A Survey of Routing Protocols in WBAN for Healthcare Applications
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paper_title: A Lifetime Maximization Relay Selection Scheme in Wireless Body Area Networks

paper_content:

Network Lifetime is one of the most important metrics in Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). In this paper, a relay selection scheme is proposed under the topology constrains specified in the IEEE 802.15.6 standard to maximize the lifetime of WBANs through formulating and solving an optimization problem where relay selection of each node acts as optimization variable. Considering the diversity of the sensor nodes in WBANs, the optimization problem takes not only energy consumption rate but also energy difference among sensor nodes into account to improve the network lifetime performance. Since it is Non-deterministic Polynomial-hard (NP-hard) and intractable, a heuristic solution is then designed to rapidly address the optimization. The simulation results indicate that the proposed relay selection scheme has better performance in network lifetime compared with existing algorithms and that the heuristic solution has low time complexity with only a negligible performance degradation gap from optimal value. Furthermore, we also conduct simulations based on a general WBAN model to comprehensively illustrate the advantages of the proposed algorithm. At the end of the evaluation, we validate the feasibility of our proposed scheme via an implementation discussion.
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paper_title: The Emerging Wireless Body Area Network on Android Smartphones: A Review

paper_content:

Our society now has driven us into an era where almost everything can be digitally monitored and controlled including the human body. The growth of wireless body area network (WBAN), as a specific scope of sensor networks which mounted or attached to human body also developing rapidly. It allows people to monitor their health and several daily activities. This study is intended to review the trend of WBAN especially on Android, one of the most popular smartphone platforms. A systematic literature review is concerned to the following parameters: the purpose of the device and/or application, the type of sensors, the type of Android device, and its connectivity. Most of the studies were more concern to healthcare or medical monitoring systems: blood pressure, electro cardiograph, tremor detection, etc. On the other hand, the rest of them aimed for activity tracker, environment sensing, and epidemic control. After all, those studies shown that not only Android can be a powerful platform to process data from various sensors but also smartphones can be a good alternative to develop WBANs for medical and other daily applications.
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paper_title: The state-of-the-art wireless body area sensor networks: A survey

paper_content:

Wireless body area sensor network is a sub-field of wireless sensor network. Wireless body area sensor network has come into existence after the development of wireless sensor network reached some ...
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paper_title: RE-ATTEMPT: A New Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks

paper_content:

Modern health care system is one of the most popular Wireless Body Area Sensor Network (WBASN) applications and a hot area of research subject to present work. In this paper, we present Reliability Enhanced-Adaptive Threshold based Thermal-unaware Energy-efficient Multi-hop ProTocol (RE-ATTEMPT) for WBASNs. The proposed routing protocol uses fixed deployment of wireless sensors (nodes) such that these are placed according to energy levels. Moreover, we use direct communication for the delivery of emergency data and multihop communication for the delivery of normal data. RE-ATTEMPT selects route with minimum hop count to deliver data which downplays the delay factor. Furthermore, we conduct a comprehensive analysis supported by MATLAB simulations to provide an estimation of path loss, and problem formulation with its solution via linear programming model for network lifetime maximization is also provided. In simulations, we analyze our protocol in terms of network lifetime, packet drops, and throughput. Results show better performance for the proposed protocol as compared to the existing one.
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paper_title: PERA: Priority-Based Energy-Efficient Routing Algorithm for WBANs

paper_content:

Wireless body area network (WBAN) is designed to provide a variety of services for both medical and entertainment applications. This paper proposes a priority-based energy-efficient routing algorithm (PERA) for WBAN. In PERA, first priority is assigned for emergency data, second priority is used for on demand data traffic and third priority is utilized for periodic data delivery between sink and root nodes. We develop two non-linear programming based optimization models for WBAN. We use these computational models to analyze the effect of define constraints on network performance. We also use this problem formulation frame work to estimate the best possible performance of WBAN subjected to additionally design parameters such as the energy levels, topology, source rates, reception power, and number of nodes. We introduce these models for a fixed deployment strategy and examined that these optimization models show prickly changes in network throughput and network lifetime. MATLAB simulations of proposed routing protocol are performed for five different evaluation criterion in comparison with SIMPLE and M-ATTEMPT. The simulation results show that proposed routing algorithm achieves longer lifetime and more reliable than opponent routing protocols.
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paper_title: Trust and Thermal Aware Routing Protocol (TTRP) for Wireless Body Area Networks

paper_content:

Recent advancements in wireless communication have made it possible to use low-power invasive or non-invasive sensor nodes to remotely monitor patients through wireless body area networks (WBANs). However, reliable and secure data transmission in WBANs is a challenging task. The issues such as privacy and confidentiality of patient related data require the reliable and secure data routing so that data can be kept safe from the malicious nodes. On the other hand, conventional biometric and cryptographic algorithms cannot be used in WBANs as they are, most of the time, complex and do not consider the misbehaving nature of nodes. Moreover, wireless nature of in vivo biomedical sensor nodes produces electromagnetic radiations which result in increased temperature; that could be harmful particularly for sensitive tissues. Therefore, trust and temperature based lightweight and resource efficient solutions are ultimate pre-requisite for WBAN. In this paper, we propose a trust and thermal-aware routing protocol for WBANs that considers trust among and temperature of nodes to isolate misbehaving nodes. This multi-facet routing strategy helps in providing a trusted and balanced network environment and restricts hotspot/misbehaving nodes to be part of trusted routes. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed protocol performs better in terms of packet drop ratio, packet delay, throughput and temperature under varying traffic conditions as compared other state-of-art schemes.
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paper_title: Green Communication for Wireless Body Area Networks: Energy Aware Link Efficient Routing Approach

paper_content:

Recent technological advancement in wireless communication has led to the invention of wireless body area networks (WBANs), a cutting-edge technology in healthcare applications. WBANs interconnect with intelligent and miniaturized biomedical sensor nodes placed on human body to an unattended monitoring of physiological parameters of the patient. These sensors are equipped with limited resources in terms of computation, storage, and battery power. The data communication in WBANs is a resource hungry process, especially in terms of energy. One of the most significant challenges in this network is to design energy efficient next-hop node selection framework. Therefore, this paper presents a green communication framework focusing on an energy aware link efficient routing approach for WBANs (ELR-W). Firstly, a link efficiency-oriented network model is presented considering beaconing information and network initialization process. Secondly, a path cost calculation model is derived focusing on energy aware link efficiency. A complete operational framework ELR-W is developed considering energy aware next-hop link selection by utilizing the network and path cost model. The comparative performance evaluation attests the energy-oriented benefit of the proposed framework as compared to the state-of-the-art techniques. It reveals a significant enhancement in body area networking in terms of various energy-oriented metrics under medical environments.
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paper_title: A new routing protocol for WBAN to enhance energy consumption and network lifetime

paper_content:

Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) comprises wireless sensor nodes that can be either on, implanted or around the body of a person. Routing in WBAN network is not the same as routing in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) because WBAN protocols have to be thermal aware and data delivery has to be more reliable. Though different WBAN routing schemes have already been proposed, they are not energy efficient or they are unable to relay critical health data reliably. In this paper, a Multi hop routing protocol for WBAN has been proposed that is efficient in terms of transmitting power, Packet delivery Rate (PDR) and network lifetime. Fixed nodes are added to WBAN that are used as forwarder nodes. Proper subset of fixed nodes and sensor nodes can be selected as forwarder based on a cost function that includes metrics like transmission power of the node, velocity vector of the receiver, residual energy and the current location of the node with respect to the coordinator. Simulation studies show that the proposed protocol maximizes network life time and increases packet delivery.
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paper_title: The Emerging Wireless Body Area Network on Android Smartphones: A Review

paper_content:

Our society now has driven us into an era where almost everything can be digitally monitored and controlled including the human body. The growth of wireless body area network (WBAN), as a specific scope of sensor networks which mounted or attached to human body also developing rapidly. It allows people to monitor their health and several daily activities. This study is intended to review the trend of WBAN especially on Android, one of the most popular smartphone platforms. A systematic literature review is concerned to the following parameters: the purpose of the device and/or application, the type of sensors, the type of Android device, and its connectivity. Most of the studies were more concern to healthcare or medical monitoring systems: blood pressure, electro cardiograph, tremor detection, etc. On the other hand, the rest of them aimed for activity tracker, environment sensing, and epidemic control. After all, those studies shown that not only Android can be a powerful platform to process data from various sensors but also smartphones can be a good alternative to develop WBANs for medical and other daily applications.
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paper_title: Hybrid data-centric routing protocol of wireless body area network

paper_content:

Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) plays an important role in many health related applications by transmitting patients data to central database of hospital. So, routing of data is an important part of WBAN. As WBAN has unique features and requirements, there are crucial issues like Quality of service (QoS), path loss, temperature rise, energy efficiency and network lifetime etc. which are needed to be considering while designing routing protocol. To overcome those issues, we propose hybrid routing protocol which support all WBAN data packets such as delay sensitive data (DSD), normal data (ND), critical data (CD) and reliability sensitive data (RSD) packets. For simplicity in classifying these data packets, we design new data classifier which takes minimum time for classification in order to improve network lifetime. While selecting the next hop we also consider route which have high link quality and low path temperature to solve issue of path loss and temperature rise respectively. NS-2 Simulator has been used for simulation of the proposed protocol.
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paper_title: MHRP: A novel mobility handling routing protocol in Wireless Body Area Network

paper_content:

For the last few years a lot of research work has been carried out on the applications and other aspects of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN). Majority of this work are found on healthcare domain. In WBAN, sensor nodes are used either as wearable or as implant devices. These devices collect information from the human body and transmit them wirelessly to remote server which is viewed and analyzed by the concerned persons sitting in their chambers. But, the link between the WBAN and the remote server changes frequently due to the movement of human body. As such maintaining seamless connectivity in such environment is a challenge of current research work. In this paper, a novel Mobility Handling Routing Protocol (MHRP) for WBAN has been proposed. The proposed protocol is faster, reliable, takes care of human mobility through posture detection and ensures seamless connectivity. In support of better performance of the proposed algorithm, analytical comparison with related existing works is given.
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paper_title: A survey on energy efficient routing protocols in wireless body area networks (WBAN)

paper_content:

Wireless body area network is a special purpose wireless sensor network that employs wireless sensor nodes in, on, or around the human body, and makes it possible to measure biological parameters of a person for special applications. One of the most fundamental concerns in wireless body area networks is accurate routing in order to send data promptly and properly. Routing protocols used in wireless body area networks are affected by a large number of factors including energy, topology, temperature, posture, radio range of sensors and appropriate quality of service in sensor nodes. Among these, achieving energy efficiency in wireless body area networks (WBANs) is a major challenge, because energy efficiency ultimately affect the network lifetime. Several routing techniques have been adopted to increase the energy efficiency. This paper aims to study wireless body area sensor networks and the study of few energy efficient routing protocols in WBAN.
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paper_title: In-Body Routing Protocols for Wireless Body Sensor Networks

paper_content:

Recent advances in wireless communication have led to the introduction of a novel network of miniaturized, low power, intelligent sensors that can be placed in, on, or around the body. This network is referred to as Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN). The main purpose of WBAN is to physiologically monitor patient's vital signs and consequently route the related data towards a base station. Since the environment of such a network is principally the human body, data routing mechanisms used in traditional wireless networks (e.g. WSN, WANET) need to be revised, and more restrictions have to be addressed in order to adapt it to WBAN routing challenges. Compared to those dedicated to on-body WBAN, in-body WBAN routing protocols have more constrains and restrictions and are expected to be efficient and robust. As better as we know, only few routing protocols have been proposed in literature and the research field stills underexplored. Therefore, in this paper we present an overview of the main existing routing protocols proposed for wireless in-body sensor networks (WIBSN).
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paper_title: Dynamic Connectivity Establishment and Cooperative Scheduling for QoS-Aware Wireless Body Area Networks

paper_content:

In a hospital environment, the total number of Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) equipped patients requesting ubiquitous healthcare services in an area increases significantly. Therefore, increased traffic load and group-based mobility of WBANs degrades the performance of each WBAN significantly, concerning service delay and network throughput. In addition, the mobility of WBANs affects connectivity between a WBAN and an Access Point (AP) dynamically, which affects the variation in link quality significantly. To address the connectivity problem and provide Quality of Services (QoS) in the network, we propose a dynamic connectivity establishment and cooperative scheduling scheme, which minimizes the packet delivery delay and maximizes the network throughput. First, to secure the reliable connectivity among WBANs and APs dynamically, we formulate a selection parameter using a price-based approach. Thereafter, we formulate a utility function for the WBANs to offer QoS using a coalition game-theoretic approach. We study the performance of the proposed approach holistically, based on different network parameters. We also compare the performance of the proposed scheme with the existing state-of-the-art.
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paper_title: A Survey of Thermal-Aware Routing Protocols in Wireless Body Area Networks

paper_content:

Wireless body area networks (WBANs) have risen great concern among the society in the fields such as health care and disease control and prevention. However, the radio frequency radiation produced by frequent communication and utilization of nodes leads to temperature rise, which does great harm to human bodies. For that reason, the thermal-aware technology is of great value in research, which also provides a guarantee for the further development of WBANs. This paper provides brief overview, analysis and comparison of a variety of important thermal-aware routing protocols in WBANs. A detailed statement of the advantages and shortcomings of the routing protocols will be given according to their parameters and performance metrics. This paper aims to find the most suitable thermal-aware routing protocol in common environment.
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paper_title: Designing an energy efficient WBAN routing protocol

paper_content:

Advancement of medical science brings together new trend of proactive health care which gives rise to the era of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN). A number of issues including energy efficiency, reliability, optimal use of network bandwidth need to be considered for designing any multi-hop communication protocol for WBANs. Energy consumption depends on many factors like amount and frequency of forwarding traffic, node activity, distance from sink etc. Energy consumption gives rise to other issues like heated nodes. Existing routing protocols are mostly single hop or multi-hop, and generally focus on one issue ignoring the others. In this paper, we first identify the sources of energy drain, and then propose a 2-hop cost based energy efficient routing protocol for WBAN that formulates the energy drain of a node due to various reasons and incorporates it in the routing decision. Relative node mobility due to posture change is also considered here. The protocol is simulated in Castalia simulator and compared with state of the art protocols. It is found to outperform state of the art protocols in terms of packet delivery ratio for a given transmission power level. Moreover, only a small number of relays are found to be sufficient to stabilize packet delivery ratio.
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paper_title: QoS-based routing in Wireless Body Area Networks: a survey and taxonomy

paper_content:

Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) constitutes a set of sensor nodes responsible for monitoring human physiological activities and actions. The increasing demand for real time applications in such networks stimulates many research activities in quality-of-service (QoS) based routing for data delivery. Designing such scheme of critical events while preserving the energy efficiency is a challenging task due to the dynamic of the network topology, severe constraints on power supply and limited in computation power and communication bandwidth. The design of QoS-based routing protocols becomes an essential part of WBANs and plays an important role in the communication stacks and has significant impact on the network performance. In this paper, we classify, survey, model and compare the most relevant and recent QoS-based routing protocols proposed in the framework of WBAN. A novel taxonomy of solutions is proposed, in which the comparison is performed with respect to relevant criteria. An analytical model is proposed in order to compare the performances of all the solutions. Furthermore, we provide a study of adaptability of the surveyed protocols related to the healthcare sector.
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paper_title: Performance Analysis of IEEE 802.15.6-Based Coexisting Mobile WBANs With Prioritized Traffic and Dynamic Interference

paper_content:

Intelligent wireless body area networks (WBANs) have entered into an incredible explosive popularization stage. WBAN technologies facilitate real-time and reliable health monitoring in e-healthcare and creative applications in other fields. However, due to the limited space and medical resources, deeply deployed WBANs are suffering severe interference problems. The interference affects the reliability and timeliness of data transmissions, and the impacts of interference become more serious in mobile WBANs because of the uncertainty of human movement. In this paper, we analyze the dynamic interference taking human mobility into consideration. The dynamic interference is investigated in different situations for WBANs coexistence. To guarantee the performance of different traffic types, a health critical index is proposed to ensure the transmission privilege of emergency data for intra- and inter-WBANs. Furthermore, the performance of the target WBAN, i.e., normalized throughput and average access delay, under different interference intensity are evaluated using a developed three-dimensional Markov chain model. Extensive numerical results show that the interference generated by mobile neighbor WBANs results in 70% throughput decrease for general medical data and doubles the packet delay experienced by the target WBAN for emergency data compared with single WBAN. The evaluation results greatly benefit the network design and management as well as the interference mitigation protocols design.
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paper_title: A Survey of Thermal-Aware Routing Protocols in Wireless Body Area Networks

paper_content:

Wireless body area networks (WBANs) have risen great concern among the society in the fields such as health care and disease control and prevention. However, the radio frequency radiation produced by frequent communication and utilization of nodes leads to temperature rise, which does great harm to human bodies. For that reason, the thermal-aware technology is of great value in research, which also provides a guarantee for the further development of WBANs. This paper provides brief overview, analysis and comparison of a variety of important thermal-aware routing protocols in WBANs. A detailed statement of the advantages and shortcomings of the routing protocols will be given according to their parameters and performance metrics. This paper aims to find the most suitable thermal-aware routing protocol in common environment.
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paper_title: Designing an energy efficient WBAN routing protocol

paper_content:

Advancement of medical science brings together new trend of proactive health care which gives rise to the era of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN). A number of issues including energy efficiency, reliability, optimal use of network bandwidth need to be considered for designing any multi-hop communication protocol for WBANs. Energy consumption depends on many factors like amount and frequency of forwarding traffic, node activity, distance from sink etc. Energy consumption gives rise to other issues like heated nodes. Existing routing protocols are mostly single hop or multi-hop, and generally focus on one issue ignoring the others. In this paper, we first identify the sources of energy drain, and then propose a 2-hop cost based energy efficient routing protocol for WBAN that formulates the energy drain of a node due to various reasons and incorporates it in the routing decision. Relative node mobility due to posture change is also considered here. The protocol is simulated in Castalia simulator and compared with state of the art protocols. It is found to outperform state of the art protocols in terms of packet delivery ratio for a given transmission power level. Moreover, only a small number of relays are found to be sufficient to stabilize packet delivery ratio.
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paper_title: A Survey of Routing Protocols in Wireless Body Sensor Networks

paper_content:

Wireless Body Sensor Networks (WBSNs) constitute a subset of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) responsible for monitoring vital sign-related data of patients and accordingly route this data towards a sink. In routing sensed data towards sinks, WBSNs face some of the same routing challenges as general WSNs, but the unique requirements of WBSNs impose some more constraints that need to be addressed by the routing mechanisms. This paper identifies various issues and challenges in pursuit of effective routing in WBSNs. Furthermore, it provides a detailed literature review of the various existing routing protocols used in the WBSN domain by discussing their strengths and weaknesses.
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paper_title: Comparative analysis of energy efficient routing in WBAN

paper_content:

In this paper, we have discussed various routing techniques of wireless body area network (WBAN), its challenges and comparison has been done based on various parameters. Due to advancement in wireless technology miniature sensor nodes with low power, lightweight, invasive or non-invasive are placed in, on or around the human body to monitor the health condition. Routing protocols plays an important role to improve the overall performance of network in terms of delay, throughput, network lifetime etc. and to improve the quality of services (QoS) in WBAN. Network lifetime and successfully transmission of data to the sink node are two main factors to design a routing protocol. Routing in WBAN is classified as QoS based, temperature aware, clusters based routing, postural based, cross layer network based routing etc. These categories are further divided into various protocols. This paper provides a review of some of the existing routing protocols of WBAN by describing their techniques, advantages and disadvantages. Also, the comparison of ATTEMPT (Adaptive Threshold based Thermal unaware Energy-efficient Multi-hop Protocol), SIMPLE (Stable Increased-throughput Multihop Protocol for Link Efficiency) and EERDT (Energy Efficient and Reliable Data Transfer) protocol has been done by simulating in MATLAB.
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paper_title: MHRP: A novel mobility handling routing protocol in Wireless Body Area Network

paper_content:

For the last few years a lot of research work has been carried out on the applications and other aspects of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN). Majority of this work are found on healthcare domain. In WBAN, sensor nodes are used either as wearable or as implant devices. These devices collect information from the human body and transmit them wirelessly to remote server which is viewed and analyzed by the concerned persons sitting in their chambers. But, the link between the WBAN and the remote server changes frequently due to the movement of human body. As such maintaining seamless connectivity in such environment is a challenge of current research work. In this paper, a novel Mobility Handling Routing Protocol (MHRP) for WBAN has been proposed. The proposed protocol is faster, reliable, takes care of human mobility through posture detection and ensures seamless connectivity. In support of better performance of the proposed algorithm, analytical comparison with related existing works is given.
---
paper_title: MHRP: A novel mobility handling routing protocol in Wireless Body Area Network

paper_content:

For the last few years a lot of research work has been carried out on the applications and other aspects of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN). Majority of this work are found on healthcare domain. In WBAN, sensor nodes are used either as wearable or as implant devices. These devices collect information from the human body and transmit them wirelessly to remote server which is viewed and analyzed by the concerned persons sitting in their chambers. But, the link between the WBAN and the remote server changes frequently due to the movement of human body. As such maintaining seamless connectivity in such environment is a challenge of current research work. In this paper, a novel Mobility Handling Routing Protocol (MHRP) for WBAN has been proposed. The proposed protocol is faster, reliable, takes care of human mobility through posture detection and ensures seamless connectivity. In support of better performance of the proposed algorithm, analytical comparison with related existing works is given.
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paper_title: Energy-Efficient and Distributed Network Management Cost Minimization in Opportunistic Wireless Body Area Networks

paper_content:

Mobility induced by limb/body movements in Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) significantly affects the link-quality of intra-BAN and inter-BAN communication units, which, in turn, affects the Quality-of-Service (QoS) of each WBAN, in terms of reliability, efficient data transmission and network throughput guarantees. Further, the variation in link-quality between WBANs and Access Points (APs) makes the WBAN-equipped patients more resource-constrained in nature, which also increases the data dissemination delay. Therefore, to minimize the data dissemination delay of the network, WBANs send patients’ physiological data to local servers using the proposed opportunistic transient connectivity establishment algorithm. Additionally, limb/body movements induce dynamic changes to the on-body network topology, which, in turn, increases the network management cost and decreases the life-time of the sensor nodes periodically. Also, mutual and cross technology interference among coexisting WBANs and other radio technologies increases the energy consumption rate of the sensor nodes and also the energy management cost. To address the problem of increased network management cost and data dissemination delay, we propose a network management cost minimization framework to optimize the network throughput and QoS of each WBAN. The proposed framework attempts to minimize the dynamic connectivity, interference management, and data dissemination costs for opportunistic WBAN. We have, theoretically, analyzed the performance of the proposed framework to provide reliable data transmission in opportunistic WBANs. Simulation results show significant improvement in the network performance compared to the existing solutions.
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paper_title: RE-ATTEMPT: A New Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks

paper_content:

Modern health care system is one of the most popular Wireless Body Area Sensor Network (WBASN) applications and a hot area of research subject to present work. In this paper, we present Reliability Enhanced-Adaptive Threshold based Thermal-unaware Energy-efficient Multi-hop ProTocol (RE-ATTEMPT) for WBASNs. The proposed routing protocol uses fixed deployment of wireless sensors (nodes) such that these are placed according to energy levels. Moreover, we use direct communication for the delivery of emergency data and multihop communication for the delivery of normal data. RE-ATTEMPT selects route with minimum hop count to deliver data which downplays the delay factor. Furthermore, we conduct a comprehensive analysis supported by MATLAB simulations to provide an estimation of path loss, and problem formulation with its solution via linear programming model for network lifetime maximization is also provided. In simulations, we analyze our protocol in terms of network lifetime, packet drops, and throughput. Results show better performance for the proposed protocol as compared to the existing one.
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paper_title: Cross Layer Design for Optimizing Transmission Reliability, Energy Efficiency, and Lifetime in Body Sensor Networks

paper_content:

High transmission reliability, energy efficiency, and long lifetime are pivotal issues for wireless body area networks (WBANs. However, these performance metrics are not independent of each other, making it hard to obtain overall improvements through optimizing one single aspect. Therefore, a Cross Layer Design Optimal (CLDO) scheme is proposed to simultaneously optimize transmission reliability, energy efficiency, and lifetime of WBANs from several layers. Firstly, due to the fact that the transmission power of nodes directly influences the reliability of links, the optimized transmission power of different nodes is deduced, which is able to maximize energy efficiency in theory under the premise that requirements on delay and jitter are fulfilled. Secondly, a relay decision algorithm is proposed to choose optimized relay nodes. Using this algorithm, nodes will choose relay nodes that ensure a balance of network energy consumption, provided that all nodes transmit with optimized transmission power and the same packet size. Thirdly, the energy consumption of nodes is still unbalanced even with optimized transmission power because of their different locations in the topology of the network. In addition, packet size also has an impact on final performance metrics. Therefore, a synthesized cross layer method for optimization is proposed. With this method, the transmission power of nodes with more residual energy will be enhanced while suitable packet size is determined for different links in the network, leading to further improvements in the WBAN system. Both our comprehensive theoretical analysis and experimental results indicate that the performance of our proposed scheme is better than reported in previous studies. Relative to the relay selection and power control game (RSPCG) scheme, the CLDO scheme can enhance transmission reliability by more than 44.6% and prolong the lifetime by as much as 33.2%.
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paper_title: Trust and Thermal Aware Routing Protocol (TTRP) for Wireless Body Area Networks

paper_content:

Recent advancements in wireless communication have made it possible to use low-power invasive or non-invasive sensor nodes to remotely monitor patients through wireless body area networks (WBANs). However, reliable and secure data transmission in WBANs is a challenging task. The issues such as privacy and confidentiality of patient related data require the reliable and secure data routing so that data can be kept safe from the malicious nodes. On the other hand, conventional biometric and cryptographic algorithms cannot be used in WBANs as they are, most of the time, complex and do not consider the misbehaving nature of nodes. Moreover, wireless nature of in vivo biomedical sensor nodes produces electromagnetic radiations which result in increased temperature; that could be harmful particularly for sensitive tissues. Therefore, trust and temperature based lightweight and resource efficient solutions are ultimate pre-requisite for WBAN. In this paper, we propose a trust and thermal-aware routing protocol for WBANs that considers trust among and temperature of nodes to isolate misbehaving nodes. This multi-facet routing strategy helps in providing a trusted and balanced network environment and restricts hotspot/misbehaving nodes to be part of trusted routes. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed protocol performs better in terms of packet drop ratio, packet delay, throughput and temperature under varying traffic conditions as compared other state-of-art schemes.
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paper_title: On designing lightweight qos routing protocol for delay-sensitive wireless body area networks

paper_content:

Quality of Service (QoS) provisioning is critical and mandatory in any Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN). Routing protocols for this kind of networks need to be very efficient and lightweight algorithms need to be developed as WBANs are wireless interconnection of resource constrained miniaturized sensors either implanted or worn in/on the body. Optimization of Delay QoS parameter is very important requirement of many WBAN applications, particularly those demanding real-time data delivery service. In this paper, a lightweight routing protocol called LRPD is proposed, which operates hop-by-hop to optimize end-to-end latency. The protocol is realized, and evaluated for performance comparison against existing protocols of same category. Comparative study demonstrates satisfactory performance improvements.
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paper_title: Joint Transmission Power Control and Relay Cooperation for WBAN Systems

paper_content:

Improving transmission reliability is a crucial challenge for Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) because of the instability of channel conditions and the stringent Packet Loss Ratio (PLR) requirement for many WBANs applications. On the other hand, limited by the size of WBAN nodes, the energy consumption of WBAN nodes should be minimized. In this paper, we jointly consider transmission power control, dynamic slot scheduling and two-hop cooperative mechanism and propose an Autocorrelation-based Adaptive Transmission (AAT) scheme that achieves a better trade-off between transmission reliability and energy consumption for WBAN systems. The new scheme is designed to be compatible with IEEE 802.15.6. We evaluated the performance of the newly proposed scheme by importing the real channel datasets into our simulation model. Simulation results demonstrate that the AAT method can effectively improve the transmission reliability while reducing the energy consumption. We also provide the performance evaluation from three perspectives, namely packet error ratio, energy consumption and energy efficiency, and provide recommendations on the application of the two-hop cooperative mechanism associated with the proposed AAT in the contexts of WBANs.
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paper_title: Hybrid data-centric routing protocol of wireless body area network

paper_content:

Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) plays an important role in many health related applications by transmitting patients data to central database of hospital. So, routing of data is an important part of WBAN. As WBAN has unique features and requirements, there are crucial issues like Quality of service (QoS), path loss, temperature rise, energy efficiency and network lifetime etc. which are needed to be considering while designing routing protocol. To overcome those issues, we propose hybrid routing protocol which support all WBAN data packets such as delay sensitive data (DSD), normal data (ND), critical data (CD) and reliability sensitive data (RSD) packets. For simplicity in classifying these data packets, we design new data classifier which takes minimum time for classification in order to improve network lifetime. While selecting the next hop we also consider route which have high link quality and low path temperature to solve issue of path loss and temperature rise respectively. NS-2 Simulator has been used for simulation of the proposed protocol.
---
paper_title: Energy-Efficient and Distributed Network Management Cost Minimization in Opportunistic Wireless Body Area Networks

paper_content:

Mobility induced by limb/body movements in Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) significantly affects the link-quality of intra-BAN and inter-BAN communication units, which, in turn, affects the Quality-of-Service (QoS) of each WBAN, in terms of reliability, efficient data transmission and network throughput guarantees. Further, the variation in link-quality between WBANs and Access Points (APs) makes the WBAN-equipped patients more resource-constrained in nature, which also increases the data dissemination delay. Therefore, to minimize the data dissemination delay of the network, WBANs send patients’ physiological data to local servers using the proposed opportunistic transient connectivity establishment algorithm. Additionally, limb/body movements induce dynamic changes to the on-body network topology, which, in turn, increases the network management cost and decreases the life-time of the sensor nodes periodically. Also, mutual and cross technology interference among coexisting WBANs and other radio technologies increases the energy consumption rate of the sensor nodes and also the energy management cost. To address the problem of increased network management cost and data dissemination delay, we propose a network management cost minimization framework to optimize the network throughput and QoS of each WBAN. The proposed framework attempts to minimize the dynamic connectivity, interference management, and data dissemination costs for opportunistic WBAN. We have, theoretically, analyzed the performance of the proposed framework to provide reliable data transmission in opportunistic WBANs. Simulation results show significant improvement in the network performance compared to the existing solutions.
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paper_title: A mobility-based temperature-aware routing protocol for Wireless Body Sensor Networks

paper_content:

A large number of temperature-aware routing algorithms have been proposed to prevent the damage of surrounding tissues caused by temperature rise in wireless body sensor network. But, since the existing temperature-aware routing algorithms for WBSN have not taken account of human postural mobility, large of packet are lost due to topological partitioning. To solve this problem, in this paper, we propose a new temperature-aware routing algorithm by employing store and carry scheme. Simulation results are given to provide the suitability of the proposed routing algorithm by demonstrating its performance in terms of reducing the number of hot spots, packet delivery delay and packet loss.
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paper_title: Thermal-aware routing algorithm for implanted sensor networks

paper_content:

Implanted biological sensors are a special class of wireless sensor networks that are used in-vivo for various medical applications. One of the major challenges of continuous in-vivo sensing is the heat generated by the implanted sensors due to communication radiation and circuitry power consumption. This paper addresses the issues of routing in implanted sensor networks. We propose a thermal-aware routing protocol that routes the data away from high temperature areas (hot spots). With this protocol each node estimates temperature change of its neighbors and routes packets around the hot spot area by a withdraw strategy. The proposed protocol can achieve a better balance of temperature rise and only experience a modest increased delay compared with shortest hop, but thermal-awareness also indicates the capability of load balance, which leads to less packet loss in high load situations.
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paper_title: RE-ATTEMPT: A New Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks

paper_content:

Modern health care system is one of the most popular Wireless Body Area Sensor Network (WBASN) applications and a hot area of research subject to present work. In this paper, we present Reliability Enhanced-Adaptive Threshold based Thermal-unaware Energy-efficient Multi-hop ProTocol (RE-ATTEMPT) for WBASNs. The proposed routing protocol uses fixed deployment of wireless sensors (nodes) such that these are placed according to energy levels. Moreover, we use direct communication for the delivery of emergency data and multihop communication for the delivery of normal data. RE-ATTEMPT selects route with minimum hop count to deliver data which downplays the delay factor. Furthermore, we conduct a comprehensive analysis supported by MATLAB simulations to provide an estimation of path loss, and problem formulation with its solution via linear programming model for network lifetime maximization is also provided. In simulations, we analyze our protocol in terms of network lifetime, packet drops, and throughput. Results show better performance for the proposed protocol as compared to the existing one.
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paper_title: Thermal-aware routing algorithm for implanted sensor networks

paper_content:

Implanted biological sensors are a special class of wireless sensor networks that are used in-vivo for various medical applications. One of the major challenges of continuous in-vivo sensing is the heat generated by the implanted sensors due to communication radiation and circuitry power consumption. This paper addresses the issues of routing in implanted sensor networks. We propose a thermal-aware routing protocol that routes the data away from high temperature areas (hot spots). With this protocol each node estimates temperature change of its neighbors and routes packets around the hot spot area by a withdraw strategy. The proposed protocol can achieve a better balance of temperature rise and only experience a modest increased delay compared with shortest hop, but thermal-awareness also indicates the capability of load balance, which leads to less packet loss in high load situations.
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paper_title: Trust and Thermal Aware Routing Protocol (TTRP) for Wireless Body Area Networks

paper_content:

Recent advancements in wireless communication have made it possible to use low-power invasive or non-invasive sensor nodes to remotely monitor patients through wireless body area networks (WBANs). However, reliable and secure data transmission in WBANs is a challenging task. The issues such as privacy and confidentiality of patient related data require the reliable and secure data routing so that data can be kept safe from the malicious nodes. On the other hand, conventional biometric and cryptographic algorithms cannot be used in WBANs as they are, most of the time, complex and do not consider the misbehaving nature of nodes. Moreover, wireless nature of in vivo biomedical sensor nodes produces electromagnetic radiations which result in increased temperature; that could be harmful particularly for sensitive tissues. Therefore, trust and temperature based lightweight and resource efficient solutions are ultimate pre-requisite for WBAN. In this paper, we propose a trust and thermal-aware routing protocol for WBANs that considers trust among and temperature of nodes to isolate misbehaving nodes. This multi-facet routing strategy helps in providing a trusted and balanced network environment and restricts hotspot/misbehaving nodes to be part of trusted routes. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed protocol performs better in terms of packet drop ratio, packet delay, throughput and temperature under varying traffic conditions as compared other state-of-art schemes.
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paper_title: A mobility-based temperature-aware routing protocol for Wireless Body Sensor Networks

paper_content:

A large number of temperature-aware routing algorithms have been proposed to prevent the damage of surrounding tissues caused by temperature rise in wireless body sensor network. But, since the existing temperature-aware routing algorithms for WBSN have not taken account of human postural mobility, large of packet are lost due to topological partitioning. To solve this problem, in this paper, we propose a new temperature-aware routing algorithm by employing store and carry scheme. Simulation results are given to provide the suitability of the proposed routing algorithm by demonstrating its performance in terms of reducing the number of hot spots, packet delivery delay and packet loss.
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paper_title: Cross Layer Design for Optimizing Transmission Reliability, Energy Efficiency, and Lifetime in Body Sensor Networks

paper_content:

High transmission reliability, energy efficiency, and long lifetime are pivotal issues for wireless body area networks (WBANs. However, these performance metrics are not independent of each other, making it hard to obtain overall improvements through optimizing one single aspect. Therefore, a Cross Layer Design Optimal (CLDO) scheme is proposed to simultaneously optimize transmission reliability, energy efficiency, and lifetime of WBANs from several layers. Firstly, due to the fact that the transmission power of nodes directly influences the reliability of links, the optimized transmission power of different nodes is deduced, which is able to maximize energy efficiency in theory under the premise that requirements on delay and jitter are fulfilled. Secondly, a relay decision algorithm is proposed to choose optimized relay nodes. Using this algorithm, nodes will choose relay nodes that ensure a balance of network energy consumption, provided that all nodes transmit with optimized transmission power and the same packet size. Thirdly, the energy consumption of nodes is still unbalanced even with optimized transmission power because of their different locations in the topology of the network. In addition, packet size also has an impact on final performance metrics. Therefore, a synthesized cross layer method for optimization is proposed. With this method, the transmission power of nodes with more residual energy will be enhanced while suitable packet size is determined for different links in the network, leading to further improvements in the WBAN system. Both our comprehensive theoretical analysis and experimental results indicate that the performance of our proposed scheme is better than reported in previous studies. Relative to the relay selection and power control game (RSPCG) scheme, the CLDO scheme can enhance transmission reliability by more than 44.6% and prolong the lifetime by as much as 33.2%.
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paper_title: Joint Transmission Power Control and Relay Cooperation for WBAN Systems

paper_content:

Improving transmission reliability is a crucial challenge for Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) because of the instability of channel conditions and the stringent Packet Loss Ratio (PLR) requirement for many WBANs applications. On the other hand, limited by the size of WBAN nodes, the energy consumption of WBAN nodes should be minimized. In this paper, we jointly consider transmission power control, dynamic slot scheduling and two-hop cooperative mechanism and propose an Autocorrelation-based Adaptive Transmission (AAT) scheme that achieves a better trade-off between transmission reliability and energy consumption for WBAN systems. The new scheme is designed to be compatible with IEEE 802.15.6. We evaluated the performance of the newly proposed scheme by importing the real channel datasets into our simulation model. Simulation results demonstrate that the AAT method can effectively improve the transmission reliability while reducing the energy consumption. We also provide the performance evaluation from three perspectives, namely packet error ratio, energy consumption and energy efficiency, and provide recommendations on the application of the two-hop cooperative mechanism associated with the proposed AAT in the contexts of WBANs.
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paper_title: On designing lightweight qos routing protocol for delay-sensitive wireless body area networks

paper_content:

Quality of Service (QoS) provisioning is critical and mandatory in any Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN). Routing protocols for this kind of networks need to be very efficient and lightweight algorithms need to be developed as WBANs are wireless interconnection of resource constrained miniaturized sensors either implanted or worn in/on the body. Optimization of Delay QoS parameter is very important requirement of many WBAN applications, particularly those demanding real-time data delivery service. In this paper, a lightweight routing protocol called LRPD is proposed, which operates hop-by-hop to optimize end-to-end latency. The protocol is realized, and evaluated for performance comparison against existing protocols of same category. Comparative study demonstrates satisfactory performance improvements.
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paper_title: Hybrid data-centric routing protocol of wireless body area network

paper_content:

Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) plays an important role in many health related applications by transmitting patients data to central database of hospital. So, routing of data is an important part of WBAN. As WBAN has unique features and requirements, there are crucial issues like Quality of service (QoS), path loss, temperature rise, energy efficiency and network lifetime etc. which are needed to be considering while designing routing protocol. To overcome those issues, we propose hybrid routing protocol which support all WBAN data packets such as delay sensitive data (DSD), normal data (ND), critical data (CD) and reliability sensitive data (RSD) packets. For simplicity in classifying these data packets, we design new data classifier which takes minimum time for classification in order to improve network lifetime. While selecting the next hop we also consider route which have high link quality and low path temperature to solve issue of path loss and temperature rise respectively. NS-2 Simulator has been used for simulation of the proposed protocol.
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paper_title: A Distributed Game Methodology for Crowdsensing in Uncertain Wireless Scenario

paper_content:

With the exponentially increasing number of mobile devices, crowdsensing has been a hot topic to use the available resource of neighbor mobile devices to perform sensing tasks cooperatively. However, there still remain three main obstacles to be solved in the practical system. First, since mobile devices are selfish and rational, it is natural to provide cooperation for sensing with a reasonable payment. Meanwhile, due to the arrival and departure of sensing tasks, resource should be allocated and released dynamically when sensing task comes or leaves. To this end, this paper designs a game theoretic approach based incentive mechanism to encourage the “best” neighbor mobile devices to share their own resource for sensing. Next, in order to adjust resource among mobile devices for the better crowdsensing response, an auction based task migration algorithm is proposed, which can guarantee the truthfulness of announced price of auctioneer, individual rationality, profitability, and computational efficiency. Moreover, taking into account the random movement of mobile devices resulting in the stochastic connection, we also use multi-stage stochastic decision to take posterior resource allocation to compensate for inaccurate prediction. The numerical results show the effectiveness and improvement of the proposed multi-stage stochastic programming based distributed game theoretic methodology ( SPG ) for crowdsensing.
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paper_title: An Energy Centric Cluster-Based Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

paper_content:

Clustering is an effective way to prolong the lifetime of a wireless sensor network (WSN). The common approach is to elect cluster heads to take routing and controlling duty, and to periodically rotate each cluster head’s role to distribute energy consumption among nodes. However, a significant amount of energy dissipates due to control messages overhead, which results in a shorter network lifetime. This paper proposes an energy-centric cluster-based routing mechanism in WSNs. To begin with, cluster heads are elected based on the higher ranks of the nodes. The rank is defined by residual energy and average distance from the member nodes. With the role of data aggregation and data forwarding, a cluster head acts as a caretaker for cluster-head election in the next round, where the ranks’ information are piggybacked along with the local data sending during intra-cluster communication. This reduces the number of control messages for the cluster-head election as well as the cluster formation in detail. Simulation results show that our proposed protocol saves the energy consumption among nodes and achieves a significant improvement in the network lifetime.
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paper_title: Joint optimal relay location and power allocation for ultra-wideband-based wireless body area networks

paper_content:

In this paper, we study the joint optimal relay location and power allocation problem for single-relay-assisted ultra-wideband (UWB)-based wireless body area networks (WBANs). Specifically, to optimize spectral efficiency (SE) for single-relay cooperative communication in UWB-based WBANs, we seek the relay with the optimal location together with the corresponding optimal power allocation. With proposed relay-location-based network models, the SE maximization problems are mathematically formulated by considering three practical scenarios, namely, along-torso scenario, around-torso scenario, and in-body scenario. Taking into account realistic power considerations for each scenario, the optimal relay location and power allocation are jointly derived and analyzed. Numerical results show the necessity of utilization of relay node for the spectral and energy-efficient transmission in UWB-based WBANs and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme in particular for the around-torso and in-body scenarios. With the joint optimal relay location and power allocation, the proposed scheme is able to prolong the network lifetime and extend the transmission range in WBANs significantly compared to direct transmission.
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paper_title: Two-Stage Preamble Detection Scheme for IR-UWB Coexistence

paper_content:

Ultra-wideband (UWB) is a promising physical layer technology which potentially enables low power and low cost devices with applications for a wireless body area network (WBAN). A WBAN is a network with its communications devices in very close proximity to the human body and consists of a number of different sensor and actuator nodes. In this paper, a two-stage preamble detection algorithm is proposed in order to improve the coexistence of WBAN nodes in an impulse radio UWB based network. In the multi-stage process, a tentative detection during the first stage is taken into consideration to refine the overall detection performance at the next stage. A method for selecting the decision threshold parameters in each detection stage is also highlighted. We show via simulations that the proposed detection algorithm endowed with adaptive threshold calibration is capable of robustly detecting new incoming nodes against the variation of SNR.
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paper_title: Performance Improvement of Clustered Wireless Sensor Networks Using Swarm Based Algorithm

paper_content:

The sensor nodes in a wireless sensor network (WSN) have limited energy resources which adversely affect the long term performance of the network. So, the current research focus has been the designing of energy efficient algorithms for WSNs to improve network lifetime. This paper proposes a distributed swarm artificial bee colony (DSABC) algorithm with a clustering evaluation model to improve the energy capability of the interference aware network. The DSABC algorithm can optimize the dynamics of the cluster heads and sensor nodes in the WSN. The proposed algorithm can minimize the energy dissipation of nodes, balance the energy consumption across nodes and improve the lifetime of the network. The proposed algorithm has fewer control parameters in its objective function compared to other algorithms, so it is simple to implement in clustered sensor network. The simulation results prove the superiority of the proposed DSABC algorithm compared to other recent algorithms in improving the energy efficiency and longevity of the network.
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paper_title: A channel diversity path metric for dual channel Wireless Body Area networks

paper_content:

Wireless Body Area networks (WBANs) are a subset of wireless sensor networks that interconnect miniaturized nodes with sensor or actuator capabilities in, on, or around a human body. WBANs can operate over a number of different frequency bands such as MICS (Medical Implant Communications system), 2.4 GHz ISM (Industrial Scientific and Medical), UWB (Ultra-Wideband), and HBC (Human Body Communications) bands. Use for dual bands can improve connectivity, throughput and reliability. In this paper we proposed a metric called Weighed Multichannel Hop Count (WMHC) to provide better channel diversity and reduced in interference for inclusion in a multi-channel extension to the Ad Hoc on Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol for use in WBANs. We used the Castalia simulator to evaluate the metric. We showed that WMHC is a simple method of reducing interference and improving throughput.
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paper_title: An Optimal Clustering Mechanism Based on K-Means for Wireless Sensor Networks

paper_content:

Energy-efficient protocols are heavily involved specially for low-power, multi-functional wireless sensors networks (WSN's). Therfore, many studies have been presented to find a solution to increase the lifetime of the WSN's. With the application of routing information, various metaheurisitics have been proposed for energy-efficient clustering to ensure reliability and connectivity in WSN s even in large scale environnements. In this paper, a new method for optimal clustering with K-mens technique is proposed which aims to mitigate energy consumption and prolong the lifetime of WSN's. The obtained results seemed that the proposed protocol outperforms other existing clustering protocols, on the basis of energy consumption, throughput, network lifetime and packet delivery as performance metrics.
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paper_title: An Optimal Trust Aware Cluster Based Routing Protocol Using Fuzzy Based Trust Inference Model and Improved Evolutionary Particle Swarm Optimization in WBANs

paper_content:

The wireless body sensor network (WBSN) an extensive of WSN is in charge for the detection of patient’s health concerned data. This monitored health data are essential to be routed to the sink (base station) in an effective way by approaching the routing technique. Routing of tremendous sensed data to the base station minimizes the life time of the network due to heavy traffic occurrence. The major concern of this work is to increase the lifespan of the network which is considered as a serious problem in the wireless network functionalities. In order to recover this issue, we propose an optimal trust aware cluster based routing technique in WBSN. The human body enforced for the detection of health status is assembled with sensor nodes. In this paper, three novel schemes namely, improved evolutionary particle swarm optimization (IEPSO), fuzzy based trust inference model, and self-adaptive greedy buffer allocation and scheduling algorithm (SGBAS) are proposed for the secured transmission of data. The sensor nodes are gathered to form a cluster and from the cluster, it is necessary to select the cluster head (CH) for the effective transmission of data to nearby nodes without accumulation. The CH is chosen by considering IEPSO algorithm. For securable routing, we exhibit fuzzy based trust inference model to select the trusted path. Finally, to reduce traffic occurrence in the network, we introduce SGBAS algorithm. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed method attains better results when compared with conventional clustering protocols and in terms of some distinctive QoS determinant parameters.
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paper_title: Cluster head selection for energy efficient and delay-less routing in wireless sensor network

paper_content:

Wireless sensor network (WSN) is comprised of tiny, cheap and power-efficient sensor nodes which effectively transmit data to the base station. The main challenge of WSN is the distance, energy and time delay. The power resource of the sensor node is a non-rechargeable battery. Here the greater the distance between the nodes, higher the energy consumption. For having the effective transmission of data with less energy, the cluster-head approach is used. It is well known that the time delay is directly proportional to the distance between the nodes and the base station. The cluster head is selected in such a way that it is spatially closer enough to the base station as well as the sensor nodes. So, the time delay can be substantially reduced. This, in turn, the transmission speed of the data packets can be increased. Firefly algorithm is developed for maximizing the energy efficiency of network and lifetime of nodes by selecting the cluster head optimally. In this paper firefly with cyclic randomization is proposed for selecting the best cluster head. The network performance is increased in this method when compared to the other conventional algorithms.
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paper_title: A Comparative Study of Interference and Mitigation Techniques in Wireless Body Area Networks

paper_content:

Wireless body area network (WBAN) is a remarkable, reliable and the most beneficial trend in the e-health monitoring system. WBANs are operated using low power wireless technology to link minute sensors with invasive or non-invasive technology for examining the patients. WBANs when used in a dense environment or operated along with other wireless sensor networks, there occurs communication interference which may reduce the system performance due to unstable signal integrity. So interference mitigation should be considered in the design. The interference is basically of two types: inter-network and intra-network interference. This paper focuses on a comparative study of mitigation techniques of inter-network interference and also discusses the open issues in WBAN.
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paper_title: Cluster Based Energy Efficient Routing Protocol Using ANT Colony Optimization and Breadth First Search

paper_content:

Abstract This paper presents an algorithm to choose optimal path for data delivery for continuous monitoring of vital signs of patients in Body Area Network (BAN) in hospital indoor environments where a large number of patients exist and the traffic generated on the path rapidly changes over time. The methodology for finding the optimal path includes a meta-heuristic that combines ANT Colony Optimization (ACO) using Clustering. We propose a ACOBAN Clustering for monitoring BAN data and propose a method to improve network life, energy, load balancing on the overall network. Since traffic generated by BANs on the network changes with time, so the optimal path is important in Wireless Body Area Network. Our algorithm ensures network connectivity by using a mechanism of modified Cluster Head rotation process level by level and using breadth first search algorithm which avoids trapping during exploration. In the current work, we implemented ACO method and done experimental results on OMNeT++ to prove that the proposed method can find a better solution than conventional methods.
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paper_title: Energy-Aware Data Aggregation Techniques in Wireless Sensor Network

paper_content:

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is an exigent technology and it has huge number of applications in disaster management, health monitoring, military, security, and so on. This network faces some critical barriers like fault tolerance, energy consumption due to heterogeneous traffic loads and redundant data transmission. In which, nodes are miniscule and have restricted capability of processing with reduced power of battery. This limitation of reduced power of battery makes the sensor network prone to failure. Data aggregation is a vital technique for active data processing in WSN. With the support of data aggregation, the energy depletion is minimized by eliminating redundant data or by decreasing the number of sent packets. This study reviews various data aggregation techniques such as clustered aggregation, tree-based aggregation, in-network aggregation, and centralized data aggregation with focus on energy consumption of sensor nodes.
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paper_title: An Artificial Bee Colony-Based Green Routing Mechanism in WBANs for Sensor-Based E-Healthcare Systems

paper_content:

At present, sensor-based E-Healthcare systems are attracting more and more attention from academia and industry. E-Healthcare systems are usually a Wireless Body Area Network (WBANs), which can monitor or diagnose human health by placing miniaturized, low-power sensor nodes in or on patient's bodies to measure various physiological parameters. However, in this process, WBAN nodes usually use batteries, and especially for implantable flexible nodes, it is difficult to accomplish the battery replacement, so the energy that the node can carry is very limited, making the efficient use of energy the most important problem to consider when designing WBAN routing algorithms. By considering factors such as residual energy of node, the importance level of nodes, path cost and path energy difference ratios, this paper gives a definition of Optimal Path of Energy Consumption (OPEC) in WBANs, and designs the Optimal Energy Consumption routing based on Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) for WBANs (OEABC). A performance simulation is carried out to verify the effectiveness of the OEABC. Simulation results demonstrate that compared with the genetic algorithm and ant colony algorithm, the proposed OEABC has a better energy efficiency and faster convergence rate.
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paper_title: Optimization of Routing Algorithm for WBAN Using Genetic Approach

paper_content:

Wireless Body Area Networks are emerging as a technology of great importance in the field of health-care, sports, military and position tracking. It has a broader area of application because of its characteristics such as portability, real-time monitoring, low cost and real time feedback. Efficient Data Communication and limited energy resources are some of the major issues of WBANs. In this paper an attempt is made to optimize the routing algorithm using Genetic Heuristics. Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) and Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering (DEEC) are clustering protocols which attempt to maintain the energy efficiency of the sensor nodes. This paper proposes a scheme to optimize the clustering based routing protocol using the Genetic Approach to determine the energy consumption and therefore extend the lifetime of the network. The proposed protocol has been compared with LEACH and DEEC. It is observed that the proposed protocol shows much better results.
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paper_title: Proposed Energy Efficient Algorithm for Clustering and Routing in WSN

paper_content:

Clustering in WSN recently become big challenge and attracts many researches. Clustering is a way of grouping sensor nodes into clusters with CH responsible to receive from its members and send to base station BS, CH selection in efficient way prolongs network life time and stability region. So, improper CHs selection and distribution in sensing field will affect the performance of clustering. In WSN environment there is N sensor nodes and K CHs, there is \( {\text{N}}^{\text{k}} \) different ways to create clusters, so it’s difficult to identify optimal set of CHs without using search optimization algorithm. In this paper, the process of CH selection is formulated as single-objective optimization problem to find optimal set of CHs to form, one-hop clusters, in order to balance energy consumption, enhance stability and scalability using gravitational search algorithm (GSA). The problem has been solved using particle swarm optimization and GSA and compare the result against LEACH protocol. In this paper, several simulations have been done to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm under different position for BS. Furthermore, new cost function has been proposed for Hierarchical Clustering. The objective of hierarchical clustering is to increase network lifetime and prolong network stability, several simulations have been done to compare the efficiency of multi-hop versus one-hop approach.
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paper_title: An Effective Hybrid Routing Algorithm in WSN: Ant Colony Optimization in combination with Hop Count Minimization

paper_content:

Low cost, high reliability and easy maintenance are key criteria in the design of routing protocols for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). This paper investigates the existing ant colony optimization (ACO)-based WSN routing algorithms and the minimum hop count WSN routing algorithms by reviewing their strengths and weaknesses. We also consider the critical factors of WSNs, such as energy constraint of sensor nodes, network load balancing and dynamic network topology. Then we propose a hybrid routing algorithm that integrates ACO and a minimum hop count scheme. The proposed algorithm is able to find the optimal routing path with minimal total energy consumption and balanced energy consumption on each node. The algorithm has unique superiority in terms of searching for the optimal path, balancing the network load and the network topology maintenance. The WSN model and the proposed algorithm have been implemented using C++. Extensive simulation experimental results have shown that our algorithm outperforms several other WSN routing algorithms on such aspects that include the rate of convergence, the success rate in searching for global optimal solution, and the network lifetime.
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paper_title: Proactive data routing using controlled mobility of a mobile sink in Wireless Sensor Networks

paper_content:

Abstract Stationary sink based Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) have issues like sink neighborhood problem, end-to-end delay, data delivery ratio, network lifetime, etc. Although several routing approaches with mobile sink have been introduced to mitigate those issues across the network, very few, have considered delay requirements of applications. In this paper, we propose an efficient virtual grid based hierarchical routing approach suitable for delay bound applications, which judiciously selects a mobile sink’s path by considering both hop counts and data generation rates of the sensor nodes, which reduces the overall energy consumption for multi-hop data communication. Data aggregation at each level of the hierarchy aims to reduce data traffic and increase throughput. The performance of the proposed protocol has been evaluated using simulation based on different metrics and compared with an existing routing protocol. Results have demonstrated that it performs better than the existing one while it still meets delay constraints of applications.
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paper_title: Dynamic Path Planning Design for Mobile Sink with Burst Traffic in a Region of WSN

paper_content:

In mobile wireless sensor networks, priori-trail planning for the mobile sink is a commonly used solution to data collection from the whole network, for its low protocol overhead. However, these trail-based approaches lack efficient load balance mechanism to handle burst WSN traffic, which needs to be sent to the base station correctly with low delay. This paper proposed a dynamic path planning for mobile sink to balance load and avoid traffic bottleneck. It contains grid partition of the network, priori-trail creation, burst-traffic awareness and estimation, resources collaborative strategy, and dynamic routing adjustment. Experiments on NS-2 platform show that the proposed algorithm can efficiently balance the regular and burst data traffic with a low-delay and low loss rate performance of the network.
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paper_title: An Improved Routing Schema with Special Clustering Using PSO Algorithm for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network

paper_content:

Energy efficiency and energy balancing are crucial research issues as per routing protocol designing for self-organized wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Many literatures used the clustering algorithm to achieve energy efficiency and energy balancing, however, there are usually energy holes near the cluster heads (CHs) because of the heavy burden of forwarding. As the clustering problem in lossy WSNs is proved to be a NP-hard problem, many metaheuristic algorithms are utilized to solve the problem. In this paper, a special clustering method called Energy Centers Searching using Particle Swarm Optimization (EC-PSO) is presented to avoid these energy holes and search energy centers for CHs selection. During the first period, the CHs are elected using geometric method. After the energy of the network is heterogeneous, EC-PSO is adopted for clustering. Energy centers are searched using an improved PSO algorithm and nodes close to the energy center are elected as CHs. Additionally, a protection mechanism is also used to prevent low energy nodes from being the forwarder and a mobile data collector is introduced to gather the data. We conduct numerous simulations to illustrate that our presented EC-PSO outperforms than some similar works in terms of network lifetime enhancement and energy utilization ratio.
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paper_title: Trust-Based Intrusion Detection and Clustering Approach for Wireless Body Area Networks

paper_content:

For most of the tele-health applications body area networks (BANs) have become a favouring and significant technology. This application domain is exclusive so assuring security and obtaining the trustworthy details of the patients’ physiological signs is difficult. To rectify this issue, an attack-resilient malicious node detection scheme (BAN-Trust) is brought-in in the current system, which can identify the malignant attacks on BANs. In this BAN-Trust scheme, malignant nodes is identified according to the nature acquired through the nodes by their own and approvals shared by various nodes. Nevertheless, BAN-Trust conceives the common behaviour among the nodes and it doesn’t conceive the energy of the nodes and gather the information for measuring the trust. So, here, trust-based intrusion detection and clustering is proposed in order to identify the malignant nodes and broadcast the energy-effective data. In our work, trust-based intrusion detection model is brought-in for identifying the malignant nodes. Different varieties of trusts were conceives, namely energy, data and communication trust, which can be developed among two sensor nodes. Once after identifying the malignant nodes, the rest of the nodes in the network were gathered in order to create the cluster. Every cluster has one cluster head (CH) that is chosen by utilizing the multi objective firefly algorithm. The target function of this system is to reduce the delay, increase the broadcast energy and throughput. The multiple body sensor nodes were in-charge for gathering different varieties of data that were sent to the CH. The CH then forwards the gathered data to the sink and sends the details to the system via gateway. By utilizing a hybrid encryption algorithm, the system’s data is encrypted and forwarded to the hospital server. Decrypting is done on the server side to disclose the exact data. The proposed methodology is executed by utilizing an NS-2 simulator. The experimental output provides that the proposed system accomplishes good performance when distinguished with the current system in terms of precision, recall, throughput, packet delivery ratio and end to end delay.
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paper_title: Energy Efficient Clustering Scheme (EECS) for Wireless Sensor Network with Mobile Sink

paper_content:

The participants in the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) are highly resource constraint in nature. The clustering approach in the WSN supports a large-scale monitoring with ease to the user. The node near the sink depletes the energy, forming energy holes in the network. The mobility of the sink creates a major challenge in reliable and energy efficient data communication towards the sink. Hence, a new energy efficient routing protocol is needed to serve the use of networks with a mobile sink. The primary objective of the proposed work is to enhance the lifetime of the network and to increase the packet delivered to mobile sink in the network. The residual energy of the node, distance, and the data overhead are taken into account for selection of cluster head in this proposed Energy Efficient Clustering Scheme (EECS). The waiting time of the mobile sink is estimated. Based on the mobility model, the role of the sensor node is realized as finite state machine and the state transition is realized through Markov model. The proposed EECS algorithm is also been compared with Modified-Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (MOD-LEACH) and Gateway-based Energy-Aware multi-hop Routing protocol algorithms (M-GEAR). The proposed EECS algorithm outperforms the MOD-LEACH algorithm by 1.78 times in terms of lifetime and 1.103 times in terms of throughput. The EECS algorithm promotes unequal clustering by avoiding the energy hole and the HOT SPOT issues.
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paper_title: Energy efficient cooperative transmission in single-relay UWB based body area networks

paper_content:

Energy efficiency is one of the most critical parameters in ultra-wideband (UWB) based wireless body area networks (WBANs). In this paper, the energy efficiency optimization problem is investigated for cooperative transmission with a single relay in UWB based WBANs. Two practical onbody transmission scenarios are taken into account, namely, along-torso scenario and around-torso scenario. With a proposed single-relay WBAN model, a joint optimal scheme for the energy efficiency optimization is developed, which not only derives the optimal power allocation but also seeks the corresponding optimal relay location for each scenario. Simulation results show that the utilization of a relay node is necessary for the energy efficient transmission in particular for the around-torso scenario and the relay location is an important parameter. With the joint optimal relay location and power allocation, the proposed scheme is able to achieve up to 30 times improvement compared to direct transmission in terms of the energy efficiency when the battery of the sensor node is very limited, which indicates that it is an effective way to prolong the network lifetime in WBANs.
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Title: A Survey of Routing Protocols in WBAN for Healthcare Applications

Section 1: Introduction 
Description 1: Introduce the significance of WBAN technology, its potential applications in healthcare, and the current challenges in routing protocol design.

Section 2: Application Field of a Wireless Body Area Network
Description 2: Detail the various applications of WBAN in healthcare, including medical care services, chronic disease monitoring, assistance for the disabled and elderly, and other applications in athletics and military.

Section 3: Characteristics of the Wireless Body Area Network
Description 3: Describe the unique characteristics of WBAN, its architecture, and how it differs from traditional wireless sensor networks (WSNs).

Section 4: Challenges in WBAN Routing Protocol Design
Description 4: Discuss the major challenges in designing routing protocols for WBANs, such as dynamic topologies, energy efficiency, node temperature, and quality of service (QoS) requirements.

Section 5: Classification of Routing Protocols for WBAN
Description 5: Present the classification of WBAN routing protocols, describing the different categories and their specific objectives.

Section 5.1: Posture-Based Routing
Description 5.1: Explain how posture-based routing protocols account for body movements and improve routing efficiency.

Section 5.2: Temperature-Based Routing
Description 5.2: Describe routing protocols that use node temperature as a critical factor to ensure safety and operational efficiency.

Section 5.3: Cross-Layer Routing
Description 5.3: Outline cross-layer routing protocols that integrate multiple protocol layers to optimize network performance.

Section 5.4: Cluster-Based Routing
Description 5.4: Discuss cluster-based routing protocols and their effectiveness in managing energy consumption and network management.

Section 5.5: QoS-Based Routing
Description 5.5: Describe QoS-based routing protocols that prioritize different types of data to meet various quality of service requirements.

Section 6: Comparative Analysis 
Description 6: Compare and analyze different routing protocols based on their objectives, performance, and suitability for various healthcare applications.

Section 7: Prospects for WBAN and Suggestions for Routing Design
Description 7: Present future prospects and suggestions for routing protocol design in WBANs, emphasizing innovative methods and new ideas.

Section 8: Conclusions
Description 8: Summarize the key findings of the survey, the importance of routing protocols in WBANs, and their roles in enabling efficient and reliable healthcare applications.