A Review on Internet of Things for Defense and Public Safety
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paper_title: Energy management with battery system for smart city

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An urgent need for energy management has emerged all over the world because ever growing consumption demands will eventually surpass the supply of critical resources. Energy management should be more effective and efficient in smart cities. In this study, we propose a method for the energy management with a battery system of a smart city. An energy supply is optimized using the newsboy model. Energy management is discussed in light of optimization and the need to cater to demands for excess energy. A basic model of a smart city with a battery system is constructed. The model consists of eight houses and a power station. A battery is implemented in each house to supplement an energy shortage. The objective is to find the optimal energy supply which minimizes the cost function. The optimal energy supply and the minimum cost are varied with the cost coefficients for surplus and shortage of energy. First, the optimal energy supply is estimated if the cost coefficients are the same for surplus and shortage of energy. It is 0.4 kW/house; however, different battery systems are required for eight houses with different energy demands. Second, the effects of cost coefficients are investigated. The battery system is more required with a higher cost coefficient of energy surplus. The power station should supply a larger energy to a smart city with a higher cost coefficient of energy shortage. Actual energy demands on different types of buildings should be examined in greater detail for more effective and efficient energy management for a smart city.
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paper_title: The Internet of Things: A survey

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This paper addresses the Internet of Things. Main enabling factor of this promising paradigm is the integration of several technologies and communications solutions. Identification and tracking technologies, wired and wireless sensor and actuator networks, enhanced communication protocols (shared with the Next Generation Internet), and distributed intelligence for smart objects are just the most relevant. As one can easily imagine, any serious contribution to the advance of the Internet of Things must necessarily be the result of synergetic activities conducted in different fields of knowledge, such as telecommunications, informatics, electronics and social science. In such a complex scenario, this survey is directed to those who want to approach this complex discipline and contribute to its development. Different visions of this Internet of Things paradigm are reported and enabling technologies reviewed. What emerges is that still major issues shall be faced by the research community. The most relevant among them are addressed in details.
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paper_title: Toward Social Internet of Vehicles: Concept, Architecture, and Applications

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The main vision of the Internet of Things (IoT) is to equip real-life physical objects with computing and communication power so that they can interact with each other for the social good. As one of the key members of IoT, Internet of Vehicles (IoV) has seen steep advancement in communication technologies. Now, vehicles can easily exchange safety, efficiency, infotainment, and comfort-related information with other vehicles and infrastructures using vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). We leverage on the cloud-based VANETs theme to propose cyber-physical architecture for the Social IoV (SIoV). SIoV is a vehicular instance of the Social IoT (SIoT), where vehicles are the key social entities in the machine-to-machine vehicular social networks. We have identified the social structures of SIoV components, their relationships, and the interaction types. We have mapped VANETs components into IoT-A architecture reference model to offer better integration of SIoV with other IoT domains. We also present a communication message structure based on automotive ontologies, the SAE J2735 message set, and the advanced traveler information system events schema that corresponds to the social graph. Finally, we provide the implementation details and the experimental analysis to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed system as well as include different application scenarios for various user groups.
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paper_title: Internet of Things for Smart Cities

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The Internet of Things (IoT) shall be able to incorporate transparently and seamlessly a large number of different and heterogeneous end systems, while providing open access to selected subsets of data for the development of a plethora of digital services. Building a general architecture for the IoT is hence a very complex task, mainly because of the extremely large variety of devices, link layer technologies, and services that may be involved in such a system. In this paper, we focus specifically to an urban IoT system that, while still being quite a broad category, are characterized by their specific application domain. Urban IoTs, in fact, are designed to support the Smart City vision, which aims at exploiting the most advanced communication technologies to support added-value services for the administration of the city and for the citizens. This paper hence provides a comprehensive survey of the enabling technologies, protocols, and architecture for an urban IoT. Furthermore, the paper will present and discuss the technical solutions and best-practice guidelines adopted in the Padova Smart City project, a proof-of-concept deployment of an IoT island in the city of Padova, Italy, performed in collaboration with the city municipality.
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paper_title: The Internet of things - Mapping the value beyond the hype

paper_content:

The Internet of Things (IoT)—sensors and actuators connected by networks to computing systems—has received enormous attention over the past five years. A new McKinsey Global Institute report, The Internet of Things: Mapping the value beyond the hype, attempts to determine exactly how IoT technology can create real economic value. Our central finding is that the hype may actually understate the full potential—but that capturing it will require an understanding of where real value can be created and a successful effort to address a set of systems issues, including interoperability. To get a broader view of the IoT’s potential benefits and challenges across the global economy, we analyzed more than 150 use cases, ranging from people whose devices monitor health and wellness to manufacturers that utilize sensors to optimize the maintenance of equipment and protect the safety of workers. Our bottom-up analysis for the applications we size estimates that the IoT has a total potential economic impact of $3.9 trillion to $11.1 trillion a year by 2025. At the top end, that level of value—including the consumer surplus—would be equivalent to about 11 percent of the world economy.
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paper_title: Internet of things: Vision, applications and research challenges

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The term ‘‘Internet-of-Things’’ is used as an umbrella keyword for covering various aspects related to the extension of the Internet and the Web into the physical realm, by means of the widespread deployment of spatially distributed devices with embedded identification, sensing and/or actuation capabilities. Internet-of-Things envisions a future in which digital and physical entities can be linked, by means of appropriate information and communication technologies, to enable a whole new class of applications and services. In this article, we present a survey of technologies, applications and research challenges for Internetof-Things.
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paper_title: Internet of Things: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Protocols, and Applications

paper_content:

This paper provides an overview of the Internet of Things (IoT) with emphasis on enabling technologies, protocols, and application issues. The IoT is enabled by the latest developments in RFID, smart sensors, communication technologies, and Internet protocols. The basic premise is to have smart sensors collaborate directly without human involvement to deliver a new class of applications. The current revolution in Internet, mobile, and machine-to-machine (M2M) technologies can be seen as the first phase of the IoT. In the coming years, the IoT is expected to bridge diverse technologies to enable new applications by connecting physical objects together in support of intelligent decision making. This paper starts by providing a horizontal overview of the IoT. Then, we give an overview of some technical details that pertain to the IoT enabling technologies, protocols, and applications. Compared to other survey papers in the field, our objective is to provide a more thorough summary of the most relevant protocols and application issues to enable researchers and application developers to get up to speed quickly on how the different protocols fit together to deliver desired functionalities without having to go through RFCs and the standards specifications. We also provide an overview of some of the key IoT challenges presented in the recent literature and provide a summary of related research work. Moreover, we explore the relation between the IoT and other emerging technologies including big data analytics and cloud and fog computing. We also present the need for better horizontal integration among IoT services. Finally, we present detailed service use-cases to illustrate how the different protocols presented in the paper fit together to deliver desired IoT services.
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paper_title: RFID Data Processing in Supply Chain Management Using a Path Encoding Scheme

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RFID technology can be applied to a broad range of areas. In particular, RFID is very useful in the area of business, such as supply chain management. However, the amount of RFID data in such an environment is huge. Therefore, much time is needed to extract valuable information from RFID data for supply chain management. In this paper, we present an efficient method to process a massive amount of RFID data for supply chain management. We first define query templates to analyze the supply chain. We then propose an effective path encoding scheme that encodes the flows of products. However, if the flows are long, the numbers in the path encoding scheme that correspond to the flows will be very large. We solve this by providing a method that divides flows. To retrieve the time information for products efficiently, we utilize a numbering scheme for the XML area. Based on the path encoding scheme and the numbering scheme, we devise a storage scheme that can process tracking queries and path oriented queries efficiently on an RDBMS. Finally, we propose a method that translates the queries to SQL queries. Experimental results show that our approach can process the queries efficiently.
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paper_title: A System Architecture to Aggregate Video Surveillance Data in Smart Cities

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In recent years, we have experienced many initiatives in developing smart cities across the world. In these densely populated cities, video surveillance will play an integral role to ensure the safety of the citizens. The major challenge will be to transport high volumes of data generated from dense deployment of video cameras throughout the city to a central aggregation facility for analysis and storage. To address this problem, we propose a system solution using existing public bus transit system to collect data from the cameras and physically transport it to the bus terminus, to be uploaded to the data center. The system uses heterogeneous wireless network interfaces, where the camera nodes form a mesh network to route the data to the nearest bus stop for offloading. We utilize high capacity links using mmWave devices at bus stops to offload the data to the buses when they make routine stops. We also propose a novel routing protocol, R2H, to route the data generated from these cameras to a bus stop while minimizing the time to offload the video data to an incoming bus. The protocol is designed to be aware of the various challenges that are specific to this system like bus schedule and video payload. We have evaluated our system using wireless experiments and simulation using actual bus route maps and times from New York city area. Our analysis shows that R2H achieves 60% less end to end delay compared to OLSR under varying video payload and time of the day.
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paper_title: Wireless IoT Platform Based on SDR Technology

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In this demo, we will show the wireless Internet of Things (IoT) platform based on software defined radio (SDR) technology, and demonstrate its interference mitigation capability through cognitive radio technology. Video surveillance and temperature sensing are integrated on this platform as typical applications. This wireless platform is composed of the wireless edge appliance (WEA) as the base station and the wireless access appliance (WAA) as customer premises equipment (CPE). The WEA is based on a general IT device with general purpose processor (GPP), such as a laptop. Through unique optimization techniques, the base band signal processing can be completed on it with high speed. The WAA is an embedded system for low power and low cost. The Ethernet based interface between RRU and BBU is the first design with industry level in the world. Because it's high flexibility, stability and reliability, the platform can be used as the basic communication infrastructure in IoT applications, such as smart grid, pipeline monitoring, etc.
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paper_title: An Ontology-Centric Approach to Sensor-Mission Assignment

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Sensor-mission assignment involves the allocation of sensor and other information-providing resources to missions in order to cover the information needs of the individual tasks in each mission. This is an important problem in the intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) domain, where sensors are typically over-subscribed, and task requirements change dynamically. This paper approaches the sensor-mission assignment problem from a Semantic Web perspective: the core of the approach is a set of ontologies describing mission tasks, sensors, and deployment platforms. Semantic reasoning is used to recommend collections of types of sensors and platforms that are known to be "fit-for-purpose" for a particular task, during the mission planning process. These recommended solutions are used to constrain a search for available instances of sensors and platforms that can be allocated at mission execution-time to the relevant tasks. An interface to the physical sensor environment allows the instances to be configured to operate as a coherent whole and deliver the necessary data to users. Feedback loops exist throughout, allowing re-planning of the sensor-task fitness, reallocation of instances, and reconfiguration of the sensor network.
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paper_title: IoT based dynamic road traffic management for smart cities

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All metropolitan cities face traffic congestion problems especially in the downtown areas. Normal cities can be transformed into “smart cities” by exploiting the information and communication technologies (ICT). The paradigm of Internet of Thing (IoT) can play an important role in realization of smart cities. This paper proposes an IoT based traffic management solutions for smart cities where traffic flow can be dynamically controlled by onsite traffic officers through their smart phones or can be centrally monitored or controlled through Internet. We have used the example of the holy city of Makkah Saudi Arabia, where the traffic behavior changes dynamically due to the continuous visitation of the pilgrims throughout the year. Therefore, Makkah city requires special traffic controlling algorithms other than the prevailing traffic control systems. However the scheme proposed is general and can be used in any Metropolitan city without the loss of generality.
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paper_title: Architecture and measured characteristics of a cloud based internet of things

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The Internet of Things (IoT) many be thought of as the availability of physical objects, or devices, on the Internet [1]. Given such an arrangement it is possible to access sensor data and control actuators remotely. Furthermore such data may be combined with data from other sources - e.g. with data that is contained in the Web - or operated on by cloud based services to create applications far richer than can be provided by isolated embedded systems [2,3]. This is the vision of the Internet of Things.
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paper_title: Mechanisms and challenges on mobility-augmented service provisioning for mobile cloud computing

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While mobility is the inherent cause of resource poverty and low connectivity in wireless environment, it also enables the opportunity for surrounding sensing, therefor providing mobilityaugmented cloud service becomes the key challenge for the emerging paradigm of Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC). This article provides an overview of the mechanisms and open issues for mobility-augmented service provisioning in MCC. We first outline the concept, system architecture, and taxonomy of research issues. Then we introduce three key mechanisms with respect to mobility augmentation, heterogeneous network convergence and mobile service provisioning. Moreover, we discuss the open challenges to reveal the future direction of MCC.
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paper_title: Integrity attestation in military IoT

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Trust in the correct operation (“bona fide”) of a transaction is sometimes required in order to trust the validity of exchanged data. Authentication of users/subjects does give some trust in the intent of a transaction, but not in its conduct. Malware may cause the other end to send corrupted data or misbehave in other ways. This paper discusses different mechanisms through which nodes can prove to each other that their software stack is clean from unwarranted modifications, called integrity attestation. For IoT applications, integrity assurance can lead to higher trust in the exchanged data, e.g., sensor readings.
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paper_title: Home Automation System Based on Intelligent Transducer Enablers

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This paper presents a novel home automation system named HASITE (Home Automation System based on Intelligent Transducer Enablers), which has been specifically designed to identify and configure transducers easily and quickly. These features are especially useful in situations where many transducers are deployed, since their setup becomes a cumbersome task that consumes a significant amount of time and human resources. HASITE simplifies the deployment of a home automation system by using wireless networks and both self-configuration and self-registration protocols. Thanks to the application of these three elements, HASITE is able to add new transducers by just powering them up. According to the tests performed in different realistic scenarios, a transducer is ready to be used in less than 13 s. Moreover, all HASITE functionalities can be accessed through an API, which also allows for the integration of third-party systems. As an example, an Android application based on the API is presented. Remote users can use it to interact with transducers by just using a regular smartphone or a tablet.
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paper_title: Constructing Green Software Services: From Service Models to Cloud-Based Architecture

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In recent years, green software research is gaining momentum from the acute need for sustainable development as well as the far-reaching effect of ICT to our society. ‘[Green and] Sustainable Software is software, whose direct and indirect negative impacts on economy, society, human beings, and environment that result from development, deployment, and usage of the software are minimal and/or which have a positive effect on sustainable development’ [4]. Based on this definition, the green software research is growing in two directions. The first direction looks into the runtime energy consumption of software [15] and its engineering pro-aspects of our society and investigates how software can be used to improve the sustainability of a broader range of business, social and individual activities [5]. This chapter is focused on the research and development in the second direction—to leverage software to solve sustainability problems in a wider scope.
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paper_title: Cloud-based Wireless Network: Virtualized, Reconfigurable, Smart Wireless Network to Enable 5G Technologies

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In recent years, information communication and computation technologies are deeply converging, and various wireless access technologies have been successful in deployment. It can be predicted that the upcoming fifth generation mobile communication technology (5G) can no longer be defined by a single business model or a typical technical characteristic. 5G is a multi-service and multi-technology integrated network, meeting the future needs of a wide range of big data and the rapid development of numerous businesses, and enhancing the user experience by providing smart and customized services. In this paper, we propose a cloud-based wireless network architecture with four components, i.e., mobile cloud, cloud-based radio access network (Cloud RAN), reconfigurable network and big data centre, which is capable of providing a virtualized, reconfigurable, smart wireless network.
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paper_title: An Intelligent Power Outlet System for the Smart Home of the Internet of Things

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This paper presents an intelligent power outlet system that can be controlled wirelessly and that has been specifically designed to monitor electrical events in low-current loads. Each power outlet of the system embeds a microcontroller, a 2.4GHz ZigBee interface, RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) reader, a relay, and a current sensor. The main features of the system include the remote control of the power outlet, real-time monitoring of the current consumption, the customization and programming of the power supply time schedule, the automatic interruption of vampire currents, and the prevention of certain types of electrical fires and electrocutions. A prototype with such features has been implemented and tested in a simple home automation network in order to validate its functionalities. The results show that the system reacts fast and avoids overconsumptions and electrocutions, being able to make the next generation of homes safer and smarter.
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paper_title: Characterizing Cloud Federation in IoT

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The advent of both Cloud computing and Internet of Things (IoT) is changing the way of conceiving information and communication systems. Generally, we talk about IoT Cloud to indicate a new type of distributed system consisting of a set of smart devices interconnected with a remote Cloud infrastructure, platform, or software through the Internet and able to provide IoT as a Service (IoTaaS). In this paper, we discuss the near future evolution of IoT Clouds towards federated ecosystems, where IoT providers cooperate to offer more flexible services. Moreover, we present a general three-layer IoT Cloud Federation architecture, highlighting new business opportunities and challenges.
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paper_title: A Software Defined Networking architecture for the Internet-of-Things

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The growing interest in the Internet of Things (IoT) has resulted in a number of wide-area deployments of IoT subnetworks, where multiple heterogeneous wireless communication solutions coexist: from multiple access technologies such as cellular, WiFi, ZigBee, and Bluetooth, to multi-hop ad-hoc and MANET routing protocols, they all must be effectively integrated to create a seamless communication platform. Managing these open, geographically distributed, and heterogeneous networking infrastructures, especially in dynamic environments, is a key technical challenge. In order to take full advantage of the many opportunities they provide, techniques to concurrently provision the different classes of IoT traffic across a common set of sensors and networking resources must be designed. In this paper, we will design a software-defined approach for the IoT environment to dynamically achieve differentiated quality levels to different IoT tasks in very heterogeneous wireless networking scenarios. For this, we extend the Multinetwork INformation Architecture (MINA), a reflective (self-observing and adapting via an embodied Observe-Analyze-Adapt loop) middleware with a layered IoT SDN controller. The developed IoT SDN controller originally i) incorporates and supports commands to differentiate flow scheduling over task-level, multi-hop, and heterogeneous ad-hoc paths and ii) exploits Network Calculus and Genetic Algorithms to optimize the usage of currently available IoT network opportunities. We have applied the extended MINA SDN prototype in the challenging IoT scenario of wide-scale integration of electric vehicles, electric charging sites, smart grid infrastructures, and a wide set of pilot users, as targeted by the Artemis Internet of Energy and Arrowhead projects. Preliminary simulation performance results indicate that our approach and the extended MINA system can support efficient exploitation of the IoT multinetwork capabilities.
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paper_title: The Internet of things - Mapping the value beyond the hype

paper_content:

The Internet of Things (IoT)—sensors and actuators connected by networks to computing systems—has received enormous attention over the past five years. A new McKinsey Global Institute report, The Internet of Things: Mapping the value beyond the hype, attempts to determine exactly how IoT technology can create real economic value. Our central finding is that the hype may actually understate the full potential—but that capturing it will require an understanding of where real value can be created and a successful effort to address a set of systems issues, including interoperability. To get a broader view of the IoT’s potential benefits and challenges across the global economy, we analyzed more than 150 use cases, ranging from people whose devices monitor health and wellness to manufacturers that utilize sensors to optimize the maintenance of equipment and protect the safety of workers. Our bottom-up analysis for the applications we size estimates that the IoT has a total potential economic impact of $3.9 trillion to $11.1 trillion a year by 2025. At the top end, that level of value—including the consumer surplus—would be equivalent to about 11 percent of the world economy.
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paper_title: Optimal Deployment of Wireless Sensor Networks for Air Pollution Monitoring

paper_content:

Recently, air pollution monitoring emerges as a main service of smart cities because of the increasing industrialization and the massive urbanization. Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are a suitable technology for this purpose thanks to their substantial benefits including low cost and autonomy. Minimizing the deployment cost is one of the major challenges in WSN design, therefore sensors positions have to be carefully determined. In this paper, we propose two integer linear programming formulations based on real pollutants dispersion modeling to deal with the minimum cost WSN deployment for air pollution monitoring. We illustrate the concept by applying our models on real world data, namely the Nottingham City street lights. We compare the two models in terms of execution time and show that the second flow based formulation is much better. We finally conduct extensive simulations to study the impact of some parameters and derive some guidelines for efficient WSN deployment for air pollution monitoring.
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paper_title: An analysis of security issues for cloud computing

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Cloud Computing is a flexible, cost-effective, and proven delivery platform for providing business or consumer IT services over the Internet. However, cloud Computing presents an added level of risk because essential services are often outsourced to a third party, which makes it harder to maintain data security and privacy, support data and service availability, and demonstrate compliance. Cloud Computing leverages many technologies (SOA, virtualization, Web 2.0); it also inherits their security issues, which we discuss here, identifying the main vulnerabilities in this kind of systems and the most important threats found in the literature related to Cloud Computing and its environment as well as to identify and relate vulnerabilities and threats with possible solutions.
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paper_title: Evolving military broadband wireless communication systems: WiMAX, LTE and WLAN

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Emerging technologies for mobile broadband wireless are being considered as a Commercial Off-The-Shelf solution to cover the operational requirements of the future warfare. The capabilities of these technologies are being enhanced to meet the growing market demands on performance. In this context, several standards such as WiMAX, LTE or WLAN are introducing themselves as strong candidates to fulfill these requirements. This paper presents an innovative scenario-based approach to develop a Military Broadband Wireless Communication System (MBWCS). Its main objective is to analyze how similar a military MBWCS can be to the identified civil standards, taking operational and high level technical requirements into account. This specification will be used for analyzing the applicability and the modifications of each of the standards layers individually. Proving the feasibility and aptitude of each standard provides strong foundations to address a MBWCS in the most efficient way.
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paper_title: Cloud Federation Management and Beyond: Requirements, Relevant Standards, and Gaps

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The big data requests make the cloud computing assets insufficient as well as incapable of catering the needs raised by big data requests. Business structures and the look enhancing factors have to reshape and rebuild their dynamic asset scaling abilities to modify it according to the needs. In order to tend to this administrative issue combined mists act and provide a stage. A cloud organization arrangement is proposed, planned as well as presented which caters to the need of the collaboration of the cloud suppliers in offering cloud IaaS administrations. Due to the fact that the proposed league development diversion is developed and presented, a cloud alliance arrangement system that empowers the cloud suppliers to progressively frame a cloud organization amplifying their benefit is proposed and presented. Moreover, a steady cloud alliance structure is consistently delivered, which is, the partaking cloud suppliers in the league which doesn't have motivating forces to split far from the organization. The performance and occurrence of broad examinations lead to the breaking down of various attributes pertaining to the project. The steadiness of the cloud organization acquired by our proposed system is clearly depicted by the consequences, returning high benefit for the partaking cloud suppliers.
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paper_title: Internet of Things: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Protocols, and Applications

paper_content:

This paper provides an overview of the Internet of Things (IoT) with emphasis on enabling technologies, protocols, and application issues. The IoT is enabled by the latest developments in RFID, smart sensors, communication technologies, and Internet protocols. The basic premise is to have smart sensors collaborate directly without human involvement to deliver a new class of applications. The current revolution in Internet, mobile, and machine-to-machine (M2M) technologies can be seen as the first phase of the IoT. In the coming years, the IoT is expected to bridge diverse technologies to enable new applications by connecting physical objects together in support of intelligent decision making. This paper starts by providing a horizontal overview of the IoT. Then, we give an overview of some technical details that pertain to the IoT enabling technologies, protocols, and applications. Compared to other survey papers in the field, our objective is to provide a more thorough summary of the most relevant protocols and application issues to enable researchers and application developers to get up to speed quickly on how the different protocols fit together to deliver desired functionalities without having to go through RFCs and the standards specifications. We also provide an overview of some of the key IoT challenges presented in the recent literature and provide a summary of related research work. Moreover, we explore the relation between the IoT and other emerging technologies including big data analytics and cloud and fog computing. We also present the need for better horizontal integration among IoT services. Finally, we present detailed service use-cases to illustrate how the different protocols presented in the paper fit together to deliver desired IoT services.
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paper_title: Towards Achieving Data Security with the Cloud Computing Adoption Framework

paper_content:

Offering real-time data security for petabytes of data is important for cloud computing. A recent survey on cloud security states that the security of users' data has the highest priority as well as concern. We believe this can only be able to achieve with an approach that is systematic, adoptable and well-structured. Therefore, this paper has developed a framework known as Cloud Computing Adoption Framework (CCAF) which has been customized for securing cloud data. This paper explains the overview, rationale and components in the CCAF to protect data security. CCAF is illustrated by the system design based on the requirements and the implementation demonstrated by the CCAF multi-layered security. Since our Data Center has 10 petabytes of data, there is a huge task to provide real-time protection and quarantine. We use Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN) to simulate how data is in use. The use of BPMN simulation allows us to evaluate the chosen security performances before actual implementation. Results show that the time to take control of security breach can take between 50 and 125 hours. This means that additional security is required to ensure all data is well-protected in the crucial 125 hours. This paper has also demonstrated that CCAF multi-layered security can protect data in real-time and it has three layers of security: 1) firewall and access control; 2) identity management and intrusion prevention and 3) convergent encryption. To validate CCAF, this paper has undertaken two sets of ethical-hacking experiments involved with penetration testing with 10,000 trojans and viruses. The CCAF multi-layered security can block 9,919 viruses and trojans which can be destroyed in seconds and the remaining ones can be quarantined or isolated. The experiments show although the percentage of blocking can decrease for continuous injection of viruses and trojans, 97.43 percent of them can be quarantined. Our CCAF multi-layered security has an average of 20 percent better performance than the single-layered approach which could only block 7,438 viruses and trojans. CCAF can be more effective when combined with BPMN simulation to evaluate security process and penetrating testing results.
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paper_title: Cloud-centric multi-level authentication as a service for secure public safety device networks

paper_content:

With the advances in IoT, future public safety responders will be well armed with devices that pump data between on-site responders and command centers, carrying useful information about the event scene, the status of a mission, and helping critical decisions to be made in real time. In addition, wearable and on-body sensors will monitor the vital signals and well being of the responders. These connected devices or the so-called IoT surrounding public safety responders generate highly vulnerable data, where security breaches may have life threatening consequences. Authentication of responder devices is essential in order to control access to public safety networks. Most of the existing authentication schemes do not scale well with the large number of devices of IoT, and are not fast enough to work during time-critical public safety missions. On the other hand, for general IoT services, cloud-based solutions provide unlimited resources for storing and accessing IoT data. However, the cloud may have some implications for sensitive data that are collected for public safety. Therefore, authentication solutions are desired to integrate well into the cloud environment. In this article, we propose cloud-centric, multi-level authentication as a service approach that addresses scalability and time constraints, and demonstrate its effectiveness. We draw future research directions for secure public safety networks in the presence of IoT devices and the cloud.
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paper_title: Bringing the cloud to the edge

paper_content:

Edge services become increasingly important as the Internet transforms into an Internet of Things (IoT). Edge services require bounded latency, bandwidth reduction between the edge and the core, service resiliency with graceful degradation, and access to resources visible only inside the NATed and secured edge networks. While the data center based cloud excels at providing general purpose computation/storage at scale, it is not suitable for edge services. We present a new model for cloud computing, which we call the Edge Cloud, that addresses edge computing specific issues by augmenting the traditional data center cloud model with service nodes placed at the network edges. We describe the architecture of the Edge Cloud and its implementation as an overlay hybrid cloud using the industry standard OpenStack cloud management framework. We demonstrate the advantages garnered by two new classes of applications enabled by the Edge Cloud - a highly accurate indoor localization that saves on latency, and a scalable and resilient video monitoring that saves on bandwidth.
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paper_title: Study on application modes of military Internet of Things (MIOT)

paper_content:

Recently, the Internet of Things (IOT) has obtained rapid development and has a significant impact on the military field. This paper first proposes a conception of military internet of things (MIOT) and analyzes the architecture of MIOT in detail. Then, three modes of MIOT, i.e., information sensing, information transmission and information serving, are respectively studied to show various military domain applications. Finally, an application assumption of MIOT from the weapon control aspect is given to validate the proposed application modes.
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paper_title: Toward moving public safety networks

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Fourth generation LTE has been selected by U.S. federal and EU authorities to be the technology for public safety networks that would allow first responders to seamlessly communicate between agencies and across geographical locations in tactical and emergency scenarios. From Release 11 on, 3GPP has been developing and specifying dedicated nationwide public safety broadband networks that will be scalable, robust, and resilient, and can address the specific communication needs of emergency services. In this realm, the requirements and scenarios for isolated E-UTRAN with no or limited backhaul access to the core network are still in progress. In this article, we survey possible public safety use cases with the induced network topologies, discuss the current status of the 3GPP standards, and highlight future challenges. We further elaborate on the need to support mobile backhauling in moving-cell scenarios and describe two LTEbased solutions to enable dynamic meshing among the base stations.
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paper_title: Public safety networks evolution toward broadband: sharing infrastructures and spectrum with commercial systems

paper_content:

Nowadays, efficient communication technologies are of paramount importance to provide effective and reliable emergency management systems. New wireless communications engineering approaches and value-added services could lead to great benefits, improving situational awareness and enhancing life-saving capabilities. For these reasons, governments and organizations involved in public safety and security (PSS) are devoting great interest in the transition from existing narrowband wireless systems toward broadband. For this purpose, a viable solution is to adapt the new LTE-A technology in order to provide IP-based broadband services with security and reliability characteristics typical of PSS networks. However, the migration of these systems to LTE-A is currently a critical issue. Costs, timing, and spectrum availability for the deployment of a PSS-dedicated network are demanding. In addition, providing mission-critical services on an LTE-based PSS system needs a proper network architecture solution in order to achieve and maintain required performance and reliability levels. To fully accomplish this task, research efforts can result in significant improvements and adjustments of future releases of the LTE-A standard. This article focuses on critical issues that impact PSS communications evolution toward new technologies and describes the related possible steps, starting from the exploitation of the already deployed LTE-A commercial networks up to a fully PSS-dedicated network infrastructure. Finally, advanced solutions are described and critically discussed.
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paper_title: Securing the Internet of Things a military perspective

paper_content:

The Internet of Things (IoT) has the potential to become one of the most disruptive technologies that have emerged in recent decades. It can influence both civilian and military applications. One of the biggest challenges to successful deployment of IoT systems is security. Security is particularly important in military applications of IoT. In this article we discuss security challenges related to military applications of IoT and propose a possible approach to solving some of them, based on Object Level Protection and cryptographic access control.
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paper_title: Analyzing the applicability of Internet of Things to the battlefield environment

paper_content:

As the Internet of Things (IoT) matures in commercial sectors, the promise of diverse new technologies such as data-driven applications, intelligent adaptive systems, and embedded optimized automation will be realized in every environment. An immediate research question is whether contemporary IoT concepts can be applied also to military battlefield environments and can realize benefits similar to those in industry. Military environments, especially those that depend on tactical communications, are much more challenging than commercial environments. Thus it is likely many commercial IoT architectures and technologies may not translate into the military domain and others will require additional research to enable deployment and efficient implementation. This paper investigates these issues and describes potential military operational activities that could benefit from commercial IoT technologies, including logistics, sensing/surveillance, and situation awareness. In addition, the paper lays out a roadmap for future research necessary to leverage IoT and apply it to the tactical battlefield environment.
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paper_title: Fault-tolerant techniques for the Internet of Military Things

paper_content:

Some obtained results related to an ongoing project which aims at providing a comprehensive approach for implementation of Internet of Things concept into the military domain are presented. A comprehensive approach to fault diagnosis within the Internet of Military Things was outlined. Particularly a method of fault detection which is based on a network partitioning into clusters was proposed. Also, some solutions proposed for the experimentally constructed network called EFTSN was conducted.
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paper_title: A taxonomy of security and privacy requirements for the Internet of Things (IoT)

paper_content:

Capturing security and privacy requirements in the early stages of system development is essential for creating sufficient public confidence in order to facilitate the adaption of novel systems such as the Internet of Things (IoT). However, security and privacy requirements are often not handled properly due to their wide variety of facets and aspects which make them difficult to formulate. In this study, security-related requirements of IoT heterogeneous systems are decomposed into a taxonomy of quality attributes, and existing security mechanisms and policies are proposed to alleviate the identified forms of security attacks and to reduce the vulnerabilities in the future development of the IoT systems. Finally, the taxonomy is applied on an IoT smart grid scenario.
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paper_title: Cloud-centric multi-level authentication as a service for secure public safety device networks

paper_content:

With the advances in IoT, future public safety responders will be well armed with devices that pump data between on-site responders and command centers, carrying useful information about the event scene, the status of a mission, and helping critical decisions to be made in real time. In addition, wearable and on-body sensors will monitor the vital signals and well being of the responders. These connected devices or the so-called IoT surrounding public safety responders generate highly vulnerable data, where security breaches may have life threatening consequences. Authentication of responder devices is essential in order to control access to public safety networks. Most of the existing authentication schemes do not scale well with the large number of devices of IoT, and are not fast enough to work during time-critical public safety missions. On the other hand, for general IoT services, cloud-based solutions provide unlimited resources for storing and accessing IoT data. However, the cloud may have some implications for sensitive data that are collected for public safety. Therefore, authentication solutions are desired to integrate well into the cloud environment. In this article, we propose cloud-centric, multi-level authentication as a service approach that addresses scalability and time constraints, and demonstrate its effectiveness. We draw future research directions for secure public safety networks in the presence of IoT devices and the cloud.
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paper_title: A Software-Defined Device-to-Device Communication Architecture for Public Safety Applications in 5G Networks

paper_content:

The device-to-device (D2D) communication paradigm in 5G networks provides an effective infrastructure to enable different smart city applications such as public safety. In future smart cities, dense deployment of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) can be integrated with 5G networks using D2D communication. D2D communication enables direct communication between nearby user equipments (UEs) using cellular or ad hoc links, thereby improving the spectrum utilization, system throughput, and energy efficiency of the network. In this paper, we propose a hierarchal D2D communication architecture where a centralized software-defined network (SDN) controller communicates with the cloud head to reduce the number of requested long-term evolution (LTE) communication links, thereby improving energy consumption. The concept of local and central controller enables our architecture to work in case of infrastructure damage and hotspot traffic situation. The architecture helps to maintain the communication between disaster victims and first responders by installing multi-hop routing path with the support of the SDN controller. In addition, we highlight the robustness and potential of our architecture by presenting a public safety scenario, where a part of the network is offline due to extraordinary events such as disaster or terrorist attacks.
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paper_title: Analyzing the applicability of Internet of Things to the battlefield environment

paper_content:

As the Internet of Things (IoT) matures in commercial sectors, the promise of diverse new technologies such as data-driven applications, intelligent adaptive systems, and embedded optimized automation will be realized in every environment. An immediate research question is whether contemporary IoT concepts can be applied also to military battlefield environments and can realize benefits similar to those in industry. Military environments, especially those that depend on tactical communications, are much more challenging than commercial environments. Thus it is likely many commercial IoT architectures and technologies may not translate into the military domain and others will require additional research to enable deployment and efficient implementation. This paper investigates these issues and describes potential military operational activities that could benefit from commercial IoT technologies, including logistics, sensing/surveillance, and situation awareness. In addition, the paper lays out a roadmap for future research necessary to leverage IoT and apply it to the tactical battlefield environment.
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paper_title: Network-Centric Warfare and the Data-Information-Knowledge-Wisdom Hierarchy

paper_content:

EACH TIME PEOPLE use smartphone apps, they are creating a form of digital infor- mation unknown to most soldiers less than a decade ago. Today, people produce so much digital information at such a rapid rate that it is physically impossible to store all of it.1 In 2010 alone, consumers stored more than six exabytes of new data on personal com- puters (PCs) and other devices-this is 24,000 times the amount of information stored in the Library of Congress.2 "Big data" are produced somewhere every day, and volumes of data are characteristic of modern combat operations. Soldiers must become experts with systems that manage, manipulate, transform, and analyze data. In the 21st century, tacti- cally relevant information is produced, monitored, and shared in the digital space; com- manders must learn to take advantage of data if they are to exercise mission command effectively.The Department of Defense (DOD) concept for network-centric warfare theory predates the 9/11 terrorist attacks that immersed our nation in its lon- gest war.3 Before the war, network-centric warfare theory was an important transformational concept, and Congress was briefed about its implementa- tion within DOD. However, the theory was not adopted as the basis for operational doctrine. Rather than emphasizing U.S. advances in technology, doctrine has used European colonial experiences as the underpinnings for the war's counterinsur- gency (COIN) doctrine.4 This represents a missed opportunity.Network-centric warfare theory is different from other doctrinal frameworks because of how it takes advantage of technological capabilities available only to U.S. forces. The U.S. government has an advantage because other countries simply cannot afford the high level of information technology (IT) investments needed to support network-centric operations. The U.S. government is the largest single purchaser of IT in the world, and out of an approximately $75 billion expenditure in 2011, DOD consumed about half.5 Network-centric warfare theory promotes myriad technologies that allow U.S. military forces to gain information supe- riority over an adversary and apply combat power decisively through improved decision making; the networked capability enables these benefits.6 The IT for such operations is increasingly available in Army formations.7 The level of IT investment the U.S. government already makes for DOD enables information superiority; therefore, it is unlikely an adversary could counter the advantage gained through network-centric operations. Because nei- ther adversaries nor allies and coalition partners make comparable IT investments, network-centric warfare theory would allow DOD to take advan- tage of an exclusively U.S. capability.The U.S. military must overcome resistance to network-centric warfare theory so it can take advan- tage of its huge IT investments to win wars. Three factors can explain this resistance. First, while ade- quate individual IT components have been available for more than a decade, only recently have they been integrated sufficiently to create a useful information system (IS) for Army small-unit planning and tacti- cal command and control. (The IS capabilities of other services are beyond the scope of this paper.) Second, analysis of training with digital systems shows that there has not been an accompanying shift in doctrine and work practice (e.g., standard operating procedures) meaningful enough to take full advantage of advances in IT.8 Based on such reports, one can conclude that 21st-century Army doctrine and work practice remain rooted in the work practice developed for the manual processes, analog equipment, and older digital technologies that contemporary systems have replaced.9 Con- sequently, commanders in the field are often using archaic techniques with a cutting-edge IS. Third, many analysts believe the cultural change needed for acceptance of network-centric warfare theory is overdue.10This paper describes how to integrate a "data- information-knowledge-wisdom" (DIKW) hierar- chy into a network-centric-capable IS framework. …
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paper_title: Display and Control Concepts for Multi-UAV Applications

paper_content:

Advances in automation technology are leading to development of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) concepts in which a single pilot is responsible for multiple UAVs. With these highly automated UAVs, the operator’s role will become more supervisory in nature. In response, a new interface paradigm is required for effective supervisory control of multiple UAVs by a single operator. This chapter introduces a variety of display and control concepts that may be especially applicable to multi-UAV applications. Many of these are technologies being investigated at the United States Air Force Research Laboratory and include multimodal interfaces, temporal displays, and integrated visualization concepts. For any candidate technology, however, rigorous user-centered design and evaluation needs to be conducted that focuses on the tasks and requirements of the specific multi-UAV application being targeted. It is also important to ensure that the operator has adequate means to first observe and then direct the automation’s functioning in order to be responsive to changes in the mission, vehicle status, or operational environment. G.L. Calhoun ( ) • M.H. Draper Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, 711 HPW/RHCI, Air Force Research Laboratory, Dayton, OH, USA K.P. Valavanis, G.J. Vachtsevanos (eds.), Handbook of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-9707-1 88, © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 201 2443
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paper_title: Data security and threat modeling for smart city infrastructure

paper_content:

Smart city opens up data with a wealth of information that brings innovation and connects government, industry and citizens. Cyber insecurity, on the other hand has raised concerns among data privacy and threats to smart city systems. In this paper, we look into security issues in smart city infrastructure from both technical and business operation perspectives and propose an approach to analyze threats and to improve data security of smart city systems. The assessment process takes hundreds of features into account. Data collected during the assessment stage are then imported into an algorithm that calculates the threat factor. Mitigation strategies are provided to help reducing risks of smart city systems from being hacked into and to protect data from being misused, stolen or identifiable. Study shows that the threat factor can be reduced significantly by following this approach. Experiments show that this comprehensive approach can reduce the risks of cyber intrusions to smart city systems. It can also deal with privacy concerns in this big data arena.
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paper_title: Ethics and the Enhanced Soldier of the near Future

paper_content:

We live in a world of rapidly advancing, revolutionary technologies that are not just reshaping our world and wars, but also creating a host of ethical questions that must be dealt with. But in trying to answer them, we must also explore why exactly it is so hard to have effective discussions about ethics, technology, and war in the first place?-P.W. SingerThe super soldier is on the way-maybe not tomorrow, but soon. As technological inventions are changing our society, so will technology ripple through our battlefields and soldier ethics. Soldier enhancement possibilities are often discussed, but less so are the ethical challenges of the new technologies.In the near future, science and technology will offer many startling choices to enhance or equip the soldier. Like any innovation in warfare, the Army must discuss the ethics of enhancing soldiers. Planning must begin on how to incorporate the enhanced soldier into the Army. A comprehensive planning effort could prevent the unintended repercussions of technology implemented without consideration for ethics, concepts, and doctrine. The Army must come to terms not only with creating-or fighting against-enhanced soldiers but also with understanding the unforeseen ethical challenges and the second- and third-order effects of such warfare.At the very basic level, all items soldiers carry and use could be considered enhancements to aid them in battle. In 480 BCE at the battle of Thermopylae, the Spartans' enhancements were in the form of their shields, spears, and swords. At the Battle of Agincourt in 1415, English King Henry V and his forces had their enhancements: English knights rode atop warhorses and wore armor plate while the English bowmen fired arrows with the long bow.Today, U.S. soldiers carry enhancements of body armor, weapons, radios, and batteries that weigh in excess of 75 pounds. However, the way of exterior enhancement soon will be augmented with technologies yet to be developed.The soldier of the future likely will be enhanced through neuroscience, biotechnology, nanotechnology, genetics, and drugs. According to Patrick Lin, writing in The Atlantic about the ethics of enhancing soldiers, "Soldier enhancements, through biological or technological augmentation of human capabilities, reduce warfighter risk by providing tactical advantages over the enemy."1 Lin describes efforts to develop a "super-soldier" who can perform more like a machine.Why Are Ethics Important to the Enhanced Soldier?A 2010 report prepared for United States Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory about the appropriateness of cognition-enhancing drugs for troops says that the Army has tested modanifil and caffeine (to promote wakefulness) for use in military operations and that Army policy already approves some drugs for cognition enhancement.2 The report's authors expect that more drugs will be considered for enhancing warfighters. However, the authors barely mention the ethical concerns of using drugs such as modanifil for enhancement rather than for their intended therapeutic purposes. Moreover, their review of the literature and issues on ethics is based on about six sources and takes up about one page of a 50-page report.A definition of enhancement. According to the Oxford Dictionaries Online, enhancement is "an increase or improvement in quality, value, or extent."3 One working definition of an enhancement as it might apply to warfighters, according to Lin, is that "an enhancement is a medical or biological intervention to the body designed to improve performance, appearance, or capability besides what is necessary to achieve, sustain, or restore health."4Dangers of enhancement to soldiers. The risks that accompany enhancement are not new. Throughout history, armies have used risky enhancements such as addictive drugs to improve soldiers' performance in combat. For example, high-dose caffeine, modanifil, and amphetamines all have been shown to be highly effective in temporarily reversing mental performance degradation in sleep-deprived soldiers. …
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paper_title: Sports Tech - fitness trackers

paper_content:

`Wearables' are among the fastest growing tech items of 2015, with fitness trackers being near the top of the list. But how can they improve your fitness? By Alf Alderson.
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paper_title: Subcutaneous body area networks: A SWOT analysis

paper_content:

This paper presents a SWOT analysis for the emerging and futuristic field of non-medical body-implantable devices. This area will begin to materialize as one of the next big themes in future personal computing and offers huge rewards to society if implemented correctly. The technology boasts many strengths which are applicable to a variety markets including entertainment, social networking, personal safety, security, consumerism, communications, healthcare, convenience and human body enhancement. Such subcutaneous sensor technology releases citizens from the multitude of portable computing devices, keys, wallets, passes, etc. However, the technology would be a target for hackers and would likely result in more violent robberies and forceful ID removal. Additionally, adverse health effects, device and battery safety and reliability, and co-existence with medically prescribed implants are issues developers must solve before the technology could excel. External emerging technologies such as Cloud computing, IoT, and NFC support development and potential success of implantable systems and combines to help address issues of personal safety, terrorism, people tracking and identification, e-payments, and long-term fitness profiling. Threats to the technology's uptake include societal fears on such aspects as adverse health effects, dehumanisation, breaches of human rights, conservatism, social privacy, and religious objections. With this technology potentially beginning to enter the mainstream in the next 5–10 years considerable effort is required to develop legislation, policies, procedures, device and network security, and convince the general public this technology is the next logical step in personal computing.
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paper_title: Sensing as a Service: Challenges, Solutions and Future Directions

paper_content:

Sensors on (or attached to) mobile phones can enable attractive sensing applications in different domains, such as environmental monitoring, social networking, healthcare, transportation, etc. We introduce a new concept, sensing as a service (S2aaS), i.e., providing sensing services using mobile phones via a cloud computing system. An S2aaS cloud needs to meet the following requirements: 1) it must be able to support various mobile phone sensing applications on different smartphone platforms; 2) it must be energy-efficient; and 3) it must have effective incentive mechanisms that can be used to attract mobile users to participate in sensing activities. In this vision paper, we identify unique challenges of designing and implementing an S2aaS cloud, review existing systems and methods, present viable solutions, and point out future research directions.
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paper_title: Reasoning and resource allocation for sensor-mission assignment in a coalition context

paper_content:

We consider the problem of sensor-mission assignment as that of allocating a collection of intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) assets (including sensors and sensor platforms) to a set of mission tasks in an attempt to satisfy the ISR requirements of those tasks. This problem is exacerbated in a coalition context because the full range of possible ISR solutions is not easy to obtain at-a-glance. Moreover, the operational environment is highly dynamic, with frequent changes in ISR requirements and availability of assets. In this paper we describe a solution for the sensor-mission assignment problem that aims to maximize agility in sensor-mission assignment, while preserving robustness. The search space of potential solutions is reduced by employing a semantic reasoner to work out the types of sensor and platform bundles suitable for a given set of ISR tasks. Then, an efficient resource allocation algorithm is used to assign bundles of sensor/platform instances to satisfy each task, within the search space determined by the reasoner. The availability of instances takes into account access rights on those instances across the coalitionpsilas inventory. We describe a proof-of-concept implementation of this approach, in the form of a decision support tool for ISR planning.We illustrate the approach in the context of a coalition peace support operation scenario.
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paper_title: A Survey of Incentive Techniques for Mobile Crowd Sensing

paper_content:

Crowd sensing (CS) is an approach to collecting many samples of a phenomena of interest by distributing the sampling across a large number of individuals. While any one individual may not provide sufficient samples, aggregating samples across many individuals provides high-quality, high-coverage measurements of the phenomena. Thus, for participatory sensing to be successful, one must motivate a large number of individuals to participate. In this work, we review a variety of incentive mechanisms that motivate people to contribute to a CS effort. We then establish a set of design constraints or minimum requirements that any incentive mechanism for CS must have. These design constrains are then used as metrics to evaluate those approaches and determine their advantages and disadvantages. We also contribute a taxonomy of CS incentive mechanisms and show how current systems fit within this taxonomy. We conclude with the identification of new types of incentive mechanisms that require further investigation.
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paper_title: Outlier Detection Techniques for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey

paper_content:

In the field of wireless sensor networks, those measurements that significantly deviate from the normal pattern of sensed data are considered as outliers. The potential sources of outliers include noise and errors, events, and malicious attacks on the network. Traditional outlier detection techniques are not directly applicable to wireless sensor networks due to the nature of sensor data and specific requirements and limitations of the wireless sensor networks. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of existing outlier detection techniques specifically developed for the wireless sensor networks. Additionally, it presents a technique-based taxonomy and a comparative table to be used as a guideline to select a technique suitable for the application at hand based on characteristics such as data type, outlier type, outlier identity, and outlier degree.
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paper_title: Trustworthy Sensing for Public Safety in Cloud-Centric Internet of Things

paper_content:

The Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm stands for virtually interconnected objects that are identifiable and equipped with sensing, computing, and communication capabilities. Implementation of services and applications over the IoT architecture can take benefit of the cloud computing concept. Sensing-as-a-Service (S ::: 2 ::: aaS) is a cloud-inspired service model which enables access to the IoT. In this paper, we present a framework where IoT can enhance public safety by crowd management via sensing services that are provided by smart phones equipped with various types of sensors. In order to ensure trustworthiness in the presented framework, we propose a reputation-based (S ::: 2 ::: aaS) scheme, namely, Trustworthy Sensing for Crowd Management (TSCM) for front-end access to the IoT. TSCM collects sensing data based on a cloud model and an auction procedure which selects mobile devices for particular sensing tasks and determines the payments to the users of the mobile devices that provide data. Performance evaluation of TSCM shows that the impact of malicious users in the crowdsourced data can be degraded by 75% while trustworthiness of a malicious user converges to a value below 40% following few auctions. Moreover, we show that TSCM can enhance the utility of the public safety authority up to 85%.
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paper_title: Evolving military broadband wireless communication systems: WiMAX, LTE and WLAN

paper_content:

Emerging technologies for mobile broadband wireless are being considered as a Commercial Off-The-Shelf solution to cover the operational requirements of the future warfare. The capabilities of these technologies are being enhanced to meet the growing market demands on performance. In this context, several standards such as WiMAX, LTE or WLAN are introducing themselves as strong candidates to fulfill these requirements. This paper presents an innovative scenario-based approach to develop a Military Broadband Wireless Communication System (MBWCS). Its main objective is to analyze how similar a military MBWCS can be to the identified civil standards, taking operational and high level technical requirements into account. This specification will be used for analyzing the applicability and the modifications of each of the standards layers individually. Proving the feasibility and aptitude of each standard provides strong foundations to address a MBWCS in the most efficient way.
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paper_title: Fine-grained management of CoAP interactions with constrained IoT devices

paper_content:

As open standards for the Internet of Things gain traction, the current Intranet of Things will evolve to a truly open Internet of Things, where constrained devices are first class citizens of the public Internet. However, the large amount of control over constrained networks offered by today's vertically integrated platforms, becomes even more important in an open IoT considering its promise of direct end-to-end interactions with constrained devices. In this paper a set of challenges is identified for controlling interactions with constrained networks that arise due to their constrained nature and their integration with the public Internet. Furthermore, a number of solutions are presented for overcoming these challenges by means of an intercepting intermediary at the edge of the constrained network.
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paper_title: Network Centric Warfare and Coalition Operations: The New Military Operating System

paper_content:

Introduction. 1: US Military Primacy and the New Operating System. 2: Freedom and Control: Networks in Military Environments. 3: International Anarchy and Military Cooperation. 4: Naval Networks in the Coalition Environment. 5: The Neighbourhood Watch: Organisational and Political Boundaries in NORAD. 6: Information, Geography, Mobility, and Coordination: Land Operations in Digital Coalition Battlespaces. Conclusion. Bibliography.
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paper_title: Toward a software-based network: integrating software defined networking and network function virtualization

paper_content:

Communication networks are changing. They are becoming more and more “software- based.” Two trends reflect this: the use of software defined networking and the use of virtualization to exploit common off-the-shelf hardware to provide a wide array of network-resident functions. To truly achieve the vision shared by many service providers of a high-performance software-based network that is flexible, lowercost, and agile, a fast and carefully designed network function virtualization platform along with a comprehensive SDN control plane is needed. The shift toward software-based network services broadens the type of networking capabilities offered in provider networks and cloud platforms by allowing network services to be dynamically deployed across shared hosts. Combining this with an SDN control plane that recognizes the power of a dynamically changing network infrastructure allows network functions to be placed when they are needed and where they are most appropriate in the network. Our system, SDNFV harmoniously combines the two fast moving technological directions of SDN and virtualization to further the goal of achieving a true software-based network.
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paper_title: Opportunistic Sharing of Airborne Sensors

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Airborne sensors are often idle for much of their flight, e.g., while the platform carrying them is in transit to and from the locations of sensor tasks. The sensing needs of many other potential information consumers might thus be served by sharing such sensors, allowing other information consumers to opportunistically task them during their otherwise unscheduled time. Toward this end, we have developed Mission-Driven Tasking of Information Producers (MTIP), a prototype system for opportunistic sharing of airborne sensors. This paper describes its implementation as an agent-based task allocation system on top of the Marti Quality of Service (QoS)-managed publish-subscribe information management system, and presents simulations of a disaster response scenario demonstrating how MTIP can increase the number of sensor tasks served as well as reducing the number of UAVs required to serve a given set of sensor tasks.
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paper_title: Opportunities in mobile crowd sensing

paper_content:

Mobile crowd sensing is a new paradigm that takes advantage of pervasive mobile devices to efficiently collect data, enabling numerous largescale applications. Human involvement is one of the most important features, and human mobility offers unprecedented opportunities for both sensing coverage and data transmission. In this article, we investigate the opportunistic characteristics of human mobility from the perspectives of both sensing and transmission, and discuss how to exploit these opportunities to collect data efficiently and effectively. We also outline various open issues brought by human involvement in this emerging research area.
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paper_title: Quake detection system using smartphone-based wireless sensor network for early warning

paper_content:

Detecting disruptive events using Commercial off-the-self (COTS) sensors like the ones embedded in smartphones is a difficult challenge but also an interesting opportunity. In this paper, we present a reliable and scalable hierarchical architecture of smartphones acting as opportunistic sensor nodes. Using a low energy-consumption application, we have used the smartphones inertial sensor as an accelerograph. The deployed smartphones and the application form a low-cost wireless sensor network, that detects, analyzes and notifies a seismic-peak. The systems optimizes the distributed calculations in the smartphones; communication capabilities and integration in order to provide extra time for early warning in disaster scenarios (e.g. earthquakes), although the architecture may be extended to other disruptive and rare events. We propose an innovative real-time solution which considers time and spatial analyzes, not present in another works, making it more precise and customizable, coupling it to the features of the geographical zone, network and resources, so as providing evidence of the feasibility of earthquake early warning using a dense network of cell phones. The architecture has been validated by extensive evaluation and the most relevant result has been the improvement in notifications delivery about a seismic-peak 12 seconds earlier than previous works in the epicenter zone, and a reduction in the number of false positives. Additionally the proposed architecture includes a post-event management to help users and strengthen coordination between aid-agencies in order to optimize human resources and time to implement measures in order to eliminate negative effects on the population.
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paper_title: Network coding in military wireless ad hoc and sensor networks: Experimentation with GardiNet

paper_content:

Network coding is a communication paradigm that allows intermediate nodes to mix packets instead of simply relaying them. Motivated by applications in military tactical networks, this paper explores the use of the network coding. It has been proved that network coding has many benefits in wireless communications such as optimal capacity achievement and packet loss recovery. In this paper, we present a generic architecture for network coding for broadcast in wireless networks called GardiNet. GardiNet is generic; its design is divided into building blocks in order to enable it to adapt to different application scenarios. In this paper, we start by describing GardiNet for wireless ad hoc networks and in particular for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Then, we present experiment results of GardiNet in FIT IoT-LAB, a real testbed of WSNs. Results show that network coding performs well under real wireless conditions. In addition, we highlight the benefit of the Sliding Encoding Window scheme of GardiNet (SEW) to allow sensors to decode packets in real time.
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paper_title: The DARPA WNaN network architecture

paper_content:

The warfighter network of the future needs to be low-cost, instantly deployable, self-organizing, robust, and scale with both size and density. DARPA's Wireless Network after Next (WNaN) meets these challenges using an architecture that combines several innovative features for the first time in a real functional system: dynamic spectrum access (DSA), adaptive multi-transceiver frequency assignment, multi-channel medium access, highly scalable routing and disruption-tolerant networking (DTN). The WNaN system has been successfully demonstrated in real-world military experiments for up to 100 nodes - the largest military MANET demonstration on record. We present the network architecture of the WNaN system, focusing mainly on the medium access and sub-network layers. We briefly describe how key protocols work in tandem, and how they are implemented on the objective platform. Finally, we discuss some future plans.
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paper_title: Compressive and cooperative sensing in distributed mobile sensor networks

paper_content:

In this paper, we propose an algorithm to support distributed mobile sensors to collect data in sensing areas needing to be observed. The algorithm exploits random positions of mobile sensors to measure the area and applies compressive sensing (CS) to reconstruct all sensed data based on a certain number of CS measurements. At a time instant, the sensors add all readings within their sensing range and exchange their accumulative readings to their neighbors within a sensor communication range. Each CS measurement created at a time is a sum of all data measured by a group of connected sensors. We further analyze and formulate expression for power consumption for communications in the network. The measurement matrix, the number of mobile sensors, the sensing range and the communication range are analyzed and suggested for the networks to consume the least power.
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paper_title: An architecture for secure interoperability between coalition tactical MANETs

paper_content:

International military forces are increasingly engaged in coalition-based operations with an expectation that future coalition forces will be tightly interoperable even down to the tactical level. At the same time, there is an emerging trend towards increasing connectivity at the tactical edge, with mobile ad hoc networking (MANET) seen as a key enabling technology for this improved connectivity. This paper explores the convergence of these two trends—a desire for secure coalition interoperability and its potential co-existence with a MANET-based tactical communication platform. We present an architecture consisting of three elements that enable allied MANETs to share information securely: a key management strategy, gateway discovery and security association and network address translation. These concepts are well researched individually; in this paper we combine them in the context of a coalition tactical operation. We present several tactical scenarios in which our architecture enables a MANET to discover nearby allied MANETs, to identify and authenticate gateways to relay its information and to connect specialized nodes of allied MANETs and establish communities of interest. Our solutions could serve as models for the future development of secure interoperability policies, service level agreements and standards, e.g., for future NATO standardization agreements (STANAGs) or Combined Communications-Electronics Board Allied Communication Publications (CCEB ACPs).
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paper_title: A cross-layer defense scheme for countering traffic analysis attacks in Wireless Sensor Networks

paper_content:

In most Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) applications the sensors forward their readings to a central sink or base station (BS). The unique role of the BS makes it a natural target for an adversary's attack. Even if a WSN employs conventional security mechanisms such as encryption and authentication, an adversary may apply traffic analysis techniques to locate the BS. This motivates a significant need for improved BS anonymity to protect the identity, role, and location of the BS. Published anonymity-boosting techniques mainly focus on a single layer of the communication protocol stack and assume that changes in the protocol operation will not be detectable. In fact, existing single-layer techniques may not be able to protect the network if the adversary could guess what anonymity measure is being applied by identifying which layer is being exploited. In this paper we propose combining physical-layer and network-layer techniques to boost the network resilience to anonymity attacks. Our cross-layer approach avoids the shortcomings of the individual single-layer schemes and allows a WSN to effectively mask its behavior and simultaneously misdirect the adversary's attention away from the BS's location. We confirm the effectiveness of our cross-layer anti-traffic analysis measure using simulation.
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paper_title: Opportunistic Sensing in Wireless Sensor Networks: Theory and Application

paper_content:

Opportunistic Sensing (OS) refers to a paradigm for signal and information processing in which a network of sensing systems can automatically discover and select sensor platforms based on an operational scenario. In this paper, we propose theory and algorithms of OS for advancing autonomous sensing that not only ensures effective utilization of sensing assets but also provides robust optimal performance. We propose an information theoretical criterion for opportunistic sensing in wireless sensor networks and derive an algorithm for efficient OS. We apply our OS algorithm to radar sensor networks for sense-through-foliage target detection, and show that our OS algorithm works very well and much better than other approach.
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paper_title: Group Mobility Management for Large-Scale Machine-to-Machine Mobile Networking

paper_content:

Machine-to-machine (M2M) communications have emerged as a new communication paradigm to support Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Millions to trillions of machines will connect to mobile communication networks (MCNs) to provide IoT applications. This group-based behavior is considered one of the features of M2M communications. That is, machines are likely with correlated mobility and may perform mobility management at the same time. As a result of this scenario, signaling exchanges for machines are more likely to occur at the same time, and the random access channel (RACH) for the signaling is more likely to be congested. In this paper, we propose a group mobility management (GMM) mechanism where machines are grouped based on the similarity of their mobility patterns at the location database (LDB), and only the leader machine performs mobility management on behalf of the other machines in the same group. The GMM mechanism attempts to mitigate the signaling congestion problem. Through our performance study, we show how the GMM mechanism can reduce registration signaling from machines.
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paper_title: A Resource Mobility Scheme for Service-Continuity in the Internet of Things

paper_content:

In the Internet of Things (IoT) a large number of devices enable data communication and interaction between physical objects and the cyber world. An important feature of IoT is the possibility of having mobile objects equipped with sensing devices. In service-enabled IoT platforms, where data and interacting are provisioned as services, access and utilisation of these services are affected by the mobility of the resources that provide the data and services. In a reliable and dependable environment, service continuity is supported in scenarios where the IoT resources are mobile or can become unavailable due to handover delays, network disconnection or power outage. In this paper, we propose a resource mobility scheme with two operating modes - caching and tunnelling. We use these methods to enable applications to access the sensory data when the resources become temporarily unavailable. We have implemented a prototype for the proposed scheme in a mobile scenario. The evaluation results show a reduction of service loss in mobility scenarios by 30%.
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paper_title: Supporting military communications with Named Data Networking: An emulation analysis

paper_content:

Named Data Networking is a new concept that takes a fundamentally different approach to what is found in Internet Protocol (IP) network systems. IP-type networks name locations (in the form of IP addresses) to route messages to destinations when sending data. Named Data Networks (NDNs), on the other hand, are primarily concerned about the data itself and not necessarily about the locations where the data is found. The forwarding decisions in an NDN are based on the actual data being sent/requested and not the presumed locations of the data content. Instead of naming network locations to facilitate message delivery (IP), NDNs name the actual data. This new approach allows the nodes of NDNs to more easily take advantage of the broadcast capabilities found in many of today's networking devices while also avoiding many of the problems and inefficiencies that exist within IP networks. Because many modern military communication systems rely on IP mechanisms to provide networking functionality, it is worthwhile to investigate the benefits NDN might be able to provide these systems. Specific design features of the NDN architecture provide an efficient alternative to IP-based systems, particularly those systems operating within challenged environments. Thus, this paper presents an emulation analysis of NDN-aided military communication networks. We also briefly describe the NDN architecture and how it can be incorporated into various military communication networks, such as the Navy's Automated Digital Networking System (ADNS) and the Army's Warfighter Information Network-Tactical (WIN-T). Preliminary results show tremendous performance gains when the NDN architecture is applied to these military communication networks.
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paper_title: Securing the Internet of Things a military perspective

paper_content:

The Internet of Things (IoT) has the potential to become one of the most disruptive technologies that have emerged in recent decades. It can influence both civilian and military applications. One of the biggest challenges to successful deployment of IoT systems is security. Security is particularly important in military applications of IoT. In this article we discuss security challenges related to military applications of IoT and propose a possible approach to solving some of them, based on Object Level Protection and cryptographic access control.
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paper_title: Context-Awareness for Mobile Sensing: A Survey and Future Directions

paper_content:

The evolution of smartphones together with increasing computational power has empowered developers to create innovative context-aware applications for recognizing user-related social and cognitive activities in any situation and at any location. The existence and awareness of the context provide the capability of being conscious of physical environments or situations around mobile device users. This allows network services to respond proactively and intelligently based on such awareness. The key idea behind context-aware applications is to encourage users to collect, analyze, and share local sensory knowledge in the purpose for a large-scale community use by creating a smart network. The desired network is capable of making autonomous logical decisions to actuate environmental objects and also assist individuals. However, many open challenges remain, which are mostly arisen because the middleware services provided in mobile devices have limited resources in terms of power, memory, and bandwidth. Thus, it becomes critically important to study how the drawbacks can be elaborated and resolved and, at the same time, better understand the opportunities for the research community to contribute to the context-awareness. To this end, this paper surveys the literature over the period of 1991–2014 from the emerging concepts to applications of context-awareness in mobile platforms by providing up-to-date research and future research directions. Moreover, it points out the challenges faced in this regard and enlightens them by proposing possible solutions.
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paper_title: Security and Privacy in the Internet-of-Things Under Time-and-Budget-Limited Adversary Model

paper_content:

Internet-of-Things (IoT) represents an emerging era of networking that connects a variety of common appliances to one another, as well as with the rest of the Internet, to vastly improve our lives. Despite being significantly resource-constrained, IoT nodes are expected to participate in numerous computationally-intensive security protocols to overcome threats from the public Internet. Given that IoT nodes (e.g., smart meters) typically exchange tactical data that requires data protection for a short time span of up to a few days, we examine the use of smaller cryptographic key sizes to provide IoT security. We show that small key sizes quite drastically reduce the cryptographic computational processing requirements for IoT nodes. We estimate the cost of breaking public key crypto systems when the adversary is limited by the available resources (i.e., dollar cost ) and time (i.e., number of days ). We consider Moore's law, as well as More than Moore , and Less than Moore technology growth rates, in conjunction with the capabilities of a real-world key-breaker to calculate the cost estimates. Finally, we also present the trade-off between the processing load for an IoT node versus the desired time span of privacy protection.
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paper_title: BSD-based elliptic curve cryptography for the open Internet of Things

paper_content:

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the interconnection of everyday physical objects with the Internet and their representation in the digital world. Due to the connectivity of physical objects with the untrusted Internet, security has become an important pillar for the success of IoT-based services. Things in the IoT are resource-constrained devices with limited processing and storage capabilities. Often, these things are battery powered and connected through lossy wireless links. Therefore, lightweight and efficient ways of providing secure communication in the IoT are needed. In this context, Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) is considered as a strong candidate to provide security in the IoT while being able to function in constrained environments. In this paper we present a lightweight implementation and evaluation of ECC for the Contiki OS. For fast, secure and cost-effective mass development of IoT-based services by different vendors, it is important that the IoT protocols are implemented and released as open source and open licensed. To the best of our knowledge our ECC is the first lightweight BSD-licensed ECC for the IoT devices. We show the feasibility of our implementation by a thorough performance analysis using several implementations and optimization algorithms. Moreover, we evaluate it on a real IoT hardware platform.
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paper_title: A Practical Evaluation of Information Processing and Abstraction Techniques for the Internet of Things

paper_content:

The term Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the interaction and communication between billions of devices that produce and exchange data related to real-world objects (i.e. things). Extracting higher level information from the raw sensory data captured by the devices and representing this data as machine-interpretable or human-understandable information has several interesting applications. Deriving raw data into higher level information representations demands mechanisms to find, extract, and characterize meaningful abstractions from the raw data. This meaningful abstractions then have to be presented in a human and/or machine-understandable representation. However, the heterogeneity of the data originated from different sensor devices and application scenarios such as e-health, environmental monitoring, and smart home applications, and the dynamic nature of sensor data make it difficult to apply only one particular information processing technique to the underlying data. A considerable amount of methods from machine-learning, the semantic web, as well as pattern and data mining have been used to abstract from sensor observations to information representations. This paper provides a survey of the requirements and solutions and describes challenges in the area of information abstraction and presents an efficient workflow to extract meaningful information from raw sensor data based on the current state-of-the-art in this area. This paper also identifies research directions at the edge of information abstraction for sensor data. To ease the understanding of the abstraction workflow process, we introduce a software toolkit that implements the introduced techniques and motivates to apply them on various data sets.
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paper_title: Increasing the capability of CubeSat-based software-defined radio applications

paper_content:

CubeSats are highly accessible as Earth orbiting platforms due to their low costs of development and launch when compared to traditional small satellites. This accessibility, combined with a commensurately short development timeline, can be attributed to the use of commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) technology. However, COTS components typically have limited inherent resilience to the space environment. As such, CubeSat usage has largely been limited to experiments or applications where high availability is not required. Several technologies are enablers for increased CubeSat performance in the environment of space. Dependable Multiprocessor (DM) technology has demonstrated the capability for high system availability and reliability with COTS processors in a space environment. DM opens many possibilities for high performance, low cost processing in space, supporting technologies such as advanced software defined radios (SDR). SDR technology allows for on-orbit reconfigurability of data management, protocols, multiple access methods, waveforms, and data protection. This paper explores how these enabling technologies hold promise for increasing the availability and capability of CubeSats, allowing CubeSats to be used in advanced applications often associated with military and commercial operations.
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paper_title: A dependability evaluation for Internet of Things incorporating redundancy aspects

paper_content:

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a promising networking paradigm which immerses objects (cell phones, goods, watches, sensing motes, TVs, etc.) in a worldwide connection. Despite its high degree of applicability, the IoT faces some challenges. One of the most challenging problems is its dependability (reliability and availability), since a device failure might put people in danger or result in financial loss. An alternative to mitigate these consequences is the adoption of a strategy based on spare devices. If a primary device fails, the spare device could assume its functions in a safe way. Thus, this work proposes mathematical models based on Markov Chain which is able to estimate the reliability and availability of IoT applications considering redundancy aspects. The proposal can be used in order to provide valuable data at the early planning and design phases of an IoT application.
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paper_title: Modeling and Analyzing the Reliability and Cost of Service Composition in the IoT: A Probabilistic Approach

paper_content:

Recently, many efforts have been devoted to explore the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) and Service-Oriented Computing (SOC). These works allow the real-world devices to provide their functionality as web services. However, two important issues, unreliable service providing and resource constraints, make the modeling and analysis of service composition in IoT a big challenge. In this paper, we propose a probabilistic approach to formally describe and analyze the reliability and cost-related properties of the service composition in IoT. First, a service composition in IoT is modeled as a finite state machine (FSM) which focuses on the functional part. Then, we extend this FSM model to a Markov Decision Process (MDP), which can specify the reliability of service operations. Furthermore, we extend MDP with cost structure, which can represent the different service quality attributes for each operation, such as energy consumption, communication cost, etc. The desirable quality properties of the service composition are specified by a probabilistic extension of temporal logic PCTL. We adopt a well-established probabilistic model checker PRISM to verify and analyze those properties of our service composition models.
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paper_title: Reliability for Emergency Applications in Internet of Things

paper_content:

This paper addresses the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm, which is gaining substantial ground in modern wireless telecommunications. The IoT describes a vision where heterogeneous objects like computers, sensors, Radio-Frequency IDentification (RFID) tags or mobile phones are able to communicate and cooperate efficiently to achieve common goals thanks to a common IP addressing scheme. This paper focuses on the reliability of emergency applications under IoT technology. These applications' success is contingent upon the delivery of high-priority events from many scattered objects to one or more objects without packet loss. Thus, the network has to be self-adaptive and resilient to errors by providing efficient mechanisms for information distribution especially in the multi-hop scenario. As future perspective, we propose a lightweight and energy-efficient joint mechanism, called AJIA (Adaptive Joint protocol based on Implicit ACK), for packet loss recovery and route quality evaluation in the IoT. In this protocol, we use the overhearing feature, characterizing the wireless channels, as an implicit ACK mechanism. In addition, the protocol allows for an adaptive selection of the routing path based on the link quality. .
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paper_title: Markov Decision Processes with Applications in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey

paper_content:

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consist of autonomous and resource-limited devices. The devices cooperate to monitor one or more physical phenomena within an area of interest. WSNs operate as stochastic systems because of randomness in the monitored environments. For long service time and low maintenance cost, WSNs require adaptive and robust methods to address data exchange, topology formulation, resource and power optimization, sensing coverage and object detection, and security challenges. In these problems, sensor nodes are used to make optimized decisions from a set of accessible strategies to achieve design goals. This survey reviews numerous applications of the Markov decision process (MDP) framework, a powerful decision-making tool to develop adaptive algorithms and protocols for WSNs. Furthermore, various solution methods are discussed and compared to serve as a guide for using MDPs in WSNs.
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paper_title: UNISON: Towards a Middleware Architecture for Autonomous Cyber Defence

paper_content:

The ability of cyber defence systems to support rich sensing, fast response, intelligent decision making and a high degree of autonomy places many demands on the functionality of supporting middleware platforms, necessitating, for example, flexible data persistence that does not rely on dedicated resource pools, as well as reliable, decentralized communications. In this paper we describe the UNISON middleware architecture, which seeks to provide such functionality in the form of loosely-coupled, distributed publish/subscribe messaging, distributed key-value data persistence, and basic local component control. Taken in isolation, the individual parts of UNISON encompass features already present in existing systems and infrastructures, however, UNISON combines these into a consistent whole, providing data storage/distribution and messaging/control in a simple, light-weight and unified fashion. We have prototyped UNISON as a self-standing middleware platform, and have used the resulting prototype to support a (similarly prototypical) generic, autonomous cyber defence system from DST Group's HINDER project. We discuss our experiences with UNISON in the context of this system. As the UNISON architecture is still work in progress, our aim in this paper is to describe its current state, with the belief that the underlying design decisions will provide valuable insight when attempting to design related software infrastructures for supporting cyber defence systems.
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paper_title: Designing IoT architecture(s): A European perspective

paper_content:

Internet of Things (IoT) domain has attracted a lot of interest over the last few years, to a large extent due to its applicability across a plethora of application domains. This variety of application domains resulted in a variety of requirements that IoT systems should comply with. Due to the heterogeneity of the domains, the requirements varied significantly, and demanding more or less complex systems with varied performance expectations. This situation affected the architecture design and resulted in a range of IoT architectures with not only varied set of components and functionalities, but also varied terminologies used. It resulted in limited interoperability between the systems which in turn hampered development of the complete domain. To address these issues, to ensure a common understanding by providing a framework catering for different applications and eventually enable reuse of the existing work across the domains, reference architectures are an appropriate tool. This paper presents an overview of the activities done in Europe towards definition of such a common framework together with how it is being used and a potential outlook for these efforts.
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paper_title: Research on the architecture of Internet of Things

paper_content:

The Internet of Things is a technological revolution that represents the future of computing and communications. It is not the simple extension of the Internet or the Telecommunications Network. It has the features of both the Internet and the Telecommunications Network, and also has its own distinguishing feature. Through analysing the current accepted three-layer structure of the Internet of things, we suggest that the three-layer structure can't express the whole features and connotation of the Internet of Things. After reanalysing the technical framework of the Internet and the Logical Layered Architecture of the Telecommunication Management Network, we establish new five-layer architecture of the Internet of Things. We believe this architecture is more helpful to understand the essence of the Internet of Things, and we hope it is helpful to develop the Internet of Things.
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paper_title: Challenges in middleware solutions for the internet of things

paper_content:

The Internet of Things (IoT) aims to interconnect our everyday life items. It provides them with information processing capabilities to enable computers to sense, integrate, present, and react to all aspects of the physical world. This move from “interconnected computers” to “interconnected things” requires simplifying the development of new applications and services by supporting interoperability among heterogeneous devices; so that the programmer can focus on the development of applications enabled by the infrastructure of IoT. Middleware is a software layer interposed between the infrastructure and the applications using it [1] that basically aims to support important requirements for these applications. This paper surveys existing middleware designed for IoT and focuses on various technical challenges in this domain.
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paper_title: A scalable distributed architecture towards unifying IoT applications

paper_content:

The advent of Internet of Things (IoT) has kindled the possibility of umpteen number of applications. One of the major challenges in the realization of IoT applications is interoperability among various IoT entities. Thus, the need for a new architecture - comprising of smart control and actuation - has been identified by many researchers. In this article, we propose a distributed, interoperable architecture for IoT, which will overcome most of the obstacles in the process of large scale expansion of IoT. It specifically addresses heterogeneity of IoT devices, and enables seamless addition of new devices across applications. We propose a layered architecture that provides various levels of abstraction to tackle the issues such as, scalability, heterogeneity and interoperability. Using a comprehensive study of a use-cases, comprising elements from multiple-application domains, we illustrate the usability of the proposed architecture.
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paper_title: Study and application on the architecture and key technologies for IOT

paper_content:

IOT refers to the third scientific and economic tide after computer, Internet in the global information industry, having attracted highly attention of governments, enterprises, and academia, and brought a huge new market for the communication industry. At present, global main operators and equipment suppliers begin to provide M2M business and solution. Here mainly introduces the concept of IOT, analyses the structure of IOT: perception layer, network layer, application layer. Sets forth the key technologies of IOT: RFID, network communication, etc. At length, it proposes the future development and reform trend of IOT.
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paper_title: A rule-based platform for distributed real-time SOA with application in defence systems

paper_content:

Modularity has been a key issue in the design and development of modern embedded Real-Time Software Systems (RTS), where modularity enables flexibility with respect to changes in platform, environment, and requirements, as well as reuse. In distributed RTS, similar ideas have led to the adoption of COTS components integrated via Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) principles and technologies that are already well-established in business-oriented information systems. However, current SOA implementations, with respect to service activation and orchestration, do not meet strict time-dependent constraints on scalability and latency required by RTS. We present a novel approach to RTS development where the orchestration of real-time processes is distributed among the services within a fully distributed data-driven process framework. Our framework wraps around COTS components implementing individual processing steps in a distributed real-time process. Our execution model is configurable through message routing policies distributed as a knowledge base containing rule sets, thus maintaining real-time constraints, and therefore dispenses with the need for a central orchestration component which could easily become a bottleneck. Deterministic behaviour can therefore be achieved through the validation of the rule-sets and the use of Modular Performance Analysis.
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paper_title: Autonomous Control and the Internet of Things : Increasing Robustness, Scalability and Agility in Logistic Networks

paper_content:

The Internet of Things and Autonomous Control are considered key concepts to enhance logistic processes in supply networks. Here the question that often comes up is about how both concepts relate to each other. The principal aim of this article is to evaluate, whether the Internet of Things and the paradigm of Autonomous Control in logistics can complement each other’s capabilities. There are numerous different architectural approaches towards an Internet of Things. In this article, the EPCglobal Network is chosen, as it provides a standardised and well accepted approach based on open interfaces. A state of the art analysis is performed, concerning the existing technologies and research on Autonomous Control and the EPCglobal Network. In an integrative approach both concepts are merged. In this context, the EPCglobal Network is used as an information broker for Autonomous Logistic Objects . One possible application of this integrative approach is described based on an intelligent truck to illustrate the potential of the extended EPCglobal framework through means of Autonomous Control.
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paper_title: Service Discovery Protocols for Constrained Machine-to-Machine Communications

paper_content:

An emerging trend in many applications is to use resource-constrained wireless devices for machine-to-machine (M2M) communications. The observed proliferation of wireless embedded systems is expected to have a significant impact on future M2M applications if the services provided can be automatically discovered and accessed at runtime. In order to realize the decoupling of M2M applications and services, energy efficient service discovery mechanisms must be designed so as to minimize human intervention during configuration and management phases. However, many traditional service discovery protocols cannot be applied to wireless constrained devices because they introduce too much overhead, fail in a duty-cycled environment or require significant memory resources. To address this, either new protocols are being proposed or existing ones are adapted to meet the requirements of constrained networks. In this article, we provide a comprehensive overview of service discovery protocols that have been recently proposed for constrained M2M communications by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Advantages, disadvantages, performance and challenges of the existing solutions for different M2M scenarios are also analyzed.
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paper_title: Performance comparison between slotted IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.1 lah in IoT based applications

paper_content:

In this paper, we present a performance comparison between IEEE 802.15.4 which specifies the physical and media access control layers for low-rate wireless personal area networks (LR-WPANs) like ZigBee, and IEEE 802.11ah, a new global WLAN standard using sub-1 GHz frequency band, in terms of throughput and energy consumption. Both standards are targeting low power applications with relatively high number of nodes as in IoT and M2M applications. The simulations results demonstrate the better performance of IEEE 802.11ah throughput mainly in congested networks. However in particular cases, the IEEE 802.15.4 outperforms the IEEE 802.11ah from energy consumption point of view.
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paper_title: Performance Analysis of RFID Protocols: CDMA Versus the Standard EPC Gen-2

paper_content:

Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a ubiquitous wireless technology which allows objects to be identified automatically. An RFID tag is a small electronic device with an antenna and has a unique identification (ID) number. RFID tags can be categorized into passive and active tags. For passive tags, a standard communication protocol known as EPC-global Generation-2, or briefly EPC Gen-2, is currently in use. RFID systems are prone to transmission collisions due to the shared nature of the wireless channel used by tags. The EPC Gen-2 standard recommends using dynamic framed slotted ALOHA technique to solve the collision issue and to read the tag IDs successfully. Recently, some researchers have suggested to replace the dynamic framed slotted ALOHA technique used in the standard EPC Gen-2 protocol with the code division multiple access (CDMA) technique to reduce the number of collisions and to improve the tag identification procedure. In this paper, the standard EPC Gen-2 protocol and the CDMA-based tag identification schemes are modeled as absorbing Markov chain systems. Using the proposed Markov chain systems, the analytical formulae for the average number of queries and the total number of transmitted bits needed to identify all tags in an RFID system are derived for both the EPC Gen-2 protocol and the CDMA-based tag identification schemes. In the next step, the performance of the EPC Gen-2 protocol is compared with the CDMA-based tag identification schemes and it is shown that the standard EPC Gen-2 protocol outperforms the CDMA-based tag identification schemes in terms of the number of transmitted bits and the average time required to identify all tags in the system.
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paper_title: A Scalable Framework for Provisioning Large-Scale IoT Deployments

paper_content:

Internet of Things (IoT) devices are usually considered external application dependencies that only provide data or process and execute simple instructions. The recent emergence of IoT devices with embedded execution environments allows practitioners to deploy and execute custom application logic directly on the device. This approach fundamentally changes the overall process of designing, developing, deploying, and managing IoT systems. However, these devices exhibit significant differences in available execution environments, processing, and storage capabilities. To accommodate this diversity, a structured approach is needed to uniformly and transparently deploy application components onto a large number of heterogeneous devices. This is especially important in the context of large-scale IoT systems, such as in the smart city domain. In this article, we present LEONORE, an infrastructure toolset that provides elastic provisioning of application components on resource-constrained and heterogeneous edge devices in large-scale IoT deployments. LEONORE supports push-based as well as pull-based deployments. To improve scalability and reduce generated network traffic between cloud and edge infrastructure, we present a distributed provisioning approach that deploys LEONORE local nodes within the deployment infrastructure close to the actual edge devices. We show that our solution is able to elastically provision large numbers of devices using a testbed based on a real-world industry scenario.
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paper_title: Data Mining for Internet of Things: A Survey

paper_content:

It sounds like mission impossible to connect everything on the Earth together via Internet, but Internet of Things (IoT) will dramatically change our life in the foreseeable future, by making many "impossibles" possible. To many, the massive data generated or captured by IoT are considered having highly useful and valuable information. Data mining will no doubt play a critical role in making this kind of system smart enough to provide more convenient services and environments. This paper begins with a discussion of the IoT. Then, a brief review of the features of "data from IoT" and "data mining for IoT' is given. Finally, changes, potentials, open issues, and future trends of this field are addressed.
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paper_title: Techniques for Surviving Mobile Data Explosion

paper_content:

Discusses the challenges of bandwidth scarcity due to mobile data explosion and their solutionsThe rapidly growing popularity of Smartphones and other mobile devices has resulted in an exponential growth of mobile data. There is insufficient radio spectrum to cope with this growing data demand, and upgrading existing networks to meet the demands of mobile data explosion is expensive.Techniques for Surviving the Mobile Data Explosion is about the different approaches that can be used to address the challenges of limited bandwidth. It examines these challenges from the perspective of the mobile network operators, mobile applications developers, and enterprises that deploy mobile applications for their employees.The book provides:Comprehensive yet easy-to-understand information that is free of technical jargon, complex mathematical notation, and multiple acronymsEasy-to-understand figures as well as a comprehensive set of referencesA cross-disciplinary approach spanning the areas of cellular networks, IP networks, and mobile applicationsTechniques for Surviving the Mobile Data Explosion is ideal for wireless application developers and mobile network operators.
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paper_title: A framework for evaluating Internet-of-Things platforms: Application provider viewpoint

paper_content:

Widespread adoption of Internet of Things (IoT) applications assumes a sustainable ecosystem of firms creating, distributing, and using these applications. Such an ecosystem often forms around a platform that implements commonly used functionality and offers it to the members of the ecosystem for creating applications and services. In IoT, such a platform may be materialized in a form of a cloud platform that supports the management of connected devices, and the development and use of the applications based on them. A number of cloud platforms targeting IoT applications are available in the market; to prosper, they need to assist the providers of the IoT applications in designing and developing the applications, as well as in deploying and operating the application software. In this paper, a framework for evaluating the IoT platforms from the perspective of how widely they cover the potential needs of the application providers is introduced. Based on the framework, the maturity of the available IoT platforms is evaluated, by using the publicly available information about the platforms' features and supporting services. As the results of this initial analysis suggest, none of the platforms today offers the comprehensive support. This can be seen as a factor contributing to a slow adaption of the IoT platforms, and therefore to the slower-than-expected takeoff of the IoT ecosystem in general.
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paper_title: Integrate Military with Distributed Cloud Computing and Secure Virtualization

paper_content:

Cloud computing is known as a novel information technology (IT) concept, which involves facilitated and rapid access to networks, servers, data saving media, applications and services via Internet with minimum hardware requirements. Use of information systems and technologies at the battlefield is not new. Information superiority is a force multiplier and is crucial to mission success. Distributed cloud computing in the Military systems are operational today. In the near future extensive use of military clouds at the battlefield is predicted. Integrating cloud computing logic to military applications will increase the flexibility, cost-effectiveness, efficiency and accessibility capabilities. In this paper, distributed cloud computing concepts are defined. Cloud computing supported battlefield applications are analyzed. The effects of cloud computing systems on the information domain in future warfare are discussed. Battlefield opportunities and novelties which might be introduced by distributed cloud computing systems are researched. The role of military clouds in future warfare is proposed in this paper. It was concluded that military clouds will be indispensible components of the future battlefield. Military clouds have the potential of increasing situational awareness at the battlefield and facilitating the settlement of information superiority.
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paper_title: An Efficient File Hierarchy Attribute-Based Encryption Scheme in Cloud Computing

paper_content:

Ciphertext-policy attribute-based encryption (CP-ABE) has been a preferred encryption technology to solve the challenging problem of secure data sharing in cloud computing. The shared data files generally have the characteristic of multilevel hierarchy, particularly in the area of healthcare and the military. However, the hierarchy structure of shared files has not been explored in CP-ABE. In this paper, an efficient file hierarchy attribute-based encryption scheme is proposed in cloud computing. The layered access structures are integrated into a single access structure, and then, the hierarchical files are encrypted with the integrated access structure. The ciphertext components related to attributes could be shared by the files. Therefore, both ciphertext storage and time cost of encryption are saved. Moreover, the proposed scheme is proved to be secure under the standard assumption. Experimental simulation shows that the proposed scheme is highly efficient in terms of encryption and decryption. With the number of the files increasing, the advantages of our scheme become more and more conspicuous.
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paper_title: The Role of Cloudlets in Hostile Environments

paper_content:

The convergence of mobile computing and cloud computing is predicated on a reliable, high-bandwidth end-to-end network. This basic requirement is hard to guarantee in hostile environments such as military operations and disaster recovery. In this article, the authors examine how VM-based cloudlets that are located in close proximity to associated mobile devices can overcome this challenge. This article is part of a special issue on the edge of the cloud.
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paper_title: Distributed Parameter Estimation for Mobile Wireless Sensor Network Based on Cloud Computing in Battlefield Surveillance System

paper_content:

The construction of a battlefield surveillance system is very important for monitoring the attack of enemy aircrafts and missiles, which integrates various sensors and mobile devices. Then, multiple battlefield surveillance systems can be connected together to form a battlefield surveillance network. The mobile nodes can be deployed in a certain region to monitor enemy aircrafts and missiles. Thus, some important issues have to be solved efficiently, including the cooperation across the administrative domains of a cloud network, the direction-of-arrival (DOA), and a polarization estimation algorithm for a mobile wireless sensor network (MWSN). In this paper, the architecture of a battlefield surveillance system is constructed based on mobile cloud computing and 5G link. The root multiple signal classification (Root-MUSIC)-like algorithm is proposed for estimating the 1-D DOA and a polarization parameter with a uniform linear array. The Root-MUSIC algorithm is replaced by the Fourier transform, the former algorithm that can be extended to an arbitrary topology structure of a MWSN. Then, the proposed algorithm is extended to the 2-D DOA and a polarization estimation in further. Based on the deployment of different MWSNs, the estimation results of DOA and polarization parameters are fused in order to improve the estimation performance. Finally, the parameter information (DOA and polarization parameter) of enemy aircrafts and missiles can be achieved. The computer simulation verifies the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. The proposed algorithm ensures the parameter estimation accuracy with a low computational complexity.
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paper_title: Semantic Web services description based on command and control interaction user context

paper_content:

In the current military command and control simulation training systems, command and control system and simulation system interact command and control information based on semantic Web services technology architecture. However, the current Semantic Web service is lack of user context description, simulation system cannot effectively, quickly and accurately find their services to meet the requirement, further affecting the semantic Web service composition, ultimately cannot effectively meet the requirement of the simulation system execution. In this paper, we analyzes the shortcomings of existing Semantic Web service description model, extended OWL-S to increase user context description, and establish Semantic Web Service Description modelbased on command and control interaction user context, build user context structure model which contains User Context Role Layer, User Context Attribute Layer and User Context Content Layer, express Static and dynamic context of the user attributes as unified definition, and make example.
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Title: A Review on Internet of Things for Defense and Public Safety
Section 1: Introduction
Description 1: Provide an overview of the Internet of Things (IoT) and its impact on various sectors, particularly focusing on its potential value and applications in the military and public safety domains.

Section 2: PS Organizations Description
Description 2: Detail the various public safety (PS) organizations, their responsibilities, and the environments in which they operate.

Section 3: Compelling COTS IoT Applications
Description 3: Discuss the applications of Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) IoT technologies that are relevant to defense and public safety.

Section 4: Target Scenarios for Mission-Critical IoT
Description 4: Provide an overview of promising IoT scenarios for defense and public safety, including specific use cases and applications.

Section 5: Operational Requirements
Description 5: Analyze the operational requirements for deploying IoT in defense and public safety, grouped by capabilities such as deployment features, system management, supported services, and applications.

Section 6: Network Capabilities
Description 6: Describe the network capabilities necessary for IoT in defense and public safety, including supported network topologies, mobility capabilities, and security measures.

Section 7: Building IoT for Tactical and Emergency Environments
Description 7: Review the basics of the IoT landscape to support the previously explained requirements, focusing on the architecture, standardized protocols, and enabling technologies.

Section 8: Digital Analytics
Description 8: Explain the role of digital analytics in managing the excessive volume of IoT data, facilitating real-time responses and integration of cutting-edge technologies.

Section 9: Main Challenges and Technical Limitations
Description 9: Identify and discuss the main challenges and technical limitations faced by military IoT systems and recommend further research needed.

Section 10: From COTS to Mission-Critical IoT: Further Recommendations
Description 10: Provide recommendations for transitioning from COTS IoT technologies to mission-critical IoT applications in defense and public safety.

Section 11: Conclusions
Description 11: Summarize the key findings of the review, the potential of IoT in defense and public safety, and the steps required for broader deployment and innovation.