Smart CPS: vertical integration overview and user story with a cobot
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paper_title: Decentralized Data Analytics for Maintenance in Industrie 4.0

paper_content:

Abstract Due to the increased digital networking of machines and systems in the production area, large datasets are generated. In addition, more external sensors are installed at production systems to acquire data for production and maintenance optimization purposes. Therefore, data analytics and interpretation is one of the challenges in Industrie 4.0 applications. Reliable analysis of data (e.g. internal and external sensors), such as system-internal alarms and messages produced during the operation, can be used to optimize production and maintenance processes. Furthermore, information and knowledge can be extracted from raw data and used to develop data-driven business models and services, e.g. offer new availability contracts for production systems. This paper illustrates an approach for decentralized data analytics based on smart sensor networks.
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paper_title: Towards Industry 4.0 - Standardization as the crucial challenge for highly modular, multi-vendor production systems

paper_content:

Abstract The vision of the 4 th industrial revolution describes the realization of the Internet of Things within the context of the factory to realize a significantly higher flexibility and adaptability of production systems. Driven by politics and research meanwhile most of the automation technology providers in Germany have recognized the potentials of Industry 4.0 and provide first solutions. However, presented solutions so far represent vendor-specific or isolated production system. In order to make Industry 4.0 a success, these proprietary approaches must be replaced by open and standardized solutions. For this reason, the SmartFactory KL has realized a very first multi-vendor and highly modular production system as a sample reference for Industry 4.0. This contribution gives an overview of the current status of the SmartFactory KL initiative to build a highly modular, multi-vendor production line based on common concepts and standardization activities. The findings and experiences of this multi-vendor project are documented as an outline for further research on highly modular production lines.
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paper_title: Object handling in cluttered indoor environment with a mobile manipulator

paper_content:

This paper presents an indoor object handling application using a 7 degree of freedom lightweight robotic arm and a commercial depth sensor. The motion planning for such a complex arm is demanding, especially in a cluttered scenes, like the majority of human environments are. In order to cope with this task we designed and implemented the direct and inverse kinematics for the arm as well as the perception related modules using a depth sensor. Both the simulation and experimental parts are carried out in a common framework which ensures a light integration of different planning and spatial perception parts.
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paper_title: NIST Response to MES Request for Information

paper_content:

This is a response from the National Institute of Standards (NIST) to OMG’s Request for Information concerning the Manufacturing Execution System (MES) area [RFI3]. There has been quite a bit of previous work at NIST, related to this RFI which influenced our response. This work included: development of a distributed shop floor control architecture the Manufacturing Systems Integration (MSI) architecture [MSICEI], development of an activity model of the technical aspects of the product realization process for discrete metal parts (the Systems Integration for Manufacturing Applications Reference Architecture cited in the MES RFI) [SIMA96], involvement with validation and evolution of the SEMATECH CIM Application Framework [CIMFW], integration case studies with scheduling tools, and process planning /engineering experience [FENG].
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paper_title: The benefits of a manufacturing execution system for plantwide automation

paper_content:

Abstract Process industries that have achieved a good foundation for process control but were disillusioned by grandiose computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) systems are seeking manufacturing execution system (MES) solutions as the next logical step in their plant-wide automation schemes. MES provide a level of control in between process control and manufacturing resource planning (MRP II). MES increase manufacturing competitiveness by controlling plant resources including material, equipment, personnel, process instructions, and facilities. An integrated MES typically consists of a relational database management system (RDBMS), computer-aided systems engineering (CASE) tools for application development, a document management system, and CIM interfaces. An MES provides a production management system with the capabilities for scheduling, supervisory monitoring and control, and quality management. The benefits of MES systems are numerous including a focus on continuous quality and cost improvements, aiding in compliance with OSHA, FDA, ISO 9000, and EPA regulations, batch record handling reducing wastes, product tracking, and empowering the operators. MES applications using ISA SP88 and NAMUR concepts provide integrated solutions for batch oriented processes in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. MES solutions also have applicability in pulp and paper mill-wide automation schemes, refineries, and other process industries.
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paper_title: Status and future of manufacturing execution systems

paper_content:

This paper proposes a taxonomy for characterizing manufacturing execution systems and discusses how they can benefit from the recent developments of Industry 4.0. The study is based on a literature review. The taxonomy contributes to theory and practice by providing a framework for benchmarking of manufacturing execution systems. The taxonomy can be utilized in the selection or design process of the manufacturing execution systems. Outlining the further opportunities provided by Industry 4.0 technologies, the paper also provides directions for future improvements of manufacturing execution systems.
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paper_title: Manufacturing execution system – a literature review

paper_content:

Since their beginning in the mid 1990s, Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES) have significantly evolved into more powerful and more integrated software applications as computing technologies have advanced. Their functionality coverage has changed significantly and can now provide a common and single system to support most of the manufacturing execution processes from the production order release to the delivery of finished goods. However, MES applications still fall short of adding capabilities for decision-making tools in very dynamic organisations where adaptive execution strategies are required to replenish the supply chain while dynamically responding to unpredicted change. This article intends to describe what MES have become, present their relationships with other enterprise information systems, and to identify major issues related to MES. We also discuss research areas that need to be explored in order to resolve the increased complexity of execution systems and to fulfil the continuing customer n...
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paper_title: Manufacturing execution systems : A vision for managing software development

paper_content:

We describe manufacturing execution systems (MESs) as a vision for software development.We identify gaps between the MES vision and current software development practices.To narrow the gaps we prototype a Modularity Debt Management Decision Support System.We provide four case studies, realizing MES vision and illustrating its benefits. Software development suffers from a lack of predictability with respect to cost, time, and quality. Predictability is one of the major concerns addressed by modern manufacturing execution systems (MESs). A MES does not actually execute the manufacturing (e.g., controlling equipment and producing goods), but rather collects, analyzes, integrates, and presents the data generated in industrial production so that employees have better insights into processes and can react quickly, leading to predictable manufacturing processes. In this paper, we introduce the principles and functional areas of a MES. We then analyze the gaps between MES-vision-driven software development and current practices. These gaps include: (1) lack of a unified data collection infrastructure, (2) lack of integrated people data, (3) lack of common conceptual frameworks driving improvement loops from development data, and (4) lack of support for projection and simulation. Finally, we illustrate the feasibility of leveraging MES principles to manage software development, using a Modularity Debt Management Decision Support System prototype we developed. In this prototype we demonstrate that information integration in MES-vision-driven systems enables new types of analyses, not previously available, for software development decision support. We conclude with suggestions for moving current software development practices closer to the MES vision.
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paper_title: Trends in Manufacturing Execution Systems

paper_content:

Today’s manufacturing plants are equipped with heterogeneous software systems for different types of tasks, both manufacturing operations and factory planning. On the operating level software systems are neither yet integrated and thus support separate tasks such as production monitoring, sequence planning, work piece identification, maintenance order management, worker information and others. Nor are MES-systems parts of the integrated industrial engineering chain from mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, PLC-programming to operations. Today information technology becomes the main enabler for new processes and structures in manufacturing and logistics.
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paper_title: CIM Framework Architecture and Application Models

paper_content:

The SEMATECH CIM (computer integrated manufacturing) Framework defines an industry standard framework for semiconductor manufacturing information and execution systems (MIES). The CIM Framework architecture defines an object-oriented software component architecture building on CORBA and CORBA services specifications from the Object Management Group. Using this architecture, the CIM Framework Specification defines an application mode that specifies the interfaces and behavior of functional software components for MIES. There are component definitions for machine control, material movement, material management, process specification management, advanced process control, factory operations, dispatching, and labor management. Standard interface and behavior specifications for these MIES functions enable manufacturers to assemble and evolve manufacturing systems using components from different suppliers, inhouse development or legacy systems. In early 1998, SEMI Standards, the semiconductor industry standards organization, will ballot the CIM Framework for adoption as provisional standards. This paper provides an overview of the CIM Framework architecture and illustrates the form and content of the application models in the CIM Framework.
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paper_title: Event-based Reactive Production Order Scheduling for Manufacturing Execution Systems ?

paper_content:

Abstract Today, first inter-organizational tracking & tracing systems facilitate timely identification and handling of disruptions along the supply chain. However, these systems typically operate at SCM and ERP level and therefore lack knowledge and control over production processes. This paper bridges the gap between logistics and production IT by proposing a novel architecture for coupling the manufacturing operations as defined in IEC 62264 with an EPCIS-compliant real-time tracking & tracing system. The system leverages logic-based complex event processing for detecting critical disruptions in the supply chain and initiates rescheduling of production. It is shown that in the presence of unexpected events the rescheduling algorithm minimizes delays and inventory costs while avoiding “nervous schedules” caused by frequent changes. As proof of concept a reference implementation of the architecture is realized within a discrete production line.
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paper_title: Industrial Intelligence - A Business Intelligence-based Approach to Enhance Manufacturing Engineering in Industrial Companies☆

paper_content:

Abstract Flexibility, resource efficiency, and time-to-market are key success factors for industrial enterprises. Essential settings are set during early phases of product development as well as manufacturing. In later product lifecycle phases, the responses from the market (e.g. complains or the amount of damage cases) show the maturity stage of the products. Quality methods like TQM or EFQM pursue the goal to permanently learn from this information. Therefore it is necessary to have an adequate information supply. This article focuses on this problem in the context of maturity stage management in manufacturing engineering. The research therefore first identifies a huge gap between the theoretically discussed information supply, based on encompassing data bases, and the real existing heterogeneous IT landscapes, which have grown in history. On basis of empirical findings, industrial businesses lack in concepts that put them in a position of adequate information supply. Therefore, a generic Business Intelligence concept, developed through research activities, seems to be a promising approach. It is thus possible to combine information from product features and manufacturing information with the traditional dimensions of managerial analysis, in order to identify impacts of engineering decisions on the product lifecycle.
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paper_title: MES (manufacturing execution system) architecture for FMS compatible to ERP (enterprise planning system)

paper_content:

Presented in the paper is MES (manufacturing execution system) architecture, which is suitable for managing FMS (flexible manufacturing system) lines under an ERP (enterprise planning system)environment. An IDEF0-model of an 'order handling' shop floor having an FMS line is developed to identify functional requirements of MES, and then a two-tier MES architecture satisfying the functional requirements is proposed. The proposed MES is composed of a Main-MES (for the main shop floor) and an FMS-MES (for the FMS line). A BOP (bill of processes) is used as a means to represent process plans, and a LS-Net (loading schedule network) is used as a mechanism for representing and manipulating loading schedules. Object models of BOP and LS-Net are presented, and the effectiveness of the proposed MES is demonstrated by applying it to two FMS lines, a stamping-die machining line and a mechanical part machining line.
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paper_title: Distributed manufacturing execution systems: A workflow perspective

paper_content:

Research of manufacturing execution systems (MESs) has been conducted to integrate ERP and physical operational systems, so a fully automated and integrated manufacturing management environment can be developed. However, as subcontracting becomes common in industries, a single MES is not enough and it is necessary to develop distributed MESs to integrate the distributed operations. This research proposes a distributed workflow model to develop such a system. In the workflow model, there are three cooperation types for defining the relationships between an action and resources. Six relational patterns are defined for the relationships between actions. This research also reviews current information technologies, including data acquisition and control (DAC) components, control software's, ASP .NET, and CLIPS, for supporting the development of distributed workflow models. Additionally, this research proposes using a collaborative workflow-based protocol (CWP) to form a distributed workflow. CWP is based on the integration of Internet technology and CLIPS. It is found that the proposed structure may ease the decision process of forming a distributed workflow. In summary, this article reports a cutting edge approach for the development of distributed manufacturing execution systems. The results show solutions for integrating high-level planning systems, such as ERP, and low-level operational systems through information technologies.
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paper_title: Agent-based manufacturing execution systems for short-series production scheduling

paper_content:

This paper presents the architecture of Agent-based Manufacturing Execution Systems dedicated for short-series production support. The functional models are based on the ANSI/ISA-95 (IEC/ISO 62264) standard. The workflow and information exchange for Manufacturing Operations Management are defined by ISA 95 and implemented under a dynamic Agent-based environment. The proposed system is organised as a fully heterarchical architecture, without a central administration or system orchestrators. Unlike most of the existing agent software that are based on Java, the proposed solution is based on Microsoft's Model-View-Controller and was created under the ASP.NET technology. Holons, which collect information from the real production system, are a Cyber Physical part of the application. Agents process information using Internet services that are available for human users and for the other agents as well. The proposed approach has been verified on the use case of the system that was created to support the production of electronic devices in the Prototyping Department of Continental Ingolstadt. The system model, applied communication mechanisms and examples of agents are presented in this paper. The research part of this paper is focussed on simulation-based planning for a short-series production schedule. The simulation results can be used to support the decision-making process.
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paper_title: Status and future of manufacturing execution systems

paper_content:

This paper proposes a taxonomy for characterizing manufacturing execution systems and discusses how they can benefit from the recent developments of Industry 4.0. The study is based on a literature review. The taxonomy contributes to theory and practice by providing a framework for benchmarking of manufacturing execution systems. The taxonomy can be utilized in the selection or design process of the manufacturing execution systems. Outlining the further opportunities provided by Industry 4.0 technologies, the paper also provides directions for future improvements of manufacturing execution systems.
---
paper_title: CIM Framework Architecture and Application Models

paper_content:

The SEMATECH CIM (computer integrated manufacturing) Framework defines an industry standard framework for semiconductor manufacturing information and execution systems (MIES). The CIM Framework architecture defines an object-oriented software component architecture building on CORBA and CORBA services specifications from the Object Management Group. Using this architecture, the CIM Framework Specification defines an application mode that specifies the interfaces and behavior of functional software components for MIES. There are component definitions for machine control, material movement, material management, process specification management, advanced process control, factory operations, dispatching, and labor management. Standard interface and behavior specifications for these MIES functions enable manufacturers to assemble and evolve manufacturing systems using components from different suppliers, inhouse development or legacy systems. In early 1998, SEMI Standards, the semiconductor industry standards organization, will ballot the CIM Framework for adoption as provisional standards. This paper provides an overview of the CIM Framework architecture and illustrates the form and content of the application models in the CIM Framework.
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paper_title: Development of a System Framework for the Computer-Integrated Manufacturing Execution System：a Distributed Object-Oriented Approach

paper_content:

Today, most of the Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES) are monolithic, insufficiently configurable and difficult to modify. Using a distributed object-oriented technique, we will present a systematic approach, to develop a computer-integrated MES Framework which is open, modularized, distributed, configurable, interoperable, and maintainable. We start with the system analysis by collecting domain requirements and analysing domain knowledge. Our MES Framework is designed by the process of constructing an abstract object model based on domain knowledge, partitioning the application domain into components, identifying generic parts among components, defining framework messages, and developing design patterns for generic parts. After finishing the MES Framework design, we design a variety of functional components by inheriting appropriate design patterns of the Framework. An application can then be constructed by invoking corresponding methods of related components. The proposed MES Framework can be integra...
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paper_title: Development of a System Framework for the Computer-Integrated Manufacturing Execution System：a Distributed Object-Oriented Approach

paper_content:

Today, most of the Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES) are monolithic, insufficiently configurable and difficult to modify. Using a distributed object-oriented technique, we will present a systematic approach, to develop a computer-integrated MES Framework which is open, modularized, distributed, configurable, interoperable, and maintainable. We start with the system analysis by collecting domain requirements and analysing domain knowledge. Our MES Framework is designed by the process of constructing an abstract object model based on domain knowledge, partitioning the application domain into components, identifying generic parts among components, defining framework messages, and developing design patterns for generic parts. After finishing the MES Framework design, we design a variety of functional components by inheriting appropriate design patterns of the Framework. An application can then be constructed by invoking corresponding methods of related components. The proposed MES Framework can be integra...
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paper_title: Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES) Based on Web Services Technology

paper_content:

Abstract The manufacturing plant environment is a mishmash of different systems that require a lot of integration and interoperability. This paper discusses how the application of Web services, self-describing chunks of software, leveraging XML and other Internet standards and protocols, are used to facilitate data sharing between dissimilar systems in the shop-floor. This solution could represent a lower cost alternative in comparison with other distributed technologies.
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paper_title: MES (manufacturing execution system) architecture for FMS compatible to ERP (enterprise planning system)

paper_content:

Presented in the paper is MES (manufacturing execution system) architecture, which is suitable for managing FMS (flexible manufacturing system) lines under an ERP (enterprise planning system)environment. An IDEF0-model of an 'order handling' shop floor having an FMS line is developed to identify functional requirements of MES, and then a two-tier MES architecture satisfying the functional requirements is proposed. The proposed MES is composed of a Main-MES (for the main shop floor) and an FMS-MES (for the FMS line). A BOP (bill of processes) is used as a means to represent process plans, and a LS-Net (loading schedule network) is used as a mechanism for representing and manipulating loading schedules. Object models of BOP and LS-Net are presented, and the effectiveness of the proposed MES is demonstrated by applying it to two FMS lines, a stamping-die machining line and a mechanical part machining line.
---
paper_title: Distributed manufacturing execution systems: A workflow perspective

paper_content:

Research of manufacturing execution systems (MESs) has been conducted to integrate ERP and physical operational systems, so a fully automated and integrated manufacturing management environment can be developed. However, as subcontracting becomes common in industries, a single MES is not enough and it is necessary to develop distributed MESs to integrate the distributed operations. This research proposes a distributed workflow model to develop such a system. In the workflow model, there are three cooperation types for defining the relationships between an action and resources. Six relational patterns are defined for the relationships between actions. This research also reviews current information technologies, including data acquisition and control (DAC) components, control software's, ASP .NET, and CLIPS, for supporting the development of distributed workflow models. Additionally, this research proposes using a collaborative workflow-based protocol (CWP) to form a distributed workflow. CWP is based on the integration of Internet technology and CLIPS. It is found that the proposed structure may ease the decision process of forming a distributed workflow. In summary, this article reports a cutting edge approach for the development of distributed manufacturing execution systems. The results show solutions for integrating high-level planning systems, such as ERP, and low-level operational systems through information technologies.
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paper_title: Reference Architecture for Holonic Manufacturing Systems : PROSA

paper_content:

Abstract Future manufacturing systems need to cope with frequent changes and disturbances. As such, their control requires constant adaptation and high flexibility. Holonic manufacturing is a highly distributed control paradigm that promises to handle these problems successfully. It is based on the concept of autonomous co-operating agents, called `holons'. This paper gives an overview of the holonic reference architecture for manufacturing systems as developed at PMA-KULeuven. This architecture, called PROSA, consists of three types of basic holons: order holons, product holons, and resource holons. They are structured using the object-oriented concepts of aggregation and specialisation. Staff holons can be added to assist the basic holons with expert knowledge. The resulting architecture has a high degree of self-similarity, which reduces the complexity to integrate new components and enables easy reconfiguration of the system. PROSA shows to cover aspects of both hierarchical as well as heterarchical control approaches. As such, it can be regarded as a generalisation of the two former approaches. More importantly, PROSA introduces significant innovations: the system structure is decoupled from the control algorithm, logistical aspects can be decoupled from technical ones, and PROSA opens opportunities to achieve more advanced hybrid control algorithms.
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paper_title: Event-based Reactive Production Order Scheduling for Manufacturing Execution Systems ?

paper_content:

Abstract Today, first inter-organizational tracking & tracing systems facilitate timely identification and handling of disruptions along the supply chain. However, these systems typically operate at SCM and ERP level and therefore lack knowledge and control over production processes. This paper bridges the gap between logistics and production IT by proposing a novel architecture for coupling the manufacturing operations as defined in IEC 62264 with an EPCIS-compliant real-time tracking & tracing system. The system leverages logic-based complex event processing for detecting critical disruptions in the supply chain and initiates rescheduling of production. It is shown that in the presence of unexpected events the rescheduling algorithm minimizes delays and inventory costs while avoiding “nervous schedules” caused by frequent changes. As proof of concept a reference implementation of the architecture is realized within a discrete production line.
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paper_title: Enterprise Integration and Interoperability in Manufacturing Systems: trends and issues

paper_content:

Recent advances in information and communication technologies have allowed manufacturing enterprise to move from highly data-driven environments to a more cooperative information/knowledge-driven environment. Enterprise knowledge sharing (know-how), common best practices use, and open source/web based applications are enabling to achieve the concept of integrated enterprise and hence the implementation and interoperability of networked enterprises. Enterprise integration and interoperability in manufacturing systems is a key concept to face the challenges of these new environments. This paper describes challenges, trends and issues that must be addressed in order to support the generation of new technological solutions.
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paper_title: Schedule execution in autonomic manufacturing execution systems

paper_content:

This paper discusses a manufacturing execution system (MES) that prefers and attempts to follow a given schedule. The MES performs this task in an autonomic manner, filling in missing details, providing alternatives for unfeasible assignments, handling auxiliary tasks, and so on. The paper presents the research challenge, depicts the MES design, and gives experimental results. The research contribution resides in the novel architecture in which the MES cooperates with schedulers without inheriting the limitations of the world model employed by the scheduler. The research forms a first development, and a list of further research is given.
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paper_title: Towards robust and efficient planning execution

paper_content:

This paper presents a holonic manufacturing execution system (MES) that cooperates with a planning system. This cooperation allows to combine the robustness and flexibility of the holonic MES with the optimisation performed by the planning system. The paper investigates the effect on the global performance of this cooperation for a specific manufacturing case in a series of experiments. It compares the effect of this cooperation when the planning is optimal with regard to the manufacturing case with situations where the planning system is not optimal. More precisely, it compares the performance of the HEMS in situations where the planning systems systematically misestimates the execution time of a workstation (e.g. a poorly maintained workstation or a partially operational workstation) to situations where this is not the case. The experiments are conducted under varying work loads. Also, the effort the Holonic MES puts in finding new solutions resembling the planning is varied. Finally, the paper reports the results of the experiments and draws conclusions.
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paper_title: The Operational Process Dashboard for Manufacturing

paper_content:

Abstract Agility is a critical success factor for manufacturers in today's volatile global environment and requires employees monitoring their performance and reacting quickly to turbulences. Thus, comprehensive information provisioning on all hierarchy levels is neces- sary. Yet, existing IT systems, e. g., Manufacturing Execution Systems, scarcely address information needs of workers on the shop floor level. This causes uncoordinated waiting times, inflexibility and costly communication. To address these issues, we present the Operational Process Dashboard for Manufacturing (OPDM), a mobile dashboard for shop floor workers. We identify process- oriented information needs, develop technical dashboard services and define IT requirements for an implementation.
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paper_title: Radio frequency identification-enabled real-time manufacturing execution system: a case study in an automotive part manufacturer

paper_content:

Automotive vehicle manufacturers have been at the forefront of employing radio frequency identification (RFID) technology for their manufacturing logistics management. They have benefited from RFID-enabled shop-floor visibility and traceability, which have in turn facilitated the implementation of advanced manufacturing strategies such as just-in-time lean manufacturing and mass customisation. Initial successes have attracted attention and interests from small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) involved in automotive part and component manufacturers down the automotive vertical. However, high levels of capital investments and technical skills have created practical hurdles for automotive SMEs to gain RFID benefits. This article reports on an industrial case study about the RFID implementation project at a typical SME engine valve manufacturer. This company manufactures a large variety of engine valves with a mixture of large and small orders. Work-in-progress items across the company have accumulated to an extreme level for human operations and decisions. The company adopted RFID-enabled shop-floor manufacturing solutions across the whole operations with little experience in the use of information systems/technology. Based on RFID-enabled real-time shop-floor data, the company has extended the efforts in setting up and integrating manufacturing execution system and enterprise resource planning system. The success of this case company demonstrates that RFID is not just for automotive giants but also practically useful to SME suppliers. The article presents a framework that has been followed by this case company with a hope that experiences and insights are useful to other automotive SMEs.
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paper_title: Alcohol Production Process Modeling Based on Indicators Using Transactional Software, Industrial Automation and Manufacturing and Execution Systems Mes

paper_content:

Alcohol Production Process Modelling Based on Indicators using Transactional Software, Industrial Automation and Manufacturing Execution Systems-MES Lourdes Andreo Goncalves, Rubens Maciel Filho Information System Department, Adventist College of Hortolândia, Rua Hugo Gegembauer, Parque Ortolandia, 13184010, Hortolândia-Sao Paulo, Brazil. School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz, P.O. Box, 6066, 13083970, Campinas-Sao Paulo, Brazil. lourdes.goncalves@unasp.edu.br
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paper_title: A radio frequency identification-enabled real-time manufacturing execution system for one-of-a-kind production manufacturing: a case study in mould industry

paper_content:

One-of-a-Kind-Production (OKP) is a non-repetitive manufacturing mode that produces customised products with unique components. Due to the varying production requirements and inadequate operation experience, the unique components and related operations often causes great dynamics in the workshop execution process. Since most of the OKP companies currently adopt paper-based manual data transaction and report mechanism in workshop production process, such dynamics are hard to be timely detected and controlled, resulting in serious order delays and work-in-progress redundancies. Radio frequency identification (RFID) enables automatic and accurate object data capturing capability, and thus makes the real-time visibility and controllability possible to workshop execution process if combined with manufacturing execution system (MES). This article presents an easy-to-deploy and simple-to-use RFID-enabled MES to achieve such real-time control for typical OKP workshops. A real-life case study in a mold and die manufacturing company is presented to demonstrate how technical, social and organisational issues have been addressed in such project. A set of enabling technologies and systems that are key to the development of such RFID-enabled MES are introduced, including hardware like machine data terminal and workshop base station as well as software like scheduling and communication programmes. It is hoped that insights and lessons gained could be generalised for future efforts across small-and-medium-sized OKP manufacturers that share similar requirements.
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paper_title: Manufacturing Execution Through e-FACTORY System

paper_content:

Abstract This paper presents a Manufacturing Execution System (e-Factory) developed to integrate manufacturing engineering, procurement, production planning, manufacturing and quality functions. e-Factory System supports the production preparation process. The main input of this process is data related with the three dimensions of Production. “Product Data”, “Project Parameters” and “Plant Data”. The outputs of the production preparation.
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paper_title: Generic platform for manufacturing execution system functions in knowledge-driven manufacturing systems

paper_content:

ABSTRACT Information technologies grow rapidly nowadays with the advance and extension of computing capabilities. This growth affects several fields, which consume these technologies. Industrial Automation is not an exception. This publication describes a general and flexible architecture for implementing Manufacturing Execution System (MES) function, which can be deployed in multiple industrial cases. These features are achieved by combining the flexibility of knowledge-driven systems with the vendor-independent property of RESTful web services. With deployment of this solution, MES functions may gain more versatility and independency. This research work is a continuation of the development of the OKD-MES (Open Knowledge-Driven Manufacturing Execution System) framework during the execution of the eScop project. The OKD-MES framework consists on a semantic-based solution for controlling and enhancing the flexibility and re-configurability of MES. In such scope, this research presents MES functions architecture that might be implemented in the OKD-MES framework in order to increase the flexibility of event-driven manufacturing systems.
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paper_title: Towards Industry 4.0 - Standardization as the crucial challenge for highly modular, multi-vendor production systems

paper_content:

Abstract The vision of the 4 th industrial revolution describes the realization of the Internet of Things within the context of the factory to realize a significantly higher flexibility and adaptability of production systems. Driven by politics and research meanwhile most of the automation technology providers in Germany have recognized the potentials of Industry 4.0 and provide first solutions. However, presented solutions so far represent vendor-specific or isolated production system. In order to make Industry 4.0 a success, these proprietary approaches must be replaced by open and standardized solutions. For this reason, the SmartFactory KL has realized a very first multi-vendor and highly modular production system as a sample reference for Industry 4.0. This contribution gives an overview of the current status of the SmartFactory KL initiative to build a highly modular, multi-vendor production line based on common concepts and standardization activities. The findings and experiences of this multi-vendor project are documented as an outline for further research on highly modular production lines.
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paper_title: vMES: Virtualization aware manufacturing execution system

paper_content:

Abstract The large scale emergence in the last decade of various cloud solutions, ranging from software-as-a-service (SaaS) based solutions for business process management and implementation to very sophisticated private cloud solutions capable of high performance computing (HPC) and efficient virtualization, constitute the building blocks for engineering the next generation of flexible enterprise systems that can respond with great agility to changes in their environment. These new technologies are adopted at a certain level by manufacturing enterprises in order to advance in a new era of mass customization where flexibility, scalability and agility are the differentiating factors. In this context, this paper introduces the virtualized manufacturing execution system (vMES), an intermediate layer in the manufacturing stack, and discusses the advantages and limitations offered by this approach for manufacturing enterprises. A classification of MES workloads based on the ISA-95 function model is presented, focusing on the virtualization techniques suitable for each workload, considering the algorithms and technologies used and the virtualization overhead. A pilot vMES implementation using a parallel process for smart resource provisioning and automatic scaling is also presented. The pilot implementation using six Adept robots and one IBM CloudBurst 2.1 private cloud and an ISA-95 based MES is described; the virtualization sequence is analyzed in several scenarios of resource workload collocation on physical cloud blades with and without perturbations.
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paper_title: Redundancy and scalability for virtualized MES systems with programmable infrastructure

paper_content:

We introduce the vMES virtualization layer for manufacturing execution systems.Workload identification at MES layer according to ISA-95.03 functions.We present a process for private cloud redundancy and scaling for MES workload.Experimental results showing perturbation handling in cloud environment.Benefits of virtualization and programmable infrastructure for MES workloads. Virtualization of manufacturing execution system (vMES) workloads offers a set of design and operational advantages to enterprises, the most visible being improved resource utilization and flexibility of the overall solution. This paper explores redundancy and scalability, as other important operational advantages introduced by the use of private clouds for MES virtualization in the context of the programmable infrastructure (PI) concept. PI is a new architectural approach in which the computing infrastructure, represented by resources, networks, storage, becomes dynamic and is controlled by the application, in contrast with traditional architectures where the application has to adapt to a static infrastructure. For MES applications, the adoption of PI has the potential to add a new layer of flexibility and optimization by allowing quick configuration and re-configuration based on environmental changes, especially in the context of virtualization in private cloud where workloads can be provisioned and de-provisioned in real time. In this context, this paper presents the main redundancy and scalability requirements for the workloads identified in ISA-95.03 based solutions and discusses in detail the strategies to assure the redundancy and scalability requirements of these workloads both individually and at the system level. The main contributions of this paper are therefore the introduction of PI combined with private cloud virtualization at the MES layer in order to achieve redundancy and scalability of the control solution. The pilot implementation presented is based on PI concepts and is realized in practice using SOA BPEL and IBM CloudBurst REST APIs. The MES system considered for the pilot implementation adopts a multi-agent vMES architecture having COBASA-type functionality. The experimental results presented in this paper show the system response in a set of failure scenarios, with focus on the reconfiguration time of workloads, and the dynamic response to perturbations in the system.
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paper_title: Agent-based manufacturing execution systems for short-series production scheduling

paper_content:

This paper presents the architecture of Agent-based Manufacturing Execution Systems dedicated for short-series production support. The functional models are based on the ANSI/ISA-95 (IEC/ISO 62264) standard. The workflow and information exchange for Manufacturing Operations Management are defined by ISA 95 and implemented under a dynamic Agent-based environment. The proposed system is organised as a fully heterarchical architecture, without a central administration or system orchestrators. Unlike most of the existing agent software that are based on Java, the proposed solution is based on Microsoft's Model-View-Controller and was created under the ASP.NET technology. Holons, which collect information from the real production system, are a Cyber Physical part of the application. Agents process information using Internet services that are available for human users and for the other agents as well. The proposed approach has been verified on the use case of the system that was created to support the production of electronic devices in the Prototyping Department of Continental Ingolstadt. The system model, applied communication mechanisms and examples of agents are presented in this paper. The research part of this paper is focussed on simulation-based planning for a short-series production schedule. The simulation results can be used to support the decision-making process.
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paper_title: A Hierarchical structure of key performance indicators for operation management and continuous improvement in production systems.

paper_content:

Key performance indicators (KPIs) are critical for manufacturing operation management and continuous improvement (CI). In modern manufacturing systems, KPIs are defined as a set of metrics to reflect operation performance, such as efficiency, throughput, availability, from productivity, quality and maintenance perspectives. Through continuous monitoring and measurement of KPIs, meaningful quantification and identification of different aspects of operation activities can be obtained, which enable and direct CI efforts. A set of 34 KPIs has been introduced in ISO 22400. However, the KPIs in a manufacturing system are not independent, and they may have intrinsic mutual relationships. The goal of this paper is to introduce a multi-level structure for identification and analysis of KPIs and their intrinsic relationships in production systems. Specifically, through such a hierarchical structure, we define and layer KPIs into levels of basic KPIs, comprehensive KPIs and their supporting metrics, and use it to investigate the relationships and dependencies between KPIs. Such a study can provide a useful tool for manufacturing engineers and managers to measure and utilize KPIs for CI.
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paper_title: Standardization of Key Performance Indecator for manufacturing execution system

paper_content:

Recently, a lot of manufacturers are applying the manufacturing execution system (MES) to the automation system. The MES is not only linked to factory site, but also closely linked to enterprise management system. Standardization of MES is interested in the automation field and manufacturers. However, many IT companies provided MES systems to manufacturers. In this moment, it is difficult to make a standard for a MES structure and data by the international standard. Therefore, the ISO is developing a new standard of Key Performance Indicator (KPI) for MES in ISO/TC184/SC5. In this paper, a background for the standardization, a standardization activity and a proposed standard are descried.
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paper_title: Agent-based manufacturing execution systems for short-series production scheduling

paper_content:

This paper presents the architecture of Agent-based Manufacturing Execution Systems dedicated for short-series production support. The functional models are based on the ANSI/ISA-95 (IEC/ISO 62264) standard. The workflow and information exchange for Manufacturing Operations Management are defined by ISA 95 and implemented under a dynamic Agent-based environment. The proposed system is organised as a fully heterarchical architecture, without a central administration or system orchestrators. Unlike most of the existing agent software that are based on Java, the proposed solution is based on Microsoft's Model-View-Controller and was created under the ASP.NET technology. Holons, which collect information from the real production system, are a Cyber Physical part of the application. Agents process information using Internet services that are available for human users and for the other agents as well. The proposed approach has been verified on the use case of the system that was created to support the production of electronic devices in the Prototyping Department of Continental Ingolstadt. The system model, applied communication mechanisms and examples of agents are presented in this paper. The research part of this paper is focussed on simulation-based planning for a short-series production schedule. The simulation results can be used to support the decision-making process.
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paper_title: Augmented Reality for Digital Manufacturing

paper_content:

The focus of this paper is on enhancing the possibilities of manufacturing operations by taking advantage of augmented reality (AR) technology and highlighting its benefits by implementing a product manufacturing case. The latter appearance of augmented headsets, such as the Microsoft HoloLens allows more opportunities for creating innovative solutions. After introducing concepts about smart manufacturing, improvements regarding human-robot collaboration in assembly tasks are presented. The developed scenario is based on the integration of AR, a cobot, a see-through device, a digital twin and an algorithm for assembly visualization. This approach pledges a compelling interaction of the 3D real and virtual unit, so that the operator can work in a more intuitive environment. This methodology has been implemented on a assembly case to investigate users' enhanced perception using the virtual world while cooperating with the robot.
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paper_title: Status and future of manufacturing execution systems

paper_content:

This paper proposes a taxonomy for characterizing manufacturing execution systems and discusses how they can benefit from the recent developments of Industry 4.0. The study is based on a literature review. The taxonomy contributes to theory and practice by providing a framework for benchmarking of manufacturing execution systems. The taxonomy can be utilized in the selection or design process of the manufacturing execution systems. Outlining the further opportunities provided by Industry 4.0 technologies, the paper also provides directions for future improvements of manufacturing execution systems.
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Title: Smart CPS: vertical integration overview and user story with a cobot

Section 1: Introduction
Description 1: Introduce the paper's focus on high industrial performance pressures and the solution through vertical integration and usage of technologies such as MES and ERP within CPS. Highlight key emerging technologies and standards like Industry 4.0 and the significance of collaborative robots.

Section 2: Motivation
Description 2: Discuss the current gap in research on vertical integration in manufacturing and the necessity for detailed use cases to transition from conventional to emerging manufacturing technologies.

Section 3: Contributions
Description 3: Present the proposed demo application for MES vertical integration, incorporating a dual-arm cobot and AGV. Detail the specific technical contributions and the improvements in productivity and efficiency.

Section 4: Current state-of-the-art for MES
Description 4: Provide a thorough review of the state-of-the-art in MES, divided into subsections that cover definitions, architectures, chronological developments, and comparisons of commercially available MES solutions.

Section 5: General facts, definition and architecture
Description 5: Detail the emergence of MES, its functional areas, and its role in the vertical integration within manufacturing enterprises according to standards like ISA-95.

Section 6: Chronological review of MES
Description 6: Summarize the evolution of MES from early attempts in the 1990s to the present, highlighting key technologies and methodologies used over different periods.

Section 7: Summary and comparison of available MES
Description 7: Compare the application fields and performance indicators of commercially available MES solutions based on public information from different domains.

Section 8: MES key performance indicators
Description 8: Discuss the role of KPIs in evaluating manufacturing systems, how they are defined by standards like ISO20400, and their application in the provided use case.

Section 9: MES vertical integration use case
Description 9: Present the detailed use case of integrating a custom/ROS package-based cobot into a commercial MES system, including the technical setup and process flow of the sorting application.

Section 10: Application overview
Description 10: Provide an overview of the developed flexible sorting application, focusing on the integrated components like the cobot, AGV, conveyor belt, and their interaction within the MES system.

Section 11: ERP
Description 11: Describe the development and integration of a graphic user interface on top of the Apriso software infrastructure for managing production orders within the ERP system.

Section 12: MES
Description 12: Detail the entities and functionalities of the Light Bulb Factory MES application, explaining the process builder tools and integration with ERP and PLC systems.

Section 13: OPC layer
Description 13: Explain the role of the OPC layer in facilitating real-time communication between MES and PLCs, including the setup of MatrikonOPC Server for data exchange.

Section 14: Control and monitor
Description 14: List the equipment used for process control and monitoring, describe the state machine controlling the workflow, and the interaction between the cobot and PLC using Modbus protocol.

Section 15: Manufacturing resources and the shop floor levels
Description 15: Outline the role of manufacturing resources and the actual production process level, specifying the equipment involved and their interaction within the MES vertical hierarchy.

Section 16: Cloud
Description 16: Describe the connection between MES and cloud computing platforms, the use of industrial gateways, Node-RED applications, and MQTT protocols for data exchange and monitoring.

Section 17: Application summary
Description 17: Summarize the software modules and tools used in the application, including a visual representation of the system architecture.

Section 18: User experience
Description 18: Discuss the design and implementation of the user interface using Screen Framework, focusing on improving user interaction during workspace and production setups.

Section 19: Conclusion
Description 19: Summarize the paper's key findings, the benefits of vertical integration within MES systems, and the future implications and challenges of integrating emerging technologies in manufacturing.

Section 20: Disclosure statement
Description 20: Provide information on any potential conflicts of interest disclosed by the paper's authors.