Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching: An Overview of Signaling Enhancements and Recovery Techniques
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paper_title: Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching: An Overview of Routing and Management Enhancements

paper_content:

Generalized multiprotocol label switching, also referred to as multiprotocol lambda switching, supports not only devices that perform packet switching, but also those that perform switching in the time, wavelength, and space domains. The development of GMPLS requires modifications to current signaling and routing protocols. It has also triggered the development of new protocols such as the Link Management protocol. We present the traffic engineering enhancements to the Open Shortest Path First Internet routing protocol and ISIS Intradomain Routing Protocol, two popular routing protocols, to support GMPLS. We present the concepts of generalized interfaces, label-switched path hierarchy, and link bundling intended to improve GMPLS scalability. We also discuss the Link Management Protocol which can be used to make the underlying links more manageable.
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paper_title: Multiprotocol Lambda Switching: Combining MPLS Traffic Engineering Control with Optical Crossconnects

paper_content:

This article describes an approach to the design of control planes for optical crossconnects which leverages existing control plane techniques developed for MPLS traffic engineering. The proposed approach combines recent advances in MPLS traffic engineering control plane constructs with OXC technology to provide a framework for real-time provisioning of optical channels, foster development and deployment of a new class of OXCs, and allow the use of uniform semantics for network management and operations control in hybrid networks consisting of OXCs and label switching routers. The proposed approach is particularly advantageous for OXCs intended for data-centric optical internetworking systems.
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paper_title: Generalized MPLS signaling - RSVP - TE Extensions

paper_content:

A system for sputter coating architectural glass is disclosed which includes an evacuable enclosure, a conveyor for moving glass to be coated along parallel paths, an elongated sputtering cathode supported between the paths, and structure by which ionizable gas is introduced into the enclosure. The cathode creates a continuous band of plasma extending about it through a region defining laterally spaced first and second sections extending generally parallel to glass on respective sides of the cathode and return sections joining the ends of the laterally spaced sections. The cathode includes sputtering material target face portions extending adjacent and parallel to the plasma sections and a magnetic field directing system for constraining the plasma flow in the sections to extend substantially uniformly over the target face portions.
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paper_title: Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching: An Overview of Routing and Management Enhancements

paper_content:

Generalized multiprotocol label switching, also referred to as multiprotocol lambda switching, supports not only devices that perform packet switching, but also those that perform switching in the time, wavelength, and space domains. The development of GMPLS requires modifications to current signaling and routing protocols. It has also triggered the development of new protocols such as the Link Management protocol. We present the traffic engineering enhancements to the Open Shortest Path First Internet routing protocol and ISIS Intradomain Routing Protocol, two popular routing protocols, to support GMPLS. We present the concepts of generalized interfaces, label-switched path hierarchy, and link bundling intended to improve GMPLS scalability. We also discuss the Link Management Protocol which can be used to make the underlying links more manageable.
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paper_title: LSP Hierarchy with MPLS TE

paper_content:

This invention relates to a novel aromatic dianhydride and more particularly to the use of said dianhydride for the preparation of thermally stable high-molecular weight polymers including, for example, polybenzimidazoles, polypyrrones, polyimides, and the like. This dianhydride is obtained by reacting a stoichiometric amount of a disodium salt of 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) hexafluoropropane with 4-chloro-N-phenylphthalimide to obtain an intermediate, 2,2-bis[4-(3,4-phenylphthalimidephenoxy)phenyl] hexafluoropropane, which is oxidized to the corresponding bis[4-(3,4-dicarboxyphenoxy)phenyl]perfluoroisopropylidene dianhydride.
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paper_title: Generalized MPLS signaling - RSVP - TE Extensions

paper_content:

A system for sputter coating architectural glass is disclosed which includes an evacuable enclosure, a conveyor for moving glass to be coated along parallel paths, an elongated sputtering cathode supported between the paths, and structure by which ionizable gas is introduced into the enclosure. The cathode creates a continuous band of plasma extending about it through a region defining laterally spaced first and second sections extending generally parallel to glass on respective sides of the cathode and return sections joining the ends of the laterally spaced sections. The cathode includes sputtering material target face portions extending adjacent and parallel to the plasma sections and a magnetic field directing system for constraining the plasma flow in the sections to extend substantially uniformly over the target face portions.
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Title: Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching: An Overview of Signaling Enhancements and Recovery Techniques

Section 1: INTRODUCTION
Description 1: This section introduces the fundamental concepts of MPLS and its evolution into GMPLS, highlighting the additional functionalities and control plane enhancements necessary for optical transport networks.

Section 2: ENHANCEMENTS TO SIGNALING
Description 2: This section discusses the improvements made to label distribution protocols to support GMPLS, including the enhancements to RSVP-TE and CR-LDP protocols.

Section 3: HIERARCHICAL LSP SETUP
Description 3: This section explains the concept of hierarchical LSPs in GMPLS, where lower-order LSPs trigger the formation of higher-order LSPs based on node capabilities.

Section 4: THE SUGGESTED LABEL
Description 4: This section details the mechanism by which an upstream node can suggest a label to downstream nodes in order to optimize LSP setup time and resource allocation.

Section 5: BIDIRECTIONAL LSP SETUP
Description 5: This section describes how GMPLS supports bidirectional optical LSPs, reducing setup latency and control overhead compared to unidirectional LSPs in MPLS.

Section 6: NOTIFY MESSAGES
Description 6: This section outlines the use of Notify messages in GMPLS to quickly inform nonadjacent nodes of LSP-related failures, emphasizing the separation of data and control planes.

Section 7: GMPLS PROTECTION AND RESTORATION TECHNIQUES
Description 7: This section reviews the requirements and techniques for fault management in GMPLS, including fault detection, localization, and the distinction between protection and restoration mechanisms.

Section 8: PROTECTION MECHANISMS
Description 8: This section categorizes the various protection mechanisms in GMPLS, such as 1+1 protection and M:N protection, with a focus on span and path protection.

Section 9: RESTORATION MECHANISMS
Description 9: This section covers the restoration techniques used in GMPLS, noting the dynamic establishment of resources and route calculation complexities involved in line and path restoration.

Section 10: CONCLUSIONS
Description 10: This section concludes with an overview of the significance of GMPLS in the evolution of next-generation data and optical networks, emphasizing its role in integrating IP and photonic layers.