A Survey on the Flexibility Requirements Related to Business Processes and Modeling Artifacts
---
paper_title: Context-aware Process Design Exploring the Extrinsic Drivers for Process Flexibility

paper_content:

Research on process flexibility has traditionally explored alternative ways of considering flexibility during the design of a business process. The focus typically has been on ways of how the demand for process flexibility can be satisfied by advanced process modeling techniques, i.e., issues intrinsic to the process. This paper proposes to extent current research by studying the extrinsic drivers for flexibility. These drivers can be found in the context of the process, which may include among others time, location, legislation, culture, performance requirements etc. Exemplary scenarios for such extrinsic flexibility drivers will be discussed and preliminary thoughts on context-aware process design approaches will be shared. The paper ends with a proposed research agenda in this area.
---
paper_title: Flexible Support of Inter-Organizational Business Processes Using Web Services

paper_content:

Inter-organizational business processes which cross multiple organizations need new kinds of flexibility which are not properly supported by existing enactment architectures. Therefore, after analyzing these requirements, a new enactment architecture based on web services is developed. It uses a homogeneous and dynamic composition of so called aspect-element-oriented web services to support inter-organizational business processes.
---
paper_title: A Role-Based Approach for Modeling Flexible Business Processes

paper_content:

As organisation environments become more complex, business process models have to provide means to suit the flexibility and adaptability requirements at any given time. A rolebased approach for modelling business processes is a natural way to reflect organisational structures and to highlight responsibilities assigned to actors. The purpose of this paper is to improve this kind of approach in order to support flexible business processes modelling. This can be done through introducing the concept of mission. In addition, to make the approach more flexible in changing organisational and functional contexts, we investigate issues related to the delegation and the constraint aspects.
---
paper_title: An Enterprise reference Scheme for Integrating Model Based Knowledge Engineering and Enterprise Modelling

paper_content:

In recent years the demand on business process modelling (BPM) became apparent in many different communities. To provide a unifying framework for different needs on enterprise modelling we define an enterprise reference scheme and show how the development of knowledge based systems can be incorporated in such a framework. From this framework conclusions for tool support are drawn.
---
paper_title: The Viable System Model: Interpretations and Applications of Stafford Beer's VSM

paper_content:

Part 1 Concepts: the viable system model - its provenance, development, methodology and pathology, Stafford Beer the need for formal development of the VSM, Ron Anderton the VSM and Ashby's law as illuminants of historical management thought, Fred Waelchli the VSM revisited, Raul Espejo. Part 2 Applications of the VSM: P.M.manufacturers - the VSM as a diagnostic tool, Raul Espejo the organization of a fortress factory, R.A.Foss application of the VSM to the trade training network in New Zealand, G.A.Britton and H.McCallion application of the VSM to commercial broadcasting in the United States, Allenna Leonard the evolution of a management cybernetics process, Stafford Beer developing organizational competence in a business, Bengt A.Holmberg strategic planning and management reorganization at an academic medical center - use of the VSM in guiding diagnosis and design, Michael U.Ben-Eli. Part 3 Methodology and epistemology: national government - disseminater regulation in real time or "how to run a country", Stafford Beer a cybernetic method to study organizations, Raul Espejo outside and then - an interpretative approach to the VSM, Roger J.Harnden. Part 4 Critical views: evaluation the managerial significance of the VSM, M.C.Jackson the VSM - an ongoing conversation, Raul Espejo and Roger J.Harnden.
---
paper_title: Model Driven Architectures for Enterprise Information Systems

paper_content:

Over the past decade, continuous challenges have been made to traditional business practices. At the same time, organisations have also experienced the effects of the integration and evolution of information and communication technologies (ICT). The Enterprise Information Systems (EIS) gained a new strategic support role as enabler of automation, monitoring, analysis and co- ordination of whole business functioning, a central role in the evolution of today organisations. These rapid changing situations originate a critical need for realistic representations -called business models- of what are the current or future business situations or what should be changed as well as its potential organisational impacts. This paper characterises the strong relationship existing between Business Models and EIS Architectures in a changing environment. Our main contribution is a set of roadmaps, which highlight the relationships between business process models and the requirements of EIS. These roadmaps provide guidance during the business modelling and the information system (IS) modelling processes.
---
paper_title: Object-Oriented Modeling and Design

paper_content:

1. Introduction. I. MODELING CONCEPTS. 2. Modeling as a Design Technique. 3. Object Modeling. 4. Advanced Object Modeling. 5. Dynamic Modeling. 6. Functional Modeling. II. DESIGN METHODOLOGY. 7. Methodology Preview. 8. Analysis. 9. System Design. 10. Object Design. 11. Methodology Summary. 12. Comparison of Methodologies. III. IMPLEMENTATION. 13. From Design to Implementation. 14. Programming Style. 15. Object-Oriented Languages. 16. Non-Object-Oriented Languages. 17. Databases. 18. Object Diagram Compiler. 19. Computer Animation. 20. Electrical Distribution Design System. 21. Future of Object-Oriented Technology. Appendix A: OMT Graphical Notation. Appendix B: Glossary. Index.
---
paper_title: A benchmarking framework for methods to design flexible business processes

paper_content:

The assumption made in this article is that flexible processes require specific design methods. The choice of a method for modelling flexible processes depends on many criteria and situations that we gathered in a benchmarking framework. The user can use it as a decision support tool to choose the appropriate method in order to design flexible business processes in a given project situation. This framework also includes managerial concerns such as the time and the budget of the project. We use three enterprise modelling techniques to illustrate how to use the proposed framework. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
---
paper_title: Advanced Topics in Workflow Management : Issues , Requirements , and Solutions

paper_content:

This paper surveys and investigates the strengths and weaknesses of a number of recent approaches to advanced workflow modelling. Rather than inventing just another workflow language, we briefly describe recent workflow languages, and we analyse them with respect to their support for advanced workflow topics. Object Coordination Nets, Workflow Graphs, WorkFlow Nets, and an approach based on Workflow Evolution are described as dedicated workflow modelling approaches. In addition, the Unified Modelling Language as the de facto standard in object-oriented modelling is also investigated. These approaches are discussed with respect to coverage of workflow perspectives and support for flexibility and analysis issues in workflow management, which are today seen as two major areas for advanced workflow support. Given the different goals and backgrounds of the approaches mentioned, it is not surprising that each approach has its specific strengths and weaknesses. We clearly identify these strengths and weaknesses, and we conclude with ideas for combining their best features.
---
paper_title: STATEMATE: a working environment for the development of complex reactive systems

paper_content:

This paper provides a brief overview of the STATEMATE system, constructed over the past three years by i-Logix Inc., and Ad Cad Ltd. STATEMATE is a graphical working environment, intended for the specification, analysis, design and documentation of large and complex reactive systems, such as real-time embedded systems, control and communication systems, and interactive software. It enables a user to prepare, analyze and debug diagrammatic, yet precise, descriptions of the system under development from three inter-related points of view, capturing, structure, functionality and behavior . These views are represented by three graphical languages, the most intricate of which is the language of statecharts used to depict reactive behavior over time. In addition to the use of state-charts, the main novelty of STATEMATE is in the fact that it `understands` the entire descriptions perfectly, to the point of being able to analyze them for crucial dynamic properties, to carry out rigorous animated executions and simulations of the described system, and to create running code automatically. These features are invaluable when it comes to the quality and reliability of the final outcome.
---
paper_title: Model Driven Architectures for Enterprise Information Systems

paper_content:

Over the past decade, continuous challenges have been made to traditional business practices. At the same time, organisations have also experienced the effects of the integration and evolution of information and communication technologies (ICT). The Enterprise Information Systems (EIS) gained a new strategic support role as enabler of automation, monitoring, analysis and co- ordination of whole business functioning, a central role in the evolution of today organisations. These rapid changing situations originate a critical need for realistic representations -called business models- of what are the current or future business situations or what should be changed as well as its potential organisational impacts. This paper characterises the strong relationship existing between Business Models and EIS Architectures in a changing environment. Our main contribution is a set of roadmaps, which highlight the relationships between business process models and the requirements of EIS. These roadmaps provide guidance during the business modelling and the information system (IS) modelling processes.
---
paper_title: Knowledge-Based Techniques to Increase the Flexibility of Workflow Management

paper_content:

Abstract This paper describes how knowledge-based techniques can be used to overcome problems of workflow management in engineering applications. Using explicit process and product models as a basis for a workflow interpreter allows us to alternate planning and execution steps, resulting in an increased flexibility of project coordination and enactment. To gain the full advantages of this flexibility, change processes have to be supported by the system. These require an improved traceability of decisions and have to be based on dependency management and change notification mechanisms. Our methods and techniques are illustrated by two applications: Urban land-use planning and software process modeling.
---
paper_title: Enforcement vs. freedom of action an integrated approach to flexible workflow enactment

paper_content:

The advantages of today'sprocess management, such as efficiency and quality aspects, are achievedby enforcing detailed models of work processes. But real world processescan be planned only to a limited degree and sometimes demand changing alreadyplanned parts of the process. So additional, unforeseen activities haveto take place in a process. This contradictory situationwill here be tackled by an approach that combines different forms of enforcementof planned parts of a process. The explicit modelling of these differentsupport strategies allows them to be changed if demanded by the situation.An extended enactment strategy gives workers the opportunity to negotiateabout changing the current support strategy. So there is some thresholdto deviate from the planned process because addtional actions are required.
---
paper_title: Design rationale: the argument behind the artifact

paper_content:

We assert that the product of user interface design should be not only the interface itself but also a rationale for why the interface is the way it is. We describe a representation for design based around a semi-formal notation which allows us explicitly to represent alternative design options and reasons for choosing among them. We illustrate the approach with examples from an analysis of scrolling mechanisms. We discuss the roles we expect such a representation to play in improving the coherence of designs and in communicating reasons for choices to others, whether designers, maintainers, collaborators or end users.
---
paper_title: A Role-Based Approach for Modeling Flexible Business Processes

paper_content:

As organisation environments become more complex, business process models have to provide means to suit the flexibility and adaptability requirements at any given time. A rolebased approach for modelling business processes is a natural way to reflect organisational structures and to highlight responsibilities assigned to actors. The purpose of this paper is to improve this kind of approach in order to support flexible business processes modelling. This can be done through introducing the concept of mission. In addition, to make the approach more flexible in changing organisational and functional contexts, we investigate issues related to the delegation and the constraint aspects.
---
paper_title: STATEMATE: a working environment for the development of complex reactive systems

paper_content:

This paper provides a brief overview of the STATEMATE system, constructed over the past three years by i-Logix Inc., and Ad Cad Ltd. STATEMATE is a graphical working environment, intended for the specification, analysis, design and documentation of large and complex reactive systems, such as real-time embedded systems, control and communication systems, and interactive software. It enables a user to prepare, analyze and debug diagrammatic, yet precise, descriptions of the system under development from three inter-related points of view, capturing, structure, functionality and behavior . These views are represented by three graphical languages, the most intricate of which is the language of statecharts used to depict reactive behavior over time. In addition to the use of state-charts, the main novelty of STATEMATE is in the fact that it `understands` the entire descriptions perfectly, to the point of being able to analyze them for crucial dynamic properties, to carry out rigorous animated executions and simulations of the described system, and to create running code automatically. These features are invaluable when it comes to the quality and reliability of the final outcome.
---
paper_title: Case Handling in Construction

paper_content:

Case handling is a new means for supporting flexible and knowledge intensive business processes. Unlike workflow management, which uses predefined process control structures to determine what should be done during a workflow process, case handling focuses on what can be done to achieve a business goal. In this paper, case handling is introduced as a new possibility for supporting construction processes. The construction of buildings and related facilities is a difficult and complex process, which requires both support and flexibility. This paper describes the application of the case-handling principles within Heijmans. Heijmans is one of the leading companies in the Dutch building industry and is interested in IT support for their construction processes. We have used the case-handling system FLOWer to provide automated support for preparing the construction of complex installations. In this paper, we report our experiences.
---
paper_title: Change Patterns and Change Support Features in Process-Aware Information Systems

paper_content:

A high voltage and high energy device for storing energy, comprising storage elements (4) disposed in concentric ring arrangements on insulating separating elements (5), the storage elements of one ring arrangement being connected by one of their ends to the storage elements of the preceding ring arrangement, and by their other end to the storage elements of the following ring arrangement, the assembly being mounted on a core of hard insulating material provided with a central bore and being embedded in a coating of semi-flexible material.
---
paper_title: A Workflow-Oriented System Architecture for the Management of Container Transportation

paper_content:

In this paper, we introduce a workflow-oriented system architecture for the processing of client requests (CRs) for container transportation. In the context of multi-transfer container transportation, the processing of CRs can be achieved by specific sequences of interdependent activities. These sequences need to be just-in-time created. They also need to be adapted to deal with unexpected events that may occur. Workflow technology is used to model and to manage the processing of CRs. The creation and the adaptation of activity sequences require first, an optimized scheduling of a limited number of resources (by also respecting CRs constraints); and second, a number of special workflow concepts and functionality to correctly manage activity sequences. Optimization models are involved to take care of the resource management and of the activity scheduling. Enhancements of workflow concepts and functionality for workflow management systems are investigated to deal with an activity sequence creation and adaptation. Finally, the proposed architecture includes a rule processing part to reduce the time-consuming manual interaction with the system.
---
paper_title: Specification and validation of process constraints for flexible workflows

paper_content:

Workflow systems have traditionally focused on the so-called production processes which are characterized by predefinition, high volume, and repetitiveness. Recently, the deployment of workflow systems in non-traditional domains such as collaborative applications, e-learning and cross-organizational process integration, have put forth new requirements for flexible and dynamic specification. However, this flexibility cannot be offered at the expense of control, a critical requirement of business processes.In this paper, we will present a foundation set of constraints for flexible workflow specification. These constraints are intended to provide an appropriate balance between flexibility and control. The constraint specification framework is based on the concept of "pockets of flexibility" which allows ad hoc changes and/or building of workflows for highly flexible processes. Basically, our approach is to provide the ability to execute on the basis of a partially specified model, where the full specification of the model is made at runtime, and may be unique to each instance.The verification of dynamically built models is essential. Where as ensuring that the model conforms to specified constraints does not pose great difficulty, ensuring that the constraint set itself does not carry conflicts and redundancy is an interesting and challenging problem. In this paper, we will provide a discussion on both the static and dynamic verification aspects. We will also briefly present Chameleon, a prototype workflow engine that implements these concepts.
---
paper_title: Goal-Oriented Business Process Modeling with EPCs and Value-Focused Thinking

paper_content:

Goal-oriented business process modeling is driven by the need to ensure congruence of business processes and decisions with the values and vision of the business while meeting continuous demands for increased business productivity. However, existing business process modeling tools fail to address effectiveness and efficiency concerns in an integrated manner. Building upon the previous research by the authors aimed at addressing this gap through integration of process and decision modeling, in this paper, the links between process and decision modeling domains are formalized using a common semantic model that provides the bridge for future development of integrated tools.
---
paper_title: Case Handling in Construction

paper_content:

Case handling is a new means for supporting flexible and knowledge intensive business processes. Unlike workflow management, which uses predefined process control structures to determine what should be done during a workflow process, case handling focuses on what can be done to achieve a business goal. In this paper, case handling is introduced as a new possibility for supporting construction processes. The construction of buildings and related facilities is a difficult and complex process, which requires both support and flexibility. This paper describes the application of the case-handling principles within Heijmans. Heijmans is one of the leading companies in the Dutch building industry and is interested in IT support for their construction processes. We have used the case-handling system FLOWer to provide automated support for preparing the construction of complex installations. In this paper, we report our experiences.
---
paper_title: Evaluation of correctness criteria for dynamic workflow changes

paper_content:

The capability to dynamically adapt in-progress workflows (WF) is an essential requirement for any workflow management system (WfMS). This fact has been recognized by the WF community for a long time and different approaches in the area of adaptive workflows have been developed so far. They either enable WF type changes and their propagation to in-progress WF instances or (ad-hoc) changes of single WF instances. Thus, at first glance, many of the major problems related to dynamic WF changes seem to be solved. However, this picture changes when digging deeper into the approaches and considering implementation and usability issues as well. This paper presents important criteria for the correct adaptation of runningw orkflows and analyzes how actual approaches satisfy them. At this, we demonstrate the strengths of the different approaches and provide additional solutions to overcome current limitations. These solutions comprise comprehensive correctness criteria as well as migration rules for change realization.
---
paper_title: How to handle dynamic change and capture management information? An approach based on generic workflow models

paper_content:

Today's workflow management systems have problems dealing with both ad-hoc changes and evolutionary changes. As a result, the workflow management system is not used to support dynamically changing workflow processes or the workflow process is supported in a rigid manner, i.e., changes are not allowed or handled outside of the workflow management system. This paper addresses two notorious problems related to adaptive workflow: (1) providing management information at the right aggregation level, and (2) supporting dynamic change, i.e., migrating cases from an old to a new workflow. These two problems are tackled by using generic process models. A generic process model describes a family of variants of the same workflow process. To relate members of a family of workflow processes we propose notions of inheritance. These notions of inheritance are used to address the two problems mentioned both a design-time and at run-time.
---
paper_title: A Knowledge-based Approach to Handling Exceptions in Workflow Systems

paper_content:

This paper describes a novel knowledge-based approach for helping workflow process designers and participants better manage the exceptions (deviations from an ideal collaborative work process caused by errors, failures, resource or requirements changes etc.) that can occur during the enactment of a workflow. This approach is based on exploiting a generic and reusable body of knowledge concerning what kinds of exceptions can occur in collaborative work processes, and how these exceptions can handled (detected, diagnosed and resolved). This work builds upon previous efforts from the MIT Process Handbook project and from research on conflict management in collaborative design.
---
paper_title: Dynamic workflow schema evolution based on workflow type versioning and workflow migration

paper_content:

An important yet open problem in workflow management is the evolution of workflow schemas, i.e., the creation, deletion and modification of workflow types in such a way that the schema remains correct. This problem is aggravated when instances of modified workflow types are active at the time of modification because any workflow instance has to conform to the definition of its type. The paper presents a framework for dynamic workflow schema evolution that is based on workflow type versioning and workflow migration. Workflow types can be versioned, and a new version can be derived from an existing one by applying modification operations. Workflow type versions allow us to handle active instances in an elegant way whenever a schema is modified. If possible, an affected workflow instance is migrated to the new version of its type. Otherwise, it continues to execute under its old type. We introduce correctness criteria that must be met by workflow schemas and workflow schema modification operations. We also define under which conditions the migration of workflow instances to new workflow type versions is allowed.
---
paper_title: Formal foundation and conceptual design of dynamic adaptations in a workflow management system

paper_content:

While the different aspects of flexible workflow management are still under discussion, the ability to adapt the structure of running workflow instances to modified workflow schemas is an important property of a flexible workflow management system. In this paper, we present the formal foundation and conceptual design of dynamic adaptations in an object-oriented workflow management system. We describe in some detail how workflow schemas are represented. The system architecture, based on the CORBA object-oriented middleware, is overviewed, and the implementation of dynamic adaptations is sketched. An example introduces the graphical user interface of the system and shows a dynamic adaptation.
---
paper_title: Adaptive workflow - On the interplay between flexibility and support

paper_content:

Today’s information systems do not support adaptive workflow: either the information system abstracts from the workflow processes at hand and focuses on the management of data and the execution of individual tasks via applications or the workflow is supported by the information system but it is hard to handle changes. This paper addresses this problem by classifying the types of changes. Based on this classification, issues such as syntactic/semantic correctness, case transfer, and management information are discussed. It turns out that the trade-off between flexibility and support raises challenging questions. Only some of these questions are answered in this paper; most of them require further research. Since the success of the next generation of workflow management systems depends on the ability to support adaptive workflow, it is important to provide answers for the questions raised in this paper.
---
paper_title: A Constraint Specification Approach to Building Flexible Workflows

paper_content:

Process support systems, such as workflows, are being used in a variety of domains. However, most areas of application have focused on traditional production-style processes, which are characterised by predictability and repetitiveness. Application in non-traditional domains with highly flexible process is still largely unexplored. Such flexible processes are characterised by lack of ability to completely predefine and/or an explosive number of alternatives. Accordingly we define flexibility as the ability of the process to execute on the basis of a partially defined model where the full specification is made at runtime and may be unique to each instance. In this paper, we will present an approach to building workflow models for such processes. We will present our approach in the context of a non-traditional domain for workflow, deployment, which is, degree programs in tertiary institutes. The primary motivation behind our approach is to provide the ability to model flexible processes without introducing non-standard modelling constructs. This ensures that the correctness and verification of the language is preserved. We propose to build workflow schemas from a standard set of modelling constructs and given process constraints. We identify the fundamental requirements for constraint specification and classify them into selection, termination and build constraints. We will detail the specification of these constraints in a relational model. Finally, we will demonstrate the dynamic building of instance specific workflow models on the basis of these constraints.
---
paper_title: Achieving Workflow Flexibility through Taming the Chaos

paper_content:

Traditionally, flexibility in workflow is introduced by moving from the rigid predefined control flow to permitting alternative patterns. The paper propose a reverse approach to achieving flexibility, namely to start with chaos and then impose restrictions. This approach employs an untraditional view on business process which is regarded not as a “flow of work”, but as a trajectory in the space of all possible states. The execution control in the proposed approach is realized via the notion of valid state, were a state includes activities currently planned for the given process. The flexibility is achieved by breaking the rules of planning into three categories: obligations, prohibitions, and recommendations.
---
paper_title: Knowledge-Based Techniques to Increase the Flexibility of Workflow Management

paper_content:

Abstract This paper describes how knowledge-based techniques can be used to overcome problems of workflow management in engineering applications. Using explicit process and product models as a basis for a workflow interpreter allows us to alternate planning and execution steps, resulting in an increased flexibility of project coordination and enactment. To gain the full advantages of this flexibility, change processes have to be supported by the system. These require an improved traceability of decisions and have to be based on dependency management and change notification mechanisms. Our methods and techniques are illustrated by two applications: Urban land-use planning and software process modeling.
---
paper_title: Enforcement vs. freedom of action an integrated approach to flexible workflow enactment

paper_content:

The advantages of today'sprocess management, such as efficiency and quality aspects, are achievedby enforcing detailed models of work processes. But real world processescan be planned only to a limited degree and sometimes demand changing alreadyplanned parts of the process. So additional, unforeseen activities haveto take place in a process. This contradictory situationwill here be tackled by an approach that combines different forms of enforcementof planned parts of a process. The explicit modelling of these differentsupport strategies allows them to be changed if demanded by the situation.An extended enactment strategy gives workers the opportunity to negotiateabout changing the current support strategy. So there is some thresholdto deviate from the planned process because addtional actions are required.
---
paper_title: Coo-flow: A process technology to support cooperative processes

paper_content:

In this paper we present a process management technology for the coordination of creative and large scale distributed processes. Our approach is the result of usage analysis in domains like Software Development, Architecture/Engineering/Construction, and e-Learning processes. The basic conclusions of these experiments are the following: (1) cooperative processes are described in the same way as production processes, but these descriptions are interpreted in a different way depending on the nature of the process, (2) the interpretation of process description depends mainly on the required flexibility of control flow and of data flow, and on the relationship between them, (3) the management of intermediate results is a central feature for supporting the cooperation inherent to these processes. COO-flow is a process technology that results from these studies. It is based on two complementing contributions: anticipation that allows succeeding activities to cooperate, and COO-transactions that allows parallel activities to cooperate. This paper introduces COO-flow characteristics, gives a (partial) formalization and briefly discusses its Web implementation.
---
paper_title: Advanced Topics in Workflow Management : Issues , Requirements , and Solutions

paper_content:

This paper surveys and investigates the strengths and weaknesses of a number of recent approaches to advanced workflow modelling. Rather than inventing just another workflow language, we briefly describe recent workflow languages, and we analyse them with respect to their support for advanced workflow topics. Object Coordination Nets, Workflow Graphs, WorkFlow Nets, and an approach based on Workflow Evolution are described as dedicated workflow modelling approaches. In addition, the Unified Modelling Language as the de facto standard in object-oriented modelling is also investigated. These approaches are discussed with respect to coverage of workflow perspectives and support for flexibility and analysis issues in workflow management, which are today seen as two major areas for advanced workflow support. Given the different goals and backgrounds of the approaches mentioned, it is not surprising that each approach has its specific strengths and weaknesses. We clearly identify these strengths and weaknesses, and we conclude with ideas for combining their best features.
---

Title: A Survey on the Flexibility Requirements Related to Business Processes and Modeling Artifacts
Section 1: Introduction
Description 1: Introduce the evolving business environment and the need for flexibility in business processes and modeling artifacts.

Section 2: Business process modeling: a survey
Description 2: Present a survey on business process modeling, including different perspectives, formalisms, and commercial offers.

Section 3: A classification of business process modeling perspectives
Description 3: Classify existing approaches to enterprise knowledge modeling into various perspectives and explain their relevance.

Section 4: Modeling formalisms
Description 4: Discuss various process modeling formalisms and their appropriateness for flexible process modeling.

Section 5: Position of workflow softwares for modeling and enacting processes
Description 5: Analyze the position of workflow management systems (WFMSs) and their effectiveness in modeling and enacting processes.

Section 6: Discussion
Description 6: Highlight key observations and insights from the survey related to BP modeling and flexibility requirements.

Section 7: Flexible process modeling and controlling: State of the Art
Description 7: Explore the state of the art in flexible and adaptive workflow approaches and their properties.

Section 8: Conclusion and future work
Description 8: Summarize the findings of the survey and propose directions for future research on business process flexibility and modeling artifacts.