Contemporary Semantic Web Service Frameworks: An Overview and Comparisons
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paper_title: Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax

paper_content:

A Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a compact string of characters for identifying an abstract or physical resource. This document defines the generic syntax of URI, including both absolute and relative forms, and guidelines for their use; it revises and replaces the generic definitions in RFC 1738 and RFC 1808.
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paper_title: Approaches to Semantic Web Services: an Overview and Comparisons

paper_content:

The next Web generation promises to deliver Semantic Web Services (SWS); services that are self-described and amenable to automated discovery, composition and invocation. A prerequisite to this, however, is the emergence and evolution of the Semantic Web, which provides the infrastructure for the semantic interoperability of Web Services. Web Services will be augmented with rich formal descriptions of their capabilities, such that they can be utilized by applications or other services without human assistance or highly con-strained agreements on interfaces or protocols. Thus, Semantic Web Services have the potential to change the way knowledge and business services are consumed and provided on the Web. In this paper, we survey the state of the art of current enabling technologies for Semantic Web Services. In addition, we characterize the infrastructure of Semantic Web Services along three orthogonal dimensions: activities, architecture and service ontology. Further, we examine and contrast three current approaches to SWS according to the proposed dimensions.
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paper_title: Structural and Role-Oriented Web Service Discovery with Taxonomies in OWL-S

paper_content:

In this paper, we describe and evaluate a Web service discovery framework using OWL-S advertisements, combined with the distinction between service and Web service of the WSMO discovery framework. More specifically, we follow the Web service discovery model, which is based on abstract and lightweight semantic Web service descriptions, using the service profile ontology of OWL-S. Our goal is to determine fast an initial set of candidate Web services for a specific request. This set can then be used in more fine-grained discovery approaches, based on richer Web service descriptions. Our Web service matchmaking algorithm extends object-based matching techniques used in structural case-based reasoning, allowing 1) the retrieval of Web services not only based on subsumption relationships, but exploiting also the structural information of OWL ontologies and 2) the exploitation of Web services classification in profile taxonomies, performing domain-dependent discovery. Furthermore, we describe how the typical paradigm of profile input/output annotation with ontology concepts can be extended, allowing ontology roles to be considered as well. We have implemented our framework in the OWLS-SLR system, which we extensively evaluate and compare to the OWLS-MX matchmaker.
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paper_title: A conceptual comparison of WSMO and OWL-S

paper_content:

Web Services have added a new level of functionality on top of current Web, enabling the use and combination of distributed functional components within and across company boundaries. The addition of semantic information to describe Web Services, in order to enable the automatic location, combination and use of distributed functionalities, is nowadays one of the most relevant research topics due to its potential to achieve dynamic, scalable and cost-effective Enterprise Application Integration and eCommerce. In this context, two major initiatives aim to realize Semantic Web Services by providing appropriate description means that enable the effective exploitation of semantic annotations, namely: WSMO and OWL-S. In this paper, we conduct a conceptual comparison that identifies the overlaps and differences of both initiatives in order to evaluate their applicability in a real setting and their potential to become widely accepted standards.
---
paper_title: Approaches to Semantic Web Services: an Overview and Comparisons

paper_content:

The next Web generation promises to deliver Semantic Web Services (SWS); services that are self-described and amenable to automated discovery, composition and invocation. A prerequisite to this, however, is the emergence and evolution of the Semantic Web, which provides the infrastructure for the semantic interoperability of Web Services. Web Services will be augmented with rich formal descriptions of their capabilities, such that they can be utilized by applications or other services without human assistance or highly con-strained agreements on interfaces or protocols. Thus, Semantic Web Services have the potential to change the way knowledge and business services are consumed and provided on the Web. In this paper, we survey the state of the art of current enabling technologies for Semantic Web Services. In addition, we characterize the infrastructure of Semantic Web Services along three orthogonal dimensions: activities, architecture and service ontology. Further, we examine and contrast three current approaches to SWS according to the proposed dimensions.
---
paper_title: An Enhanced Framework for Semantic Web Service Discovery

paper_content:

The paper describes an ontology-based framework for semantic Web services description and discovery. The proposed framework relies on a lightweight and minimal description model allowing to describe services in terms of a set of functional and non-functional properties. Functional properties describe services capabilities in terms of Inputs, Outputs, Preconditions and Effects (IOPE). Non-functional properties describe services in terms of Quality of Service (QoS) properties. We propose an enhanced discovery approach in which Web services are discovered based on their functional and non functional properties. The enhanced discovery approach proposed is twofold. First, the approach relies on deductive relaxation of discovery queries based on semantic service descriptions and domain knowledge (domain ontology) to select a set of services that match a discovery query with different matching degrees. Second, non-fonctional properties are incorporated into the Web service discovery mechanism to generate a partially ordered list of services that meet user functional and non-functional requirements.
---
paper_title: A conceptual comparison of WSMO and OWL-S

paper_content:

Web Services have added a new level of functionality on top of current Web, enabling the use and combination of distributed functional components within and across company boundaries. The addition of semantic information to describe Web Services, in order to enable the automatic location, combination and use of distributed functionalities, is nowadays one of the most relevant research topics due to its potential to achieve dynamic, scalable and cost-effective Enterprise Application Integration and eCommerce. In this context, two major initiatives aim to realize Semantic Web Services by providing appropriate description means that enable the effective exploitation of semantic annotations, namely: WSMO and OWL-S. In this paper, we conduct a conceptual comparison that identifies the overlaps and differences of both initiatives in order to evaluate their applicability in a real setting and their potential to become widely accepted standards.
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paper_title: The Web Service Modeling Framework WSMF

paper_content:

Abstract Web services will transform the web from a collection of information into a distributed computational device. In order to employ their full potential, appropriate description means for web services need to be developed. For this purpose, we define a fully-fledged Web Service Modeling Framework (WSMF) that provides the appropriate conceptual model for developing and describing web services and their composition (complex web services). In a nutshell, its philosophy is based on the following principle: maximal de-coupling complemented by a scalable mediation service .
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paper_title: Semantic Service Discovery using SAWSDL and SPARQL

paper_content:

Service discovery has always been a challenging task in the service oriented computing. Many approaches have already been put forward for the semantic service discovery or matchmaking task, where each approach uses it's own logical formalism for service descriptions and user goals (i.e. formalized user request). As formalized service descriptions and user requests are used by the matchmaking process, matchmaking algorithm has a tight coupling with the underlying formalism used to describe services and goals. In this paper, we will present how SAWSDL can be used to annotate service descriptions while being agnostic to one particular service modeling formalism. The main contribution of this paper is to extend SAWSDL based service descriptions with the definition of pre and post-conditions using SPARQL query language and OWL-S Schema. We will also show how SPARQL query language can be used to formulate user goals. As a next step, we will present the matchmaking algorithm and prototype based on the matching of SPARQL based conditions and user goals.
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Title: Contemporary Semantic Web Service Frameworks: An Overview and Comparisons
Section 1: INTRODUCTION
Description 1: Describe the evolution of Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) and the technical implementation of Web services, their lack of proper user support for finding and using services, and how Semantic Web and ontologies can enhance Web services' capabilities. Introduce the main objective of the paper and briefly outline the structure of the paper.

Section 2: RELATED WORKS
Description 2: Provide a survey of existing research on the evaluation and comparison of Semantic Web service frameworks, highlighting key studies and their contributions and limitations.

Section 3: OWL-S (ONTOLOGY WEB LANGUAGE FOR SERVICES)
Description 3: Describe the OWL-S framework in detail, including its upper ontology structure, main components (ServiceProfile, ServiceModel, ServiceGrounding), and how it supports Web service tasks.

Section 4: WSMO (WEB SERVICE MODELING ONTOLOGY)
Description 4: Provide an overview of the WSMO framework, including its conceptual framework, main elements (Ontologies, Web services, Goals, Mediators), and its formal language WSML.

Section 5: WSDL-S (WEB SERVICE DESCRIPTION LANGUAGE-SEMANTICS)
Description 5: Explain the WSDL-S framework's approach to adding semantics to Web services through external semantic models, and its key design principles.

Section 6: SAWSDL (SEMANTIC ANNOTATIONS FOR WSDL)
Description 6: Explain the SAWSDL framework, its mechanisms for adding semantic annotations to WSDL components, its principles, and its advantages and disadvantages.

Section 7: THE COMPARISON OF SEMANTIC WEB SERVICE FRAMEWORKS
Description 7: Define the criteria for evaluating Semantic Web service frameworks and compare OWL-S, WSMO, WSDL-S, and SAWSDL according to these criteria.

Section 8: CONCLUSIONS
Description 8: Summarize the findings of the paper, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of each framework, and discuss the implications for future research in the area of Semantic Web services.