A Survey of Home Energy Management Systems in Future Smart Grid Communications
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paper_title: Home Energy Management Systems in Future Smart Grids

paper_content:

We present a detailed review of various Home Energy Management Schemes (HEM,s). HEM,s will increase savings, reduce peak demand and Pto Average Ratio (PAR). Among various applications of smart grid technologies, home energy management is probably the most important one to be addressed. Various steps have been taken by utilities for efficient energy consumption.New pricing schemes like Time of Use (ToU), Real Time Pricing (RTP), Critical Peak Pricing (CPP), Inclining Block Rates (IBR) etc have been been devised for future smart grids.Home appliances and/or distributed energy resources coordination (Local Generation) along with different pricing schemes leads towards efficient energy consumption. This paper addresses various communication and optimization based residential energy management schemes and different communication and networking technologies involved in these schemes. INDEX TERMS—Smart grid, Home energy management, optimization.
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paper_title: Wireless Sensor Networks for Cost-Efficient Residential Energy Management in the Smart Grid

paper_content:

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) will play a key role in the extension of the smart grid towards residential premises, and enable various demand and energy management applications. Efficient demand-supply balance and reducing electricity expenses and carbon emissions will be the immediate benefits of these applications. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of an in-home energy management (iHEM) application. The performance of iHEM is compared with an optimization-based residential energy management (OREM) scheme whose objective is to minimize the energy expenses of the consumers. We show that iHEM decreases energy expenses, reduces the contribution of the consumers to the peak load, reduces the carbon emissions of the household, and its savings are close to OREM. On the other hand, iHEM application is more flexible as it allows communication between the controller and the consumer utilizing the wireless sensor home area network (WSHAN). We evaluate the performance of iHEM under the presence of local energy generation capability, prioritized appliances, and for real-time pricing. We show that iHEM reduces the expenses of the consumers for each case. Furthermore, we show that packet delivery ratio, delay, and jitter of the WSHAN improve as the packet size of the monitoring applications, that also utilize the WSHAN, decreases.
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paper_title: Smart Home Energy Management System for Monitoring and Scheduling of Home Appliances Using Zigbee

paper_content:

Energy management system for efficient load management is presented in this paper. Proposed method consists of the two main parts. One is the energy management center (EMC) consisting of graphical user interface. EMC shows the runtime data and also maintains the data log for the user along with control of the appliances. Second part of the method is load scheduling which is performed using the single knapsack problem. Results of the EMC are shown using LABVIEW while MATLAB simulations are used to show the results of load scheduling. Hardware model is implemented using human machine interface (HMI). HMI consists of PIC18f4520 of microchip family and zigbee transceiver of MC12311 by Freescale. The microcontroller interface with the zigbee transceiver is on standard RS232 interface. INDEX TERMS—Smart Grid, Energy Management, Zigbee.
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paper_title: Cooperative sensor networks for voltage quality monitoring in smart grids

paper_content:

The paper intends to give a contribution toward the definition of a fully decentralized voltage quality monitoring architecture by proposing the employment of self organizing sensor networks. According to this para-digm each node can assess both the performances of the monitored site, computed by acquiring local information, and the global performances of the monitored grid section, computed by local exchanges of information with its neighbors nodes. Thanks to this feature each node could automatically detect local voltage quality anomalies. Moreover system operator can assess the system voltage quality index for each grid section by inquiring any node of the corresponding sensors network without the need of a central fusion center acquiring and processing all the node acquisitions. This makes the overall monitoring architecture highly scalable, self-organizing and distributed.
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paper_title: A Survey of Communications and Networking Technologies for Energy Management in Buildings and Home Automation

paper_content:

With the exploding power consumption in private households and increasing environmental and regulatory restraints, the need to improve the overall efficiency of electrical networks has never been greater. That being said, the most efficient way to minimize the power consumption is by voluntary mitigation of home electric energy consumption, based on energy-awareness and automatic or manual reduction of standby power of idling home appliances. Deploying bi-directional smart meters and home energy management (HEM) agents that provision real-time usage monitoring and remote control, will enable HEM in “smart households.” Furthermore, the traditionally inelastic demand curve has began to change, and these emerging HEM technologies enable consumers (industrial to residential) to respond to the energy market behavior to reduce their consumption at peak prices, to supply reserves on a as-needed basis, and to reduce demand on the electric grid. Because the development of smart grid-related activities has resulted in an increased interest in demand response (DR) and demand side management (DSM) programs, this paper presents some popular DR and DSM initiatives that include planning, implementation and evaluation techniques for reducing energy consumption and peak electricity demand. The paper then focuses on reviewing and distinguishing the various state-of-the-art HEM control and networking technologies, and outlines directions for promoting the shift towards a society with low energy demand and low greenhouse gas emissions. The paper also surveys the existing software and hardware tools, platforms, and test beds for evaluating the performance of the information and communications technologies that are at the core of future smart grids. It is envisioned that this paper will inspire future research and design efforts in developing standardized and user-friendly smart energy monitoring systems that are suitable for wide scale deployment in homes.
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paper_title: Minimizing Electricity Theft Using Smart Meters in AMI

paper_content:

Global energy crises are increasing every moment. Every one has the attention towards more and more energy production and also trying to save it. Electricity can be produced through many ways which is then synchronized on a main grid for usage. The main issue for which we have written this survey paper is losses in electrical system. Weather these losses are technical or non-technical. Technical losses can be calculated easily, as we discussed in section of mathematical modeling that how to calculate technical losses. Where as nontechnical losses can be evaluated if technical losses are known. Theft in electricity produce non-technical losses. To reduce or control theft one can save his economic resources. Smart meter can be the best option to minimize electricity theft, because of its high security, best efficiency, and excellent resistance towards many of theft ideas in electromechanical meters. So in this paper we have mostly concentrated on theft issues.
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paper_title: Monitoring and Controlling Power using Zigbee Communications

paper_content:

Smart grid is a modified form of electrical grid where generation, transmission, distribution and customers are not only connected electrically but also through strong communication network with each other as well as with market, operation and service provider. For achieving good communication link among them, it is very necessary to find suitable protocol. In this paper, we discuss different hardware techniques for power monitoring, power management and remote power controlling at home and transmission side and also discuss the suitability of Zigbee for required communication link. Zigbee has major role in monitoring and direct load controlling for efficient power utilization. It covers enough area needed for communication and it works on low data rate of 20Kbps to 250Kbps with minimum power consumption. This paper describes the user friendly control home appliances, power on/off through the internet, PDA using Graphical User Interface (GUI) and through GSM cellular mobile phone.
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paper_title: Wireless Sensor Networks for Cost-Efficient Residential Energy Management in the Smart Grid

paper_content:

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) will play a key role in the extension of the smart grid towards residential premises, and enable various demand and energy management applications. Efficient demand-supply balance and reducing electricity expenses and carbon emissions will be the immediate benefits of these applications. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of an in-home energy management (iHEM) application. The performance of iHEM is compared with an optimization-based residential energy management (OREM) scheme whose objective is to minimize the energy expenses of the consumers. We show that iHEM decreases energy expenses, reduces the contribution of the consumers to the peak load, reduces the carbon emissions of the household, and its savings are close to OREM. On the other hand, iHEM application is more flexible as it allows communication between the controller and the consumer utilizing the wireless sensor home area network (WSHAN). We evaluate the performance of iHEM under the presence of local energy generation capability, prioritized appliances, and for real-time pricing. We show that iHEM reduces the expenses of the consumers for each case. Furthermore, we show that packet delivery ratio, delay, and jitter of the WSHAN improve as the packet size of the monitoring applications, that also utilize the WSHAN, decreases.
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paper_title: A System Architecture for Autonomous Demand Side Load Management in Smart Buildings

paper_content:

This paper presents a system architecture for load management in smart buildings which enables autonomous demand side load management in the smart grid. Being of a layered structure composed of three main modules for admission control, load balancing, and demand response management, this architecture can encapsulate the system functionality, assure the interoperability between various components, allow the integration of different energy sources, and ease maintenance and upgrading. Hence it is capable of handling autonomous energy consumption management for systems with heterogeneous dynamics in multiple time-scales and allows seamless integration of diverse techniques for online operation control, optimal scheduling, and dynamic pricing. The design of a home energy manager based on this architecture is illustrated and the simulation results with Matlab/Simulink confirm the viability and efficiency of the proposed framework.
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paper_title: A Survey of Communications and Networking Technologies for Energy Management in Buildings and Home Automation

paper_content:

With the exploding power consumption in private households and increasing environmental and regulatory restraints, the need to improve the overall efficiency of electrical networks has never been greater. That being said, the most efficient way to minimize the power consumption is by voluntary mitigation of home electric energy consumption, based on energy-awareness and automatic or manual reduction of standby power of idling home appliances. Deploying bi-directional smart meters and home energy management (HEM) agents that provision real-time usage monitoring and remote control, will enable HEM in “smart households.” Furthermore, the traditionally inelastic demand curve has began to change, and these emerging HEM technologies enable consumers (industrial to residential) to respond to the energy market behavior to reduce their consumption at peak prices, to supply reserves on a as-needed basis, and to reduce demand on the electric grid. Because the development of smart grid-related activities has resulted in an increased interest in demand response (DR) and demand side management (DSM) programs, this paper presents some popular DR and DSM initiatives that include planning, implementation and evaluation techniques for reducing energy consumption and peak electricity demand. The paper then focuses on reviewing and distinguishing the various state-of-the-art HEM control and networking technologies, and outlines directions for promoting the shift towards a society with low energy demand and low greenhouse gas emissions. The paper also surveys the existing software and hardware tools, platforms, and test beds for evaluating the performance of the information and communications technologies that are at the core of future smart grids. It is envisioned that this paper will inspire future research and design efforts in developing standardized and user-friendly smart energy monitoring systems that are suitable for wide scale deployment in homes.
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paper_title: Density Controlled Divide-and-Rule Scheme for Energy Efficient Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks

paper_content:

Cluster based routing technique is most popular routing technique in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Due to varying need of WSN applications efficient energy utilization in routing protocols is still a potential area of research. In this research work we introduced a new energy efficient cluster based routing technique. In this technique we tried to overcome the problem of coverage hole and energy hole. In our technique we controlled these problems by introducing density controlled uniform distribution of nodes and fixing optimum number of Cluster Heads (CHs) in each round. Finally we verified our technique by experimental results of MATLAB simulations.
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paper_title: CEEC: Centralized Energy Efficient Clustering A New Routing Protocol for WSNs

paper_content:

Energy efficient routing protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is one of the most challenging task for researcher. Hierarchical routing protocols have been proved more energy efficient routing protocols, as compare to flat and location based routing protocols. Heterogeneity of nodes with respect to their energy level, has also added extra lifespan for sensor network. In this paper, we propose a Centralized Energy Efficient Clustering (CEEC) routing protocol. We design the CEEC for three level heterogeneous network. CEEC can also be implemented in multi-level heterogeneity of networks. For initial practical, we design and analyze CEEC for three level advance heterogeneous network. In CEEC, whole network area is divided into three equal regions, in which nodes with same energy are spread in same region.
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paper_title: Wireless Sensor Networks for Cost-Efficient Residential Energy Management in the Smart Grid

paper_content:

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) will play a key role in the extension of the smart grid towards residential premises, and enable various demand and energy management applications. Efficient demand-supply balance and reducing electricity expenses and carbon emissions will be the immediate benefits of these applications. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of an in-home energy management (iHEM) application. The performance of iHEM is compared with an optimization-based residential energy management (OREM) scheme whose objective is to minimize the energy expenses of the consumers. We show that iHEM decreases energy expenses, reduces the contribution of the consumers to the peak load, reduces the carbon emissions of the household, and its savings are close to OREM. On the other hand, iHEM application is more flexible as it allows communication between the controller and the consumer utilizing the wireless sensor home area network (WSHAN). We evaluate the performance of iHEM under the presence of local energy generation capability, prioritized appliances, and for real-time pricing. We show that iHEM reduces the expenses of the consumers for each case. Furthermore, we show that packet delivery ratio, delay, and jitter of the WSHAN improve as the packet size of the monitoring applications, that also utilize the WSHAN, decreases.
---
paper_title: Wireless Sensor Networks for Cost-Efficient Residential Energy Management in the Smart Grid

paper_content:

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) will play a key role in the extension of the smart grid towards residential premises, and enable various demand and energy management applications. Efficient demand-supply balance and reducing electricity expenses and carbon emissions will be the immediate benefits of these applications. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of an in-home energy management (iHEM) application. The performance of iHEM is compared with an optimization-based residential energy management (OREM) scheme whose objective is to minimize the energy expenses of the consumers. We show that iHEM decreases energy expenses, reduces the contribution of the consumers to the peak load, reduces the carbon emissions of the household, and its savings are close to OREM. On the other hand, iHEM application is more flexible as it allows communication between the controller and the consumer utilizing the wireless sensor home area network (WSHAN). We evaluate the performance of iHEM under the presence of local energy generation capability, prioritized appliances, and for real-time pricing. We show that iHEM reduces the expenses of the consumers for each case. Furthermore, we show that packet delivery ratio, delay, and jitter of the WSHAN improve as the packet size of the monitoring applications, that also utilize the WSHAN, decreases.
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paper_title: Wireless Sensor Networks for domestic energy management in smart grids

paper_content:

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are getting more integrated to our daily lives and smart surroundings as they are being used for health, comfort and safety applications. In smart homes and office environments, WSNs are generally used to increase the inhabitant comfort. As the current energy grid is evolving into a smart grid, where consumers can directly reach and control their consumption, WSNs can take part in domestic energy management systems, as well. In this paper, we propose the Appliance Coordination (ACORD) scheme, that uses the in-home WSN and reduces the cost of energy consumption. The cost of energy increases at peak hours, hence reducing the peak demand is a major concern for utility companies. The ACORD scheme, aims to shift consumer demands to off-peak hours. Appliances use the readily available in-home WSN to deliver consumer requests to the Energy Management Unit (EMU). EMU schedules consumer requests with the goal of reducing the energy bill. We show that ACORD decreases the cost of electricity usage of home appliances significantly.
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paper_title: Optimal Residential Load Control With Price Prediction in Real-Time Electricity Pricing Environments

paper_content:

Real-time electricity pricing models can potentially lead to economic and environmental advantages compared to the current common flat rates. In particular, they can provide end users with the opportunity to reduce their electricity expenditures by responding to pricing that varies with different times of the day. However, recent studies have revealed that the lack of knowledge among users about how to respond to time-varying prices as well as the lack of effective building automation systems are two major barriers for fully utilizing the potential benefits of real-time pricing tariffs. We tackle these problems by proposing an optimal and automatic residential energy consumption scheduling framework which attempts to achieve a desired trade-off between minimizing the electricity payment and minimizing the waiting time for the operation of each appliance in household in presence of a real-time pricing tariff combined with inclining block rates. Our design requires minimum effort from the users and is based on simple linear programming computations. Moreover, we argue that any residential load control strategy in real-time electricity pricing environments requires price prediction capabilities. This is particularly true if the utility companies provide price information only one or two hours ahead of time. By applying a simple and efficient weighted average price prediction filter to the actual hourly-based price values used by the Illinois Power Company from January 2007 to December 2009, we obtain the optimal choices of the coefficients for each day of the week to be used by the price predictor filter. Simulation results show that the combination of the proposed energy consumption scheduling design and the price predictor filter leads to significant reduction not only in users' payments but also in the resulting peak-to-average ratio in load demand for various load scenarios. Therefore, the deployment of the proposed optimal energy consumption scheduling schemes is beneficial for both end users and utility companies.
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paper_title: Using wireless sensor networks for energy-aware homes in smart grids

paper_content:

Smart grids aim to integrate recent advances in communications and information technologies to renovate the existing power grid. In smart grids, consumers can generate energy and sell it to the utilities. Moreover, they can avoid consumption during peak hours which helps reducing the peak load on the grid. Energy-aware homes can aid consumers to manage their demand and supply profile. In this paper, we propose Appliance Coordination with Feed In (ACORD-FI) scheme for such energy-aware smart homes. We show that ACORD-FI decreases the cost of energy consumption of home appliances, significantly.
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paper_title: Optimum residential load management strategy for real time pricing (RTP) demand response programs

paper_content:

This paper presents an optimal load management strategy for residential consumers that utilizes the communication infrastructure of the future smart grid. The strategy considers predictions of electricity prices, energy demand, renewable power production, and power-purchase of energy of the consumer in determining the optimal relationship between hourly electricity prices and the use of different household appliances and electric vehicles in a typical smart house. The proposed strategy is illustrated using two study cases corresponding to a house located in Zaragoza (Spain) for a typical day in summer. Results show that the proposed model allows users to control their diary energy consumption and adapt their electricity bills to their actual economical situation.
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paper_title: Coordinated Scheduling of Residential Distributed Energy Resources to Optimize Smart Home Energy Services

paper_content:

We describe algorithmic enhancements to a decision-support tool that residential consumers can utilize to optimize their acquisition of electrical energy services. The decision-support tool optimizes energy services provision by enabling end users to first assign values to desired energy services, and then scheduling their available distributed energy resources (DER) to maximize net benefits. We chose particle swarm optimization (PSO) to solve the corresponding optimization problem because of its straightforward implementation and demonstrated ability to generate near-optimal schedules within manageable computation times. We improve the basic formulation of cooperative PSO by introducing stochastic repulsion among the particles. The improved DER schedules are then used to investigate the potential consumer value added by coordinated DER scheduling. This is computed by comparing the end-user costs obtained with the enhanced algorithm simultaneously scheduling all DER, against the costs when each DER schedule is solved separately. This comparison enables the end users to determine whether their mix of energy service needs, available DER and electricity tariff arrangements might warrant solving the more complex coordinated scheduling problem, or instead, decomposing the problem into multiple simpler optimizations.
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paper_title: A Survey of Communications and Networking Technologies for Energy Management in Buildings and Home Automation

paper_content:

With the exploding power consumption in private households and increasing environmental and regulatory restraints, the need to improve the overall efficiency of electrical networks has never been greater. That being said, the most efficient way to minimize the power consumption is by voluntary mitigation of home electric energy consumption, based on energy-awareness and automatic or manual reduction of standby power of idling home appliances. Deploying bi-directional smart meters and home energy management (HEM) agents that provision real-time usage monitoring and remote control, will enable HEM in “smart households.” Furthermore, the traditionally inelastic demand curve has began to change, and these emerging HEM technologies enable consumers (industrial to residential) to respond to the energy market behavior to reduce their consumption at peak prices, to supply reserves on a as-needed basis, and to reduce demand on the electric grid. Because the development of smart grid-related activities has resulted in an increased interest in demand response (DR) and demand side management (DSM) programs, this paper presents some popular DR and DSM initiatives that include planning, implementation and evaluation techniques for reducing energy consumption and peak electricity demand. The paper then focuses on reviewing and distinguishing the various state-of-the-art HEM control and networking technologies, and outlines directions for promoting the shift towards a society with low energy demand and low greenhouse gas emissions. The paper also surveys the existing software and hardware tools, platforms, and test beds for evaluating the performance of the information and communications technologies that are at the core of future smart grids. It is envisioned that this paper will inspire future research and design efforts in developing standardized and user-friendly smart energy monitoring systems that are suitable for wide scale deployment in homes.
---
paper_title: A Survey of Communications and Networking Technologies for Energy Management in Buildings and Home Automation

paper_content:

With the exploding power consumption in private households and increasing environmental and regulatory restraints, the need to improve the overall efficiency of electrical networks has never been greater. That being said, the most efficient way to minimize the power consumption is by voluntary mitigation of home electric energy consumption, based on energy-awareness and automatic or manual reduction of standby power of idling home appliances. Deploying bi-directional smart meters and home energy management (HEM) agents that provision real-time usage monitoring and remote control, will enable HEM in “smart households.” Furthermore, the traditionally inelastic demand curve has began to change, and these emerging HEM technologies enable consumers (industrial to residential) to respond to the energy market behavior to reduce their consumption at peak prices, to supply reserves on a as-needed basis, and to reduce demand on the electric grid. Because the development of smart grid-related activities has resulted in an increased interest in demand response (DR) and demand side management (DSM) programs, this paper presents some popular DR and DSM initiatives that include planning, implementation and evaluation techniques for reducing energy consumption and peak electricity demand. The paper then focuses on reviewing and distinguishing the various state-of-the-art HEM control and networking technologies, and outlines directions for promoting the shift towards a society with low energy demand and low greenhouse gas emissions. The paper also surveys the existing software and hardware tools, platforms, and test beds for evaluating the performance of the information and communications technologies that are at the core of future smart grids. It is envisioned that this paper will inspire future research and design efforts in developing standardized and user-friendly smart energy monitoring systems that are suitable for wide scale deployment in homes.
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Title: A Survey of Home Energy Management Systems in Future Smart Grid Communications
Section 1: Introduction
Description 1: Introduces the traditional power grid, the integration of advanced Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in smart grids, and the advantages brought about by this integration for efficiency and consumer comfort.

Section 2: Home Energy Management and Monetary Cost Minimization
Description 2: Discusses the concept of energy management, the importance of HEM systems in reducing energy bills, different pricing schemes, and the environmental benefits of effective energy management.

Section 3: Optimization-Based Residential Energy Management (OREM)
Description 3: Describes an optimization-based residential energy management model aiming to minimize household electricity costs by scheduling home appliances.

Section 4: In-Home Energy Management (iHEM)
Description 4: Presents a real-time energy management scheme using smart appliances and communication protocols to coordinate energy usage within homes.

Section 5: Appliance Coordination (ACORD)
Description 5: Details an energy management scheme designed to shift consumer load to off-peak periods to benefit from Time of Use (ToU) pricing and reduce energy costs.

Section 6: Optimal and Automatic Residential Energy Consumption Scheduler
Description 6: Introduces an optimization scheme utilizing price predictions and energy scheduling to reduce peak-to-average ratio (PAR) in load demand.

Section 7: Appliance Coordination with Feed-In (ACORD-FI)
Description 7: Explains an energy management scheme that includes coordination of distributed energy resources (DER) and home appliances to reduce energy bills and greenhouse gas emissions.

Section 8: Optimum Load Management (OLM) Strategy
Description 8: Outlines an optimization strategy for residential load management, incorporating user interests and activity scheduling to minimize energy costs.

Section 9: Decision Support Tool (DsT)
Description 9: Describes a tool designed to help users make intelligent decisions about appliance operation and DER coordination to maximize consumer benefits and reduce energy bills.

Section 10: Sensors and Control System
Description 10: Discusses the role of sensors and control systems in future smart homes for local power generation, energy management, and diagnostics at a micro-level.

Section 11: Monitoring and Control Devices
Description 11: Explores the challenges and functionalities of monitoring and control devices that provide users with real-time consumption data and control interfaces for HEM systems.

Section 12: Intelligent Power Management Rostrum (IPMR)
Description 12: Details IPMR as the core of HEM systems, integrating data from sensors, external sources, and local environments to facilitate home automation and power management.

Section 13: Challenges for Smart Grid
Description 13: Identifies major challenges such as scalability, interdisciplinarity, and security and privacy issues that need to be addressed for the smart grid to function effectively.

Section 14: Conclusion
Description 14: Summarizes the overall benefits of HEM systems in smart grids, various HEM schemes discussed in the paper, and future prospects for developing more efficient and user-friendly HEM systems.