A Survey on QoS in Next Generation Networks
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paper_title: QoS Over Heterogeneous Networks

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The importance of quality of service (QoS) has risen with the recent evolution of telecommunication networks, which are characterised by a great heterogeneity. While many applications require a specific level of assurance from the network; communication networks are characterized by different service providers, transmission means and implementer solutions such as asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), Internet protocol version 4 (IPv4), IPv6 and MPLS. Providing comprehensive coverage of QoS issues within heterogeneous network environments, QoS Over Heterogeneous Networks looks to find solutions to questions such as does QoS fit within heterogeneous networks and what is the impact on performance if information traverses different network portions that implement specific QoS schemes. Includes: A series of algorithms and protocols to help solve potential QoS problems. State of the art case studies and operative examples to illustrate points made. Information on QoS mapping in terms of service-level specification (SLS) and an in-depth discussion of related issues Chapters end-to-end (E2E) QoS, QoS architecture, QoS over heterogeneous networks and QoS internetworking and mapping. An ideal book for graduate students, researchers and lecturers. System designers, developers and engineers will also find QoS Over Heterogeneous Networks a valuable reference.
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paper_title: Cadenus: creation and deployment of end-user services in premium IP networks

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Current trends in the information and communications technology industry clearly indicate the existence of a business requirement for a market-enabling technology that allows network operators to interact with users in a seamless, transparent manner for the sale and delivery of a wide range of services with guaranteed quality of service. In this context the need arises for the dynamic creation, configuration and delivery of services with QoS guarantees via the automated management of service level agreements. The aim of the Cadenus project is to bring theoretical and practical contributions to this area by defining a framework for the provisioning of advanced communication services in premium IP networks. Such networks might be characterized by a high degree of complexity, in terms not only of scale, but also of number of operators and technological heterogeneity. Our contribution is twofold, comprising both the design of the proposed framework and its actual implementation. An innovative approach was taken to framework design, based on the concept of mediation. With respect to the framework implementation, an example illustrating the realization of a virtual private network scenario is presented.
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paper_title: Supporting IP on the ATM networks: an overview

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In the past 10years, asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) technology has emerged as a key component of next-generation networks. It can offer unprecedented scalability and performance/cost ratio, as well as the ability to reserve network resources for real-time traffic and support for multimedia and multipoint communications. Obviously, in the future information infrastructure, ATM will play an important role. However, today's information infrastructure, e.g. the vast installed base of local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs) is constructed by using internetwork layer protocols such as IP, IPX and AppleTalk to internetwork the subnets. Therefore, a key to ATM's success and the Internet's further success will be the ability to allow for interoperation between existing network technologies and ATM. The key to such connectivity is the use of the same network layer protocols, such as IP and IPX, on both existing networks and on ATM, since it is the function of the network layer to provide a uniform network view to higher-level protocols and applications [RFC1943, IP over ATM: A Framework Document; A. Alles, ATM Internetworking, Cisco Systems, Inc., May, 1995]. Until now, there have been various different ways of running IP across an ATM network, e.g. LAN Emulation and Multiprotocol over ATM standardized by ATM Forum, classical IP over ATM and Next Hop Resolution Protocol proposed by the Internet Engineering Task Force, IP Switching implemented by Ipsilon Networks Inc., Tag Switching presented by Cisco Systems Inc., etc. This paper gives an overview and an assessment on these proposed schemes.
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paper_title: QoS-based routing algorithms for ATM networks

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This paper presents a planned routing algorithm (PRA) and a hierarchical routing algorithm (HRA) for ATM networks. The PRA can establish the multicast tree with the presence of bandwidth and delay constraints. The HRA can be compliant with the PNNI specification from the ATM Forum. It uses an adaptive and iterative path search approach and takes advantage of the PNNI hierarchical network structure to reduce path computation complexity and maximize network throughput. The performances of the PRA and HRA are evaluated by simulations. The simulation results show that the PRA can provide the best performance while the complexity is acceptable and the HRA can reduce processing time and improve network utilization, and both are suited for QoS requirements of ATM networks' routing.
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paper_title: Efficient hierarchical QoS routing in ATM networks

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For reducing network information to achieve scalability in large ATM networks, ATM Private Network-to-Network Interface (PNNI) adopts hierarchical routing. Consequently, although routing complexity is significantly reduced, numerous issues in PNNI routing require further study to achieve more efficient, accurate, scalable, and QoS-aware routing. Several methods are adopted herein to achieve efficient, scalable, and QoS-aware ATM PNNI routing. First, an efficient aggregation scheme, referred to as Asymmetric Simple, is proposed. The aggregated routing information includes available bandwidth, delay and cost. Second, two approaches for defining link costs are investigated, namely, the Markov Decision Process (MDP) approach and the Competitive On-Line (COL) routing approach, and these are compared with the Widest Path (WP) approach. Finally, a dynamic update policy, referred to as the dynamic cost-based update (DCU) policy, is proposed to improve the accuracy of the aggregated information and the performance of hierarchical routing, while decreasing the frequency of re-aggregation and information distribution. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed Asymmetric Simple aggregation scheme yields very good network utilization while significantly reducing the amount of advertised information. Between these two link cost functions, the MDP approach provides a systematic method of defining call admission function and yields better network utilization than the COL approach. The proposed DCU policy also yields an enhanced network utilization while significantly reducing the frequency of re-aggregation and the amount of distributed aggregation information.
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paper_title: A role for ATM in telephony and IP networks

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Abstract Public telecommunication network operators are now concentrating their attention on the Internet, not only for realising datacommunication services but also for a network infrastructure for providing telephony services. This has resulted in a reluctance to invest in existing circuit-switched technology and in the implementation of a number of Internet protocol (IP) telephony services. This paper concentrates on two topics – firstly, quality of service (QoS) in IP and asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks and secondly, the use of ATM networks for providing large-scale telephony, or more generally “narrowband”, services that are usually supported by public circuit-switched networks. The methods of providing a range of qualities of service in IP routers and ATM switches are reviewed and the applicability of these mechanisms to the support of telephony is considered. Although public telephony services over the Internet are offered today with reasonable quality (some network operators claim that voice quality in general is better than for a call involving a mobile phone) the volume of traffic is generally low and Internet service providers overprovision their networks to improve service quality. A number of scenarios in which ATM can be used as an infrastructure for narrowband services are presented. If bandwidth is neither abundant nor inexpensive, ATM can provide a cost-effective means of supporting both existing narrowband circuit-switched services and datacommunications. A possible migration path is outlined from the current circuit-switched networks through use of an ATM network infrastructure to a potential integrated IP network. This paper is tutorial in nature and represents the personal opinions of the author (rather than a corporate position).
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paper_title: QoS Over Heterogeneous Networks

paper_content:

The importance of quality of service (QoS) has risen with the recent evolution of telecommunication networks, which are characterised by a great heterogeneity. While many applications require a specific level of assurance from the network; communication networks are characterized by different service providers, transmission means and implementer solutions such as asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), Internet protocol version 4 (IPv4), IPv6 and MPLS. Providing comprehensive coverage of QoS issues within heterogeneous network environments, QoS Over Heterogeneous Networks looks to find solutions to questions such as does QoS fit within heterogeneous networks and what is the impact on performance if information traverses different network portions that implement specific QoS schemes. Includes: A series of algorithms and protocols to help solve potential QoS problems. State of the art case studies and operative examples to illustrate points made. Information on QoS mapping in terms of service-level specification (SLS) and an in-depth discussion of related issues Chapters end-to-end (E2E) QoS, QoS architecture, QoS over heterogeneous networks and QoS internetworking and mapping. An ideal book for graduate students, researchers and lecturers. System designers, developers and engineers will also find QoS Over Heterogeneous Networks a valuable reference.
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paper_title: Survey: Flow control in ATM networks: a survey

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In this paper, we present results of a study of flow control in ATM networks. Two classes of flow control are described: preventive and reactive. A preventive control, which uses a static resources allocation, seems inadequate to handle rough traffic in high speed networks. On the other hand, the reactive control schemes, which employ a closed-loop feedback mechanism, seem more attractive than the preventive control schemes, especially in ATM networks. Four ATM service categories are provided to serve a variety of users. To enable each service class to function effectively two closed-loop flow control mechanisms: rate-based and credit-based, have been introduced for ATM networks. Rate-based flow control schemes use the rate of traffic flowing from the source to control the transmission rate. In this paper, a number of variants of rate-based schemes are described and analysed. Credit-based schemes use window flow control where a traffic source is allowed to transmit data only when there is available buffer space in the downstream node. In this paper, a number of credit-based schemes are also described and analysed.
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paper_title: Efficient simulation of QoS in ATM switches using connection traffic descriptors

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Abstract High speed networks using asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) will be able to carry a broad range of traffic classes and will be required to provide QoS measures, such as the cell loss and cell delay probabilities, to many of these traffic classes. The design and testing of ATM networks and the algorithms that perform connection admission control is difficult due to the rare event nature associated with QoS measures, and the unwieldiness of matching statistical models of the broad range of traffic classes entering the network to the connection traffic descriptors used by the connection admission control algorithms. In this paper, as an alternative to using statistical traffic models, we describe the traffic entering the network by the connection traffic descriptors standardized by the ATM Forum and used by the connection admission control algorithms. We present a Monte Carlo simulation model for estimating the cell loss and cell delay probabilities using a multinomial formulation to remove the correlation associated with estimating bursty events. We develop importance sampling techniques to increase the efficiency of the simulation for ATM networks with heterogeneous input traffic classes, namely constant bit rate and variable bit rate traffic. For the experimental examples considered here, the improvement in simulation efficiency compared to conventional Monte Carlo simulation is inversely proportional to the probability estimate. The efficient simulation methods developed here are suitable for the design and testing of the switches and connection admission control algorithms planned for use in ATM networks.
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paper_title: Multicasting in MPLS domains

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Explicit routing in MPLS is utilized in traffic engineering to maximize the operational network performance and to provide Quality of Service (QoS). However, difficulties arise while integrating native IP multicasting with MPLS traffic engineering, such as point-to-multipoint or multipoint-to-multipoint LSPs layout design and traffic aggregation. In this paper, we have proposed an edge router multicasting (ERM) scheme by limiting branching point of multicast delivery tree to only the edges of MPLS domains. As a result, multicast LSP setups,multicast flow assignments, and multicast traffic aggregation are reduced to unicast problems. We have studied two types of ERM routing protocols in the paper. The first approach is based on modifications to the existing multicast protocols, while the second approach applies Steiner tree-based heuristic routing algorithm in the edge router multicasting environment. The simulation results demonstrate that the ERM scheme based on Steiner tree heuristic can provide near-optimal performance. The results also demonstrate that ERM provides a traffic engineering friendly approach without sacrificing the benefits of native IP multicasting.
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paper_title: ATM: The broadband telecommunications solution

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Since ATM was identified by the CCITT in 1988 as the target transfer mode for broadband communications, there has been considerable research activity on the topic world-wide. Within Europe, the RACE programme of the European Community has brought together experts from a wide variety of organisations to work on several projects. This book results from the work of one of those projects. Aimed at those interested in ATM generally, or those needing to understand the issues in designing or implementing broadband networks, the book draws on the results of the research project to present a description of ATM from a network point of view. Starting with the principles of ATM, it goes on to cover topics such as network performance, network structure, evolution and interworking. It also discusses more general issues including numbering, charging and the need for intelligence in the network. It concludes by explaining the current position on traffic engineering for broadband ATM networks.
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paper_title: MPLS advantages for traffic engineering

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This article discusses the architectural aspects of MPLS which enable it to address IP traffic management. Specific MPLS architectural features discussed are separation of control and forwarding, the label stack, multiple control planes, and integrated IP and constraint-based routing. The article then discusses how these features address network scalability, simplify network service integration, offer integrated recovery, and simplify network management. Scalability is addressed through integrated routing enabling a natural assignment of traffic to the appropriate traffic engineering tunnels without requiring special mechanisms for loop prevention. Change is greatly reduced. The label stack enables an effective means for local tunnel repair providing fast restoration. Feedback through the routing system permits fast and intelligent reaction to topology changes. Service integration is simplified through a unified QoS paradigm which makes it simple for services to request QoS and have it mapped through to traffic engineering.
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paper_title: Frame Relay: Technology and Practice

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Preface. Acknowledgments. 1. Introduction. Driving Forces for Frame Relay. The Need for Frame Relay. Accelerators for the Growth of Frame Relay. Frame Relay Network Basics. Benefits and Limitations of Frame Relay. Limitations. Frame Relay and Other Networking Technologies. Dial-Up Modem Lines. ISDN and Other Switched Digital Facilities. Leased Lines. X.25 Packet-Switching Services. Asynchronous Transfer Mode. Data-Oriented Virtual Private Networks. Switched Multimegabit Data Service. 2. Who's Who in Frame Relay. Standards Organizations. The American National Standards Institute. The Frame Relay Forum. The Internet Engineering Task Force. Other Standards Organization. Commercial Organizations. Frame Relay Service Providers. Frame Relay Vendors. 3. Frame Relay Architecture. Frame Relay Layers. Frame Relay and X.25 Packet Switching. Network Interfaces. User-Network Interface. Network-to-Network Interface. Local Management Interface. Frame Relay Layer 2 Formats. Frame Format. Header Format. Data Link Connection Identifiers. How DLCIs Identify Visual Circuits. Mapping DLCIs within a Network. Globally Significant DLCIs. Exercises. 4. Connecting to the Network. Access Circuits. Leased Access Circuits. Local Frame Relay Services. Dial-Up Access. Physical Connections to the Access Circuit. Physical Interfaces. Data Service Units/Channel Service Units. Port Connections. Network-to-Network Interfaces. Access Devices. Routers for Frame Relay Networks. Frame Relay Access Devices. Other Interfaces for Frame Relay Access. Recovery from Physical Circuit Failures. Failure of the Access Circuits. Failure of the Backbone Trunks. 5. Frame Relay Virtual Circuits. Virtual Circuits. Switches. Differences between PVCs and SVCs. Permanent Virtual Circuits. Switched Virtual Circuits. More on SVCs. SVC Signaling Specifications. Advantages and Disadvantages of SVCs. Switched Physical Access and SVCs. Recovery from Virtual Circuit Failures. 6. Traffic Management. Committed Information Rate. The User View of CIR. The Standards View of CIR. Capacity Allocation. Bursting. Dynamic Allocation. Oversubscription of Port Connections. Asymmetric PVCs. Congestion Management and Flow Control. Frame Discarding and the Discard-Eligible Bit. Explicit Congestion Notification Using the FECN and BECN Bits. Implicit Congestion Notification. Where Congestion Can Occur. Congestion across the Local Access Circuit. Congestion across the Provider's Network. Congestion across the Network-to-Network Interface. Congestion across the Remote Access Circuit. Limitations of Congestion Management. Proprietary Implementations of CIR and the DE, FECN, and BECN Bits. The Customer's Inability to Respond to the FECN and BECN Bits. Use and Misuse of the DE Bit. 7. Engineering of Frame Relay Networks. Frame Relay Switch Families. Public Service Provider Switches. The Non-CIR Approach. PVC Services and Bursting. Capacity Planning. Traffic Handling. Congestion Management. Summary. The Flow-Controlled Approach. PVC Services. Capacity Planning. Traffic and Burst Handling. Congestion Management. Summary. Comparison of Non-CIR and Flow-Controlled Approaches. Advantages of Non-CIR. Advantages of Flow-Controlled Networks. Second-Generation Frame Relay Switches. Quality of Service Support. Greater Speeds and Scalability. Improved Traffic Routing. The Zero CIR Controversy. 8. Network Management. Network Management System Functions. Management Data Sources. Data from Switches. Data from Routers. Data from Protocol Analzyers. Data from Enhanced DSU/CSUs. Frame Relay Standards versus Proprietary Network Management Systems. Frame Relay Standards in Network Management. The Local Management Interface. Consolidated Link Layer Management. Review of the Simple Network Management Protocol. The Management Information Base for Frame Relay Service. Frame Relay Management Approaches. User-Based Monitoring. Carrier-Based Monitoring. Managed Network Services. Open Network Management Systems. Frame Relay Network Management Functions. Configuration Management. Fault Management. Performance Management. Accounting Management. Security Management. Managed Network Services. 9. Frame Relay Pricing. Pricing Structures. PVC Pricing. Access Circuit Charges. Port Connection Charges. Permanent Virtual Circuit Changes. Variations in PVC Pricing. SVC Pricing. International Issues. Ancillary Carrier Services. 10. Procurement of Frame Relay Services. The RFP Process. Objectives. Evaluation Criteria. The RFP. Contract Negotiations. Monitoring the Contract. 11. Design of Frame Relay Networks. Overview. Physical Network Design. Backbone Network Design. Access Network Design. Virtual Circuit Network Design. The Access Network Design Process. Set Objectives. Inventory the Sites. Collect Traffic Statistics. Sketch the PVC Map. Consider Asymmetric PVCs. Determine CIR. Determine Port Connection Speed. Determine Access Circuit Speed. Decide on Backup Options. Plan for Implementation. Implement and Fine-Tune. Case Study: Redesigning a Private Line Network. Solution 1: Star Topology Frame Relay Network. Solution 2: Hybrid Frame Relay Network. Solution 3: Partial Mesh Topology Frame Relay Network. Other Design Issues. Designing for Performance. Designing for Switched Virtual Circuits. Designing for Disaster Recovery. Exercise. 12. Voice over Frame Relay. Advantages. Challenges. Measuring Voice Quality. Improving Voice Performance. Voice Compression. Silence Suppression. Voice-Engineering Techniques. Small Voice Frames. Fragmentation of Data Frames. Priority of Voice Frames. QoS in the Frame Relay Network. Fax over Frame Relay. Voice-Band Modem Data over Frame Relay. Video over Frame Relay. Considerations. Performance and Quality Issues. Technical Issues. Management and Administrative Issues. Perception Issues. Standards. FRF.11 Voice over Frame Relay Implementation Agreement. FRF.12 Frame Relay Fragmentation Implementation Agreement. 13. Internetworking with Frame Relay. Routing over Frame Relay Networks. Routing Protocols. Improved Routing Protocols. Frame Relay Interfaces for Routers. TCP and Congestion Control. Routers and Congestion. Prioritizing Traffic within Routers. Effects of Frame Relay on Router Interconnectivity. RFC 1490/2427 Multiprotocol Encapsulation. RFC 1490 Encapsulation Formats. Address Resolution with RFC 1490. Encapsulation of X.25. RFC 1490 Misunderstandings. Routable Protocols over Frame Relay. TCP/IP over Frame Relay. IPX over Frame Relay. IBM's SNA over Frame Relay. SNA Background. SNA over Frame Relay. IBM Hardware/Software Support for Frame Relay. SNA Gateways. Router-Based RFC 1490 Multiprotocol Encapsulation. Data Link Switching. Sending SNA over Frame Relay. Nonroutable Protocols over Frame Relay. 14. Frame Relay and ATM. Comparison. Network Interworking. Service Interworking. The ATM Frame User-Network Interface. Migration Path. Conclusion. Appendix A - Frame Relay Information Sources. Web Sites. Internet Newsgroups (Usenet). Books. Magazines (monthly). Periodicals (weekly). Newsletters, Mailing Lists. Frame Relay Vendors and Carriers. Appendix B - Answers to Exercises. Chapter 3 Exercises. Chapter 11 Exercises. Glossary. References. Index. 0201485249T04062001
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paper_title: MONTE: an implementation of an MPLS online traffic engineering tool

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Multiservice networks require careful mapping of traffic in order to provide quality of service. Applying offline Traffic Engineering techniques leads to a better usage of resources and allows to assure some degree of quality of service. Even with those techniques applied, as network and traffic conditions change dynamically, the initial quality could be reduced. When addressing this problem, online Traffic Engineering has a major role. In MONTE project a solution for addressing this problem in Multiprotocol Label Switching networks was proposed and implemented in software. Such solution involves network discovering and monitoring, congestion detection, a corrective algorithm, and a mechanism for signalling changes in the network. The entire solution was conceived to work in real time and vendor independent. This paper explains the details of the solution and its implementation. Results validating the correct operation of the tool are also shown. This results were obtained through tests in a live network.
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paper_title: Mpls and traffic engineering in ip networks

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Rapid growth and increasing requirements for service quality, reliability, and efficiency have made traffic engineering an essential consideration in the design and operation of large public Internet backbone networks. Internet traffic engineering addresses the issue of performance optimization of operational networks. A paramount objective of Internet traffic engineering is to facilitate the transport of IP traffic through a given network in the most efficient, reliable, and expeditious manner possible. Historically, traffic engineering in the Internet has been hampered by the limited functional capabilities of conventional IP technologies. Recent developments in multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) and differentiated services have opened up new possibilities to address some of the limitations of the conventional technologies. This article discusses the applications of MPLS to traffic engineering in IP networks.
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paper_title: QoS Over Heterogeneous Networks

paper_content:

The importance of quality of service (QoS) has risen with the recent evolution of telecommunication networks, which are characterised by a great heterogeneity. While many applications require a specific level of assurance from the network; communication networks are characterized by different service providers, transmission means and implementer solutions such as asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), Internet protocol version 4 (IPv4), IPv6 and MPLS. Providing comprehensive coverage of QoS issues within heterogeneous network environments, QoS Over Heterogeneous Networks looks to find solutions to questions such as does QoS fit within heterogeneous networks and what is the impact on performance if information traverses different network portions that implement specific QoS schemes. Includes: A series of algorithms and protocols to help solve potential QoS problems. State of the art case studies and operative examples to illustrate points made. Information on QoS mapping in terms of service-level specification (SLS) and an in-depth discussion of related issues Chapters end-to-end (E2E) QoS, QoS architecture, QoS over heterogeneous networks and QoS internetworking and mapping. An ideal book for graduate students, researchers and lecturers. System designers, developers and engineers will also find QoS Over Heterogeneous Networks a valuable reference.
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paper_title: Many Sources Asymptotics for Networks with Small Buffers

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In this paper, we obtain the overflow asymptotics in a network with small buffers when the resources are accessed by a large number of stationary independent sources. Under the assumption that the network is loop-free with respect to source–destination routes, we identify the precise large deviations rate functions for the buffer overflow at each node in terms of the external input characteristics. It is assumed that each type of source requires a Quality of Service (QoS) defined by bounds on the fraction of offered work lost. We then obtain the admissible region for sources which access the network based on these QoS requirements. When all the sources require the same QoS, we show that the admissible region asymptotically corresponds to that which is obtained by assuming that flows pass through each node unchanged.
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paper_title: Fast overflow probability estimation tool for MPLS networks

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The constant growth of internet and the variety of services provided makes the estimation of QoS parameters a fundamental need for every Internet Service Provider. The present work introduces a software tool that calculates the overflow probability on the core links of a MPLS network. The calculation is based on the statistical properties of the arriving traffic and the routing on the network. The procedure uses the results of the large deviations theory and the work of Likhanov et al. [22] for small buffer. The results obtained show high degree of accuracy as well as very short processing times. This allows the user to determine the overflow status of the network without the need to use the traditional highly time consuming simulation techniques.
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paper_title: Designing the simulative evaluation of an architecture for supporting QoS on a large scale

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The EuQoS system is a complete QoS system, scalable to large dimensions and addressing QoS at all relevant layers, which has been developed within the framework of the IST-EuQoS project. Its design has been aided by a considerable amount of modeling and simulation work, aimed at testing the various QoS mechanisms devised and their interaction. This paper describes the modeling and simulation work done in the framework of the project. We describe the three simulation models which have been developed, based on the different timescales at which the QoS mechanisms have effect. Furthermore, as a sample case of performance evaluation, involving different simulators, we describe the performance evaluation of the EuQoS signaling subsystem.
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paper_title: The EuQoS system: a solution for QoS routing in heterogeneous networks [Quality of Service based Routing Algorithms for Heterogeneous Networks]

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EuQoS is the acronym for "end-to-end quality of service support over heterogeneous networks", which is a European research project aimed at building an entire QoS framework, addressing all the relevant network layers, protocols, and technologies. This framework, which includes the most common access networks (xDSL, UMTS, WiFi, and LAN) is being prototyped and tested in a multidomain scenario throughout Europe, composing what we call the EuQoS system. In this article we present the novel QoS routing mechanisms that are being developed and evaluated in the framework of this project. The preliminary performance results validate the design choices of the EuQoS system, and confirm the potential impact this project is likely to have in the near future
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paper_title: AN ARCHITECTURAL FRAMEWORK FOR HETEROGENEOUS NETWORKING

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The growth over the last decade in the use of wireless networking devices has been explosive. Soon many ::: devices will have multiple network interfaces, each with very different characteristics. We believe that a ::: framework that encapsulates the key challenges of heterogeneous networking is required. Like a map clearly ::: helps one to plan a journey, a framework is needed to help us move forward in this unexplored area. The ::: approach taken here is similar to the OSImodel in which tightly defined layers are used to specify functionality, ::: allowing a modular approach to the extension of systems and the interchange of their components, whilst ::: providing a model that is more oriented to heterogeneity and mobility.
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paper_title: Y-Comm: a global architecture for heterogeneous networking

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In the near future mobile devices with several interfaces will become commonplace. Most of the peripheral networks using the Internet will therefore employ wireless technology. To provide support for these devices, this paper proposes a new framework which encompasses the functions of both peripheral and core networks. The framework is called Y-Comm and is defined in a layered manner like the OSI model.
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paper_title: Dynamic and automatic interworking between personal area networks using composition

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Next generation communication networks will be characterized by the coexistence of multiple technologies and user devices in an integrated fashion. The increasing number of devices owned by a single user will lead to a new communication paradigm: users owning multiple devices that form cooperative networks, and networks of different users that communicate with each other, e.g., acquiring Internet access through each other. In this communication scenario no user intervention should be required and technology should seamlessly adapt to the user's context, preferences, and needs. In this paper we address one of those scenarios, interworking between personal area networks, using legacy technologies and the Ambient Network and network composition concepts, herein explained. We argue that new functionalities should be introduced to enable effortless use of legacy technologies in such dynamic and heterogeneous environments
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paper_title: Context generation and structuralization for ambient networks

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This paper presents a model of context information data source structuralization, having in mind requirements of Ambient Networks applications. The proposed solution extends the ContextWare architecture, which is a general framework for context information dissemination. It assumes that the transfer of context information which represents a temporal state of sensors is accompanied by semantic information. This is a key concept in achieving true interoperability between heterogeneous system domains in mobile applications. A system for semi-automatic generation of data sources in the form of Web Services wrapping the sensors is presented. The input data of this system consists of information about sensors and an ontology describing their semantics. A proposed notation, describing the mapping of values from sensors to the ontology used in the Ambient Networks project, was employed at this stage. The outcome of the system consists of a Web Service which exposes data and semantics of context information.
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paper_title: Ambient networks: a framework for mobile network cooperation

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Ambient Networks represents a new networking approach that aims at enabling the cooperation of heterogeneous networks and networking resources, on demand and transparently. This should happen without the need for pre-configuration or offline negotiation between network operators. Ambient Networks clearly separates the control space from the transport protocol, and introduces a common control space called the Ambient Control Space that comprised all control functionality within an Ambient Networks. The Ambient Control Space is also responsible for the composition of different networks, with the control spaces of composing networks forming one Ambient Control Space. This paper discusses the justification of Ambient Networks, the main novelties being introduced by Ambient Networks, and the requirements imposed on the Ambient Control Space. It also goes into a bit more details about the Ambient Networks architecture and draws initial conclusions.
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paper_title: Names, addresses and identities in ambient networks

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Ambient Networks interconnect independent realms that may use different local network technologies and may belong to different administrative or legal entities. At the core of these advanced internetworking concepts is a flexible naming architecture based on dynamic indirections between names, addresses and identities. This paper gives an overview of the connectivity abstractions of Ambient Networks and then describes its naming architecture in detail, comparing and contrasting them to other related next-generation network architectures.
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paper_title: Towards modular mobility management in ambient networks

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The overall goal of the Ambient Networks Integrated Project is to develop a vision for future wireless and mobile networks. Even though mobility management has been investigated within numerous research and standardisation projects, the novel approach of Ambient Networks on the distribution of control space functions brings up possibilities to tailor mobility support for specific environments such as 3GPP and IEEE802 networks and on the other hand to efficiently manage the large variety of co-existing legacy and novel solutions foreseen in beyond 3G networks. The paper describes how modular design of mobility management functions can contribute to this objective. A topic, which is very much related to modularity deals with different types of communication endpoints. The paper elucidates how this discussion will help to coordinate different mobility solutions residing at different layers of the communication stack.
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paper_title: Ambient networks: bridging heterogeneous network domains

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Providing end-to-end communication in heterogeneous internetworking environments is a challenge. Two fundamental problems are bridging between different internetworking technologies and hiding of network complexity and differences from both applications and application developers. This paper presents abstraction and naming mechanisms that address these challenges in the Ambient Networks project. Connectivity abstractions hide the differences of heterogeneous internetworking technologies and enable applications to operate across them. A common naming framework enables end-to-end communication across otherwise independent internetworks and supports advanced networking capabilities, such as indirection or delegation, through dynamic bindings between named entities
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paper_title: Ambient Networks - A Framework for Multi-Access Control in Heterogeneous Networks

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In the ambient networks project research is ongoing in order to define a new control space for future internetworking. This internetworking will be characterized by a high degree of network heterogeneity as well as nomadicity and mobility of both users as well as networks. The so called ambient control space (ACS), provides functionality to support how to manage these traits of future internetworking. This paper provides a short presentation on the architecture of ambient networks and the ACS, and then focus on how connectivity is handled from a multi-access and mobility perspective through the support of the ACS.
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paper_title: Ambient Networks : Co-operative Mobile Networking For The Wireless World

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Ambient Networks defines a new kind of network architecture, which embeds support for co operation and competition between diverse network types within a common control layer. This unified networking concept can adapt to the heterogeneous environments of different radio technologies and service and network environments. Special focus is placed on facilitating both competition and co-operation of various market players, by defining interfaces which allow the instant negotiation of cooperation agreements. The Ambient Networking concept has been developed in the framework of the Ambient Networks project, which is co-sponsored by the European Union under the Information Society Technology (IST) priority of the 6th Framework Programme. The Ambient Networks project mobilised the work of researchers from over forty different organisations, both major industrial corporations and leading academic institutions, from Europe and worldwide. This book offers a complete and detailed overview of the Ambient Networking concept and its core technologies. The authors explain the problems with current mobile IP networks and the need for a new mobility-aware IP-based control architecture, before presenting the Ambient Networking concept itself and the business opportunities that it offers. The architecture, components, features and challenges of Ambient Networking are covered in depth, with comprehensive discussions of multi-radio access, generic Ambient Network signalling, mobility support, context and network management and built-in media delivery overlay control. Ambient Networks: Co-operative Mobile Networking for the Wireless World Explains the need for Ambient Networking, discussing the limitations of todays proposed architectures, and explaining the business potential of edge networks and network co-operation. Describes Ambient Networking technology in detail, and addresses the technical challenges for implementation. Includes practical user scenarios which are fully analysed and assessed through simulation studies. Including a complete examination of the research and technologies arising from the Ambient Networks concept, Ambient Networks will be invaluable for research and development teams in networking and communications technology, as well as advanced students in electrical engineering and computer science faculties. Standardisation specialists, research departments, and telecommunications analysts will also find this a helpful resource.
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paper_title: Ambient networks: a framework for future wireless internetworking

paper_content:

An increasingly wireless world faces new challenges due to the dynamicity of interactions, range of applications, multitude of available radio access technologies and network functionality. The ambient networks project recognizes these trends and enables the creation of innovative network solutions for mobile and wireless systems beyond 3G. These networks enables scalable and affordable wireless networking while providing pervasive, rich and easy-to-use communication. A specific focus lies on enabling advanced capabilities in environments with increased competition as well as cooperation, environments that are populated by a multitude of user devices, wireless technologies, network operators and business actors. The project adopts a modular architecture that enables plug-and-play control extensibility that supports a wide range of different applications and network technologies. Based on a small subset of common functionality, this approach supports the dynamic deployment of advanced internetworking capabilities, such as media and context-awareness or multi-radio access.
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paper_title: Testbed infrastructure supporting pervasive services

paper_content:

Daidalos II [1] works towards its overall mission of providing a beyond 3G Framework that is capable of supporting pervasive services built on network and service infrastructures for mobile end users. In order to validate such a framework, Daidalos worked towards the completion of a prototype demonstrator was verified on a Daidalos specific testbed infrastructure, enabling end user validation of the Daidalos framework. Having a Daidalos specific testbed infrastructure up and running with Daidalos components installed, provides a valuable opportunity for the Daidalos consortium to realistically debug and evaluate the Daidalos framework to assess if it lives up to its objectives. This paper will provide you with an overview of the testbed layout and the evolution of this testbed. It will also give you an insight into the validation aspects of work completed wthin this Daidalos testbed via a scenario driven process, detailing some of the applications specifically designed for the Daidalos II demonstrator that support and help convey the pervasive aspects of the Daidalos framework..
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paper_title: The DAIDALOS Architecture for QoS over Heterogeneous Wireless Networks

paper_content:

A toilet flush water colorizer comprises a container adapted for receiving therein a flush water-coloring block and having at least one entry opening for admitting flush water thereinto, and outlet means for the discharge of colored flush water from the container, which colorizer further comprises suspending means for suspending the container at the inside of a toilet bowl, a diluting chamber in the interior of the container adapted for collecting drops of color concentrate dripping off a block after each flushing, the outlet means being located in the bottom of the diluting chamber.
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paper_title: Daidalos Framework for Successful Testbed Integration

paper_content:

The Daidalos Testbed integration framework required detailed planning and implementation, constantly adapting to the demanding changes of a research project as it advances from development phase to integration phase. This paper describes the various integration and validation efforts required to deploy an operational Daidalos Testbed infrastructure, demonstrating the effort required to achieve a successful overall integration process. With such a large scale project as Daidalos with a consortium of 49 partners, the Testbed deployment, operation and management was indeed an immense task having to create and enforce lest bed processes suitable for the efficient and effective operation of the Daidalos system during integration and validation.
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paper_title: Daidalos II: Implementing a Scenario Driven Process

paper_content:

User centric scenario based approaches, provide us with an opportunity to analyse, investigate, implement and evaluate new and innovative technologies within a large scale research project. It helps consortium partners focus on the end user and their needs, and provides direction during the requirements, and implementation phases of the projects lifecycle. The Daidalos II project actively uses this scenario based approach to implement and validate its innovative and new architectural advancements. Based on our experience of using a scenario based approach in Daidalos I, we now have reviewed our approach, and refined it to work more effectively for a large scale project, based on recommendations and feedback obtained. This paper will provide you with an overview of the various activities involved in the scenario design and implementation stage, discussing the scenario design methodology, criteria for final scenario selection, and selected scenarios.
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paper_title: The SMART Project Exploiting the Heterogeneous Mobile World

paper_content:

The wide proliferation of wireless systems and the use of software radio technologies enables the employment of a heterogeneous network. In this concept services are delivered via the network that is most efficient for that service. Our solution is based on a common core network that interconnects access points of various wireless access points. A mobile host can apply multiple different access networks simultaneously to increase capacity or efficiency. Furthermore, a basic access network, separated from other wireless access networks, is used as a means for wireless system discovery, signaling and paging. Quality of Service is of prominent importance due to the heterogeneous environment and the characteristics of ::: the wireless channel. This paper describes the concepts of our architecture, and presents an overview of the architecture.
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paper_title: A QoS enabling queuing scheme for 4G wireless access networks

paper_content:

There will be heterogeneous wireless access networks in 4G systems, e.g., WLAN, UTRAN etc. The networks will need to support QoS and full mobility. For each connection request by a mobile user in such networks, there will be need for a scheme for selecting the best network from among the available networks. This paper proposes a scheme that enhances existing approaches to addressing this challenge. The scheme models the radio access network as a network of queuing nodes. With this model, and for each available path, we determine the statistical QoS parameters of the user traffic in the radio channel. We postulate that the statistics indicate the QoS capabilities of the network and can therefore be used to select the best network to serve the mobile user.
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paper_title: On schemes for supporting QoS and mobility in heterogeneous networks

paper_content:

This paper proposes a scheme to provide service mobility with required QoS for different applications in heterogeneous access networks. Some existing schemes and proposed schemes are surveyed and compared with respect to key QoS-related mechanisms and capabilities. We then introduce a proposed scheme supporting QoS and mobility across different access networks. This utilizes the Media-Independent Handover (MIH) Services and follows principles of the Next Generation Network (NGN) architecture. Correspondence among different service classes and parameters is also provided for service mobility using Media-Independent Handover (MIH) Services.
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Title: A Survey on QoS in Next Generation Networks
Section 1: Introduction
Description 1: Introduce the topic of QoS in Next Generation Networks, explain the importance and relevance of the topic, and provide an overview of the paper structure.

Section 2: Description Framework
Description 2: Provide several frameworks, including the concepts around QoS-based Networks, the factors that may affect QoS, and the approaches.

Section 3: Integrated Services (IntServ)
Description 3: Describe the IntServ model, its functioning, and discuss its scalability issues that hinder widespread implementation.

Section 4: Differentiated Services (DiffServ)
Description 4: Discuss the DiffServ paradigm, its architecture, and various projects that have employed DiffServ to ensure QoS.

Section 5: Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
Description 5: Outline ATM technology, its capabilities in providing high-speed transfer and QoS, and notable research activities regarding ATM and QoS.

Section 6: MultiProtocol Label Switching (MPLS)
Description 6: Describe MPLS technology, its combination of IP and ATM, and review some research activities focusing on MPLS's traffic engineering capabilities.

Section 7: EU-QoS
Description 7: Explain the EuQoS project, its aim to construct a QoS-based framework for heterogeneous networks, and significant findings from the project.

Section 8: Y-Comm
Description 8: Outline the Y-Comm architecture for heterogeneous networks, its components, and related research contributions and findings.

Section 9: Ambient Networks (AN)
Description 9: Discuss the Ambient Networks project, its motivation, features, and innovative solutions for network cooperation and heterogeneous network interaction.

Section 10: DAIDALOS
Description 10: Describe the DAIDALOS project, its goal for advanced network interfaces and communication services, and highlight various research outputs from the project.

Section 11: Smart
Description 11: Provide an overview of the Smart architecture, its components, and how it supports efficient use of wireless access networks for QoS provisioning.

Section 12: Methods Discussion & Comparison
Description 12: Compare and contrast the various QoS architectures discussed, listing their strengths and drawbacks, and discuss the evolving requirements for QoS in current networks.

Section 13: Conclusion
Description 13: Summarize the findings from the survey, emphasizing the advancements and ongoing challenges in achieving QoS over heterogeneous networks.