IP watermarking techniques: survey and comparison
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paper_title: Surviving the SOC Revolution: A Guide to Platform-Based Design

paper_content:

Authors. Acknowledgments. Preface. 1. Moving to System-on-Chip Design. 2. Overview of the SOC Design Process. 3. Integration Platforms and SOC Design. 4. Function-Architecture Co-Design. 5. Designing Communications Networks. 6. Developing an Integration Platform. 7. Creating Derivative Designs. 8. Analog/Mixed-Signal in SOC Design. 9. Software Design in SOCs. 10. In Conclusion. Index.
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paper_title: Surviving the SOC Revolution: A Guide to Platform-Based Design

paper_content:

Authors. Acknowledgments. Preface. 1. Moving to System-on-Chip Design. 2. Overview of the SOC Design Process. 3. Integration Platforms and SOC Design. 4. Function-Architecture Co-Design. 5. Designing Communications Networks. 6. Developing an Integration Platform. 7. Creating Derivative Designs. 8. Analog/Mixed-Signal in SOC Design. 9. Software Design in SOCs. 10. In Conclusion. Index.
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paper_title: Digital Watermarking

paper_content:

Digital watermarking is a key ingredient to copyright protection. It provides a solution to illegal copying of digital material and has many other useful applications such as broadcast monitoring and the recording of electronic transactions. Now, for the first time, there is a book that focuses exclusively on this exciting technology. Digital Watermarking covers the crucial research findings in the field: it explains the principles underlying digital watermarking technologies, describes the requirements that have given rise to them, and discusses the diverse ends to which these technologies are being applied. As a result, additional groundwork is laid for future developments in this field, helping the reader understand and anticipate new approaches and applications.
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paper_title: Attacks on Copyright Marking Systems

paper_content:

In the last few years, a large number of schemes have been proposed for hiding copyright marks and other information in digital pictures, video, audio and other multimedia objects. We describe some contenders that have appeared in the research literature and in the field; we then present a number of attacks that enable the information hidden by them to be removed or otherwise rendered unusable.
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paper_title: The codebreakers : the story of secret writing

paper_content:

CONTENTS Preface to the Revised Edition Preface A Few Words 1. One Day of Magic THE PAGENT OF CRYPTOLOGY 2. The First 3,000 Years 3. The Rise of the West 4. On the Origin of a Species 5. The Era of the Black Chambers 6. The Contribution of the Dilettantes 7. Crises of the Union 8. The Professor, the Soldier, and the Man on Devil's Island 9. Room 40 10. A War of Intercepts: I 11. A War of Intercepts: II 12. Two Americans 13. Secrecy for Sale 14. Duel in the Ether: The Axis 15. Duel in the Ether: Neutrals and Allies 16. Censors, Scramblers, and Spies 17. The Scrutable Orientals 18. Russkaya Kriptologiya ("Russian Cryptology") 19. N.S.A. SIDESHOWS 20. The Anatomy of Cryptology 21. Heterogeneous Impulses 22. Rumrunners, Businessmen, and Makers of Non-secret Codes 23. Ciphers in the Past Tense 24. The Pathology of Cryptology PARACRYPTOLOGY 25. Ancestral Voices 26. Messages from Outer Space THE NEW CRYPTOLOGY 27. Cryptology Goes Public Bibliography Notes to Text Acknowledgments Notes to Illustrations Index
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paper_title: Information hiding—A survey

paper_content:

Information-hiding techniques have recently become important in a number of application areas. Digital audio, video, and pictures are increasingly furnished with distinguishing but imperceptible marks, which may contain a hidden copyright notice or serial number or even help to prevent unauthorized copying directly. Military communications systems make increasing use of traffic security techniques which, rather than merely concealing the content of a message using encryption, seek to conceal its sender, its receiver, or its very existence. Similar techniques are used in some mobile phone systems and schemes proposed for digital elections. Criminals try to use whatever traffic security properties are provided intentionally or otherwise in the available communications systems, and police forces try to restrict their use. However, many of the techniques proposed in this young and rapidly evolving field can trace their history back to antiquity, and many of them are surprisingly easy to circumvent. In this article, we try to give an overview of the field, of what we know, what works, what does not, and what are the interesting topics for research.
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paper_title: Digital Watermarking

paper_content:

Digital watermarking is a key ingredient to copyright protection. It provides a solution to illegal copying of digital material and has many other useful applications such as broadcast monitoring and the recording of electronic transactions. Now, for the first time, there is a book that focuses exclusively on this exciting technology. Digital Watermarking covers the crucial research findings in the field: it explains the principles underlying digital watermarking technologies, describes the requirements that have given rise to them, and discusses the diverse ends to which these technologies are being applied. As a result, additional groundwork is laid for future developments in this field, helping the reader understand and anticipate new approaches and applications.
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paper_title: Embedded System Design : A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction

paper_content:

Preface. Introduction. Custom Single-Purpose Processors: Hardware. General-Purpose Processors: Software. Standard Single-Purpose Processors: Peripherals. Memory. Interfacing. Digital Camera Example. State Machine and Concurrent Process Models. Control Systems. IC Technology. Design Technology. Appendix A: Online Resources. Index.
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paper_title: IP protection for VLSI designs via watermarking of routes

paper_content:

Intellectual property protection (IPP) has become a major concern in today's CAD and ASIC/SOC industries. This paper presents a watermarking technique for IPP at the physical design level. We propose a method for embedding a watermark by modifying the number of vias or bends used to route the nets in a design. This technique is applicable to digital, analog and mixed-signal design, and has the ability to accommodate the noise tolerance and design intricacies of each.
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paper_title: Copy detection for intellectual property protection of VLSI designs

paper_content:

We give the first study of copy detection techniques for VLSI CAD applications; these techniques are complementary to previous watermarking-based IP protection methods in finding and proving improper use of design IP. After reviewing related literature (notably in the text processing domain), we propose a generic methodology for copy detection based on determining basic elements within structural representations of solutions (IPs), calculating (context-independent) signatures for such elements, and performing fast comparisons to identify potential violators of IP rights. We give example implementations of this methodology in the domains of scheduling, graph coloring and gate-level layout; experimental results show the effectiveness of our copy detection schemes as well as the low overhead of implementation. We remark on open research areas, notably the potentially deep and complementary interaction between watermarking and copy detection.
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paper_title: Watermarking integer linear programming solutions

paper_content:

Linear programming (LP) in its many forms has proven to be an indispensable tool for expressing and solving optimization problems in numerous domains. We propose the first set of generic watermarking techniques for integer-LP (ILP). The proof of authorship by watermarking is achieved by introducing additional constraints to limit the solution space and can be used as effective means of intellectual property protection (IPP) and authentication. We classify and analyze the types of constraints in the ILP watermarking domain and show how ILP formulations provide more degrees of freedom for embedding signatures than other existing approaches. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed ILP watermarking techniques, the generic discussion is further concretized using two examples, namely satisfiability and scheduling.
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paper_title: Techniques for intellectual property protection of DSP designs

paper_content:

Numerous watermarking-based techniques for intellectual property protection of DSP artifacts, such as images, compressed and uncompressed audio and video data, and text documents have been proposed. However, the applicability of all techniques proposed until now are limited to digital data and they either implicitly or explicitly exploit the imperfection of human perception to audio and video. We propose the first watermarking technique for protecting the intellectual property of DSP designs. The essence of the technique is the use of additional synthesis constraints to encode the authorship signature. The constraints are selected in such a way that they result in minimal hardware overhead while embedding the signature which is unique and difficult to detect and remove. The technique is applicable to all levels of design process, from the algorithm, system and behavioral synthesis to logic synthesis and physical design levels. The technique is illustrated on a set of DSP design examples on all levels of the design process.
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paper_title: Watermarking-based copyright protection of sequential functions

paper_content:

Watermarking is one of several techniques available today to deter copyright infringement in electronic systems. The technique consists of implanting indelible stamps in the circuit's inner structure, while not disrupting its functionality nor degrading its performance significantly. In this paper, a novel method is proposed for the creation of watermarks in regular sequential functions. This is an important class of functions, as it is the basis of most digital controllers. Algorithms are proposed for implanting robust watermarks to minimize the overhead and, ultimately, to reduce the impact on performance. Detection methods have been discussed in the presence of infringement attacks. The resilience of the method in several tampering regimes has been estimated. Examples illustrate the suitability of the approach.
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paper_title: A practical manual on the Monte Carlo method for random walk problems

paper_content:

This report is written to serve as a guide to those persons who, having no previous experience with Monte Carlo methods, wish to apply these methods to their own problems. Particular emphasis is given to techniques which are useful in dealing with probIems concerned with the diffusion of particles (and gamma rays) in material media of some complexity, both from a geometrical and a nuclear standpoint. Included as an appendix are brief summaries of a variety of problems of the above-mentioned type to which the methods described have been applied successfully. (auth)
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paper_title: Watermarking-based copyright protection of sequential functions

paper_content:

Watermarking is one of several techniques available today to deter copyright infringement in electronic systems. The technique consists of implanting indelible stamps in the circuit's inner structure, while not disrupting its functionality nor degrading its performance significantly. In this paper, a novel method is proposed for the creation of watermarks in regular sequential functions. This is an important class of functions, as it is the basis of most digital controllers. Algorithms are proposed for implanting robust watermarks to minimize the overhead and, ultimately, to reduce the impact on performance. Detection methods have been discussed in the presence of infringement attacks. The resilience of the method in several tampering regimes has been estimated. Examples illustrate the suitability of the approach.
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paper_title: IP protection of DSP algorithms for system on chip implementation

paper_content:

Silicon technology has now advanced to the point that there is a serious mismatch in the time taken to design advanced silicon-based systems and the time to market for any new product or product derivative. To obviate this delay, a new paradigm is emerging based on intellectual property (IP) exchange, where designers and differing companies share subsystems (virtual cores) between themselves to reduce design time to acceptable levels. To this end, over 150 companies including all the major players formed the Virtual Socket Interface Alliance in March 1997. The protection of IP has become a serious issue as intercompany subsystem design exchange becomes more commonplace. This paper presents new techniques to protect the IP of virtual cores that implement digital signal processing (DSP) algorithms. The approach involves embedding codewords into the design of fundamental signal processing algorithms such as digital filters and the DFT in such a way that proof of authorship can be retained, and, if required, easily identified. The techniques discussed can be adapted to protect other fundamental DSP algorithms such as convolution and correlation. The protection of IP via watermarking techniques is increasingly being applied at all levels of design. It is particularly advantageous if such techniques are applied at the highest abstraction levels in the design flow, and if such techniques are applied at basic algorithm level, they become very difficult to detect at lower levels of system design.
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paper_title: Digital Watermarking

paper_content:

Digital watermarking is a key ingredient to copyright protection. It provides a solution to illegal copying of digital material and has many other useful applications such as broadcast monitoring and the recording of electronic transactions. Now, for the first time, there is a book that focuses exclusively on this exciting technology. Digital Watermarking covers the crucial research findings in the field: it explains the principles underlying digital watermarking technologies, describes the requirements that have given rise to them, and discusses the diverse ends to which these technologies are being applied. As a result, additional groundwork is laid for future developments in this field, helping the reader understand and anticipate new approaches and applications.
---
paper_title: Attacks on Copyright Marking Systems

paper_content:

In the last few years, a large number of schemes have been proposed for hiding copyright marks and other information in digital pictures, video, audio and other multimedia objects. We describe some contenders that have appeared in the research literature and in the field; we then present a number of attacks that enable the information hidden by them to be removed or otherwise rendered unusable.
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paper_title: Hierarchical watermarking in IC design

paper_content:

A formalization of the watermarking problem is presented and basic algorithms for its generation and detection at several abstraction levels are proposed. The concepts of robustness against forgery and theft tracing are analyzed in light of the proposed algorithms.
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Title: IP Watermarking Techniques: Survey and Comparison

Section 1: INTRODUCTION
Description 1: Provide an overview of the evolution of System-on-a-Chip (SOC) technology and the significance of IP blocks, including the associated security risks and the role of watermarking in protecting IP.

Section 2: System-on-a-Chip (SOC): Design Path
Description 2: Discuss the design methodology of SOC, including the integration of hardware and software, the use of IP blocks, and the process from system-level to lower-level design.

Section 3: IP Blocks and Distribution Threats
Description 3: Explain the different types of IP blocks (Soft, Firm, Hard) and the security threats associated with each, including legal measures and physical protection methods.

Section 4: DIGITAL WATERMARKING
Description 4: Outline the concept of digital watermarking, its historical context, various applications, and the generic model of watermarking involving embedding and extraction phases.

Section 5: IP WATERMARKING: STATE-OF-THE-ART
Description 5: Survey the latest approaches to IP watermarking, categorize the main attacks against IP watermarking, and describe the different watermarking schemes.

Section 6: Attacks Against IP Watermarking
Description 6: Detail the various attack classes against IP watermarking, such as removal, embedding, detection, and system attacks, and their implications on security.

Section 7: Constraint-Based IP Watermarking
Description 7: Describe the constraint-based watermarking approach, including its methodology, strengths, drawbacks, and resilience to attacks.

Section 8: Watermarking Finite State Machines
Description 8: Review the methods of watermarking finite state machines (FSM), including techniques based on unused transitions and property implanting, and evaluate their strengths and vulnerabilities.

Section 9: Digital Signal Processing Watermarking
Description 9: Discuss the DSP watermarking scheme for digital filters, its implementation, and its practicality in industrial applications.

Section 10: IP WATERMARKING: EVALUATION AND COMPARISON
Description 10: Evaluate and compare different IP watermarking techniques based on factors like embedding cost, design overhead, tracking ability, probability of coincidence, and security, and provide guidelines for future IP watermarking development.