A Review on Empirical Data Collection and Analysis of Bertoni’s Model at 1.8 GHz
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paper_title: OUTDOOR PROPAGATION MODELS A LITERATURE REVIEW

paper_content:

The major focus of this review is based on earlier & present day developments encompassing the field of radio transmission & propagation. It covers a wide area of radio communication in a more subtle & elastic manner, the leading aspects of the review involves an overall discussion of different models & techniques developed so far, facilitating radio propagation. A more penetrating aspect of mobility lead communications & associated software developments along with recent advancements also forms an important part of it. The initial study in the field of radio communications began with Maxwell's mathematical explanations of relationship between the two major fields involved rigorously in the sector of communication i.e. the magnetic & electric fields during 1884. Later in 1888 Heinrich Hertz demonstrated experimentally the generation of electromagnetic waves from electricity & suggested that these waves travel with the speed of light. The entire electromagnetic spectrum is composed of many sub spectra's indicating different nature waves. Radio waves are also a part of this electromagnetic sub-spectrum. In 1896 the first telegraphing machine based on the concept of radio waves was built by Guglielmo Marconi, it employed the fundamentals of spark gap transmission/reception. This was later followed by transmission of letter 'S' across English channel by him. All this was a great success initially but a lot was to be done, even more the earlier means of transmissions attempted were discrete & damped by nature. There, after in 1900 Reginald Fessenden showed that the continuous radio-waves are necessary for the transmission of speech & music signals. On December 23, 1900 first wireless voice message was transmitted & in 1906 first radio broadcast was made. There, after the golden period of radio based transmission & it's applications in a variety of fields begun. Nowadays we find a totally different outlook of radio communications, which encompasses recent developments in different fields & even more creation of newer fields like: adhoc wireless communications, wireless sensor communications, mobile communications etc. Between the two extremes of present & past, the mid-time arena visualized development of various propagation models like: Line of sight, okumura-hata, cost etc. in order to facilitate better planned & resource specific developments for the betterment in, majority of all the aspects i.e. the QoS. This period of time also noticed several developments in the field of path loss estimation in different propagation scenario profiles deploying variable modeling stratergies.In parallel to all this, simultaneously many software platforms were also being developed for analytical study of radio propagation models & different networking topologies in deployment such as: omnet++,opnet,ns- 1&2,glomosimm,qualnet4.5&5.0 etc. Even more many scholars were also deploying 2-d & 3-d designs for study of real-time propagation characteristics via. Actual indoor building modeling.(8)
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paper_title: Comparison of empirical propagation path loss models for fixed wireless access systems

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Empirical propagation models have found favour in both research and industrial communities owing to their speed of execution and their limited reliance on detailed knowledge of the terrain. Although the study of empirical propagation models for mobile channels has been exhaustive, their applicability for FWA systems is yet to be properly validated. Among the contenders, the ECC-33 model, the Stanford University Interim (SUI) models, and the COST-231 Hata model show the most promise. In this paper, a comprehensive set of propagation measurements taken at 3.5 GHz in Cambridge, UK is used to validate the applicability of the three models mentioned previously for rural, suburban and urban environments. The results show that in general the SUI and the COST-231 Hata model over-predict the path loss in all environments. The ECC-33 models shows the best results, especially in urban environments.
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Title: A Review on Empirical Data Collection and Analysis of Bertoni’s Model at 1.8 GHz

Section 1: INTRODUCTION
Description 1: Write an introduction to the purpose of the study, explaining the need for modeling radiation patterns and signal quality using radio propagation models, focusing specifically on outdoor propagation models.

Section 2: REVIEW OF PROPAGATION MODELS
Description 2: Discuss the different types of outdoor propagation models including empirical models, deterministic models, and stochastic models, explaining their characteristics and providing examples.

Section 3: FREE SPACE PATH LOSS MODEL
Description 3: Describe the free space path loss model, explaining its relevance and the mathematical formula used to determine signal losses in free space.

Section 4: OKUMURA MODEL
Description 4: Detail the Okumura Model, its development based on data from Tokyo, and its application for measuring radio signal strength in built-up urban areas.

Section 5: COST-231 WALFISCH-BERTONI'S MODEL
Description 5: Elaborate on the COST-231 Walfisch-Bertoni model, its assumptions, and its application in predicting signal strength in urban environments with low-rise buildings.

Section 6: PROCEDURE
Description 6: Explain the procedure for choosing the model that best suits the analysis and the use of MATLAB coding to compare results from different models.

Section 7: FACTORS JUSTIFYING THE CHOICE OF MODEL
Description 7: Justify the use of Bertoni's model by discussing its suitability for the study area, considering factors like low building environments, street grid organization, and propagation phenomena.

Section 8: PHYSICAL APPROXIMATION DEPLOYED IN BERTONI'S MODEL
Description 8: Describe the physical approximations used in Bertoni's model, including reduction factors for rooftop fields and the use of absorbing screens for wave propagation.

Section 9: MODEL TUNING MEASUREMENT COLLECTION
Description 9: Discuss the process of model tuning through measurement collection, highlighting the importance of collecting accurate data and the typical scenarios when tuning is necessary.

Section 10: SITE AND SCENARIO SELECTION
Description 10: Detail the criteria and process for selecting measurement sites and scenarios, including the types of clutter considered and initial analysis using MATLAB.

Section 11: MEASURMENT CAMPAIGN
Description 11: Describe the data collection methods and validation process, including the types of devices used, the measures taken for accuracy, and the data recording process.

Section 12: Measurement and Data Collection
Description 12: Provide a detailed account of the measurement campaign, including the regions visited, the duration of data collection, and the primary objectives of the campaign.

Section 13: CONCLUSION
Description 13: Summarize the findings of the study, comparing empirical results with modeled results, discussing the significance of base station height and other factors, and suggesting improvements for the model.