A Survey of Patterns for Web Services Security and Reliability Standards
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paper_title: Security Patterns: Integrating Security and Systems Engineering

paper_content:

Chapter 1: The Pattern Approach. Patterns at a Glance. No Pattern is an Island. Patterns Everywhere. Humans are the Target. Patterns Resolve Problems and Shape Environments. Towards Pattern Languages. Documenting Patterns. A Brief Note on The History of Patterns. The Pattern Community and its Culture. Chapter 2: Security Foundations. Overview. Security Taxonomy. General Security Resources. Chapter 3: Security Patterns. The History of Security Patterns. Characteristics of Security Patterns. Why Security Patterns? Sources for Security Pattern Mining. Chapter 4: Patterns Scope and Enterprise Security. The Scope of Patterns in the Book. Organization Factors. Resulting Organization. Mapping to the Taxonomy. Organization in the Context of an Enterprise Framework. Chapter 5: The Security Pattern Landscape. Enterprise Security and Risk Management Patterns. Identification & Authentication (I&A) Patterns. Access Control Model Patterns. System Access Control Architecture Patterns. Operating System Access Control Patterns. Accounting Patterns. Firewall Architecture Patterns. Secure Internet Applications Patterns. Cryptographic Key Management Patterns. Related Security Pattern Repositories Patterns. Chapter 6: Enterprise Security and Risk Management. Security Needs Identification for Enterprise Assets. Asset Valuation. Threat Assessment. Vulnerability Assessment. Risk Determination. Enterprise Security Approaches. Enterprise Security Services. Enterprise Partner Communication. Chapter 7: Identification and Authentication (I&A). I&A Requirements. Automated I&A Design Alternatives. Password Design and Use. Biometrics Design Alternatives. Chapter 8: Access Control Models. Authorization. Role-Based Access Control. Multilevel Security. Reference Monitor. Role Rights Definition. Chapter 9: System Access Control Architecture. Access Control Requirements. Single Access Point. Check Point. Security Session. Full Access with Errors. Limited Access. Chapter 10: Operating System Access Control. Authenticator. Controlled Process Creator. Controlled Object Factory. Controlled Object Monitor. Controlled Virtual Address Space. Execution Domain. Controlled Execution Environment. File Authorization. Chapter 11: Accounting. Security Accounting Requirements. Audit Requirements. Audit Trails and Logging Requirements. Intrusion Detection Requirements. Non-Repudiation Requirements. Chapter 12: Firewall Architectures. Packet Filter Firewall. Proxy-Based Firewall. Stateful Firewall. Chapter 13: Secure Internet Applications. Information Obscurity. Secure Channels. Known Partners. Demilitarized Zone. Protection Reverse Proxy. Integration Reverse Proxy. Front Door. Chapter 14: Case Study: IP Telephony. IP Telephony at a Glance. The Fundamentals of IP Telephony. Vulnerabilities of IP Telephony Components. IP Telephony Use Cases. Securing IP telephony with patterns. Applying Individual Security Patterns. Conclusion. Chapter 15: Supplementary Concepts. Security Principles and Security Patterns. Enhancing Security Patterns with Misuse Cases. Chapter 16: Closing Remarks. References. Index.
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paper_title: A pattern language for security models

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Security is a serious problem in the Internet and it is necessary to build new systems incorporating security as integral part of their design. The use of patterns is a good tool to help designers build secure systems. We discuss three patterns that correspond to the most common models for security: Authorization, Role-Based Access Control, and Multilevel Security. These can be applied in all the levels of the system and we show their use in the definition of a pattern for file authorization.
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paper_title: A Pattern-Driven Security Process for SOA Applications

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SOA enables the design of flexible and modular software applications that can be used in a cross- organization context. Unfortunately, those qualities have a negative impact on the security of the software application. In this paper, we investigate the production of secure SOA applications. In particular, we provide an approach to build secure SOA applications that takes into account the new security issues introduced by the complexity of SOA-based applications. We build upon two different approaches to secure SOA applications: model-driven development and the use of security patterns.
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paper_title: Using Patterns to Understand and Compare Web Services Security Products and Standards

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Web services are becoming an important way for enterprises to interoperate. Many security standards have been developed for web services, but they are still vulnerable to a variety of attacks; lack of security is one of the main reasons given by people who are reluctant to use web services even knowing of their advantages. A problem with web services security standards is that several organizations are involved in developing them and as a result there are many, and they may overlap. We are developing a catalog of architectural security patterns for web services corresponding to security standards and mechanisms. In this paper we explore another aspect: how to compare standards using patterns. By expressing standards as patterns, we can compare them and understand them better. For example, we can discover potentially overlapping and inconsistent aspects between them.
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paper_title: Policies, Models, and Languages for Access Control

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Access control is the process of mediating every request to data and services maintained by a system and determining whether the request should be granted or denied. Expressiveness and flexibility are top requirements for an access control system together with, and usually in conflict with, simplicity and efficiency. In this paper, we discuss the main desiderata for access control systems and illustrate the main characteristics of access control solutions.
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paper_title: Access control: principles and solutions

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Access control is the process of mediating every request to resources and data maintained by a system and determining whether the request should be granted or denied. The variety and complexity of the protection requirements that may need to be imposed makes access control a far from trivial process. Expressiveness and flexibility are top requisites for an access control system together with, and usually in conflict with, simplicity and efficiency. In this paper, we discuss the main desiderata for access control systems and illustrate the main characteristics of access control solutions in some of the most popular existing systems.
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paper_title: A Pattern System for Access Control

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In order to develop trustworthy information systems, security aspects should be considered from the early project stages. This is particularly true for authorization and access control services, which decide which users can access which parts of the system and in what ways. Software patterns have been used with success to encapsulate best practices in software design. A good collection of patterns is an invaluable aid in designing new systems by inexperienced developers and is also useful to teach and understand difficult problems. Following in this direction, this paper presents a pattern system to describe authorization and access control models. First, we present a set of patterns that include a basic authorization pattern that is the basis for patterns for the well-established discretionary and role-based access control models. Metadata access control models have appeared recently to address the high flexibility requirements of open, heterogeneous systems, such as enterprise or e-commerce portals. These models are complex and we use the basic patterns to develop a set of patterns for metadata-based access control.
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paper_title: Security Patterns: Integrating Security and Systems Engineering

paper_content:

Chapter 1: The Pattern Approach. Patterns at a Glance. No Pattern is an Island. Patterns Everywhere. Humans are the Target. Patterns Resolve Problems and Shape Environments. Towards Pattern Languages. Documenting Patterns. A Brief Note on The History of Patterns. The Pattern Community and its Culture. Chapter 2: Security Foundations. Overview. Security Taxonomy. General Security Resources. Chapter 3: Security Patterns. The History of Security Patterns. Characteristics of Security Patterns. Why Security Patterns? Sources for Security Pattern Mining. Chapter 4: Patterns Scope and Enterprise Security. The Scope of Patterns in the Book. Organization Factors. Resulting Organization. Mapping to the Taxonomy. Organization in the Context of an Enterprise Framework. Chapter 5: The Security Pattern Landscape. Enterprise Security and Risk Management Patterns. Identification & Authentication (I&A) Patterns. Access Control Model Patterns. System Access Control Architecture Patterns. Operating System Access Control Patterns. Accounting Patterns. Firewall Architecture Patterns. Secure Internet Applications Patterns. Cryptographic Key Management Patterns. Related Security Pattern Repositories Patterns. Chapter 6: Enterprise Security and Risk Management. Security Needs Identification for Enterprise Assets. Asset Valuation. Threat Assessment. Vulnerability Assessment. Risk Determination. Enterprise Security Approaches. Enterprise Security Services. Enterprise Partner Communication. Chapter 7: Identification and Authentication (I&A). I&A Requirements. Automated I&A Design Alternatives. Password Design and Use. Biometrics Design Alternatives. Chapter 8: Access Control Models. Authorization. Role-Based Access Control. Multilevel Security. Reference Monitor. Role Rights Definition. Chapter 9: System Access Control Architecture. Access Control Requirements. Single Access Point. Check Point. Security Session. Full Access with Errors. Limited Access. Chapter 10: Operating System Access Control. Authenticator. Controlled Process Creator. Controlled Object Factory. Controlled Object Monitor. Controlled Virtual Address Space. Execution Domain. Controlled Execution Environment. File Authorization. Chapter 11: Accounting. Security Accounting Requirements. Audit Requirements. Audit Trails and Logging Requirements. Intrusion Detection Requirements. Non-Repudiation Requirements. Chapter 12: Firewall Architectures. Packet Filter Firewall. Proxy-Based Firewall. Stateful Firewall. Chapter 13: Secure Internet Applications. Information Obscurity. Secure Channels. Known Partners. Demilitarized Zone. Protection Reverse Proxy. Integration Reverse Proxy. Front Door. Chapter 14: Case Study: IP Telephony. IP Telephony at a Glance. The Fundamentals of IP Telephony. Vulnerabilities of IP Telephony Components. IP Telephony Use Cases. Securing IP telephony with patterns. Applying Individual Security Patterns. Conclusion. Chapter 15: Supplementary Concepts. Security Principles and Security Patterns. Enhancing Security Patterns with Misuse Cases. Chapter 16: Closing Remarks. References. Index.
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paper_title: Patterns for access control in distributed systems

paper_content:

Distributed systems introduce a new variety of security threats. The organizations that own those systems must protect their information assets from attacks. To do this we need to start with high-level models that represent the security policies of the institution. We present patterns that derive from traditional models: first, the Policy-Based Access Control which models how to decide if a subject is authorized to access an object according to policies defined in a central policy repository. Then we present implementation-oriented patterns that implement the Access Matrix or RBAC model: The ACL pattern allows control access to objects by indicating which subjects can access an object and in what way. There is usually an ACL associated with each object. The Capability pattern allows control access to objects by providing a credential or ticket to be given to a subject for accessing an object in a specific way. Capabilities are given to the principal.
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paper_title: Symmetric encryption and XML encryption patterns

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Most of the time information handled by organizations has been collected and processed by computers and transmitted across networks to other computers. How can we protect this information from unauthorized access when it is being transmitted? Encryption provides confidentiality by protecting sensitive information from being read by intruders. In this paper, we present two patterns: a Symmetric Encryption pattern that describes a basic type of algorithms and XML Encryption that describes how to apply symmetric and asymmetric encryption to XML messages.
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paper_title: Digital Signature with Hashing and XML Signature patterns

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Data security has become one of the most important concerns for organizations. Information is a valuable asset and needs to be protected. One important countermeasure against attackers is the use of digital signatures. Digital signatures provides message authentication and may also provide message integrity. We present here two patterns: XML Signature and Digital Signature with Hashing patterns. The XML Signature pattern, a specialization of the Digital Signature with Hashing, is used to secure XML messages.
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paper_title: Adapting Web Services Security Standards for Mobile and Wireless Environments

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Web services are an important way for enterprises to interoperate. They are also becoming important for user access to services that depend on location and they are appearing in mobile devices. We consider the security standards needed for the use of web services in wireless networks. Web services security standards are used for the secure design of the communications between a web service and a mobile client and for the storage of the web service and its data. However, because those standards are designed to be flexible, they are also complex and verbose, and most often difficult to understand and implement. In addition, wireless devices have specific technological constraints and their own standards. We show here the use of patterns as a way to adapt web services security standards to the wireless environment. We also present a new pattern for the Liberty Alliance PAOS service.
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paper_title: Misuse pattern: spoofing web services

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We present here a misuse pattern, Spoofing Web Services. A misuse pattern describes how a misuse is performed from the point of view of the attacker, what system units it uses and how, provides ways of stopping the attack by enumerating possible security patterns that can be applied for this purpose, and provides forensic information. This pattern is useful for designers and developers of web services, who can then avoid these situations following the prescriptions of the pattern. This pattern could also be a guide to know what happened and to correct the corresponding vulnerabilities that led to the attack. A web service spoofing misuse tries to impersonate the identity of a user, and then with the user's credentials makes requests in his name, with the intention of accessing a specific web service.
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paper_title: Attack Patterns: A New Forensic and Design Tool

paper_content:

A pattern is an encapsulated solution to a problem in a given context that can be used to guide system design and evaluation. Analysis, design and architectural patterns are established formalisms for designing high quality software. Security patterns guide the secure design of systems by providing generic solutions that prevent a variety of attacks. This paper presents an attack pattern, a new type of pattern that is specified from the point of view of an attacker. The pattern describes how an attack is performed, enumerates the security patterns that can be applied to defeat the attack, and describes how to trace the attack once it has occurred. An example involving DoS attacks on VoIP networks is used to demonstrate the value of the formalism to security designers and forensic investigators.
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paper_title: The credentials pattern

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In this paper we describe Credentials, which provide secure means of recording authentication and authorization information for use in distributed systems.
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paper_title: A Pattern Language for Identity Management

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The development of software has recently changed significantly. With the ubiquity of computing, users may need to access a wider range of applications, which may not know them in advance. Thus there is a need for dynamic trust establishment and identity exchange protocols and whatever security model is used must support these aspects. As a way to make these concepts more precise and concrete, we define architectural patterns for identity management. These patterns can then be used directly in the software development cycle, as proposed by different methodologies. The Identity Provider pattern centralizes the administration of a security domain's subjects. The circle of trust pattern represents a federation of service providers that share trust relationships. The identity federation pattern allows to federate multiple identities across multiple organizations under a common identity. This pattern relies on the SAML assertion pattern, which provides a unifying format for communicating identity information between different security domains.
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paper_title: A Design Pattern for Event-Based Processing of Security-Enriched SOAP Messages

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For Web Services in Cloud Computing contexts, the efficient processing of XML documents is a major topic of interest. Especially for WS-Security-enriched messages, processing performance nowadays tends to become a major issue. Streaming XML processing approaches lead to valuable optimization due to lower resource consumption, but their adoption requires major conceptional changes in the processing application.In this paper, we present a pattern for architectural concepts that employ the SAX-based streaming processing approach. Its major benefit--apart from providing the performance advantage--consists in a convenient, modular architecture that can easily be extended with new modules and new types of events without modification of existing modules.
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paper_title: Flexible coordination of service interaction patterns

paper_content:

Service-oriented computing is meant to support loose relationships between organisations: Collaboration procedures on the application-level translate to interaction processes via Web Services. Service composition deals with the specification and enforcent of such processes. Its main focus is on service orchestration where workflow managent is utilised for proactive coordination. In such an approach, coordination process and interaction logic are usually captured in the same workflow - which leads to deficiencies in recognising the possible impact of operational coordination on the interaction logic. In this paper, we claim that the choice of coordination alternatives impacts the quality of the composed service and has to be customised to each specific service case. As a consequence, we outline a solution that is based on service interaction patterns where the paradigms of patterns and idioms are applied to interaction procedures and orchestration processes. This allows studying a) reusable interaction patterns typical for service relationships and b) for each pattern a range of possible coordination idioms. Finally, we sketch a technique that refines the service logic based on analysis of its interaction patterns and utilisation of suitable coordination idioms selected by rules in terms of changing service context.
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paper_title: Overview of some patterns for architecting and managing composite web services

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The composition of Web services has gained a considerable momentum as a paradigm for enabling Business-to-Business (B2B) Collaborations. Numerous technologies supporting this new paradigm are rapidly emerging, thereby creating a need for methodologies that bring these technologies together. The identification and documentation of relevant patterns, both at the analysis and design levels, is an important step in this direction.
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paper_title: SOA Design Patterns

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SOA Design Patterns is an important contribution to the literature and practice of building and delivering quality software-intensive systems. - Grady Booch, IBM Fellow With the continued explosion of services and the increased rate of adoption of SOA through the market, there is a critical need for comprehensive, actionable guidance that provides the fastest possible time to results. Microsoft is honored to contribute to the SOA Design Patterns book, and to continue working with the community to realize the value of Real World SOA. - Steven Martin, Senior Director, Developer Platform Product Management, Microsoft SOA Design Patterns provides the proper guidance with the right level of abstraction to be adapted to each organizations needs, and Oracle is pleased to have contributed to the patterns contained in this book. - Dr. Mohamad Afshar, Director of Product Management, Oracle Fusion Middleware, Oracle Red Hat is pleased to be involved in the SOA Design Patterns book and contribute important SOA design patterns to the community that we and our customers have used within our own SOA platforms. I am sure this will be a great resource for future SOA practitioners. - Pierre Fricke Director, Product Line Management, JBoss SOA Platform, Red Hat A wealth of proven, reusable SOA design patterns, clearly explained and illustrated with examples. An invaluable resource for all those involved in the design of service-oriented solutions. - Phil Thomas, Consulting IT Specialist, IBM Software Group This obligatory almanac of SOA design patterns will become the foundation on which many organizations will build their successful SOA solutions. It will allow organizations to build their own focused SOA design patterns catalog in an expedited fashion knowing that it contains the wealth and expertise of proven SOA best practices. - Stephen Bennett, Director, Technology Business Unit, Oracle Corporation The technical differences between service orientation and object orientation are subtle enough to confuse even the most advanced developers. Thomas Erls book provides a great service by clearly articulating SOA design patterns and differentiating them from similar OO design patterns. - Anne Thomas Manes, VP & Research Director, Burton Group SOA Design Patterns does an excellent job of laying out and discussing the areas of SOA design that a competent SOA practitioner should understand and employ. - Robert Laird, SOA Architect, IBM As always, Thomas delivers again. In a well-structured and easy-to-understand way, this book provides a wonderful collection of patterns each addressing a typical set of SOA design problems with well articulated solutions. The plain language and hundreds of diagrams included in the book help make the complicated subjects of SOA design comprehensible even to those who are new to the SOA design world. Its a must-have reference book for all SOA practitioners, especially for enterprise architects, solution architects, developers, managers, and business process experts. - Canyang Kevin Liu, Solution Architecture Manager, SAP The concept of service oriented architecture has long promised visions of agile organizations being able to swap out interfaces and applications as business needs change. SOA also promises incredible developer and IT productivity, with the idea that key services would be candidates for cross-enterprise sharing or reuse. But many organizations efforts to move to SOA have been miredby organizational issues, by conflicting vendor messages, and by architectures that may amount to little more than Just a Bunch of Web Services. Theres been a lot of confusion in the SOA marketplace about exactly what SOA is, what its supposed to accomplish, and how an enterprise goes about in making it work. SOA Design Patterns is a definitive work that offers clarity on the purpose and functioning of service oriented architecture. SOA Design Patterns not only helps the IT practitioner lay the groundwork for a well-functioning SOA effort across the enterprise, but also connects the dots between SOA and the business requirements in a very concrete way. Plus, this book is completely technology agnosticSOA Design Patterns rightly focuses on infrastructure and architecture, and it doesnt matter whether youre using components of one kind or another, or Java, or .NET, or Web services, or REST-style interfaces. While no two SOA implementations are alike, Thomas Erl and his team of contributors have effectively identified the similarities in composition services need to have at a sub-atomic level in order to interact with each other as we hope they will. The book identifies 85 SOA design patterns which have been developed and thoroughly vetted to ensure that a service-oriented architecture does achieve the flexibility and loose coupling promised. The book is also compelling in that it is a living document, if you will, inviting participation in an open process to identify and formulate new patterns to this growing body of knowledge. - Joe McKendrick, Independent Analyst, Author of ZDNets SOA Blog If you want to truly educate yourself on SOA, read this book. - Sona Srinivasan, Global Client Services & Operations, CISCO An impressive decomposition of the process and architectural elements that support serviceoriented analysis, design, and delivery. Right-sized and terminologically consistent. Overall, the book represents a patient separation of concerns in respect of the process and architectural parts that underpin any serious SOA undertaking. Two things stand out. First, the pattern relationship diagrams provide rich views into the systemic relationships that structure a service-oriented architecture: these patterns are not discrete, isolated templates to be applied mechanically to the problem space; rather, they form a network of forces and constraints that guide the practitioner to consider the task at hand in the context of its inter-dependencies. Second, the pattern sequence diagrams and accompanying notes provide a useful framework for planning and executing the many activities that comprise an SOA engagement. - Ian Robinson, Principal Technology Consultant, ThoughtWorks Successful implementation of SOA principles requires a shift in focus from software system means, or the way capabilities are developed, to the desired end results, or real-world effects required to satisfy organizational business processes. In SOA Design Patterns, Thomas Erl provides service architects with a broad palette of reusable service patterns that describe service capabilities that can cut across many SOA applications. Service architects taking advantage of these patterns will save a great deal of time describing and assembling services to deliver the real world effects they need to meet their organizations specific business objectives. - Chuck Georgo, Public Safety and National Security Architect In IT, we have increasingly come to see the value of having catalogs of good solution patterns in programming and systems design. With this book, Thomas Erl brings a comprehensive set of patterns to bear on the world of SOA. These patterns enable easily communicated, reusable, and effective solutions, allowing us to more rapidly design and build out the large, complicated and interoperable enterprise SOAs into which our IT environments are evolving. - Al Gough, Business Systems Solutions CTO, CACI International Inc. This book provides a comprehensive and pragmatic review of design issues in service-centric design, development, and evolution. The Web site related to this book [SOAPatterns.org] is a wonderful platform and gives the opportunity for the software community to maintain this catalogue. - Veronica Gacitua Decar, Dublin City University Erls SOA Design Patterns is for the IT decision maker determined to make smart architecture design choices, smart investments, and long term enterprise impact. For those IT professionals committed to service-orientation as a value-added design and implementation option, Patterns offers a credible, repeatable approach to engineering an adaptable business enterprise. This is a must read for all IT arch...
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paper_title: Best-practice patterns and tool support for configuring secure Web services messaging

paper_content:

This paper presents an emerging tool for security configuration of service-oriented architectures with Web Services. Security is a major concern when implementing mission-critical business transactions and such concern motivated the development of Web Services Security (WS-Security). However, the existing tools for configuring the security properties of Web Services give a technology-oriented view, and only assist in choosing the data to encrypt and selecting an encryption algorithm. The users must construct their own mental models of how the security configurations actually relate to business policies. In contrast, the tool described here gives a simplified, business-policy-oriented view. It models the messaging with customers and business partners, lists various threats, and presents best-practice security patterns against the threats. A user can select among variations on the basic patterns according to the business policies, and then apply them to the messaging model through the GUI. The result of the pattern application is described in the Web Services Security Policy Language (WS-Security Policy).
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paper_title: Flexible coordination of service interaction patterns

paper_content:

Service-oriented computing is meant to support loose relationships between organisations: Collaboration procedures on the application-level translate to interaction processes via Web Services. Service composition deals with the specification and enforcent of such processes. Its main focus is on service orchestration where workflow managent is utilised for proactive coordination. In such an approach, coordination process and interaction logic are usually captured in the same workflow - which leads to deficiencies in recognising the possible impact of operational coordination on the interaction logic. In this paper, we claim that the choice of coordination alternatives impacts the quality of the composed service and has to be customised to each specific service case. As a consequence, we outline a solution that is based on service interaction patterns where the paradigms of patterns and idioms are applied to interaction procedures and orchestration processes. This allows studying a) reusable interaction patterns typical for service relationships and b) for each pattern a range of possible coordination idioms. Finally, we sketch a technique that refines the service logic based on analysis of its interaction patterns and utilisation of suitable coordination idioms selected by rules in terms of changing service context.
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Title: A Survey of Patterns for Web Services Security and Reliability Standards

Section 1: Introduction
Description 1: Introduce the context of service-oriented architectures and web services, delineate the security challenges, and explain the importance of security patterns and standards for web services.

Section 2: Fundamental Patterns for Access Control
Description 2: Discuss basic access control models, including Multilevel model, Access Matrix, Role-Based Access Control (RBAC), and Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC), and their roles in web services security.

Section 3: Access Control and Policies for Web Services
Description 3: Explore patterns for enforcing access policies in web services, including Application Firewall, XML Firewall, and specialized patterns like WS-Policy and WS-Trust.

Section 4: Cryptography for Web Services
Description 4: Present security standards that ensure the integrity, confidentiality, and authentication of SOAP messages, such as WS-Security, XML Encryption, and XML Signature.

Section 5: Patterns for Identity
Description 5: Describe patterns related to identity management in web services, including Circle of Trust, Identity Provider, and Identity Federation.

Section 6: Wireless Web Services
Description 6: Address the adaptation of web services security standards to the wireless environment and discuss specific solutions like the Liberty Alliance PAOS Service.

Section 7: Patterns for Web Services Reliability
Description 7: Examine reliability patterns for web services, including WS-Reliability and WS-Reliable Messaging, ensuring consistent message delivery and processing.

Section 8: Misuse Patterns
Description 8: Discuss misuse patterns that illustrate possible attacks on web services, offering ways to mitigate these attacks.

Section 9: Example of a Complete Pattern
Description 9: Provide a comprehensive example of a pattern, such as WS-Trust, detailing its structure, dynamics, and implementation.

Section 10: Related Work
Description 10: Survey other works and patterns in the domain of web services security, comparing them to the presented patterns.

Section 11: Conclusions
Description 11: Summarize the benefits of expressing web services security standards as patterns and propose directions for future work.