A Review of Factors Influencing Collaborative Relationships
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paper_title: THE UNFULFILLED PROMISE OF SUPPLY CHAIN COLLABORATION.

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SUBTITLE: COLLABORATION ARGUABLY HAS THE MOST DISAPPOINTING TRACK RECORD OF THE VARIOUS SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES INTRODUCED TO DATE. MUCH TRUMPETED IN THEORY, IT HAS PROVED TO BE DIFFICULT TO IMPLEMENT. PART OF THE PROBLEM HAS BEEN AN OVERRELIANCE ON TECHNOLOGY, A FAILURE TO DIFFERENTIATE THE MOST PROFITABLE CUSTOMERS FROM THE REST, AND A LACK OF TRUST. BUT BY FOLLOWING SEVERAL SIMPLE -- YET ESSENTIAL -- STEPS, COMPANIES CAN ACHIEVE THE TRUE COLLABORATION THAT WILL ENABLE THEM TO MOVE CONFIDENTLY INTO THE FUTURE.
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paper_title: Collaborative networked organizations - Concepts and practice in manufacturing enterprises

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Participation in networks has nowadays become very important for any organization that strives to achieve a differentiated competitive advantage, especially if the company is small or medium sized. Collaboration is a key issue to rapidly answer market demands in a manufacturing company, through sharing competencies and resources. The collaborative networked organizations (CNO) area focuses on this type of organizational models that use ICT for supporting the development of collaborative business opportunities. This paper describes the key concepts related to CNOs, provides a high level classification of collaborative networks, and presents some application cases in the manufacturing industry. Finally a holistic research initiative addressing key challenges in the area is presented and a discussion of the CNO paradigm contribution to the challenges faced by manufacturing systems is made.
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paper_title: Collaborative performance management: present gaps and future research

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Purpose – To identify gaps in current research concerning the critical issues, threats and opportunities in the design of a system for managing performance in collaborative enterprises; and to define a performance management research agenda.Design/methodology/approach – An interdisciplinary study examines performance management from different disciplinary perspectives with the purpose of giving insights into the area, which is currently not sufficiently explained. Three sources of knowledge are investigated: scientific literature; practitioners' magazines; and research project reports.Findings – There is a lack of understanding of what collaboration means and what it implies on the development of appropriate performance measurement systems. Future research should study the nature of collaboration and the characteristics of performance indicators to support it.Research limitations/implications – The selection of the disciplines to be investigated and knowledge sources to be searched is based on the authors...
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paper_title: Realities of Supply Chain Collaboration

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Successful supply chain collaboration (SCC) practices are rather exceptional, yet collaboration is believed to be the single most pressing need in supply chain management.In this paper we discuss the realities of SCC, present prerequisites for the collaboration process, indicate where the process starts and where it may terminate.During the discussion we make use of the concepts of Theory of Constraints (TOC) and approach SCC as an ongoing effort dealing with the supply chain constraints.The roles of the entities in this ongoing effort are not always clear.Often SCC is proclaimed to be a joint decision-making process.However, keeping in mind the powerhouses in the chain, we believe that other structures are possible as well.We emphasize the need for: 1) having an adequate supply chain strategy and well-articulated goals, which form the basis for: 2) leading supply chain change, and: 3) governing the continual process of strategy alignment and supply chain change, which is itself a dynamic process.These three tasks are featured by many interactions and characterize the continuous improvement of a SCC process.A step-by-step approach like this enables the involved chain entities to climb the ladder of collaboration and take the supply chain performance to a higher level.
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paper_title: THE UNFULFILLED PROMISE OF SUPPLY CHAIN COLLABORATION.

paper_content:

SUBTITLE: COLLABORATION ARGUABLY HAS THE MOST DISAPPOINTING TRACK RECORD OF THE VARIOUS SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES INTRODUCED TO DATE. MUCH TRUMPETED IN THEORY, IT HAS PROVED TO BE DIFFICULT TO IMPLEMENT. PART OF THE PROBLEM HAS BEEN AN OVERRELIANCE ON TECHNOLOGY, A FAILURE TO DIFFERENTIATE THE MOST PROFITABLE CUSTOMERS FROM THE REST, AND A LACK OF TRUST. BUT BY FOLLOWING SEVERAL SIMPLE -- YET ESSENTIAL -- STEPS, COMPANIES CAN ACHIEVE THE TRUE COLLABORATION THAT WILL ENABLE THEM TO MOVE CONFIDENTLY INTO THE FUTURE.
---
paper_title: Collaborative networked organizations - Concepts and practice in manufacturing enterprises

paper_content:

Participation in networks has nowadays become very important for any organization that strives to achieve a differentiated competitive advantage, especially if the company is small or medium sized. Collaboration is a key issue to rapidly answer market demands in a manufacturing company, through sharing competencies and resources. The collaborative networked organizations (CNO) area focuses on this type of organizational models that use ICT for supporting the development of collaborative business opportunities. This paper describes the key concepts related to CNOs, provides a high level classification of collaborative networks, and presents some application cases in the manufacturing industry. Finally a holistic research initiative addressing key challenges in the area is presented and a discussion of the CNO paradigm contribution to the challenges faced by manufacturing systems is made.
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paper_title: Implementing Collaboration Between Organizations: An Empirical Study Of Supply Chain Partnering

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Many managers attempt to develop collaborative alliances with other organizations. Such strategies are difficult to implement: they are as likely to fail as to succeeed. Implementing and managing an alliance is harder than deciding to collaborate. This paper explores the topic empirically through a study of one form of alliance – supply chain partnering. It presents an interaction model of partnering which shows seven contextual factors that shape, and are shaped by, human action. This context can both help and hinder the emergence of co-operative behaviour. The model is illustrated through a case study of two organizations (customer and supplier) attempting to co-operate more closely. The case shows how the cultural and other differences between the parties at first caused difficulty. Actions were taken to change aspects of the context to facilitate more co-operative behaviour. Improving interpersonal relations led to further actions to create more formal mechanisms which would support future co-operation. These appear to have contributed to the relationship exceeding the initial expectations of the partners. The interaction model illuminates both the content and process of supply chain partnering.
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paper_title: On Characterizing the 4 C's in Supply Chain Management

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Abstract Supply chain management is a field at the confluence of many other disciplines; it has been studied under a number of perspectives, which has played a role for the crossbreeding of the discipline. In this paper, we propose a typology of supply chain configurations that contributes to tie together terms that have been used disjointedly for describing various forms of supply chain. It also enables researchers to develop theories related to the identified typology, rather than continue expanding efforts on separate, unconnected studies. The typology is configurational, consistent, and based on the correspondence ( Sheppard and Sherman, 1998 ) between Fiske's theory of relational forms (1990) and the concept of interdependence, analyzed in the context of supply chain management. Our framework encompasses four main configurations – the communicative, coordinated, collaborative, and co-opetitive – and we refer to these as the 4 C's in supply chain management. We discuss the benefits of the proposed typology from managerial and research perspectives, and suggest some research extensions.
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paper_title: Collaboration forms, information and communication technologies, and coordination mechanisms in CPFR

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Collaborative Planning, Forecasting, and Replenishment (CPFR) programmes seek to improve the ability to anticipate and satisfy future demand by enhancing collaboration among companies within the supply network. Despite the existence of a detailed and comprehensive process model—published by the Voluntary Interindustry Commerce Standards Committee—in practice CPFR can take a number of different forms. This paper aims to investigate differences in CPFR implementation as to the type of inter-company collaboration put into practice, and the Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and coordination mechanisms adopted to perform CPFR. Moreover, it seeks to analyse the relationships between these dimensions in order to comprehend and explain the rationale behind the managerial choices that lead companies to implement different CPFR configurations. The multiple-case study method is adopted to investigate the research questions. In particular, the implementation of CPFR in seven supply networks is examine...
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paper_title: The development of a supply chain management process maturity model using the concepts of business process orientation. Supply Chain Management

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The concept of process maturity proposes that a process has a lifecycle that is assessed by the extent to which the process is explicitly defined, managed, measured and controlled. A maturity model assumes that progress towards goal achievement comes in stages. The supply chain maturity model presented in this paper is based on concepts developed by researchers over the past two decades. The Software Engineering Institute has also applied the concept of process maturity to the software development process in the form of the capability maturity model. This paper examines the relationship between supply chain management process maturity and performance, and provides a supply chain management process maturity model for enhanced supply chain performance.
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paper_title: Supply chain collaboration: what's happening?

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Purpose – Collaboration has been referred to as the driving force behind effective supply chain management and may be the ultimate core capability. However, there is a fairly widespread belief that few firms have truly capitalized on its potential. A study was undertaken to assess the current level of supply chain collaboration and identify best practice.Design/methodology/approach – Supply chain executives provided insights into collaboration. Survey data, personal interviews, and a review of the collaboration literature were used to develop a conceptual model profiling behavior, culture, and relational interactions associated with successful collaboration.Findings – Positive collaboration‐related outcomes include enhancements to efficiency, effectiveness, and market positions for the respondents' firms.Research limitations/implications – The small sample size represents a limitation, but is balanced by the quality of the respondent base and their expertise/experience. Another limitation involves securin...
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paper_title: A proposed integrated framework for analysing supply chains

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Purpose – Organisations need to have a profound level of understanding of their supply chains if they are to successfully find sources of competitive advantage within them. Current methodologies for analysing supply chains, such as the Supply Chain Operations Reference (SCOR) model, are not sufficiently comprehensive, particularly when it comes to understanding the complex social and political factors that are an integral part of any supply chain. This paper aims to use a case study of a supply chain from the public utility industry sector in Australia to develop an integrated framework for analysing supply chains within a multi‐disciplinary and multi‐method research paradigm.Design/methodology/approach – The case study supply chain was mapped with the SCOR modelling tool which provided insights into the physical characteristics and value points along the supply chain.Findings – Analysis of the SCOR model map also helped identify 31 key “actors” in the chain, who were then interviewed in depth. These inte...
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paper_title: An integrative framework for supply chain collaboration

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Purpose – This paper proposes an integrative framework for supply chain collaboration which is based on the reciprocal approach.Design/methodology/approach – A reciprocal approach is adopted to capture the interaction phenomenon of different features of collaboration in attaining overall supply chain performance.Findings – A collaborative supply chain framework is composed of five connecting features of collaboration, namely collaborative performance system, information sharing, decision synchronization, incentive alignment, and integrated supply chain processes.Research limitations/implications – Further research could be carried out to capitalize the framework for diagnosing and improving supply chain collaboration.Practical implications – The proposed framework enables the chain members to scrutinize key features of supply chain collaboration before and during collaborative initiatives.Originality/value – Previous research on supply chain collaboration mainly assume the unilateral phenomenon of collabo...
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paper_title: HOW TO MASTER CROSS-ENTERPRISE COLLABORATION

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SUBTITLE: MANY COMPANIES ARE TALKING ABOUT COLLABORATION WITH THEIR SUPPLY CHAIN PARTNERS, BUT FEW ARE ACTUALLY ACHIEVING IT. TRUE COLLABORATION IS MORE THAN JUST OUTSOURCING A FUNCTION OR SERVICE TO AN OUTSIDE PROVIDER. IT'S A FUNDAMENTAL AGREEMENT AMONG SUPPLY CHAIN PARTNERS TO INTEGRATE THEIR RESOURCES FOR MUTUAL GAIN. THE FRAMEWORK PRESENTED HERE CAN HELP COMPANIES EMBRACE A COLLABORATIVE MINDSET AND START REALIZING THE BENEFITS THAT CROSS-ENTERPRISE SUPPLY CHAIN COLLABORATION CAN DELIVER.
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paper_title: Trust and knowledge sharing in green supply chains

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Purpose – The paper aims to examine how trust interacts with factors affecting interorganizational knowledge sharing in green supply chains, where cooperation and competition coexist.Design/methodology/approach – A new research model is developed which comprises nine constructs and 13 research hypotheses, with trust as a mediating construct. The nine constructs are measured by well‐supported measures in the literature. The hypotheses are tested on data collected from 288 major green manufacturing firms in Taiwan, using structural equation modeling.Findings – The paper finds that trust is the pivot of the factors influencing interorganizational knowledge sharing. The more a factor contributes to trust positively (such as participation and communication) or negatively (such as opportunistic behavior), the more the factor contributes to knowledge sharing correspondingly. The factors with no significant influence on trust (such as shared values and learning capacity) have no or less influence on knowledge sha...
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paper_title: Coordinating collaborative joint efforts with suppliers: the effects of trust, transaction specific investment and information network in the Dutch flower industry

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Purpose – It is the aim of this paper to discuss the value of trust and the effects of transaction specific investments for the relative degree of collaborative joint efforts, and also to assess the moderating effect of the information network on such joint efforts.Design/methodology/approach – The paper takes the perspective of the buyer making the joint effort decision and draws on transaction cost economics, relational exchange and network perspectives to develop the hypotheses of the conceptual framework. Wholesalers and other merchant‐distributors in the Dutch flower industry provided the data to test the hypotheses.Findings – The results show the importance of trust in coordinating the joint efforts and the joint effort response in terms of safeguarding and better integrating the transaction specific investments.Originality/value – While the information network does not moderate the relation between trust and joint efforts, there is a significant moderating effect of the network on the relation betw...
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paper_title: An examination of the main factors affecting trust/commitment in supplier‐dealer relationships: an empirical study of the Swedish wood industry

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This research examines the importance of a set of underlying variables, such as willingness of the supplier to adapt to the dealer, built‐up relationship bonds, costs of terminating the relationship, level of shared values, formal and informal communication between the participating parties, opportunistic behavior by the supplier and perceived level of satisfaction in the relation‐ship, for achieving high trust and commitment within a supplier‐dealer relationship. Data for the analysis are generated from 114 purchasing managers at Swedish lumber dealers, an industry where collaborative relation‐ships are not very developed, but considered necessary for future success. Methodology is described and results are discussed. Concludes that companies trying to achieve high trust and commitment relationships, should create high satisfaction relationships, by decreasing their opportunistic behavior, adjusting to the needs of the other part, and developing shared values.
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paper_title: The commitment-trust theory of relationship marketing

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Relationship marketing—establishing, developing, and maintaining successful relational exchanges—constitutes a major shift in marketing theory and practice. After conceptualizing relationship marke...
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paper_title: Trust, commitment and relationships in supply chain management: a path analysis

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Purpose – The primary purpose of this study is to examine the relationships between the level of trust and several relevant constructs drawn from transaction cost analysis (such as asset specificity, behavioral uncertainty, and partner's opportunism) and social exchange theory (informational sharing).Design/methodology/approach – A comprehensive questionnaire based on various theories on trust and commitment was mailed in 2001 to supply chain practitioners in the Midwest region. A total of 171 valid returns were received out of 1,800 mailings (9.5 percent). A path analysis was used to estimate parameters or relationship between relevant constructs and trust, and trust with the level of commitment.Findings – A firm's trust in their supply chain partner is highly associated with both parties’ specific asset investments and social exchange theory. Information sharing has a primary impact on reducing (improving a partner's uncertainty behavior which, in turn, would improve the level of trust. Finally, the lev...
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paper_title: An investigation into commitment in non-Western industrial marketing relationships

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This paper reports an investigation into the antecedents of commitment in non-Western industrial marketing relationships. The authors draw the antecedents from extant literature and posit that commitment is related to trust (integrity and reliability), communication quality, conflict, and similarity (social, ethnic, and economic). It is further argued that trust mediates the effects of communication, conflict, and similarity on commitment. As an extension, the authors examine the moderating effects of normative contracts (an implicit understanding of roles and responsibilities) on the construct interrelationships. The hypotheses are tested using data collected from approximately 150 industrial marketing relationships sampled from overseas Chinese firms. The results generally support the authors' framework; however, the mediating hypotheses are not supported. There is evidence of systematic differences in the effects of the studied antecedents on commitment and trust. Furthermore, a multigroup analysis provides evidence of significant moderating effects due to contracting mode. The study provides new insights into the theory and practice of industrial marketing. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
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Title: A Review of Factors Influencing Collaborative Relationships

Section 1: Introduction
Description 1: This section introduces the importance of different business relationships and the complexities of collaborative relationships, along with the goals and structure of the paper.

Section 2: Literature Review
Description 2: This section presents a review of existing works that deal with inter-organizational and collaborative relationships to analyze the factors that influence them.

Section 3: Works that Identify Factors Influencing Inter-organizational Relationships
Description 3: This section discusses selected works that identify the main factors influencing inter-organizational relationships, divided into subgroups based on organizational maturity and partnership factors.

Section 4: Conceptual Frameworks of Collaboration
Description 4: This section reviews works that propose conceptual frameworks for understanding the elements and interfaces of collaborative relationships within inter-organizational environments.

Section 5: Empirical Models of Collaboration
Description 5: This section covers works presenting empirical models that test relationships among factors influencing collaborative relationships, using real data for validation.

Section 6: Conclusions and Research Implications
Description 6: This section summarizes the main insights from the reviewed works, identifies gaps in the current literature, and suggests directions for future research.