A survey on Information Visualization in light of Vision and Cognitive sciences
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paper_title: Readings in Information Visualization-Using Visualization to Think

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A programmable DC power supply including a proportionally controlled transistor connected in series with the load for varying the load current in accordance with the magnitude of a control signal applied to the transistor. A detector coupled across the transistor functions to sense high and low voltage thresholds and thereupon select an incrementally higher or lower voltage for application to the load to assure that the transistor operates continuously in its proportional range, thereby enabling the input signal to maintain control of the load current.
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paper_title: Expanding the Frontiers of Visual Analytics and Visualization

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The field of computer graphics combines display hardware, software, and interactive techniques in order to display and interact with data generated by applications. Visualization is concerned with exploring data and information graphically in such a way as to gain information from the data and determine significance. Visual analytics is the science of analytical reasoning facilitated by interactive visual interfaces. Expanding the Frontiers of Visual Analytics and Visualization provides a review of the state of the art in computer graphics, visualization, and visual analytics by researchers and developers who are closely involved in pioneering the latest advances in the field. It is a unique presentation of multi-disciplinary aspects in visualization and visual analytics, architecture and displays, augmented reality, the use of color, user interfaces and cognitive aspects, and technology transfer. It provides readers with insights into the latest developments in areas such as new displays and new display processors, new collaboration technologies, the role of visual, multimedia, and multimodal user interfaces, visual analysis at extreme scale, and adaptive visualization.
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paper_title: The Top 10 Challenges in Extreme-Scale Visual Analytics

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A team of scientists and researchers discusses the top 10 challenges in extreme-scale visual analytics (VA). The discussion covers applying VA technologies to both scientific and nonscientific data, evaluating the problems and challenges from both technical and social perspectives.
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paper_title: External Cognition: How do Graphical Representations Work?

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Advances in graphical technology have now made it possible for us to interact with information in innovative ways, most notably by exploring multimedia environments and by manipulating three-dimensional virtual worlds. Many benefits have been claimed for this new kind of interactivity, a general assumption being that learning and cognitive processing are facilitated. We point out, however, that little is known about the cognitive value ofanygraphical representations, be they good old-fashioned (e.g. diagrams) or more advanced (e.g. animations, multimedia, virtual reality). In our paper, we critique the disparate literature on graphical representations, focusing on four representative studies. Our analysis reveals a fragmented and poorly understood account of how graphical representations work, exposing a number of assumptions and fallacies. As an alternative we propose a new agenda for graphical representation research. This builds on the nascent theoretical approach within cognitive science that analyses the role played by external representations in relation to internal mental ones. We outline some of the central properties of this relationship that are necessary for the processing of graphical representations. Finally, we consider how this analysis can inform the selection and design of both traditional and advanced forms of graphical technology.
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paper_title: Readings in Information Visualization-Using Visualization to Think

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A programmable DC power supply including a proportionally controlled transistor connected in series with the load for varying the load current in accordance with the magnitude of a control signal applied to the transistor. A detector coupled across the transistor functions to sense high and low voltage thresholds and thereupon select an incrementally higher or lower voltage for application to the load to assure that the transistor operates continuously in its proportional range, thereby enabling the input signal to maintain control of the load current.
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paper_title: Building and Applying a Human Cognition Model for Visual Analytics

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It is well known that visual analytics addresses the difficulty of evaluating and processing large quantities of information. Less often discussed are the increasingly complex analytic and reasoning processes that must be applied in order to accomplish that goal. Success of the visual analytics approach will require us to develop new visualization models that predict how computational processes might facilitate human insight and guide the flow of human reasoning. In this paper, we seek to advance visualization methods by proposing a framework for human ‘higher cognition’ that extends more familiar perceptual models. Based on this approach, we suggest guidelines for the development of visual interfaces that better integrate complementary capabilities of humans and computers. Although many of these recommendations are novel, some can be found in existing visual analytics applications. In the latter case, much of the value of our contribution lies in the deeper rationale that the model provides for those principles. Lastly, we assess these visual analytics guidelines through the evaluation of several visualization examples.
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paper_title: Automating the design of graphical presentations of relational information

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The goal of the research described in this paper is to develop an application-independent presentation tool that automatically designs effective graphical presentations (such as bar charts, scatter plots, and connected graphs) of relational information. Two problems are raised by this goal: The codification of graphic design criteria in a form that can be used by the presentation tool, and the generation of a wide variety of designs so that the presentation tool can accommodate a wide variety of information. The approach described in this paper is based on the view that graphical presentations are sentences of graphical languages. The graphic design issues are codified as expressiveness and effectiveness criteria for graphical languages. Expressiveness criteria determine whether a graphical language can express the desired information. Effectiveness criteria determine whether a graphical language exploits the capabilities of the output medium and the human visual system. A wide variety of designs can be systematically generated by using a composition algebra that composes a small set of primitive graphical languages. Artificial intelligence techniques are used to implement a prototype presentation tool called APT (A Presentation Tool), which is based on the composition algebra and the graphic design criteria.
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paper_title: Information visualization and visual data mining

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Never before in history has data been generated at such high volumes as it is today. Exploring and analyzing the vast volumes of data is becoming increasingly difficult. Information visualization and visual data mining can help to deal with the flood of information. The advantage of visual data exploration is that the user is directly involved in the data mining process. There are a large number of information visualization techniques which have been developed over the last decade to support the exploration of large data sets. In this paper, we propose a classification of information visualization and visual data mining techniques which is based on the data type to be visualized, the visualization technique, and the interaction and distortion technique. We exemplify the classification using a few examples, most of them referring to techniques and systems presented in this special section.
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paper_title: A human cognition framework for information visualization

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Abstract We present a human cognition framework for information visualization. This framework emphasizes how top-down cognitive processing enables the induction of insight, reasoning, and understanding, which are key goals of the visual analytics community. Specifically, we present a set of six leverage points that can be exploited by visualization designers in order to measurably influence certain aspects of human cognition: (1) exogenous attention; (2) endogenous attention; (3) chunking; (4) reasoning with mental models; (5) analogical reasoning; and (6) implicit learning.
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paper_title: Graphical Perception: Theory, Experimentation, and Application to the Development of Graphical Methods

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Abstract The subject of graphical methods for data analysis and for data presentation needs a scientific foundation. In this article we take a few steps in the direction of establishing such a foundation. Our approach is based on graphical perception—the visual decoding of information encoded on graphs—and it includes both theory and experimentation to test the theory. The theory deals with a small but important piece of the whole process of graphical perception. The first part is an identification of a set of elementary perceptual tasks that are carried out when people extract quantitative information from graphs. The second part is an ordering of the tasks on the basis of how accurately people perform them. Elements of the theory are tested by experimentation in which subjects record their judgments of the quantitative information on graphs. The experiments validate these elements but also suggest that the set of elementary tasks should be expanded. The theory provides a guideline for graph construction...
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paper_title: Information Visualization: Perception for Design

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Most designers know that yellow text presented against a blue background reads clearly and easily, but how many can explain why, and what really are the best ways to help others and ourselves clearly see key patterns in a bunch of data? When we use software, access a website, or view business or scientific graphics, our understanding is greatly enhanced or impeded by the way the information is presented. ::: ::: This book explores the art and science of why we see objects the way we do. Based on the science of perception and vision, the author presents the key principles at work for a wide range of applications--resulting in visualization of improved clarity, utility, and persuasiveness. The book offers practical guidelines that can be applied by anyone: interaction designers, graphic designers of all kinds (including web designers), data miners, and financial analysts. ::: ::: ::: ::: Complete update of the recognized source in industry, research, and academic for applicable guidance on information visualizing. ::: ::: Includes the latest research and state of the art information on multimedia presentation. ::: ::: More than 160 explicit design guidelines based on vision science. ::: ::: A new final chapter that explains the process of visual thinking and how visualizations help us to think about problems. ::: ::: Packed with over 400 informative full color illustrations, which are key to understanding of the subject. ::: ::: Table of Contents ::: ::: ::: Chapter 1. Foundations for an Applied Science of Data Visualization ::: ::: Chapter 2. The Environment, Optics, Resolution, and the Display ::: ::: Chapter 3. Lightness, Brightness, Contrast and Constancy ::: ::: Chapter 4. Color ::: ::: Chapter 5. Visual Salience and Finding Information ::: ::: Chapter 6. Static and Moving Patterns ::: ::: Chapter 7. Space Perception ::: ::: Chapter 8. Visual Objects and Data Objects ::: ::: Chapter 9. Images, Narrative, and Gestures for Explanation ::: ::: Chapter 10. Interacting with Visualizations ::: ::: Chapter 11. Visual Thinking Processes
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paper_title: Search Goal Tunes Visual Features Optimally

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Summary How does a visual search goal modulate the activity of neurons encoding different visual features (e.g., color, direction of motion)? Previous research suggests that goal-driven attention enhances the gain of neurons representing the target's visual features. Here, we present mathematical and behavioral evidence that this strategy is suboptimal and that humans do not deploy it. We formally derive the optimal feature gain modulation theory, which combines information from both the target and distracting clutter to maximize the relative salience of the target. We qualitatively validate the theory against existing electrophysiological and psychophysical literature. A surprising prediction is that it is sometimes optimal to enhance nontarget features. We provide experimental evidence toward this through psychophysics experiments on human subjects, thus suggesting that humans deploy the optimal gain modulation strategy.
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paper_title: Computational modelling of visual attention

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Five important trends have emerged from recent work on computational models of focal visual attention that emphasize the bottom-up, image-based control of attentional deployment. First, the perceptual saliency of stimuli critically depends on the surrounding context. Second, a unique 'saliency map' that topographically encodes for stimulus conspicuity over the visual scene has proved to be an efficient and plausible bottom-up control strategy. Third, inhibition of return, the process by which the currently attended location is prevented from being attended again, is a crucial element of attentional deployment. Fourth, attention and eye movements tightly interplay, posing computational challenges with respect to the coordinate system used to control attention. And last, scene understanding and object recognition strongly constrain the selection of attended locations. Insights from these five key areas provide a framework for a computational and neurobiological understanding of visual attention.
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paper_title: Salience from feature contrast: additivity across dimensions

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Abstract Test targets (‘singletons’) that displayed orientation, motion, luminance, or color contrast, or pairwise combinations of these, were presented in line texture arrays, and their saliences were quantified in comparison to reference targets at defined luminance levels. In general, saliency effects in different stimulus dimensions did add, but did not add linearly. That is, targets with feature contrast in two dimensions were generally more salient than targets with only one of these properties, but often less salient than predicted from the sum of the individual saliency components. Salience variations within a dimension were compared with and without a second saliency effect added. The resulting gain reduction in the combined stimulus conditions was interpreted to reflect the amount of overlap between the respective saliency mechanisms. Combinations of orientation and color contrast produced the strongest gain reduction (about 90% for color in orientation) thus indicating the strongest overlap of underlying saliency mechanisms. Combinations of orientation and motion contrast revealed about 50% overlap, slightly smaller rates were found for combinations of color and motion. All combinations with luminance contrast (orientation and luminance, motion and luminance) produced only little gain reduction (
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paper_title: A human cognition framework for information visualization

paper_content:

Abstract We present a human cognition framework for information visualization. This framework emphasizes how top-down cognitive processing enables the induction of insight, reasoning, and understanding, which are key goals of the visual analytics community. Specifically, we present a set of six leverage points that can be exploited by visualization designers in order to measurably influence certain aspects of human cognition: (1) exogenous attention; (2) endogenous attention; (3) chunking; (4) reasoning with mental models; (5) analogical reasoning; and (6) implicit learning.
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paper_title: Guided Search 2.0 A revised model of visual search

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An important component of routine visual behavior is the ability to find one item in a visual world filled with other, distracting items. This ability to performvisual search has been the subject of a large body of research in the past 15 years. This paper reviews the visual search literature and presents a model of human search behavior. Built upon the work of Neisser, Treisman, Julesz, and others, the model distinguishes between a preattentive, massively parallel stage that processes information about basic visual features (color, motion, various depth cues, etc.) across large portions of the visual field and a subsequent limited-capacity stage that performs other, more complex operations (e.g., face recognition, reading, object identification) over a limited portion of the visual field. The spatial deployment of the limited-capacity process is under attentional control. The heart of the guided search model is the idea that attentional deployment of limited resources isguided by the output of the earlier parallel processes. Guided Search 2.0 (GS2) is a revision of the model in which virtually all aspects of the model have been made more explicit and/or revised in light of new data. The paper is organized into four parts: Part 1 presents the model and the details of its computer simulation. Part 2 reviews the visual search literature on preattentive processing of basic features and shows how the GS2 simulation reproduces those results. Part 3 reviews the literature on the attentional deployment of limited-capacity processes in conjunction and serial searches and shows how the simulation handles those conditions. Finally, Part 4 deals with shortcomings of the model and unresolved issues.
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paper_title: Cognitive engineering, cognitive augmentation, and information display

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— From a perspective of cognitive engineering, this paper presents eight principles of good display design based on human cognition: (1) displays that divide attention will increase the cognitive load on working memory; (2) displays that continuously present the same information may compensate for the decay of short-term memory; (3) displays that assist the viewer in mentally chunking information will decrease the cognitive load on working memory; (4) displays that present icons or images to direct attention to important visual stimuli will likely minimize inattentional blindness; (5) displays that help minimize attentional distractions and help focus attention on a given task will minimize the burden on working memory; (6) displays that present cues composed of strong singletons will capture and engage exogenous attention; (7) displays that help the viewer make a mental connection between an analogue and a target will assist in the induction of analogical reasoning; (8) displays that present over time multiple exposures consisting of statistical regularities may promote implicit learning and expertise development. Thus, information displays of the future can systematically engage high-level human cognitive processes for purposes of improving human performance on a variety of tasks found in education, the military, and many other applications.
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paper_title: An introduction to computing with neural nets

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Artificial neural net models have been studied for many years in the hope of achieving human-like performance in the fields of speech and image recognition. These models are composed of many nonlinear computational elements operating in parallel and arranged in patterns reminiscent of biological neural nets. Computational elements or nodes are connected via weights that are typically adapted during use to improve performance. There has been a recent resurgence in the field of artificial neural nets caused by new net topologies and algorithms, analog VLSI implementation techniques, and the belief that massive parallelism is essential for high performance speech and image recognition. This paper provides an introduction to the field of artificial neural nets by reviewing six important neural net models that can be used for pattern classification. These nets are highly parallel building blocks that illustrate neural net components and design principles and can be used to construct more complex systems. In addition to describing these nets, a major emphasis is placed on exploring how some existing classification and clustering algorithms can be performed using simple neuron-like components. Single-layer nets can implement algorithms required by Gaussian maximum-likelihood classifiers and optimum minimum-error classifiers for binary patterns corrupted by noise. More generally, the decision regions required by any classification algorithm can be generated in a straightforward manner by three-layer feed-forward nets.
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paper_title: Modeling visual attention via selective tuning

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A model for aspects of visual attention based on the concept of selective tuning is presented. It provides for a solution to the problems of selection in an image, information routing through the visual processing hierarchy and task-specific attentional bias. The central thesis is that attention acts to optimize the search procedure inherent in a solution to vision. It does so by selectively tuning the visual processing network which is accomplished by a top-down hierarchy of winner-take-all processes embedded within the visual processing pyramid. Comparisons to other major computational models of attention and to the relevant neurobiology are included in detail throughout the paper. The model has been implemented; several examples of its performance are shown. This model is a hypothesis for primate visual attention, but it also outperforms existing computational solutions for attention in machine vision and is highly appropriate to solving the problem in a robot vision system.
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paper_title: Where do we store the memory representations that guide attention

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During the last decade one of the most contentious and heavily studied topics in the attention literature has been the role that working memory representations play in controlling perceptual selection. The hypothesis has been advanced that to have attention select a certain perceptual input from the environment, we only need to represent that item in working memory. Here we summarize the work indicating that the relationship between what representations are maintained in working memory and what perceptual inputs are selected is not so simple. First, it appears that attentional selection is also determined by high-level task goals that mediate the relationship between working memory storage and attentional selection. Second, much of the recent work from our laboratory has focused on the role of long-term memory in controlling attentional selection. We review recent evidence supporting the proposal that working memory representations are critical during the initial configuration of attentional control settings, but that after those settings are established long-term memory representations play an important role in controlling which perceptual inputs are selected by mechanisms of attention.
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paper_title: A human cognition framework for information visualization

paper_content:

Abstract We present a human cognition framework for information visualization. This framework emphasizes how top-down cognitive processing enables the induction of insight, reasoning, and understanding, which are key goals of the visual analytics community. Specifically, we present a set of six leverage points that can be exploited by visualization designers in order to measurably influence certain aspects of human cognition: (1) exogenous attention; (2) endogenous attention; (3) chunking; (4) reasoning with mental models; (5) analogical reasoning; and (6) implicit learning.
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paper_title: The selective tuning model of attention: psychophysical evidence for a suppressive annulus around an attended item

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The selective tuning model [Artif. Intell. 78 (1995) 507] is a neurobiologically plausible neural network model of visual attention. One of its key predictions is that to simultaneously solve the problems of convergence of neural input and selection of attended items, the portions of the visual neural network that process an attended stimulus must be surrounded by inhibition. To test this hypothesis, we mapped the attentional field around an attended location in a matching task where the subjects attention was directed to a cued target while the distance of a probe item to the target was varied systematically. The main result was that accuracy increased with inter-target separation. The observed pattern of variation of accuracy with distance provided strong evidence in favor of the critical prediction of the model that attention is actively inhibited in the immediate vicinity of an attended location. 2003 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
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paper_title: A capacity theory of comprehension: Individual differences in working memory

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A theory of the way working memory capacity constrains comprehension is proposed. The theory proposes that both processing and storage are mediated by activation and that the total amount of activation available in working memory varies among individuals. Individual differences in working memory capacity for language can account for qualitative and quantitative differences among college-age adults in several aspects of language comprehension. One aspect is syntactic modularity: The larger capacity of some individuals permits interaction among syntactic and pragmatic information, so that their syntactic processes are not informationally encapsulated. Another aspect is syntactic ambiguity: The larger capacity of some individuals permits them to maintain multiple interpretations. The theory is instantiated as a production system model in which the amount of activation available to the model affects how it adapts to the transient computational and storage demands that occur in comprehension. Working memory plays a central role in all forms of complex thinking, such as reasoning, problem solving, and language comprehension. However, its function in language comprehension is especially evident because comprehension entails processing a sequence of symbols that is produced and perceived over time. Working memory plays a critical role in storing the intermediate and final products of a reader's or listener's computations as she or he constructs and integrates ideas from the stream of successive words in a text or spoken discourse. In addition to its role in storage, working memory can also be viewed as the pool of operational resources that perform the symbolic computations and thereby generate the intermediate and final products. In this article, we examine how the human cognitive capacity accommodates or fails to accommodate the transient computational and storage demands that occur in language comprehension. We also explain the differences among individuals in their comprehension performance in terms of their working memory capacity. The major thesis is that cognitive capacity constrains comprehension, and it constrains comprehension more for some people than for others. This article begins with a general outline of a capacity theory of language comprehension. In the second section we use the capacity theory to account for several phenomena relating individual differences in language processing to working memory
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paper_title: The magical number seven, plus or minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information

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First, the span of absolute judgment and the span of immediate memory impose severe limitations on the amount of information that we are able to receive, process, and remember. By organizing the stimulus input simultaneously into several dimensions and successively into a sequence or chunks, we manage to break (or at least stretch) this informational bottleneck. Second, the process of recoding is a very important one in human psychology and deserves much more explicit attention than it has received. In particular, the kind of linguistic recoding that people do seems to me to be the very lifeblood of the thought processes. Recoding procedures are a constant concern to clinicians, social psychologists, linguists, and anthropologists and yet, probably because recoding is less accessible to experimental manipulation than nonsense syllables or T mazes, the traditional experimental psychologist has contributed little or nothing to their analysis. Nevertheless, experimental techniques can be used, methods of recoding can be specified, behavioral indicants can be found. And I anticipate that we will find a very orderly set of relations describing what now seems an uncharted wilderness of individual differences. Third, the concepts and measures provided by the theory of information provide a quantitative way of getting at some of these questions. The theory provides us with a yardstick for calibrating our stimulus materials and for measuring the performance of our subjects. In the interests of communication I have suppressed the technical details of information measurement and have tried to express the ideas in more familiar terms; I hope this paraphrase will not lead you to think they are not useful in research. Informational concepts have already proved valuable in the study of discrimination and of language; they promise a great deal in the study of learning and memory; and it has even been proposed that they can be useful in the study of concept formation. A lot of questions that seemed fruitless twenty or thirty years ago may now be worth another look. In fact, I feel that my story here must stop just as it begins to get really interesting. And finally, what about the magical number seven? What about the seven wonders of the world, the seven seas, the seven deadly sins, the seven daughters of Atlas in the Pleiades, the seven ages of man, the seven levels of hell, the seven primary colors, the seven notes of the musical scale, and the seven days of the week? What about the seven-point rating scale, the seven categories for absolute judgment, the seven objects in the span of attention, and the seven digits in the span of immediate memory? For the present I propose to withhold judgment. Perhaps there is something deep and profound behind all these sevens, something just calling out for us to discover it. But I suspect that it is only a pernicious, Pythagorean coincidence.
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paper_title: A framework for understanding the allocation of attention in location-precued discrimination

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The effects of attention on visual perception are assessed in the location-precuing paradigm. First, we present a review of some current metaphors for attention and relevant data. Then, a framework is suggested that provides an interpretation of the temporal sequence of external and assumed internal processes within a location-cuing trial. Cases when a precue correctly indicates the target location (valid trials) are compared to cases when the precue directs attention to the wrong location (invalid trials) with the cue location either at fixation or peripheral to the target location. Several specific hypotheses are suggested; these concern decrements in performance on invalid trials and effects of the location of a precue. For the most part, these hypotheses are supported by data in the literature and in some new studies. A gradient-filter metaphor for attention, which includes a synthesis of ideas from the gradient model and the attention gate model, is more consistent with the data than is a spotlight m...
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paper_title: Mental Models, Visual Reasoning and Interaction in Information Visualization: A Top-down Perspective

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Although previous research has suggested that examining the interplay between internal and external representations can benefit our understanding of the role of information visualization (InfoVis) in human cognitive activities, there has been little work detailing the nature of internal representations, the relationship between internal and external representations and how interaction is related to these representations. In this paper, we identify and illustrate a specific kind of internal representation, mental models, and outline the high-level relationships between mental models and external visualizations. We present a top-down perspective of reasoning as model construction and simulation, and discuss the role of visualization in model based reasoning. From this perspective, interaction can be understood as active modeling for three primary purposes: external anchoring, information foraging, and cognitive offloading. Finally we discuss the implications of our approach for design, evaluation and theory development.
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paper_title: Mental models: towards a cognitive science of language, inference, and consciousness

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Mental Models offers nothing less than a unified theory of the major properties of mind: comprehension, inference, and consciousness. In spirited and graceful prose, Johnson-Laird argues that we apprehend the world by building inner mental replicas of the relations among objects and events that concern us. The mind is essentially a model-building device that can itself be modeled on a digital computer. This book provides both a blueprint for building such a model and numerous important illustrations of how to do it. In several key areas of cognition, Johnson-Laird shows how an explanation based on mental modeling is clearly superior to previous theory. For example, he argues compellingly that deductive reasoning does not take place by tacitly applying the rules of logic, but by mentally manipulating models of the states of affairs from which inferences are drawn. Similarly, linguistic comprehension is best understood not as a matter of applying inference rules to propositions derived from sentences, but rather as the mind's effort to construct and update a model of the situation described by a text or a discourse. Most provocative, perhaps, is Johnson-Laird's theory of consciousness: the mind's necessarily incomplete model of itself allows only a partial control over the many unconscious and parallel processes of cognition. This an extraordinarily rich book, providing a coherent account of much recent experimental work in cognitive psychology, along with lucid explanations of relevant theory in linguistics, computer science, and philosophy Not since Miller, Galanter, and Pribram's classic Plans and the Structure of Behavior has a book in cognitive science combined such sweep, style, and good sense. Like its distinguished predecessor, Mental Models may well serve to fix a point of view for a generation. (http://books.google.fr/books?id=FS3zSKAfLGMC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false)
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paper_title: Mental models and human reasoning

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To be rational is to be able to reason. Thirty years ago psychologists believed that human reasoning depended on formal rules of inference akin to those of a logical calculus. This hypothesis ran into difficulties, which led to an alternative view: reasoning depends on envisaging the possibilities consistent with the starting point—a perception of the world, a set of assertions, a memory, or some mixture of them. We construct mental models of each distinct possibility and derive a conclusion from them. The theory predicts systematic errors in our reasoning, and the evidence corroborates this prediction. Yet, our ability to use counterexamples to refute invalid inferences provides a foundation for rationality. On this account, reasoning is a simulation of the world fleshed out with our knowledge, not a formal rearrangement of the logical skeletons of sentences.
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paper_title: MODELS OF WORKING MEMORY Mechanisms of Active Maintenance and Executive Control

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Preface Acknowledgements 1. Models of working memory: an introduction Priti Shah and Akira Miyake 2. Working memory: the multiple-component model Alan D. Baddeley and Robert H. Logie 3. An embedded-processes model of working memory Nelson Cowan 4. Individual differences in working memory capacity and what they tell us about controlled attention, general fluid intelligence and functions of the prefrontal cortex Randall W. Engle, Michael J. Kane and Stephen W. Tuholski 5. Modelling working memory in a unified architecture: an ACT-R perspective Marsha C. Lovett, Lynne M. Reder and Christian Lebiere 6. Insights into working memory from the perspective of the EPIC architecture for modelling skilled perceptual-motor and cognitive human performance David E. Kieras, David E. Meyer, Shane Mueller and Travis Seymour 7. The soar cognitive architecture and human working memory Richard M. Young and Richard L. Lewis 8. Long-term working memory as an alternative to capacity models of working memory in everyday skilled performance K. Anders Ericsson and Peter F. Delaney 9. Interacting cognitive subsystems: modelling working memory phenomena within a multiprocessor architecture Philip J. Barnard 10. Working memory in a multilevel hybrid connectionist control architecture (CAP2) Walter Schneider 11. A biologically based computational model of working memory Randall C. O' Reilly, Todd S. Braver and Jonathan D. Cohen 12. Models of working memory: eight questions and some general issues Walter Kintsch, Alice F. Healy, Mary Hegarty, Bruce F. Pennington and Timothy A. Salthouse 13. Toward unified theories of working memory: emerging general consensus, unresolved theoretical issues and future research directions Akika Miyake and Priti Shah Indexes.
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paper_title: The extent of processing of noise elements during selective encoding from visual displays

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Circular visual displays of 12 elements, consisting of A, H, M, and U, were presented to S. She responded with a lever movement in one direction if a given letter designated by a bar indicator was a member of the set A-U and in the opposite direction if it was from the other set. The principal experimental variables were the SOA by which the indicator preceded the display and whether the target letter was flanked by letters of the same or opposite set. The results indicated that the interference produced by noise letters is primarily on the response as opposed to the processing side. Also, there is a limit to the precision of selective attention in the visual field. The interference of opposite-set letters was inversely proportional to their distance from the target.
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paper_title: Implicit Learning, Tacit Knowledge, Expertise Development, and Naturalistic Decision Making

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Implicit learning involves the largely unconscious learning of dynamic statistical patterns and features, which leads to the development of tacit knowledge. This kind of learning is a ubiquitous, robust phenomenon that likely occurs in most, if not all, tasks in which individuals engage throughout their lives. In this paper, we argue that implicit learning and its end state, tacit knowledge, may assist in the acquisition, retention, and transfer of expertise and thus provide a form of tacit scaffolding for expertise development. The notion of tacit scaffolding represents a novel and interesting area of future research for the field of naturalistic decision making and naturalistic cognition.
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paper_title: Similarities and Differences between Working Memory and Long-Term Memory: Evidence from the Levels-of-Processing Span Task.

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Two experiments compared the effects of depth of processing on working memory (WM) and long-term memory (LTM) using a levels-of-processing (LOP) span task, a newly developed WM span procedure that involves processing to-be-remembered words based on their visual, phonological, or semantic characteristics. Depth of processing had minimal effect on WM tests, yet subsequent memory for the same items on delayed tests showed the typical benefits of semantic processing. Although the difference in LOP effects demonstrates a dissociation between WM and LTM, we also found that the retrieval practice provided by recalling words on the WM task benefited long-term retention, especially for words initially recalled from supraspan lists. The latter result is consistent with the hypothesis that WM span tasks involve retrieval from secondary memory, but the LOP dissociation suggests the processes engaged by WM and LTM tests may differ. Therefore, similarities and differences between WM and LTM depend on the extent to which retrieval from secondary memory is involved and whether there is a match (or mismatch) between initial processing and subsequent retrieval, consistent with transfer-appropriate-processing theory.
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paper_title: Dual-Processing Accounts of Reasoning, Judgment, and Social Cognition

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This article reviews a diverse set of proposals for dual processing in higher cognition within largely disconnected literatures in cognitive and social psychology. All these theories have in common the distinction between cognitive processes that are fast, automatic, and unconscious and those that are slow, deliberative, and conscious. A number of authors have recently suggested that there may be two architecturally (and evolutionarily) distinct cognitive systems underlying these dual-process accounts. However, it emerges that (a) there are multiple kinds of implicit processes described by different theorists and (b) not all of the proposed attributes of the two kinds of processing can be sensibly mapped on to two systems as currently conceived. It is suggested that while some dual-process theories are concerned with parallel competing processes involving explicit and implicit knowledge systems, others are concerned with the influence of preconscious processes that contextualize and shape deliberative reasoning and decision-making.
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paper_title: Training Robust Decision Making in Immersive Environments

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We provide a review and analysis of much of the published literature on decision making that is relevant to the design of immersive environments. This review draws from the basic and applied literature in order to provide insight for the design of such synthetic environments. Included in this review are articles and books cited in other works, and articles and books obtained from an Internet search. Issues discussed are (a) an overview of immersive decision environments; (b) dual-process decision making; (c) training robust intuitive decision making; (d) combining analytical and intuitive processing in immersive environments; and (e) concluding remarks. For the development of robust decision making in immersive environments, intuitive reasoning should be emphasized by creating an immersive situation and by providing for the development of automatic processing through implicit learning, with the latter reinforced by explicit thought processes. Considerations of the literature on decision making will provid...
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paper_title: The cognitive science of visual-spatial displays: implications for design.

paper_content:

This paper reviews cognitive science perspectives on the design of visual-spatial displays and introduces the other papers in this topic. It begins by classifying different types of visual-spatial displays, followed by a discussion of ways in which visual-spatial displays augment cognition and an overview of the perceptual and cognitive processes involved in using displays. The paper then argues for the importance of cognitive science methods to the design of visual displays and reviews some of the main principles of display design that have emerged from these approaches to date. Cognitive scientists have had good success in characterizing the performance of well-defined tasks with relatively simple visual displays, but many challenges remain in understanding the use of complex displays for ill-defined tasks. Current research exemplified by the papers in this topic extends empirical approaches to new displays and domains, informs the development of general principles of graphic design, and addresses current challenges in display design raised by the recent explosion in availability of complex data sets and new technologies for visualizing and interacting with these data.
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paper_title: A human cognition framework for information visualization

paper_content:

Abstract We present a human cognition framework for information visualization. This framework emphasizes how top-down cognitive processing enables the induction of insight, reasoning, and understanding, which are key goals of the visual analytics community. Specifically, we present a set of six leverage points that can be exploited by visualization designers in order to measurably influence certain aspects of human cognition: (1) exogenous attention; (2) endogenous attention; (3) chunking; (4) reasoning with mental models; (5) analogical reasoning; and (6) implicit learning.
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paper_title: Readings in Information Visualization-Using Visualization to Think

paper_content:

A programmable DC power supply including a proportionally controlled transistor connected in series with the load for varying the load current in accordance with the magnitude of a control signal applied to the transistor. A detector coupled across the transistor functions to sense high and low voltage thresholds and thereupon select an incrementally higher or lower voltage for application to the load to assure that the transistor operates continuously in its proportional range, thereby enabling the input signal to maintain control of the load current.
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paper_title: The Spatial-Perceptual Design Space: a new comprehension for Data Visualization

paper_content:

We revisit the design space of visualizations aiming at identifying and relating its components. In this sense, we establish a model to examine the process through which visualizations become expressive for users. This model has leaded us to a taxonomy oriented to the human visual perception, a conceptualization that provides natural criteria in order to delineate a novel understanding for the visualization design space. The new organization of concepts that we introduce is our main contribution: a grammar for the visualization design based on the review of former works and of classical and state-of-the-art techniques. Like so, the paper is presented as a survey whose structure introduces a new conceptualization for the space of techniques concerning visual analysis.
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paper_title: Attention and Visual Memory in Visualization and Computer Graphics

paper_content:

A fundamental goal of visualization is to produce images of data that support visual analysis, exploration, and discovery of novel insights. An important consideration during visualization design is the role of human visual perception. How we "see” details in an image can directly impact a viewer's efficiency and effectiveness. This paper surveys research on attention and visual perception, with a specific focus on results that have direct relevance to visualization and visual analytics. We discuss theories of low-level visual perception, then show how these findings form a foundation for more recent work on visual memory and visual attention. We conclude with a brief overview of how knowledge of visual attention and visual memory is being applied in visualization and graphics. We also discuss how challenges in visualization are motivating research in psychophysics.
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paper_title: Neural correlates of attentive selection for color or luminance in extrastriate area V4

paper_content:

Rhesus monkeys were trained on a conditional orientation discrimination task in order to assess whether attentive selection for a color or luminance stimulus feature would affect visual processing in extrastriate area V4. The task required monkeys to select a bar stimulus based on its color or luminance and then to discriminate the angular tilt of the selected stimulus. The majority of neurons (74%) were selectively activated when the color or luminance of the stimulus in the receptive field matched the color or luminance of the cue. The activity was attenuated when there was not a match between the stimulus and the cue. The differential activation was based on the presence or absence of the stimulus feature and was independent of spatial location. Across the population of V4 neurons, optimal stimuli that matched the selected color or luminance elicited about twice the activity as stimuli that did not match the selected feature. The feature-selective changes in activity were observed to develop beginning about 200 msec after the stimulus onset and were maintained over the remainder of the behavioral trial. In this task the activity of V4 neurons reflected a selection based on the cued feature and not simply the physical color or luminance of the receptive field stimulus. Under these conditions, the topographic representation of the neural activity in area V4 highlights the potential targets in the visual scene at the expense of background objects. These observations offer a physiological counterpart to psychophysical studies suggesting that stimuli can be preferentially selected in parallel across the visual field on the basis of a unique color or luminance feature
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paper_title: DAVID: Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery

paper_content:

The distributed nature of biological knowledge poses a major challenge to the interpretation of genome-scale datasets, including those derived from microarray and proteomic studies. This report describes DAVID, a web-accessible program that integrates functional genomic annotations with intuitive graphical summaries. Lists of gene or protein identifiers are rapidly annotated and summarized according to shared categorical data for Gene Ontology, protein domain, and biochemical pathway membership. DAVID assists in the interpretation of genome-scale datasets by facilitating the transition from data collection to biological meaning.
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paper_title: Contextifier: automatic generation of annotated stock visualizations

paper_content:

Online news tools - for aggregation, summarization and automatic generation - are an area of fruitful development as reading news online becomes increasingly commonplace. While textual tools have dominated these developments, annotated information visualizations are a promising way to complement articles based on their ability to add context. But the manual effort required for professional designers to create thoughtful annotations for contextualizing news visualizations is difficult to scale. We describe the design of Contextifier, a novel system that automatically produces custom, annotated visualizations of stock behavior given a news article about a company. Contextifier's algorithms for choosing annotations is informed by a study of professionally created visualizations and takes into account visual salience, contextual relevance, and a detection of key events in the company's history. In evaluating our system we find that Contextifier better balances graphical salience and relevance than the baseline.
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paper_title: Star Coordinates: A Multi-dimensional Visualization Technique with Uniform Treatment of Dimensions

paper_content:

Visualizing multi-dimensional data has tremendous effects on science, engineering, and business decisionmaking. A new visualization technique called Star Coordinates is presented to support users in early stages of their visual thinking activities. Star Coordinates arranges coordinates on a circle sharing the same origin at the center. It uses simply points to represent data, treating each dimension uniformly at the cost of coarse representation. Current implementation of Star Coordinates provided valuable insight on several real data sets for cluster discovery and multifactor analysis tasks. The work on Star Coordinates will continue on developing advanced transformations that will improve data understanding in multi-dimensions.
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paper_title: Narrative Visualization: Telling Stories with Data

paper_content:

Data visualization is regularly promoted for its ability to reveal stories within data, yet these “data stories” differ in important ways from traditional forms of storytelling. Storytellers, especially online journalists, have increasingly been integrating visualizations into their narratives, in some cases allowing the visualization to function in place of a written story. In this paper, we systematically review the design space of this emerging class of visualizations. Drawing on case studies from news media to visualization research, we identify distinct genres of narrative visualization. We characterize these design differences, together with interactivity and messaging, in terms of the balance between the narrative flow intended by the author (imposed by graphical elements and the interface) and story discovery on the part of the reader (often through interactive exploration). Our framework suggests design strategies for narrative visualization, including promising under-explored approaches to journalistic storytelling and educational media.
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paper_title: Benefitting InfoVis with Visual Difficulties

paper_content:

Many well-cited theories for visualization design state that a visual representation should be optimized for quick and immediate interpretation by a user. Distracting elements like decorative "chartjunk" or extraneous information are avoided so as not to slow comprehension. Yet several recent studies in visualization research provide evidence that non-efficient visual elements may benefit comprehension and recall on the part of users. Similarly, findings from studies related to learning from visual displays in various subfields of psychology suggest that introducing cognitive difficulties to visualization interaction can improve a user's understanding of important information. In this paper, we synthesize empirical results from cross-disciplinary research on visual information representations, providing a counterpoint to efficiency-based design theory with guidelines that describe how visual difficulties can be introduced to benefit comprehension and recall. We identify conditions under which the application of visual difficulties is appropriate based on underlying factors in visualization interaction like active processing and engagement. We characterize effective graph design as a trade-off between efficiency and learning difficulties in order to provide Information Visualization (InfoVis) researchers and practitioners with a framework for organizing explorations of graphs for which comprehension and recall are crucial. We identify implications of this view for the design and evaluation of information visualizations.
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paper_title: Spatially Ordered Treemaps

paper_content:

Existing treemap layout algorithms suffer to some extent from poor or inconsistent mappings between data order and visual ordering in their representation, reducing their cognitive plausibility. While attempts have been made to quantify this mismatch, and algorithms proposed to minimize inconsistency, solutions provided tend to concentrate on one-dimensional ordering. We propose extensions to the existing squarified layout algorithm that exploit the two-dimensional arrangement of treemap nodes more effectively. Our proposed spatial squarified layout algorithm provides a more consistent arrangement of nodes while maintaining low aspect ratios. It is suitable for the arrangement of data with a geographic component and can be used to create tessellated cartograms for geovisualization. Locational consistency is measured and visualized and a number of layout algorithms are compared. CIELab color space and displacement vector overlays are used to assess and emphasize the spatial layout of treemap nodes. A case study involving locations of tagged photographs in the Flickr database is described.
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paper_title: A survey on information visualization: recent advances and challenges

paper_content:

Information visualization (InfoVis), the study of transforming data, information, and knowledge into interactive visual representations, is very important to users because it provides mental models of information. The boom in big data analytics has triggered broad use of InfoVis in a variety of domains, ranging from finance to sports to politics. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey and key insights into this fast-rising area. The research on InfoVis is organized into a taxonomy that contains four main categories, namely empirical methodologies, user interactions, visualization frameworks, and applications, which are each described in terms of their major goals, fundamental principles, recent trends, and state-of-the-art approaches. At the conclusion of this survey, we identify existing technical challenges and propose directions for future research.
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paper_title: Multiple Resources and Mental Workload

paper_content:

Objective: The objective is to lay out the rationale for multiple resource theory and the particular 4-D multiple resource model, as well as to show how the model is useful both as a design tool and as a means of predicting multitask workload overload. Background: I describe the discoveries and developments regarding multiple resource theory that have emerged over the past 50 years that contribute to performance and workload prediction. Method: The article presents a history of the multiple resource concept, a computational version of the multiple resource model applied to multitask driving simulation data, and the relation of multiple resources to workload. Results: Research revealed the importance of the four dimensions in accounting for task interference and the association of resources with brain structure. Multiple resource models yielded high correlations between model predictions and data. Lower correlations also identified the existence of additional resources. Conclusion: The model was shown to b...
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paper_title: Analytic Provenance for Sensemaking: A Research Agenda

paper_content:

Sensemaking is a process of finding meaning from information that often involves activities such as information foraging and hypothesis generation. It can be valuable to maintain a history of the data and reasoning involved. This history, commonly known as provenance information, can be a resource for "reflection-in-action"' during analysis, supporting collaboration between analysts, and can help trace data quality and uncertainty through the analysis process. Currently, there is limited work on utilizing analytic provenance, which captures the interactive data exploration and human reasoning process, to support sensemaking. This article presents and extends the research challenges discussed in a IEEE VIS 2014 workshop on this topic to provide an agenda for sensemaking analytic provenance.
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paper_title: A human cognition framework for information visualization

paper_content:

Abstract We present a human cognition framework for information visualization. This framework emphasizes how top-down cognitive processing enables the induction of insight, reasoning, and understanding, which are key goals of the visual analytics community. Specifically, we present a set of six leverage points that can be exploited by visualization designers in order to measurably influence certain aspects of human cognition: (1) exogenous attention; (2) endogenous attention; (3) chunking; (4) reasoning with mental models; (5) analogical reasoning; and (6) implicit learning.
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paper_title: Top 10 unsolved information visualization problems

paper_content:

The top 10 unsolved problems list described in this article is a revised and extended version of information visualization problems. These problems are not necessarily imposed by technical barriers, rather, they are problems that might hinder the growth of information visualization as a field. The first three problems highlight issues from a user-centered perspective. The fifth, sixth, and seventh problems are technical challenges in nature. The last three are the ones that need tackling at the disciplinary level. The author broadly defines information visualization as visual representations of the semantics, or meaning, of information. In contrast to scientific visualization, information visualization typically deals with nonnumeric, nonspatial, and high-dimensional data.
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paper_title: Information Visualization: Beyond the Horizon

paper_content:

Extracting Salient Structures.- Graph Drawing Algorithms.- Systems and Applications.- Knowledge Domain Visualization.- Empirical Studies of Information Visualization.- Virtual Environments.- Detecting Abrupt Changes and Emerging Trends.
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paper_title: Readings in Information Visualization-Using Visualization to Think

paper_content:

A programmable DC power supply including a proportionally controlled transistor connected in series with the load for varying the load current in accordance with the magnitude of a control signal applied to the transistor. A detector coupled across the transistor functions to sense high and low voltage thresholds and thereupon select an incrementally higher or lower voltage for application to the load to assure that the transistor operates continuously in its proportional range, thereby enabling the input signal to maintain control of the load current.
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paper_title: Automating the design of graphical presentations of relational information

paper_content:

The goal of the research described in this paper is to develop an application-independent presentation tool that automatically designs effective graphical presentations (such as bar charts, scatter plots, and connected graphs) of relational information. Two problems are raised by this goal: The codification of graphic design criteria in a form that can be used by the presentation tool, and the generation of a wide variety of designs so that the presentation tool can accommodate a wide variety of information. The approach described in this paper is based on the view that graphical presentations are sentences of graphical languages. The graphic design issues are codified as expressiveness and effectiveness criteria for graphical languages. Expressiveness criteria determine whether a graphical language can express the desired information. Effectiveness criteria determine whether a graphical language exploits the capabilities of the output medium and the human visual system. A wide variety of designs can be systematically generated by using a composition algebra that composes a small set of primitive graphical languages. Artificial intelligence techniques are used to implement a prototype presentation tool called APT (A Presentation Tool), which is based on the composition algebra and the graphic design criteria.
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paper_title: Graph Drawing: Algorithms for the Visualization of Graphs

paper_content:

From the Publisher: ::: This book is designed to describe fundamental algorithmic techniques for constructing drawings of graphs. Suitable as a book or reference manual, its chapters offer an accurate, accessible reflection of the rapidly expanding field of graph drawing.
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paper_title: Cognitive Psychology: A Student's Handbook

paper_content:

Introduction. Visual Perception: Basic Processes. Perception, Movement and Action. Object Recognition. Attention and Performance Limitations. Memory: Structure and Processes. Theories of Long-term Memory. Everyday Memory. Knowledge: Propositions and Images. Objects, Concepts and Categories. Speech Perception and Reading. Language Comprehension. Language Production. Puzzles and Expertise. Creativity and Analogy. Reasoning: Conditionals. Judgement and Decision Making. Cognition and Emotion. Present and Future.
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paper_title: Cognition in the wild

paper_content:

Welcome aboard navigation as computation the implementation of contemporary pilotage the organization of team performances communication navigation as a context for learning learning in context organizational learning cultural cognition.
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paper_title: An Overview of the EPIC Architecture for Cognition and Performance with Application to Human-Computer Interaction

paper_content:

EPIC (Executive Process-Interactive Control) is a cognitive architecture especially suited for modeling human multimodal and multiple-task performance. The EPIC architecture includes peripheral sensory-motor processors surrounding a production-rule cognitive processor and is being used to construct precise computational models for a variety of human-computer interaction situations. We briefly describe some of these models to demonstrate how EPIC clarifies basic properties of human performance and provides usefully precise accounts of performance speed.
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paper_title: Implicit Learning, Tacit Knowledge, Expertise Development, and Naturalistic Decision Making

paper_content:

Implicit learning involves the largely unconscious learning of dynamic statistical patterns and features, which leads to the development of tacit knowledge. This kind of learning is a ubiquitous, robust phenomenon that likely occurs in most, if not all, tasks in which individuals engage throughout their lives. In this paper, we argue that implicit learning and its end state, tacit knowledge, may assist in the acquisition, retention, and transfer of expertise and thus provide a form of tacit scaffolding for expertise development. The notion of tacit scaffolding represents a novel and interesting area of future research for the field of naturalistic decision making and naturalistic cognition.
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paper_title: Diagrams in the mind and in the world: Relations between internal and external visualizations

paper_content:

Recent advances in computer technology and graphics have made it possible to produce powerful visualizations of scientific phenomena and more abstract information. There is currently much excitement about the potential of these computer visualizations, particularly in education and training in science, technology and medicine. This paper examines three possible relations that might exist between internal and external visualization. First, external visualizations might substitute for internal visualizations. Second their comprehension and use may depend on internal visualizations. Third, they might augment and be augmented by internal visualizations. By reviewing these possibilities, it is argued that the design of external visualizations should be informed by research on internal visualization skills, and that the development of technologies for external visualizations calls for more research on the nature of internal visualization abilities.
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paper_title: A human cognition framework for information visualization

paper_content:

Abstract We present a human cognition framework for information visualization. This framework emphasizes how top-down cognitive processing enables the induction of insight, reasoning, and understanding, which are key goals of the visual analytics community. Specifically, we present a set of six leverage points that can be exploited by visualization designers in order to measurably influence certain aspects of human cognition: (1) exogenous attention; (2) endogenous attention; (3) chunking; (4) reasoning with mental models; (5) analogical reasoning; and (6) implicit learning.
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paper_title: Dual-Processing Accounts of Reasoning, Judgment, and Social Cognition

paper_content:

This article reviews a diverse set of proposals for dual processing in higher cognition within largely disconnected literatures in cognitive and social psychology. All these theories have in common the distinction between cognitive processes that are fast, automatic, and unconscious and those that are slow, deliberative, and conscious. A number of authors have recently suggested that there may be two architecturally (and evolutionarily) distinct cognitive systems underlying these dual-process accounts. However, it emerges that (a) there are multiple kinds of implicit processes described by different theorists and (b) not all of the proposed attributes of the two kinds of processing can be sensibly mapped on to two systems as currently conceived. It is suggested that while some dual-process theories are concerned with parallel competing processes involving explicit and implicit knowledge systems, others are concerned with the influence of preconscious processes that contextualize and shape deliberative reasoning and decision-making.
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paper_title: Information Visualization: Perception for Design

paper_content:

Most designers know that yellow text presented against a blue background reads clearly and easily, but how many can explain why, and what really are the best ways to help others and ourselves clearly see key patterns in a bunch of data? When we use software, access a website, or view business or scientific graphics, our understanding is greatly enhanced or impeded by the way the information is presented. ::: ::: This book explores the art and science of why we see objects the way we do. Based on the science of perception and vision, the author presents the key principles at work for a wide range of applications--resulting in visualization of improved clarity, utility, and persuasiveness. The book offers practical guidelines that can be applied by anyone: interaction designers, graphic designers of all kinds (including web designers), data miners, and financial analysts. ::: ::: ::: ::: Complete update of the recognized source in industry, research, and academic for applicable guidance on information visualizing. ::: ::: Includes the latest research and state of the art information on multimedia presentation. ::: ::: More than 160 explicit design guidelines based on vision science. ::: ::: A new final chapter that explains the process of visual thinking and how visualizations help us to think about problems. ::: ::: Packed with over 400 informative full color illustrations, which are key to understanding of the subject. ::: ::: Table of Contents ::: ::: ::: Chapter 1. Foundations for an Applied Science of Data Visualization ::: ::: Chapter 2. The Environment, Optics, Resolution, and the Display ::: ::: Chapter 3. Lightness, Brightness, Contrast and Constancy ::: ::: Chapter 4. Color ::: ::: Chapter 5. Visual Salience and Finding Information ::: ::: Chapter 6. Static and Moving Patterns ::: ::: Chapter 7. Space Perception ::: ::: Chapter 8. Visual Objects and Data Objects ::: ::: Chapter 9. Images, Narrative, and Gestures for Explanation ::: ::: Chapter 10. Interacting with Visualizations ::: ::: Chapter 11. Visual Thinking Processes
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paper_title: The WEKA data mining software: an update

paper_content:

More than twelve years have elapsed since the first public release of WEKA. In that time, the software has been rewritten entirely from scratch, evolved substantially and now accompanies a text on data mining [35]. These days, WEKA enjoys widespread acceptance in both academia and business, has an active community, and has been downloaded more than 1.4 million times since being placed on Source-Forge in April 2000. This paper provides an introduction to the WEKA workbench, reviews the history of the project, and, in light of the recent 3.6 stable release, briefly discusses what has been added since the last stable version (Weka 3.4) released in 2003.
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Title: A Survey on Information Visualization in Light of Vision and Cognitive Sciences

Section 1: Introduction
Description 1: Introduce the importance of understanding visual representations within the context of Information Visualization, vision, and cognitive sciences. Highlight the goals of the survey, such as creating a theoretical compendium, fostering discussions, and providing reflections on design practices.

Section 2: Related Work
Description 2: Summarize key models and studies in the literature that lay the foundation for Information Visualization, especially those linking visual patterns, design frameworks, and cognitive aspects.

Section 3: Concepts on Vision, Cognition, and Visualization
Description 3: Discuss the stages of the visual process, namely pre-attentive processing and detailed scanning, and their relevance to improving data comprehension through visualizations.

Section 4: Maps of Saliences
Description 4: Explain the brain's process of identifying potential elements of interest in a visual scene and how certain characteristics create maps of saliences.

Section 5: Attention and Attentive Selection
Description 5: Describe how attention filters and selects elements from a map of saliences for further processing based on task relevance and user goals.

Section 6: Cognition, Memory and Vision
Description 6: Review how selected visual elements support cognition, emphasizing the role of working memory and long-term memory in data visualization, including limitations and strategies for effective visual design.

Section 7: The Visual Expression Process
Description 7: Introduce the Visual Expression Process framework, which organizes the relationship among visualization, vision, and cognition into four constituents: pre-attentive stimuli, analytical perceptions, abstract patterns, and decision support.

Section 8: Pre-attentive Stimuli - Channels for Data Encoding
Description 8: Describe how pre-attentive stimuli manifest through channels like position, shape, color, and time, and how these channels encode data into visual stimuli.

Section 9: Analytical Perceptions
Description 9: Define analytical perceptions—key traits that users seek in visual representations, such as correspondence, differentiation, recognition, connectivity, arrangement, and variation in time.

Section 10: Abstract Patterns
Description 10: Discuss the role of pattern recognition in data visualization, providing a list of common abstract patterns such as correlation, tendency, classification, and others.

Section 11: Cognitive Decision Support
Description 11: Explain how the patterns identified during the visual process contribute to decision support, emphasizing the importance of domain knowledge for interpreting these patterns.

Section 12: Discussion
Description 12: Discuss the implications of the findings, addressing design flexibility, interaction, memory limitations, and future research directions to improve visualization systems.

Section 13: Conclusions
Description 13: Summarize the key contributions of the survey, including the introduction of the Visual Expression Process, providing a theoretical compendium, and proposing a simplified comprehension of visual and cognitive factors affecting visualization design.