A Survey on License Plate Recognition Systems
---
paper_title: Efficient Embedded Neural-Network-Based License Plate Recognition System

paper_content:

In this paper, a video processing methodology for a field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based license plate recognition (LPR) system is researched. The raster scan video is used as an input with low memory utilization. During the design, Gabor filter, threshold, and connected component labeling (CCL) algorithms are used to obtain license plate region. This region is segmented into disjoint characters for the character recognition phase, where the self-organizing map (SOM) neural network is used to identify the characters. The system is portable and relatively faster than computer-based recognition systems. The robustness of the system has been tested with a large database acquired from parking lots and a highway. The memory requirements are uniquely designed to be extremely low, which enables usage of smaller FPGAs. The resulting hardware is suitable for applications where cost, compactness, and efficiency are system design constraints.
---
paper_title: An intelligent strategy for checking the annual inspection status of motorcycles based on license plate recognition

paper_content:

License plate recognition techniques have been successfully applied to the management of stolen cars, management of parking lots and traffic flow control. This study proposes a license plate based strategy for checking the annual inspection status of motorcycles from images taken along the roadside and at designated inspection stations. Both a UMPC (Ultra Mobile Personal Computer) with a web camera and a desktop PC are used as hardware platforms. The license plate locations in images are identified by means of integrated horizontal and vertical projections that are scanned using a search window. Moreover, a character recovery method is exploited to enhance the success rate. Character recognition is achieved using both a back propagation artificial neural network and feature matching. The identified license plate can then be compared with entries in a database to check the inspection status of the motorcycle. Experiments yield a recognition rate of 95.7% and 93.9% based on roadside and inspection station test images, respectively. It takes less than 1s on a UMPC (Celeron 900MHz with 256MB memory) and about 293ms on a PC (Intel Pentium 4 3.0GHz with 1GB memory) to correctly recognize a license plate. Challenges associated with recognizing license plates from roadside and designated inspection stations images are also discussed.
---
paper_title: The Location and Recognition of Chinese Vehicle License Plates under Complex Backgrounds

paper_content:

This paper presents the algorithms to locate license plate and recognize the characters on it. These algorithms have three advantages. First, they have strong robustness to against many noises and disturbances. Second, the methods can deal with license plates with different colors. Third, the recognition methods based on artificial neural network are suitable for Chinese characters.
---
paper_title: A License Plate-Recognition Algorithm for Intelligent Transportation System Applications

paper_content:

In this paper, a new algorithm for vehicle license plate identification is proposed, on the basis of a novel adaptive image segmentation technique (sliding concentric windows) and connected component analysis in conjunction with a character recognition neural network. The algorithm was tested with 1334 natural-scene gray-level vehicle images of different backgrounds and ambient illumination. The camera focused in the plate, while the angle of view and the distance from the vehicle varied according to the experimental setup. The license plates properly segmented were 1287 over 1334 input images (96.5%). The optical character recognition system is a two-layer probabilistic neural network (PNN) with topology 108-180-36, whose performance for entire plate recognition reached 89.1%. The PNN is trained to identify alphanumeric characters from car license plates based on data obtained from algorithmic image processing. Combining the above two rates, the overall rate of success for the license-plate-recognition algorithm is 86.0%. A review in the related literature presented in this paper reveals that better performance (90% up to 95%) has been reported, when limitations in distance, angle of view, illumination conditions are set, and background complexity is low
---
paper_title: An intelligent strategy for checking the annual inspection status of motorcycles based on license plate recognition

paper_content:

License plate recognition techniques have been successfully applied to the management of stolen cars, management of parking lots and traffic flow control. This study proposes a license plate based strategy for checking the annual inspection status of motorcycles from images taken along the roadside and at designated inspection stations. Both a UMPC (Ultra Mobile Personal Computer) with a web camera and a desktop PC are used as hardware platforms. The license plate locations in images are identified by means of integrated horizontal and vertical projections that are scanned using a search window. Moreover, a character recovery method is exploited to enhance the success rate. Character recognition is achieved using both a back propagation artificial neural network and feature matching. The identified license plate can then be compared with entries in a database to check the inspection status of the motorcycle. Experiments yield a recognition rate of 95.7% and 93.9% based on roadside and inspection station test images, respectively. It takes less than 1s on a UMPC (Celeron 900MHz with 256MB memory) and about 293ms on a PC (Intel Pentium 4 3.0GHz with 1GB memory) to correctly recognize a license plate. Challenges associated with recognizing license plates from roadside and designated inspection stations images are also discussed.
---
paper_title: Towards a Multinational Car License Plate Recognition System

paper_content:

A full-fledged image-based car license plate recognition (CLPR) system is described in the paper. CLPR provides an inexpensive automatic solution for remote vehicle identification. Gray-level input images are assumed. The localization stage of the CLPR yields a plate clip followed by character segmentation and recognition. The recognition scheme combines adaptive iterative thresholding with a template-matching algorithm. The method is invariant to illumination and is robust to character size and thickness, skew and small character breaks. Promising results have been obtained in the experiments with Israeli and Bulgarian license plates including images of poor quality. Also, the possibility of using an “off-the-shelf” OCR has been explored.
---
paper_title: An Algorithm for License Plate Recognition Applied to Intelligent Transportation System

paper_content:

An algorithm for license plate recognition (LPR) applied to the intelligent transportation system is proposed on the basis of a novel shadow removal technique and character recognition algorithms. This paper has two major contributions. One contribution is a new binary method, i.e., the shadow removal method, which is based on the improved Bernsen algorithm combined with the Gaussian filter. Our second contribution is a character recognition algorithm known as support vector machine (SVM) integration. In SVM integration, character features are extracted from the elastic mesh, and the entire address character string is taken as the object of study, as opposed to a single character. This paper also presents improved techniques for image tilt correction and image gray enhancement. Our algorithm is robust to the variance of illumination, view angle, position, size, and color of the license plates when working in a complex environment. The algorithm was tested with 9026 images, such as natural-scene vehicle images using different backgrounds and ambient illumination particularly for low-resolution images. The license plates were properly located and segmented as 97.16% and 98.34%, respectively. The optical character recognition system is the SVM integration with different character features, whose performance for numerals, Kana, and address recognition reached 99.5%, 98.6%, and 97.8%, respectively. Combining the preceding tests, the overall performance of success for the license plate achieves 93.54% when the system is used for LPR in various complex conditions.
---
paper_title: License Plate Recognition Algorithm for Passenger Cars in Chinese Residential Areas

paper_content:

This paper presents a solution for the license plate recognition problem in residential community administrations in China. License plate images are pre-processed through gradation, middle value filters and edge detection. In the license plate localization module the number of edge points, the length of license plate area and the number of each line of edge points are used for localization. In the recognition module, the paper applies a statistical character method combined with a structure character method to obtain the characters. In addition, more models and template library for the characters which have less difference between each other are built. A character classifier is designed and a fuzzy recognition method is proposed based on the fuzzy decision-making method. Experiments show that the recognition accuracy rate is up to 92%.
---
paper_title: The Location and Recognition of Chinese Vehicle License Plates under Complex Backgrounds

paper_content:

This paper presents the algorithms to locate license plate and recognize the characters on it. These algorithms have three advantages. First, they have strong robustness to against many noises and disturbances. Second, the methods can deal with license plates with different colors. Third, the recognition methods based on artificial neural network are suitable for Chinese characters.
---
paper_title: Efficient Embedded Neural-Network-Based License Plate Recognition System

paper_content:

In this paper, a video processing methodology for a field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based license plate recognition (LPR) system is researched. The raster scan video is used as an input with low memory utilization. During the design, Gabor filter, threshold, and connected component labeling (CCL) algorithms are used to obtain license plate region. This region is segmented into disjoint characters for the character recognition phase, where the self-organizing map (SOM) neural network is used to identify the characters. The system is portable and relatively faster than computer-based recognition systems. The robustness of the system has been tested with a large database acquired from parking lots and a highway. The memory requirements are uniquely designed to be extremely low, which enables usage of smaller FPGAs. The resulting hardware is suitable for applications where cost, compactness, and efficiency are system design constraints.
---
paper_title: An Algorithm for License Plate Recognition Applied to Intelligent Transportation System

paper_content:

An algorithm for license plate recognition (LPR) applied to the intelligent transportation system is proposed on the basis of a novel shadow removal technique and character recognition algorithms. This paper has two major contributions. One contribution is a new binary method, i.e., the shadow removal method, which is based on the improved Bernsen algorithm combined with the Gaussian filter. Our second contribution is a character recognition algorithm known as support vector machine (SVM) integration. In SVM integration, character features are extracted from the elastic mesh, and the entire address character string is taken as the object of study, as opposed to a single character. This paper also presents improved techniques for image tilt correction and image gray enhancement. Our algorithm is robust to the variance of illumination, view angle, position, size, and color of the license plates when working in a complex environment. The algorithm was tested with 9026 images, such as natural-scene vehicle images using different backgrounds and ambient illumination particularly for low-resolution images. The license plates were properly located and segmented as 97.16% and 98.34%, respectively. The optical character recognition system is the SVM integration with different character features, whose performance for numerals, Kana, and address recognition reached 99.5%, 98.6%, and 97.8%, respectively. Combining the preceding tests, the overall performance of success for the license plate achieves 93.54% when the system is used for LPR in various complex conditions.
---
paper_title: License Plate Recognition Algorithm for Passenger Cars in Chinese Residential Areas

paper_content:

This paper presents a solution for the license plate recognition problem in residential community administrations in China. License plate images are pre-processed through gradation, middle value filters and edge detection. In the license plate localization module the number of edge points, the length of license plate area and the number of each line of edge points are used for localization. In the recognition module, the paper applies a statistical character method combined with a structure character method to obtain the characters. In addition, more models and template library for the characters which have less difference between each other are built. A character classifier is designed and a fuzzy recognition method is proposed based on the fuzzy decision-making method. Experiments show that the recognition accuracy rate is up to 92%.
---
paper_title: A License Plate-Recognition Algorithm for Intelligent Transportation System Applications

paper_content:

In this paper, a new algorithm for vehicle license plate identification is proposed, on the basis of a novel adaptive image segmentation technique (sliding concentric windows) and connected component analysis in conjunction with a character recognition neural network. The algorithm was tested with 1334 natural-scene gray-level vehicle images of different backgrounds and ambient illumination. The camera focused in the plate, while the angle of view and the distance from the vehicle varied according to the experimental setup. The license plates properly segmented were 1287 over 1334 input images (96.5%). The optical character recognition system is a two-layer probabilistic neural network (PNN) with topology 108-180-36, whose performance for entire plate recognition reached 89.1%. The PNN is trained to identify alphanumeric characters from car license plates based on data obtained from algorithmic image processing. Combining the above two rates, the overall rate of success for the license-plate-recognition algorithm is 86.0%. A review in the related literature presented in this paper reveals that better performance (90% up to 95%) has been reported, when limitations in distance, angle of view, illumination conditions are set, and background complexity is low
---
paper_title: An intelligent strategy for checking the annual inspection status of motorcycles based on license plate recognition

paper_content:

License plate recognition techniques have been successfully applied to the management of stolen cars, management of parking lots and traffic flow control. This study proposes a license plate based strategy for checking the annual inspection status of motorcycles from images taken along the roadside and at designated inspection stations. Both a UMPC (Ultra Mobile Personal Computer) with a web camera and a desktop PC are used as hardware platforms. The license plate locations in images are identified by means of integrated horizontal and vertical projections that are scanned using a search window. Moreover, a character recovery method is exploited to enhance the success rate. Character recognition is achieved using both a back propagation artificial neural network and feature matching. The identified license plate can then be compared with entries in a database to check the inspection status of the motorcycle. Experiments yield a recognition rate of 95.7% and 93.9% based on roadside and inspection station test images, respectively. It takes less than 1s on a UMPC (Celeron 900MHz with 256MB memory) and about 293ms on a PC (Intel Pentium 4 3.0GHz with 1GB memory) to correctly recognize a license plate. Challenges associated with recognizing license plates from roadside and designated inspection stations images are also discussed.
---
paper_title: A configurable method for multi-style license plate recognition

paper_content:

Despite the success of license plate recognition (LPR) methods in the past decades, few of them can process multi-style license plates (LPs), especially LPs from different nations, effectively. In this paper, we propose a new method for multi-style LP recognition by representing the styles with quantitative parameters, i.e., plate rotation angle, plate line number, character type and format. In the recognition procedure these four parameters are managed by relevant algorithms, i.e., plate rotation, plate line segmentation, character recognition and format matching algorithm, respectively. To recognize special style LPs, users can configure the method by defining corresponding parameter values, which will be processed by the relevant algorithms. In addition, the probabilities of the occurrence of every LP style are calculated based on the previous LPR results, which will result in a faster and more precise recognition. Various LP images were used to test the proposed method and the results proved its effectiveness.
---
paper_title: Towards a Multinational Car License Plate Recognition System

paper_content:

A full-fledged image-based car license plate recognition (CLPR) system is described in the paper. CLPR provides an inexpensive automatic solution for remote vehicle identification. Gray-level input images are assumed. The localization stage of the CLPR yields a plate clip followed by character segmentation and recognition. The recognition scheme combines adaptive iterative thresholding with a template-matching algorithm. The method is invariant to illumination and is robust to character size and thickness, skew and small character breaks. Promising results have been obtained in the experiments with Israeli and Bulgarian license plates including images of poor quality. Also, the possibility of using an “off-the-shelf” OCR has been explored.
---
paper_title: Towards a Multinational Car License Plate Recognition System

paper_content:

A full-fledged image-based car license plate recognition (CLPR) system is described in the paper. CLPR provides an inexpensive automatic solution for remote vehicle identification. Gray-level input images are assumed. The localization stage of the CLPR yields a plate clip followed by character segmentation and recognition. The recognition scheme combines adaptive iterative thresholding with a template-matching algorithm. The method is invariant to illumination and is robust to character size and thickness, skew and small character breaks. Promising results have been obtained in the experiments with Israeli and Bulgarian license plates including images of poor quality. Also, the possibility of using an “off-the-shelf” OCR has been explored.
---
paper_title: An Algorithm for License Plate Recognition Applied to Intelligent Transportation System

paper_content:

An algorithm for license plate recognition (LPR) applied to the intelligent transportation system is proposed on the basis of a novel shadow removal technique and character recognition algorithms. This paper has two major contributions. One contribution is a new binary method, i.e., the shadow removal method, which is based on the improved Bernsen algorithm combined with the Gaussian filter. Our second contribution is a character recognition algorithm known as support vector machine (SVM) integration. In SVM integration, character features are extracted from the elastic mesh, and the entire address character string is taken as the object of study, as opposed to a single character. This paper also presents improved techniques for image tilt correction and image gray enhancement. Our algorithm is robust to the variance of illumination, view angle, position, size, and color of the license plates when working in a complex environment. The algorithm was tested with 9026 images, such as natural-scene vehicle images using different backgrounds and ambient illumination particularly for low-resolution images. The license plates were properly located and segmented as 97.16% and 98.34%, respectively. The optical character recognition system is the SVM integration with different character features, whose performance for numerals, Kana, and address recognition reached 99.5%, 98.6%, and 97.8%, respectively. Combining the preceding tests, the overall performance of success for the license plate achieves 93.54% when the system is used for LPR in various complex conditions.
---
paper_title: Efficient Embedded Neural-Network-Based License Plate Recognition System

paper_content:

In this paper, a video processing methodology for a field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based license plate recognition (LPR) system is researched. The raster scan video is used as an input with low memory utilization. During the design, Gabor filter, threshold, and connected component labeling (CCL) algorithms are used to obtain license plate region. This region is segmented into disjoint characters for the character recognition phase, where the self-organizing map (SOM) neural network is used to identify the characters. The system is portable and relatively faster than computer-based recognition systems. The robustness of the system has been tested with a large database acquired from parking lots and a highway. The memory requirements are uniquely designed to be extremely low, which enables usage of smaller FPGAs. The resulting hardware is suitable for applications where cost, compactness, and efficiency are system design constraints.
---
paper_title: An Algorithm for License Plate Recognition Applied to Intelligent Transportation System

paper_content:

An algorithm for license plate recognition (LPR) applied to the intelligent transportation system is proposed on the basis of a novel shadow removal technique and character recognition algorithms. This paper has two major contributions. One contribution is a new binary method, i.e., the shadow removal method, which is based on the improved Bernsen algorithm combined with the Gaussian filter. Our second contribution is a character recognition algorithm known as support vector machine (SVM) integration. In SVM integration, character features are extracted from the elastic mesh, and the entire address character string is taken as the object of study, as opposed to a single character. This paper also presents improved techniques for image tilt correction and image gray enhancement. Our algorithm is robust to the variance of illumination, view angle, position, size, and color of the license plates when working in a complex environment. The algorithm was tested with 9026 images, such as natural-scene vehicle images using different backgrounds and ambient illumination particularly for low-resolution images. The license plates were properly located and segmented as 97.16% and 98.34%, respectively. The optical character recognition system is the SVM integration with different character features, whose performance for numerals, Kana, and address recognition reached 99.5%, 98.6%, and 97.8%, respectively. Combining the preceding tests, the overall performance of success for the license plate achieves 93.54% when the system is used for LPR in various complex conditions.
---
paper_title: An intelligent strategy for checking the annual inspection status of motorcycles based on license plate recognition

paper_content:

License plate recognition techniques have been successfully applied to the management of stolen cars, management of parking lots and traffic flow control. This study proposes a license plate based strategy for checking the annual inspection status of motorcycles from images taken along the roadside and at designated inspection stations. Both a UMPC (Ultra Mobile Personal Computer) with a web camera and a desktop PC are used as hardware platforms. The license plate locations in images are identified by means of integrated horizontal and vertical projections that are scanned using a search window. Moreover, a character recovery method is exploited to enhance the success rate. Character recognition is achieved using both a back propagation artificial neural network and feature matching. The identified license plate can then be compared with entries in a database to check the inspection status of the motorcycle. Experiments yield a recognition rate of 95.7% and 93.9% based on roadside and inspection station test images, respectively. It takes less than 1s on a UMPC (Celeron 900MHz with 256MB memory) and about 293ms on a PC (Intel Pentium 4 3.0GHz with 1GB memory) to correctly recognize a license plate. Challenges associated with recognizing license plates from roadside and designated inspection stations images are also discussed.
---
paper_title: A configurable method for multi-style license plate recognition

paper_content:

Despite the success of license plate recognition (LPR) methods in the past decades, few of them can process multi-style license plates (LPs), especially LPs from different nations, effectively. In this paper, we propose a new method for multi-style LP recognition by representing the styles with quantitative parameters, i.e., plate rotation angle, plate line number, character type and format. In the recognition procedure these four parameters are managed by relevant algorithms, i.e., plate rotation, plate line segmentation, character recognition and format matching algorithm, respectively. To recognize special style LPs, users can configure the method by defining corresponding parameter values, which will be processed by the relevant algorithms. In addition, the probabilities of the occurrence of every LP style are calculated based on the previous LPR results, which will result in a faster and more precise recognition. Various LP images were used to test the proposed method and the results proved its effectiveness.
---
paper_title: An Algorithm for License Plate Recognition Applied to Intelligent Transportation System

paper_content:

An algorithm for license plate recognition (LPR) applied to the intelligent transportation system is proposed on the basis of a novel shadow removal technique and character recognition algorithms. This paper has two major contributions. One contribution is a new binary method, i.e., the shadow removal method, which is based on the improved Bernsen algorithm combined with the Gaussian filter. Our second contribution is a character recognition algorithm known as support vector machine (SVM) integration. In SVM integration, character features are extracted from the elastic mesh, and the entire address character string is taken as the object of study, as opposed to a single character. This paper also presents improved techniques for image tilt correction and image gray enhancement. Our algorithm is robust to the variance of illumination, view angle, position, size, and color of the license plates when working in a complex environment. The algorithm was tested with 9026 images, such as natural-scene vehicle images using different backgrounds and ambient illumination particularly for low-resolution images. The license plates were properly located and segmented as 97.16% and 98.34%, respectively. The optical character recognition system is the SVM integration with different character features, whose performance for numerals, Kana, and address recognition reached 99.5%, 98.6%, and 97.8%, respectively. Combining the preceding tests, the overall performance of success for the license plate achieves 93.54% when the system is used for LPR in various complex conditions.
---
paper_title: Efficient Embedded Neural-Network-Based License Plate Recognition System

paper_content:

In this paper, a video processing methodology for a field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based license plate recognition (LPR) system is researched. The raster scan video is used as an input with low memory utilization. During the design, Gabor filter, threshold, and connected component labeling (CCL) algorithms are used to obtain license plate region. This region is segmented into disjoint characters for the character recognition phase, where the self-organizing map (SOM) neural network is used to identify the characters. The system is portable and relatively faster than computer-based recognition systems. The robustness of the system has been tested with a large database acquired from parking lots and a highway. The memory requirements are uniquely designed to be extremely low, which enables usage of smaller FPGAs. The resulting hardware is suitable for applications where cost, compactness, and efficiency are system design constraints.
---
paper_title: An Algorithm for License Plate Recognition Applied to Intelligent Transportation System

paper_content:

An algorithm for license plate recognition (LPR) applied to the intelligent transportation system is proposed on the basis of a novel shadow removal technique and character recognition algorithms. This paper has two major contributions. One contribution is a new binary method, i.e., the shadow removal method, which is based on the improved Bernsen algorithm combined with the Gaussian filter. Our second contribution is a character recognition algorithm known as support vector machine (SVM) integration. In SVM integration, character features are extracted from the elastic mesh, and the entire address character string is taken as the object of study, as opposed to a single character. This paper also presents improved techniques for image tilt correction and image gray enhancement. Our algorithm is robust to the variance of illumination, view angle, position, size, and color of the license plates when working in a complex environment. The algorithm was tested with 9026 images, such as natural-scene vehicle images using different backgrounds and ambient illumination particularly for low-resolution images. The license plates were properly located and segmented as 97.16% and 98.34%, respectively. The optical character recognition system is the SVM integration with different character features, whose performance for numerals, Kana, and address recognition reached 99.5%, 98.6%, and 97.8%, respectively. Combining the preceding tests, the overall performance of success for the license plate achieves 93.54% when the system is used for LPR in various complex conditions.
---
paper_title: A License Plate-Recognition Algorithm for Intelligent Transportation System Applications

paper_content:

In this paper, a new algorithm for vehicle license plate identification is proposed, on the basis of a novel adaptive image segmentation technique (sliding concentric windows) and connected component analysis in conjunction with a character recognition neural network. The algorithm was tested with 1334 natural-scene gray-level vehicle images of different backgrounds and ambient illumination. The camera focused in the plate, while the angle of view and the distance from the vehicle varied according to the experimental setup. The license plates properly segmented were 1287 over 1334 input images (96.5%). The optical character recognition system is a two-layer probabilistic neural network (PNN) with topology 108-180-36, whose performance for entire plate recognition reached 89.1%. The PNN is trained to identify alphanumeric characters from car license plates based on data obtained from algorithmic image processing. Combining the above two rates, the overall rate of success for the license-plate-recognition algorithm is 86.0%. A review in the related literature presented in this paper reveals that better performance (90% up to 95%) has been reported, when limitations in distance, angle of view, illumination conditions are set, and background complexity is low
---
paper_title: Towards a Multinational Car License Plate Recognition System

paper_content:

A full-fledged image-based car license plate recognition (CLPR) system is described in the paper. CLPR provides an inexpensive automatic solution for remote vehicle identification. Gray-level input images are assumed. The localization stage of the CLPR yields a plate clip followed by character segmentation and recognition. The recognition scheme combines adaptive iterative thresholding with a template-matching algorithm. The method is invariant to illumination and is robust to character size and thickness, skew and small character breaks. Promising results have been obtained in the experiments with Israeli and Bulgarian license plates including images of poor quality. Also, the possibility of using an “off-the-shelf” OCR has been explored.
---

Title: A Survey on License Plate Recognition Systems
Section 1: INTRODUCTION
Description 1: This section provides an overview of the importance and applications of License Plate Recognition (LPR) systems.

Section 2: PREPROCESSING
Description 2: This section discusses different preprocessing techniques used to improve image quality and enhance the detection rate of License Plate Detection (LPD).

Section 3: LICENSE PLATE DETECTION
Description 3: This section describes various methods and algorithms used to detect the license plate region within an image.

Section 4: SKEW CORRECTION
Description 4: This section explains the techniques used to correct any tilt or skew in detected license plate images to facilitate better recognition.

Section 5: CHARACTER SEGMENTATION
Description 5: This section covers the methods used to segment individual characters from the detected license plate.

Section 6: CHARACTER RECOGNITION
Description 6: This section reviews different approaches and algorithms used for recognizing the segmented characters in an LPR system.

Section 7: CONCLUSION
Description 7: This section summarizes the paper's findings on various LPR systems and discusses their performance and limitations.