Overview of Scene Change Detection- Application to
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paper_title: Video scene change detection method using unsupervised segmentation and object tracking

paper_content:

In order to manage the growing amount of video information efficiently, a video scene change detection method is necessary. Many advanced video applications such as video on demand (VOD) and digital library also require the scene change detection to organize the video content. In this paper, we present an effective scene change detection method using an unsupervised segmentation algorithm and the technique of object tracking based on the results of the segmentation. Our results have shown that this method can perform not only accurate scene change detection, but also obtain object level information of the video frames, which is very useful for video content indexing and analysis.
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paper_title: Motion-Based Video Representation for Scene Change Detection

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In this paper, we present a new framework to automatically group similar shots into one scene, where a scene is generally referred to as a group of shots taken place in the same site. Two major components in this framework are based on the motion characterization and background segmentation. The former component leads to an effective video representation scheme by adaptively selecting and forming keyframes. The later is considered novel in that background reconstruction is incorporated into the detection of scene change. These two components, combined with the color histogram intersection, establish our basic concept on assessing the similarity of scenes.
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paper_title: A scene change detection algorithm for MPEG compressed video sequences

paper_content:

Video is an important and challenging medium and requires sophisticated indexing schemes for efficient retrieval from visual databases. An important step in video indexing is scene change detection. Recently, several scene change detection algorithms in the pixel and compressed (MPEG-2) domains have been reported in the literature. These algorithms are computationally complex and are not very robust in detecting gradual scene changes. The authors propose an efficient technique for detecting scene changes in the MPEG-2 compressed domain. The proposed algorithm has the advantage of fast scene change detection. In addition, this algorithm has the potential to detect gradual scene changes.
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paper_title: Scene change detection algorithms for content-based video indexing and retrieval

paper_content:

There is an urgent need to extract key information from video automatically for the purposes of indexing, fast retrieval, and scene analysis. To support this vision, reliable scene change detection algorithms must be developed. Several algorithms have been proposed for both sudden and gradual scene change detection in uncompressed and compressed video. In this paper some common algorithms that have been proposed for scene change detection are reviewed. A novel algorithm for sudden scene change detection for MPEG-2 compressed video is then presented. This uses the number of interpolated macroblocks in B-frames to identify the sudden scene changes. A gradual scene change detection algorithm based on statistical features is also presented.
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paper_title: Fast scene change detection using direct feature extraction from MPEG compressed videos

paper_content:

In order to process video data efficiently, a video segmentation technique through scene change detection must be required. This is a fundamental operation used in many digital video applications such as digital libraries, video on demand (VOD), etc. Many of these advanced video applications require manipulations of compressed video signals. So, the scene change detection process is achieved by analyzing the video directly in the compressed domain, thereby avoiding the overhead of decompressing video into individual frames in the pixel domain. In this paper, we propose a fast scene change detection algorithm using direct feature extraction from MPEG compressed videos, and evaluate this technique using sample video data, First, we derive binary edge maps from the AC coefficients in blocks which were discrete cosine transformed. Second, we measure edge orientation, strength and offset using correlation between the AC coefficients in the derived binary edge maps. Finally, we match two consecutive frames using these two features (edge orientation and strength). This process was made possible by a new mathematical formulation for deriving the edge information directly from the discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficients. We have shown that the proposed algorithm is faster or more accurate than the previously known scene change detection algorithms.
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paper_title: Scene change detection techniques for video database systems

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Scene change detection (SCD) is one of several fundamental problems in the design of a video database management system (VDBMS). It is the first step towards the automatic segmentation, annotation, and indexing of video data. SCD is also used in other aspects of VDBMS, e.g., hierarchical representation and efficient browsing of the video data. In this paper, we provide a taxonomy that classifies existing SCD algorithms into three categories: full-video-image-based, compressed-video-based, and model-based algorithms. The capabilities and limitations of the SCD algorithms are discussed in detail. The paper also proposes a set of criteria for measuring and comparing the performance of various SCD algorithms. We conclude by discussing some important research directions.
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paper_title: Video scene change detection method using unsupervised segmentation and object tracking

paper_content:

In order to manage the growing amount of video information efficiently, a video scene change detection method is necessary. Many advanced video applications such as video on demand (VOD) and digital library also require the scene change detection to organize the video content. In this paper, we present an effective scene change detection method using an unsupervised segmentation algorithm and the technique of object tracking based on the results of the segmentation. Our results have shown that this method can perform not only accurate scene change detection, but also obtain object level information of the video frames, which is very useful for video content indexing and analysis.
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paper_title: Scene abrupt change detection

paper_content:

This paper introduces a new method for video scene change detection. The proposed method utilizes the luminance histogram twice difference in order to determine the dynamic threshold needed to evaluate the break. The adaptive determination of the threshold, minimizes the number of incorrect decisions leading to a robust and accurate determination of the actual scene break. The method is simple, computationally attractive and capable of detecting changes in a variety of visual inputs. Experimental results indicate that the new method constantly outperforms existing techniques that are based on static thresholds.
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paper_title: Scene Change Detection for H.264 Using Dynamic Threshold Techniques

paper_content:

Several scene-change detection algorithms have been proposed in literature up to now. Most of them use fixed thresholds for the similarity metrics used to decide if there was a change or not. These thresholds are obtained by empirically or they must be calculated before the detection after the whole sequence is obtained. Performance of most scene change detectors decreases considerably for videos with high scene complexity and variation. In this paper, we review previous works in this area, and study the correlation between local statistical characteristics, scene duration and scene change. Based on this analysis, we further propose and implement a novel scene change detection method for H.264 codec, defining an automated, dynamic threshold model which can efficiently trace scene changes. Experimental results on QCIF videos indicate very good performance with significantly improved accuracy combined with minimum complexity.
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paper_title: A digital Image Copyright Protection Scheme Based on Visual Cryptography

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A simple and efficient watermark method is proposed in this paper. The watermark method is an excellent technique to protect the copyright ownership of a digital image. The proposed watermark method is built up on the concept of visual cryptography. According to the proposed method, the watermark pattern does not have to be embedded into the original image directly, which makes it harder to detect or recover from the marked image in an illegal way. It can be retrieved from the marked image without making comparison with the original image. The notary also can off-line adjudge the ownership of the suspect image by this method. The watermark pattern can be any significant black/white image that can be used to typify the owner. Experimental results show that the watermark pattern in the marked image has good transparency and robustness. By the proposed method, all the pixels of the marked image are equal to the original image.
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paper_title: A Novel Video Watermarking Method Using Visual Cryptography

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In this paper we propose a novel approach to insertion of watermark in the video sequences. The proposed scheme is based on visual cryptography and performs temporal scrambling for watermark embedding. Watermark, which may be a visible logo, is frequently split and inserted into video frames. Watermark detection can be verified by the human eye. Inserted watermark is expected to resist collusion attack, which is a major concern in video watermarking. Experimental results show that the proposed method provides a high resilience against some non-hostile video processing schemes, such as geometrical distortions.
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paper_title: A survey of watermarking techniques applied to multimedia

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In the early days, encryption and control access techniques were used to protect the ownership of media. Recently, the watermark techniques are utilized to keep the copyright of media. Digital watermarking, a concept of embedding a special pattern, uses an algorithm of inserting a watermark to protect the copyright of media. It has recently become important in various application areas. The various of watermark techniques have been proposed by many authors in the last several years. However, there are not enough analysis and comparison on the previous researches. In this paper, for the understanding of the previous works and for the future related research, the authors try to classify and analyze the conventional watermark techniques from the various points of view. Currently watermark techniques based on the transfer domain, are more popular than those of the spatial domain. DCT-based methods have been most widely used among the transform based methods. However, recently wavelet-based watermark techniques are becoming the main research topic. With wide use of the internet, effective audio and video watermarking researches are also required.
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paper_title: Robust video watermarking for wireless multimedia communications

paper_content:

Digital watermarking involves embedding copyright marks (watermarks), often imperceptibly, in multimedia objects to enhance or protect their value. In this paper we describe a novel watermarking algorithm suitable for video coding techniques such as MPEG-4 and H.263/H.324 and we test it in a wireless environment. The proposed algorithm satisfies critical properties not all of which are available in previous solutions. These properties include: resistance (robustness) of the embedded watermark to the error-prone nature of wireless channels as well as to video frame loss or misplacement, negligible probability of reading a non-embedded watermark, non-degradation of the marked video sequence and the possibility to mark video objects (e.g., MPEG-4 objects) in a single frame separately. Experimental results are given that show how these and other properties are achieved when video sequences are corrupted with errors that are typical of a wireless channel.
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Title: Overview of Scene Change Detection - Application to

Section 1: INTRODUCTION
Description 1: Provide an overview of the importance of scene change detection in video processing and its applications like watermarking, video indexing, video summarization, and object tracking. Discuss the types of scene changes and techniques for detection.

Section 2: FEATURES OF SCENE BOUNDARY DETECTION
Description 2: Discuss the various features extracted by scene change detection algorithms, including luminance/colour, histograms, image edges, transform coefficients, other features, and the use of multiple features.

Section 3: REVIEW ON SCENE CHANGE DETECTION
Description 3: Present a detailed review of different scene change detection techniques and algorithms from the existing literature. Discuss methods based on pixel differences, compressed domains, edge information, and other specific techniques proposed by various researchers.

Section 4: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
Description 4: Provide a comparative analysis of different scene change detection algorithms based on performance metrics such as precision and recall, and discuss their limitations and areas.

Section 5: APPLICATIONS
Description 5: Outline the key applications of scene change detection, including video surveillance, remote sensing, video watermarking, video indexing, and underwater sensing.

Section 6: SCENE CHANGE DETECTION FOR WATERMARKING
Description 6: Discuss the importance of scene change detection in video watermarking and elaborate on different approaches and techniques used for scene change analysis specific to watermarking.

Section 7: CONCLUSION
Description 7: Summarize the key points discussed in the paper, emphasizing the importance of scene change detection in video watermarking and its performance based on precision and recall. Conclude with the observed advantages of abrupt scene change detection in watermarking applications.