Quantum Key Distribution Protocols: A Review
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paper_title: Quantum cryptography based on Bell’s theorem

paper_content:

Practical application of the generalized Bells theorem in the so-called key distribution process in cryptography is reported. The proposed scheme is based on the Bohms version of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen gedanken experiment and Bells theorem is used to test for eavesdropping. © 1991 The American Physical Society.
---
paper_title: Quantum cryptography based on Bell’s theorem

paper_content:

Practical application of the generalized Bells theorem in the so-called key distribution process in cryptography is reported. The proposed scheme is based on the Bohms version of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen gedanken experiment and Bells theorem is used to test for eavesdropping. © 1991 The American Physical Society.
---
paper_title: Secret-Key Reconciliation by Public Discussion

paper_content:

Assuming that Alice and Bob use a secret noisy channel (modelled by a binary symmetric channel) to send a key, reconciliation is the process of correcting errors between Alice's and Bob's version of the key. This is done by public discussion, which leaks some information about the secret key to an eavesdropper. We show how to construct protocols that leak a minimum amount of information. However this construction cannot be implemented efficiently. If Alice and Bob are willing to reveal an arbitrarily small amount of additional information (beyond the minimum) then they can implement polynomial-time protocols. We also present a more efficient protocol, which leaks an amount of information acceptably close to the minimum possible for sufficiently reliable secret channels (those with probability of any symbol being transmitted incorrectly as large as 15%). This work improves on earlier reconciliation approaches [R, BBR, BBBSS].
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paper_title: Quantum key distribution system clocked at 2 GHz

paper_content:

An improved quantum key distribution test system operating at clock rates of up to 2GHz using a specially adapted commercially-available silicon single-photon counting module is presented. The use of an enhanced detector has improved the fiber-based quantum key distribution test system performance in terms of transmission distance and quantum bit error rate.
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paper_title: Quantum cryptography protocols robust against photon number splitting attacks

paper_content:

We introduce a new class of quantum key distribution protocols, tailored to be robust against photon number splitting (PNS) attacks. We study one of these protocols, which differs from the original protocol by Bennett and Brassard (BB84) only in the classical sifting procedure. This protocol is provably better than BB84 against PNS attacks at zero error.
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paper_title: Quantum cryptography based on Bell’s theorem

paper_content:

Practical application of the generalized Bells theorem in the so-called key distribution process in cryptography is reported. The proposed scheme is based on the Bohms version of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen gedanken experiment and Bells theorem is used to test for eavesdropping. © 1991 The American Physical Society.
---
paper_title: Quantum Cryptography

paper_content:

Quantum cryptography could well be the first application of quantum mechanics at the individual quanta level. The very fast progress in both theory and experiments over the recent years are reviewed, with emphasis on open questions and technological issues.
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paper_title: Towards practical and fast Quantum Cryptography

paper_content:

We present a new protocol for practical quantum cryptography, tailored for an implementation with weak coherent pulses. The key is obtained by a very simple time-of-arrival measurement on the data line; an interferometer is built on an additional monitoring line, allowing to monitor the presence of a spy (who would break coherence by her intervention). Against zero-error attacks (the analog of photon-number-splitting attacks), this protocol performs as well as standard protocols with strong reference pulses: the key rate decreases only as the transmission $t$ of the quantum channel. We present also two attacks that introduce errors on the monitoring line: the intercept-resend, and a coherent attack on two subsequent pulses. Finally, we sketch several possible variations of this protocol.
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paper_title: Differential-phase-shift quantum key distribution using coherent light

paper_content:

Differential-phase-shift quantum key distribution based on two nonorthogonal states is described. A weak coherent pulse train is sent from Alice to Bob, in which the phase of each pulse is randomly modulated by {l_brace}0,{pi}{r_brace}. Bob measures the differential phase by a one-bit delay circuit. The system has a simple configuration without the need for an interferometer and a bright reference pulse in Alice's site, unlike the conventional QKD system based on two nonorthogonal states, and has an advantage of improved communication efficiency. The principle of the operation is successfully demonstrated in experiments.
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paper_title: High error-rate quantum key distribution for long-distance communication

paper_content:

In the original BB84 protocol by Bennett and Brassard, an eavesdropper is detected because his attempts to intercept information result in a quantum bit error rate (QBER) of at least 25%. Here we design an alternative quantum key distribution protocol, where Alice and Bob use two mutually unbiased bases with one of them encoding a '0' and the other one encoding a '1'. The security of the scheme is due to a minimum index transmission error rate (ITER) introduced by an eavesdropper that increases significantly for higher-dimensional photon states. This allows for more noise in the transmission line, thereby increasing the possible distance between Alice and Bob without the need for intermediate nodes.
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paper_title: Quantum Key Distribution From A Random Seed

paper_content:

It is designed a new quantum cryptography protocol that generates various secret and secure keys of the same size of the transmitted qubits, implying zero information losses between the interlocutors. Besides, generates key swapping between the two recipients of photons, without even sharing a past between them. This protocol differs from BB84 just in the classic procedures, using a random seed and asymmetric cryptography.
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paper_title: Quantum Key Distribution Protocol with Private-Public Key

paper_content:

A quantum cryptographic protocol based in public key cryptography combinations and private key cryptography is presented. Unlike the BB84 protocol [1] and its many variants [2,3] two quantum channels are used. The present research does not make reconciliation mechanisms of information to derive the key. A three related system of key distribution are described.
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paper_title: Quantum Key Distribution From A Random Seed

paper_content:

It is designed a new quantum cryptography protocol that generates various secret and secure keys of the same size of the transmitted qubits, implying zero information losses between the interlocutors. Besides, generates key swapping between the two recipients of photons, without even sharing a past between them. This protocol differs from BB84 just in the classic procedures, using a random seed and asymmetric cryptography.
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Title: Quantum Key Distribution Protocols: A Review

Section 1: INTRODUCTION
Description 1: Write about the basic principles and background of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), including an overview of the BB84 protocol and its significance. Mention different protocols and their security aspects.

Section 2: QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY
Description 2: Explain the concept of quantum cryptography and its importance in information security. Discuss how quantum mechanics is utilized to secure communications, focusing on Quantum Key Distribution (QKD).

Section 3: The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
Description 3: Discuss how the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle is applied to QKD and cryptographic systems. Highlight its role in preventing eavesdropping.

Section 4: Quantum Entanglement
Description 4: Describe the principle of quantum entanglement and its application in QKD. Explain how entangled particles can be used for secure communication.

Section 5: QKD Protocols Using Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principles
Description 5: Provide detailed descriptions of various QKD protocols that are based on the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. Include sub-sections on specific protocols such as BB84, BB92, SARG04, and the Six-State protocol (SSP).

Section 6: QKD Protocols Using Quantum Entanglement
Description 6: Identify and explain QKD protocols that leverage quantum entanglement. Describe protocols such as the E91 protocol, COW protocol, and DPS protocol.

Section 7: Other Protocols
Description 7: Discuss other noteworthy QKD protocols that do not fall strictly under the previously mentioned principles. Include protocols like KMB09, S09, and S13.

Section 8: Observation
Description 8: Provide an observation table summarizing all the discussed QKD protocols, including their applications and other relevant details such as publication year and authors.

Section 9: Conclusions
Description 9: Summarize the key points of the paper, emphasizing the security advantages of QKD protocols and their potential applications in high-security environments.