Femtocell versus WiFi - A survey and comparison of architecture and performance
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paper_title: Femtocell Networks: A Survey

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The surest way to increase the system capacity of a wireless link is by getting the transmitter and receiver closer to each other, which creates the dual benefits of higher-quality links and more spatial reuse. In a network with nomadic users, this inevitably involves deploying more infrastructure, typically in the form of microcells, hot spots, distributed antennas, or relays. A less expensive alternative is the recent concept of femtocells - also called home base stations - which are data access points installed by home users to get better indoor voice and data coverage. In this article we overview the technical and business arguments for femtocells and describe the state of the art on each front. We also describe the technical challenges facing femtocell networks and give some preliminary ideas for how to overcome them.
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paper_title: Indoor propagation in cellular/PCS system design

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As cellular/PCS telephones are becoming more and more of a necessity in everyday life, more and more calls are being made and received from indoor environments. The RF systems engineer's challenge is how to design and optimize cellular/PCS systems to meet the indoor coverage requirement in the most reliable and efficient manner. This paper attempts to illustrate the application of the basic indoor propagation principle in RF coverage design of indoor service area.
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paper_title: Convergence and Competition on the Way Toward 4G: Where are We Going?

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4G evolution includes improvements beyond 3G as well as nomadic and mobile versions of fixed broadband wireless access (BWA) systems, such as WiFi and WiMAX. The resulting trend is technological and application convergence in an increasingly competitive marketplace. This introductory paper to the Focused Session "Convergence and Competition on the Way to 4G" concentrates on three key contributing developments: IMT-Advanced, migration from fixed to mobile BWA, and handover between heterogeneous networks
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paper_title: Business Strategies for the Next-Generation Network

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TECHNOLOGY The Strange Death of Broadband ISDN The Next-Generation Network and IMS The Next-Generation Network and TV The Next-Generation Network and IT Systems TRANSFORMATION Bureaucracy and Treacle Telecoms Market Structure Choosing the Right People Case Study: A Transformation Program BUSINESS AND TECHNOLOGY ISSUES Worrying About Skype Spectrum Auctions The Trial of Rete Populi Machines Will Talk BUSINESS STRATEGIES NGN Strategies for Incumbents NGN Strategies for Alternative Network Operators NGN Strategies for Capturing the Consumer Market Conclusions Glossary Index
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paper_title: Exploiting Regular Hot-Spots for Drive-thru Internet

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IEEE 802.11 WLAN technology has become an inexpensive, yet powerful access technology that is targeted at mobile users that remain within reach of the hot-spot. Such hot-spots are usually provided by a wireless Internet service provider (WISP) in locations often frequented by travelers. Past measurements have shown that WLAN is even able to support mobile users passing by without stopping and “hopping” from one hot-spot to the next. The Drive-thru Internet project develops a disconnection-tolerant architecture that enables such unconventional usage of WLAN technology. In this paper, we focus on two prime aspects relevant for interworking with existing hot-spot installations: we investigate the impact of auto-configuration and authentication and present performance results for a driving user accessing the Internet via a hot-spot using different access link technologies. We finally suggest enhancements to hot-spot architectures to facilitate Drive-thru Internet access.
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paper_title: Access methods to WiMAX femtocells: A downlink system-level case study

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Over the last two years, GSM and UMTS femtocell access points have been proposed as a solution to the poor indoor coverage problem experienced in certain areas. Research on these devices has shown that femtocells will not only increase indoor system coverage, but also system capacity. Femtocells will allow new services and business models to be offered to indoor users. Almost parallely, the WiMAX standard has emerged as a potential candidate technology for the future wireless networks. WiMAX femtocells are currently under development and will therefore play an important role in the world of indoor broadband wireless access. However, several aspects of this new technology, such as the access method and interference avoidance techniques play a crucial role in the amount of interference caused to co-channel deployed macrocells. This paper provides a framework for the study of WiMAX macro-femtocell hybrid scenarios. An in-depth description of the necessary radio coverage prediction and system-level simulation for this kind of scenarios is introduced. Simulations and numerical results for two different types of access methods (public and private) in the downlink are also presented.
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paper_title: Interference avoidance and dynamic frequency planning for WiMAX femtocells networks

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Femtocells have been recently proposed as a potential good solution to increase not only indoor radio coverage, but also system capacity. In this paper, a framework for radio coverage prediction and system level simulation for WiMAX macrocell/femtocell scenarios is presented. Furthermore, the feasibility of the co-channel deployment of WiMAX femtocell in an existing WiMAX macrocell network is investigated, and a method for interference avoidance based on DFP (dynamic frequency planning) is proposed. The resulting impact of DFP in a macrocell/femtocell scenario compared with other frequency assignment strategies is analyzed. Experimental evaluations carried out using our framework show the boost in the system capacity when using DFP and femtocells.
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paper_title: Performance of Ad-Hoc Wireless Network on 2.4GHz Band in Real Fields

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This paper describes the performance of ad-hoc wireless network on 2.4 GHz band in the real buildings and homes. The communication module based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard was developed and installed into four kinds of buildings with different structures to estimate the performance of the network in the real field. The attenuation of the signal resulting from obstacles and the coexistence of IEEE 802.15.4 with other products on the same radio frequency band were evaluated. Thus, the guidelines for applying the network to building and home control systems and practical solutions for constructing a ubiquitous network for these systems are established.
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paper_title: Performance of Macro- and Co-Channel Femtocells in a Hierarchical Cell Structure

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In this paper, the feasibility of user deployed femtocells in the same frequency band as an existing macrocell network is investigated. Key requirements for co-channel operation of femtocells such as auto-configuration and public access are discussed. A method for power control for pilot and data that ensures a constant femtocell radius in the downlink and a low pre-definable uplink performance impact to the macrocells is proposed, and the theoretical performance of randomly deployed femtocells in such a hierarchical cell structure is analysed for one example of a cellular UMTS network using system level simulations. The resulting impact on the existing macrocellular network is also investigated.
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Title: Femtocell versus WiFi - A survey and comparison of architecture and performance

Section 1: Introduction
Description 1: Provide an introductory overview of the wireless technologies landscape, specifically focusing on femtocell and WiFi technologies, their evolution, and the motivation behind comparing the two.

Section 2: Femtocells and WiFi
Description 2: Discuss the key characteristics of femtocells and WiFi, including their operational parameters, primary use cases, and foundational differences.

Section 3: Path Loss Observations
Description 3: Evaluate the path loss characteristics in different environments, particularly focusing on the models used to predict these losses for femtocells and WiFi.

Section 4: Network Convergence 
Description 4: Explore the concept of network convergence, its historical evolution, and how it applies to integrating femtocells and WiFi for seamless service delivery.

Section 5: Cellular -Femtocell and Cellular -WiFi Convergence
Description 5: Delve into the technical aspects of integrating cellular networks with femtocells and WiFi, highlighting typical network configurations and the associated benefits and challenges.

Section 6: Technical Differences
Description 6: Compare and contrast the technical aspects of femtocells and WiFi, such as access methods, security, and other related parameters.

Section 7: QoS Challenges
Description 7: Address the Quality of Service (QoS) mechanisms employed by femtocells and WiFi, the challenges faced in maintaining QoS, and potential solutions.

Section 8: Frequency Bands
Description 8: Discuss the frequency bands used by femtocells and WiFi, their implications for network performance, and the challenges related to interference and spectrum allocation.

Section 9: Handsets
Description 9: Examine the requirements and capabilities of handsets used in femtocell and WiFi networks, including issues related to interoperability and user experience.

Section 10: Interference
Description 10: Analyze the interference challenges faced by femtocells and WiFi, including the sources of interference and mitigation strategies.

Section 11: Hand over
Description 11: Explore the handover mechanisms within and between femtocell and WiFi networks, and discuss the implications for mobility and service continuity.

Section 12: Conclusion
Description 12: Summarize the main points of the survey, highlight key findings, and suggest areas for future research in the field of femtocells versus WiFi technologies.