of the simulated system and, likewise, the possibility of developing modules that can be reused in other studies. The research shows how simulation can be a useful planning tool in the rail transportation context.
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paper_title: Modelling a rail/road intermodal transportation system

paper_content:

This paper deals with the problem of optimally locating rail/road terminals for freight transport. A linear 0-1 program is formulated and solved by a heuristic approach. The model is applied to the rail/road transportation system in the Iberian Peninsula. Five planning scenarios are considered. It is shown that modal shares are very sensitive to the cost of rail and to that of track gauge changes at the Spanish border. Conversely, the location of the terminals has little or no impact on the market shares of the combined traffic, but location changes in the Peninsula generate consequences on the entire European transportation system.
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paper_title: Shunting for Dummies: An Introductory Algorithmic Survey

paper_content:

In this survey we present a selection of commonly used and new train classification methods from an algorithmic perspective.
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paper_title: NEW OPERATING CONCEPTS FOR INTERMODAL TRANSPORT: THE MEGA HUB IN HANOVER/LEHRTE IN GERMANY

paper_content:

In intermodal logistics, combined transport operators and railway companies are engaged in the development of efficient block train concepts. The proportion of transport using single railway wagons is decreasing because of its poor time-quality ratio. In future, transport services will be focussed on industrial zones and large cities that offer the transport volumes required for direct train operation. In this regard, it will become more difficult for regions with smaller load volumes to be integrated into a combined transport network. In order to confront this trend, new concepts for bundling transport volumes have to be developed. One such concept is the 'mega hub'. The core idea is to interchange load units between several block trains during a short stop at an intermodal terminal. The paper provides an overview of the operating concept of the mega hub and the opportunities for intermodal transport operators.
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paper_title: Optimized load planning of trains in intermodal transportation

paper_content:

In this paper the problem of load planning for trains in intermodal container terminals is studied. The objective is to assign load units to wagons of a train such that the utilization of the train is maximized, and setup and transportation costs in the terminal are minimized. Contrary to previous approaches additionally weight restrictions for the wagons are integrated into our model. We present three different integer linear programming formulations and test them on some real-world instances. It is shown that even non-commercial MIP-solvers can solve our models to optimality in reasonable time.
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paper_title: Shunting of Passenger Train Units: An Integrated Approach

paper_content:

In this paper, we describe a new model for the Train Unit Shunting Problem. This model is capable of solving the matching and parking subproblems in an integrated manner, usually requiring a reasonable amount of computation time for generating acceptable solutions. Furthermore, the model incorporates complicating details from practice, such as trains composed of several train units and tracks that can be approached from two sides. Computation times are reduced by introducing the concept of virtual shunt tracks. Computational results are presented for real-life cases of NS Reizigers, the main Dutch passenger railway operator.
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paper_title: Supply modelling of rail networks : toward a routing/makeup model

paper_content:

Freight flow management in rail systems involves multicommodity flows on a network complicated by node activities (queueing and classification of cars at marshalling yards). Routing in these systems should account for technology requirements of motive power and traction as well as resource allocation (cars to blocks, blocks to trains). In this paper, we propose a hierarchial taxonomy of modelling issues and describe a class of models dealing with car routing and train makeup from the viewpoint of network flows and combinatorial optimization. We compare our model with two previous rail network models and discuss possibilities for algorithmic development.
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paper_title: Breakthrough innovations in intermodal freight transport

paper_content:

Breakthrough innovations, whether technological, organizational or both, are a necessity if the market share of intermodal freight transport is to expand. The main growth potential lies in the markets for flows over short distances, for perishable and high-value commodities, for small consignments, and for flows that demand speed, reliability and flexibility. It will take radical innovations to produce a breakthrough in the modal split and allow these new markets to be conquered. This special issue is based on papers presented at an international conference on freight transport automation and multimodality, held in Delft in May 2002, that are illustrative of the direction of breakthrough research and development (R&D) aimed at increasing the market share for intermodal transport.
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paper_title: Transshipment of containers at a container terminal: An overview

paper_content:

At container terminals, containers are transshipped from one mode of transportation to another. Within a terminal different types of material handling equipment are used to transship containers from ships to barges, trucks and trains and vice versa. Over the past decades, ships have strongly increased in size, up to 8000 TEU (Twenty feet equivalent unit container). In order to use these big ships efficiently, the docking time at the port must be as small as possible. This means that large amounts of containers have to be loaded, unloaded and transshipped in a short time span, with a minimum use of expensive equipment. This paper gives a classification of the decision problems that arise at container terminals. For various decision problems, an overview of relevant literature is presented. Quantitative models from this literature, which try to solve the problems are discussed. Finally, some general conclusions and subjects for further research are given.
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paper_title: Is a new applied transportation research field emerging?--A review of intermodal rail-truck freight transport literature

paper_content:

Intermodal freight transport has developed into a significant sector of the transport industry in its own right. This development has been followed by an increase in intermodal freight transportation research. We contend that a new transportation research application field is emerging; and that, while still in a pre-paradigmatic phase, it is now time to move on to a more mature independent research field. An independent research field can be justified because intermodal transport is a complex system that has characteristics which distinguishes it from other transport systems. We have reviewed 92 publications in order to identify the characteristics of the intermodal research community and scientific knowledge base. This paper will discuss aspects of this research, assessing the status quo and seeking directions for the future. To conclude, we will propose an intermodal research agenda which can direct the intermodal research field towards a period of "normal science".
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paper_title: Real-Time Optimization of Containers and Flatcars for Intermodal Operations

paper_content:

We propose a dynamic model for optimizing the flows of flatcars that considers explicitly the broad range of complex constraints that govern the assignment of trailers and containers to a flatcar. The problem is formulated as a logistics queueing network which can handle a wide range of equipment types and complex operating rules. The complexity of the problem prevents a practical implementation of a global network optimization model. Instead, we formulate a global model with the specific goal of providing network information to local decision makers, regardless of whether they are using optimization models at the yard level. Thus, our approach should be relatively easy to implement given current rail operations. Initial experiments suggest that a flatcar fleet that is managed locally, without the benefit of our network information, can achieve the same demand coverage as a fleet that is 10 percent smaller, but is managed locally with our network information.
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paper_title: Optimal Sorting of Rolling Stock at Hump Yards

paper_content:

In this paper we provide a quite general description of a class of problems called Sorting of Rolling Stock Problem(s). An SRSP consists in finding an optimal schedule for rearranging units of rolling stock (railcars, trams, trains, . . . ) at shunting yards, covering a broad range of specially structured applications. Here, we focus on versions of SRSP at particular shunting yards featuring a hump. We analyze the use of such a hump yard in our research project Zeitkritische Ablaufbergoptimierung in Rangierbahnhofen 1 in cooperation with BASF, The Chemical Company, in Ludwigshafen. Among other results we present a remarkably efficient algorithm with linear running time for solving the practical SRSP at the BASF hump yard.
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paper_title: Shunting of Passenger Train Units in a Railway Station

paper_content:

In this paper we introduce the problem of shunting passenger train units in a railway station. Shunting occurs whenever train units are temporarily not needed to operate a given timetable. We discuss several aspects of this problem and focus on two subproblems. We propose mathematical models for the problem and both subproblems, one of which is solved with a solution method based on column generation. Furthermore, we introduce a new efficient and speedy solution technique for pricing problems in column generation algorithms. Finally, we present computational results based on real-life instances from Netherlands Railways.
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paper_title: COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF EXISTING AND INNOVATIVE RAIL-ROAD FREIGHT TRANSPORT TERMINALS

paper_content:

The paper evaluates technical and logistics developments that could lead to increased economic and technical efficiency of rail–road transport terminals. The main design parameters are identified (length and utilisation of transhipment tracks, train and truck arrival behaviour/patterns, type and number of handling equipment, mean stacking height in the storage area, terminal access system and procedures) and analysed. A comparative evaluation of selected conventional and advanced technologies is performed by use of an analysis tool that was developed on purpose. This tool consists of three modules (an expert system, a simulation model and a cost calculation module). The overall outcome of the analysis is a number of costversus-volume curves for various terminal configurations. The paper concludes with two groups of results: (a) a comparative evaluation of conventional and advanced technologies that reveals similarities in terms of track numbers and the associated area requirements as well as differences in terms of layout flexibility, number of equipment, stacking policies and personnel requirements. Each design is proved effective for a certain cargo volume range. (b) A critical assessment of terminal capacity issues. It is identified that the capacity limitations are imposed mainly by the sidings/transhipment track sub-system rather than by the handling equipment. 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
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paper_title: Planning Problems in Intermodal Freight Transport: Accomplishments and Prospects

paper_content:

Intermodal freight transport has received increased attention due to problems of road congestion, environmental concerns and traffic safety. A growing recognition of the strategic importance of speed and agility in the supply chain is forcing firms to reconsider traditional logistic services. As a consequence, research interest in intermodal freight transportation problems is growing. This paper provides an overview of planning decisions in intermodal freight transport and solution methods proposed in the scientific literature. Planning problems are classified according to the type of decision maker and decision level. General conclusions are given and subjects for further research are identified.
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paper_title: Increasing the operational efficiency of container terminals in Australia

paper_content:

This paper discusses the major factors influencing the transfer efficiency of rail container terminals, as measured by the throughput time of containers. An analytically based simulation model is designed to describe container progress in the system. Cyclic heuristic rules for equipment assignment are applied and a new heuristic rule is developed to dispatch trains to tracks. The simulation model combined with the heuristic rules is used to address a number of specific objectives of the study. Different performance measures are applied and the impact that the train-to-track despatching and the handling equipment assignment can have on the measures is established. Validation and testing of models make use of data from Acacia Ridge Terminal, Brisbane, Australia.
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paper_title: A Simulation Tool for Combined Rail-Road Transport in Intermodal Terminals

paper_content:

A simulation model of the flow of intermodal terminal units (ITUs) among and within inland intermodal terminals is presented. The intermodal terminals are interconnected by rail corridors. Each terminal serves a user catchment area via a road network. The terminal is modelled as a set of platforms, which are served by a number of gantry cranes and front lifters. The user of the simulation model defines the structure of the terminal and the train and truck arrival scenarios. The train arrivals are defined in a train timetable, while the patterns of truck arrivals for ITU delivery and pick-up can be either statistically modelled or given as a deterministic input. The simulator can be used to simulate both a single terminal and a rail network, that is, two or more interconnected terminals. During the simulation, various statistics are gathered to assess the performance of the terminal equipment, the ITU residence time, and the terminal throughput. The simulation software has been implemented as a discrete-event simulation model, using MODSIM III as development tool. The simulator tool has been developed as part of the Platform project, funded by the Directorate General VII of the European Community.
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paper_title: Generic simulation for rail-road container terminals

paper_content:

Hinterland terminals enable the transshipment of containers between various modes of transport and play a significant role in intermodal freight transportation. In this paper we present a simulation-based tool, that can be used to plan and design a rail-road container terminal, by simulating different terminal configuration in advance and accessing performance and utilization limits of the planned terminal.
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paper_title: Strategic Planning of Hinterland Container Terminals: A Simulation Based Procedure.

paper_content:

Hinterland container terminals (HCTs) are important hubs in modern logistic-networks that ensure efficient and frictionless intermodal container turnover. In fact HCTs play an important role in the distribution of containerized goods into the hinterland and are therefore significant for the development of industrial regions. To meet the requirements HCTs have to be designed and coordinated carefully.
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paper_title: Planning Australian freight rail operations: An overview

paper_content:

After a brief outline of freight rail operations planning, the paper reviews the research and development of optimization and simulation tools to undertake train planning, train and locomotive scheduling, as well as track maintenance planning. Although optimum solutions can be obtained using such tools, they have not been widely embraced by rail organizations. The simplifying assumptions made by most models make their practical application difficult to achieve. Whilst drawing on overseas research, the paper focuses mainly on the Australian experience for operations planning practice. Freight rail market share increases are closely related to the level of service offered, particularly in transit times and reliability of arrivals. Both these two levels of service attributes are associated with track infrastructure design and maintenance standards. The paper summarizes some of the requirements for track maintenance planning, and describes a model designed to optimize the location of sidings on a single track corridor. Considerable research has been devoted to the development of operations research applications for individual planning and control tasks. However, the use of such techniques to optimize an entire rail operation, subject to resource and customer service constraints, has not been attempted. This is mainly due to the complexity of the overall task, and the degree to which practical issues prevent optimal solutions from being implemented. The use of simulation and expert systems approaches would seem to offer a useful practical path in operations planning.
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paper_title: Simulation methodology for intermodal freight transportation terminals

paper_content:

This paper presents the issue of general methodology for modeling and simulation of seaport and inland terminals in intermodal freight transportation systems. The report documents a phase of the on-going more comprehensive effort aimed at developing a generalized modeling capability to provide strategic and tactical decision support for transportation logistics and intermodal terminals.By providing the object-oriented process of simula tion modeling with the coherent and uniform methodo logical basis, it was possible to construct a practical tool "TRANSNODE," The Simulator of Intermodal Transportation Terminals which allows one to model and simulate any transportation terminal, or a group of interconnected terminals, large or small, multipurpose or specialized, at optional scale. Knowledge-base and artificial intelligence concepts were incorporated in the simulator.Different from traditional simulation modeling, which combines data, knowledge and control program ming, the data-driven simulation modeling a...
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paper_title: DEVELOPMENT OF AN EXPERT SYSTEM FOR THE EVALUATION OF CONVENTIONAL AND INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN THE INTERMODAL TRANSPORT AREA

paper_content:

Abstract The context of this paper concerns the structure of an expert system based modelling tool that was developed and used within the framework of a recent European research project. The objective of the expert system is to produce alternative “technically sound” terminal designs, based on a number of user-defined parameters (cargo volume, loading unit mixture, layout characteristics, operating conditions, etc.) and equipment selections (conventional or innovative transhipment systems, rail access systems, identification, location and positioning devices, semi-automatic control, information systems, etc.). Each of the above “technological bricks” is identified by its “compatibility”, “performance” and “cost” attributes. The “compatibility” and “performance” attributes–through an interactive interface–enable the development of technically sound terminal designs while the “performance” attributes are also used for the calculation of the equipment service cycle. A simulation module converts the equipment service cycle into train service time, as well as into truck service and dwell times, which are then compared to specific quality of service criteria. The cost of the non-rejected designs is calculated (using the “cost” attributes of all involved elements) and together with the draft terminal layout, the area equipment and personnel requirements, form part of the expert system output.
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paper_title: A simulation study for designing a rail terminal in a container port

paper_content:

Rail terminals in port container terminals play an important role for transshipping containers between rail wagons and port container terminals. This paper addresses a case study for designing a new rail terminal which is planned to be constructed in a port container terminal. A design process including an analytical calculation and a simulation study was proposed. The analytical approach was used to estimate the facility size and the simulation was used to evaluate proposed design alternatives in more detail. Design parameters were the number of transshipment lanes, the number of cranes, and the traffic flows inside the rail terminal.
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paper_title: Modeling rail-rail exchange operations : An analysis of conventional and new-generation terminals

paper_content:

This analysis explores how and if terminal design could make hub-and-spoke operations more competitive for European intermodal rail freight. In Europe three hub-and-spoke networks became operational in the 1990s, but they operate by shunting trains or load units, which is relatively time-consuming. An analysis of operations using dynamic simulation models built in ARENA showed the features and performance differences of new-generation terminal operations, which would not rely on time-consuming shunting methods, and their older counterparts, conventional road-rail terminals and shunting yards. The hub-and-spoke system, if implemented in a more time-sensitive way, could open up new markets for intermodal freight over medium distances and involving perishable and high-value goods in small consignments or small flows where speed, reliability and flexibility are worth paying a premium for. The analysis shows that the new-generation terminal requires conditions that do not meet with current intermodal practice in order to achieve optimum operations. However, with phased investment at the most promising locales, new-generation intermodal terminals could eventually be attractive to investors.
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paper_title: Survey of research in the design and control of automated guided vehicle systems

paper_content:

Automated guided vehicles (AGVs) are used for the internal and external transport of materials. Traditionally, AGVs were mostly used at manufacturing systems. Currently, AGVs are also used for repeating transportation tasks in other areas, such as warehouses, container terminals and external (underground) transportation systems. This paper discusses literature related to design and control issues of AGV systems at manufacturing, distribution, transshipment and transportation systems. It is concluded that most models can be applied for design problems at manufacturing centres. Some of these models and new models already proved to be successful in large AGV systems. In fact, new analytical and simulation models need to be developed for large AGV systems to overcome large computation times, NP-completeness, congestion, deadlocks and delays in the system and finite planning horizons. We specify more specific research perspectives in the design and control of AGV systems in distribution, transshipment and transportation systems.
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paper_title: Generating scenarios for simulation and optimization of container terminal logistics

paper_content:

This paper introduces an approach for generating scenarios of sea port container terminals. The scenarios can be used as input data for simulation models. Furthermore, they can be employed as test data for algorithms to solve optimization problems in container terminal logistics such as berth planning and crane scheduling. A scenario consists of arrivals of deep sea vessels, feeder ships, trains, and trucks together with lists of containers to be loaded and unloaded. Moreover, container attributes such as size, empty, reefer, weight, and destination are included. The generator is based on a large number of parameters that allow the user to produce realistic scenarios of any size. The purpose of this paper is to outline the parameters that are important to produce realistic scenarios of high practical relevance and to propose an algorithm that computes scenarios on the basis of these parameters. The generator discussed here has been developed within the simulation project at the HHLA Container-Terminal Altenwerder in Hamburg, Germany. Nevertheless, its structure is general enough to be applied to any other terminal as well.
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paper_title: Optimum Capacity for Intermodal Container Terminals

paper_content:

Achievement of a desirable level of customer service at intermodal terminals mainly depends on the efficient loading and unloading of trains without delays. The efficiency of the transfer between the modes in the terminal area can have a significant effect on these delays. In this article, an analytically based simulation model is developed to investigate delays of trains for different service configurations. Simulation outputs are used to find an optimum balance of the cost of train delays and variation from the desired level of service. Data from the Acacia Ridge Terminal in Brisbane, Australia are used to validate and test the model.
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paper_title: DEVELOPMENT OF AN EXPERT SYSTEM FOR THE EVALUATION OF CONVENTIONAL AND INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN THE INTERMODAL TRANSPORT AREA

paper_content:

Abstract The context of this paper concerns the structure of an expert system based modelling tool that was developed and used within the framework of a recent European research project. The objective of the expert system is to produce alternative “technically sound” terminal designs, based on a number of user-defined parameters (cargo volume, loading unit mixture, layout characteristics, operating conditions, etc.) and equipment selections (conventional or innovative transhipment systems, rail access systems, identification, location and positioning devices, semi-automatic control, information systems, etc.). Each of the above “technological bricks” is identified by its “compatibility”, “performance” and “cost” attributes. The “compatibility” and “performance” attributes–through an interactive interface–enable the development of technically sound terminal designs while the “performance” attributes are also used for the calculation of the equipment service cycle. A simulation module converts the equipment service cycle into train service time, as well as into truck service and dwell times, which are then compared to specific quality of service criteria. The cost of the non-rejected designs is calculated (using the “cost” attributes of all involved elements) and together with the draft terminal layout, the area equipment and personnel requirements, form part of the expert system output.
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paper_title: COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF EXISTING AND INNOVATIVE RAIL-ROAD FREIGHT TRANSPORT TERMINALS

paper_content:

The paper evaluates technical and logistics developments that could lead to increased economic and technical efficiency of rail–road transport terminals. The main design parameters are identified (length and utilisation of transhipment tracks, train and truck arrival behaviour/patterns, type and number of handling equipment, mean stacking height in the storage area, terminal access system and procedures) and analysed. A comparative evaluation of selected conventional and advanced technologies is performed by use of an analysis tool that was developed on purpose. This tool consists of three modules (an expert system, a simulation model and a cost calculation module). The overall outcome of the analysis is a number of costversus-volume curves for various terminal configurations. The paper concludes with two groups of results: (a) a comparative evaluation of conventional and advanced technologies that reveals similarities in terms of track numbers and the associated area requirements as well as differences in terms of layout flexibility, number of equipment, stacking policies and personnel requirements. Each design is proved effective for a certain cargo volume range. (b) A critical assessment of terminal capacity issues. It is identified that the capacity limitations are imposed mainly by the sidings/transhipment track sub-system rather than by the handling equipment. 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
---
paper_title: Applying the corridor method to a blocks relocation problem

paper_content:

In this paper, we present a corridor method inspired algorithm for a blocks relocation problem in block stacking systems. Typical applications of such problem are found in the stacking of container terminals in a yard, of pallets and boxes in a warehouse, etc. The proposed algorithm applies a recently proposed metaheuristic. In a method-based neighborhood we define a two-dimensional "corridor" around the incumbent blocks configuration by imposing exogenous constraints on the solution space of the problem and apply a dynamic programming algorithm capturing the state of the system after each block movement for exploring the neighborhoods. Computational results on medium- and large-size problem instances allow to draw conclusions about the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
---
paper_title: A survey of berth allocation and quay crane scheduling problems in container terminals

paper_content:

Due to the variety of technical equipments and terminal layouts, research has produced a multitude of optimization models for seaside operations planning in container terminals. To provide a support in modeling problem characteristics and in suggesting applicable algorithms this paper reviews the relevant literature. For this purpose new classification schemes for berth allocation problems and quay crane scheduling problems are developed. Particular focus is put on integrated solution approaches which receive increasing importance for the terminal management.
---
paper_title: Generating a rehandling-free intra-block remarshaling plan for an automated container yard

paper_content:

Intra-block remarshaling in a container terminal refers to the task of rearranging the export containers, which are usually scattered around within a block, into designated target bays within the same block. Since the containers must be loaded onto a ship following a predetermined order, the rearrangement should be performed in such a way that the containers to be loaded first are placed on top of those to be loaded later in order to avoid rehandling. To minimize the time required to complete a remarshaling task, rehandling should also be avoided during the remarshaling operations. Moreover, when multiple stacking cranes are used for the remarshaling, the interference between cranes should be minimized. This paper presents a method to efficiently search for an intra-block remarshaling plan which is free from rehandling during both the loading operation and remarshaling, and which minimizes the interference between the stacking cranes.
---
paper_title: A model for medium-term operations planning in an intermodal rail-truck service

paper_content:

This paper describes a model developed for medium-term operations planning in an intermodal rail-truck system. It was motivated by the need to redesign such systems to produce 1. (1) more reliable service, 2. (2) multiple service classes, and 3. (3) better equipment and facility utilization. The model is an integer linear program, which is computationally difficult to solve. A heuristic procedure was developed which provides excellent solutions, generally within 1% of the known optimal solution to the relaxed (non-integer) problem. Thus the model and heuristic could be used on large networks. Uses of the model and possible extensions are briefly discussed.
---
paper_title: Online rules for container stacking

paper_content:

Container stacking rules are an important factor in container terminal efficiency. In this paper, we investigate two concepts to increase efficiency and compare them to several benchmark algorithms, using a discrete-event simulation tool. The first concept is to use knowledge about container departure times, in order to limit the number of reshuffles. We stack containers leaving shortly before each other on top of each other. The second concept is the trade-off between stacking further away in the terminal versus stacking close to the exit points and accepting more reshuffles. It is concluded that even the use of imperfect or imprecise departure time information leads to significant improvements in efficiency. Minimizing the difference in departure times proved to be important. It was also found that the trade-off between stacking further away in the terminal versus stacking close by the exit points and accepting more reshuffles leads to improvements over the benchmark.
---
paper_title: Determining fixed Crane Areas in Rail-Rail Transshipment Yards

paper_content:

To enable rapid container transshipment between freight trains in modern rail-rail transshipment yards efficient computerized scheduling procedures are indispensable. This paper proposes a dynamic programming approach, which determines yard areas for gantry cranes, so that the workload is evenly spread among cranes and, thus, train processing is accelerated. In a straightforward simulation of transshipment yard operations, the effect of optimal crane areas vs. equally sized areas is studied, the latter being a common real-world policy. The results indicate a remarkable speed-up of train processing if optimal crane areas are applied.
---
paper_title: Options for Improving the Energy Efficiency of Intermodal Freight Trains

paper_content:

Intermodal trains are typically the fastest trains operated by North American freight railroads. Ironically, these trains tend to have the poorest aerodynamic characteristics. Because of constraints imposed by equipment design and diversity, intermodal trains incur greater aerodynamic penalties and increased fuel consumption than other trains. Improving the loading patterns of intermodal trains has the potential to improve aerodynamic characteristics and thus fuel efficiency. Train aerodynamics and resistance analyses were conducted on several alternative intermodal train-loading configurations. Matching intermodal loads with cars of an appropriate length reduces the gap length between loads and thereby improves airflow. Filling empty slots with empty containers or trailers also reduces aerodynamic resistance and improves energy efficiency, despite the additional weight penalty and consequent increase in bearing and rolling resistance. Depending on the particular train configuration, train resistance can be lowered by as much as 27% and fuel savings by 1 gal/mi per train.
---
paper_title: Modeling and optimization of the intermodal terminal Mega Hub

paper_content:

The convergence of European states can be expected to lead to an increase in the trading of goods within the next few years and thus to a growing demand for transport. Overland intermodal transport is an important development, because it combines the advantages of rail for long distance transportation with the effective area cover offered by road. Different terminal concepts and production forms have been developed to increase the flexibility of intermodal transport and to make it more attractive for the customer.
---
paper_title: Operations research at container terminals: a literature update

paper_content:

The current decade sees a considerable growth in worldwide container transportation and with it an indispensable need for optimization. Also the interest in and availability of academic literatures as well as case reports are almost exploding. With this paper an earlier survey which proved to be of utmost importance for the community is updated and extended to provide the current state of the art in container terminal operations and operations research.
---
paper_title: A crane scheduling method for port container terminals

paper_content:

Abstract This paper discusses the problem of scheduling quay cranes (QCs), the most important equipment in port terminals. A mixed-integer programming model, which considers various constraints related to the operation of QCs, was formulated. This study proposes a branch and bound (B & B) method to obtain the optimal solution of the QC scheduling problem and a heuristic search algorithm, called greedy randomized adaptive search procedure (GRASP), to overcome the computational difficulty of the B & B method. The performance of GRASP is compared with that of the B & B method.
---
paper_title: The crane scheduling problem

paper_content:

This paper examines crane scheduling for ports. It starts with a simple static case and uses it as a building block to develop a better understanding of the dynamic problem with berth length limitations. The paper assumes that ships are divided into holds and that (usually) only one crane can work on a hold at a time. Cranes can be moved freely from hold to hold, and ships cannot depart until all their holds have been handled. In the most general case, ships arrive at different times and must queue for berthing space if the berths are full. The objective is to turn around (serve) all the ships, while minimizing their aggregate cost of delay. The paper presents exact and approximate solution methods for crane scheduling. The approximation methods are based on optimality principles and are easy to implement. The exact methods can only be used for a few ships. The paper includes examples, performance tests, and a discussion of port operations and further work.
---
paper_title: A BRANCH AND BOUND SOLUTION METHOD FOR THE CRANE SCHEDULING PROBLEM

paper_content:

Typical cargo ships spend 60% of their time in port, costing their owners about $1000 per hour. In this paper, we attack such costs with a method to speed loading and unloading. We model the need for container handling as generic "work," which cranes can do at a constant rate. Each hold of each ship has a given amount of this work and cranes can interrupt their work on individual holds without any loss of efficiency. In the parlance of scheduling theory, this constitutes an "open shop" with parallel, identical machines, where jobs consist of independent, single-stage, preemptable tasks. Practical problems often involve only a few ships but many holds; the complication of preemptable tasks makes them very complex. The paper presents a branch and bound method which, for this model, minimizes delay costs (weighted tardiness). As part of the method, we extend previous solutions to the feasibility problem of preemptive machine scheduling (to cases where multiple machines can work simultaneously on a single task). Computational results and extensions to more complicated problems are offered. Certain concepts developed here may also be applicable to other problems, both in scheduling and elsewhere. In particular, they may lead to optimal solutions of problems for which feasibility determination methods already exist.
---
paper_title: GANTRY CRANE OPERATIONS TO TRANSFER CONTAINERS BETWEEN TRAINS: A SIMULATION STUDY OF A SPANISH TERMINAL

paper_content:

Freight transfer operations are critical in combined transport networks. In this paper a simulation model and modelling approach to the transfer of cargo between trains at rail terminals is presented. The model is used to study the Port-Bou terminal, the main intermodal terminal at the Spanish-French frontier. Four different gantry crane operation modes to interchange containers between trains are evaluated. These operation rules are tested in several scenarios to examine the critical factors of the system and the best operation rule for each situation. Latest generation software is used to develop the model that incorporates modular programming and enhanced graphic systems for output representation. It allows a dynamic display of the simulated system and, likewise, the possibility of developing modules that can be reused in other studies. The research shows how simulation can be a useful planning tool in the rail transportation context.
---
paper_title: A Rolling Horizon Model to Optimize Aerodynamic Efficiency of Intermodal Freight Trains with Uncertainty

paper_content:

Aerodynamic efficiency of intermodal freight trains can be significantly improved by minimizing the adjusted gap lengths between adjacent loads. This paper first develops a static model to optimize load placement on a sequence of intermodal trains that have scheduled departure times. This model applies when full information on all trains and loads is available. Then, we develop a dynamic model to account for the more realistic situation in which there is incomplete or uncertain information on future trains and incoming loads. This paper develops methodology to balance between (i) the advantage from optimizing multiple trains together and (ii) the risk of making suboptimal decisions due to incomplete future information. We propose a rolling horizon scheme to address this challenge, where exponentially decreasing weights are assigned to the objective functions of future trains. Numerical results based on empirical data show significant aerodynamic efficiency benefits from these optimization models.
---
paper_title: A neighborhood search heuristic for pre-marshalling export containers

paper_content:

In a yard where export containers are piled up, only those on the top are directly accessible to the stacking equipment. As a result, extra rehandles may occur when lifting them up for loading onto ships. One way to improve operational efficiency is to pre-marshal the containers in such an order that it fits the loading sequence. This paper proposes a model to develop a movement plan to improve the layout of containers in a bay. The proposed heuristic consists of a neighborhood search process, an integer programming model, and three minor subroutines. Each of the components plays a different role in the heuristic. Several sets of testing results demonstrate the performance of the heuristic as well as the contributions of the components.
---
paper_title: Handling strategies for import containers at marine terminals

paper_content:

Many types of storage systems require goods to be stacked in a storage area. The amount of handling effort required to retrieve individual items from the stacks depends on stack heights and on the adopted storage strategy. The paper focuses on container import operations at marine terminals. It presents methods for measuring the amount of handling effort required when two basic strategies are adopted, one that tries to keep all stacks the same size and another than segregates containers according to arrival time. The strategies are compared in an idealized situation. The methods should be easy to modify for the analysis of similar systems.
---
paper_title: Crane Scheduling with Spatial Constraints

paper_content:

In this work, we examine port crane scheduling with spatial and separation constraints. Although common to most port operations, these constraints have not been previously studied. We assume that cranes cannot cross, there is a minimum distance between cranes and jobs cannot be done simultaneously. The objective is to find a crane-to-job matching which maximizes throughput under these constraints. We provide dynamic programming algorithms, a probabilistic tabu search, and a squeaky wheel optimization heuristic for solution. Experiments show the heuristics perform well compared with optimal solutions obtained by CPLEX for small scale instances where a squeaky wheel optimization with local search approach gives good results within short times. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2004.
---
paper_title: An optimization model for the container pre-marshalling problem

paper_content:

In most container yards around the world, containers are stacked high to utilize yard space more efficiently. In these yards, one major factor that affects their operational efficiency is the need to re-shuffle containers when accessing a container that is buried beneath other containers. One way to achieve higher loading efficiency is to pre-marshal the containers in such a way that it fits the loading sequence. In this research, we present a mathematical model for the container pre-marshalling problem. With respect to a given yard layout and a given sequence that containers are loaded onto a ship, the model yields a plan to re-position the export containers within the yard, so that no extra re-handles will be needed during the loading operation. The optimization goal is to minimize the number of container movements during pre-marshalling. The resulting model is an integer programming model composed of a multi-commodity flow problem and a set of side constraints. Several possible variations of the model as well as a solution heuristic are also discussed. Computation results are provided.
---
paper_title: The Automatic Generation of Transhipment Plans for a Train-Train Terminal: Application to the Spanish-French Border

paper_content:

The enormous potential of combined transport (rail-road) makes rail the main alternative to the transport of freight by road in the Europe. Unfortunately, the European railway network is strongly fragmented, having different bottleneck points. This paper presents research that centers on the transhipment tasks in the Port Bou terminal. This terminal is a bottleneck point because of the different track gauges of the Spanish and French railways. In order to optimize the use of gantry cranes and the means available for train--train transhipment, a linear programming model that allows for the automation of container transhipment plans is proposed. An Analytic Decision Support application is used to develop the model. As a result of this research it can be concluded that the problem can be solved through linear programming and the model proposed could be transferred both to other transhipment terminals and to cargo terminals in general.
---
paper_title: Optimised loading patterns for intermodal trains

paper_content:

This paper considers one important aspect of operations planning referred to hereafter as train planning. Train planning is the process of spatially assigning containers to specific wagons (also known as railcars) on an intermodal train. The spatial arrangement of containers on a train can have a significant influence over the amount of time and energy consumed in the handling of containers. Efficient train planning can also maximise utilisation of wagon carrying capacity. This study proposes a mixed-integer programming model to determine the arrangement of containers on a train to minimise a weighted sum of number of wagons required and equipment working time. Due to the large number of variables, the proposed model cannot be solved in a timely manner for practical problems. This is addressed by applying heuristic algorithms local search and simulated annealing. Discrete-event simulation of an intermodal terminal is used to evaluate the proposed methods and to illuminate various properties of the model.
---
paper_title: Sequential ordering problems for crane scheduling in port terminals

paper_content:

The Sequential Ordering Problem (SOP) is a version of the Asymmetric Travelling Salesman Problem (ATSP) where precedence constraints on vertices are imposed. A tour is feasible if these constraints are respected, and the objective is to find a feasible solution with minimum cost. The SOP models many real world applications, mainly in the fields of transportation and production planning. In particular, it can be used to optimise quay crane assignments. In this paper, we experimentally evaluate the contributions of the basic ingredients of the state-of-the-art algorithm for the SOPs: Local Searches (LSs), ant colony and heuristic manipulation.
---
paper_title: Optimized load planning of trains in intermodal transportation

paper_content:

In this paper the problem of load planning for trains in intermodal container terminals is studied. The objective is to assign load units to wagons of a train such that the utilization of the train is maximized, and setup and transportation costs in the terminal are minimized. Contrary to previous approaches additionally weight restrictions for the wagons are integrated into our model. We present three different integer linear programming formulations and test them on some real-world instances. It is shown that even non-commercial MIP-solvers can solve our models to optimality in reasonable time.
---
paper_title: Variable Neighbourhood Descent for Planning Crane Operations in a Train Terminal

paper_content:

In recent years, a lot of work has been done for supporting the operational management of container handling operations in seaports. However, the train-to-train container transshipment problem, in which containers have to be interchanged between trains, has been largely ignored. Containers are handled by rail mounted cranes. The time needed for completing the transshipments using multiple cranes is to be minimised. The contribution of this paper is to put forward a metaheuristic approach to deal with this challenging problem that has not been tackled before. The problem is first decomposed into three subproblems: (1) the assignment of a destination to each train, (2) the determination of container positions on the train wagons and (3) the determination of the operations sequence for the different cranes that perform the actual transshipments. The first subproblem is solved in a heuristic manner while the second subproblem is solved to optimality. The third subproblem is tackled by a Variable NeighbourhoodDescentmetaheuristic procedure. This approach is validated on a set of generated test problems. Solutions are obtained in a reasonable amount of calculation time.
---
paper_title: New bounds and algorithms for the transshipment yard scheduling problem

paper_content:

In a modern rail---rail transshipment yard huge gantry cranes transship containers between different freight trains, so that hub-and-spoke railway systems are enabled. In this context, we consider the transshipment yard scheduling problem (TYSP) where trains have to be assigned to bundles, which jointly enter and leave the yard. The objective is to minimize split moves and revisits. Split moves appear whenever containers have to be exchanged between trains of different bundles, whereas revisits occur if a train has to enter the yard twice, because some container dedicated to this train was not available during its first visit. We extend the basic TYSP, so that additional real-world requirements of modern rail---rail yards, e.g., the one currently constructed in Hannover-Lehrte, are considered. We provide complexity proofs for different problem settings and present several heuristic procedures as well as one exact algorithm. The paper concludes with computational results showing the efficiency of the proposed algorithms.
---
paper_title: THE INTERMODAL TRAILER ASSIGNMENT PROBLEM

paper_content:

The problem of optimally assigning highway trailers to railcar hitches in intermodal transportation is studied. An integer-linear programming formulation is constructed. The problem is formulated using set covering. The resulting formulation is very small, and possesses in practice a tight linear programming relaxation. This allows it to be solved effectively by a general purpose branch-and-bound code. This formulation also provided the basis for the development of a Greedy Randomized Adaptive Search Procedure (GRASP). This heuristic is observed to be extremely fast. Empirically, it finds the optimal solution to all of the problem instances furnished over a two year period by Consolidated Rail Corporation.
---
paper_title: Crane scheduling with non-crossing constraint

paper_content:

In this paper, we examine crane scheduling for ports. This important component of port operations management is studied when the non-crossing spatial constraint, which is common to crane operations, is considered. We assume that ships can be divided into holds and that cranes can move from hold to hold but jobs are not pre-emptive, so that only one crane can work on one hold or job to complete it. Our objective is to minimize the latest completion time for all jobs. We formulate this problem as an integer programming problem. We provide the proof that this problem is NP-complete and design a branch-and-bound algorithm to obtain optimal solutions. A simulated annealing meta-heuristic with effective neighbourhood search is designed to find good solutions in larger size instances. The elaborate experimental results show that the branch-and-bound algorithm runs much faster than CPLEX and the simulated annealing approach can obtain near optimal solutions for instances of various sizes.
---
paper_title: A m‐parallel crane scheduling problem with a non‐crossing constraint

paper_content:

In this paper, we study a m-parallel machine scheduling problem with a non-crossing constraint motivated by crane scheduling in ports. We decompose the problem to allow time allocations to be determined once crane assignments are known and construct a backtracking search scheme that manipulates domain reduction and pruning strategies. Simple approximation heuristics are developed, one of which guarantees solutions to be at most two times the optimum. For large-scale problems, a simulated annealing heuristic that uses random neighborhood generation is provided. Computational experiments are conducted to test the algorithms. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2007.
---
paper_title: Deriving decision rules to locate export containers in container yards

paper_content:

Abstract A methodology is proposed to determine the storage location of an arriving export container considering its weight. We consider the configuration of the container stack and the weight distribution of containers in the yard-bay. A dynamic programming model is formulated to determine the storage location to minimize the number of relocation movements expected for the loading operation. We also develop a decision tree from the set of the optimal solutions to support real time decisions. The performance of the decision tree is evaluated by the number of decisions that are different from the optimal solutions of the slower dynamic programming solution method.
---
paper_title: An assignment model for dynamic load planning of intermodal trains

paper_content:

Intermodal terminals are important facilities in the container transport network, providing an exchange of containers between road and rail transport. Numerous factors can affect throughput in such highly integrated systems. These include numbers and types of equipment, physical layout, storage capacity and operating strategies. This study aims to improve operating strategies by developing an analytical tool to assist in load planning of container trains. The problem investigated can be described as a dynamic assignment problem with many uncertain parameters. Numerical investigations focus on tuning the proposed model to deal with the uncertainties.
---
paper_title: A heuristic rule for relocating blocks

paper_content:

One of the most important objectives of the storage and pickup operations in block stacking systems is to minimize the number of relocations during the pickup operation. This study suggests two methods for determining the locations of relocated blocks. First, a branch-and-bound (B&B) algorithm is suggested. Next, a decision rule is proposed by using an estimator for an expected number of additional relocations for a stack. The performance of the decision rule was compared with that of the B&B algorithm.
---
paper_title: Greedy Randomized Adaptive Search Procedures

paper_content:

Today, a variety of heuristic approaches are available to the operations research practitioner. One methodology that has a strong intuitive appeal, a prominent empirical track record, and is trivial to efficiently implement on parallel processors is GRASP (Greedy Randomized Adaptive Search Procedures). GRASP is an iterative randomized sampling technique in which each iteration provides a solution to the problem at hand. The incumbent solution over all GRASP iterations is kept as the final result. There are two phases within each GRASP iteration: the first intelligently constructs an initial solution via an adaptive randomized greedy function; the second applies a local search procedure to the constructed solution in hope of finding an improvement. In this paper, we define the various components comprising a GRASP and demonstrate, step by step, how to develop such heuristics for combinatorial optimization problems. Intuitive justifications for the observed empirical behavior of the methodology are discussed. The paper concludes with a brief literature review of GRASP implementations and mentions two industrial applications.
---
paper_title: Quay crane scheduling with handling priority in port container terminals

paper_content:

The quay crane scheduling problem studied in this article is to determine a handling sequence of ship bays for quay cranes assigned to a container ship considering handling priority of every ship bay. This article provides a mixed integer programming model for the considered problem. A genetic algorithm (GA) is proposed to obtain near-optimal solutions. Computational experiments to examine the proposed model and solution algorithm are described. The computational results show that the proposed GA is effective and efficient in solving the considered quay crane scheduling problem.
---
paper_title: Increasing the operational efficiency of container terminals in Australia

paper_content:

This paper discusses the major factors influencing the transfer efficiency of rail container terminals, as measured by the throughput time of containers. An analytically based simulation model is designed to describe container progress in the system. Cyclic heuristic rules for equipment assignment are applied and a new heuristic rule is developed to dispatch trains to tracks. The simulation model combined with the heuristic rules is used to address a number of specific objectives of the study. Different performance measures are applied and the impact that the train-to-track despatching and the handling equipment assignment can have on the measures is established. Validation and testing of models make use of data from Acacia Ridge Terminal, Brisbane, Australia.
---
paper_title: Models and Algorithms for Container Allocation Problems on Trains in a Rapid Transshipment Shunting Yard

paper_content:

Multimodal transport of containers can be an alternative to the road transportation but it requires to be competitive in terms of quality of service and price. In railÂ rail container terminals, new techniques are developed to facilitate rapid transfers of the containers between trains. In this article, we address the problem of the optimization of the operations management of rapid railÂ rail transshipment shunting yards. We are interested specifically in the optimization of containers allocation on tra ins (for the initial loading and their reloading after transshipment). We have developed a class of models with different levels of complexity and realism and we have proposed optimal and heuristic methods to solve them. The experimental results on realistic datasets are very promising in terms of the minimization of the container moves in a terminal as well as the use and sizing of the handling equipments.
---
paper_title: Sequential ordering problems for crane scheduling in port terminals

paper_content:

The Sequential Ordering Problem (SOP) is a version of the Asymmetric Travelling Salesman Problem (ATSP) where precedence constraints on vertices are imposed. A tour is feasible if these constraints are respected, and the objective is to find a feasible solution with minimum cost. The SOP models many real world applications, mainly in the fields of transportation and production planning. In particular, it can be used to optimise quay crane assignments. In this paper, we experimentally evaluate the contributions of the basic ingredients of the state-of-the-art algorithm for the SOPs: Local Searches (LSs), ant colony and heuristic manipulation.
---
paper_title: Variable Neighbourhood Descent for Planning Crane Operations in a Train Terminal

paper_content:

In recent years, a lot of work has been done for supporting the operational management of container handling operations in seaports. However, the train-to-train container transshipment problem, in which containers have to be interchanged between trains, has been largely ignored. Containers are handled by rail mounted cranes. The time needed for completing the transshipments using multiple cranes is to be minimised. The contribution of this paper is to put forward a metaheuristic approach to deal with this challenging problem that has not been tackled before. The problem is first decomposed into three subproblems: (1) the assignment of a destination to each train, (2) the determination of container positions on the train wagons and (3) the determination of the operations sequence for the different cranes that perform the actual transshipments. The first subproblem is solved in a heuristic manner while the second subproblem is solved to optimality. The third subproblem is tackled by a Variable NeighbourhoodDescentmetaheuristic procedure. This approach is validated on a set of generated test problems. Solutions are obtained in a reasonable amount of calculation time.
---
paper_title: Is a new applied transportation research field emerging?--A review of intermodal rail-truck freight transport literature

paper_content:

Intermodal freight transport has developed into a significant sector of the transport industry in its own right. This development has been followed by an increase in intermodal freight transportation research. We contend that a new transportation research application field is emerging; and that, while still in a pre-paradigmatic phase, it is now time to move on to a more mature independent research field. An independent research field can be justified because intermodal transport is a complex system that has characteristics which distinguishes it from other transport systems. We have reviewed 92 publications in order to identify the characteristics of the intermodal research community and scientific knowledge base. This paper will discuss aspects of this research, assessing the status quo and seeking directions for the future. To conclude, we will propose an intermodal research agenda which can direct the intermodal research field towards a period of "normal science".
---
paper_title: COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF EXISTING AND INNOVATIVE RAIL-ROAD FREIGHT TRANSPORT TERMINALS

paper_content:

The paper evaluates technical and logistics developments that could lead to increased economic and technical efficiency of rail–road transport terminals. The main design parameters are identified (length and utilisation of transhipment tracks, train and truck arrival behaviour/patterns, type and number of handling equipment, mean stacking height in the storage area, terminal access system and procedures) and analysed. A comparative evaluation of selected conventional and advanced technologies is performed by use of an analysis tool that was developed on purpose. This tool consists of three modules (an expert system, a simulation model and a cost calculation module). The overall outcome of the analysis is a number of costversus-volume curves for various terminal configurations. The paper concludes with two groups of results: (a) a comparative evaluation of conventional and advanced technologies that reveals similarities in terms of track numbers and the associated area requirements as well as differences in terms of layout flexibility, number of equipment, stacking policies and personnel requirements. Each design is proved effective for a certain cargo volume range. (b) A critical assessment of terminal capacity issues. It is identified that the capacity limitations are imposed mainly by the sidings/transhipment track sub-system rather than by the handling equipment. 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
---
paper_title: Scheduling automated triple cross-over stacking cranes in a container yard

paper_content:

We describe an approach for scheduling triple cross-over stacking cranes in an automated container storage block with asynchronous hand over at the transfer areas at both block front ends. The problem is characterised by frequent long crane moves that make job assignment and crane routing particularly challenging, as an intricate synchronisation between the cranes is required. The main objective is to maximise the productivity of the crane system under peak load while preventing delays in the transport of import and export containers from and to the transfer areas. Our method solves an online optimisation problem by constructing a new crane schedule for a certain planning horizon whenever a new job arrives or a job is completed. We report on extensive simulation studies for evaluating the scheduling strategy. The results show that the method performs significantly better than commonly used heuristics, leading to a productivity gain of more than 20%.
---
paper_title: Modeling and optimization of the intermodal terminal Mega Hub

paper_content:

The convergence of European states can be expected to lead to an increase in the trading of goods within the next few years and thus to a growing demand for transport. Overland intermodal transport is an important development, because it combines the advantages of rail for long distance transportation with the effective area cover offered by road. Different terminal concepts and production forms have been developed to increase the flexibility of intermodal transport and to make it more attractive for the customer.
---
paper_title: NEW OPERATING CONCEPTS FOR INTERMODAL TRANSPORT: THE MEGA HUB IN HANOVER/LEHRTE IN GERMANY

paper_content:

In intermodal logistics, combined transport operators and railway companies are engaged in the development of efficient block train concepts. The proportion of transport using single railway wagons is decreasing because of its poor time-quality ratio. In future, transport services will be focussed on industrial zones and large cities that offer the transport volumes required for direct train operation. In this regard, it will become more difficult for regions with smaller load volumes to be integrated into a combined transport network. In order to confront this trend, new concepts for bundling transport volumes have to be developed. One such concept is the 'mega hub'. The core idea is to interchange load units between several block trains during a short stop at an intermodal terminal. The paper provides an overview of the operating concept of the mega hub and the opportunities for intermodal transport operators.
---
paper_title: Models and Algorithms for Container Allocation Problems on Trains in a Rapid Transshipment Shunting Yard

paper_content:

Multimodal transport of containers can be an alternative to the road transportation but it requires to be competitive in terms of quality of service and price. In railÂ rail container terminals, new techniques are developed to facilitate rapid transfers of the containers between trains. In this article, we address the problem of the optimization of the operations management of rapid railÂ rail transshipment shunting yards. We are interested specifically in the optimization of containers allocation on tra ins (for the initial loading and their reloading after transshipment). We have developed a class of models with different levels of complexity and realism and we have proposed optimal and heuristic methods to solve them. The experimental results on realistic datasets are very promising in terms of the minimization of the container moves in a terminal as well as the use and sizing of the handling equipments.
---

Title: A Survey on Container Processing in Railway Yards

Section 1: Introduction
Description 1: An overview of the importance and benefits of shifting freight traffic from road to rail, and the challenges in railway yard operations.

Section 2: Scope of Review
Description 2: Defines the scope of the survey, including the types of railway yards considered and the limitations of the review.

Section 3: Rail-Road Transshipment Yards
Description 3: Discusses the layout, transshipment process, and decision problems of conventional rail-road terminals.

Section 4: Literature on Layout Planning
Description 4: Reviews existing literature and studies on the layout planning of rail-road terminals, highlighting different simulation approaches and their findings.

Section 5: Literature on Operational Planning
Description 5: Summarizes research and methodologies on the operational decision problems in rail-road terminals, such as container stacking, train loading, and crane scheduling.

Section 6: Rail-Rail Transshipment Yards
Description 6: Explores the layout, transshipment process, and decision problems specific to modern rail-rail transshipment yards.

Section 7: Conclusion
Description 7: A summary of the survey, existing research gaps, and future research challenges in the field of container processing in railway yards.