Technology Aspects of E-Government Readiness in Developing Countries: A Review of the Literature
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paper_title: E-government in Libya: Constraints, potentials and implementation

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The successful adoption of new technologies helps governments achieve efficiency in their implementation and delivery of public services to citizens. The objective behind various e-govemment initiatives has shifted in recent years towards establishing services that cater more to citizens' needs and offer greater accessibility. As a result, it is necessary to develop a well founded theoretical framework to measure the success of such initiatives. The purpose of this thesis is to identify the success factors behind governmental e-service delivery from a citizen viewpoint. This research identifies and discusses three theoretical perspectives in approaching the research problem: SI, success variables, and e-government success evaluation. A theoretical framework was developed to evaluate e-service delivery success. Initially, Additional variables were incorporated into the model from several disciplines, and re-specifications and extensions were made to develop a proposed success model for government e-services. Citizen satisfaction was proposed as a measure of e-government success, and its relationships were hypothesized with e-government system quality, information quality, e-service quality, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and citizen trust Fourteen hypotheses were formulated to test the proposed research model.
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paper_title: Developing a Generic Framework for E-Government

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Electronic government (e-government) initiatives are pervasive and form a significant part of government investment portfolio in almost all countries around the world. However, understanding of what is meant by e-government is still nascent and becomes complicated because the construct means different things to different people. Consequently, the conceptualization and implementation of e-government programs are diverse and are often difficult to assess and compare across different contexts of application. This paper addresses the following key question: Given the wide variety of visions, strategic agendas, and contexts of application, how may we assess, categorize, classify, compare, and discuss the e-government efforts of various government administrations? In answering this question, we propose a generic e-government framework that will allow for the identification of e-government strategic agendas and key application initiatives that transcend country-specific requirements. In developing the framework, a number of requirements are first outlined. The framework is proposed and described; it is then illustrated using brief case studies from three countries. Finally, findings and limitations are discussed.
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paper_title: E-Government Challenges in Public Sector: A case study of Pakistan

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A longitudinal study has been conducted to explore challenges confronting E-Government implementation in public sector organizations of Pakistan. The tremendous breakthrough of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) strongly influenced the work process and the working scenario that brought change into the administrative setup of government / bureaucracy. The basic information about government organizations, but not all its relevant business / processes are made available online to the stakeholders concerned. However implementation of EGovernment is a big challenge as it needs tremendous change in the existing work processes. Case study encompasses the challenges in area such as technological infrastructure, organizational aspect, and collaboration with other organizations. The study was conducted in one of public sector organization in Pakistan during the implementation of EGovernment and second study of the same organization focused on how the challenges were overcome by introducing various strategies and to what extent such strategies found to be fruitful. The finding of the study shows that the implementation of E-Government is quite difficult where as basic ICT infrastructure and financial resources are not available in organizations. It has been recommended Egovernment could not be managed properly until the challenges should be addressed and managed well.
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paper_title: A Suggested E-Government Framework for Assessing Organizational E-Readiness in Developing Countries

paper_content:

Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have been presented in the government sector all over the world last two decades in an effort to accomplish better operational efficiency and effectiveness. This study focuses on the main internal factors in the assessment of e-government organizational readiness in developing countries and how do they lead to successful e-government adoption. Consequently, this study contributes an integrated e-government framework for assessing the e-readiness of government organizations. Most assessment models are more appropriate for the assessment of the overall growth of e-government in each country; they are not focusing on the difficulties that exist in the internal factors affecting transformation of a government organization caused by ICT diffusion. Most of these modules disregard the vision of external stakeholders and employees, although they represent the basis in the success of any e-government project. The suggested e-government framework consists of seven dimensions of ereadiness assessment for government organizations including e-government organizational strategy, user access, e-government program, portal architecture, business process, ICT infrastructure, and human resource. This article extended the previous work particularly in the literature review and the processes dimension. This article is significant to management in assessing organizational e-readiness to improve the effectiveness of e-government initiatives. The next step of this study is to test the relations of these factors in an emerging egovernment environment using a case study on an government organization as an essential step in the process of testing the framework suggested.
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paper_title: E-Government in developing countries: Framework of challenges and opportunities

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Responsibility of success the Electronic Government (E-Government) is the responsibility of all citizens. E-Government is a massive automated project that uses Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) to promote more efficient and effective of government, facilitate more accessible government services, and make government more accountable to citizens. Through the implementation of E-Government, there are a lot of challenges and difficulties, at the same time there are a lot of opportunities that will help us to accelerate the application of E-Government. This paper will be introduced these challenges and opportunities for developing a successful E-Government in developing countries, so we will discuss in detail the situation in Pakistan, India, Malaysia, Jordan, and others as examples. The aim of this study is find a general framework for the challenges and opportunities that facing the developing countries. Important issues will be discussing in this paper e.g., IT infrastructure, digital cultural, managerial issues, legislation issues, and budgeting.
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paper_title: Analytical framework for e-government interoperability

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This paper is concerned with maturity in e-government interoperability. Based on the stage hypothesis model of growth, a framework to analyze and predict e-government interoperability is presented. Lessons learned from the experience of the government sector in Norway are useful for analysing the stages of growth, dominant problems at each stage, and evolutionary path. Using the organisational, semantic and technical parameters of the framework, benchmarks applicable for each stage are applied to the case studies from the government sector in Norway. This exploratory research describes the utility of the analytical framework, as well as benefits derived from improved e-government interoperability.
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paper_title: Conceptual approach to e-government, targets and barriers facing its

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This article investigates the concepts of electronic government, history, the emergence of e-government, e-government objectives, definitions of e-government, e-government structure, the role of electronic government, electronic government and evolution of the advantages of e-government. Data is collected from both the library and other libraries. The main purpose of this study is to identify barriers to e-government settlement. Research results showed that deployment of e-government involves the public Requires the determination of individual citizens. This goal will be achieved only with the cooperation between government, private sector and civil society We also conclude that e-government should be seen as an institutional innovation. Following this conclusion we stress that institutional innovation may have undesired effects: technology may change the meaning of government and hollow out fundamental values. Therefore, we call for a public debate on the institutional innovation of government
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paper_title: Evaluating a Framework for Securing E-Government Services -- A Case of Tanzania

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The current and emerging security threats poses a variety of security risks to e-government services. The Tanzanian national e-government strategy recognizes the importance and use of e-government maturity models (eGMMs) as a tool for guiding and benchmarking e-government implementation and service delivery. However, the models lack security services (technical and non-technical) in their maturity stages - leading to misalignment of strategic objectives between e-government services and security services. To bridge the existing security services gap in eGMMs - a framework for securing e-government services which integrates IT security services into maturity stages of eGMMs was proposed. The goal of this paper is to present an outline of the evaluation results for the proposed framework, in the context of a developing world environment. In the process, seven evaluation criteria were developed; thereafter, a case-study was conducted into six government organizations located in Tanzania. The overall results show that the framework was accepted in the studied environment. The framework usefulness was perceived highest at 95%; the framework dynamics & flexibility was perceived lowest at 76%.
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paper_title: Key contributing factors towards successful Electronic Government systems interoperability

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Electronic Government (e-Government) is an initiative of transforming public sector delivery system towards high performance services and citizen oriented. The emergence of broadband and communication technology has catalyzed the growth of online systems forming the main thrust of e-Government. However, the satisfaction level of e-Government systems remains low because of recurrent transactions in different users systems. In addition, most of e-Government systems are still not integrated. Successful integration can be achieved if interoperability factors are completely defined in a framework and introduced in the early stages of system development. This paper aims to review existing e-Government interoperability frameworks which are European Interoperability Framework, e-Government Interoperability Framework (UK), Standards and Architectures for e-Government Applications (Germany) and E-Government Interoperability Framework (Greek). These frameworks were analyzed using content analysis method to identify the key successful factors towards e-Government systems interoperability. The factors were grouped into two dimensions; people and process. These dimensions and factors subsequently become the basis for developing a holistic and integrated framework in the future.
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paper_title: Strategic Framework for Designing E-Government in Developing Countries

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Developing countries have embarked on e-government initiatives in their modernization activities, as the developed countries. Despite the effort, implementation of e-government in developing countries is still rated as not sufficient. Several literatures, such as the UN 2012 survey, investigate challenges faced by developing countries; poor management and limited availability of resources being the main ones. Developing an e-government system with limited resources and with the challenges developing countries are facing requires careful planning. The ultimate question is the public value generated and the sustainability of e-government initiatives in developing countries. Our main question driving the investigation in this paper is, therefore, whether guidelines exist to develop e-government solutions with the goal of public value generation in mind. The investigations of literature have unveiled many guidelines for designing e-government systems. However, there is still lack of a comprehensive framework that will enable developing countries to design e-government systems whilst generating public value. In this paper, existing guidelines for development of e-government systems are first reviewed followed by a comparison among the guidelines. Then the challenges for designing e-government systems in developing countries are outlined. Through a consolidated view emerging from the comparison and the outlined challenges, the paper brings forth a comprehensive strategic framework for successful design of e-government systems. The proposed framework is for policy makers and e-government coordinators to design e-government systems in a way that the objectives are met and that the investments generate public value.
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paper_title: Strategic Framework for Designing E-Government in Developing Countries

paper_content:

Developing countries have embarked on e-government initiatives in their modernization activities, as the developed countries. Despite the effort, implementation of e-government in developing countries is still rated as not sufficient. Several literatures, such as the UN 2012 survey, investigate challenges faced by developing countries; poor management and limited availability of resources being the main ones. Developing an e-government system with limited resources and with the challenges developing countries are facing requires careful planning. The ultimate question is the public value generated and the sustainability of e-government initiatives in developing countries. Our main question driving the investigation in this paper is, therefore, whether guidelines exist to develop e-government solutions with the goal of public value generation in mind. The investigations of literature have unveiled many guidelines for designing e-government systems. However, there is still lack of a comprehensive framework that will enable developing countries to design e-government systems whilst generating public value. In this paper, existing guidelines for development of e-government systems are first reviewed followed by a comparison among the guidelines. Then the challenges for designing e-government systems in developing countries are outlined. Through a consolidated view emerging from the comparison and the outlined challenges, the paper brings forth a comprehensive strategic framework for successful design of e-government systems. The proposed framework is for policy makers and e-government coordinators to design e-government systems in a way that the objectives are met and that the investments generate public value.
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paper_title: A Suggested E-Government Framework for Assessing Organizational E-Readiness in Developing Countries

paper_content:

Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have been presented in the government sector all over the world last two decades in an effort to accomplish better operational efficiency and effectiveness. This study focuses on the main internal factors in the assessment of e-government organizational readiness in developing countries and how do they lead to successful e-government adoption. Consequently, this study contributes an integrated e-government framework for assessing the e-readiness of government organizations. Most assessment models are more appropriate for the assessment of the overall growth of e-government in each country; they are not focusing on the difficulties that exist in the internal factors affecting transformation of a government organization caused by ICT diffusion. Most of these modules disregard the vision of external stakeholders and employees, although they represent the basis in the success of any e-government project. The suggested e-government framework consists of seven dimensions of ereadiness assessment for government organizations including e-government organizational strategy, user access, e-government program, portal architecture, business process, ICT infrastructure, and human resource. This article extended the previous work particularly in the literature review and the processes dimension. This article is significant to management in assessing organizational e-readiness to improve the effectiveness of e-government initiatives. The next step of this study is to test the relations of these factors in an emerging egovernment environment using a case study on an government organization as an essential step in the process of testing the framework suggested.
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paper_title: Assessing the e-Government capabilities for obstacle identification within Pakistan

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This paper presents the e-Government capabilities and thereby identifies obstacles within e-Government implementation in Pakistan. The e-Government is the use of technology by government for its citizens so as to provide faster and better access to e-services to Pakistani citizens. There is a lot of interaction which takes place between government and citizens in modern world. The e-Government is an initiative, presented by the government so that it can offer easy and fast services to its citizens online. Other than citizens, businesses and employees are also the key beneficiary of a well-planned e-Government framework. However the paper looks into the various obstacles faced by Pakistan for implementation of the e-Government services. This study focused on literature, different multi stages models for implementation of the e-Government and various e-readiness models. A proposed model based on questionnaire which distributed among the citizens and government employees, who are familiar with the e-Government and information technology. The research also presents the analysis of various obstacles such as information technology infrastructure, lack of information technology skills, legal obstacles, security issues and the way citizens are using e-services in Pakistan.
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paper_title: Technology Readiness Index (Tri): A Multiple-Item Scale to Measure Readiness to Embrace New Technologies

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The role of technology in customer-company interactions and the number of technology-based products and services have been growing rapidly. Although these developments have benefited customers, there is also evidence of increasing customer frustration in dealing with technology-based systems. Drawing on insights from the extant literature and extensive qualitative research on customer reactions to technology, this article first proposes the construct of technology readiness of people and discusses its conceptualization. It then describes a program of research that was undertaken to operationalize the construct, develop and refine a multiple-item scale to measure it, and assess the scale’s psychometric properties. The article concludes with a discussion of potential practical applications of the scale and an agenda for additional research aimed at deepening our understanding of technology’s role in marketing to and serving customers.
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paper_title: Key contributing factors towards successful Electronic Government systems interoperability

paper_content:

Electronic Government (e-Government) is an initiative of transforming public sector delivery system towards high performance services and citizen oriented. The emergence of broadband and communication technology has catalyzed the growth of online systems forming the main thrust of e-Government. However, the satisfaction level of e-Government systems remains low because of recurrent transactions in different users systems. In addition, most of e-Government systems are still not integrated. Successful integration can be achieved if interoperability factors are completely defined in a framework and introduced in the early stages of system development. This paper aims to review existing e-Government interoperability frameworks which are European Interoperability Framework, e-Government Interoperability Framework (UK), Standards and Architectures for e-Government Applications (Germany) and E-Government Interoperability Framework (Greek). These frameworks were analyzed using content analysis method to identify the key successful factors towards e-Government systems interoperability. The factors were grouped into two dimensions; people and process. These dimensions and factors subsequently become the basis for developing a holistic and integrated framework in the future.
---
paper_title: A Suggested E-Government Framework for Assessing Organizational E-Readiness in Developing Countries

paper_content:

Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have been presented in the government sector all over the world last two decades in an effort to accomplish better operational efficiency and effectiveness. This study focuses on the main internal factors in the assessment of e-government organizational readiness in developing countries and how do they lead to successful e-government adoption. Consequently, this study contributes an integrated e-government framework for assessing the e-readiness of government organizations. Most assessment models are more appropriate for the assessment of the overall growth of e-government in each country; they are not focusing on the difficulties that exist in the internal factors affecting transformation of a government organization caused by ICT diffusion. Most of these modules disregard the vision of external stakeholders and employees, although they represent the basis in the success of any e-government project. The suggested e-government framework consists of seven dimensions of ereadiness assessment for government organizations including e-government organizational strategy, user access, e-government program, portal architecture, business process, ICT infrastructure, and human resource. This article extended the previous work particularly in the literature review and the processes dimension. This article is significant to management in assessing organizational e-readiness to improve the effectiveness of e-government initiatives. The next step of this study is to test the relations of these factors in an emerging egovernment environment using a case study on an government organization as an essential step in the process of testing the framework suggested.
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paper_title: Development of e-government: a STOPE view

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The transition from conventional government services to e-government services is becoming an international trend in various parts of the world. This transition is useful in two main ways. It provides benefits not only to the government, but also to all organizations and people, contributing to what is now known as the digital economy and the well being of the society. The transition is also an opportunity for the government to reorganize its services and reduce, or even eliminate, unnecessary overheads and inefficiencies that may exist in its traditional services. This paper uses the STOPE (Strategy/Technology/Organization/People/ Environment) development profile to explore the transition to e-government, and to support its continuous improvement. The paper identifies e-government within the broad scope of e-development towards the digital economy using STOPE. It describes its basic processes, and emphasizes its potential benefits. The paper also discusses maximizing these benefits using proven techniques, including TQM (Total Quality Management), BPR (Business Process Re-engineering), and Six Σ in addition to experience accumulated by early e-government adaptors. Based on STOPE, recommendations on maximizing the benefits are then introduced. Finally conclusions and potential future work are discussed. In this respect, a specific future work concerned with STOPE-based development of typical e-government services is proposed. The work would be useful for standardizing basic e-government services at the national and international levels, so that well-designed e-government services can be globalized.
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paper_title: e-Government: The realities of using IT to transform the public sector

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This paper examines how electronic government is being used in the delivery and improvement of public services in the UK, and the actual and potential problems inherent in this. Although there have been examples of very creative use of electronic government in the public sector, there have also been numerous spectacular failures. This paper highlights a number of problematic issues surrounding its use. These include the fact that government's two central aims, namely high quality customer service and value‐for‐money, could potentially be in conflict; and the lack of evidence to support the claim that the use of technology in service delivery results in less bureaucracy and increased quality. Clearly these tensions and issues need to be much more fully explored so that a “government for people” can be created. The paper concludes by posing the question: Can e‐government produce truly innovative, responsive public services, or merely exacerbate electronically, existing shortcomings?
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paper_title: The Effects of the Digital Divide on E-Government: An Emperical Evaluation

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E-government is revolutionizing the way government agencies interact with citizens. E-services improve the responsiveness, efficiency and transparency of the public sector. Unfortunately, these benefits may not be realized by the entire population. A digital divide exists in society, both from an access point of view and from a skills point of view. This study explores the potential effects of the digital divide on e-government by surveying a diverse group of citizens to identify the demographic characteristics that impact use of e-government services. The results indicate that income, education, age and frequency of Internet use significantly impact the use of e-government services. We discuss the implications of these findings and provide suggestions for future research.
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paper_title: A suggested framework for assessing electronic government readiness in Egypt.

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Governments have become more and more interested in embracing Information and Communication technology (ICT), and have made a remarkable progress over the last few years. eGovernment is presently recognized as a driver and a key enabler of citizen-centric, cooperative, and seamless modern governance implying not only a profound transformation in the way government interacts with the governed but also the reinvention of its internal processes and how organizations carry their business both internally as well as externally while interacting with the other segments of the community. ::: Several developing nations, including Egypt, having witnessed the benefits realized by eGovernment in developed countries, took eGovernment initiatives and achieved different success rates. In order to reap the best benefits of eGovernment, the strategy of the eGovernment program in Egypt was set up taking into consideration the best practices from different countries with an attempt to adapt them to a local context. ::: Based on the literature, it is frequently claimed that the availability of an effective eGovernment readiness assessment framework is a necessary condition for advancing eGovernment proper implementation. Most eGovernment appraisal frameworks address the Electronic Service dimension of eGovernment (eService) that focuses on the services provided by the government to the citizens on the Internet. This gives a very narrow perspective to eGovernment ignoring a key dimension: the Electronic Administration (eAdministration) that highlights the importance of modernizing the public sector, increasing government productivity, and transforming its internal processes. Moreover developed frameworks assess eGovernment readiness on a country as a whole without conducting an in-depth assessment on a public organization scale. In addition, the majority of these frameworks do not take into consideration the opinion of the civil servants involved in such eGovernment programs - a key stakeholder which affects their success. ::: The objective of this article is to develop a framework that assesses eGovernment readiness in Egypt focusing on eAdministration within a public organization through obtaining its employees’ feedback. The suggested framework investigates the internal factors affecting eGovernment readiness such as people, technology, processes, and strategic planning. The article examines the relations and interactions of these components in an emerging eGovernment environment using a case study on an agency affiliated to the government of Egypt as a primary step in the process of testing the framework presented.
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paper_title: E‐government adoption: architecture and barriers

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Purpose – To provide an integrated architecture framework for e‐government that represents the alignment of IT infrastructure with business process management in public sector organisations and classify the barriers that might complicate the implementation of the proposed architecture framework. The study will help IT practitioners in the public sector learn how to use and manage information technologies to revitalise business processes, improve decision‐making, and gain a competitive advantage from the adoption of e‐government. The proposed architecture framework for e‐government adoption will reduce confusion surrounding e‐government infrastructure in the public sector through understanding the implementation processes, identifying requirements of information and communications technology tools, highlighting the importance of the organisational management resources and the impact of barriers.Design/methodology/approach – A range of earlier studies have been critically examined and analysed to provide an...
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paper_title: E-government failure and Success Factors Rank Model an extension of Heeks Factor Model

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E-governance has been a major hurdle to governments around the world due to their immense requirements for change and modernization. Many of e-government projects experience issues and challenges that drive them to fail or hinder them from achieving success and delivering their goals. There is a lack of information that addresses the failure and success factors in the e-government implementation in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) specifically, therefore a knowledge gap to be addressed. This paper reviews current status of e-government implementations based on Heeks Factors Model [1] and proposes ranking to the success and failure factors that applies on the UAE e-government implementations using two models: the UAE E-government Failure Factors Rank Model and the UAE E-government Success Factors Rank Model.
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Title: Technology Aspects of E-Government Readiness in Developing Countries: A Review of the Literature
Section 1: Introduction
Description 1: In this section, introduce the concept of e-government, its significance, and the key role of technology in improving government infrastructure in developing countries. Discuss the definitions of e-government and highlight the importance of citizen satisfaction and transparency in e-government adoption.

Section 2: E-Government Readiness
Description 2: Describe what e-government readiness entails, its significance, and how it helps governments measure their stages of readiness. Discuss related aspects such as society, government institutions, human resources, national infrastructure, and interdepartmental relationships.

Section 3: Technology Readiness of E-Government
Description 3: Discuss the concept of technology readiness of e-government, its definition, and the significance of having a robust technological infrastructure. Highlight the challenges faced by developing countries in terms of technology infrastructure, human resources, and telecommunication infrastructure.

Section 4: Technological Aspects of E-Government Readiness and the Gap
Description 4: Analyze the technological factors influencing e-government readiness in developing countries. Highlight the digital divide, security components, ICT infrastructure, and other key technology-related factors that need assessment before implementing e-government. Identify gaps in the current literature on technological factors of e-government readiness.

Section 5: Conclusion
Description 5: Summarize the findings of the review, emphasizing the lack of comprehensive studies on technological readiness factors for e-government implementation. Highlight the importance of assessing technological readiness and suggest future research directions to identify the necessary technological requirements for successful e-government adoption.