Survey on 3D channel modeling : From theory to standardization
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paper_title: Wireless flexible personalised communications : COST 259 : European co-operation in mobile radio research

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Preface. Table of Contents. List of Acronyms. Introduction. Radio Systems Aspects. Antennas and Propagation. Network Aspects. Annex I: List of Contributors. Annex II: List of Participating Institutions. Index.
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paper_title: 3D beamforming trials with an active antenna array

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Beamforming techniques for mobile wireless communication systems like LTE using multiple antenna arrays for transmission and reception to increase the signal-to-noise-and-interference ratio (SINR) are state of the art. The increased SINR is not only due to a larger gain in the direction of the desired user, but also due to a better control of the spatial distribution of interference in the cell. To further enhance the system performance not only the horizontal, but also the vertical dimension can be exploited for beam pattern adaptation, thus giving an additional degree of freedom for interference avoidance among adjacent cells. This horizontal and vertical beam pattern adaptation is also referred to as 3D beamforming in the following. This paper describes investigations of the potential of 3D beamforming with lab and field trial setups and provides initial performance results.
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paper_title: A comparison of specific space diversity techniques for reduction of fast fading in UHF mobile radio systems

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Over the past few years a variety of space diversity system techniques have been considered for the purpose of reducing the rapid fading encountered in microwave mobile radio systems. Basic diversity methods are first reviewed in the framework of mobile propagation effects, and then specific techniques are compared from the standpoint of transmitter power required to achieve a certain performance. Criteria of comparison used included baseband SNR while moving and reliability when the vehicle stops at random. System parameters are type and order of diversity and transmission bandwidth. Tradeoffs between performance properties and system parameters are indicated. The calculations show that relatively modest use of diversity techniques can afford savings in transmitter power of 10-20 dB. For example, at a range of 2 mi, to obtain 30-dB baseband SNR while moving and 99.9-percent reliability when stopped requires a transmitted power of 8 W for a conventional FM system with no diversity. Two-branch selection diversity provides the same performance for a transmitter power of only 300 mW.
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paper_title: MIMO Wireless Networks: Channels, Techniques and Standards for Multi-Antenna, Multi-User and Multi-Cell Systems

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The second edition of MIMO Wireless Networks is unique in bridging the gap between multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) radio propagation and signal processing techniques and presenting robust MIMO network designs for real-world wireless channels. The book emphasizes how propagation mechanisms impact MIMO system performance under practical power constraints, examining how real-world propagation affects the capacity and the error performance of MIMO transmission schemes. Combining a solid mathematical analysis with a physical and intuitive approach, the book progressively derives innovative designs, taking into consideration that MIMO channels are usually far from ideal. Reflecting developments since the first edition was published, the book has been updated and now includes several new chapters covering Multi-user MIMO, Multi-Cell MIMO, Receiver Design, MIMO in 3GPP and WiMAX and realistic system level evaluations of MIMO network performance.Reviews physical models and analytical representations of MIMO propagation channels, highlighting their strengths and weaknessesGives overview of space-time coding techniques, covering both classical and more recent schemes Shows innovative and practical designs of robust space-time coding, precoding and antenna selection techniques for realistic propagation (including single-carrier and MIMO-OFDM transmissions)
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paper_title: An interim channel model for beyond-3G systems: extending the 3GPP spatial channel model (SCM)

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This paper reports on the interim beyond-3G (B3G) channel model developed by and used within the European WINNER project. The model is a comprehensive spatial channel model for 2 and 5 GHz frequency bands and supports bandwidths up to 100 MHz in three different outdoor environments. It further features time-evolution of system-level parameters for challenging advanced communication algorithms, as well as a reduced-variability tapped delay-line model for improved usability in calibration and comparison simulations.
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paper_title: Wireless Information Networks

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Preface. PART I INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS NETWORKS. 1 Overview of Wireless Networks. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Network Architecture and Design Issues. 1.3 Key Trends in Wireless Networking. 1.4 Outline of the Book. Questions. 2 Evolution of the Wireless Industry. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Three Views of the Wireless Industry. 2.3 Three Generations of Cellular Networks. 2.4 Trends in Wireless Technologies. Questions. PART II CHARACTERISTICS OF RADIO PROPAGATION. 3 Characterization of Radio Propagation. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Multipath Fading and the Distance-Power Relationship. 3.3 Local Movements and Doppler Shift. 3.4 Multipath for Wideband Signals. 3.5 Classical Uncorrelated Scattering Model. 3.6 Indoor and Urban Radio Propagation Modeling. Questions. Problems. Projects. 4 Modeling and Simulation of Narrowband Signal Characteristics. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Modeling Path Loss and Slow Shadow Fading. 4.3 Doppler Spectrum of Fast Envelope Fading. 4.4 Statistical Behavior of Fast Envelope Fading. 4.5 Simulation of Fast Envelope Fading. Questions. Problems. Projects. 5 Measurement of Wideband and UWB Channel Characteristics. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Time-Domain Measurement Techniques. 5.3 Frequency-Domain Measurement Techniques. 5.4 Advances in Frequency-Domain Channel Measurement. Questions. Problems. Project. 6 Modeling of Wideband Radio Channel Characteristics. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Wideband Time-Domain Statistical Modeling. 6.3 Wideband Frequency-Domain Channel Modeling. 6.4 Comparison Between Statistical Models. 6.5 Ray-Tracing Algorithms. 6.6 Direct Solution of Radio Propagation Equations. 6.7 Comparison of Deterministic and Statistical Modeling. 6.8 Site-Specific Statistical Model. Appendix 6A: GSM-Recommended Multipath Propagation Models. Appendix 6B: Wideband Multipath Propagation Models. Questions. Problems. Projects. PART III MODEM DESIGN. 7 Narrowband Modem Technology. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Basic Modulation Techniques. 7.3 Theoretical Limits and Practical Impairments. 7.4 Traditional Modems for Wide-Area Wireless Networks. 7.5 Other Aspects of Modem Implementation. Questions. Problems. Projects. 8 Fading, Diversity, and Coding. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Radio Communication on Flat Rayleigh Fading Channels. 8.3 Diversity Combining. 8.4 Error-Control Coding for Wireless Channels. 8.5 Space-Time Coding. 8.6 MIMO and STC. Questions. Problems. Projects. 9 Broadband Modem Technologies. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Effects of Frequency-Selective Multipath Fading. 9.3 Discrete Multipath Fading Channel Model. 9.4 Adaptive Discrete Matched Filter. 9.5 Adaptive Equalization. 9.6 Sectored Antennas. 9.7 Multicarrier, OFDM, and Frequency Diversity. 9.8 Comparison of Traditional Broadband Modems. 9.9 MIMO in Frequency-Selective Fading. Appendix 9A: Analysis of the Equalizers. Questions. Problems. Projects. 10 Spread-Spectrum and CDMA Technology. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Principles of Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum. 10.3 Principles of Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum. 10.4 Interference in Spread-Spectrum Systems. 10.5 Performance of CDMA Systems. Questions. Problems. PART IV SYSTEMS ASPECTS. 11 Topology, Medium Access, and Performance. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Topologies for Local Networks. 11.3 Cellular Topology for Wide-Area Networks. 11.4 Centrally Controlled Assigned Access Methods. 11.5 Distributed Contention-Based Access Control. Questions. Problems. Project. 12 Ultrawideband Communications. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 UWB Channel Characteristics. 12.3 Impulse Radio and Time-Hopping Access. 12.4 Direct-Sequence UWB. 12.5 Multiband OFDM. Questions. Problems. 13 RF Location Sensing. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 RF Location-Sensing Techniques. 13.3 Modeling The Behavior of RF Sensors. 13.4 Wireless Positioning Algorithms. Questions. Problems. 14 Wireless Optical Networks. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Implementation. 14.3 Eye Safety. 14.4 IR Channel Characterization and Data-Rate Limitations. 14.5 Modulation Techniques for Optical Communications. 14.6 Multiple Access and Data Rate. Questions. 15 Systems and Standards. 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 GSM, GPRS, and EDGE. 15.3 CDMA and HDR. 15.4 Other Historical Systems. 15.5 Wireless LANs. 15.6 Speech Coding in Wireless Systems. Questions. References. Index. About the Authors.
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paper_title: A generic channel model in multi-cluster environments

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We present a new method of defining spatio-temporal clusters using geometric modeling approach, which simulate the phenomenon that has a geometric analog. Various clusters are given different shapes or forms to scatterer distributions based on their logical appeal to certain radio environments. This classification methodology is based on the semi-geometrically-based statistical model developed in this paper. We then derive the analytical expressions of power azimuthal spectrum, power delay spectrum and cluster power using the generic model. Armed with the model preliminaries, we further parameterize some important geometric clusters, which reproduce the significant effects of typical scattering environments. The modeling approach presented in this paper is useful for system-level simulation and performance evaluation.
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paper_title: Geometrical-based statistical macrocell channel model for mobile environments

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We develop a statistical geometric propagation model for a macrocell mobile environment that provides the statistics of angle-of-arrival (AOA) of the multipath components, which are required to test adaptive array algorithms for cellular applications. This channel model assumes that each multipath component of the propagating signal undergoes only one bounce traveling from the transmitter to the receiver and that scattering objects are located uniformly within a circle around the mobile. This geometrically based single bounce macrocell (GBSBM) channel model provides three important parameters that characterize a channel: the power of the multipath components, the time-of-arrival (TOA) of the components, and the AOA of the components. Using the GBSBM model, we analyze the effect of directional antennas at the base station on the fading envelopes. The level crossing rate of the fading envelope is reduced and the envelope correlation increases significantly if a directional antenna is employed at the base station.
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paper_title: A generic model for MIMO wireless propagation channels in macro- and microcells

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This paper derives a generic model for the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless channel. The model incorporates important effects, including i) interdependency of directions-of-arrival and directions-of-departure, ii) large delay and angle dispersion by propagation via far clusters, and iii) rank reduction of the transfer function matrix. We propose a geometry-based model that includes the propagation effects that are critical for MIMO performance: i) single scattering around the BS and MS, ii) scattering by far clusters, iii) double-scattering, iv) waveguiding, and v) diffraction by roof edges. The required parameters for the complete definition of the model are enumerated, and typical parameter values in macro and microcellular environments are discussed.
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paper_title: The COST259 Directional Channel Model-Part I: Overview and Methodology

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This paper describes a model for mobile radio channels that includes consideration of directions of arrival and is thus suitable for simulations of the performance of wireless systems that use smart antennas. The model is specified for 13 different types of environments, covering macro- micro- and picocells. In this paper, a hierarchy of modeling concepts is described, as well as implementation aspects that are valid for all environments. The model is based on the specification of directional channel impulse response functions, from which the impulse response functions at all antenna elements can be obtained. A layered approach, which distinguishes between external (fixed), large-scale-, and small-scale- parameters allows an efficient parameterization. Different implementation methods, based on either a tapped-delay line or a geometrical model, are described. The paper also derives the transformation between those two approaches. Finally, the concepts of clusters and visibility regions are used to account for large delay and angular spreads that have been measured. In two companion papers, the environment-specific values of the model parameters are explained and justified
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paper_title: The double-directional radio channel

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We introduce the concept of the double-directional mobile radio channel. It is called this because it includes angular information at both link ends, e.g., at the base station and at the mobile station. We show that this angular information can be obtained with synchronized antenna arrays at both link ends. In wideband high-resolution measurements, we use a switched linear array at the receiver and a virtual-cross array at the transmitter. We evaluate the raw measurement data with a technique that alternately used estimation and beamforming, and that relied on ESPRIT (estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance techniques) to obtain superresolution in both angular domains and in the delay domain. In sample microcellular scenarios (open and closed courtyard, line-of-sight and obstructed line-of-sight), up to 50 individual propagation paths are determined. The major multipath components are matched precisely to the physical environment by geometrical considerations. Up to three reflection/scattering points per propagation path are identified and localized, lending insight into the multipath spreading properties in a microcell. The extracted multipath parameters allow unambiguous scatterer identification and channel characterization, independently of a specific antenna, its configuration (single/array), and its pattern. The measurement results demonstrate a considerable amount of power being carried via multiply reflected components, thus suggesting revisiting the popular single-bounce propagation models. It turns out that the wideband double-directional evaluation is a most complete method for separating multipath components. Due to its excellent spatial resolution, the double-directional concept provides accurate estimates of the channel's multipath-richness, which is the important parameter for the capacity of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels.
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paper_title: Wireless flexible personalised communications : COST 259 : European co-operation in mobile radio research

paper_content:

Preface. Table of Contents. List of Acronyms. Introduction. Radio Systems Aspects. Antennas and Propagation. Network Aspects. Annex I: List of Contributors. Annex II: List of Participating Institutions. Index.
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paper_title: Wireless Networking: Understanding Internetworking Challenges

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This book focuses on providing a detailed and practical explanation of key existing and emerging wireless networking technologies and trends,while minimizing the amount of theoretical background information. The book also goes beyond simply presenting what the technology is, but also examines why the technology is the way it is, the history of its development, standardization, and deployment. The book also describes how each technology is used, what problems it was designed to solve, what problems it was not designed to solve., how it relates to other technologies in the marketplace, and internetworking challenges faced withing the context of the Internet, as well as providing deployment trends and standardization trends. Finally, this book decomposes evolving wireless technologies to identify key technical and usage trends in order to discuss the likely characteristics of future wireless networks.
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paper_title: Propagation factors controlling mean field strength on urban streets

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Calculation of mean field strength for urban mobile radio has been made on a ray-theoretical basis assuming an ideal city structure with uniform building heights. The result shows that building height, street width, and street orientation as well as mobile station antenna height are controlling propagation parameters in addition to the ordinary factors. The major theoretical characteristics agree approximately with experimental data including conventional empirical predictions. This suggests a way of theoretically predicting mean field strength in an urban area.
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Title: Survey on 3D Channel Modeling: From Theory to Standardization

Section 1: INTRODUCTION
Description 1: Introduce the motivation, importance, and evolution of 3D channel modeling in the context of wireless communication technologies.

Section 2: MODELS
Description 2: Discuss the principles of existing channel models, focusing on large-scale effects and both SISO and MIMO channel models.

Section 3: STANDARDIZED CHANNEL MODELS
Description 3: Explain the generation of channels within system-level approach based standards, and highlight how standardized channel models differ in scenarios, frequency ranges, and other parameters.

Section 4: Antenna configuration
Description 4: Describe the antenna configurations proposed in current standardization works, including the organization of antenna ports and elements in LTE.

Section 5: 3D Beamforming
Description 5: Detail the ongoing work on 3D beamforming by the TSG-RAN-WG1 group and its implications for future wireless communication systems.

Section 6: System level simulations
Description 6: Discuss the system level simulations being prepared by 3GPP, including new elements, calibration phases, and the expected outcomes of these simulations.

Section 7: CONCLUSION
Description 7: Summarize the key points of the survey, emphasizing the current state and future directions of 3D channel modeling and standardization efforts.