A Survey on Service Composition Middleware in Pervasive Environments
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paper_title: Service Oriented Architecture Concepts Technology And Design

paper_content:

Thank you for downloading service oriented architecture concepts technology and design. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have look numerous times for their chosen readings like this service oriented architecture concepts technology and design, but end up in malicious downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they are facing with some malicious virus inside their laptop.
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paper_title: A Survey on Web Services Composition

paper_content:

Due to the web services' heterogeneous nature, which stems from the definition of several XML-based standards to overcome platform and language dependence, web services have become an emerging and promising technology to design and build complex inter-enterprise business applications out of single web-based software components. To establish the existence of a global component market, in order to enforce extensive software reuse, service composition experienced increasing interest in doing a lot of research effort. This paper discusses the urgent need for service composition, the required technologies to perform service composition. It also presents several different composition strategies, based on some currently existing composition platforms and frameworks, re-presenting first implementations of state-of the-art technologies, and gives an outlook to essential future research work.
---
paper_title: Classification of the state-ofthe-art dynamic web services composition techniques

paper_content:

Dynamic web service composition can serve applications or users on an on-demand basis. With dynamic composition, the application's capabilities can be extended at runtime so that theoretically an unlimited number of new services can be created from a limited set of service components, thus making applications no longer restricted to the original set of operations specified and envisioned at design and/or compile time. Moreover, dynamic composition is the only means to adapt the behaviour of running components in highly available applications such as, banking and telecommunication systems where services cannot be brought offline to upgrade or remove obsolete services. In this paper, we present a novel classification of the current state-of-the-art dynamic web services composition techniques with attention to the capabilities and limitations of the underlying approaches. The proposed taxonomy of these techniques is derived based on a comprehensive survey of what has been done so far in dynamic web service composition. Finally, we summarise our findings and present a vision for future research work in this area.
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paper_title: Pervasive Computing: Vision and Challenges

paper_content:

This article discusses the challenges in computer systems research posed by the emerging field of pervasive computing. It first examines the relationship of this new field to its predecessors: distributed systems and mobile computing. It then identifies four new research thrusts: effective use of smart spaces, invisibility, localized scalability, and masking uneven conditioning. Next, it sketches a couple of hypothetical pervasive computing scenarios, and uses them to identify key capabilities missing from today's systems. The article closes with a discussion of the research necessary to develop these capabilities.
---
paper_title: A Survey on Web Services Composition

paper_content:

Due to the web services' heterogeneous nature, which stems from the definition of several XML-based standards to overcome platform and language dependence, web services have become an emerging and promising technology to design and build complex inter-enterprise business applications out of single web-based software components. To establish the existence of a global component market, in order to enforce extensive software reuse, service composition experienced increasing interest in doing a lot of research effort. This paper discusses the urgent need for service composition, the required technologies to perform service composition. It also presents several different composition strategies, based on some currently existing composition platforms and frameworks, re-presenting first implementations of state-of the-art technologies, and gives an outlook to essential future research work.
---
paper_title: MySIM: a spontaneous service integration middleware for pervasive environments

paper_content:

A computing infrastructure where "everything is a service" offers many new system and application possibilities. Among the main challenges, however, is the issue of service integration for the application development in such heterogeneous environments. Service integration has been considered by major middleware as a user centric approach as it responds to user requests and needs. In this article, we propose a novel way to integrate services considering only their availability, the functionalities they propose and their non functional QoS properties rather than the users direct requests. We define MySIM, a spontaneous service integration middleware. MySIM integrates services spontaneously on an event based mechanism and transparently for users and applications, extending by that the environment with functionalities. We developed a prototype as a proof of concept and evaluated its efficiency over a real use case.
---
paper_title: Classification of the state-ofthe-art dynamic web services composition techniques

paper_content:

Dynamic web service composition can serve applications or users on an on-demand basis. With dynamic composition, the application's capabilities can be extended at runtime so that theoretically an unlimited number of new services can be created from a limited set of service components, thus making applications no longer restricted to the original set of operations specified and envisioned at design and/or compile time. Moreover, dynamic composition is the only means to adapt the behaviour of running components in highly available applications such as, banking and telecommunication systems where services cannot be brought offline to upgrade or remove obsolete services. In this paper, we present a novel classification of the current state-of-the-art dynamic web services composition techniques with attention to the capabilities and limitations of the underlying approaches. The proposed taxonomy of these techniques is derived based on a comprehensive survey of what has been done so far in dynamic web service composition. Finally, we summarise our findings and present a vision for future research work in this area.
---
paper_title: MySIM: a spontaneous service integration middleware for pervasive environments

paper_content:

A computing infrastructure where "everything is a service" offers many new system and application possibilities. Among the main challenges, however, is the issue of service integration for the application development in such heterogeneous environments. Service integration has been considered by major middleware as a user centric approach as it responds to user requests and needs. In this article, we propose a novel way to integrate services considering only their availability, the functionalities they propose and their non functional QoS properties rather than the users direct requests. We define MySIM, a spontaneous service integration middleware. MySIM integrates services spontaneously on an event based mechanism and transparently for users and applications, extending by that the environment with functionalities. We developed a prototype as a proof of concept and evaluated its efficiency over a real use case.
---
paper_title: Composing Web services on the Semantic Web

paper_content:

Service composition is gaining momentum as the potential silver bullet for the envisioned Semantic Web. It purports to take the Web to unexplored efficiencies and provide a flexible approach for promoting all types of activities in tomorrow’s Web. Applications expected to heavily take advantage of Web service composition include B2B E-commerce and E-government. To date, enabling composite services has largely been an ad hoc, time-consuming, and error-prone process involving repetitive low-level programming. In this paper, we propose an ontology-based framework for the automatic composition of Web services. We present a technique to generate composite services from high-level declarative descriptions. We define formal safeguards for meaningful composition through the use of composability rules. These rules compare the syntactic and semantic features of Web services to determine whether two services are composable. We provide an implementation using an E-government application offering customized services to indigent citizens. Finally, we present an exhaustive performance experiment to assess the scalability of our approach.
---
paper_title: Service Composition for Mobile Environments

paper_content:

Service Composition, that is, the development of customized services by discovering, integrating and executing existing services has received a lot of attention in the last couple of years with respect to wired-infrastructure or Internet web services. With the advancement in the wireless technology and rapid deployment of mobile devices, we envision that in the near future wirelessly connected mobile devices in a given vicinity will also provide services that can be leveraged in the composition process. This is particularly true of what have been described as "pervasive computing" environments. However, wired-infrastructure based service composition architectures are not designed to consider the various factors like mobility, device heterogeneity, resource variability and reliability in a mobile environment. In this paper, we describe the issues related to service composition in mobile environments and evaluate criteria for judging protocols that enable such composition. We present a distributed architecture and associated protocols for service composition in mobile environments that take into consideration mobility, dynamic changing service topology and device resources. The composition protocols are based on distributed brokerage mechanisms and utilize a distributed service discovery process over ad-hoc network connectivity. We present simulation results of our protocols, and compare them with a centralized service composition protocol traditionally used for wired-infrastructure environments. The results show that our approach clearly outperforms the existing centralized approaches, and that our protocols are able to adapt and better utilize the changing service topology and resources in a mobile environment.
---
paper_title: Dynamic Service Composition in Pervasive Computing

paper_content:

Service-oriented architectures (SOAs) promise to provide transparency to resource access by exposing the resources available as services. SOAs have been employed within pervasive computing systems to provide essential support to user tasks by creating services representing the available resources. The mechanism of combining two or more basic services into a possibly complex service is known as service composition. Existing solutions to service composition employ a template-matching approach, where the user needs are expressed as a request template, and through composition, a system would identify services to populate the entities within the request template. However, with the dynamism involved in pervasive environments, the user needs have to be met by exploiting available resources, even when an exact match does not exist. In this paper, we present a novel service composition mechanism for pervasive computing. We employ the service-oriented middleware platform called pervasive information communities organization (PICO) to model and represent resources as services. The proposed service composition mechanism models services as directed attributed graphs, maintains a repository of service graphs, and dynamically combines multiple basic services into complex services. Further, we present a hierarchical overlay structure created among the devices to exploit the resource unevenness, resulting in the capability of providing essential service-related support to resource-poor devices. Results of extensive simulation studies are presented to illustrate the suitability of the proposed mechanism in meeting the challenges of pervasive computing user mobility, heterogeneity, and the uncertain nature of involved resources.
---
paper_title: Semantics-based dynamic service composition

paper_content:

Complex services may be dynamically composed through combining distributed components on demand (i.e., when requested by a user) in order to provide new services without preinstallation. Several systems have been proposed to dynamically compose services. However, they require users to request services in a manner that is not intuitive to the users. In order to allow a user to request a service in an intuitive form (e.g., using a natural language), this paper proposes a semantics-based service composition architecture. The proposed architecture obtains the semantics of the service requested in an intuitive form, and dynamically composes the requested service based on the semantics of the service. To compose a service based on its semantics, the proposed architecture supports semantic representation of components [through a component model named Component Service Model with Semantics (CoSMoS)], discovers components required to compose a service [through a middleware named Component Runtime Environment (CoRE)], and composes the requested service based on its semantics and the semantics of the discovered components [through a service composition mechanism named Semantic Graph-Based Service Composition (SeGSeC)]. This paper presents the design, implementation and empirical evaluation of the proposed architecture.
---
paper_title: MySIM: a spontaneous service integration middleware for pervasive environments

paper_content:

A computing infrastructure where "everything is a service" offers many new system and application possibilities. Among the main challenges, however, is the issue of service integration for the application development in such heterogeneous environments. Service integration has been considered by major middleware as a user centric approach as it responds to user requests and needs. In this article, we propose a novel way to integrate services considering only their availability, the functionalities they propose and their non functional QoS properties rather than the users direct requests. We define MySIM, a spontaneous service integration middleware. MySIM integrates services spontaneously on an event based mechanism and transparently for users and applications, extending by that the environment with functionalities. We developed a prototype as a proof of concept and evaluated its efficiency over a real use case.
---
paper_title: Dynamic Service Composition in Pervasive Computing

paper_content:

Service-oriented architectures (SOAs) promise to provide transparency to resource access by exposing the resources available as services. SOAs have been employed within pervasive computing systems to provide essential support to user tasks by creating services representing the available resources. The mechanism of combining two or more basic services into a possibly complex service is known as service composition. Existing solutions to service composition employ a template-matching approach, where the user needs are expressed as a request template, and through composition, a system would identify services to populate the entities within the request template. However, with the dynamism involved in pervasive environments, the user needs have to be met by exploiting available resources, even when an exact match does not exist. In this paper, we present a novel service composition mechanism for pervasive computing. We employ the service-oriented middleware platform called pervasive information communities organization (PICO) to model and represent resources as services. The proposed service composition mechanism models services as directed attributed graphs, maintains a repository of service graphs, and dynamically combines multiple basic services into complex services. Further, we present a hierarchical overlay structure created among the devices to exploit the resource unevenness, resulting in the capability of providing essential service-related support to resource-poor devices. Results of extensive simulation studies are presented to illustrate the suitability of the proposed mechanism in meeting the challenges of pervasive computing user mobility, heterogeneity, and the uncertain nature of involved resources.
---
paper_title: Service Composition for Mobile Environments

paper_content:

Service Composition, that is, the development of customized services by discovering, integrating and executing existing services has received a lot of attention in the last couple of years with respect to wired-infrastructure or Internet web services. With the advancement in the wireless technology and rapid deployment of mobile devices, we envision that in the near future wirelessly connected mobile devices in a given vicinity will also provide services that can be leveraged in the composition process. This is particularly true of what have been described as "pervasive computing" environments. However, wired-infrastructure based service composition architectures are not designed to consider the various factors like mobility, device heterogeneity, resource variability and reliability in a mobile environment. In this paper, we describe the issues related to service composition in mobile environments and evaluate criteria for judging protocols that enable such composition. We present a distributed architecture and associated protocols for service composition in mobile environments that take into consideration mobility, dynamic changing service topology and device resources. The composition protocols are based on distributed brokerage mechanisms and utilize a distributed service discovery process over ad-hoc network connectivity. We present simulation results of our protocols, and compare them with a centralized service composition protocol traditionally used for wired-infrastructure environments. The results show that our approach clearly outperforms the existing centralized approaches, and that our protocols are able to adapt and better utilize the changing service topology and resources in a mobile environment.
---
paper_title: Service Composition for Mobile Environments

paper_content:

Service Composition, that is, the development of customized services by discovering, integrating and executing existing services has received a lot of attention in the last couple of years with respect to wired-infrastructure or Internet web services. With the advancement in the wireless technology and rapid deployment of mobile devices, we envision that in the near future wirelessly connected mobile devices in a given vicinity will also provide services that can be leveraged in the composition process. This is particularly true of what have been described as "pervasive computing" environments. However, wired-infrastructure based service composition architectures are not designed to consider the various factors like mobility, device heterogeneity, resource variability and reliability in a mobile environment. In this paper, we describe the issues related to service composition in mobile environments and evaluate criteria for judging protocols that enable such composition. We present a distributed architecture and associated protocols for service composition in mobile environments that take into consideration mobility, dynamic changing service topology and device resources. The composition protocols are based on distributed brokerage mechanisms and utilize a distributed service discovery process over ad-hoc network connectivity. We present simulation results of our protocols, and compare them with a centralized service composition protocol traditionally used for wired-infrastructure environments. The results show that our approach clearly outperforms the existing centralized approaches, and that our protocols are able to adapt and better utilize the changing service topology and resources in a mobile environment.
---
paper_title: Semantics-based dynamic service composition

paper_content:

Complex services may be dynamically composed through combining distributed components on demand (i.e., when requested by a user) in order to provide new services without preinstallation. Several systems have been proposed to dynamically compose services. However, they require users to request services in a manner that is not intuitive to the users. In order to allow a user to request a service in an intuitive form (e.g., using a natural language), this paper proposes a semantics-based service composition architecture. The proposed architecture obtains the semantics of the service requested in an intuitive form, and dynamically composes the requested service based on the semantics of the service. To compose a service based on its semantics, the proposed architecture supports semantic representation of components [through a component model named Component Service Model with Semantics (CoSMoS)], discovers components required to compose a service [through a middleware named Component Runtime Environment (CoRE)], and composes the requested service based on its semantics and the semantics of the discovered components [through a service composition mechanism named Semantic Graph-Based Service Composition (SeGSeC)]. This paper presents the design, implementation and empirical evaluation of the proposed architecture.
---
paper_title: Semantics-based dynamic service composition

paper_content:

Complex services may be dynamically composed through combining distributed components on demand (i.e., when requested by a user) in order to provide new services without preinstallation. Several systems have been proposed to dynamically compose services. However, they require users to request services in a manner that is not intuitive to the users. In order to allow a user to request a service in an intuitive form (e.g., using a natural language), this paper proposes a semantics-based service composition architecture. The proposed architecture obtains the semantics of the service requested in an intuitive form, and dynamically composes the requested service based on the semantics of the service. To compose a service based on its semantics, the proposed architecture supports semantic representation of components [through a component model named Component Service Model with Semantics (CoSMoS)], discovers components required to compose a service [through a middleware named Component Runtime Environment (CoRE)], and composes the requested service based on its semantics and the semantics of the discovered components [through a service composition mechanism named Semantic Graph-Based Service Composition (SeGSeC)]. This paper presents the design, implementation and empirical evaluation of the proposed architecture.
---
paper_title: Composing Web services on the Semantic Web

paper_content:

Service composition is gaining momentum as the potential silver bullet for the envisioned Semantic Web. It purports to take the Web to unexplored efficiencies and provide a flexible approach for promoting all types of activities in tomorrow’s Web. Applications expected to heavily take advantage of Web service composition include B2B E-commerce and E-government. To date, enabling composite services has largely been an ad hoc, time-consuming, and error-prone process involving repetitive low-level programming. In this paper, we propose an ontology-based framework for the automatic composition of Web services. We present a technique to generate composite services from high-level declarative descriptions. We define formal safeguards for meaningful composition through the use of composability rules. These rules compare the syntactic and semantic features of Web services to determine whether two services are composable. We provide an implementation using an E-government application offering customized services to indigent citizens. Finally, we present an exhaustive performance experiment to assess the scalability of our approach.
---
paper_title: MySIM: a spontaneous service integration middleware for pervasive environments

paper_content:

A computing infrastructure where "everything is a service" offers many new system and application possibilities. Among the main challenges, however, is the issue of service integration for the application development in such heterogeneous environments. Service integration has been considered by major middleware as a user centric approach as it responds to user requests and needs. In this article, we propose a novel way to integrate services considering only their availability, the functionalities they propose and their non functional QoS properties rather than the users direct requests. We define MySIM, a spontaneous service integration middleware. MySIM integrates services spontaneously on an event based mechanism and transparently for users and applications, extending by that the environment with functionalities. We developed a prototype as a proof of concept and evaluated its efficiency over a real use case.
---
paper_title: Composing Web services on the Semantic Web

paper_content:

Service composition is gaining momentum as the potential silver bullet for the envisioned Semantic Web. It purports to take the Web to unexplored efficiencies and provide a flexible approach for promoting all types of activities in tomorrow’s Web. Applications expected to heavily take advantage of Web service composition include B2B E-commerce and E-government. To date, enabling composite services has largely been an ad hoc, time-consuming, and error-prone process involving repetitive low-level programming. In this paper, we propose an ontology-based framework for the automatic composition of Web services. We present a technique to generate composite services from high-level declarative descriptions. We define formal safeguards for meaningful composition through the use of composability rules. These rules compare the syntactic and semantic features of Web services to determine whether two services are composable. We provide an implementation using an E-government application offering customized services to indigent citizens. Finally, we present an exhaustive performance experiment to assess the scalability of our approach.
---
paper_title: Service Composition for Mobile Environments

paper_content:

Service Composition, that is, the development of customized services by discovering, integrating and executing existing services has received a lot of attention in the last couple of years with respect to wired-infrastructure or Internet web services. With the advancement in the wireless technology and rapid deployment of mobile devices, we envision that in the near future wirelessly connected mobile devices in a given vicinity will also provide services that can be leveraged in the composition process. This is particularly true of what have been described as "pervasive computing" environments. However, wired-infrastructure based service composition architectures are not designed to consider the various factors like mobility, device heterogeneity, resource variability and reliability in a mobile environment. In this paper, we describe the issues related to service composition in mobile environments and evaluate criteria for judging protocols that enable such composition. We present a distributed architecture and associated protocols for service composition in mobile environments that take into consideration mobility, dynamic changing service topology and device resources. The composition protocols are based on distributed brokerage mechanisms and utilize a distributed service discovery process over ad-hoc network connectivity. We present simulation results of our protocols, and compare them with a centralized service composition protocol traditionally used for wired-infrastructure environments. The results show that our approach clearly outperforms the existing centralized approaches, and that our protocols are able to adapt and better utilize the changing service topology and resources in a mobile environment.
---
paper_title: Dynamic Service Composition in Pervasive Computing

paper_content:

Service-oriented architectures (SOAs) promise to provide transparency to resource access by exposing the resources available as services. SOAs have been employed within pervasive computing systems to provide essential support to user tasks by creating services representing the available resources. The mechanism of combining two or more basic services into a possibly complex service is known as service composition. Existing solutions to service composition employ a template-matching approach, where the user needs are expressed as a request template, and through composition, a system would identify services to populate the entities within the request template. However, with the dynamism involved in pervasive environments, the user needs have to be met by exploiting available resources, even when an exact match does not exist. In this paper, we present a novel service composition mechanism for pervasive computing. We employ the service-oriented middleware platform called pervasive information communities organization (PICO) to model and represent resources as services. The proposed service composition mechanism models services as directed attributed graphs, maintains a repository of service graphs, and dynamically combines multiple basic services into complex services. Further, we present a hierarchical overlay structure created among the devices to exploit the resource unevenness, resulting in the capability of providing essential service-related support to resource-poor devices. Results of extensive simulation studies are presented to illustrate the suitability of the proposed mechanism in meeting the challenges of pervasive computing user mobility, heterogeneity, and the uncertain nature of involved resources.
---
paper_title: Semantics-based dynamic service composition

paper_content:

Complex services may be dynamically composed through combining distributed components on demand (i.e., when requested by a user) in order to provide new services without preinstallation. Several systems have been proposed to dynamically compose services. However, they require users to request services in a manner that is not intuitive to the users. In order to allow a user to request a service in an intuitive form (e.g., using a natural language), this paper proposes a semantics-based service composition architecture. The proposed architecture obtains the semantics of the service requested in an intuitive form, and dynamically composes the requested service based on the semantics of the service. To compose a service based on its semantics, the proposed architecture supports semantic representation of components [through a component model named Component Service Model with Semantics (CoSMoS)], discovers components required to compose a service [through a middleware named Component Runtime Environment (CoRE)], and composes the requested service based on its semantics and the semantics of the discovered components [through a service composition mechanism named Semantic Graph-Based Service Composition (SeGSeC)]. This paper presents the design, implementation and empirical evaluation of the proposed architecture.
---
paper_title: MySIM: a spontaneous service integration middleware for pervasive environments

paper_content:

A computing infrastructure where "everything is a service" offers many new system and application possibilities. Among the main challenges, however, is the issue of service integration for the application development in such heterogeneous environments. Service integration has been considered by major middleware as a user centric approach as it responds to user requests and needs. In this article, we propose a novel way to integrate services considering only their availability, the functionalities they propose and their non functional QoS properties rather than the users direct requests. We define MySIM, a spontaneous service integration middleware. MySIM integrates services spontaneously on an event based mechanism and transparently for users and applications, extending by that the environment with functionalities. We developed a prototype as a proof of concept and evaluated its efficiency over a real use case.
---
paper_title: Composing Web services on the Semantic Web

paper_content:

Service composition is gaining momentum as the potential silver bullet for the envisioned Semantic Web. It purports to take the Web to unexplored efficiencies and provide a flexible approach for promoting all types of activities in tomorrow’s Web. Applications expected to heavily take advantage of Web service composition include B2B E-commerce and E-government. To date, enabling composite services has largely been an ad hoc, time-consuming, and error-prone process involving repetitive low-level programming. In this paper, we propose an ontology-based framework for the automatic composition of Web services. We present a technique to generate composite services from high-level declarative descriptions. We define formal safeguards for meaningful composition through the use of composability rules. These rules compare the syntactic and semantic features of Web services to determine whether two services are composable. We provide an implementation using an E-government application offering customized services to indigent citizens. Finally, we present an exhaustive performance experiment to assess the scalability of our approach.
---
paper_title: Service Composition for Mobile Environments

paper_content:

Service Composition, that is, the development of customized services by discovering, integrating and executing existing services has received a lot of attention in the last couple of years with respect to wired-infrastructure or Internet web services. With the advancement in the wireless technology and rapid deployment of mobile devices, we envision that in the near future wirelessly connected mobile devices in a given vicinity will also provide services that can be leveraged in the composition process. This is particularly true of what have been described as "pervasive computing" environments. However, wired-infrastructure based service composition architectures are not designed to consider the various factors like mobility, device heterogeneity, resource variability and reliability in a mobile environment. In this paper, we describe the issues related to service composition in mobile environments and evaluate criteria for judging protocols that enable such composition. We present a distributed architecture and associated protocols for service composition in mobile environments that take into consideration mobility, dynamic changing service topology and device resources. The composition protocols are based on distributed brokerage mechanisms and utilize a distributed service discovery process over ad-hoc network connectivity. We present simulation results of our protocols, and compare them with a centralized service composition protocol traditionally used for wired-infrastructure environments. The results show that our approach clearly outperforms the existing centralized approaches, and that our protocols are able to adapt and better utilize the changing service topology and resources in a mobile environment.
---
paper_title: Dynamic Service Composition in Pervasive Computing

paper_content:

Service-oriented architectures (SOAs) promise to provide transparency to resource access by exposing the resources available as services. SOAs have been employed within pervasive computing systems to provide essential support to user tasks by creating services representing the available resources. The mechanism of combining two or more basic services into a possibly complex service is known as service composition. Existing solutions to service composition employ a template-matching approach, where the user needs are expressed as a request template, and through composition, a system would identify services to populate the entities within the request template. However, with the dynamism involved in pervasive environments, the user needs have to be met by exploiting available resources, even when an exact match does not exist. In this paper, we present a novel service composition mechanism for pervasive computing. We employ the service-oriented middleware platform called pervasive information communities organization (PICO) to model and represent resources as services. The proposed service composition mechanism models services as directed attributed graphs, maintains a repository of service graphs, and dynamically combines multiple basic services into complex services. Further, we present a hierarchical overlay structure created among the devices to exploit the resource unevenness, resulting in the capability of providing essential service-related support to resource-poor devices. Results of extensive simulation studies are presented to illustrate the suitability of the proposed mechanism in meeting the challenges of pervasive computing user mobility, heterogeneity, and the uncertain nature of involved resources.
---
paper_title: Semantics-based dynamic service composition

paper_content:

Complex services may be dynamically composed through combining distributed components on demand (i.e., when requested by a user) in order to provide new services without preinstallation. Several systems have been proposed to dynamically compose services. However, they require users to request services in a manner that is not intuitive to the users. In order to allow a user to request a service in an intuitive form (e.g., using a natural language), this paper proposes a semantics-based service composition architecture. The proposed architecture obtains the semantics of the service requested in an intuitive form, and dynamically composes the requested service based on the semantics of the service. To compose a service based on its semantics, the proposed architecture supports semantic representation of components [through a component model named Component Service Model with Semantics (CoSMoS)], discovers components required to compose a service [through a middleware named Component Runtime Environment (CoRE)], and composes the requested service based on its semantics and the semantics of the discovered components [through a service composition mechanism named Semantic Graph-Based Service Composition (SeGSeC)]. This paper presents the design, implementation and empirical evaluation of the proposed architecture.
---
paper_title: MySIM: a spontaneous service integration middleware for pervasive environments

paper_content:

A computing infrastructure where "everything is a service" offers many new system and application possibilities. Among the main challenges, however, is the issue of service integration for the application development in such heterogeneous environments. Service integration has been considered by major middleware as a user centric approach as it responds to user requests and needs. In this article, we propose a novel way to integrate services considering only their availability, the functionalities they propose and their non functional QoS properties rather than the users direct requests. We define MySIM, a spontaneous service integration middleware. MySIM integrates services spontaneously on an event based mechanism and transparently for users and applications, extending by that the environment with functionalities. We developed a prototype as a proof of concept and evaluated its efficiency over a real use case.
---
paper_title: Context-based matching for Web service composition

paper_content:

In this paper, we propose a novel matching framework for Web service composition. The framework combines the concepts of Web service, context, and ontology. We adopt a broad definition of context for Web services, encompassing all information needed for enabling interactions between clients and providers. Context-based matching for Web services requires dealing with three major research thrusts: context categorization, modeling, and matching. We first propose an ontology-based categorization of contextual information in Web service environments. We then define a two-level mechanism for modeling Web service contexts. In the first level, service providers create context specifications using category-specific Web service languages and standards. In the second level, context specifications are enveloped by policies (called context policies) using WS-Policy standard. Finally, we present a peer-to-peer architecture for matching context policies. The architecture relies on a context matching engine, context policy assistants, and context community services. Community services implement rule-based techniques for comparing context policies.
---
paper_title: Service Composition for Mobile Environments

paper_content:

Service Composition, that is, the development of customized services by discovering, integrating and executing existing services has received a lot of attention in the last couple of years with respect to wired-infrastructure or Internet web services. With the advancement in the wireless technology and rapid deployment of mobile devices, we envision that in the near future wirelessly connected mobile devices in a given vicinity will also provide services that can be leveraged in the composition process. This is particularly true of what have been described as "pervasive computing" environments. However, wired-infrastructure based service composition architectures are not designed to consider the various factors like mobility, device heterogeneity, resource variability and reliability in a mobile environment. In this paper, we describe the issues related to service composition in mobile environments and evaluate criteria for judging protocols that enable such composition. We present a distributed architecture and associated protocols for service composition in mobile environments that take into consideration mobility, dynamic changing service topology and device resources. The composition protocols are based on distributed brokerage mechanisms and utilize a distributed service discovery process over ad-hoc network connectivity. We present simulation results of our protocols, and compare them with a centralized service composition protocol traditionally used for wired-infrastructure environments. The results show that our approach clearly outperforms the existing centralized approaches, and that our protocols are able to adapt and better utilize the changing service topology and resources in a mobile environment.
---
paper_title: Dynamic Service Composition in Pervasive Computing

paper_content:

Service-oriented architectures (SOAs) promise to provide transparency to resource access by exposing the resources available as services. SOAs have been employed within pervasive computing systems to provide essential support to user tasks by creating services representing the available resources. The mechanism of combining two or more basic services into a possibly complex service is known as service composition. Existing solutions to service composition employ a template-matching approach, where the user needs are expressed as a request template, and through composition, a system would identify services to populate the entities within the request template. However, with the dynamism involved in pervasive environments, the user needs have to be met by exploiting available resources, even when an exact match does not exist. In this paper, we present a novel service composition mechanism for pervasive computing. We employ the service-oriented middleware platform called pervasive information communities organization (PICO) to model and represent resources as services. The proposed service composition mechanism models services as directed attributed graphs, maintains a repository of service graphs, and dynamically combines multiple basic services into complex services. Further, we present a hierarchical overlay structure created among the devices to exploit the resource unevenness, resulting in the capability of providing essential service-related support to resource-poor devices. Results of extensive simulation studies are presented to illustrate the suitability of the proposed mechanism in meeting the challenges of pervasive computing user mobility, heterogeneity, and the uncertain nature of involved resources.
---
paper_title: Compositional Verification of Secure Applet Interactions

paper_content:

Recent developments in mobile code and embedded systems have led to an increased interest in open platforms, i.e. platforms which enable different applications to interact in a dynamic environment. However, the flexibility of open platforms presents major difficulties for the (formal) verification of secure interaction between the different applications. To overcome these difficulties, compositional verification techniques are required.This paper presents a compositional approach to the specification and verification of secure applet interactions. This approach involves a compositional model of the interface behavior of applet interactions, a temporal logic property specification language, and a proof system for proving correctness of property decompositions. The usability of the approach is demonstrated on a realistic smartcard case study.
---
paper_title: MySIM: a spontaneous service integration middleware for pervasive environments

paper_content:

A computing infrastructure where "everything is a service" offers many new system and application possibilities. Among the main challenges, however, is the issue of service integration for the application development in such heterogeneous environments. Service integration has been considered by major middleware as a user centric approach as it responds to user requests and needs. In this article, we propose a novel way to integrate services considering only their availability, the functionalities they propose and their non functional QoS properties rather than the users direct requests. We define MySIM, a spontaneous service integration middleware. MySIM integrates services spontaneously on an event based mechanism and transparently for users and applications, extending by that the environment with functionalities. We developed a prototype as a proof of concept and evaluated its efficiency over a real use case.
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paper_title: Ontology and Semantic Interoperability

paper_content:

One of the major problems facing systems for Computer Aided Design (CAD), Architecture Engineering and Construction (AEC) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) applications today is the lack of interoperability among the various systems. When integrating software applications, substantial difficulties can arise in translating information from one application to the other. In this paper, we focus on semantic difficulties that arise in software integration. Applications may use different terminologies to describe the same domain. Even when applications use the same terminology, they often associate different semantics with the terms. This obstructs information exchange among applications. To circumvent this obstacle, we need some way of explicitly specifying the semantics for each terminology in an unambiguous fashion. Ontologies can provide such specification. It will be the task of this paper to explain what ontologies are and how they can be used to facilitate interoperability between software systems used in computer aided design, architecture engineering and construction, and geographic information processing.
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paper_title: Mobile agent system for Web service integration in pervasive network

paper_content:

Efforts to realize Web service technology for dynamic integration of distributed components have been started. There is also a proposal for a language that describes the integration flow in a platform-independent form. It is expected that Web service integration will be applied not only to the Internet, but also to various environments such as pervasive networks composed of mobile devices with wireless connections. In the latter case, it is necessary to deal with resource saving problems such as those that arise in a relatively low speed and unstable wireless channel. This study applies the mobile agent technique to the above problem and proposes a mobile agent system for Web service integration. In the proposed system, the physical actions of the mobile agents, that is, migration and cloning, are separated from the integration logic, and are represented as rules to be added to the integration flow description. By this separation, the physical behavior can be added or modified according to environmental conditions without modifying the integration flow. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 36(11): 34–48, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (). DOI 10.1002sscj.20334This paper was recommended by the Artificial Intelligence and Knowledge Processing Study Group.
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paper_title: Component-based access control: secure software composition through static analysis

paper_content:

Extensible Component Platforms support the discovery, installation, starting, uninstallation of components at runtime. Since they are often targeted at mobile resource-constrained devices, they have both strong performance and security requirements. The current security model for Java systems - Permissions - is based on call stack analysis. This is very time-consuming, which makes it difficult to use in production environments. ::: ::: We therefore define the Component-Based Access Control (CBAC) Security Model, which emulates Java Permissions through static analysis at the installation phase of the components. CBAC is based on a fully declarative approach that makes it possible to tag arbitrary methods as sensitive. A formal model is defined to guarantee that a given component have sufficient access rights, and that dependencies between components are taken into account. ::: ::: A first implementation of the model is provided for the OSGi Platform, using the ASM library for code analysis. Performance tests show that the cost of CBAC at install time is negligible, since it is executed together with digital signature verification which is much more costly. Moreover, unlike Java Permissions, the CBAC security model does not have any runtime overhead.
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paper_title: Semantics-based dynamic service composition

paper_content:

Complex services may be dynamically composed through combining distributed components on demand (i.e., when requested by a user) in order to provide new services without preinstallation. Several systems have been proposed to dynamically compose services. However, they require users to request services in a manner that is not intuitive to the users. In order to allow a user to request a service in an intuitive form (e.g., using a natural language), this paper proposes a semantics-based service composition architecture. The proposed architecture obtains the semantics of the service requested in an intuitive form, and dynamically composes the requested service based on the semantics of the service. To compose a service based on its semantics, the proposed architecture supports semantic representation of components [through a component model named Component Service Model with Semantics (CoSMoS)], discovers components required to compose a service [through a middleware named Component Runtime Environment (CoRE)], and composes the requested service based on its semantics and the semantics of the discovered components [through a service composition mechanism named Semantic Graph-Based Service Composition (SeGSeC)]. This paper presents the design, implementation and empirical evaluation of the proposed architecture.
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paper_title: A Survey on Web Services Composition

paper_content:

Due to the web services' heterogeneous nature, which stems from the definition of several XML-based standards to overcome platform and language dependence, web services have become an emerging and promising technology to design and build complex inter-enterprise business applications out of single web-based software components. To establish the existence of a global component market, in order to enforce extensive software reuse, service composition experienced increasing interest in doing a lot of research effort. This paper discusses the urgent need for service composition, the required technologies to perform service composition. It also presents several different composition strategies, based on some currently existing composition platforms and frameworks, re-presenting first implementations of state-of the-art technologies, and gives an outlook to essential future research work.
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paper_title: MySIM: a spontaneous service integration middleware for pervasive environments

paper_content:

A computing infrastructure where "everything is a service" offers many new system and application possibilities. Among the main challenges, however, is the issue of service integration for the application development in such heterogeneous environments. Service integration has been considered by major middleware as a user centric approach as it responds to user requests and needs. In this article, we propose a novel way to integrate services considering only their availability, the functionalities they propose and their non functional QoS properties rather than the users direct requests. We define MySIM, a spontaneous service integration middleware. MySIM integrates services spontaneously on an event based mechanism and transparently for users and applications, extending by that the environment with functionalities. We developed a prototype as a proof of concept and evaluated its efficiency over a real use case.
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paper_title: Composing Web services on the Semantic Web

paper_content:

Service composition is gaining momentum as the potential silver bullet for the envisioned Semantic Web. It purports to take the Web to unexplored efficiencies and provide a flexible approach for promoting all types of activities in tomorrow’s Web. Applications expected to heavily take advantage of Web service composition include B2B E-commerce and E-government. To date, enabling composite services has largely been an ad hoc, time-consuming, and error-prone process involving repetitive low-level programming. In this paper, we propose an ontology-based framework for the automatic composition of Web services. We present a technique to generate composite services from high-level declarative descriptions. We define formal safeguards for meaningful composition through the use of composability rules. These rules compare the syntactic and semantic features of Web services to determine whether two services are composable. We provide an implementation using an E-government application offering customized services to indigent citizens. Finally, we present an exhaustive performance experiment to assess the scalability of our approach.
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paper_title: Service Composition for Mobile Environments

paper_content:

Service Composition, that is, the development of customized services by discovering, integrating and executing existing services has received a lot of attention in the last couple of years with respect to wired-infrastructure or Internet web services. With the advancement in the wireless technology and rapid deployment of mobile devices, we envision that in the near future wirelessly connected mobile devices in a given vicinity will also provide services that can be leveraged in the composition process. This is particularly true of what have been described as "pervasive computing" environments. However, wired-infrastructure based service composition architectures are not designed to consider the various factors like mobility, device heterogeneity, resource variability and reliability in a mobile environment. In this paper, we describe the issues related to service composition in mobile environments and evaluate criteria for judging protocols that enable such composition. We present a distributed architecture and associated protocols for service composition in mobile environments that take into consideration mobility, dynamic changing service topology and device resources. The composition protocols are based on distributed brokerage mechanisms and utilize a distributed service discovery process over ad-hoc network connectivity. We present simulation results of our protocols, and compare them with a centralized service composition protocol traditionally used for wired-infrastructure environments. The results show that our approach clearly outperforms the existing centralized approaches, and that our protocols are able to adapt and better utilize the changing service topology and resources in a mobile environment.
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paper_title: Dynamic Service Composition in Pervasive Computing

paper_content:

Service-oriented architectures (SOAs) promise to provide transparency to resource access by exposing the resources available as services. SOAs have been employed within pervasive computing systems to provide essential support to user tasks by creating services representing the available resources. The mechanism of combining two or more basic services into a possibly complex service is known as service composition. Existing solutions to service composition employ a template-matching approach, where the user needs are expressed as a request template, and through composition, a system would identify services to populate the entities within the request template. However, with the dynamism involved in pervasive environments, the user needs have to be met by exploiting available resources, even when an exact match does not exist. In this paper, we present a novel service composition mechanism for pervasive computing. We employ the service-oriented middleware platform called pervasive information communities organization (PICO) to model and represent resources as services. The proposed service composition mechanism models services as directed attributed graphs, maintains a repository of service graphs, and dynamically combines multiple basic services into complex services. Further, we present a hierarchical overlay structure created among the devices to exploit the resource unevenness, resulting in the capability of providing essential service-related support to resource-poor devices. Results of extensive simulation studies are presented to illustrate the suitability of the proposed mechanism in meeting the challenges of pervasive computing user mobility, heterogeneity, and the uncertain nature of involved resources.
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paper_title: Classification of the state-ofthe-art dynamic web services composition techniques

paper_content:

Dynamic web service composition can serve applications or users on an on-demand basis. With dynamic composition, the application's capabilities can be extended at runtime so that theoretically an unlimited number of new services can be created from a limited set of service components, thus making applications no longer restricted to the original set of operations specified and envisioned at design and/or compile time. Moreover, dynamic composition is the only means to adapt the behaviour of running components in highly available applications such as, banking and telecommunication systems where services cannot be brought offline to upgrade or remove obsolete services. In this paper, we present a novel classification of the current state-of-the-art dynamic web services composition techniques with attention to the capabilities and limitations of the underlying approaches. The proposed taxonomy of these techniques is derived based on a comprehensive survey of what has been done so far in dynamic web service composition. Finally, we summarise our findings and present a vision for future research work in this area.
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paper_title: Semantics-based dynamic service composition

paper_content:

Complex services may be dynamically composed through combining distributed components on demand (i.e., when requested by a user) in order to provide new services without preinstallation. Several systems have been proposed to dynamically compose services. However, they require users to request services in a manner that is not intuitive to the users. In order to allow a user to request a service in an intuitive form (e.g., using a natural language), this paper proposes a semantics-based service composition architecture. The proposed architecture obtains the semantics of the service requested in an intuitive form, and dynamically composes the requested service based on the semantics of the service. To compose a service based on its semantics, the proposed architecture supports semantic representation of components [through a component model named Component Service Model with Semantics (CoSMoS)], discovers components required to compose a service [through a middleware named Component Runtime Environment (CoRE)], and composes the requested service based on its semantics and the semantics of the discovered components [through a service composition mechanism named Semantic Graph-Based Service Composition (SeGSeC)]. This paper presents the design, implementation and empirical evaluation of the proposed architecture.
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Title: A Survey on Service Composition Middleware in Pervasive Environments

Section 1: Introduction
Description 1: This section introduces the concept of middleware, its evolution, and its significance in pervasive environments. It highlights the challenges in service composition and the need for a generic reference model.

Section 2: SCM: Service Composition Middleware Model
Description 2: This section defines the SCM model, its components, and the service composition process in pervasive environments. It also explains how SCM interacts with applications and service repositories.

Section 3: Service Composition Middleware in Pervasive Environments
Description 3: This section describes six middleware adapted for service composition in pervasive environments, mapping their architectures to the SCM model.

Section 4: MySIM: Spontaneous Service Integration for Pervasive Environment
Description 4: This section discusses MySIM middleware, its service integration process, and its architecture under the SCM model.

Section 5: PERSE: Pervasive Semantic-aware Middleware
Description 5: This section details the PERSE middleware, including its semantic service discovery, registration, composition functionalities, and architecture under the SCM model.

Section 6: SeSCo: Seamless Service Composition
Description 6: This section presents SeSCo middleware, its service composition mechanism, and its architecture under the SCM model.

Section 7: Broker Approach for Service Composition
Description 7: This section covers the Broker middleware, its distributed architecture, composition protocols, and mapping to the SCM model.

Section 8: SeGSeC: Semantic Graph-Based Service Composition
Description 8: This section describes SeGSeC middleware, its semantic-based service composition process, and its architecture under the SCM model.

Section 9: WebDG: Semantic Web Services Composition
Description 9: This section explores WebDG middleware, its ontology-based framework for automatic web services composition, and architecture under the SCM model.

Section 10: Classification of the Pervasive Service Composition Middleware
Description 10: This section classifies the middleware under various pervasive environment requirements and analyzes their modules in relation to these requirements.

Section 11: Service Composition Middleware Meeting Pervasive Requirements
Description 11: This section examines how the surveyed middleware fulfill specific pervasive requirements like discoverability, adaptability, context awareness, and QoS management.

Section 12: Service Composition Middleware Missing Pervasive Requirements
Description 12: This section identifies the pervasive requirements that are not adequately addressed by current service composition middleware, such as interoperability, spontaneous management, security mechanisms, and autonomous management.

Section 13: Conclusions
Description 13: This section summarizes the findings, discusses the trends observed in the service composition middleware, and outlines promising research directions in pervasive environments.