A Survey on IP Watermarking Techniques
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paper_title: Virtual simulation of distributed IP-based designs

paper_content:

One key issue in design flows based on reuse of third-party intellectual property (IP) components is the need to estimate the impact of component instantiation within complex designs. In this paper we introduce JavaCAD, an Internet-based EDA tool built on a secure client-server architecture that enables designers to perform simulation and cost estimation of circuits containing IP components without actually purchasing them. At the same time, the tool ensures intellectual property protection for the vendors of IP components, and for the IP-users as well. Moreover, JavaCAD supports negotiation of the amount of information and the accuracy of cost estimates, thereby providing seamless transition between IP evaluation and purchase.
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paper_title: Hardware/software IP protection

paper_content:

Design methodologies based on reuse of intellectual property (IP) components critically depend on techniques to protect IP ownership. IP protection is particularly challenging for hardware/software systems, where an IP core runs embedded software: both the software and the core are valuable IP that must be protected. We propose a new technique for protecting the IP of both processor cores and application software in hardware/software systems. Our approach is based on public-key cryptography and it has been implemented as a package in the JavaCAD distributed design and simulation environment [1].
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paper_title: Digital Watermarking

paper_content:

Digital watermarking is a key ingredient to copyright protection. It provides a solution to illegal copying of digital material and has many other useful applications such as broadcast monitoring and the recording of electronic transactions. Now, for the first time, there is a book that focuses exclusively on this exciting technology. Digital Watermarking covers the crucial research findings in the field: it explains the principles underlying digital watermarking technologies, describes the requirements that have given rise to them, and discusses the diverse ends to which these technologies are being applied. As a result, additional groundwork is laid for future developments in this field, helping the reader understand and anticipate new approaches and applications.
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paper_title: Information hiding—A survey

paper_content:

Information-hiding techniques have recently become important in a number of application areas. Digital audio, video, and pictures are increasingly furnished with distinguishing but imperceptible marks, which may contain a hidden copyright notice or serial number or even help to prevent unauthorized copying directly. Military communications systems make increasing use of traffic security techniques which, rather than merely concealing the content of a message using encryption, seek to conceal its sender, its receiver, or its very existence. Similar techniques are used in some mobile phone systems and schemes proposed for digital elections. Criminals try to use whatever traffic security properties are provided intentionally or otherwise in the available communications systems, and police forces try to restrict their use. However, many of the techniques proposed in this young and rapidly evolving field can trace their history back to antiquity, and many of them are surprisingly easy to circumvent. In this article, we try to give an overview of the field, of what we know, what works, what does not, and what are the interesting topics for research.
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paper_title: Watermarking schemes evaluation

paper_content:

In this article we have used a duality approach to the watermarking evaluation problem by splitting the evaluation criteria into two (independent) groups: functionality and assurance. The first group represents a set of requirements that can be verified using agreed series of tests; the second is a set of levels to which each functionality is evaluated. These levels go from zero or low to very high. We are investigating how evaluation profiles can be defined for different applications and how importance sampling techniques could be used to evaluate the false alarm rate in an automated way.
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paper_title: New Directions in Cryptography

paper_content:

Two kinds of contemporary developments in cryptography are examined. Widening applications of teleprocessing have given rise to a need for new types of cryptographic systems, which minimize the need for secure key distribution channels and supply the equivalent of a written signature. This paper suggests ways to solve these currently open problems. It also discusses how the theories of communication and computation are beginning to provide the tools to solve cryptographic problems of long standing.
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paper_title: Digital Watermarking

paper_content:

Digital watermarking is a key ingredient to copyright protection. It provides a solution to illegal copying of digital material and has many other useful applications such as broadcast monitoring and the recording of electronic transactions. Now, for the first time, there is a book that focuses exclusively on this exciting technology. Digital Watermarking covers the crucial research findings in the field: it explains the principles underlying digital watermarking technologies, describes the requirements that have given rise to them, and discusses the diverse ends to which these technologies are being applied. As a result, additional groundwork is laid for future developments in this field, helping the reader understand and anticipate new approaches and applications.
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paper_title: Attacks on Copyright Marking Systems

paper_content:

In the last few years, a large number of schemes have been proposed for hiding copyright marks and other information in digital pictures, video, audio and other multimedia objects. We describe some contenders that have appeared in the research literature and in the field; we then present a number of attacks that enable the information hidden by them to be removed or otherwise rendered unusable.
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paper_title: Watermarking schemes evaluation

paper_content:

In this article we have used a duality approach to the watermarking evaluation problem by splitting the evaluation criteria into two (independent) groups: functionality and assurance. The first group represents a set of requirements that can be verified using agreed series of tests; the second is a set of levels to which each functionality is evaluated. These levels go from zero or low to very high. We are investigating how evaluation profiles can be defined for different applications and how importance sampling techniques could be used to evaluate the false alarm rate in an automated way.
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paper_title: Digital Watermarking

paper_content:

Digital watermarking is a key ingredient to copyright protection. It provides a solution to illegal copying of digital material and has many other useful applications such as broadcast monitoring and the recording of electronic transactions. Now, for the first time, there is a book that focuses exclusively on this exciting technology. Digital Watermarking covers the crucial research findings in the field: it explains the principles underlying digital watermarking technologies, describes the requirements that have given rise to them, and discusses the diverse ends to which these technologies are being applied. As a result, additional groundwork is laid for future developments in this field, helping the reader understand and anticipate new approaches and applications.
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paper_title: Watermarking-based copyright protection of sequential functions

paper_content:

Watermarking is proposed as a means to protect intellectual property contents of electronic systems from copyright infringement. The technique consists of implanting indelible stamps in the circuit's inner structure, while not disrupting its functionality or degrading its performance. In this paper a novel method is proposed for the creation of watermarks in regular sequential functions operating on finite input/output sets. This is an important class of circuits, as it is the basis of most digital controllers. Algorithms are proposed for implanting and detecting watermarks so as to minimize implementation overhead for a specified level of robustness.
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paper_title: Watermarking for intellectual property protection

paper_content:

A new watermarking method for intellectual property (IP) protection is presented. The proposed method uses a uniquely generated stream of bits, known as a watermark, embedded into the self-test circuit to represent ownership. This scheme can detect the ownership rights of the IP provider even when the chip has been packaged. Experimental results show the proposed embedding technique can survive synthesis, placement and routing. The experimental results are given to demonstrate the proposed method.
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paper_title: IP protection of DSP algorithms for system on chip implementation

paper_content:

Silicon technology has now advanced to the point that there is a serious mismatch in the time taken to design advanced silicon-based systems and the time to market for any new product or product derivative. To obviate this delay, a new paradigm is emerging based on intellectual property (IP) exchange, where designers and differing companies share subsystems (virtual cores) between themselves to reduce design time to acceptable levels. To this end, over 150 companies including all the major players formed the Virtual Socket Interface Alliance in March 1997. The protection of IP has become a serious issue as intercompany subsystem design exchange becomes more commonplace. This paper presents new techniques to protect the IP of virtual cores that implement digital signal processing (DSP) algorithms. The approach involves embedding codewords into the design of fundamental signal processing algorithms such as digital filters and the DFT in such a way that proof of authorship can be retained, and, if required, easily identified. The techniques discussed can be adapted to protect other fundamental DSP algorithms such as convolution and correlation. The protection of IP via watermarking techniques is increasingly being applied at all levels of design. It is particularly advantageous if such techniques are applied at the highest abstraction levels in the design flow, and if such techniques are applied at basic algorithm level, they become very difficult to detect at lower levels of system design.
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paper_title: Watermarking-based copyright protection of sequential functions

paper_content:

Watermarking is proposed as a means to protect intellectual property contents of electronic systems from copyright infringement. The technique consists of implanting indelible stamps in the circuit's inner structure, while not disrupting its functionality or degrading its performance. In this paper a novel method is proposed for the creation of watermarks in regular sequential functions operating on finite input/output sets. This is an important class of circuits, as it is the basis of most digital controllers. Algorithms are proposed for implanting and detecting watermarks so as to minimize implementation overhead for a specified level of robustness.
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paper_title: Watermarking-based copyright protection of sequential functions

paper_content:

Watermarking is proposed as a means to protect intellectual property contents of electronic systems from copyright infringement. The technique consists of implanting indelible stamps in the circuit's inner structure, while not disrupting its functionality or degrading its performance. In this paper a novel method is proposed for the creation of watermarks in regular sequential functions operating on finite input/output sets. This is an important class of circuits, as it is the basis of most digital controllers. Algorithms are proposed for implanting and detecting watermarks so as to minimize implementation overhead for a specified level of robustness.
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paper_title: A practical manual on the Monte Carlo method for random walk problems

paper_content:

This report is written to serve as a guide to those persons who, having no previous experience with Monte Carlo methods, wish to apply these methods to their own problems. Particular emphasis is given to techniques which are useful in dealing with probIems concerned with the diffusion of particles (and gamma rays) in material media of some complexity, both from a geometrical and a nuclear standpoint. Included as an appendix are brief summaries of a variety of problems of the above-mentioned type to which the methods described have been applied successfully. (auth)
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paper_title: Watermarking integer linear programming solutions

paper_content:

Linear programming (LP) in its many forms has proven to be an indispensable tool for expressing and solving optimization problems in numerous domains. We propose the first set of generic watermarking techniques for integer-LP (ILP). The proof of authorship by watermarking is achieved by introducing additional constraints to limit the solution space and can be used as effective means of intellectual property protection (IPP) and authentication. We classify and analyze the types of constraints in the ILP watermarking domain and show how ILP formulations provide more degrees of freedom for embedding signatures than other existing approaches. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed ILP watermarking techniques, the generic discussion is further concretized using two examples, namely satisfiability and scheduling.
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paper_title: Watermarking techniques for intellectual property protection

paper_content:

Digital system designs are the product of valuable effort and know-how. Their embodiments, from software and HDL program down to device-level netlist and mask data, represent carefully guarded intellectual property (IP). Hence, design methodologies based on IP reuse require new mechanisms to protect the rights of IP producers and owners. This paper establishes principles of watermarking-based IP protection, where a watermark is a mechanism for identification that is (i) nearly invisible to human and machine inspection, (ii) difficult to remove, and (iii) permanently embedded as an integral part of the design. We survey related work in cryptography and design methodology, then develop desiderata, metrics and example approaches — centering on constraint-based techniques — for watermarking at various stages of the VLSI design process.
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paper_title: Cryptanalysis of UCLA watermarking schemes for intellectual property protection

paper_content:

We analyze four recently proposed watermarking schemes for intellectual property protection of digital designs. The first scheme watermarks solutions of a hard optimization problem, namely the graph coloring problem. The other three schemes belong to a family of techniques for watermarking digital circuits on programmable hardware. They are different from the usual image and audio watermarking since they must maintain correctness of the watermarked objects. Thus their watermarks cannot be embedded in the form of small errors as usually done in audio and visual watermarking. Although constraint-based watermarking schemes existed long before, these schemes are the first ones to protect hardware designs. In this paper, we apply a novel method to break the first of these schemes. We show how to modify a watermarked object in such a way that every signature strings can be extracted from it. Thus anyone can claim ownership of the object, yet leave no traces of who leaked the object. According to our best knowledge, this method is new and it may be of its own interest. In the remaining three schemes, we show how to locate and to remove the watermark embedded in the object, without knowing the secret key used in the embedding.
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paper_title: Effective iterative techniques for fingerprinting design IP

paper_content:

Fingerprinting is an approach that assigns a unique and invisible ID to each sold instance of the intellectual property (IP). One of the key advantages fingerprinting-based intellectual property protection (IPP) has over watermarking-based IPP is the enabling of tracing stolen hardware or software. Fingerprinting schemes have been widely and effectively used to achieve this goal; however, their application domain has been restricted only to static artifacts, such as image and audio, where distinct copies can be obtained easily. In this paper, we propose the first generic fingerprinting technique that can be applied to an arbitrary synthesis (optimization or decision) or compilation problem and, therefore to hardware and software IPs. The key problem with design IP fingerprinting is that there is a need to generate a large number of structurally unique but functionally and timing identical designs. To reduce the cost of generating such distinct copies, we apply iterative optimization in an incremental fashion to solve a fingerprinted instance. Therefore, we leverage on the optimization effort already spent in obtaining previous solutions, yet we generate a uniquely fingerprinted new solution. This generic approach is the basis for developing specific fingerprinting techniques for four important problems in VLSI CAD: partitioning, graph coloring, satisfiability, and standard-cell placement. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the new fingerprinting-based IPP techniques on a number of standard benchmarks.
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paper_title: Copy detection for intellectual property protection of VLSI designs

paper_content:

We give the first study of copy detection techniques for VLSI CAD applications; these techniques are complementary to previous watermarking-based IP protection methods in finding and proving improper use of design IP. After reviewing related literature (notably in the text processing domain), we propose a generic methodology for copy detection based on determining basic elements within structural representations of solutions (IPs), calculating (context-independent) signatures for such elements, and performing fast comparisons to identify potential violators of IP rights. We give example implementations of this methodology in the domains of scheduling, graph coloring and gate-level layout; experimental results show the effectiveness of our copy detection schemes as well as the low overhead of implementation. We remark on open research areas, notably the potentially deep and complementary interaction between watermarking and copy detection.
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paper_title: Techniques for intellectual property protection of DSP designs

paper_content:

Numerous watermarking-based techniques for intellectual property protection of DSP artifacts, such as images, compressed and uncompressed audio and video data, and text documents have been proposed. However, the applicability of all techniques proposed until now are limited to digital data and they either implicitly or explicitly exploit the imperfection of human perception to audio and video. We propose the first watermarking technique for protecting the intellectual property of DSP designs. The essence of the technique is the use of additional synthesis constraints to encode the authorship signature. The constraints are selected in such a way that they result in minimal hardware overhead while embedding the signature which is unique and difficult to detect and remove. The technique is applicable to all levels of design process, from the algorithm, system and behavioral synthesis to logic synthesis and physical design levels. The technique is illustrated on a set of DSP design examples on all levels of the design process.
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paper_title: Watermarking graph partitioning solutions

paper_content:

Trends in the semiconductor industry towards extensive design and code reuse motivate a need for adequate Intellectual Property Protection (IPP) schemes. We offer a new general IPP scheme called constraint-based watermarking and analyize it in the context of the graph partitioning problem. Graph partitioning is a critical optimization problem that has many applications, particularly in the semiconductor design process. Our IPP technique for graph partitioning watermarks solutions to graph partitioning problems so that they carry an author's signature. Our technique is transparent to the actual CAD tool which does the partitioning. Our technique produces solutions that have very low quality degradation levels, yet carry signatures that are convincingly unambiguous, extremely unlikely to be present by coincidence, and difficult to detect or remove without completely resolving the partitioning problem.
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paper_title: Robust IP watermarking methodologies for physical design

paper_content:

Increasingly popular reuse-based design paradigms create a pressing need for authorship enforcement techniques that protect the intellectual property rights of designers. We develop the first intellectual property protection protocols for embedding design watermarks at the physical design level. We demonstrate that these protocols are transparent with respect to existing industrial tools and design flows, and that they can embed watermarks into real-world industrial designs with very low implementation overhead (as measured by such standard metrics as wirelength, layout area, number of vias, routing congestion and CPU time). On several industrial test cases, we obtain extremely strong, tamper-resistant proofs of authorship for placement and routing solutions.
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paper_title: Constraint-based watermarking techniques for design IP protection

paper_content:

Digital system designs are the product of valuable effort and know-how. Their embodiments, from software and hardware description language program down to device-level netlist and mask data, represent carefully guarded intellectual property (IP). Hence, design methodologies based on IP reuse require new mechanisms to protect the rights of IP producers and owners. This paper establishes principles of watermarking-based IP protection, where a watermark is a mechanism for identification that is: (1) nearly invisible to human and machine inspection; (2) difficult to remove; and (3) permanently embedded as an integral part of the design. Watermarking addresses IP protection by tracing unauthorized reuse and making untraceable unauthorized reuse as difficult as recreating given pieces of IP from scratch. We survey related work in cryptography and design methodology, then develop desiderata, metrics, and concrete protocols for constraint-based watermarking at various stages of the very large scale integration (VLSI) design process. In particular, we propose a new preprocessing approach that embeds watermarks as constraints into the input of a black-box design tool and a new postprocessing approach that embeds watermarks as constraints into the output of a black-box design tool. To demonstrate that our protocols can be transparently integrated into existing design flows, we use a testbed of commercial tools for VLSI physical design and embed watermarks into real-world industrial designs. We show that the implementation overhead is low-both in terms of central processing unit time and such standard physical design metrics as wirelength, layout area, number of vias, and routing congestion. We empirically show that the placement and routing applications considered in our methods achieve strong proofs of authorship and are resistant to tampering and do not adversely influence timing.
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paper_title: Localized watermarking: methodology and application to template mapping

paper_content:

The semiconductor industry has adopted the intellectual property (IP) business model as a dominant system-on-chip development platform. Since copyright fraud has been recognized as the most devastating obstruction to this model, a number of techniques for IP protection have been introduced. Most of them rely on a selection of a global solution to an optimization problem according to a unique user-specific digital signature. Although such techniques may provide convincing proof of authorship with little hardware overhead, they fail to protect design partitions, do not provide an easy procedure for watermark detection, and are not capable of detecting the watermark when the design or its part is augmented in another larger design. Since these demands are of the highest interest for the IP business, we introduce localized watermarking as an IP protection technique which enables these features while satisfying the demand for low-cost and transparency. We have applied the new watermarking technology to template mapping, a behavioral synthesis task. This watermarking method has been tested on a set of real-life benchmarks where high likelihood of authorship has been achieved with negligible overhead in solution quality.
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paper_title: Fingerprinting Techniques for Field-Programmable Gate Array Intellectual Property Protection

paper_content:

As current computer-aided design (CAD) tool and very large scale integration technology capabilities create a new market of reusable digital designs, the economic viability of this new core-based design paradigm is pending on the development of techniques for intellectual property protection. This work presents the first technique that leverages the unique characteristics of field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) to protect commercial investment in intellectual property through fingerprinting. A hidden encrypted mark is embedded into the physical layout of a digital circuit when it is placed and routed onto the FPGA. This mark uniquely identifies both the circuit origin and original circuit recipient, yet is difficult to detect and/or remove, even via recipient collusion. While this approach imposes additional constraints on the backend CAD tools for circuit place and route, experiments indicate that the performance and area impacts are minimal.
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paper_title: IP protection for VLSI designs via watermarking of routes

paper_content:

Intellectual property protection (IPP) has become a major concern in today's CAD and ASIC/SOC industries. This paper presents a watermarking technique for IPP at the physical design level. We propose a method for embedding a watermark by modifying the number of vias or bends used to route the nets in a design. This technique is applicable to digital, analog and mixed-signal design, and has the ability to accommodate the noise tolerance and design intricacies of each.
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paper_title: Optimization-intensive watermarking techniques for decision problems

paper_content:

Recently, a number of watermarking-based intellectual property protection techniques have been proposed. Although they have been applied to different stages in the design process and have a great variety of technical and theoretical features, all of them share two common properties: 1) they are applied solely to optimization problems and 2) do not involve any optimization during the watermarking process. In this paper, we propose the first set of optimization-intensive watermarking techniques for decision problems. In particular, we demonstrate, by example of the Boolean satisfiability (SAT) problem, how one can select a subset of superimposed watermarking constraints so that the uniqueness of the signature and the likelihood of satisfying the satisfiability problem are simultaneously maximized. We have developed three SAT watermarking techniques: adding clauses, deleting literals, and push-out and pull-back. Each technique targets different types of signature-induced constraint superimposition on an instance of SAT problem. In addition to comprehensive experimental validation, we theoretically analyze the potentials and limitations of the proposed watermarking techniques. Furthermore, we analyze the three proposed optimization-intensive watermarking SAT techniques in terms of their suitability for copy detection.
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paper_title: Fair watermarking techniques

paper_content:

Many intellectual property protection (IPP) techniques have been proposed. Their primary objectives are providing convincible proof of authorship with least degradation of the quality of the intellectual property (IF), and achieving robustness against attacks. These are also well accepted as the most important criteria to evaluate different IPP techniques. The essence of such techniques is to limit the solution space by embedding signatures as constraints. One key issue that should be addressed but has not been discussed is the fairness of the techniques: what is the quality of the solution subspace for different signatures, that is, how large the solution subspace is (uniqueness), and how difficulty it is to get a solution from such subspace (hardness). In this paper we introduce fairness as one of the metrics for good IPP techniques and post the challenge problem. of how to design fair water-marking techniques. We claim that all fair techniques have to be instance-oriented and due to the complexity of the problem itself we propose an approach that utilizes the statistical information of the problem instance. We use the satisfiability (SAT) problem as an example to illustrate how fairness could be achieved. We make the observation that the unfairness of the previous watermarking techniques comes from the global embedding of the signature and propose fair watermarking techniques. We test the uniqueness and hardness on a model with full knowledge of the solution and real life benchmarks as well. The experimental results show fairness can be achieved.
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paper_title: Fingerprinting intellectual property using constraint-addition

paper_content:

Recently, intellectual property protection (IPP) techniques attracted a great deal of attention from semiconductor, system integration and software companies. A number of watermarking-based techniques have been proposed for IPP. One of the key limitations of watermarking is that it does not facilitate tracing of illegally resold intellectual property (IP). Fingerprinting resolves this problem by providing each customer with a unique instance of functionally identical IP. We propose a general technique which enables fingerprinting at all level of design process and is applicable to an arbitrary optimization step. In particular, we address the following fingerprinting problem: How to generate a large number of high quality solution for a given optimization problem by solving the initial problem only once. In addition we also discuss how to select a subset of k solutions from the pool of n solutions so that the solutions are maximally different. In order to make our discussion concrete we focus on a single NP-complete problem -- graph coloring. We test the new fingerprinting on a number of standard benchmarks. Interestingly, while on random graphs it is relatively difficult to produce a large number of solutions without nontrivial quality degradation, on all real-life compilation graphs we are able to generate millions of solution which are all optimal.
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paper_title: Robust FPGA intellectual property protection through multiple small watermarks

paper_content:

A number of researchers have proposed using digital marks to provide ownership identification for intellectual property. Many of these techniques share three specific weaknesses: complexity of copy detection, vulnerability to mark removal after revelation for ownership verification, and mark integrity issues due to partial mark removal. This paper presents a method for watermarking field programmable gate array (FPGA) intellectual property (IP) that achieves robustness by responding to these three weaknesses. The key technique involves using secure hash functions to generate and embed multiple small marks that are more detectable, verifiable, and secure than existing IP protection techniques.
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paper_title: Publicly detectable watermarking for intellectual property authentication in VLSI design

paper_content:

Highlighted with the newly released intellectual property (IP) protection white paper by VSI Alliance, the protection of virtual components or IPs in very large scale integration (VLSI) design has received a great deal of attention recently. Digital signature/watermark is one of the most promising solutions among the known protection mechanisms. It provides desirable proof of authorship without rendering the IP useless. However, it makes the watermark detection, which is as important as watermarking, an NP-hard problem. In fact, the tradeoff between hard-to-attack and easy-to-detect and the lack of efficient detection schemes are the major obstacles for digital signatures to thrive. In this paper, the authors propose a new watermarking method which allows the watermark to be publicly detected without losing its strength and security. The basic idea is to create a cryptographically strong pseudo-random watermark, embed it into the original problem as a special (which the authors call mutual exclusive) constraint, and make it public. The authors combine data-integrity technique and the unique characteristics in the design of VLSI IPs such that adversaries will not gain any advantage from the public watermarking for forgery. This new technique is compatible with the existing constraint-based watermarking/fingerprinting techniques. The resulting public-private watermark maintains the strength of a watermark and provides easy detectability with little design overhead. The authors build the mathematical framework for this approach based on the concept of mutual exclusive constraints. They use popular VLSI CAD problems, namely technology mapping, partitioning, graph coloring, FPGA design, and Boolean satisfiability, to demonstrate the public watermark's easy detectability, high credibility, low design overhead, and robustness.
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paper_title: Intellectual Property Protection Via Hierarchical Watermarking

paper_content:

Intellectual property copyrights are protected by means of patents and nondisclosure agreements. In many cases however copyright laws cannot be effectively enforced due to the difficulty of proving or even detecting infringement. This problem is addressed in the paper using a scheme known as watermarking. The method consists of implanting a semi-transparent unique signature in the circuit’s intrinsic structure, without disrupting its functionality. A formalization of the watermarking problem is presented in the context of hierarchical IC design. Algorithms are proposed for implanting and detecting watermarks. The concepts of robustness against forgery and theft tracking are analyzed and examples are presented to show the feasibility of the approach.
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paper_title: Watermarking layout topologies

paper_content:

Watermarking is a technique currently being developed to effectively protect intellectual property of various types. In this paper a formalization of the watermarking problem is presented in the context of IC physical design. A class of algorithms is proposed for implanting arbitrary codes in the inherent structure of layout topologies. Similarly, a method is given to reconstruct the original watermark for a given design. The concepts of robustness against forgery and theft tracking are analyzed in light of the proposed algorithms. Examples show the suitability of the approach.
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paper_title: Hierarchical watermarking in IC design

paper_content:

A formalization of the watermarking problem is presented and basic algorithms for its generation and detection at several abstraction levels are proposed. The concepts of robustness against forgery and theft tracing are analyzed in light of the proposed algorithms.
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paper_title: Hierarchical watermarking in IC design

paper_content:

A formalization of the watermarking problem is presented and basic algorithms for its generation and detection at several abstraction levels are proposed. The concepts of robustness against forgery and theft tracing are analyzed in light of the proposed algorithms.
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Title: A Survey on IP Watermarking Techniques

Section 1: Introduction
Description 1: Introduce the need for IP watermarking, the risks associated with IP sharing, and the document’s structure.

Section 2: Digital Watermarking
Description 2: Provide an overview of digital watermarking, its historical context, and basic concepts including Steganography and different models of watermarking.

Section 3: IP Watermarking Evaluation Criteria
Description 3: Describe the specific criteria used to evaluate IP watermarking techniques, including algorithm secrecy, reliability, design functionality impact, and others.

Section 4: Detection and Tracking
Description 4: Discuss the importance of tracking and detecting watermarks post-insertion, and describe mechanisms for doing so.

Section 5: Attacks Analysis
Description 5: Analyze various classes of attacks on digital watermarking such as unauthorized removal, embedding, detection, and system attacks.

Section 6: Masking and Removal Attacks
Description 6: Explain the nature and categorization of masking and removal attacks, and their implications for IP watermarking schemes.

Section 7: Probability of Coincidence
Description 7: Discuss the concept and calculation of the probability of coincidence as it relates to IP watermarking authenticity and robustness.

Section 8: Embedding Attacks (Forging)
Description 8: Explore embedding attacks where an intruder embeds a new watermark, and potential solutions including secure third-party involvement.

Section 9: IP Watermarking: State-of-the-Art
Description 9: Provide an overview of the current state-of-the-art IP watermarking techniques, including their classification, advantages, and disadvantages.

Section 10: Test Sequence Watermarking
Description 10: Detail a specific IP watermarking technique using random test sequences to secure IPs.

Section 11: Digital Signal Processing Watermarking
Description 11: Discuss the watermarking of DSP algorithms and architectures as a method of embedding IP watermarking.

Section 12: Watermarking Finite State Machines
Description 12: Explain different techniques used to watermark sequential design parts like FSMs, including methods by Torunoglu and Oliveira.

Section 13: Static Watermarking Techniques: Constraint-Based IP Watermarking
Description 13: Introduce constraint-based IP watermarking, detailing how constraints are added to optimize and protect designs.

Section 14: Hierarchical Watermarking
Description 14: Describe the concept of hierarchical watermarking, where multiple watermarks are used at different abstraction levels for increased security.

Section 15: Conclusions
Description 15: Summarize the survey, emphasizing the need for robust IP watermarking techniques and future research directions.