Internet of Things in Marine Environment Monitoring: A Review
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paper_title: Cyber-Physical Systems and Events

paper_content:

This paper discusses event-based semantics in the context of the emerging concept of Cyber Physical Systems and describes two related formal models concerning policy-based coordination and Interactive Agents.
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paper_title: Middleware: middleware challenges and approaches for wireless sensor networks

paper_content:

Using middleware to bridge the gap between applications and low-level constructs is a novel approach to resolving many wireless sensor network issues and enhancing application development. This survey discusses representative WSN middleware, presenting the state of the research
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paper_title: An IoT-Aware Architecture for Smart Healthcare Systems

paper_content:

Over the last few years, the convincing forward steps in the development of Internet of Things (IoT)-enabling solutions are spurring the advent of novel and fascinating applications. Among others, mainly radio frequency identification (RFID), wireless sensor network (WSN), and smart mobile technologies are leading this evolutionary trend. In the wake of this tendency, this paper proposes a novel, IoT-aware, smart architecture for automatic monitoring and tracking of patients, personnel, and biomedical devices within hospitals and nursing institutes. Staying true to the IoT vision, we propose a smart hospital system (SHS), which relies on different, yet complementary, technologies, specifically RFID, WSN, and smart mobile, interoperating with each other through a Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)/IPv6 over low-power wireless personal area network (6LoWPAN)/representational state transfer (REST) network infrastructure. The SHS is able to collect, in real time, both environmental conditions and patients’ physiological parameters via an ultra-low-power hybrid sensing network (HSN) composed of 6LoWPAN nodes integrating UHF RFID functionalities. Sensed data are delivered to a control center where an advanced monitoring application (MA) makes them easily accessible by both local and remote users via a REST web service. The simple proof of concept implemented to validate the proposed SHS has highlighted a number of key capabilities and aspects of novelty, which represent a significant step forward compared to the actual state of the art.
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paper_title: Effective design of WSNs: From the lab to the real world

paper_content:

Distributed environmental monitoring with wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is one of the most challenging research activities faced by the embedded system community in the last decade. Here, the need for pervasive, reliable and accurate monitoring systems has pushed the research towards the realization of credible deployments able to survive in harsh environments for long time. Design an effective WSN requires a good piece of engineer work, not to mention the research contribution needed to provide a credible deployment. As a matter of fact, to solve our application, we are looking for a monitoring framework scalable, adaptive with respect to topological changes in the network, power-aware in its middleware components and endowed with energy harvesting mechanisms to grant a long lifetime for the network. The paper addresses all main aspects related to the design of a WSN ranging from the -possible- need of an ad-hoc embedded system, to sensing, local and remote transmission, data storage and visualization; particular attention will be devoted to energy harvesting and management aspects at the unit and network level. Two applications, namely monitoring the marine environment and forecasting the collapse of rock faces in mountaineering areas will be the experimental leitmotiv of the presentation.
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paper_title: An IoT architecture for things from industrial environment

paper_content:

Currently, there are significant changes in industrial process control, intelligent building control and automation technologies under pressure to reduce operating costs and to integrate important advances in telecommunications and software. The software has become an essential factor in production and enterprise-wide systems. Internet connection has fundamentally changed the arrangements for monitoring and control, and the use of open/public standards and personal computer systems (PCs, tablets, smart phones) bring significant benefits to their users and producers. This led to the definition of Industry 4.0 that brings the concept of the Internet of Things in the industry. In this article, we want to present an Internet of Things architecture based on OPC.NET specifications which can be used in both industrial environments and smart building.
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paper_title: A Survey on Smart Grid Communication Infrastructures: Motivations, Requirements and Challenges

paper_content:

A communication infrastructure is an essential part to the success of the emerging smart grid. A scalable and pervasive communication infrastructure is crucial in both construction and operation of a smart grid. In this paper, we present the background and motivation of communication infrastructures in smart grid systems. We also summarize major requirements that smart grid communications must meet. From the experience of several industrial trials on smart grid with communication infrastructures, we expect that the traditional carbon fuel based power plants can cooperate with emerging distributed renewable energy such as wind, solar, etc, to reduce the carbon fuel consumption and consequent green house gas such as carbon dioxide emission. The consumers can minimize their expense on energy by adjusting their intelligent home appliance operations to avoid the peak hours and utilize the renewable energy instead. We further explore the challenges for a communication infrastructure as the part of a complex smart grid system. Since a smart grid system might have over millions of consumers and devices, the demand of its reliability and security is extremely critical. Through a communication infrastructure, a smart grid can improve power reliability and quality to eliminate electricity blackout. Security is a challenging issue since the on-going smart grid systems facing increasing vulnerabilities as more and more automation, remote monitoring/controlling and supervision entities are interconnected.
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paper_title: Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks in Marine Environment Monitoring: A Survey

paper_content:

With the rapid development of society and the economy, an increasing number of human activities have gradually destroyed the marine environment. Marine environment monitoring is a vital problem and has increasingly attracted a great deal of research and development attention. During the past decade, various marine environment monitoring systems have been developed. The traditional marine environment monitoring system using an oceanographic research vessel is expensive and time-consuming and has a low resolution both in time and space. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have recently been considered as potentially promising alternatives for monitoring marine environments since they have a number of advantages such as unmanned operation, easy deployment, real-time monitoring, and relatively low cost. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art technologies in the field of marine environment monitoring using wireless sensor networks. It first describes application areas, a common architecture of WSN-based oceanographic monitoring systems, a general architecture of an oceanographic sensor node, sensing parameters and sensors, and wireless communication technologies. Then, it presents a detailed review of some related projects, systems, techniques, approaches and algorithms. It also discusses challenges and opportunities in the research, development, and deployment of wireless sensor networks for marine environment monitoring.
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paper_title: ENERGY EFFICIENT COVERAGE PROBLEMS IN WIRELESS Ad Hoc SENSOR NETWORKS

paper_content:

Coverage is a typical problem in wireless sensor networks to fulfil the issued sensing tasks. In general, sensing coverage represents how well an area is monitored by sensors. The quality of a sensor network can be reflected by the levels of coverage and connectivity that it offers. The coverage problem has been studied extensively, especially when combined with connectivity and energy efficiency. Constructing a connected fully covered, and energy efficient sensor network is valuable for real world applications due to the limited resources of sensor nodes. In this paper, we survey recent contributions addressing energyefficient coverage problems in the context of static WASNs, networks in which sensor nodes do not move once they are deployed and present in some detail of the algorithms, assumptions, and results. A comprehensive comparison among these approaches is given from the perspective of design objectives, assumptions, algorithm attributes and related results.
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paper_title: Wireless Sensor Networks for Oceanographic Monitoring: A Systematic Review

paper_content:

Monitoring of the marine environment has come to be a field of scientific interest in the last ten years. The instruments used in this work have ranged from small-scale sensor networks to complex observation systems. Among small-scale networks, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are a highly attractive solution in that they are easy to deploy, operate and dismantle and are relatively inexpensive. The aim of this paper is to identify, appraise, select and synthesize all high quality research evidence relevant to the use of WSNs in oceanographic monitoring. The literature is systematically reviewed to offer an overview of the present state of this field of study and identify the principal resources that have been used to implement networks of this kind. Finally, this article details the challenges and difficulties that have to be overcome if these networks are to be successfully deployed.
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paper_title: IoT and Cloud Computing in Automation of Assembly Modeling Systems

paper_content:

After the technologies of integrated circuits, personal computers, and the Internet, Internet of Things (IoT) is the latest information technology (IT) that is radically changing business paradigms. However, IoT's influence in the manufacturing sector has yet been fully explored. On the other hand, existing computer-aided software tools are experiencing a bottleneck in dealing with complexity, dynamics, and uncertainties in their applications of modern enterprises. It is argued that the adoption of IoT and cloud computing in enterprise systems (ESs) would overcome the bottleneck. In this paper, the challenges in generating assembly plans of complex products are discussed. IoT and cloud computing are proposed to help a conventional assembly modeling system evolve into an advanced system, which is capable to deal with complexity and changes automatically. To achieve this goal, an assembly modeling system is automated, and the proposed system includes the following innovations: 1) the modularized architecture to make the system robust, reliable, flexible, and expandable; 2) the integrated object-oriented templates to facilitate interfaces and reuses of system components; and 3) the automated algorithms to retrieve relational assembly matrices for assembly planning. Assembly modeling for aircraft engines is used as examples to illustrate the system effectiveness.
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paper_title: A service-oriented architecture for the transportation Cyber-Physical Systems

paper_content:

The emerging concept of CPS (Cyber-Physical Systems) is introduced into transportation systems in the present paper, which satisfies the need of tight fusion of transportation physical systems and transportation cyber systems. Considering the characteristics of a transportation system, a service-oriented architecture for the Transportation Cyber-Physical Systems (T-CPS) is put forward, including the perception, communication, computation, control and service, and then the function of each corresponding layer is carefully designed. In the final, some key techniques and applications of T-CPS are also discussed, which can lay foundations for next generation of ITS (Intelligent Transportation Systems).
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paper_title: Survey in Smart Grid and Smart Home Security: Issues, Challenges and Countermeasures

paper_content:

The electricity industry is now at the verge of a new era—an era that promises, through the evolution of the existing electrical grids to smart grids, more efficient and effective power management, better reliability, reduced production costs, and more environmentally friendly energy generation. Numerous initiatives across the globe, led by both industry and academia, reflect the mounting interest around not only the enormous benefits but also the great risks introduced by this evolution. This paper focuses on issues related to the security of the smart grid and the smart home, which we present as an integral part of the smart grid. Based on several scenarios, we aim to present some of the most representative threats to the smart home/smart grid environment. The threats detected are categorized according to specific security goals set for the smart home/smart grid environment, and their impact on the overall system security is evaluated. A review of contemporary literature is then conducted with the aim of presenting promising security countermeasures with respect to the identified specific security goals for each presented scenario. An effort to shed light on open issues and future research directions concludes this paper.
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paper_title: Requirements for Testing and Validating the Industrial Internet of Things

paper_content:

The latest advances in industry have been accomplished within the 4th Industrial Revolution, mostly noted as Industrie 4.0. This industrial revolution is boosted by the application of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies into the industrial contexts, also known as Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), which is being supported by the implementation of Cyber-Physical Production Systems (CPPS). In this context, most of the existing work concentrates on developing IIoT models and CPPS architectures, laking the identification of validation requirements of these platforms. By rushing into releasing state-of-the-art IIoT applications, developers usually forget to implement methodologies to validate these applications. In this paper, we propose a list of requirements for IIoT platform validation, based on its architecture, as well as in requirements established by the industrial reality. A CPPS case study is presented, in order to illustrate some of these requisites and how validation of these type of system could be achieved.
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paper_title: Future Internet: The Internet of Things Architecture, Possible Applications and Key Challenges

paper_content:

The Internet is continuously changing and evolving. The main communication form of present Internet is human-human. The Internet of Things (IoT) can be considered as the future evaluation of the Internet that realizes machine-to-machine (M2M) learning. Thus, IoT provides connectivity for everyone and everything. The IoT embeds some intelligence in Internet-connected objects to communicate, exchange information, take decisions, invoke actions and provide amazing services. This paper addresses the existing development trends, the generic architecture of IoT, its distinguishing features and possible future applications. This paper also forecast the key challenges associated with the development of IoT. The IoT is getting increasing popularity for academia, industry as well as government that has the potential to bring significant personal, professional and economic benefits.
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paper_title: Study and application on the architecture and key technologies for IOT

paper_content:

IOT refers to the third scientific and economic tide after computer, Internet in the global information industry, having attracted highly attention of governments, enterprises, and academia, and brought a huge new market for the communication industry. At present, global main operators and equipment suppliers begin to provide M2M business and solution. Here mainly introduces the concept of IOT, analyses the structure of IOT: perception layer, network layer, application layer. Sets forth the key technologies of IOT: RFID, network communication, etc. At length, it proposes the future development and reform trend of IOT.
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paper_title: Research on the architecture of Internet of Things

paper_content:

The Internet of Things is a technological revolution that represents the future of computing and communications. It is not the simple extension of the Internet or the Telecommunications Network. It has the features of both the Internet and the Telecommunications Network, and also has its own distinguishing feature. Through analysing the current accepted three-layer structure of the Internet of things, we suggest that the three-layer structure can't express the whole features and connotation of the Internet of Things. After reanalysing the technical framework of the Internet and the Logical Layered Architecture of the Telecommunication Management Network, we establish new five-layer architecture of the Internet of Things. We believe this architecture is more helpful to understand the essence of the Internet of Things, and we hope it is helpful to develop the Internet of Things.
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paper_title: Future Internet: The Internet of Things Architecture, Possible Applications and Key Challenges

paper_content:

The Internet is continuously changing and evolving. The main communication form of present Internet is human-human. The Internet of Things (IoT) can be considered as the future evaluation of the Internet that realizes machine-to-machine (M2M) learning. Thus, IoT provides connectivity for everyone and everything. The IoT embeds some intelligence in Internet-connected objects to communicate, exchange information, take decisions, invoke actions and provide amazing services. This paper addresses the existing development trends, the generic architecture of IoT, its distinguishing features and possible future applications. This paper also forecast the key challenges associated with the development of IoT. The IoT is getting increasing popularity for academia, industry as well as government that has the potential to bring significant personal, professional and economic benefits.
---
paper_title: Research on the architecture of Internet of Things

paper_content:

The Internet of Things is a technological revolution that represents the future of computing and communications. It is not the simple extension of the Internet or the Telecommunications Network. It has the features of both the Internet and the Telecommunications Network, and also has its own distinguishing feature. Through analysing the current accepted three-layer structure of the Internet of things, we suggest that the three-layer structure can't express the whole features and connotation of the Internet of Things. After reanalysing the technical framework of the Internet and the Logical Layered Architecture of the Telecommunication Management Network, we establish new five-layer architecture of the Internet of Things. We believe this architecture is more helpful to understand the essence of the Internet of Things, and we hope it is helpful to develop the Internet of Things.
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paper_title: Towards an Optimal Network Topology in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Hybrid Approach

paper_content:

As the demand for wireless sensor networks increases in both military and civilian sector, the need for a stable networking scheme has increased. Wireless sensor network, or WSN, must be robust networks capable of handling many adverse conditions. If these adverse conditions cannot be handled effectively they can result in data loss and under extreme conditions total network failure. Through the use of a hybrid network topology, WSN can be stable and reliable throughout the life of the node. The paper introduces the new proposed network topology in a WSN environment called leader-based enhanced butterfly (LEB) network which is based on our previous work, enhanced butterfly network. The proposed network guarantees the maximum reaching steps of n+1 in the ⎣2⋅2 n ⎦ nodes. And also, in order to demonstrate the
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paper_title: Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks in Marine Environment Monitoring: A Survey

paper_content:

With the rapid development of society and the economy, an increasing number of human activities have gradually destroyed the marine environment. Marine environment monitoring is a vital problem and has increasingly attracted a great deal of research and development attention. During the past decade, various marine environment monitoring systems have been developed. The traditional marine environment monitoring system using an oceanographic research vessel is expensive and time-consuming and has a low resolution both in time and space. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have recently been considered as potentially promising alternatives for monitoring marine environments since they have a number of advantages such as unmanned operation, easy deployment, real-time monitoring, and relatively low cost. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art technologies in the field of marine environment monitoring using wireless sensor networks. It first describes application areas, a common architecture of WSN-based oceanographic monitoring systems, a general architecture of an oceanographic sensor node, sensing parameters and sensors, and wireless communication technologies. Then, it presents a detailed review of some related projects, systems, techniques, approaches and algorithms. It also discusses challenges and opportunities in the research, development, and deployment of wireless sensor networks for marine environment monitoring.
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paper_title: Wired and wireless sensor networks for industrial applications

paper_content:

Distributed architectures for industrial applications are a new opportunity to realize cost-effective, flexible, scalable and reliable systems. Direct interfacing of sensors and actuators to the industrial communication network improves the system performance, because process data and diagnostics can be simultaneously available to many systems and also shared on the Web. However, sensors, especially low-cost ones, cannot use standard communication protocols suitable for computers and PLCs. In fact, sensors typically require a cyclic, isochronous and hard real-time exchange of few data, whereas PCs and PLCs exchange a large amount of data with soft real-time constrains. Looking at the industrial communication systems, this separation is clearly visible: several fieldbuses have been designed for specific sensor application areas, whereas high-level industrial equipments use wired/wireless Ethernet and Internet technologies. Recently, traditional fieldbuses were replaced by Real-Time Ethernet protocols, which are ''extended'' versions of Ethernet that meet real-time operation requirements. Besides, real-time wireless sensor networking seems promising, as demonstrated by the growing research activities. In this paper, an overview of the state-of-art of real-time sensor networks for industrial applications is presented. Particular attention has been paid to the description of methods and instrumentation for performance measurement in this kind of architectures.
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paper_title: Connectivity and coverage maintenance in wireless sensor networks

paper_content:

One of the main design challenges for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is to obtain long system lifetime without sacrificing system original performance such as communication connectivity and sensing coverage. A large number of sensor nodes are deployed in redundant fashion in dense sensor networks, which lead to higher energy consumption. We propose a distributed framework for energy efficient connectivity and coverage maintenance in WSNs. In our framework, each sensor makes self-scheduling to separately control the states of RF and sensing unit based on dynamic coordinated reconstruction mechanism. A novel energy-balanced distributed connected dominating set algorithm is presented to make connectivity maintenance; and also a distributed node sensing scheduling is brought forward to maintain the network coverage according to the surveillance requirements. We implemented our framework by C++ programming, and the simulation results show that our framework outperforms several related work by considerably improving the energy performance of sensor networks to effectively extend network lifetime.
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paper_title: Towards an Optimal Network Topology in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Hybrid Approach

paper_content:

As the demand for wireless sensor networks increases in both military and civilian sector, the need for a stable networking scheme has increased. Wireless sensor network, or WSN, must be robust networks capable of handling many adverse conditions. If these adverse conditions cannot be handled effectively they can result in data loss and under extreme conditions total network failure. Through the use of a hybrid network topology, WSN can be stable and reliable throughout the life of the node. The paper introduces the new proposed network topology in a WSN environment called leader-based enhanced butterfly (LEB) network which is based on our previous work, enhanced butterfly network. The proposed network guarantees the maximum reaching steps of n+1 in the ⎣2⋅2 n ⎦ nodes. And also, in order to demonstrate the
---
paper_title: Wired and wireless sensor networks for industrial applications

paper_content:

Distributed architectures for industrial applications are a new opportunity to realize cost-effective, flexible, scalable and reliable systems. Direct interfacing of sensors and actuators to the industrial communication network improves the system performance, because process data and diagnostics can be simultaneously available to many systems and also shared on the Web. However, sensors, especially low-cost ones, cannot use standard communication protocols suitable for computers and PLCs. In fact, sensors typically require a cyclic, isochronous and hard real-time exchange of few data, whereas PCs and PLCs exchange a large amount of data with soft real-time constrains. Looking at the industrial communication systems, this separation is clearly visible: several fieldbuses have been designed for specific sensor application areas, whereas high-level industrial equipments use wired/wireless Ethernet and Internet technologies. Recently, traditional fieldbuses were replaced by Real-Time Ethernet protocols, which are ''extended'' versions of Ethernet that meet real-time operation requirements. Besides, real-time wireless sensor networking seems promising, as demonstrated by the growing research activities. In this paper, an overview of the state-of-art of real-time sensor networks for industrial applications is presented. Particular attention has been paid to the description of methods and instrumentation for performance measurement in this kind of architectures.
---
paper_title: Towards an Optimal Network Topology in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Hybrid Approach

paper_content:

As the demand for wireless sensor networks increases in both military and civilian sector, the need for a stable networking scheme has increased. Wireless sensor network, or WSN, must be robust networks capable of handling many adverse conditions. If these adverse conditions cannot be handled effectively they can result in data loss and under extreme conditions total network failure. Through the use of a hybrid network topology, WSN can be stable and reliable throughout the life of the node. The paper introduces the new proposed network topology in a WSN environment called leader-based enhanced butterfly (LEB) network which is based on our previous work, enhanced butterfly network. The proposed network guarantees the maximum reaching steps of n+1 in the ⎣2⋅2 n ⎦ nodes. And also, in order to demonstrate the
---
paper_title: Wired and wireless sensor networks for industrial applications

paper_content:

Distributed architectures for industrial applications are a new opportunity to realize cost-effective, flexible, scalable and reliable systems. Direct interfacing of sensors and actuators to the industrial communication network improves the system performance, because process data and diagnostics can be simultaneously available to many systems and also shared on the Web. However, sensors, especially low-cost ones, cannot use standard communication protocols suitable for computers and PLCs. In fact, sensors typically require a cyclic, isochronous and hard real-time exchange of few data, whereas PCs and PLCs exchange a large amount of data with soft real-time constrains. Looking at the industrial communication systems, this separation is clearly visible: several fieldbuses have been designed for specific sensor application areas, whereas high-level industrial equipments use wired/wireless Ethernet and Internet technologies. Recently, traditional fieldbuses were replaced by Real-Time Ethernet protocols, which are ''extended'' versions of Ethernet that meet real-time operation requirements. Besides, real-time wireless sensor networking seems promising, as demonstrated by the growing research activities. In this paper, an overview of the state-of-art of real-time sensor networks for industrial applications is presented. Particular attention has been paid to the description of methods and instrumentation for performance measurement in this kind of architectures.
---
paper_title: Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks in Marine Environment Monitoring: A Survey

paper_content:

With the rapid development of society and the economy, an increasing number of human activities have gradually destroyed the marine environment. Marine environment monitoring is a vital problem and has increasingly attracted a great deal of research and development attention. During the past decade, various marine environment monitoring systems have been developed. The traditional marine environment monitoring system using an oceanographic research vessel is expensive and time-consuming and has a low resolution both in time and space. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have recently been considered as potentially promising alternatives for monitoring marine environments since they have a number of advantages such as unmanned operation, easy deployment, real-time monitoring, and relatively low cost. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art technologies in the field of marine environment monitoring using wireless sensor networks. It first describes application areas, a common architecture of WSN-based oceanographic monitoring systems, a general architecture of an oceanographic sensor node, sensing parameters and sensors, and wireless communication technologies. Then, it presents a detailed review of some related projects, systems, techniques, approaches and algorithms. It also discusses challenges and opportunities in the research, development, and deployment of wireless sensor networks for marine environment monitoring.
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paper_title: Wireless Sensor Networks for Ecology

paper_content:

Abstract Field biologists and ecologists are starting to open new avenues of inquiry at greater spatial and temporal resolution, allowing them to “observe the unobservable” through the use of wireless sensor networks. Sensor networks facilitate the collection of diverse types of data (from temperature to imagery and sound) at frequent intervals—even multiple times per second—over large areas, allowing ecologists and field biologists to engage in intensive and expansive sampling and to unobtrusively collect new types of data. Moreover, real-time data flows allow researchers to react rapidly to events, thus extending the laboratory to the field. We review some existing uses of wireless sensor networks, identify possible areas of application, and review the underlying technologies in the hope of stimulating additional use of this promising technology to address the grand challenges of environmental science.
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paper_title: Toward Practical MAC Design for Underwater Acoustic Networks

paper_content:

Recently, various medium access control (MAC) protocols have been proposed for underwater acoustic networks (UANs). These protocols have significantly improved the performance of MAC layer in theory. However, two critical characteristics, low transmission rates and long preambles, found in the commercial modem-based real systems, severely degrade the performance of existing MAC protocols in the real world. Thus, a new practical MAC design is demanded. Toward an efficient approach, this paper analyzes the impact of these two modem characteristics on the random access-based MAC and handshake-based MAC, which are two major categories of MAC protocols for UANs. We further develop the nodal throughput and collision probability models for representative solutions of these two MAC protocol categories. Based on the analyses, we believe time sharing-based MAC is very promising. Along this line, we propose a time sharing-based MAC and analyze its nodal throughput. Both analytical and simulation results show that the time sharing-based solution can achieve significantly better performance.
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paper_title: Underwater Acoustic Networks - Issues and Solutions

paper_content:

Underwater Acoustic Networks (UANs) are very unique and can be deployed for commercial and military applications. The research of UANs attracts increasing attention in recent years. This survey paper first introduces the concept of UANs, and then reviews some recent developments within this research area. It also lists some practical and potential research issues of UANs, ranging from energy saving and deployment to different layers. Finally, some suggestions and promising solutions are given for these issues.
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paper_title: Research on marine environmental monitoring system based on the Internet of Things technology

paper_content:

In this paper, the marine environmental monitoring system based on the Internet of Things technology is researched and demonstrated. At first, the system requirement and the overall framework of the marine environmental monitoring system are introduced. Then, the paper discusses the issues of how surface and underwater wireless sensor networks work in network building, and how to apply modes of ZigBee and CDMA in the system. Finally, the paper expounds the requirements of information subsystem in the marine environmental monitoring system.
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paper_title: Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks in Marine Environment Monitoring: A Survey

paper_content:

With the rapid development of society and the economy, an increasing number of human activities have gradually destroyed the marine environment. Marine environment monitoring is a vital problem and has increasingly attracted a great deal of research and development attention. During the past decade, various marine environment monitoring systems have been developed. The traditional marine environment monitoring system using an oceanographic research vessel is expensive and time-consuming and has a low resolution both in time and space. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have recently been considered as potentially promising alternatives for monitoring marine environments since they have a number of advantages such as unmanned operation, easy deployment, real-time monitoring, and relatively low cost. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art technologies in the field of marine environment monitoring using wireless sensor networks. It first describes application areas, a common architecture of WSN-based oceanographic monitoring systems, a general architecture of an oceanographic sensor node, sensing parameters and sensors, and wireless communication technologies. Then, it presents a detailed review of some related projects, systems, techniques, approaches and algorithms. It also discusses challenges and opportunities in the research, development, and deployment of wireless sensor networks for marine environment monitoring.
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paper_title: Prototype autonomous mini-buoy for use in a wireless networked, ocean surface sensor array

paper_content:

We report the design, prototype construction and initial testing of a small minibuoy that is aimed at use in a coordinated, wireless networked array of buoys for near-surface ocean sensing. This vehicle is designed to fill the gap between larger ocean surface vessels and/or moored buoys and subsurface gliders. The size and cost is low enough that these versatile sensor platforms can be deployed easily and in quantity. Since these minibuoys are mobile, they can keep station in currents as large as 25 cm/s or move as an adaptive, coordinated sensor array for high resolution in both time and space. The buoy is about 74 cm (29 in) long, 41 cm (16 in) wide (max) and weighs about 14.5 kg (32 lbs); hence, it can be deployed easily from small craft. Deployment times are about 1 to 2 days or more - longer with solar power. The buoy structure is fiberglass and PVC with two 2 W DC motors. Control is done with GPS and magnetic heading sensors and a PID scheme to maintain course. Communication is via a 900 MHz system with a range of 1 to 2 km and plans for a longer range HF/VHF or satellite system. The initial sensor system is designed for ocean hyperspectral observations as surface truth for airborne system calibration and validation and other ocean color applications. Acoustic, wave, air & water temperature sensors as well as GPS are included. The Mark I prototype has been successfully tested in a pool with manual control.
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paper_title: A demonstration of wireless sensing for long term monitoring of water quality

paper_content:

At a time when technological advances are providing new sensor capabilities, novel network capabilities, long-range communications technologies and data interpreting and delivery formats via the World Wide Web, we never before had such opportunities to sense and analyse the environment around us. However, the challenges exist. While measurement and detection of environmental pollutants can be successful under laboratory-controlled conditions, continuous in-situ monitoring remains one of the most challenging aspects of environmental sensing. This paper describes the development and test of a multi-sensor hetrogenous real-time water monitoring system. A multi-sensor system was deployed in the River Lee Co. Cork, Ireland to monitor water quality parameters such as pH, temperature, conductivity, turbidity and dissolved oxygen. The R. Lee comprises of a tidal water system that provides an interesting test site to monitor. The multi-sensor system set-up is described and results of the sensor deployment and the various challenges are discussed.
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paper_title: A low cost reconfigurable sensor network for coastal monitoring

paper_content:

Sensor networks have experienced a fast development and extended their fields of application since their appearance for military uses. The monitoring of physical parameters in natural habitats is a typical application for assessing the risks of worsening the ecosystem. Among natural environments with scientific interest, there are the coastlines in front of cities whose industrial activities impact on them, such as San Jorge Gulf, Chubut, Argentina. For that, a low cost wireless sensor network is being developed in order to deploy nodes over the coastline for measuring physical parameters, providing a large coverage area of study. In this paper the node architecture based on reconfigurable mixed signals array called PSoC® (Programmable System on Chip) from Cypress® is presented. The use of these devices allow, on the one hand, to easily interface with sensors and communication devices by using a single chip and, on the other hand, to reprogram the hardware while the system is running allowing to perform different functions or being able to improve their performance in a remote way.
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paper_title: A system for monitoring marine environments based on Wireless Sensor Networks

paper_content:

In this paper a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) for monitoring a coastal shallow water marine environment is presented. The study area is located in the Mar Menor coastal lagoon, situated in the Southeast of Spain, separated of the Mediterranean Sea by La Manga, a narrow piece of land of 22 km long and crossed by three channels that regulate the water circulation between the lagoon and the Mediterranean Sea. In order to know hydrodynamic performances of the lagoon and other oceanographic parameters a WSN has been developed. It is composed of several sensor nodes or buoys. These sensor nodes take oceanographic data and send them to the sink node using wireless communication. The description of this system, the buoy prototype and the user application are presented in this paper.
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paper_title: Multi-modal sensor networks for more effective sensing in Irish coastal and freshwater environments

paper_content:

The world's oceans represent a vital resource to global economies and there exists huge economic opportunity that remains unexploited. However along with this huge potential there rests a responsibility into understanding the effects various developments may have on our natural ecosystem. This along with a variety of other issues necessitates a need for continuous and reliable monitoring of the marine and freshwater environment. The potential for innovative technology development for marine and freshwater monitoring and knowledge generation is huge and recent years have seen huge leaps forward in relation to the development of sensor technology for such purposes. However despite the advancements there are still a number of issues. In our research we advocate a multi-modal approach to create smarter more efficient monitoring networks, while enhancing the use of in-situ wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In particular we focus on the use of visual sensors, modelled outputs and context information to support a conventional in-situ wireless sensor network creating a multi-modal environmental monitoring network. Here we provide an overview of a selection of our work in relation to the use of visual sensing through networked cameras or satellite imagers in three very diverse test sites — a river catchment, a busy port and a coastal environment.
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paper_title: Deployment of Wireless Sensor Networks for intelligent information retrieval in marine environment

paper_content:

Wireless Sensor Network is a highly promising technique which is used for monitoring environmental conditions in marine areas. In marine areas it is very important to know the state of the sea conditions to direct gateways to be opened from the neighboring areas to allow water activities. Messages are sent from nearby sea areas stating the sea conditions. This paper proposes a novel framework for deployment of Wireless Sensor Networks in marine environment to carry out information retrieval and generate intelligent data. This method uses SentiWordNet, a lexical resource which is used for opinion mining. This framework extracts intelligent information from the aggregate message by first filtering the message and transforming it by lemmatization and then gathering the opinion words and calculating their scores with the help of SentiWordNet. Thereby polarity of the sentence is calculated and the message is conveyed. The proposed method is executed on the messages sent from various marine areas and the results prove the efficiency and accuracy of the method.
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paper_title: Integration of micro-sensor technology and remote sensing for monitoring coastal water quality in a municipal beach and other areas in Cyprus

paper_content:

The proposed project has as main objective the monitoring of coastal waters using satellite remote sensing and wireless ::: sensor technology employed on a buoy with emphasis firstly in municipal beaches and further to areas that a systematic ::: sampling is required. Satellite remote sensing has the advantage of using remote sensing data to assess the quality of ::: water bodies has proven to be successful not only in inland waters but to coastal water areas as shown by several others ::: conducted studies. Reflectance signature of municipal coastal water is monitored using a GER 1500 field spectroradiometer. ::: Simultaneous measurements of turbidity, temperature have been acquired. Cross-validation of measurements ::: of water quality both from micro-sensor and remote sensing are planned to be undertaken. An overall methodology that ::: integrates both micro-sensor technology and satellite remote sensing is presented.
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paper_title: Building Novel VHF-Based Wireless Sensor Networks for the Internet of Marine Things

paper_content:

Traditional marine monitoring systems such as oceanographic and hydrographic research vessels use either wireless sensor networks with a limited coverage, or expensive satellite communication that is not suitable for small and mid-sized vessels. This paper proposes a novel Internet of Marine Things data acquisition and cartography system in the marine environment using Very High Frequency (VHF) available on the majority of ships. The proposed system is equipped with many sensors such as sea depth, temperature, wind speed and direction, and the collected data is sent to 5G edge cloudlets connected to sink/base station nodes on shore. The sensory data is ultimately aggregated at a central cloud on the internet to produce up to date cartography systems. Several observations and obstacles unique to the marine environment have been discussed and feed into the solutions presented. The impact of marine sparsity on the network is examined and a novel hybrid Mobile Ad-hoc/Delay Tolerant routing protocol is proposed to switch automatically between Mobile Ad-hoc Network and Delay Tolerant Network routing according to the network connectivity. The low rate data transmission offered by VHF radio has been investigated in terms of the network bottlenecks and the data collection rate achievable near the sinks. A data synchronization and transmission approach has also been proposed at the 5G network core using Information Centric Networks.
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paper_title: SEA-LABS: a wireless sensor network for sustained monitoring of coral reefs

paper_content:

This paper describes SEA-LABS (Sensor Exploration Apparatus utilizing Low-power Aquatic Broadcasting System), a low-cost, power-efficient Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) for sustained, real-time monitoring of shallow water coral reefs. The system is designed to operate in remote, hard-to-access areas of the world, which limits the ability to perform on-site data retrieval and periodic system maintenance (e.g., battery replacement/recharging). SEA-LABS thus provides a customized solution to shallow-water environmental monitoring addressing the trade-offs between power conservation and the system's functional requirements, namely data sensing and processing as well as real-time, wireless communication. We present SEA-LABS' architecture and its current implementation. Finally, we share our experience deploying SEA-LABS in the Monterey Bay.
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paper_title: A layered approach to in situ data management on a wireless sensor network

paper_content:

A multi-layered algorithm is proposed that provides a scalable and adaptive method for handling data on a wireless sensor network. Statistical tests, local feedback and global genetic style material exchange ensure limited resources, such as battery and bandwidth, are used efficiently by manipulating data at the source and important features in the time series are not lost when compression needs to be made. The approach leads to a more 'hands off' implementation which is demonstrated by a real world oceanographic deployment of the system.
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paper_title: A Robust, Adaptive, Solar-Powered WSN Framework for Aquatic Environmental Monitoring

paper_content:

The paper proposes an environmental monitoring framework based on a wireless sensor network technology characterized by energy harvesting, robustness with respect to a large class of perturbations and real-time adaptation to the network topology. The fully designed and developed ad hoc system, based on clusters relying on a star topology, encompasses a sensing activity, a one-step local transmission from sensor nodes to the gateway, a remote data transmission from the gateway to the control center, data storage in a DB and real-time visualization. Hw and Sw modules have been either carefully selected or designed to guarantee a high quality of service, optimal solar energy harvesting, storage and energy awareness. A monitoring system integrating the outlined framework has been deployed in Queensland, Australia, for monitoring the underwater luminosity and temperature, information necessary to derive the health status of the coralline barrier. At the same time, acquired data can be used to provide quantitative indications related to cyclone formations in tropical areas.
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paper_title: A Smart Sensor Network for Sea Water Quality Monitoring

paper_content:

Measurement of chlorophyll concentration is gaining more-and-more importance in evaluating the status of the marine ecosystem. For wide areas monitoring a reliable architecture of wireless sensors network is required. In this paper, we present a network of smart sensors, based on ISO/IEC/IEEE 21451 suite of standards, for in situ and in continuous space–time monitoring of surface water bodies, in particular for seawater. The system is meant to be an important tool for evaluating water quality and a valid support to strategic decisions concerning critical environment issues. The aim of the proposed system is to capture possible extreme events and collect long-term periods of data.
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paper_title: An underwater wireless group-based sensor network for marine fish farms sustainability monitoring

paper_content:

One of the main problems in marine fish farms sustainability is the amount of uneaten feed and fecal waste dispersed and deposited on the seabed under the cages. It damages the fauna and flora, and decreases the economic benefits because the wastage of the uneaten food. Several country governments and international associations have published laws and rules about the maximum permitted pollution on the seabed in order to avoid having high impact on the environment. In this paper, we propose an underwater wireless group-based sensor network in order to quantify and monitor the accurate amount of pollution that is deposited on the seabed. First, we present an analytical model and study the best location to place the sensor nodes. The mobility of the nodes and the group-based protocol operation is described. Our wireless group-based sensor network proposal is able to determine the amount of food that is wasted while it measures the amount of deposits generated. This data can be used to compute and estimate more accurately the amount of food that should be thrown into the cage. Finally, several simulations are presented in order to show the network traffic and to verify the correct operation of the wireless sensor system.
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paper_title: Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks in Marine Environment Monitoring: A Survey

paper_content:

With the rapid development of society and the economy, an increasing number of human activities have gradually destroyed the marine environment. Marine environment monitoring is a vital problem and has increasingly attracted a great deal of research and development attention. During the past decade, various marine environment monitoring systems have been developed. The traditional marine environment monitoring system using an oceanographic research vessel is expensive and time-consuming and has a low resolution both in time and space. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have recently been considered as potentially promising alternatives for monitoring marine environments since they have a number of advantages such as unmanned operation, easy deployment, real-time monitoring, and relatively low cost. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art technologies in the field of marine environment monitoring using wireless sensor networks. It first describes application areas, a common architecture of WSN-based oceanographic monitoring systems, a general architecture of an oceanographic sensor node, sensing parameters and sensors, and wireless communication technologies. Then, it presents a detailed review of some related projects, systems, techniques, approaches and algorithms. It also discusses challenges and opportunities in the research, development, and deployment of wireless sensor networks for marine environment monitoring.
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paper_title: A Hierarchical Communication Architecture for Oceanic Surveillance Applications

paper_content:

The interest in monitoring applications using underwater sensor networks has been growing in recent years. The severe communication restrictions imposed by underwater channels make that efficient monitoring be a challenging task. Though a lot of research has been conducted on underwater sensor networks, there are only few concrete applications to a real-world case study. In this work, hence, we propose a general three tier architecture leveraging low cost wireless technologies for acoustic communications between underwater sensors and standard technologies, Zigbee and Wireless Fidelity (WiFi), for water surface communications. We have selected a suitable Medium Access Control (MAC) layer, after making a comparison with some common MAC protocols. Thus the performance of the overall system in terms of Signals Discarding Rate (SDR), signalling delay at the surface gateway as well as the percentage of true detection have been evaluated by simulation, pointing out good results which give evidence in applicability’s favour.
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paper_title: Wireless sensor networks in coastal marine environments: a study case outcome

paper_content:

In this paper the results of an experimental wireless sensor network application in a coastal shallow water marine environment are presented. The study focuses on the practical aspects of deployment, data gathering and retrieval events. The trial sensor network was used to retrieve temperature and illuminance data from the seabed of Moreton Bay, Australia. The application described possesses features and implements technical solutions that distinguish it from previous deployments. For example, the particular mooring system maintains the buoys horizontal on the water's surface even in strong tidal current conditions, thus enabling reliable communication at 2.4 GHz. In this application, the underwater sensors were wired to surface wireless nodes, and this arrangement led to various difficulties in the network's deployment, maintenance and retrieval phases. For this reason, the knowledge acquired through this experience is presented in this paper to provide insight into, and to further stress, the importance of using fully wireless systems in monitoring applications for the marine environment.
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paper_title: Architecture of wireless sensor network for monitoring aquatic environment of marine shellfish

paper_content:

Aquatic environment monitoring plays an important role in the artificial breeding of marine shellfish. Wireless sensor network (WSN) is an efficient approach for monitoring large-scale coastal beach with densely distributed smart nodes. Combined with a project of aquatic environment monitoring and assessment of marine shellfish in Zhejiang province, China, a new structure of WSN combining network clustering and route enhancing is proposed with the aim at facilitating node deployment in offshore and tidal zone and regular network maintenance. The topology of wireless sensing cluster, hard- and soft- design of wireless node and routing enhancement are elaborated. The testing result shows that the proposed scheme has the capability of robust data transmission. The method proposed in the paper is also suitable for other water quality monitoring system.
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paper_title: IEEE 802.15.4 based wireless monitoring of pH and temperature in a fish farm

paper_content:

In the last years the number of papers related to wireless sensor networks has increased substantially. Most of them focus in raising issues as routing algorithms, network lifetime, and more recently, Multiple Input Multiple Output wireless networks. In contrast with all those studies, we present a practical application of wireless networks: The sensing of the pH and temperature for a fish farm. The application requires two different kind of modules: the sensor itself and the wireless module. The sensor collect and transmit the information to a wireless module using a wired connection. Once the information reaches the wireless node, it is forwarded to the central unit through a wireless protocol. The central unit starts and manages the network, as well as stores all the received data. The sensor module includes an pH sensor based on a specially designed ISFET and a commercial temperature sensor. The wireless node collects the sensed data by means of an asynchronous wired serial polling communication. The use of this kind of protocol allows to connect a single master with multiple slaves. In our particular case, we have connected one master with four slaves using a transmission rate of 9600 b/s. The wireless transmission follows the standard IEEE 802.15.4, and implements the routing protocol based on the ZigBee standard. The number of nodes distributed in the fish farm has been limited to 30 while the maximum number of hops to 6. Moreover, between the MAC and the routing layer an energy management layer have been included. This layer reduces the power consumption of the wireless network using an RF activity duty cycle for the reception stage at the final end device of around 0.02%.
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paper_title: A Low-Cost Sensor Buoy System for Monitoring Shallow Marine Environments

paper_content:

Monitoring of marine ecosystems is essential to identify the parameters that determine their condition. The data derived from the sensors used to monitor them are a fundamental source for the development of mathematical models with which to predict the behaviour of conditions of the water, the sea bed and the living creatures inhabiting it. This paper is intended to explain and illustrate a design and implementation for a new multisensor monitoring buoy system. The system design is based on a number of fundamental requirements that set it apart from other recent proposals: low cost of implementation, the possibility of application in coastal shallow-water marine environments, suitable dimensions for deployment and stability of the sensor system in a shifting environment like the sea bed, and total autonomy of power supply and data recording. The buoy system has successfully performed remote monitoring of temperature and marine pressure (SBE 39 sensor), temperature (MCP9700 sensor) and atmospheric pressure (YOUNG 61302L sensor). The above requirements have been satisfactorily validated by operational trials in a marine environment. The proposed buoy sensor system thus seems to offer a broad range of applications.
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paper_title: Design of a Wireless Sensor Network for Long-term, In-Situ Monitoring of an Aqueous Environment

paper_content:

An aqueous sensor network is described consisting of an array of sensor nodes that can be randomly distributed throughout a lake or drinking water reservoir. The data of an individual node is transmitted to the host node via acoustic waves using intermediate nodes as relays. Each node of the sensor network is a data router, and contains sensors capable of measuring environmental parameters of interest. Depending upon the required application, each sensor node can be equipped with different types of physical, biological or chemical sensors, allowing long-term, wide area, in situ multi-parameter monitoring. In this work the aqueous sensor network is described, with application to pH measurement using magnetoelastic sensors. Beyond ensuring drinking water safety, possible applications for the aqueous sensor network include advanced industrial process control, monitoring of aquatic biological communities, and monitoring of waste-stream effluents.
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paper_title: OceanSense: A practical wireless sensor network on the surface of the sea

paper_content:

In this paper, we present a practical wireless sensor network for environmental monitoring (OceanSense) deployed on the sea. The system is mainly composed of TelosB motes, which are deployed on the surface of the sea collecting environmental data, such as temperature, light and RSSI from the testbed. The motes communicate with a base station, which transmits collected data to a visualization system running on a database server. The data can be accessed using a browser-based web application. The OceanSense has been running for more than half a year, providing environmental monitoring data for further study.
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paper_title: Sensor Networking in Aquatic Environments - Experiences and New Challenges

paper_content:

In this paper we present the design and implemen tation of a small-scale marine sensor network. The network monitors the temperature in the Baltic Sea on different heights from the water surface down to the bottom. Unlike many other wireless sensor networks, this network contains both a wired and a wireless part. One of the major challenges is that the network is hard to access after its deployment and hence both hard- and software must be robust and reliable. We also present the design of an advanced buoy system featuring a diving unit that achieves a better vertical resolution and discuss remaining challenges of sensor networking in aquatic environments.
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paper_title: Water monitoring system using Wireless Sensor Network (WSN): Case study of Kuwait beaches

paper_content:

Firstly it is needed to realize Wireless Sensors Networks (WSN); we can define it as the most important technologies in the new century. during the last decades there was many achievements especially in the field of micro sensor technology and the low power electronics have made WSNs and the reality of applications, WSNs enabled a great amount of the surveillance and supervision applications, especially for the hostile and the critical environments, such as the process of monitoring the sea. We are presented software and hardware platforms of the augmented sensor networks which should be connected in a temporal way to the back-end infrastructures to store the data storage and the interaction of the users, and it make a special use for the actuators or the devices which are considered a rich and special computing resource to manage a complex signal processing tasks. In our proposed solution, we attempt to deploy the sensors of the network which is used on the sea surface shall monitor the water characteristics such as temperature, PH, dissolved oxygen, etc., and provide various convenient services for end users who can manage the data via a website with spreadsheet from a long distance or applications in a console terminal. This project introduces the architecture of a WSN system, the hardware of the node, data acquisition, data processing with gateway, and data visualization. The schemes which are considered traditional one depend on the intensive work of the labor and the expensive hardware. We presented better solutions with special sensors to measure the characteristics of the water in Kuwait.
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paper_title: Group-based underwater wireless sensor network for marine fish farms

paper_content:

The amount of uneaten feed and fecal waste generated by the fish in marine fish farms causes the damage of the fauna and flora, and it also reduces the economic benefits because the wastage of the uneaten food. In this paper, we propose an underwater group-based sensor network in order to quantify accurately the amount of pollution deposited on the seabed. First, an analytical model let us know the best location to place the sensor nodes. Our group-based wireless sensor network (WSN) proposal could also determine the amount of food that is wasted while it measures the amount of deposits generated. We describe the mobility of the nodes and how operates the group-based protocol and we show several simulations in order to view the load traffic and to verify the correct operation of the WSN.
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paper_title: LakeNet: An Integrated Sensor Network for Environmental Sensing in Lakes

paper_content:

Field investigations in the hydrologic sciences often are limited by the ability to collect data at the high spatiotemporal resolution necessary to build accurate predictive models or to control complex engineered systems in real time. Here, we describe LakeNet, an embedded wireless sensor network constructed by an interdisciplinary team of hydrogeologists, environmental engineers, and electrical engineers at the University of Notre Dame. Off-the-shelf temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH probes are suspended from floating, waterproof cases with electronics, forming sensor pods. Wireless transmission to relay stations and a PC gateway enable researchers to interact with the network remotely to alter sampling patterns, download data, and analyze data trends using the gateway's recursive processing of raw data. LakeNet functions as a “smart” network, in which each pod is aware of surrounding pods. Ongoing research will allow in-network computation to detect change points in the data stream, thus triggering...
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paper_title: OceanSense: Monitoring the Sea with Wireless Sensor Networks

paper_content:

In this project, we explore the possibility of deploying networked sensors on the Ocean's surface, to monitor depth and temperature, as well as other valuable environmental parameters. Sea depth monitoring is a critical task to ensure the safe operation of harbors. Traditional schemes largely rely on labor-intensive work and expensive hardware. We present a new solution for measuring the sea depth with Restricted Floating Sensors. To address the problem of node localization on the changeable sea environment, we propose Perpendicular Intersection (PI), a novel mobile-assisted localization scheme. In the OceanSense project, we propose the concept of passive diagnosis as well as the PAD approach which is both lightweight and adaptive to network dynamics. The OceanSense system has been working for over 16 months and provides large amounts of valuable data about the sea.
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paper_title: A novel design of water environment monitoring system based on WSN

paper_content:

The importance of maintaining good water environment highlights the increasing need for advanced technologies. This paper proposes a novel design of water environment monitoring system based on wireless sensor networks (WSN). The system consists of three parts: sensor nodes; sink nodes and data monitoring center. The sensor nodes can be constructed with arbitrary parameter or multi-parameter sensor modules such as PH, dissolved oxygen (DO), conductivity and temperature. The measurement capacity ranges from 0 to 14 on PH value; from 0∼20mg/L on DO; from 0∼2S/cm on conductivity. The sink nodes communicate with the local or remote data monitoring center by RS232 or 3G/GPRS. The performance shows the system can be effectively applied to some water area such as aquiculture, lake and river for distributed water environment automatic monitoring.
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paper_title: Development and Evaluation of Wave Sensor Nodes for Ocean Wave Monitoring

paper_content:

Ocean wave monitoring is a significant activity in oceanography and forecasting. There are several techniques utilized for this activity ranging from local point buoys and wide-area satellites. This study focuses on constructing modular wave sensors that can be utilized efficiently in a local area wave monitoring system. This paper presents this development in different stages, namely, wave sensor construction, laboratory experiments and testing, field deployments, preprocessing technique application, and evaluation.
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paper_title: Design and implementation of smart environment monitoring and analytics in real-time system framework based on internet of underwater things and big data

paper_content:

The Internet of Things Technology (IoT) is developing so rapidly. One of IoT implementation is an Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) which is used for u.nderwater monitoring. This paper discuss an integrated smart environment system framework based on IoUT and big data that consist of open platform that processes data from Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) and portable sensor with water parameters sensors such an input device to collect and save the data of oxidation-reduction potential, pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolve solid, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and temperature in monitored rivers temporary. Coral Reef Monitoring used for preventing coral bleaching by using underwater camera to take some pictures that will be sent to data center and then analyze it, Wireless Mess Network Access Point used as the way ROVs ‘talking’ to each other while doing a monitoring process in a wide river. Then all of the collected data from ROVs and portable sensor will be saved and analyzed to the data center platform based on Hadoop Multi-Node Cluster. The data will be visualized as a chart or a table and can be accessed world-wide We found that, the processing of the data used in the open platform to be relatively straightforward using a combination of SQL. However, the use of HDFS (Hadoop Distributed File System) as data center and more versatile frameworks such as Mapreduce, Hive, Spark, Redis and more flexible set component of features that particularly facilitate working with larger volumes and more heterogeneous data sources.
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paper_title: Autonomous systems in remote areas of the ocean using BLUECOM+ communication network

paper_content:

The authors present a series of sea trails with autonomous systems using a long-range communication network. The continuous monitoring of the oceans and realtime data gathering/monitoring is a key issue in future marine challenges. To have long range communication, between land and ships at tens of kilometers', the authors used the BlueCom+ project research trials and tested their robotic systems. Bluecom+ project intends to fill the gap of long range communication with high bandwidth. It was demonstrated the usefulness of the system using autonomous systems, such as a small unmanned vehicle (ROAZ USV) for bathymetric mapping and tested an underwater acoustic positioning and communications system.
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paper_title: Implementation study of a home position monitoring system for marine environment

paper_content:

According to requirements of marine observation environment, a kind of real-time data collection architecture in marine monitoring system, based on wireless sensor network, is proposed in this paper. The architecture is a two-level in-situ monitoring technology: the high level taking GPS as an absolute in-situ and the lower level taking wireless sensor array as a relative in-situ. The buoyages and base station equip with costly GPS, while a large numbers of sensor nodes equip with the cheap RF SOC. In wireless sensors network, we propose a position estimating algorithm that allows sensors to determine their location without any centralized computation. In addition, PEA provides a location verification mechanism that verifies the location claims of the sensors before data collection. We show that PEA bounds the ability of an attacker to spoof sensors' locations, with relatively low density deployment of reference points. We confirm the PEA against attacks analytically and via simulations. And a novel entropy-based incremental fuzzy clustering algorithm is designed to cluster real-time datum efficiently and gives attention to realtime while improving clustering accuracy by applying a series of improved policies. Results of simulation experiments show that proposed algorithm is adaptive to the requirements of marine observation.
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paper_title: The Recopesca Project : a new example of participative approach to collect fisheries and in situ environmental data

paper_content:

Face to the lack of data to assess precisely the spatial distribution of catches and fishing effort and for the environmental characterization of the fishing area, Ifremer has been implemented since 2005 a new project, Recopesca. It consists in fitting out a sample of voluntary fishing vessels with sensors recording data on fishing effort (and at mid-terms catches) and physical parameters such as temperature or salinity. Recopesca aims at setting up a network of sensors, for scientific purposes, to collect data and improve resources assessment and diagnostics on fisheries, and environmental data required for ecosystem-based management initiatives. The challenge was to develop sensors with no trouble for the fishermen, tough enough to be fixed up on fishing gears, self powered and autonomous. Insofar as the sample of targeted vessels intends to be representative of all the metiers and fleets, the sensors are modular and scalable to collect new data. Different sensors have been implemented: (i) a temperature-salinity sensor, able to record physical parameters, depth and duration of immersion, for passive and active gears, and (ii) a specific sensor to record number or length of passive gears. A GPS monitors the position of the vessels and the temperature or salinity profiles and series. Each sensor is equipped with a radio device transferring the data to a receiver on-board, called “concentrator” that sends the data to Ifremer central databases by GPRS. An anti-rolling weigh-scale has been developed and is currently on test to record catches per species and fishing operation. The presentation will show the first data and results of this participative approach.
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paper_title: Collective Efficacy of Support Vector Regression With Smoothness Priority in Marine Sensor Data Prediction

paper_content:

Marine data prediction plays an increasingly important role in marine environmental monitoring. The support vector machine (SVM) is viewed as a useful machine learning tool in marine data processing, whereas it is not completely suitable for the abruptly fluctuating, multi-noise, non-stationary, and abnormal data. To address this issue, this paper proposes a novel machine learning framework for marine sensor data prediction, i.e., a support vector regression architecture with smoothness priority. This is a united and consistent system with functions of data acquisition, smoothness, and nonlinear approximation. Here, the smoothness is used to process the outliers and noises of the acquired marine sensor data. Whereafter, a nonlinear approximator based on the SVM is constructed for marine time series prediction. This architecture is the first attempt to consider the collective efficacy of smoother and SVM in marine data processing tasks. The experimental results show that our model significantly surpasses the single SVM in the real-world marine data prediction. Besides, standard statistical evaluation methods, such as QQPlot, PDF, CDF, and BoxPlot, are utilized to verify its superior nonlinear approximation capacity.
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paper_title: Marine depth mapping algorithm based on the edge computing in Internet of things

paper_content:

Abstract In recent years, the research of marine environmental monitoring system has been especially popular. The construction of Internet of things between devices occupies the main position in marine environment detection system. In order to protect and utilize marine resources, it is urgent to realize the collection and treatment of marine information. We have established the Internet of things system for large ocean data collected by sensors. We calculate the ocean data in terminal devices such as sensors. In the process of calculation and arrangement of data, this paper presents a new method for the calculation of data contours. The aim of this method is to quickly describe the contour of data. The distribution of contour lines can be calculated accurately in a short time. This paper introduces the principle and calculation process of the method. The simulation of big data calculation is carried out in practice. The simulation results are also analyzed. Finally, the advantages of this method are illustrated by comparison simulation. In the same set of data and conditions, the method achieves the improvement of computational efficiency and calculation accuracy. It has certain significance in practical application.
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paper_title: The Big Data Processing Algorithm for Water Environment Monitoring of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

paper_content:

Owing to the increase and the complexity of data caused by the uncertain environment, the water environment monitoring system in Three Gorges Reservoir Area faces much pressure in data handling. In order to identify the water quality quickly and effectively, this paper presents a new big data processing algorithm for water quality analysis. The algorithm has adopted a fast fuzzy C-means clustering algorithm to analyze water environment monitoring data. The fast clustering algorithm is based on fuzzy C-means clustering algorithm and hard C-means clustering algorithm. And the result of hard clustering is utilized to guide the initial value of fuzzy clustering. The new clustering algorithm can speed up the rate of convergence. With the analysis of fast clustering, we can identify the quality of water samples. Both the theoretical and simulated results show that the algorithm can quickly and efficiently analyze the water quality in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, which significantly improves the efficiency of big data processing. What is more, our proposed processing algorithm provides a reliable scientific basis for water pollution control in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.
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paper_title: Correlation Analysis Method for Ocean Monitoring Big Data in a Cloud Environment

paper_content:

ABSTRACT Song, J.; Xie, H., and Feng, Y., 2018. Correlation analysis method for ocean monitoring big data in a cloud environment. In: Ashraf, M.A. and Chowdhury, A.J.K. (eds.), Coastal Ecosystem Responses to Human and Climatic Changes throughout Asia. The current correlation analysis method for ocean monitoring big data is time consuming, and stability is poor. A new method is proposed to overcome these problems. The ocean monitoring big data were divided into eight categories and analyzed individually, and then ocean monitoring data model, data model, ocean coast big data model, and ocean monitoring data sets were analyzed and calculated according to the spatial correlation function to determine the ocean monitoring big data spatial correlation coefficient and collect spatial correlation of ocean monitoring big data characteristic elements. Experimental results showed that the proposed method improved the speed and stability of the correlation analysis of ocean monitoring big data, and advanced the class...
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paper_title: Acoustic Diversity Classifier for Automated Marine Big Data Analysis

paper_content:

In recent years, big data has increasingly drawn the attention of the R&D community. With the advent of marine data, monitoring marine big data becomes a new trend that advocates for assessing human impact on marine data. Nevertheless, there is a lack of support for acoustic sounds classification in such environment, covering diverse data that can exist (i.e., fish sounds, human activities sounds and environmental sounds). In this paper, we cope with this gap by proposing a deep learning-based approach that enables to efficiently classify these acoustic sounds aiming at automating the support of marine sound analysis in big data architectures. A set of experiments have been conducted using a real marine dataset to demonstrate the feasibility and the effectiveness of our approach.
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paper_title: POSEIDON - Passive-acoustic Ocean Sensor for Entertainment and Interactive Data-gathering in Opportunistic Nautical-activities

paper_content:

Recent years demonstrate an increased interest in Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM) applications when studying cetaceans. However, they remain expensive underwater systems and targeted for industrial and military purposes. While the usage of smartphones as acoustic sensors has been observed in terrestrial environments, ocean and nautical PAM applications remain greatly unexplored. This paper presents the design, deployment and testing of a POSEIDON system, used for real-time augmentation of whale-watching experiences. We collect and use cetaceans' vocal call acoustic samples (clicks, moans and whistles) and apply machine learning for offline model training and prediction. When discriminating the calls, we find that Extra Trees and Gradient Boosting outperform other classifiers (>0.95 confidence threshold). Collected samples are at disposal to citizen scientists and marine biologists. Future studies involve real-time on-boat user testing.
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paper_title: A new wave of marine evidence-based management: emerging challenges and solutions to transform monitoring, evaluating, and reporting

paper_content:

Sustainable management and conservation of the world’s oceans requires effective monitoring, evaluation and reporting. Despite the growing political and social imperative for these activities, there are some persistent and emerging challenges that marine practitioners face in undertaking these activities. In 2015, a diverse group of marine practitioners came together to discuss the emerging challenges associated with marine monitoring, evaluation and reporting, and potential solutions to address these challenges. Three emerging challenges were identified: (1) the need to incorporate environmental, social and economic dimensions in evaluation and reporting; (2) the implications of big data, creating challenges in data management and interpretation; and, (3) dealing with uncertainty throughout monitoring, evaluation and reporting activities. We point to key solutions to address these challenges across monitoring, evaluation and reporting activities: 1) integrating models into marine management systems to help understand, interpret, and manage the environmental and socio-economic dimensions of uncertain and complex marine systems; 2) utilising big data sources and new technologies to collect, process, store, and analyse data; and 3) applying approaches to evaluate, account for, and report on the multiple sources and types of uncertainty. These solutions point towards a potential for a new wave of evidence-based marine management, through more innovative monitoring, rigorous evaluation and transparent reporting. Effective collaboration and institutional support across the science–management–policy interface will be crucial to deal with emerging challenges, and implement the tools and approaches embedded within these solutions.
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paper_title: Machine Learning Automatic Model Selection Algorithm for Oceanic Chlorophyll-a Content Retrieval

paper_content:

Ocean Color remote sensing has a great importance in monitoring of aquatic environments. The number of optical imaging sensors onboard satellites has been increasing in the past decades, allowing to retrieve information about various water quality parameters of the world’s oceans and inland waters. This is done by using various regression algorithms to retrieve water quality parameters from remotely sensed multi-spectral data for the given sensor and environment. There is a great number of such algorithms for estimating water quality parameters with different performances. Hence, choosing the most suitable model for a given purpose can be challenging. This is especially the fact for optically complex aquatic environments. In this paper, we present a concept to an Automatic Model Selection Algorithm (AMSA) aiming at determining the best model for a given matchup dataset. AMSA automatically chooses between regression models to estimate the parameter in interest. AMSA also determines the number and combination of features to use in order to obtain the best model. We show how AMSA can be built for a certain application. The example AMSA we present here is designed to estimate oceanic Chlorophyll-a for global and optically complex waters by using four Machine Learning (ML) feature ranking methods and three ML regression models. We use a synthetic and two real matchup datasets to find the best models. Finally, we use two images from optically complex waters to illustrate the predictive power of the best models. Our results indicate that AMSA has a great potential to be used for operational purposes. It can be a useful objective tool for finding the most suitable model for a given sensor, water quality parameter and environment.
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paper_title: Link Scheduling Method for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks Based on Correlation Matrix

paper_content:

The unique characteristic of the underwater acoustic communication channel force development of new protocols for underwater acoustic sensor networks. Especially, the pretty slower propagation speed of acoustic signals in underwater should be taken into consideration. This paper constructs a link scheduling model on medium access control (MAC) layer for multihop underwater acoustic sensor networks. The proposed model employs correlation matrix to describe the conflicts relationship among links and uses propagation delay to generate conflict matrix for collision detection. In order to minimum the frame length, a power control strategy is introduced and aimed to reduce the effect of link interference. Then, a heuristic algorithm is presented to solve the conflict-free problem based on the model. Simulation results show that the link scheduling method and the power control strategy can effectively improve network performance with respect to throughput and end-to-end delay.
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paper_title: Dynamic transmission power control based on exact sea surface movement modeling in underwater acoustic sensor networks

paper_content:

Prediction of sea surface movement can be an important tool for the estimation of time-variant acoustic channel because signal attenuation caused by reflection occupies a large proportion in path loss. Although a number of researches have proposed resource allocation schemes based on the channel modeling, they did not consider reflection loss and time-variant characteristic. This paper suggests a transmission power control based on the prediction of time-variant channel by using the RMS (Root Mean Square) wave-height for low power consumption and stable throughput. The proposed scheme adopts transfer function including reflection coefficient overlooked in other papers using the Kirchhoff approximation. In addition, it defines the transmission power needed to guarantee a pre-specified SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio) threshold using the transfer function. The BELLHOP and WAFO simulators were utilized to build simulation environment similar to actual ocean. The simulation results show that the proposed method is practical by considering the reflection impact on the power control and reduces energy consumption by 32.79% compared with the existing methods which do not use the adaptive power control based on channel condition.
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paper_title: An overview of the internet of underwater things

paper_content:

Approximately 71% of the Earth's surface is covered by ocean, a continuous body of water that is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas. Ocean temperatures determine climate and wind patterns that affect life on land. Freshwater in lakes and rivers covers less than 1%. Its contamination seriously damages ecosystems. The Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) is defined as a world-wide network of smart interconnected underwater objects that enables to monitor vast unexplored water areas. The purpose of this paper is to analyze how to benefit from the IoUT to learn from, exploit and preserve the natural underwater resources. In this paper, the IoUT is introduced and its main differences with respect to the Internet of Things (IoT) are outlined. Furthermore, the proposed IoUT architecture is described. Important application scenarios that illustrate the interaction of IoUT components have been proposed. Critical challenges have been identified and addressed.
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paper_title: Underwater Sensor Network Applications: A Comprehensive Survey

paper_content:

There is no escaping fact that a huge amount of unexploited resources lies underwater which covers almost 70% of the Earth. Yet, the aquatic world has mainly been unaffected by the recent advances in the area of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and their pervasive penetration in modern day research and industrial development. The current pace of research in the area of underwater sensor networks (UWSNs) is slow due to the difficulties arising in transferring the state-of-the-art WSNs to their underwater equivalent. Maximum underwater deployments rely on acoustics for enabling communication combined with special sensors having the capacity to take on harsh environment of the oceans. However, sensing and subsequent transmission tend to vary as per different subsea environments; for example, deep sea exploration requires altogether a different approach for communication as compared to shallow water communication. This paper particularly focuses on comprehensively gathering most recent developments in UWSN applications and their deployments. We have classified the underwater applications into five main classes, namely, monitoring, disaster, military, navigation, and sports, to cover the large spectrum of UWSN. The applications are further divided into relevant subclasses. We have also shown the challenges and opportunities faced by recent deployments of UWSN.
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paper_title: Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks: A New Challenge for Topology Control–Based Systems

paper_content:

Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) will pave the way for a new era of underwater monitoring and actuation applications. The envisioned landscape of UWSN applications will help us learn more about our oceans, as well as about what lies beneath them. They are expected to change the current reality where no more than 5% of the volume of the oceans has been observed by humans. However, to enable large deployments of UWSNs, networking solutions toward efficient and reliable underwater data collection need to be investigated and proposed. In this context, the use of topology control algorithms for a suitable, autonomous, and on-the-fly organization of the UWSN topology might mitigate the undesired effects of underwater wireless communications and consequently improve the performance of networking services and protocols designed for UWSNs. This article presents and discusses the intrinsic properties, potentials, and current research challenges of topology control in underwater sensor networks. We propose to classify topology control algorithms based on the principal methodology used to change the network topology. They can be categorized in three major groups: power control, wireless interface mode management, and mobility assisted–based techniques. Using the proposed classification, we survey the current state of the art and present an in-depth discussion of topology control solutions designed for UWSNs.
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paper_title: A survey on Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks and applications

paper_content:

In this article a survey on the different technologies in the area of Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSN) will be presented. The characteristics of these networks are different from those found in the terrestrial ones, while their architecture is vulnerable to various issues such as large propagation delays, mobility of floating sensor nodes, limited link capacity and multiple messages receptions due to reflections on the sea ground and sea surface. This article will present an overview of the underlying technologies in UWSN and will focus in presenting the most important research approaches towards UWSNs' architecture, routing, MAC and localization protocols, energy consumption and security, while highlighting their most illustrative real-life applications.
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paper_title: An energy-efficient asynchronous wake-up scheme for underwater acoustic sensor networks

paper_content:

In addition to the requirements of the terrestrial sensor network where performance metrics such as throughput and packet delivery delay are often emphasized, energy efficiency becomes an even more significant and challenging issue in underwater acoustic sensor networks, especially when long-term deployment is required. In this paper, we tackle the problem of energy conservation in underwater acoustic sensor networks for long-term marine monitoring applications. We propose an asynchronous wake-up scheme based on combinatorial designs to minimize the working duty cycle of sensor nodes. We prove that network connectivity can be properly maintained using such a design even with a reduced duty cycle. We study the utilization ratio of the sink node and the scalability of the network using multiple sink nodes. Simulation results show that the proposed asynchronous wake-up scheme can effectively reduce the energy consumption for idle listening and can outperform other cyclic difference set-based wake-up schemes. More significantly, high performance is achieved without sacrificing network connectivity. Copyright © 2015John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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paper_title: Optimizing Resurfacing Schedules to Maximize Value of Information in UWSNs

paper_content:

In Underwater Sensor Networks (UWSNs) with high volume of data recording activity, a mobile sink such as a Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) can be used to offload data from the sensor nodes. When the AUV approaches the underwater node, it can use high data rate optical communication. However, the data is not considered delivered when it was transferred from the sensor node to the AUV, but when the AUV had resurfaced and transferred the data to the sink. If the data is not time sensitive, it is sufficient for the AUV to resurface only once at the end of its data collection path. However, for time-sensitive data, it is more advantageous for the AUV to resurface multiple times during its path, and upload the data collected since the previous resurfacing. Thus, a resurfacing schedule needs to complement the path planning process. In this paper we are using the metric of Value of Information (VoI) as the optimization criteria to capture the time- sensitive nature of collected information. We propose a genetic algorithm based approach to determine the resurfacing schedule for an AUV which is already provided with the sequence of nodes to be visited.
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paper_title: Modeling the sleep interval effects in duty-cycled underwater sensor networks

paper_content:

Lately, there has been a growing interest in connecting opportunistic routing (OR) and low duty-cycling methodologies in underwater sensor network (UWSNs) applications. This connection improves the data collection reliability and prolongs the network lifetime. When sensor nodes operate in a duty-cycling manner, the properly sleep interval selection and its on-the-fly adjustment should be addressed. Both tasks are challenging when opportunistic routing protocols are used at the network layer, as they should consider the presence of the next-hop candidates set. In this paper, we propose a modeling framework to evaluate the effects of the sleep interval on the energy consumption of duty-cycled UWSNs, which employ opportunistic routing protocol at the network layer. We investigate the sleep interval control problem in the OR scenarios, formulating it as an optimization problem with the goal of extending the network lifetime. Our simulation results show that different fixed sleep interval duty-cycles do not impact on the average energy consumption whereas the sleep interval control can prolong the UWSN lifetime.
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paper_title: Balanced Energy Consumption Based Adaptive Routing for IoT Enabling Underwater WSNs

paper_content:

Applications of Internet of Things underwater wireless sensor networks, such as imaging underwater life, environmental monitoring, and supervising geological processes on the ocean floor, demand a prolonged network lifetime. However, these networks face many challenges, such as high path loss, limited available bandwidth, limited battery power, and high attenuation. For a longer network lifetime, both balanced and efficient energy consumption are equally important. In this paper, we propose a new routing protocol, called balanced energy adaptive routing (BEAR), to prolong the lifetime of UWSNs. The proposed BEAR protocol operates in three phases: 1) initialization phase; 2) tree construction phase; and 3) data transmission phase. In the initialization phase, all nodes share information related to their residual energy level and location. In the tree construction phase, our proposed BEAR exploits the location information for: a) selecting neighbour nodes and b) choosing the facilitating and successor nodes based on the value of cost function. In order to balance the energy consumption among the successor and the facilitator nodes, BEAR chooses nodes with relatively higher residual energy than the average residual energy of the network. The results of our extensive simulations show that BEAR outperforms its counterpart protocols in terms of network lifetime.
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paper_title: QERP: Quality-of-Service (QoS) Aware Evolutionary Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

paper_content:

Quality-of-service (QoS) aware reliable data delivery is a challenging issue in underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs). This is due to impairments of the acoustic transmission caused by excessive noise, extremely long propagation delays, high bit error rate, low bandwidth capacity, multipath effects, and interference. To address these challenges, meet the commonly used UWSN performance indicators, and overcome the inefficiencies of the existing clustering-based routing schemes, a novel QoS aware evolutionary cluster based routing protocol (QERP) has been proposed for UWSN-based applications. The proposed protocol improves packet delivery ratio, and reduces average end-to-end delay and overall network energy consumption. Our comparative performance evaluations demonstrate that QERP is successful in achieving low network delay, high packet delivery ratio, and low energy consumption.
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paper_title: Enhanced dynamic duty cycled multiple rendezvous multi-channel media access control (DMM-MAC) protocol for underwater sensor network based marine eco system

paper_content:

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a self-organized network in which sensor nodes collect the data in distributed environment. The consumption of energy and hence the life time of network is a major issue in any applications of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) particularly in Underwater Sensor Networks (UWSN). The concept of multiple channel and duty cycling, which reduce the transmission collision and idle listening, can be used to conserve the energy. Media access control protocols such as Multiple Rendezvous Multichannel Media Access Control (MM-MAC) and Dynamic Duty Cycled Multiple Rendezvous Multichannel Media Access Control (DMM-MAC) are used for handling more volume of data in Underwater Sensor Networks (UWSN). Only one modem is used in Dynamic Duty Cycled Multiple Rendezvous Multichannel Media Access Control (DMM-MAC) and it operates in more realistic multi-hop environment, without using the information about distances or propagation delays to neighbour nodes which is considered as basic requirement for unattended wireless sensor network applications. In this paper, underwater sensor networks applied to monitor the marine ecosystem are proposed. The logic used for Dynamic Duty Cycled Multiple Rendezvous Multichannel Media Access Control (DMM-MAC) is enhanced and implemented and the results are compared with Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) media access control which is the basis for both Multiple Rendezvous Multichannel Media Access Control (MM-MAC) and Dynamic Duty Cycled Multiple Rendezvous Multichannel Media Access Control (DMM-MAC). By employing the enhanced dynamic duty cycling, sensor nodes running Dynamic Duty Cycled Multiple Rendezvous Multichannel Media Access Control (DMM-MAC) are able to handle more volume of sensor data effectively. From the results obtained through simulation, it is observed that the delay is reduced, throughput and packet delivery rate are improved and the overhead for packet transmission is greatly reduced in Dynamic Duty Cycled Multiple Rendezvous Multichannel Media Access Control (DMM-MAC). Also Dynamic Duty Cycled Multiple Rendezvous Multichannel Media Access Control (DMM-MAC) provides better network performance than Multiple Rendezvous Multichannel Media Access Control (MM-MAC) in unattended environment.
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paper_title: Future Internet: The Internet of Things Architecture, Possible Applications and Key Challenges

paper_content:

The Internet is continuously changing and evolving. The main communication form of present Internet is human-human. The Internet of Things (IoT) can be considered as the future evaluation of the Internet that realizes machine-to-machine (M2M) learning. Thus, IoT provides connectivity for everyone and everything. The IoT embeds some intelligence in Internet-connected objects to communicate, exchange information, take decisions, invoke actions and provide amazing services. This paper addresses the existing development trends, the generic architecture of IoT, its distinguishing features and possible future applications. This paper also forecast the key challenges associated with the development of IoT. The IoT is getting increasing popularity for academia, industry as well as government that has the potential to bring significant personal, professional and economic benefits.
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paper_title: Intelligence in IoT-Based 5G Networks: Opportunities and Challenges

paper_content:

The requirement of high data rates, low latency, efficient use of spectrum, and coexistence of different network technologies are major considerations in Internet of Things (IoT)-based fifth generation (5G) networks. To achieve the above requirements, the incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI) is required to make efficient decisions based on the massive data generated by the large number of IoT devices. AI methods analyze the data to extract patterns and make sense of the data to prescribe action to the end devices. In this work, we first give an overview, discussing the challenges and relevant solutions of the 5G and IoT technologies including the IoT-based 5G enabling technologies. We discuss the need for AI in future IoT-based 5G networks from the perspective of Kipling's method. In addition, we review the intelligent use of spectrum through full duplex and cognitive radio technologies.
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Title: Internet of Things in Marine Environment Monitoring: A Review

Section 1: Introduction
Description 1: Write an introduction to the Internet of Things (IoT) and its relevance in marine environment monitoring and its evolution from wireless sensor networks (WSNs).

Section 2: Overview of IoT in Marine Environment Monitoring
Description 2: Provide an overview of IoT in marine environment monitoring, including various applications, common system architectures, typical sensing nodes and sensing parameters, and related wireless communication technologies.

Section 3: IoT-Based Marine Environment Monitoring Applications
Description 3: Describe different IoT-based marine environment monitoring application areas such as ocean sensing, water quality monitoring, coral reef monitoring, marine fish farm monitoring, and wave and current monitoring.

Section 4: Common IoT-Based System Architectures for Marine Environment Monitoring and Protection
Description 4: Discuss different IoT system architectures proposed for marine environment monitoring and protection, detailing layers like perception, transmission, data pre-processing, application, and business layers.

Section 5: A General Marine Environment Monitoring Sensor Node
Description 5: Explain the general architecture of a marine environment monitoring sensor node, including its main modules like sensing module, microcontroller, wireless transceiver module, and power supply module.

Section 6: Typical Sensors and Sensing Parameters
Description 6: Review typical sensors used for measuring physical and chemical parameters in marine environments and discuss the decision criteria for selecting sensors based on deployment requirements.

Section 7: Wireless Communication Technologies
Description 7: Outline different wireless communication technologies applicable to IoT-based marine environment monitoring, emphasizing their requirements in terms of reliability, energy efficiency, and transmission characteristics.

Section 8: A Review of Existing Marine Environment Monitoring Projects and Systems
Description 8: Provide a comprehensive review of various marine environment monitoring projects and systems developed over the past few decades, summarizing their features, applications, and deployment settings.

Section 9: Data Analysis
Description 9: Discuss the challenges and advancements in data analysis techniques for IoT-based marine environment monitoring, including methods like big data analytics, clustering algorithms, and machine learning models.

Section 10: Network Topology Control
Description 10: Review network topology control techniques specific to wireless sensor networks and their applicability to IoT-based marine environment monitoring, emphasizing their impact on network performance and lifecycle.

Section 11: New Communication Routing Protocols
Description 11: Highlight recent advancements in communication routing protocols designed for marine environment monitoring systems, focusing on their mechanisms and benefits.

Section 12: Energy Management
Description 12: Discuss energy management strategies and energy harvesting options for IoT devices in marine environments, emphasizing the importance of efficient energy utilization and renewable energy sources.

Section 13: Standardization
Description 13: Address the need for standardization in IoT devices, platforms, communication protocols, and data management for marine environment monitoring, outlining the challenges and importance of international cooperation.

Section 14: Marine Environment Protection
Description 14: Discuss the role of IoT and big data analytics in active marine environment protection measures, including real-time interventions and autonomous disaster response systems.

Section 15: Conclusions
Description 15: Summarize the key findings and insights from the review, highlighting the advancements, applications, and future challenges and opportunities in IoT-based marine environment monitoring and protection.