Survey on network mobility support
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paper_title: Mobility support in IPv6

paper_content:

This document specifies Mobile IPv6, a protocol which allows nodes to ::: remain reachable while moving around in the IPv6 Internet. Each mobile ::: node is always identified by its home address, regardless of its ::: current point of attachment to the Internet. While situated away from ::: its home, a mobile node is also associated with a care-of address, ::: which provides information about the mobile node's current ::: location. IPv6 packets addressed to a mobile node's home address ::: are transparently routed to its care-of address. The protocol enables ::: IPv6 nodes to cache the binding of a mobile node's home address ::: with its care-of address, and to then send any packets destined for ::: the mobile node directly to it at this care-of address. To support ::: this operation, Mobile IPv6 defines a new IPv6 protocol and a new ::: destination option. All IPv6 nodes, whether mobile or stationary, can ::: communicate with mobile nodes. This document obsoletes RFC 3775.
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paper_title: IP Mobility Support for IPv4

paper_content:

This document specifies protocol enhancements that allow transparent routing of IP datagrams to mobile nodes in the Internet. Each mobile node is always identified by its home address, regardless of its current point of attachment to the Internet. While situated away from its home, a mobile node is also associated with a care-of address, which provides information about its current point of attachment to the Internet. The protocol provides for registering the care-of address with a home agent. The home agent sends datagrams destined for the mobile node through a tunnel to the care- of address. After arriving at the end of the tunnel, each datagram is then delivered to the mobile node.
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paper_title: IP Mobility Support

paper_content:

This document specifies protocol enhancements that allow transparent routing of IP datagrams to mobile nodes in the Internet. Each mobile node is always identified by its home address, regardless of its current point of attachment to the Internet. While situated away from its home, a mobile node is also associated with a care-of address, which provides information about its current point of attachment to the Internet. The protocol provides for registering the care-of address with a home agent. The home agent sends datagrams destined for the mobile node through a tunnel to the care- of address. After arriving at the end of the tunnel, each datagram is then delivered to the mobile node.
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paper_title: Mobility support in IPv6

paper_content:

This document specifies Mobile IPv6, a protocol which allows nodes to ::: remain reachable while moving around in the IPv6 Internet. Each mobile ::: node is always identified by its home address, regardless of its ::: current point of attachment to the Internet. While situated away from ::: its home, a mobile node is also associated with a care-of address, ::: which provides information about the mobile node's current ::: location. IPv6 packets addressed to a mobile node's home address ::: are transparently routed to its care-of address. The protocol enables ::: IPv6 nodes to cache the binding of a mobile node's home address ::: with its care-of address, and to then send any packets destined for ::: the mobile node directly to it at this care-of address. To support ::: this operation, Mobile IPv6 defines a new IPv6 protocol and a new ::: destination option. All IPv6 nodes, whether mobile or stationary, can ::: communicate with mobile nodes. This document obsoletes RFC 3775.
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paper_title: Mobile IP; Design Principles and Practices

paper_content:

From the Book: ::: PREFACE: ::: Two technological advances in recent years have radically altered the nature of computing for most computer users. The first is mobility. Laptop computers now represent the fastest growing segment of the computer market. Most observers expect that laptop computers, palmtop computers, networked personal digital assistants, and other such mobile computers will eventually represent the majority of the stations connected to the Internet. The advantage of mobile computing is that users may access all their applications from any location, whether they are in another building or a different state. The second advance is the widespread use of the Internet for communication, file transfer, and World Wide Web connectivity. This book describes how to make a mobile computer user a citizen of the Internet and how to access everything the information superhighway has to offer. The goal of this book is to provide you with an introduction to the design and implementation of Internet protocols that are useful for maintaining network connections even while moving from place to place. We look at several protocols including Mobile IP, route optimization, IP version 6, the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, encapsulation, source routing, and some related miscellaneous topics still under development. ::: ::: To take full advantage of the information in this book, you should be familiar with basic Internet protocols, such as the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)/IP. Rich Stevens' book TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1: The Protocols and Douglas Comer's Internetworking with TCP/IP both provide excellent introductions to TCP/IP. As a developer of hardware and softwareproductsfor the Internet, you should have these books on your shelves. ::: ::: By the time you finish Mobile IP: Design Principles and Practices, you will be able to implement Mobile IP, and will have a clear understanding of the system impact of mobility. You will also understand the relevant protocols, and the traps and pitfalls that you are likely to encounter along the way. ::: ::: As you read the book, you will notice many italicized terms, some of which have conventional meanings that may be different than one's first impression (for example, foreign agent). These terms are defined in the Glossary: Please check definitions there, and be sure that you understand a term's meaning before moving on in the text. ::: ::: 0201634694P04062001
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paper_title: Mobility support in IPv6

paper_content:

This document specifies Mobile IPv6, a protocol which allows nodes to ::: remain reachable while moving around in the IPv6 Internet. Each mobile ::: node is always identified by its home address, regardless of its ::: current point of attachment to the Internet. While situated away from ::: its home, a mobile node is also associated with a care-of address, ::: which provides information about the mobile node's current ::: location. IPv6 packets addressed to a mobile node's home address ::: are transparently routed to its care-of address. The protocol enables ::: IPv6 nodes to cache the binding of a mobile node's home address ::: with its care-of address, and to then send any packets destined for ::: the mobile node directly to it at this care-of address. To support ::: this operation, Mobile IPv6 defines a new IPv6 protocol and a new ::: destination option. All IPv6 nodes, whether mobile or stationary, can ::: communicate with mobile nodes. This document obsoletes RFC 3775.
---
paper_title: Mobility support in IPv6

paper_content:

This document specifies Mobile IPv6, a protocol which allows nodes to ::: remain reachable while moving around in the IPv6 Internet. Each mobile ::: node is always identified by its home address, regardless of its ::: current point of attachment to the Internet. While situated away from ::: its home, a mobile node is also associated with a care-of address, ::: which provides information about the mobile node's current ::: location. IPv6 packets addressed to a mobile node's home address ::: are transparently routed to its care-of address. The protocol enables ::: IPv6 nodes to cache the binding of a mobile node's home address ::: with its care-of address, and to then send any packets destined for ::: the mobile node directly to it at this care-of address. To support ::: this operation, Mobile IPv6 defines a new IPv6 protocol and a new ::: destination option. All IPv6 nodes, whether mobile or stationary, can ::: communicate with mobile nodes. This document obsoletes RFC 3775.
---
paper_title: IP Mobility Support for IPv4

paper_content:

This document specifies protocol enhancements that allow transparent routing of IP datagrams to mobile nodes in the Internet. Each mobile node is always identified by its home address, regardless of its current point of attachment to the Internet. While situated away from its home, a mobile node is also associated with a care-of address, which provides information about its current point of attachment to the Internet. The protocol provides for registering the care-of address with a home agent. The home agent sends datagrams destined for the mobile node through a tunnel to the care- of address. After arriving at the end of the tunnel, each datagram is then delivered to the mobile node.
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paper_title: S-MIP: a seamless handoff architecture for mobile IP

paper_content:

As the number of Mobile IP (MIP) [C. Perkins, (1996)] users grow, so will the demand for delay sensitive real-time applications, such as audio streaming, that require seamless handoff, namely, a packet lossless Quality-of-Service guarantee during a handoff. Two well-known approaches in reducing the MIP handoff latency have been proposed in the literature. One aims to reduce the (home) network registration time through a hierarchical management structure, while the other tries to minimize the lengthy address resolution delay by address pre-configuration through what is known as the fast-handoff mechanism. We present a novel seamless handoff architecture, S-MIP, that builds on top of the hierarchical approach [H. Soliman et al. (2002)] and the fast-handoff mechanism [G. Dommety et al. (2002)], in conjunction with a newly developed handoff algorithm based on pure software-based movement tracking techniques [Z.-G. Zhou et al. (2002)]. Using a combination of simulation and mathematical analysis, we argue that our architecture is capable of providing packet lossless handoff with latency similar to that of L2 handoff delay when using the 802.11 access technology. More importantly, S-MIP has a signaling overhead equal to that of the well-known 'integrated' hierarchical MIP with fast-handoff scheme [H. Soliman et al. (2002)], within the portion of the network that uses wireless links. In relation to our S-MIP architecture, we discuss issues regarding the construction of network architecture, movement tracking, registration, address resolution, handoff algorithm and data handling.
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paper_title: DHCPv6 Prefix Delegation for NEMO

paper_content:

One aspect of network mobility support is the assignment of a prefix ::: or prefixes to a Mobile Router (MR) for use on the links in the Mobile ::: Network. DHCPv6 prefix delegation can be used for this configuration ::: task.
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paper_title: Mobility support in IPv6

paper_content:

This document specifies Mobile IPv6, a protocol which allows nodes to ::: remain reachable while moving around in the IPv6 Internet. Each mobile ::: node is always identified by its home address, regardless of its ::: current point of attachment to the Internet. While situated away from ::: its home, a mobile node is also associated with a care-of address, ::: which provides information about the mobile node's current ::: location. IPv6 packets addressed to a mobile node's home address ::: are transparently routed to its care-of address. The protocol enables ::: IPv6 nodes to cache the binding of a mobile node's home address ::: with its care-of address, and to then send any packets destined for ::: the mobile node directly to it at this care-of address. To support ::: this operation, Mobile IPv6 defines a new IPv6 protocol and a new ::: destination option. All IPv6 nodes, whether mobile or stationary, can ::: communicate with mobile nodes. This document obsoletes RFC 3775.
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paper_title: Extending Mobile-IPv6 with multicast to support mobile networks in IPv6

paper_content:

This paper addresses the problems of routing datagrams to nodes located in an IPv6 mobile network. A mobile network is a network that is changing its point of attachment dynamically such as a network deployed in an aircraft, a boat, or a car. The IETF Mobile-IPv6 protocol that has been developed to support mobile nodes is unable to support mobile networks efficiently. In fact, we show that Mobile-IPv6 would not scale and would introduce some authentication problems. This paper proposes a solution that combines multicast routing with Mobile-IPv6 to support mobile networks in the Internet.
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paper_title: ORC: optimized route cache management protocol for network mobility

paper_content:

In this paper, we describe the Optimized Route Cache Management Protocol (ORC) as a network mobility protocol and evaluated it through experiments on a prototype implementation. ORC provides mobility transparency to a network regardless of network movements. Mobile network is a network that moves entirely. Typical examples for a mobile network are personal area networks (PAN) and networks inside vehicles. ORC is based on mobile IPv6 and is combined with the Internet routing mechanisms for network mobility management. ORC assigns a unique unchanging subnet prefix to a mobile network and notifies and maintains a mobile network's route called binding route (BR). A BR is an association between the prefix of the mobile network and a current available address known as care-of address in mobile IPv6. ORC allows interior gateway protocol (IGP) routers named ORC routers to cache a BR. ORC routers intercept packets destined to the mobile network and route them to the mobile network according to the BR. The BR must be updated as soon as the mobile network changes the care-of address by its topological position, employing constant BR exchange to ORC routers and temporary BR exchange to dynamically discovered ORC routers. Based on the experimental results, ORC is confirmed to provide network mobility and optimal communication in terms of route optimization. The evaluation shows that route optimization is required for network mobility to improve communication performance.
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paper_title: ORC: optimized route cache management protocol for network mobility

paper_content:

In this paper, we describe the Optimized Route Cache Management Protocol (ORC) as a network mobility protocol and evaluated it through experiments on a prototype implementation. ORC provides mobility transparency to a network regardless of network movements. Mobile network is a network that moves entirely. Typical examples for a mobile network are personal area networks (PAN) and networks inside vehicles. ORC is based on mobile IPv6 and is combined with the Internet routing mechanisms for network mobility management. ORC assigns a unique unchanging subnet prefix to a mobile network and notifies and maintains a mobile network's route called binding route (BR). A BR is an association between the prefix of the mobile network and a current available address known as care-of address in mobile IPv6. ORC allows interior gateway protocol (IGP) routers named ORC routers to cache a BR. ORC routers intercept packets destined to the mobile network and route them to the mobile network according to the BR. The BR must be updated as soon as the mobile network changes the care-of address by its topological position, employing constant BR exchange to ORC routers and temporary BR exchange to dynamically discovered ORC routers. Based on the experimental results, ORC is confirmed to provide network mobility and optimal communication in terms of route optimization. The evaluation shows that route optimization is required for network mobility to improve communication performance.
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paper_title: OptiNets: an architecture to enable optimal routing for network mobility

paper_content:

More and more people want to access the Internet and virtual private networks from anywhere at anytime. This has given rise to providing connectivity capabilities to commuters of public transportation systems. Internet access from moving vehicles has necessitated an architecture which relies upon a special entity, namely a mobile router to support the mobility of the entire network. This paper presents an optimal routing architecture for devices accessing the Internet through a mobile router deployed in such a mobile network. Our scheme takes into consideration all entities involved in a network mobility scenario and attempts to diffuse the mobility management load without burdening a single entity of the architecture. Our architecture has three main benefits. Firstly, it provides mechanisms for any type of mobile network node present in the network - mobility aware or mobility unaware - to communicate using optimal routes with their correspondent nodes. Secondly added functionality to the MIPv6 operation is neither required at the correspondent nodes nor at the mobile network nodes. Thirdly, our architecture reduces and diffuses the processing burden at the mobile routers and their home agents.
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paper_title: Route optimization for mobile nodes in mobile network based on prefix delegation

paper_content:

This paper presents the mechanism which allows mobile nodes in mobile network to perform route optimization. The mechanism is based on the prefix delegation protocol which is an address autoconfiguration technique on router. Mobile router gets a prefix from an access router using prefix delegation protocol and advertises the delegated prefix to its subnet. Each mobile node makes its care-of address from the prefix and performs binding update. It allows the mobile nodes to communicate with correspondent nodes directly by pass ingress filtering. In this paper, we define a new IPv6 neighbor discovery option to advertise the delegated prefix and extend a mobile node operation to process the new option.
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paper_title: Network Mobility from the InternetCAR Perspective

paper_content:

A number of devices, including sensors, mobile phones, and various computers will be deployed in next generation vehicles, and interconnected through an embedded in-vehicle network. These vehicles will be connected to the Internet as both a step toward ubiquitous computing and as a means to meet Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) needs. At first, a communication system is required to connect vehicles to the Internet. Such communication system is investigated in our InternetCAR project. For flexibility and ease of use, we advocate IPv6. This paper particularly focus on network mobility since network mobility support is mandated to maintain ongoing sessions as the in-vehicle embedded network changes its point of attachment to the Internet topology. We outline our testbed specifically designed for the purpose of demonstrating our proposed communication system and we detail our implementation based on Prefix Scope Binding Updates, the initial network mobility support solution proposed at the IETF before the NEMO working group was set up.
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Title: Survey on Network Mobility Support

Section 1: Introduction
Description 1: Present the motivation for the study of network mobility, define the scope, and outline the structure of the paper.

Section 2: Mobile Network Architecture
Description 2: Describe the typical architectures of mobile networks, including the roles of Mobile Routers and various node types within these networks.

Section 3: Previous Work
Description 3: Review existing work and protocols related to mobile network support in IPv4 and IPv6 environments.

Section 4: Network Mobility Characteristics and Design Requirements
Description 4: Identify and discuss the essential characteristics and design requirements for network mobility protocols.

Section 5: NEMO Basic Support
Description 5: Detail the basic support solution proposed by the IETF NEMO working group, and how it aims to provide seamless global connectivity.

Section 6: Open Research Issues For NEMO
Description 6: Highlight and discuss open research issues in the field of network mobility including sub-optimal routing, security, and scalability.

Section 7: Route Optimization For NEMO
Description 7: Explore various techniques and solutions proposed for optimizing routing within network mobility scenarios.

Section 8: NEMO Projects
Description 8: Review recent projects and initiatives focused on the development and deployment of network mobility solutions.

Section 9: Conclusion
Description 9: Summarize the findings of the paper, discuss the current state of network mobility support, and propose areas for future research.

Section 10: Acknowledgements
Description 10: Provide acknowledgments to contributors and funding sources that supported the research.