A survey of smart grid architectures, applications, benefits and standardization
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paper_title: Cognitive Radio for Smart Grids: Survey of Architectures, Spectrum Sensing Mechanisms, and Networking Protocols

paper_content:

Traditional power grids are currently being transformed into smart grids (SGs). SGs feature multi-way communication among energy generation, transmission, distribution, and usage facilities. The reliable, efficient, and intelligent management of complex power systems requires integration of high-speed, reliable, and secure data information and communication technology into the SGs to monitor and regulate power generation and usage. Despite several challenges, such as trade-offs between wireless coverage and capacity as well as limited spectral resources in SGs, wireless communication is a promising SG communications technology. Cognitive radio networks (CRNs) in particular are highly promising for providing timely SG wireless communications by utilizing all available spectrum resources. We provide in this paper a comprehensive survey on the CRN communication paradigm in SGs, including the system architecture, communication network compositions, applications, and CR-based communication technologies. We highlight potential applications of CR-based SG systems. We survey CR-based spectrum sensing approaches with their major classifications. We also provide a survey on CR-based routing and MAC protocols, and describe interference mitigation schemes. We furthermore present open issues and research challenges faced by CR-based SG networks along with future directions.
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paper_title: A Survey on Demand Response in Smart Grids: Mathematical Models and Approaches

paper_content:

The smart grid is widely considered to be the informationization of the power grid. As an essential characteristic of the smart grid, demand response can reschedule the users' energy consumption to reduce the operating expense from expensive generators, and further to defer the capacity addition in the long run. This survey comprehensively explores four major aspects: 1) programs; 2) issues; 3) approaches; and 4) future extensions of demand response. Specifically, we first introduce the means/tariffs that the power utility takes to incentivize users to reschedule their energy usage patterns. Then we survey the existing mathematical models and problems in the previous and current literatures, followed by the state-of-the-art approaches and solutions to address these issues. Finally, based on the above overview, we also outline the potential challenges and future research directions in the context of demand response.
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paper_title: Survey of Smart Grid standardization studies and recommendations — Part 2

paper_content:

Several standardization efforts for Smart Grids in US and Europe are currently gaining momentum. Even if there are different focuses in US and Europe on what is known as the smart grid, all agree on the fact, that standardization is a key issue for a proper technical interoperability [4]. Hence, a lot of studies and roadmaps pick standardization in the context of smart grids out as a central theme. The various approaches are concentrating on different core areas, depending on the circumstances in which they were elaborated. However, no overview aligning these approaches exists. This contribution takes up on a previous paper [35] where relevant approaches were described. In the meantime, new approaches from different countries and initiatives have come up which are shortly described in this addendum to part1.
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paper_title: Survey of Smart Grid Standardization Studies and Recommendations

paper_content:

Currently, several smart grid efforts in US and Europe are gaining momentum. Even if there are different focuses in US and Europe on what is known as the smart grid, all agree on the fact, that standardization is a key issue. Hence, a lot of studies and roadmaps pick standardization in the context of smart grids out as a central theme. The various approaches are concentrating on different core areas, depending on the circumstances in which they were elaborated. However, no overview aligning these approaches exists. This contribution takes all relevant approaches up to now into account, which give concrete recommendations for smart grid standards. The approaches will be aligned, and a set of core standards will be identified to point out the most important fields for future research and development. Furthermore, the IEC TC 57 Seamless Integration Architecture SIA will be introduced and extended by future standards, which were identified as core standards and existing work not yet included in the SIA.
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paper_title: Managing Electric Vehicles in the Smart Grid Using Artificial Intelligence: A Survey

paper_content:

Along with the development of smart grids, the wide adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is seen as a catalyst to the reduction of $\hbox{CO}_{2} $ emissions and more intelligent transportation systems. In particular, EVs augment the grid with the ability to store energy at some points in the network and give it back at others and, therefore, help optimize the use of energy from intermittent renewable energy sources and let users refill their cars in a variety of locations. However, a number of challenges need to be addressed if such benefits are to be achieved. On the one hand, given their limited range and costs involved in charging EV batteries, it is important to design algorithms that will minimize costs and, at the same time, avoid users being stranded. On the other hand, collectives of EVs need to be organized in such a way as to avoid peaks on the grid that may result in high electricity prices and overload local distribution grids. In order to meet such challenges, a number of technological solutions have been proposed. In this paper, we focus on those that utilize artificial intelligence techniques to render EVs and the systems that manage collectives of EVs smarter. In particular, we provide a survey of the literature and identify the commonalities and key differences in the approaches. This allows us to develop a classification of key techniques and benchmarks that can be used to advance the state of the art in this space.
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paper_title: A Survey on Smart Grid Potential Applications and Communication Requirements

paper_content:

Information and communication technologies (ICT) represent a fundamental element in the growth and performance of smart grids. A sophisticated, reliable and fast communication infrastructure is, in fact, necessary for the connection among the huge amount of distributed elements, such as generators, substations, energy storage systems and users, enabling a real time exchange of data and information necessary for the management of the system and for ensuring improvements in terms of efficiency, reliability, flexibility and investment return for all those involved in a smart grid: producers, operators and customers. This paper overviews the issues related to the smart grid architecture from the perspective of potential applications and the communications requirements needed for ensuring performance, flexible operation, reliability and economics.
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paper_title: Cellular Communications for Smart Grid Neighborhood Area Networks: A Survey

paper_content:

This paper surveys the literature related to the evolution of cellular communications as a key enabling technology for fundamental operations of smart grid neighborhood area networks (NANs). The latest releases of the LTE standard, representing the recent advancements in cellular technology, offer significant benefits to the modernization of the aging power distribution grid compared with other communication technologies. However, since LTE was not originally designed for smart grid applications, important challenges remain unsolved before it can efficiently support advanced NAN functionalities. This survey identifies the limitations of LTE and provides a comprehensive review of the most relevant proposed architectural and protocol enhancements for the communication infrastructure associated with smart grid NANs that can be found in the literature to date. As device-to-device (D2D) communications in LTE standards are a promising technology for reducing delay and boost reliability, this paper dwells on the potential gains that can be achieved by enabling direct communication using cellular networks, and also discusses in detail LTE-D2D applicability in representative NAN use cases in the power distribution grid. We conclude by stating open issues and providing research directions for future research in the field. This paper constitutes the first comprehensive survey of proposed LTE-enhancement and D2D solutions for smart grid NANs.
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paper_title: Smart Transmission Grid: Vision and Framework

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A modern power grid needs to become smarter in order to provide an affordable, reliable, and sustainable supply of electricity. For these reasons, considerable activity has been carried out in the United States and Europe to formulate and promote a vision for the development of future smart power grids. However, the majority of these activities emphasized only the distribution grid and demand side leaving the big picture of the transmission grid in the context of smart grids unclear. This paper presents a unique vision for the future of smart transmission grids in which their major features are identified. In this vision, each smart transmission grid is regarded as an integrated system that functionally consists of three interactive, smart components, i.e., smart control centers, smart transmission networks, and smart substations. The features and functions of each of the three functional components, as well as the enabling technologies to achieve these features and functions, are discussed in detail in the paper.
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paper_title: A proposed communications infrastructure for the smart grid

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This paper explores and fortifies the need for a robust communications infrastructure for the upcoming smart grid and computes the bandwidth requirement for a hypothetical grid infrastructure. It presents the architecture of the current distribution system and shows that even for a medium-sized grid, the latency requirements of messages on the smart grid will require optical fibers as the transmission medium.
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paper_title: Smart Grid — The New and Improved Power Grid: A Survey

paper_content:

The Smart Grid, regarded as the next generation power grid, uses two-way flows of electricity and information to create a widely distributed automated energy delivery network. In this article, we survey the literature till 2011 on the enabling technologies for the Smart Grid. We explore three major systems, namely the smart infrastructure system, the smart management system, and the smart protection system. We also propose possible future directions in each system. colorred{Specifically, for the smart infrastructure system, we explore the smart energy subsystem, the smart information subsystem, and the smart communication subsystem.} For the smart management system, we explore various management objectives, such as improving energy efficiency, profiling demand, maximizing utility, reducing cost, and controlling emission. We also explore various management methods to achieve these objectives. For the smart protection system, we explore various failure protection mechanisms which improve the reliability of the Smart Grid, and explore the security and privacy issues in the Smart Grid.
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paper_title: Cloud Computing Applications for Smart Grid: A Survey

paper_content:

The fast-paced development of power systems necessitates smart grids to facilitate real-time control and monitoring with bidirectional communication and electricity flows. Future smart grids are expected to have reliable, efficient, secured, and cost-effective power management with the implementation of distributed architecture. To focus on these requirements, we provide a comprehensive survey on different cloud computing applications for the smart grid architecture, in three different areas— energy management , information management , and security . In these areas, the utility of cloud computing applications is discussed, while giving directions on future opportunities for the development of the smart grid. We also highlight different challenges existing in the conventional smart grid (without cloud application) that can be overcome using cloud. In this survey, we present a synthesized overview of the current state of research on smart grid development. We also identify the current research problems in the areas of cloud-based energy management, information management, and security in smart grid.
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paper_title: Energy-Efficient Information and Communication Infrastructures in the Smart Grid: A Survey on Interactions and Open Issues

paper_content:

Smart grid has modernized the way electricity is generated, transported, distributed, and consumed by integrating advanced sensing, communications, and control in the day-to-day operation of the grid. Electricity is a core utility for the functioning of society and for the services provided by information and communication technologies (ICTs). Several concepts of the smart grid, such as dynamic pricing, distributed generation, and demand management, have significantly impacted the operation of ICT services, in particular, communication networks and data centers. Ongoing energy-efficiency and operational expenditures reduction efforts in communication networks and data centers have gained another dimension with those smart grid concepts. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey on the smart grid-driven approaches in energy-efficient communications and data centers, and the interaction between smart grid and information and communication infrastructures. Although the studies on smart grid, energy-efficient communications, and green data centers have been separately surveyed in previous studies, to this end, research that falls in the intersection of those fields has not been properly classified and surveyed yet. We start our survey by providing background information on the smart grid and continue with surveying smart grid-driven approaches in energy-efficient communication systems, followed by energy, cost and emission minimizing approaches in data centers, and the corresponding cloud network infrastructure. We discuss the open issues in smart grid-driven approaches in ICTs and point some important research directions such as the distributed renewable energy generation capability-coupled communication infrastructures, optimum energy-efficient network design for the smart grid environment, the impact of green communication techniques on the reliability and latency requirements of smart grid data, workload consolidation with smart grid-awareness, and many more.
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paper_title: How green is the smart grid

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A simulation of the U.S. power system suggests that both conservative and more technologically aggressive implementations of a smart grid would produce a significant reduction in power sector carbon emissions at the national level. A conservative approach could reduce annual CO2 emissions by 5 percent by 2030, while the more aggressive approach could lead to a reduction of nearly 16 percent by 2030.
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paper_title: Power to the People!: European Perspectives on the Future of Electric Distribution

paper_content:

Implementing smart grids is central to the transition to a low-carbon economy, and DSOs are key players in this transition. A far-reaching change-one could say a revolution-in power systems is indeed ongoing; designing and implementing smart grids is not an option but an absolute necessity. If we do not do it, or if we do it too slowly, we will face major problems. To prepare, European DSOs are massively investing in R&D and demonstration projects in cooperation with the information communications technology (ICT) industry, acquiring the knowledge and skills needed to adapt and lead. Smart grids have the potential to benefit the whole value chain, but the market model must be defined. Whatever the preferred model, DSOs will have a key role to play as market enablers. DSOs will be responsible for setting up the playing field for retailers and aggregators so that it works for the benefit of customers. DSOs will increasingly act as local system operators. Well-organized active distribution system management will make it possible to reduce the investments needed to host renewable energy sources and electric vehicle charging stations and will guarantee security and quality of supply. Enhancing the “smartness” of distribution grids is not free of charge. It will require significant capex on the DSO side, while the benefits from those investments will accrue throughout the entire value chain. The development of business models, with the strong support of policy makers and regulators, is necessary to ensure that all parties share the risks, costs, and benefits of smart grids. Bringing smart grids from vision to reality will only happen if smart regulation is introduced. Last but not least, a key objective of European DSOs is to make sure that the new solutions that will be implemented are designed to benefit all customers.
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paper_title: Communication infrastructure of smart grid

paper_content:

Information communication technology (ICT) enabling energy efficiency has been considered as the fastest way to reduce carbon CO 2 generation, while replacement energy may take decades to deploy. We start observations of electricity flow in the power grid and suggest a distributed optimization of electricity usage under a hierarchical structure and propose possible direction to facilitate the communication infrastructure of smart grid.
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paper_title: A Survey on Smart Grid Potential Applications and Communication Requirements

paper_content:

Information and communication technologies (ICT) represent a fundamental element in the growth and performance of smart grids. A sophisticated, reliable and fast communication infrastructure is, in fact, necessary for the connection among the huge amount of distributed elements, such as generators, substations, energy storage systems and users, enabling a real time exchange of data and information necessary for the management of the system and for ensuring improvements in terms of efficiency, reliability, flexibility and investment return for all those involved in a smart grid: producers, operators and customers. This paper overviews the issues related to the smart grid architecture from the perspective of potential applications and the communications requirements needed for ensuring performance, flexible operation, reliability and economics.
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paper_title: A novel Zigbee based pilot protection scheme for smart distribution grid

paper_content:

Protective relays have become a vital component in power grids due to their multi functionality and crucial role in protecting the distribution network. Usually, a two terminal line could use a pair of protective relays to deliver a fast response when a fault is detected. In this paper an IEEE 802.15.4 Zigbee based wide area smart grid communication network has been developed and a proposed Demand Based Priority Queuing technique is used to provide reliable and high speed delivery of the pilot protection signals. A test bed model was developed to test the communication model feasibility. For high speed machine to machine communication between protection relays, the IEC 61850-90-5 based Generic Object Oriented Event (GOOSE) protocol has been considered. Simulation was carried out utilising Castalia and test bed experiments were conducted using a network of CC2530 chips (Zigbee protocol stack). The results demonstrate that the proposed communication model can operate within guaranteed delay bounds for the pilot signals.
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paper_title: Smart Grid — The New and Improved Power Grid: A Survey

paper_content:

The Smart Grid, regarded as the next generation power grid, uses two-way flows of electricity and information to create a widely distributed automated energy delivery network. In this article, we survey the literature till 2011 on the enabling technologies for the Smart Grid. We explore three major systems, namely the smart infrastructure system, the smart management system, and the smart protection system. We also propose possible future directions in each system. colorred{Specifically, for the smart infrastructure system, we explore the smart energy subsystem, the smart information subsystem, and the smart communication subsystem.} For the smart management system, we explore various management objectives, such as improving energy efficiency, profiling demand, maximizing utility, reducing cost, and controlling emission. We also explore various management methods to achieve these objectives. For the smart protection system, we explore various failure protection mechanisms which improve the reliability of the Smart Grid, and explore the security and privacy issues in the Smart Grid.
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paper_title: Multigate Communication Network for Smart Grid

paper_content:

It is envisioned that one of the most important issues in smart grid will be to design a network architecture that is capable of providing secure and reliable two-way communication from meters to other Smart Grid domains. While networking technologies and systems have been greatly enhanced, in wireless communication environments the smart grid faces new challenges in terms of reliability and efficiency. In this paper we present a multigate mesh network architecture to handle real-time traffic for the last mile communication. The paper consists of three parts; multigate routing, real-time traffic scheduling, and multichannel (MC) aided wireless mesh routing. The multigate routing is based on a flexible mesh network architecture that expands on the hybrid tree routing of the IEEE 802.11s. The network is specifically designed to operate in a multi gateway structure in order to meet the smart grid requirements in terms of reliability, self-healing, and throughput performance. This includes developing a timer-based multiple-path diversity scheme that takes advantage of the multi gateway network structure. With respect to packet scheduling, we introduce a novel and efficient scheme that is capable of balancing the traffic load among multiple gateways. The proposed scheme, which is based on the backpressure concept due to its simplicity, is suitable for practical implementation. We also present an MC aided wireless mesh routing protocol which is specifically designed for multigate smart grid networks. The results indicate that a combination of multipath routing and the backpressure-based packet-scheduling scheme can show a significant improvement in the network reliability, latency, and throughput performance. We also show an improvement in the order of magnitude can be achieved via the proposed multichannel aided routing protocol.
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paper_title: Enabling Smart Grid via TV White Space Cognitive Radio

paper_content:

The attractive characteristics of the TV White Space makes it the ideal candidate for enabling multiple and independently-operated secondary networks via Cognitive Radio paradigm. However, so far, there are no regulatory requirements for the coexistence among heterogenous secondary networks over TVWS. Hence, their mutual interference can be very severe. This issue is even more crucial in urban Smart Grid scenarios, where the latency and energy requirements are very tight and multiple Neighborhood Area Networks (NANs) are likely to be located within the same geographical area. Hence, in this paper, the problem of the interference among multiple NANs is addressed with the objective to maximize the achievable data rate. To this aim, the Gateway senses the TVWS channel declared available from incumbents by the WSDB to discover the presence of an interfering NAN. If the sensing declares the TVWS channel as idle, the Gateway can transmit over such a channel. Otherwise, the Gateway uses the ISM channel. Within the paper, the choice of the sensing duration maximizing the achievable data rate at the Gateway, by explicitly accounting for the accuracy/overhead trade-off and the co-located NANs traffic patterns, is addressed. Numerical results validate the theoretical analysis.
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paper_title: Improving IEEE 802.11s Wireless Mesh Networks for Reliable Routing in the Smart Grid Infrastructure

paper_content:

Smart grid environments require high standard of reliable transmission technologies to support various types of electrical services and applications. This paper recommends the utilization of IEEE 802.11s based Wireless LAN Mesh Networks as the high-speed backbone networks for smart grid infrastructure. 802.11s based mesh networks can provide high scalability and flexibility, along with low installation and management costs. We also describe some challenging issues of the IEEE 802.11s WLAN mesh based smart grid networks, and propose two novel methods for improving their routing reliability. A simulation study using the ns-3 was conducted to evaluate an important problem in the current mesh networks and prove the superiority of our proposed scheme.
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paper_title: Survey of Smart Grid standardization studies and recommendations — Part 2

paper_content:

Several standardization efforts for Smart Grids in US and Europe are currently gaining momentum. Even if there are different focuses in US and Europe on what is known as the smart grid, all agree on the fact, that standardization is a key issue for a proper technical interoperability [4]. Hence, a lot of studies and roadmaps pick standardization in the context of smart grids out as a central theme. The various approaches are concentrating on different core areas, depending on the circumstances in which they were elaborated. However, no overview aligning these approaches exists. This contribution takes up on a previous paper [35] where relevant approaches were described. In the meantime, new approaches from different countries and initiatives have come up which are shortly described in this addendum to part1.
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paper_title: Survey of Smart Grid Standardization Studies and Recommendations

paper_content:

Currently, several smart grid efforts in US and Europe are gaining momentum. Even if there are different focuses in US and Europe on what is known as the smart grid, all agree on the fact, that standardization is a key issue. Hence, a lot of studies and roadmaps pick standardization in the context of smart grids out as a central theme. The various approaches are concentrating on different core areas, depending on the circumstances in which they were elaborated. However, no overview aligning these approaches exists. This contribution takes all relevant approaches up to now into account, which give concrete recommendations for smart grid standards. The approaches will be aligned, and a set of core standards will be identified to point out the most important fields for future research and development. Furthermore, the IEC TC 57 Seamless Integration Architecture SIA will be introduced and extended by future standards, which were identified as core standards and existing work not yet included in the SIA.
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paper_title: Researches on information framework of Smart Distribution Grid

paper_content:

In the last few years, researches on smart grid have been carried out extensively. As an important part of smart grid, intelligent distribution grid is being paid more and more attention by institutions. The researchers have gradually built the consensus that the informationization of intelligent distribution grid should be based on the information integration framework. To carry out information integration in the distribution grid, two basic problems have to be solved:modeling and coding. As to modeling, IEC recommends taking IEC 61970 and IEC 61968 as reference model standards. Neither the traditional point-to-point integration nor the traditional-middleware-based integration is able to satisfy the needs of the development of the intelligent distribution grid in the future. At present, adopting enterprise service bus and customing messages based on IEC 61968 are the mainstream ways to integrate information in the application in the distribution grid. Above all, the information integration of the intelligent distribution grid should be carried out on the basis of unified model and unified code. Currently, the mainstream strategy to integrate information in the distribution grid is to build a loosely-coupled, scalable and interactive information integration platform.
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paper_title: Utilizing standarDS-based semantic services for modeling novel Smart Grid supervision and remote control frameworks

paper_content:

Smart Grids accelerated evolution has introduced numerous approaches for solving issues such as increased electricity demand, large scale integration of distributed energy resources and power market deregulation. All these approaches have a common aim of coexisting in multi-vendor environment of the Smart Grid. To provide a solution for integrating diverse stakeholders in the Smart Grid, it is required to utilize well accepted industrial automation standards which will enable seamless integration of new systems and maintain backward compatibility with legacy systems. As a result of analysis, IEC 61850 and IEC 61970 have been recognized as fundamental industrial standards for successful Smart Grid deployment. This article shows how combined usage of IEC 61850 and IEC 61970 provides prerequisites for modeling unified Smart Grid ontology and constitutes deployment groundwork for standards-based semantic services. By using service-oriented and event-driven architecture design principles, a novel approach for modeling Smart Grid supervision and remote control frameworks has been presented.
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paper_title: Semantic-Based Enhancement of ISO/IEC 14543-3 EIB/KNX Standard for Building Automation

paper_content:

Current technologies for Home and Building Automation (HBA) basically require an explicit interaction with the user and allow a static set of operational scenarios defined during system implementation. On the contrary, novel HBA solutions should enable so-called ambient intelligence, deriving from a flexible and automatic control of appliances and subsystems dipped into an environment. To this aim, this paper proposes backward-compatible enhancements to one of the most widespread domotic standards, i.e., EIB/KNX ISO/IEC 14543-3, able to support advanced, knowledge-based and context-aware functionalities, grounded on the semantic annotation of both user profiles and device capabilities. Such an approach enables novel resource discovery, matchmaking, and decision support features in HBA. Main benefits are in: (i) determining the most suitable services/functionalities according to implicit and explicit user needs and (ii) allowing device-driven interaction for autonomous adaptation of the environment to context modification. A case study is presented to better clarify the proposed framework also highlighting main characteristics, while performance evaluation is provided to assess its effectiveness.
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paper_title: Using a Distributed Agent-Based Communication Enabled Special Protection System to Enhance Smart Grid Security

paper_content:

Future smart grid capabilities promise to leverage network technologies to revolutionize the production, transmission, distribution, and consumption of electrical power. This smart grid revolution is more than just smart meters. Improvements in situational awareness are also likely to enhance security and reliability in power transmission systems. However, reliance on Internet-like communication networks also exposes vulnerabilities to increased risk from cyber-attack and other forms of Byzantine (i.e., anomalous) behavior. This article advocates the use of an agent-based decentralized protection system using peer-to-peer communications, reputation-based trust and a data retransmission scheme to combat malicious attacks and other Byzantine failures. The research presented used the electric power and communication synchronizing simulator (EPOCHS) federated simulation platform to demonstrate the added robustness provided to a special protection system in the face of an adversary by successfully defending against malicious attacks. Simulation results show promise for this approach.
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paper_title: Adaptive security and privacy in smart grids: A software engineering vision

paper_content:

Despite the benefits offered by smart grids, energy producers, distributors and consumers are increasingly concerned about possible security and privacy threats. These threats typically manifest themselves at runtime as new usage scenarios arise and vulnerabilities are discovered. Adaptive security and privacy promise to address these threats by increasing awareness and automating prevention, detection and recovery from security and privacy requirements' failures at runtime by re-configuring system controls and perhaps even changing requirements. This paper discusses the need for adaptive security and privacy in smart grids by presenting some motivating scenarios. We then outline some research issues that arise in engineering adaptive security. We particularly scrutinize published reports by NIST on smart grid security and privacy as the basis for our discussions.
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paper_title: End-to-End Communication Architecture for Smart Grids

paper_content:

Smart grids heavily depend on communication in order to coordinate the generation, distribution, and consumption of energy-even more so if distributed power plants based on renewable energies are taken into account. Given the variety of communication partners, a heterogeneous network infrastructure consisting of IP-based and suitable field-level networks is the most appropriate solution. This paper investigates such a two-tier infrastructure and possible field-level networks with particular attention to metering and supervisory control and data acquisition applications. For the problem of network integration, a combination of gateway and tunneling solutions is proposed which allows a semitransparent end-to-end connection between application servers and field nodes. The feasibility of the approach and implementation details are discussed at the example of powerline communication and IP-based networks investigated in the European research project on real-time energy management via powerlines and internet. Nevertheless, it is shown that the communication architecture is versatile enough to serve as a generic solution for smart grids.
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paper_title: Smart Grid and Smart Homes: Key Players and Pilot Projects

paper_content:

The smart grid (SG) is envisioned as providing a communications network for the energy industry, similar to that which the Internet now provides for business and personal communications. The SG offers new business opportunities for different kind of industries, such as smart-meter vendors, electric utilities, and telecom operators from all around the world. This article deals with issues related to smart homes (SHs) and smart metering, which are key elements in the new SG. It introduces the key players in this field and points out the research challenges. Finally, SG pilot projects and field tests from all around the world and the deployment of advance metering infrastructure projects in North America, Asia, and Europe are summarized.
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paper_title: Electricity Smart Meters Interfacing the Households

paper_content:

The recent worldwide measures for energy savings call for a larger awareness of the household energy consumption, given the relevant contribution of domestic load to the national energy balance. On the other hand, electricity smart meters together with gas, heat, and water meters can be interconnected in a large network offering a potential value to implement energy savings and other energy-related services, as long as an efficient interface with the final user is implemented. Unfortunately, so far, the interface of such devices is mostly designed and addressed at the utilities supervising the system, giving them relevant advantages, while the communication with the household is often underestimated. This paper addresses this topic by proposing the definition of a local interface for smart meters, by looking at the actual European Union and international regulations, at the technological solutions available on the market, and at those implemented in different countries, and, finally, by proposing specific architectures for a proper consumer-oriented implementation of a smart meter network.
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paper_title: Study on IEC 61970/61968 based information integration for smart distribution grid

paper_content:

The full information integration and highly unified information model is one of important embodiments of the smart grid connotation and features. According to the requirements and problems of information exchange between correlated systems in smart distribution grid, an information exchange platform for smart distribution grid based on standardized information model of IEC61968/61970, coarse-grained information exchange model of IEC61968, publish/subscribe mechanism and SOA is proposed. The architecture, function requirement and key technologies of this platform are studied. The platform provides a unified information exchange bus supported by standardized information model as well as flexible and efficient message transmission mechanism, achieves realtime, quasi-real-time and non-real-time information exchange between various distribution systems, and supports the business flow and application integration of multiple systems. Based on the information exchange bus, the platform achieve information sharing by the loose coupling means and ensure the flexibility, efficiency, security, maintainability and scalability of information exchange for smart distribution grid.
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paper_title: Optimal Operation of Distribution Feeders in Smart Grids

paper_content:

This paper presents a generic and comprehensive distribution optimal power flow (DOPF) model that can be used by local distribution companies (LDCs) to integrate their distribution system feeders into a Smart Grid. The proposed three-phase DOPF framework incorporates detailed modeling of distribution system components and considers various operating objectives. Phase specific and voltage dependent modeling of customer loads in the three-phase DOPF model allows LDC operators to determine realistic operating strategies that can improve the overall feeder efficiency. The proposed distribution system operation objective is based on the minimization of the energy drawn from the substation while seeking to minimize the number of switching operations of load tap changers and capacitors. A novel method for solving the three-phase DOPF model by transforming the mixed-integer nonlinear programming problem to a nonlinear programming problem is proposed which reduces the computational burden and facilitates its practical implementation and application. Two practical case studies, including a real distribution feeder test case, are presented to demonstrate the features of the proposed methodology. The results illustrate the benefits of the proposed DOPF in terms of reducing energy losses while limiting the number of switching operations.
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paper_title: Combined Operations of Renewable Energy Systems and Responsive Demand in a Smart Grid

paper_content:

The integration of renewable energy systems (RESs) in smart grids (SGs) is a challenging task, mainly due to the intermittent and unpredictable nature of the sources, typically wind or sun. Another issue concerns the way to support the consumers' participation in the electricity market aiming at minimizing the costs of the global energy consumption. This paper proposes an energy management system (EMS) aiming at optimizing the SG's operation. The EMS behaves as a sort of aggregator of distributed energy resources allowing the SG to participate in the open market. By integrating demand side management (DSM) and active management schemes (AMS), it allows a better exploitation of renewable energy sources and a reduction of the customers' energy consumption costs with both economic and environmental benefits. It can also improve the grid resilience and flexibility through the active participation of distribution system operators (DSOs) and electricity supply/demand that, according to their preferences and costs, respond to real-time price signals using market processes. The efficiency of the proposed EMS is verified on a 23-bus 11-kV distribution network.
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paper_title: Smart Operation of Wind Turbines and Diesel Generators According to Economic Criteria

paper_content:

This paper proposes an innovative system for Smart Grid (SG) management aiming at minimizing the total costs supported for carrying out the delivery of energy to consumers. These costs include the production costs of distributed generators, the cost of the power provided by the primary substation, and the cost associated with grid power losses. After a brief overview on the main SG aspects, this paper describes the proposed approach that makes use of an optimal power flow algorithm and the active management schemes. The efficiency of the method is verified on a distribution system comprising wind turbines and diesel generators, considering the time-varying characteristics of the load demand and wind power generation.
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paper_title: Predictive control: with constraints

paper_content:

1. Introduction to Predictive Control. 2. A Standard Formulation of Predictive Control. 3. Solving Predictive Control Problems. 4. Step Response and Transfer Function Formulations. 5. Tuning. 6. Stability. 7. Robust Predictive Control. 8. Perspectives. 9. Case Studies. 10. The Model Predictive Control Toolbox. References Appendices A. Some Commercial MPC Products B. MATLAB Program basicmpc C. The MPC Toolbox D. Solutions to Problems
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paper_title: Wide-Area Monitoring, Protection, and Control of Future Electric Power Networks

paper_content:

Wide-area monitoring, protection, and control (WAMPAC) involves the use of system-wide information and the communication of selected local information to a remote location to counteract the propagation of large disturbances. Synchronized measurement technology (SMT) is an important element and enabler of WAMPAC. It is expected that WAMPAC systems will in the future reduce the number of catastrophic blackouts and generally improve the reliability and security of energy production, transmission, and distribution, particularly in power networks with a high level of operational uncertainties. In this paper, the technological and application issues are addressed. Several key monitoring, protection, and control applications are described and discussed. A strategy for developing a WAMPAC system in the United Kingdom is given as well.
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paper_title: Application of digital radio for distribution pilot protection

paper_content:

The traditional solutions for protecting networked distribution lines, sub-transmission lines, and industrial facility incoming supply lines use some form of pilot protection. A significant challenge for pilot protection, especially in retrofit situations, is the cost of installing pilot communications channels. Digital radio is an inexpensive method to provide digital communications for pilot protection at the distribution level. Digital radio has the ability to send permissive, blocking, and transfer trip signals over short to medium distances. Relay to relay messaging protocols have now become standardized through the IEC61850 GOOSE profile and can provide not only protection information but also metering, monitoring, and control.
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paper_title: Pilot protection schemes over a multi-service WiMAX network in the smart grid

paper_content:

Pilot protection schemes, extensively used in high voltage transmission grids, are one of the most effective methods of protecting networked distribution lines that use high speed inter-relay communications for fast fault detection and isolation. This paper examines the use of an IEEE 802.16/WiMAX based wide area smart grid communications network to support such schemes in the smart grid. The IEC 61850-90-5 based routed GOOSE (R-GOOSE) protocol was considered for the high-speed, peer-to-peer communication among the relays. The paper particularly investigates the radio resource scheduling issues for such event-driven, machine-to-machine (M2M) communication traffic over a multi-service WiMAX network. A new QoS scheduling service called `Expedited Effort (EE)' is proposed that uses a fast bandwidth request and a prioritized grant mechanism to transfer the time-critical pilot signals. Simulations were conducted using an OPNET simulation model to analyze the performance of the pilot protection traffic under both the conventional Best Effort (BE) and the proposed EE services. The initial results indicate that the proposed EE service is able to transfer the pilot signals within a guaranteed delay bound as opposed to the conventional BE service.
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paper_title: IEC 61850 communications based transmission line protection

paper_content:

IEC 61850 is the new standard for communications in substations that defines a new generation of protection applications based on high speed peer-to-peer communications between different substation devices. Accelerated protection schemes use permissive or blocking signals exchanged between relays at the two or more ends of the protected transmission line in order to provide fast fault clearing for any fault type or location. The paper discusses the different possible implementations of such schemes in substations with IEC 61850 and compares the expected performance of IEC GOOSE based solutions with the conventional hard wired schemes. A directional comparison protection scheme is used as an example. The requirements and methods for testing of such schemes are described at the end of the paper. (6 pages)
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paper_title: Object modeling for pilot channel equipment in IEC61850 based devices

paper_content:

The power utility industry is making great strides in adopting the IEC61850 protocol for peer to peer communications within the substation environment. Most relay manufacturers are producing products now that have the IEC 61850 capability. The IEC standards do not currently include pilot communication equipment (or objects) such as Power-line Carrier. The purpose of this paper is to present the requirements for pilot communication equipment, specifically Power-line Carrier. The analog and digital data items would be discussed and their use within the IEC61850 network. One of the goals of the protocol is to eliminate the copper wiring within the substation by providing all the interconnection between devices via Ethernet cables. A method for analyzing the network activity is also presented. This paper will address the benefits as it relates to the timing improvements in the response of the protection scheme, i.e. channel speed in addition to the time it takes to receive the information via Ethernet in comparison to the copper wiring.
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paper_title: A real-time traffic signal control system: Architecture, algorithms, and analysis

paper_content:

Abstract The paper discusses a real-time traffic-adaptive signal control system referred to as RHODES. The system takes as input detector data for real-time measurement of traffic flow, and “optimally” controls the flow through the network. The system utilizes a control architecture that (1) decomposes the traffic control problem into several subproblems that are interconnected in an hierarchical fashion, (2) predicts traffic flows at appropriate resolution levels (individual vehicles and platoons) to enable pro-active control, (3) allows various optimization modules for solving the hierarchical subproblems, and (4) utilizes a data structure and computer/communication approaches that allow for fast solution of the subproblems, so that each decision can be downloaded in the field appropriately within the given rolling time horizon of the corresponding subproblem. The RHODES architecture, algorithms, and its analysis are presented. Laboratory test results, based on implementation of RHODES on simulation models of actual scenarios, illustrate the effectiveness of the system.
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paper_title: The Impact of Charging Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles on a Residential Distribution Grid

paper_content:

Alternative vehicles, such as plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, are becoming more popular. The batteries of these plug-in hybrid electric vehicles are to be charged at home from a standard outlet or on a corporate car park. These extra electrical loads have an impact on the distribution grid which is analyzed in terms of power losses and voltage deviations. Without coordination of the charging, the vehicles are charged instantaneously when they are plugged in or after a fixed start delay. This uncoordinated power consumption on a local scale can lead to grid problems. Therefore, coordinated charging is proposed to minimize the power losses and to maximize the main grid load factor. The optimal charging profile of the plug-in hybrid electric vehicles is computed by minimizing the power losses. As the exact forecasting of household loads is not possible, stochastic programming is introduced. Two main techniques are analyzed: quadratic and dynamic programming.
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paper_title: Synchronized Phasor Measurements and Their Applications

paper_content:

Phasor Measurement Techniques.- Phasor Estimation of Nominal Frequency Inputs.- Phasor Estimation at Off-Nominal Frequency Inputs.- Frequency Estimation.- Phasor Measurement Units and Phasor Data Concentrators.- Transient Response of Phasor Measurement Units.- Phasor Measurement Applications.- State Estimation.- Control with Phasor Feedback.- Protection Systems with Phasor Inputs.- Electromechanical Wave Propagation.
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paper_title: Application of Synchrophasor Measurements for distribution networks

paper_content:

Wide Area Monitoring with Synchrophasor Measurements has become of great interest in supervision of stability for transmission systems. With the acquisition of the phasor measurements using Phasor Measurement Units (PMU), a new quality of insight into the dynamic behavior of the electric power network has become possible. The value of this method is increasing because of more dynamic requirements for the system caused by renewable power infeed such as wind and solar and energy trade. The renewable power infeed goes to a quite high amount into the distribution networks so that at that level, also the dynamic processes are increasing. The distribution networks are taking over more tasks that have been reserved for transmission networks in the past, so the supervision is also important for the distribution level. This paper discusses applications for that. An example for the use of synchrophasors for energy accounting is given. Finally, the status of standardization is presented.
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paper_title: Researches on information framework of Smart Distribution Grid

paper_content:

In the last few years, researches on smart grid have been carried out extensively. As an important part of smart grid, intelligent distribution grid is being paid more and more attention by institutions. The researchers have gradually built the consensus that the informationization of intelligent distribution grid should be based on the information integration framework. To carry out information integration in the distribution grid, two basic problems have to be solved:modeling and coding. As to modeling, IEC recommends taking IEC 61970 and IEC 61968 as reference model standards. Neither the traditional point-to-point integration nor the traditional-middleware-based integration is able to satisfy the needs of the development of the intelligent distribution grid in the future. At present, adopting enterprise service bus and customing messages based on IEC 61968 are the mainstream ways to integrate information in the application in the distribution grid. Above all, the information integration of the intelligent distribution grid should be carried out on the basis of unified model and unified code. Currently, the mainstream strategy to integrate information in the distribution grid is to build a loosely-coupled, scalable and interactive information integration platform.
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paper_title: Efficient PMU networking with software defined networks

paper_content:

An important goal for the smart grid is to give power grid operators like utilities a global view of the health of the power grid. As the smart grid is built-out, the size and complexity of the required communications network is increasing. In this paper we propose using software defined networks (SDN) for the smart grid, as SDN allow for a flexibly defined network (through programmability) along with superior performance and implementations based on industry standards. To demonstrate that SDN can be used as the underlying technology for power grid networking we have implemented a multi-rate, multicast network for phasor measurement unit (PMU) data. We compare the SDN solution to the conventional approach as well as two other advanced PMU networking methods, IP Multicast and GridStat and show that our method achieves lower latency and optimal network utilization.
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paper_title: Software-defined energy communication networks: From substation automation to future smart grids

paper_content:

Energy communication networks (ECNs) play an integral role in electrical substations. Substations host many Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) that monitor the state of the electricity infrastructure. This critical data is packaged and transmitted between multiple IEDs for proper system monitoring and control. The modern network that interconnects IEDs, while a significant improvement over the historic serial interconnection, has many challenges which have yet to be addressed - ranging from setup complexity to security policies. In this paper we propose that software-defined networking can alleviate many of today's problems and create a network which can evolve with changing technologies and needs. We demonstrate an auto-configuring substation network which eliminates many substation network management issues. Our prototype is built using a Ryu-based, software-defined network controller and tested with actual IEDs used in substations. We also discuss how our software-defined energy communication network (SDECN) architecture not only solves problems of today, but enables substation networks to easily evolve with the rapid evolution of the smart grid.
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paper_title: Software-defined networking for Smart Grid communications: Applications, challenges and advantages

paper_content:

Future power systems are characterized by a high degree of complexity with a large number of intelligent devices, exchanging and processing both huge amounts of data and realtime critical information. Accordingly reliable, real-time capable and secure communication networks are required for enabling autonomous monitoring, management and control to guarantee stable power system operation. In this paper, we present and analyse a flexible and dynamic network control approach based on Software-Defined Networking (SDN) for meeting the specific communication requirements of both distribution and transmission power grid. Therefore a testbed is introduced, enabling the evaluation of multiple failure scenarios such as link disturbance and congestion by analysing corresponding fast recovery and prioritization solutions. The performance and robustness of the developed strategies is shown using highly-critical monitoring and control messages on basis of IEC 61850 and considering the mutual impact with low priority background traffic. Results indicate the advantages of SDN compared to traditional routing and Quality-of-Service mechanisms, providing a more reliable communication network, which is able to handle complex failure scenarios. In particular, SDN enables the integration of diverse network management functions and thus offers the power system new options for dealing with faults even in the case of overall outages. On the basis of these results, we demonstrate challenges and derive future benefits for a SDN-enabled Smart Grid communication network, holding the potential to evolve into a self-healing infrastructure.
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Title: A Survey of Smart Grid Architectures, Applications, Benefits, and Standardization
Section 1: Introduction
Description 1: Introduce the concept of smart grids, the limitations of traditional power grids, and the importance of smart grids in modern energy management and carbon emission reduction.

Section 2: Background
Description 2: Provide a detailed background on the transformation process from traditional power grids to smart grids, including the definition, key characteristics, and major enhancements of smart grids.

Section 3: Smart Grid Communication Network Architecture
Description 3: Discuss the various models and layers of smart grid communication networks, including different standardization body contributions and key challenges in communication network design.

Section 4: Neighborhood Area Network
Description 4: Describe the role and structure of the Neighborhood Area Network (NAN) within smart grids including technologies used and their applications.

Section 5: Field Area Network
Description 5: Explain the Field Area Network (FAN), its functions, and the communication technologies employed for grid automation and information exchange.

Section 6: Workforce Mobile Network
Description 6: Explain the Workforce Mobile Network (WMN) and its applications in smart grid maintenance and operations, including relevant standards and protocols.

Section 7: Smart Grid Standardization
Description 7: Review existing standardization efforts, notable standards like IEEE 2030, and contributions from various national and international organizations towards smart grid standardization.

Section 8: Advance Metering Infrastructure
Description 8: Discuss the components, functionalities, and communication requirements of Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) in smart grids.

Section 9: Demand Response
Description 9: Examine demand response programs, their mechanisms, types, and the communication requirements needed for efficient energy management.

Section 10: Distributed Energy Resources
Description 10: Explore the integration of distributed energy resources (DER), their benefits, and the communication needs for effective management and utilization.

Section 11: Wide Area Measurement
Description 11: Describe the Wide Area Measurement System (WAMS), the role of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs), and the communication requirements for real-time grid monitoring and management.

Section 12: Conclusion
Description 12: Summarize the survey findings, highlight the importance of smart grid communication networks, and suggest future research directions focusing on emerging technologies like software-defined networking in smart grids.