Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching: An Overview of Routing and Management Enhancements
---
paper_title: Multiprotocol Lambda Switching: Combining MPLS Traffic Engineering Control with Optical Crossconnects

paper_content:

This article describes an approach to the design of control planes for optical crossconnects which leverages existing control plane techniques developed for MPLS traffic engineering. The proposed approach combines recent advances in MPLS traffic engineering control plane constructs with OXC technology to provide a framework for real-time provisioning of optical channels, foster development and deployment of a new class of OXCs, and allow the use of uniform semantics for network management and operations control in hybrid networks consisting of OXCs and label switching routers. The proposed approach is particularly advantageous for OXCs intended for data-centric optical internetworking systems.
---
paper_title: Multiprotocol Label Switching Architecture

paper_content:

This document specifies the architecture for Multiprotocol Label ::: Switching (MPLS). [STANDARDS-TRACK]
---
paper_title: RSVP-TE: Extensions to RSVP for LSP Tunnels

paper_content:

This document describes the use of RSVP (Resource Reservation Protocol), including all the necessary extensions, to establish label-switched paths (LSPs) in MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching). Since the flow along an LSP is completely identified by the label applied at the ingress node of the path, these paths may be treated as tunnels. A key application of LSP tunnels is traffic engineering with MPLS as specified in RFC 2702.
---
paper_title: LSP Hierarchy with MPLS TE

paper_content:

This invention relates to a novel aromatic dianhydride and more particularly to the use of said dianhydride for the preparation of thermally stable high-molecular weight polymers including, for example, polybenzimidazoles, polypyrrones, polyimides, and the like. This dianhydride is obtained by reacting a stoichiometric amount of a disodium salt of 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) hexafluoropropane with 4-chloro-N-phenylphthalimide to obtain an intermediate, 2,2-bis[4-(3,4-phenylphthalimidephenoxy)phenyl] hexafluoropropane, which is oxidized to the corresponding bis[4-(3,4-dicarboxyphenoxy)phenyl]perfluoroisopropylidene dianhydride.
---
paper_title: Signalling Unnumbered Links in RSVP-TE

paper_content:

A method of producing an annular tubular collar from a tube or pipe in a hot state and without introducing transverse forces which tend to deform the cross-section of the tube and using pairs of opposed rollers each pair including an inside roller arranged on the inside of the pipe bend and an outside roller arranged on the outside of the bend, comprises regulating the peripheral speed of the inside and outside rollers to produce a braking effect by the inside rollers on the tube. The apparatus includes at least three pairs of oppose rollers between which the pipe to be bent is directed, and, in one embodiment, the inside rollers are made with a relatively small diameter compared to the outside rollers and in another arrangement, the inside rollers have a larger diameter than the outside rollers. In each case, the inside rollers are driven at a peripheral speed so that they provide a braking action on the tube to effect an imposition of a longitudinal force directed opposite to the direction of passage to enhance the bending of the pipe and to reduce transverse forces acting on the pipe which tends to distort its cross-section.
---

Title: Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching: An Overview of Routing and Management Enhancements

Section 1: INTRODUCTION
Description 1: Provide background information on networking technologies, the rise of data traffic, and the need for cost-effective solutions to handle increased volumes without scaling issues. Introduce the concept of multilayer networks and their limitations, leading to the necessity of integration with technologies like GMPLS.

Section 2: MPLS BACKGROUND
Description 2: Explain the foundational concepts of MPLS, including label-based forwarding, the separation of forwarding and routing paradigms, and how MPLS enables efficient routing and traffic engineering in digital networks.

Section 3: ENHANCEMENTS TO ROUTING
Description 3: Outline the specifics of the routing improvements introduced to support GMPLS, addressing challenges such as limited label space, efficient bandwidth allocation, and managing the increased complexity of network links.

Section 4: LSP HIERARCHY
Description 4: Discuss the concept of LSP hierarchy, including how LSPs can be nested and treated as links in network databases, thereby facilitating scalability and efficient bandwidth utilization across network layers.

Section 5: LINK BUNDLING
Description 5: Describe the technique of combining multiple parallel links into a single bundled link to reduce the complexity and size of the link state database, enhancing the scalability of routing protocols.

Section 6: UNNUMBERED LINKS
Description 6: Introduce the use of unnumbered links to address the difficulty of assigning and managing IP addresses across numerous network links, by uniquely identifying links using router IDs and local link numbers.

Section 7: LINK MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL
Description 7: Explain the role of the Link Management Protocol (LMP) in GMPLS, detailing how it handles link provisioning, fault isolation, and association of physical labels between adjacent nodes to improve network manageability.

Section 8: CONCLUSION
Description 8: Summarize the significance of GMPLS in modern networking, emphasizing its role in bridging IP and photonic layers, providing scalable and interoperable solutions for future network growth, and the potential for rapid service deployment and operational efficiencies.