MAC and Routing Layer Supports for QoS in MANET: A Survey
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paper_title: Mobile ad-hoc networking

paper_content:

Mobile ad-hoc networks are multihop wireless networks. Wireless communications and the lack of fixed infrastructure generate new research problems compared with fixed multihop networks: Dynamic topologies. Because nodes can move arbitrarily, the network topology, which is typically multihop, can change randomly and rapidly; Bandwidth-constrained, variable capacity, possibly asymmetric links. Wireless links will continue to have significantly lower capacity than wired links and hence congestion is more problematic. Energy-constrained operation. Some, or all nodes in a Mobile ad-hoc network may rely on batteries for energy. For these nodes, power conservation is a critical design criterion. Wireless vulnerabilities and limited physical security. Mobile wireless networks are generally more prone to information and physical security threats than are fixed, hardwired nets. Network technologies for single-hop wireless networks are becoming to appear on the market. The IEEE 802.11 standard is a good platform to implement a one level multi-hop architecture because of its extreme. The Hiperlan standard is the ETSI standard for wireless LANs. Bluetooth technology is an open specification (supported by several hundreds of IT companies) for wireless communication of data and voice. Soon, mobile ad-hoc networks that cover areas of several square kilometres could be built from WLAN technologies such as IEEE 802.11. Furthermore, wireless-network technologies are the building blocks to construct multi-hop mobile ad-hoc networks. In the IETF, the Mobile Ad-hoc NETwork (MANET) working group was set up for developing and evolving mobile ad-hoc network routing specification(s) and introduce them to the Internet Standards track. The goal is to support networks scaling up to hundreds of routers. The step toward a large network (larger than thousand nodes) consisting of nodes with limited resources is not straightforward and presents many challenges that are still to be solved in areas such as: highcapacity wireless technologies, configuration management, addressing, routing, location management, interoperability, and security. The minitrack presents six papers related to the design, modeling and performance evaluation of architectures and
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paper_title: A survey of QoS routing solutions for mobile ad hoc networks

paper_content:

In mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), the provision of quality of service (QoS) guarantees is much more challenging than in wireline networks, mainly due to node mobility, multihop communications, contention for channel access, and a lack of central coordination. QoS guarantees are required by most multimedia and other time- or error-sensitive applications. The difficulties in the provision of such guarantees have limited the usefulness of MANETs. However, in the last decade, much research attention has focused on providing QoS assurances in MANET protocols. The QoS routing protocol is an integral part of any QoS solution since its function is to ascertain which nodes, if any, are able to serve applications? requirements. Consequently, it also plays a crucial role in data session admission control. This document offers an up-to-date survey of most major contributions to the pool of QoS routing solutions for MANETs published in the period 1997?2006. We include a thorough overview of QoS routing metrics, resources, and factors affecting performance and classify the protocols found in the literature. We also summarize their operation and describe their interactions with the medium access control (MAC) protocol, where applicable. This provides the reader with insight into their differences and allows us to highlight trends in protocol design and identify areas for future research.
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paper_title: Quality of service challenges for wireless mobile ad hoc networks

paper_content:

Wireless mobile ad hoc networks consist of mobile nodes interconnected by wireless multi-hop communication paths. Unlike conventional wireless networks, ad hoc networks have no fixed network infrastructure or administrative support. The topology of such networks changes dynamically as mobile nodes join or depart the network or radio links between nodes become unusable. Supporting appropriate quality of service for mobile ad hoc networks is a complex and difficult issue because of the dynamic nature of the network topology and generally imprecise network state information, and has become an intensely active area of research in the last few years. This paper1 presents the basic concepts of quality of service support in ad hoc networks for unicast communication, reviews the major areas of current research and results, and addresses some new issues. The principal focus is on routing and security issues associated with quality of service support. The paper concludes with some observations on the open areas for further investigation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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paper_title: Quality of service challenges for wireless mobile ad hoc networks

paper_content:

Wireless mobile ad hoc networks consist of mobile nodes interconnected by wireless multi-hop communication paths. Unlike conventional wireless networks, ad hoc networks have no fixed network infrastructure or administrative support. The topology of such networks changes dynamically as mobile nodes join or depart the network or radio links between nodes become unusable. Supporting appropriate quality of service for mobile ad hoc networks is a complex and difficult issue because of the dynamic nature of the network topology and generally imprecise network state information, and has become an intensely active area of research in the last few years. This paper1 presents the basic concepts of quality of service support in ad hoc networks for unicast communication, reviews the major areas of current research and results, and addresses some new issues. The principal focus is on routing and security issues associated with quality of service support. The paper concludes with some observations on the open areas for further investigation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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paper_title: Quality of service challenges for wireless mobile ad hoc networks

paper_content:

Wireless mobile ad hoc networks consist of mobile nodes interconnected by wireless multi-hop communication paths. Unlike conventional wireless networks, ad hoc networks have no fixed network infrastructure or administrative support. The topology of such networks changes dynamically as mobile nodes join or depart the network or radio links between nodes become unusable. Supporting appropriate quality of service for mobile ad hoc networks is a complex and difficult issue because of the dynamic nature of the network topology and generally imprecise network state information, and has become an intensely active area of research in the last few years. This paper1 presents the basic concepts of quality of service support in ad hoc networks for unicast communication, reviews the major areas of current research and results, and addresses some new issues. The principal focus is on routing and security issues associated with quality of service support. The paper concludes with some observations on the open areas for further investigation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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paper_title: A survey of QoS routing solutions for mobile ad hoc networks

paper_content:

In mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), the provision of quality of service (QoS) guarantees is much more challenging than in wireline networks, mainly due to node mobility, multihop communications, contention for channel access, and a lack of central coordination. QoS guarantees are required by most multimedia and other time- or error-sensitive applications. The difficulties in the provision of such guarantees have limited the usefulness of MANETs. However, in the last decade, much research attention has focused on providing QoS assurances in MANET protocols. The QoS routing protocol is an integral part of any QoS solution since its function is to ascertain which nodes, if any, are able to serve applications? requirements. Consequently, it also plays a crucial role in data session admission control. This document offers an up-to-date survey of most major contributions to the pool of QoS routing solutions for MANETs published in the period 1997?2006. We include a thorough overview of QoS routing metrics, resources, and factors affecting performance and classify the protocols found in the literature. We also summarize their operation and describe their interactions with the medium access control (MAC) protocol, where applicable. This provides the reader with insight into their differences and allows us to highlight trends in protocol design and identify areas for future research.
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paper_title: Distributed Quality-of-Service Routing in Ad Hoc Networks

paper_content:

In an ad hoc network, all communication is done over wireless media, typically by radio through the air, without the help of wired base stations. Since direct communication is allowed only between adjacent nodes, distant nodes communicate over multiple hops. The quality-of-service (QoS) routing in an ad hoc network is difficult because the network topology may change constantly, and the available state information for routing is inherently imprecise. In this paper, we propose a distributed QoS routing scheme that selects a network path with sufficient resources to satisfy a certain delay (or bandwidth) requirement in a dynamic multihop mobile environment. The proposed algorithms work with imprecise state information. Multiple paths are searched in parallel to find the most qualified one. Fault-tolerance techniques are brought in for the maintenance of the routing paths when the nodes move, join, or leave the network. Our algorithms consider not only the QoS requirement, but also the cost optimality of the routing path to improve the overall network performance. Extensive simulations show that high call admission ratio and low-cost paths are achieved with modest routing overhead. The algorithms can tolerate a high degree of information imprecision.
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paper_title: Generalized quality-of-service routing with resource allocation

paper_content:

We present a general framework for the problem of quality-of-service (QoS) routing with resource allocation for data networks. The framework represents the QoS parameters as functions rather than static metrics. The formulation incorporates the hardware/software implementation and its relation to the allocated resources into a single framework. The proposed formulation allows intelligent adaptation of QoS parameters and allocated resources during a path search, rather than decoupling the path search process from resource allocation. We present a dynamic programming algorithm that, under certain conditions, finds an optimal path between a source and destination node and computes the amount of resources needed at each node so that the end-to-end QoS requirements are satisfied. We present jitter and data droppage analyzes of various rate-based service disciplines and use the dynamic programming algorithm to solve the problem of QoS routing with resource allocation for networks that employ these service disciplines.
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paper_title: QoS enabled routing in mobile ad hoc networks

paper_content:

The aim of this work is to present a QoS enabled routing protocol in ad hoc networks and compare it with a normal routing protocol. Results demonstrate how a QoS enable routing mechanism makes the resource consumption more efficient by minimising the unnecessary signalling and stopping the sessions that cannot meet the demanded QoS requirement. The performance of both routing and QoS routing protocols are evaluated in the presence of information achieved from the link layer. The QoS enabled routing protocol shows a significant improvement in the protocol performance metrics applied in our measurements, such as packet delay and protocol overhead. The results achieved from this experiment lead us to analyse our proposed mechanism to add link layer information in control routing messages. Measuring wireless resources, such as bandwidth, with the help of periodic signalling packets makes both the routing and the QoS routing protocols react slower to wireless link changes. This problem can be overcome by more frequent advertisements.
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paper_title: Unified Support for Quality of Service Metrics Management in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Using OLSR

paper_content:

This article focuses on technical issues related to quality of service provisioning at routing layer in ad hoc networks. It describes the design and implementation of a unified support for quality of service (QoS) metrics within the routing protocol OLSR. This is achieved by the extension of both signalling messages and route calculation process. Major benefits of the proposed approach are to allow dynamic enforcing and adaptation of QoS metrics according to policies defined into the network. QoS metrics information are inserted in a generic way within OLSR signalling messages taking advantage of Linux kernel plugins. These messages are used by the routing process in order to compute routes with respect to the chosen QoS metrics.
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paper_title: Formulation of Distributed Coordination Function of IEEE 802.11 for Asynchronous Networks: Mixed Data Rate and Packet Size

paper_content:

8throughput of the high data-rate stations. We introduce a simple 9 and standard-compliant algorithm to fairly utilize the channel. 10 We first provide a formulation for the throughput with mixed 11 data-rate connections. To alleviate the low performance of the high 12 data-rate stations, we introduce a mechanism that implements 13 an adaptive scheme to adjust the packet size according to the 14 data rate. With this scheme, stations occupy the channel for 15 equal amounts of time. We then extend the scheme to a frame16 aggregation scheme to show how different packet sizes affect 17 performance. 18 Index Terms—Distributed coordination function, fairness, 19 frame aggregation, IEEE 802.11, Markov model, QoS, wireless 20 voice over Internet protocol (VoIP). AQ3 21
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paper_title: Performance analysis for IEEE 802.11e EDCF service differentiation

paper_content:

Having been originally developed as an extension of the wired local area networks, IEEE 802.11 lacks support for quality-of-service (QoS) and differential services. Since its introduction, various extensions and modifications have been studied to address this current need and the IEEE 802.11 Task Group E is responsible for developing a QoS-aware MAC protocol that considers several service differentiation mechanisms. However, the performance of service differentiation has only been evaluated by simulation. The analytical model that calculates the differential service performance corresponding to the contention parameter configuration has not been found yet. In this paper, we first briefly explain the enhanced distributed coordination function (EDCF) access method of IEEE 802.11e. We then introduce an analytical model, which can be used to calculate the traffic priority, throughput, and delay corresponding to the configuration of multiple DCF contention parameters under the saturation condition. A detailed simulation is provided to validate the proposed model. Finally, using the analytical model, we analyze the effect on service differentiation for each contention parameter. The contention parameters can be configured appropriately at each station to achieve specific needs of service differentiation for applications.
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paper_title: A survey of QoS routing solutions for mobile ad hoc networks

paper_content:

In mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), the provision of quality of service (QoS) guarantees is much more challenging than in wireline networks, mainly due to node mobility, multihop communications, contention for channel access, and a lack of central coordination. QoS guarantees are required by most multimedia and other time- or error-sensitive applications. The difficulties in the provision of such guarantees have limited the usefulness of MANETs. However, in the last decade, much research attention has focused on providing QoS assurances in MANET protocols. The QoS routing protocol is an integral part of any QoS solution since its function is to ascertain which nodes, if any, are able to serve applications? requirements. Consequently, it also plays a crucial role in data session admission control. This document offers an up-to-date survey of most major contributions to the pool of QoS routing solutions for MANETs published in the period 1997?2006. We include a thorough overview of QoS routing metrics, resources, and factors affecting performance and classify the protocols found in the literature. We also summarize their operation and describe their interactions with the medium access control (MAC) protocol, where applicable. This provides the reader with insight into their differences and allows us to highlight trends in protocol design and identify areas for future research.
---
paper_title: A survey of QoS routing solutions for mobile ad hoc networks

paper_content:

In mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), the provision of quality of service (QoS) guarantees is much more challenging than in wireline networks, mainly due to node mobility, multihop communications, contention for channel access, and a lack of central coordination. QoS guarantees are required by most multimedia and other time- or error-sensitive applications. The difficulties in the provision of such guarantees have limited the usefulness of MANETs. However, in the last decade, much research attention has focused on providing QoS assurances in MANET protocols. The QoS routing protocol is an integral part of any QoS solution since its function is to ascertain which nodes, if any, are able to serve applications? requirements. Consequently, it also plays a crucial role in data session admission control. This document offers an up-to-date survey of most major contributions to the pool of QoS routing solutions for MANETs published in the period 1997?2006. We include a thorough overview of QoS routing metrics, resources, and factors affecting performance and classify the protocols found in the literature. We also summarize their operation and describe their interactions with the medium access control (MAC) protocol, where applicable. This provides the reader with insight into their differences and allows us to highlight trends in protocol design and identify areas for future research.
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paper_title: Admission control schemes for 802.11-based multi-hop mobile ad hoc networks: a survey

paper_content:

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) promise unique communication opportunities. The IEEE 802.11 standard has allowed affordable MANETs to be realised. However, providing quality of service (QoS) assurances to MANET applications is difficult due to the unreliable wireless channel, the lack of centralised control, contention for channel access and node mobility. One of the most crucial components of a system for providing QoS assurances is admission control (AC). It is the job of the AC mechanism to estimate the state of the network's resources and thereby to decide which application data sessions can be admitted without promising more resources than are available and thus violating previously made guarantees. Unfortunately, due to the aforementioned difficulties, estimating the network resources and maintaining QoS guarantees are non-trivial tasks. Accordingly, a large body of work has been published on AC protocols for addressing these issues. However, as far as it is possible to tell, no wide-ranging survey of these approaches exists at the time of writing. This paper thus aims to provide a comprehensive survey of the salient unicast AC schemes designed for IEEE 802.11- based multi-hop MANETs, which were published in the peer-reviewed open literature during the period 2000-2007. The relevant considerations for the design of such protocols are discussed and several methods of classifying the schemes found in the literature are proposed. A brief outline of the operation, reaction to route failures, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of each protocol is given. This enables patterns in the design and trends in the development of AC protocols to be identified. Finally, directions for possible future work are provided.
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paper_title: A QoS routing and admission control scheme for 802.11 ad hoc networks

paper_content:

This paper presents an admission control mechanism for multirate wireless ad hoc networks. Admission control depends on precise estimates of bandwidth available in the network and the bandwidth required by a new flow. Estimating these parameters in wireless ad hoc networks is challenging due to the shared and open nature of the wireless channel. Available bandwidth can only be determined by also considering interference at neighboring nodes. Also, due to self-interference of flows the required bandwidth of a flow varies for each link of a route. The proposed admission control mechanisms is integrated with a hop-by-hop ad hoc routing protocol, thus enabling it to identify alternate routes if the shortest path is congested. Each node measures available channel bandwidth through passive monitoring of the channel. The mechanism improves estimation accuracy by using a formula that considers possible spatial reuse from parallel transmissions. The protocol also uses temporal accounting to enable bandwidth estimation across links using different bit-rates. Simulation results support that the admission control mechanism can effectively control the traffic load and that considering parallel transmission leads to improved bandwidth estimation accuracy. The admission control mechanism can admit more traffic while maintaining QoS.
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paper_title: Channel-aware packet scheduling for MANETs

paper_content:

In this work, we present, CaSMA, a packet scheduling mechanism for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) that takes into account both the congestion state and the end-to-end path duration. We show that CaSMA approximates an ideal scheduling mechanism in terms of maximizing the good put and sharing the throughput (losses) fairly among the contending flows. Further, the simulation results show that both average delay for CBR flows and throughput for TCP can be improved substantially compared to FIFO.
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Title: MAC and Routing Layer Supports for QoS in MANET: A Survey

Section 1: INTRODUCTION
Description 1: Provide an overview of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs), their characteristics, and the importance of Quality of Service (QoS) in these networks. Discuss the challenges and goals associated with achieving QoS in MANETs.

Section 2: RELATED WORKS
Description 2: Summarize previous research and surveys related to the provisioning of QoS in MANETs. Highlight key studies and their contributions to the field.

Section 3: PROBLEM FOR PROVISIONING QOS IN MANET
Description 3: Discuss various challenges and issues encountered when provisioning QoS in MANETs, including unreliable wireless channels, lack of centralized coordination, channel contention, and dynamic network topology.

Section 4: QoS METRICS
Description 4: Detail the QoS metrics used to evaluate protocol performance in different layers: Physical Layer, Data Link Layer, and Network Layer.

Section 5: MAC PROTOCOLS
Description 5: Describe different MAC layer protocols and mechanisms that support QoS, including Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) and Enhanced Distributed Coordination Function (EDCF).

Section 6: NETWORK LAYER SOLUTION
Description 6: Explain the various QoS-aware routing protocols in the network layer, categorized into proactive, reactive, and hybrid routing protocols. Discuss the principles and examples of these protocols.

Section 7: ADMISSION CONTROL
Description 7: Discuss the mechanisms of admission control used to estimate network resources and decide on admitting new data sessions without violating QoS guarantees.

Section 8: SCHEDULING
Description 8: Describe different scheduling algorithms and techniques used to enhance QoS in MANETs, including no-priority scheduling, priority scheduling, weighted-hop scheduling, weighted distance scheduling, cluster-based multi-channel scheduling, and channel-aware packet scheduling.

Section 9: FUTURE WORKS
Description 9: Present potential future research directions and areas of improvement in QoS provisioning for MANETs, emphasizing the importance of admission control, scheduling mechanisms, and reservation techniques.