A Review of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes, WSN Mobility in 6LoWPAN Domain and Open Challenges
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paper_title: Performance evaluation of multihomed NEMO

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Mobile networks can be formed in bus, train, aircrafts, satellites with a wide variety of on-board IP-enabled devices and Network Mobility (NEMO) protocols are required to support uninterrupted services to ongoing sessions. Earlier works have not demonstrated seamless handover for NEMO architecture. In this work, we proposed a handover scheme for NEMO that exploits the multi-homing feature of the Mobile Router and uses make-before-break strategy to ensure seamless handover for NEMO. Using experimental testbed, we have presented a thorough handoff performance evaluation of multihomed NEMO and compared it with basic NEMO. Results demonstrate that the proposed multihomed NEMO outperforms the basic NEMO while achieving seamless handover.
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paper_title: Proxy Mobile IPv6

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Network-based mobility management enables IP mobility for a host ::: without requiring its participation in any mobility-related signaling. ::: The network is responsible for managing IP mobility on behalf of the ::: host. The mobility entities in the network are responsible for ::: tracking the movements of the host and initiating the required ::: mobility signaling on its behalf. This specification describes a ::: network-based mobility management protocol and is referred to as Proxy ::: Mobile IPv6. [STANDARDS-TRACK]
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paper_title: Routing and mobility approaches in IPv6 over LoWPAN mesh networks

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It is foreseeable that any object in the near future will have an Internet connection—this is the Internet of Things vision. All these objects will be able to exchange and process information, most of them characterized by small size, power constrained, small computing and storage resources. In fact, connecting embedded low-power devices to the Internet is considered the biggest challenge and opportunity for the Internet. There is a strong trend of convergence towards an Internet-based solution and the 6LoWPAN may be the convergence solution to achieve the Internet of Things vision. Wireless mesh networks have attracted the interest of the scientific community in recent years. One of the key characteristics of wireless mesh networks is the ability to self-organize and self-configure. Mesh networking and mobility support are considered crucial to the Internet of Things success. This paper surveys the available solutions proposed to support routing and mobility over 6LoWPAN mesh networks. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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paper_title: Comparative Handover Performance Analysis of IPv6 Mobility Management Protocols

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IPv6 mobility management is one of the most challenging research topics for enabling mobility service in the forthcoming mobile wireless ecosystems. The Internet Engineering Task Force has been working for developing efficient IPv6 mobility management protocols. As a result, Mobile IPv6 and its extensions such as Fast Mobile IPv6 and Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 have been developed as host-based mobility management protocols. While the host-based mobility management protocols were being enhanced, the network-based mobility management protocols such as Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) and Fast Proxy Mobile IPv6 (FPMIPv6) have been standardized. In this paper, we analyze and compare existing IPv6 mobility management protocols including the recently standardized PMIPv6 and FPMIPv6. We identify each IPv6 mobility management protocol's characteristics and performance indicators by examining handover operations. Then, we analyze the performance of the IPv6 mobility management protocols in terms of handover latency, handover blocking probability, and packet loss. Through the conducted numerical results, we summarize considerations for handover performance.
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paper_title: A 6LoWPAN Sensor Node Mobility Scheme Based on Proxy Mobile IPv6

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In this paper, we focus on a scheme that supports mobility for IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN) sensor nodes. We define a protocol for 6LoWPAN mobile sensor node, named 6LoMSN, based on Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6). The conventional PMIPv6 standard supports only single-hop networks and cannot be applied to multihop-based 6LoWPAN. It does not support the mobility of 6LoMSNs and 6LoWPAN gateways, named 6LoGW, cannot detect the PAN attachment of the 6LoMSN. Therefore, we define the movement notification of a 6LoMSN in order to support its mobility in multihop-based 6LoWPAN environments. The attachment of 6LoMSNs reduces signaling costs over the wireless link by using router solicitation (RS) and router advertisement (RA) messages. Performance results show that our proposed scheme can minimize the total signaling costs and handoff latency. Additionally, we present the design and implementation of the 6LoMSN mobility based on PMIPv6 for a healthcare system. According to the experimental results, the 6LoMSN of the proposed PMIPv6-based 6LoWPAN can be expected to use more of the battery lifetime. We also verify that the 6LoMSN can maintain connectivity, even though it has the freedom of being able to move between PANs without a mobility protocol stack.
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paper_title: eHealth service support in IPv6 vehicular networks

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Recent vehicular networking activities include public vehicle to vehicle/infrastructure (V2X) large scale deployment, machine-to-machine (M2M) integration scenarios and more automotive applications. eHealth is about the use of the Internet to disseminate health related information, and is one of the promising Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Combining vehicular networking and eHealth to record and transmit a patient's vital signs is a special telemedicine application that helps hospital resident health professionals to optimally prepare the patient's admittance. From the automotive perspective, this is a typical Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication scenario. This proposal provides an IPv6 vehicular platform which integrates eHealth devices and allows sending captured health-related data to a Personal Health Record (PHR) application server in the IPv6 Internet. The collected data is viewed remotely by a doctor and supports a diagnostic decision. This paper introduces the integration of vehicular and eHealth testbeds, describes related work and presents a lightweight auto-configuration method based on a DHCPv6 extension to provide IPv6 connectivity for resource constrained devices.
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paper_title: F-LQE: a fuzzy link quality estimator for wireless sensor networks

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Radio Link Quality Estimation (LQE) is a fundamental building block for Wireless Sensor Networks, namely for a reliable deployment, resource management and routing. Existing LQEs (e.g. PRR, ETX, Four-bit, and LQI) are based on a single link property, thus leading to inaccurate estimation. In this paper, we propose F-LQE, that estimates link quality on the basis of four link quality properties: packet delivery, asymmetry, stability, and channel quality. Each of these properties is defined in linguistic terms, the natural language of Fuzzy Logic. The overall quality of the link is specified as a fuzzy rule whose evaluation returns the membership of the link in the fuzzy subset of good links. Values of the membership function are smoothed using EWMA filter to improve stability. An extensive experimental analysis shows that F-LQE outperforms existing estimators.
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paper_title: Mobile multimedia in wireless sensor networks

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One of the most referred and promising Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) applications is health monitoring. The small size and portability of nodes have made WSNs the perfect tool to easily monitor a person's health condition. In this type application, as well as in several other critical applications, reliability and mobility are paramount. In this paper we propose a method, based on WSNs and mobile intra-body sensors, to accurately detect the fertile period of women on time and other applications based on intra-vaginal temperature monitoring. In addition, our proposal also introduces the proposal of intra-body micro-cameras to monitor the women's cervix, capable to detect related pathologies. To efficiently support this mobile multimedia application, guaranteeing reliability in a continuous monitoring mode, we make use of a new WSN paradigm based on mobility proxies.
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paper_title: Review: Mobility management for IP-based next generation mobile networks: Review, challenge and perspective

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IP Mobility management protocols are divided into two kinds of category: host-based and network-based mobility protocol. The former category, such as MIPv6 protocol and its enhancements (e.g., HMIPv6 and FMIPv6), supports the mobility of a Mobile Node (MN) to roam across network domains. This is done through the involvement of MN in the mobility-related signalling, which requires protocol stack modification and IP address changes on the MN. The latter category, such as PMIPv6 protocol, handles mobility management on behalf of the MN thereby enabling it to connect and roam within localized domains, which requires neither protocol stack modification nor IP address change of the MN. PMIPv6 attracts attention in the Internet and telecommunication societies by improving the performance of the MN's communication to fulfil the requirements of QoS for real-time services. In this article, we present IPv6 features to support mobile systems and survey the mobility management services along with their techniques, strategies and protocol categories, and elaborate upon the classification and comparison among various mobility management protocols. Furthermore, it identifies and discusses several issues and challenges facing mobility management along with an evaluation and comparison of several relevant mobility studies.
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paper_title: Mobility Support for Health Monitoring at Home Using Wearable Sensors

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We present a simple but effective handoff protocol that enables continuous monitoring of ambulatory patients at home by means of resource-limited sensors. Our proposed system implements a 2-tier network: one created by wearable sensors used for vital signs collection, and another by a point-to-point link established between the body sensor network coordinator device and a fixed access point (AP). Upon experiencing poor signal reception in the latter network tier when the patient moves, the AP may instruct the sensor network coordinator to forward vital signs data through one of the wearable sensor nodes acting as a temporary relay if the sensor-AP link has a stronger signal. Our practical implementation of the proposed scheme reveals that this relayed data operation decreases packet loss rate down to 20% of the value otherwise obtained when solely using the point-to-point, coordinator-AP link. In particular, the wrist location yields the best results over alternative body sensor positions when patients walk at a 0.5 m/s.
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paper_title: Mobile IP-Based Protocol for Wireless Personal Area Networks in Critical Environments

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Low-power Wireless Personal Area Networks (LoWPANs) are still in their early stage of development, but the range of conceivable usage scenarios and applications is tremendous. That range is extended by its inclusion in Internet with IPv6 Low-Power Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs). This makes it obvious that multi-technology topologies, security and mobility support will be prevalent in 6LoWPAN. Mobility based communication increases the connectivity, and allows extending and adapting LoWPANs to changes in their location and environment infrastructure. However, the required mobility is heavily dependent on the individual service scenario and the LoWPAN architecture. In this context, an optimized solution is proposed for critical applications, such as military, fire rescue or healthcare, where people need to frequently change their position. Our scenario is health monitoring in an oil refinery where many obstacles have been found to the effective use of LoWPANs in these scenarios, mainly due to transmission medium features i.e. high losses, high latency and low reliability. Therefore, it is very difficult to provide continuous health monitoring with such stringent requirements on mobility. In this paper, a paradigm is proposed for mobility over 6LoWPAN for critical environments. On the one hand the intra-mobility is supported by GinMAC, which is an extension of IEEE 802.15.4 to support a topology control algorithm, which offers intra-mobility transparently, and Movement Direction Determination (MDD) of the Mobile Node (MN). On the other hand, the inter-mobility is based on pre-set-up of the network parameters in the visited networks, such as Care of Address and channel, to reach a fast and smooth handoff. Pre-set-up is reached since MDD allows discovering the next 6LoWPAN network towards which MN is moving. The proposed approach has been simulated, prototyped, evaluated, and is being studied in a scenario of wearable physiological monitoring in hazardous industrial areas, specifically oil refineries, in the scope of the GinSeng European project.
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paper_title: An Enhanced Group Mobility Protocol for 6LoWPAN-Based Wireless Body Area Networks

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The IPv6 over low power wireless personal area network (6LoWPAN) has attracted lots of attention recently because it can be used for the communications of Internet of things. In this paper, the concept of group-based network roaming in proxy mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) domain is considered in the 6LoWPAN-based wireless body area networks. PMIPv6 is a standard to manage the network-based mobility in all-IP wireless network. However, it does not perform well in group-based body area networks. To further reduce the handoff delay and signaling cost, an enhanced group mobility scheme is proposed in this paper to reduce the number of control messages, including router solicitation and router advertisement messages as opposed to the group-based PMIPv6 protocol. Simulation results illustrate that the proposed handoff scheme can reduce the handoff delay and signaling cost. The packet loss ratio and the overhead can also be reduced.
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paper_title: A network-based mobility management scheme for future Internet

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Abstract The current Internet was originally designed for “fixed” terminals and can hardly support mobility. It is necessary to develop new mobility management schemes for the future Internet. This paper proposes an Identifiers Separating and Mapping Scheme (ISMS), which is a candidate for the future Internet mobility management, and discusses the basic principles and detailed message flow. ISMS is a network-based mobility management scheme that takes advantage of the identity and location separation. The mobility entities in the core network are responsible for the location management. ISMS is designed to satisfy the requirements of faster handover, route optimism, advanced management, location privacy and security. The average handover delay of ISMS is on the order of milliseconds only, which is far smaller than that of Mobile IPv6. Analyses show that ISMS can reduce packet overhead on wireless channels. We build a prototype and perform some experiments. Results verify the feasibility of ISMS.
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paper_title: Inter-MARIO: A Fast and Seamless Mobility Protocol to Support Inter-Pan Handover in 6LoWPAN

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Mobility management is one of the most important research issues in 6LoWPAN, which is a standardizing IP-based Wireless Sensor Networks(IP-WSN) protocol. Since the IP-WSN application domain is expanded to real-time applications such as healthcare and surveillance systems, a fast and seamless handover becomes an important criterion for mobility support in 6LoWPAN. Unfortunately, since existing mobility protocols for 6LoWPAN have not solved how to reduce handover delay, we propose a new fast and seamless mobility protocol to support inter-PAN handover in 6LoWPAN, named inter-MARIO. In our protocol, a partner node, which serves as an access point for a mobile node, preconfigures the future handover of the mobile node by sending mobile node's information to candidate neighbor PANs and providing neighbor PAN information like channel information to the mobile node. Also, the preconfigured information enables the foreign agent to send a surrogate binding update message to a home agent instead of the mobile node. By the preconfiguration and surrogate binding update, inter-MARIO decreases channel scan delay and binding message exchange delay, which are elements of handover delay. Additionally, we define a compression method for binding messages, which achieves more compression than existing methods, by reducing redundant fields. We compare signaling cost and binding message exchange delay with existing mobility protocols analytically and we evaluate handover delay by simulation. Analysis and simulation results indicate that our approach has promising fast, seamless, and lightweight properties.
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paper_title: Sensor Proxy Mobile IPv6 (SPMIPv6) - A framework of mobility supported IP-WSN

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IP based Wireless Sensor Networks (IP-WSN) are gaining importance for its broad range of applications in health-care, home automation, environmental monitoring, security & safety and industrial automation. In all of these applications mobility in sensor network with special attention to energy efficiency is a major issue to be addressed. Host based mobility management protocol is inherently unsuitable for energy inefficient IPWSN. So network-based mobility management protocol can be an alternative to the mobility supported IP-WSN. In this paper we propose a mobility supported IP-WSN protocol based on PMIPv6 called Sensor Proxy Mobile IPv6 (SPMIPv6). We present its architecture, message formats and also analyze its performance considering signaling cost and mobility cost. Our analyses show that the proposed scheme reduces the signaling cost by 67% and 60% as well as reduces mobility cost by 55% and 60% with comparison to MIPv6 and PMIPv6 respectively.
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paper_title: Group mobility in 6LoWPAN-based WSN

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Group mobility in wireless sensor network (WSN) is of particular importance in many practical application scenarios. In this paper, the group mobility management in IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN) based WSN is considered and the application of network mobility (NEMO) protocol to support group mobility in WSN is discussed. A new network architecture supporting the integration of NEMO and 6LoWPAN-based WSN is proposed, the group mobility management mechanism and the corresponding signaling flow are discussed. Simulation results demonstrate that comparing to MIPv6, the application of NEMO protocol in 6LoWPAN reduces both the handoff latency and the energy consumption of sensor node.
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paper_title: A mobility support scheme for 6LoWPAN

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This paper proposes a mobility support scheme for 6LoWPAN. In the scheme, the control information interaction for the mobile handoff is achieved in the link layer, and the routing of the control information is automatically performed through the network topology, which saves the power and the delay time consumed by the routing establishment. In addition, neither does the mobile entity need a care-of address during the mobility process, nor is involved in the mobile handoff process, which reduces the mobile entity's power consumption and prolongs its life span. From the theoretical and simulative perspectives, the paper analyzes the performance parameters, including the mobility handoff cost, the mobility handoff delay time and packet loss rate, and the analytical results show that the performance of the scheme is better than other schemes.
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paper_title: Mobile IPv6 in Internet of Things: Analysis, experimentations and optimizations

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The IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN) standard allows heavily constrained devices to connect to IPv6 networks. This is an important step towards the Internet of Things, in which most of the physical objects will be connected to the Internet. Among them, a large number is likely to be mobile and therefore requires a mobility management protocol to maintain IP connectivity. Layer 3 mobility is commonly managed by Mobile IPv6 but this protocol is categorized as too complex for constrained devices in the literature. Such conclusions are based on simulations or experimentations in which several aspects of the protocol remain insufficiently detailed nor evaluated. In this article, we propose a complete evaluation of Mobile IPv6 over 6LoWPAN. For this, we have implemented Mobile IPv6 in the Contiki operating system and have performed intensive experimentations on a real testbed. We also propose a new mechanism for movement detection, as the standard procedure cannot be applied as is. This new mechanism, referred to as Mobinet, is based on passive overhearings. The results highlight that Mobile IPv6 can be a practical solution to manage layer 3 mobility on 6LoWPAN.
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paper_title: Proxy Mobile IPv6

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Network-based mobility management enables IP mobility for a host ::: without requiring its participation in any mobility-related signaling. ::: The network is responsible for managing IP mobility on behalf of the ::: host. The mobility entities in the network are responsible for ::: tracking the movements of the host and initiating the required ::: mobility signaling on its behalf. This specification describes a ::: network-based mobility management protocol and is referred to as Proxy ::: Mobile IPv6. [STANDARDS-TRACK]
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paper_title: A proposal for proxy-based mobility in WSNs

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Inability to meet the key requirement of efficient mobility support is becoming a major impairment of wireless sensor network (WSN). Many critical WSN applications need not only reliability, but also the ability to adequately cope with the movement of nodes between different sub-networks. Despite the work of IETF's 6lowPAN WG and work on the use of MIPv6 (and many of its variants) in WSNs, no practical mobility support solution exists for this type of networks. In this paper we start by assessing the use of MIPv6 in WSNs, considering soft and hard handoff, showing that, although feasible in small networks, MIPv6 complexity leads to long handoff time and high energy consumption. In order to solve these problems, we propose a proxy-based mobility approach which, by relieving resource-constrained sensor nodes from heavy mobility management tasks, drastically reduces time and energy expenditure during handoff. The evaluation of both MIPv6 and the proposed solution is done by implementation and simulation, with a varying number of nodes, sinks and mobility strategies.
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paper_title: Performance analysis of fast handover for proxy Mobile IPv6

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In Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6), any involvement by the Mobile Node (MN) is not required, so that any tunneling overhead can be removed from over-the-air. However, during the PMIPv6 handover process, there still exists a period when the MN is unable to send or receive packets because of PMIPv6 protocol operations, suffering from handover latency and data loss. Thus, to reduce the handover latency and data loss in PMIPv6, Fast Handover for PMIPv6 (PFMIPv6) is being standardized in the IETF. Nevertheless, PFMIPv6 has a few weaknesses: (1) handover initiation can be false, resulting in the PFMIPv6 handover process done so far becoming unnecessary. (2) Extra signaling is introduced in setting up an IP-in-IP tunnel between the serving and the new Mobile Access Gateways (MAGs). Therefore, in this paper, we present our study on the protocol overhead and performance aspects of PFMIPv6 in comparison with PMIPv6. We quantify the signaling overhead and the enhanced handover latency and data loss by conducting a thorough analysis of the performance aspects. The analysis is very meaningful to obtain important insights on how PFMIPv6 improves the handover performance over PMIPv6, especially in a highway vehicular traffic scenario where Base Stations (BSs)/Access Points (APs) can be placed in one dimensional space and MN's movements are quasi one-dimensional, so that the degree of certainty for an anticipated handover is increased. Further, our analytical study is verified by simulation results.
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paper_title: Adaptive mobility anchor point to reduce regional registration and packets delivery costs

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An AMAP (Adaptive Mobility Anchor Point) has been proposed to minimize the regional registration cost and packet delivery cost in IPv6 networks. The AMAP is a special mobility anchor point which is selected based on the activity rate (ARate) of mobile users. MIPv6 (Mobile IPv6) has been developed as macro-mobility management protocol to support mobility of MUs (mobile users) over the Internet. Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) has been developed as micro-mobility management protocol. There are many other mobility management protocols proposed so far like Fast Mobile IPv6, Proxy Mobile IPv6, Optimal Choice of Mobility management, and Fast Proxy Mobile IPv6. These are based on MIPv6 and HMIPv6 and have their own advantages and limitations. These protocols do not consider the fixed mobility pattern of MUs. Many MUs have fixed mobility pattern on daily basis and there is scope of further reduction in regional registration cost. We propose an AMAP (Adaptive Mobility Anchor Point) to minimize the regional registration cost and packet delivery cost in IPv6 networks. The AMAP is a special mobility anchor point which is selected based on the activity rate (ARate) of MUs.
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paper_title: LoWMob: Intra-PAN Mobility Support Schemes for 6LoWPAN

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Mobility in 6LoWPAN (IPv6 over Low Power Personal Area Networks) is being utilized in realizing many applications where sensor nodes, while moving, sense and transmit the gathered data to a monitoring server. By employing IEEE802.15.4 as a baseline for the link layer technology, 6LoWPAN implies low data rate and low power consumption with periodic sleep and wakeups for sensor nodes, without requiring them to incorporate complex hardware. Also enabling sensor nodes with IPv6 ensures that the sensor data can be accessed anytime and anywhere from the world. Several existing mobility-related schemes like HMIPv6, MIPv6, HAWAII, and Cellular IP require active participation of mobile nodes in the mobility signaling, thus leading to the mobility-related changes in the protocol stack of mobile nodes. In this paper, we present LoWMob, which is a network-based mobility scheme for mobile 6LoWPAN nodes in which the mobility of 6LoWPAN nodes is handled at the network-side. LoWMob ensures multi-hop communication between gateways and mobile nodes with the help of the static nodes within a 6LoWPAN. In order to reduce the signaling overhead of static nodes for supporting mobile nodes, LoWMob proposes a mobility support packet format at the adaptation layer of 6LoWPAN. Also we present a distributed version of LoWMob, named as DLoWMob (or Distributed LoWMob), which employs Mobility Support Points (MSPs) to distribute the traffic concentration at the gateways and to optimize the multi-hop routing path between source and destination nodes in a 6LoWPAN. Moreover, we have also discussed the security considerations for our proposed mobility schemes. The performance of our proposed schemes is evaluated in terms of mobility signaling costs, end-to-end delay, and packet success ratio.
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paper_title: A Group-Based Handoff Scheme for Correlated Mobile Nodes in Proxy Mobile IPv6

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Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6), a network-based IP mobility solution, is a promising approach for mobility management in all-IP wireless networks. How to enhance its handoff-related performance, such as handoff delay and signaling cost, is an important issue. Current solutions rely on approaches such as fast handoff, routing optimization and paging extension. However, the case of many correlated Mobile Nodes (MNs) moving together and taking handoffs at the same time has not been considered. In this paper, we propose a group-based handoff scheme for correlated MNs to enhance the performance of PMIPv6. We first propose a correlated MNs detection algorithm to detect MNs as groups. Based on this algorithm, we propose a groupbased handoff procedure, and discuss its benefits and limitations. Furthermore, we evaluate the performance of PMIPv6 and our proposal through the analysis and simulation. The results show that the proposed scheme is very efficient in reducing both the handoff delay and signaling cost.
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paper_title: A novel network mobility management scheme supporting seamless handover for high-speed trains

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Automotive telematics has become an important technology for high-speed rail systems, which are being increasingly popular in this era of green technology. As the train speed increases, however, communications between the train and infrastructure encounter major difficulties of maintaining high quality communication. Handovers on high-speed trains occur more frequently and have shorter permissible handling times than for traditional vehicles. In this paper, the proposed 2MR network mobility scheme takes advantage of the physical size of high-speed trains to deploy two mobile routers (MRs) in the first and last carriages. This scheme provides a protocol to allow the two MRs to cooperate with a wireless network infrastructure in facilitating seamless handovers. Our simulation results demonstrate that compared to the traditional single MR schemes, the 2MR scheme noticeably improves the communication quality during handover by significantly reducing handover latency as well as packet loss for high-speed trains.
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paper_title: The costs and benefits of combining different IP mobility standards

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Several IP mobility support protocols have been standardized. Each solution provides a specific functionality and/or requires operations of particular nodes. The current trend is towards the co-existence of these solutions, though the impact of doing so has not been yet fully understood. This article reviews key standards for providing IP mobility support, the functionality achieved by combining them, and the performance cost of each combination in terms of protocol overhead and handover latency. We show that combining different mobility mechanisms has a non-negligible cost. Finally we identify a strategy for combining mobility protocols and properties that facilitate this combination.
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paper_title: Mobility in WSNs for critical applications

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Recent critical application sectors of sensor networks like military, health care, and industry require the use of mobile sensor nodes, something that poses unique challenges in aspects like handoff delay, packet loss, and reliability. In this paper we propose a novel mobility model that handles those challenges effectively by providing on-time mobility detection and handoff triggering. In that way soft handoffs and controlled disconnections are assured. The proposed solution uses cross-layer information from the MAC and Network layers. Our solution was implemented and evaluated in an experimental testbed, in the context of the European FP7 GINSENG project.
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paper_title: Mobility solutions for wireless sensor and actuator networks with performance guarantees

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Wireless sensor and actuator networks (WSANs) have been studied for about ten years now. However, a gap between research and real applications and implementations remains. The lack of an integrated solution, capable of providing the reliability levels of monitoring and actuation required by critical applications, have postponed the replacement and extension of the existing inflexible and expensive wired solutions with the low-cost, easy-to-deploy, and portable wireless options. In order to assist this transition this paper presents a new method for supporting mobility in WSANs specifically designed for time-critical scenarios. The method is being targeted for a critical application located in a real oil refinery, in which a WSAN has been implemented in the scope of a European research project.
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paper_title: A Network Mobility Solution Based on 6LoWPAN Hospital Wireless Sensor Network (NEMO-HWSN)

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IPv6 Low-power Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs) have recently found renewed interest because of the emergence of Internet of Things (IoT).However, mobility support in 6LoWPANs is still in its infancy for large-scale IP-based sensor technology in future IoT. The hospital wireless network is one important 6LoWPAN application of the IoT, where it keeps continuous monitoring of patients' vital signs while the patients are on the move. Proper mobility management is needed to maintain connectivity between patient nodes and the hospital network to monitor their exact locations. It should also support fault tolerance and optimize energy consumption of the devices. In this paper, we survey IPv6 mobility protocols and propose some solutions which make it more suitable to a hospital architecture based on 6LoWPAN technology. Our initial numerical results show a reduction of the handoff costs on the mobile router which normally constitute a bottleneck in such a system. We also discuss important metrics such as signaling overload, bandwidth efficiency and power consumption and how they can be optimized through the mobility management.
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paper_title: A Comparative Analysis on the Signaling Load of Proxy Mobile IPv6 and Hierarchical Mobile IPv6

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In this paper, we investigate the performance of the proxy mobile IPv6 and compare it with that of the hierarchical mobile IPv6. It is well known that performance of proxy mobile IPv6 is better than that of hierarchical mobile IPv6. For the more detailed performance analysis, we propose an analytic mobility model based on the random walk to take into account various mobility conditions. Based on the analytic models, we formulate the location management cost and handoff management cost. Then, we analyze the performance of the proxy mobile IPv6 and hierarchical mobile IPv6, respectively. The numerical results show that the proxy mobile IPv6 can has superior performance to hierarchical mobile IPv6 by reducing the latencies for location update and handoff.
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paper_title: On a Reliable Handoff Procedure for Supporting Mobility in Wireless Sensor Networks

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Wireless sensor network (WSN) applications such as patients’ health monitoring in hospitals, location-aware ambient intelligence, industrial monitoring /maintenance or homeland security require the support of mobile nodes or node groups. In many of these applications, the lack of network connectivity is not admissible or should at least be time bounded, i.e. mobile nodes cannot be disconnected from the rest of the WSN for an undefined period of time. In this context, we aim at reliable and real-time mobility support in WSNs, for which appropriate handoff and re-routing decisions are mandatory. This paper drafts a mechanism and correspondent heuristics for taking reliable handoff decisions in WSNs. Fuzzy logic is used to incorporate the inherent imprecision and uncertainty of the physical quantities at stake. On a Reliable Handoff Procedure for Supporting Mobility in Wireless Sensor Networks Hossein Fotouhi, Mario Alves, Anis Koubâa , Nouha Baccour CISTER Research Unit, Polytechnic Institute of Porto (ISEP-IPP), Portugal COINS Research Group, Al-Imam Muhammad bin Saud University (CCIS-IMAMU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia ReDCAD Research Unit, National school of Engineers of Sfax, Tunisia {mhfg,mjf,aska,nabr}@isep.ipp.pt Abstract Wireless sensor network (WSN) applications such as patients’ health monitoring in hospitals, location-aware ambient intelligence, industrial monitoring /maintenance or homeland security require the support of mobile nodes or node groups. In many of these applications, the lack of network connectivity is not admissible or should at least be time bounded, i.e. mobile nodes cannot be disconnected from the rest of the WSN for an undefined period of time. In this context, we aim at reliable and real-time mobility support in WSNs, for which appropriate handoff and rerouting decisions are mandatory. This paper drafts a mechanism and correspondent heuristics for taking reliable handoff decisions in WSNs. Fuzzy logic is used to incorporate the inherent imprecision and uncertainty of the physical quantities at stake.Wireless sensor network (WSN) applications such as patients’ health monitoring in hospitals, location-aware ambient intelligence, industrial monitoring /maintenance or homeland security require the support of mobile nodes or node groups. In many of these applications, the lack of network connectivity is not admissible or should at least be time bounded, i.e. mobile nodes cannot be disconnected from the rest of the WSN for an undefined period of time. In this context, we aim at reliable and real-time mobility support in WSNs, for which appropriate handoff and rerouting decisions are mandatory. This paper drafts a mechanism and correspondent heuristics for taking reliable handoff decisions in WSNs. Fuzzy logic is used to incorporate the inherent imprecision and uncertainty of the physical quantities at stake.
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paper_title: Performance Analysis of PMIPv6-Based NEtwork MObility for Intelligent Transportation Systems

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While host mobility support for individual mobile hosts (MHs) has been widely investigated and developed over the past years, there has been relatively less attention to NEtwork MObility (NEMO). Since NEMO Basic Support (NEMO-BS) was developed, it has been the central pillar in Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) communication architectures for maintaining the vehicle's Internet connectivity. As the vehicle moves around, it attaches to a new access network and is required to register a new address obtained from the new access network to a home agent (HA). This location update of NEMO-BS often results in unacceptable long handover latency and increased traffic load to the vehicle. To address these issues, in this paper, we introduce new NEMO support protocols, which rely on mobility service provisioning entities introduced in Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6), as possible mobility support protocols for ITS. As a base protocol, we present PMIPv6-based NEMO (P-NEMO) to maintain the vehicle's Internet connectivity while moving and without participating in the location update management. In P-NEMO, the mobility management for the vehicle is supported by mobility service provisioning entities residing in a given PMIPv6 domain. To further improve handover performance, fast P-NEMO (FP-NEMO) has been developed as an extension protocol. FP-NEMO utilizes wireless L2 events to anticipate the vehicle's handovers. The mobility service provisioning entities prepare the vehicle's handover prior to the attachment of the vehicle to the new access network. Detailed handover procedures for P-NEMO and FP-NEMO are provided, and handover timing diagrams are presented to evaluate the performance of the proposed protocols. P-NEMO and FP-NEMO are compared with NEMO-BS in terms of traffic cost and handover latency.
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paper_title: End to End Security and Path Security in Network Mobility

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At RFC 3776, IP security protocol (IPsec) has been implemented in mobile IP for securing IP datagram at IP layer. Previous research only considered the traffic between mobile node (MN) and home agent (HA), but the traffic from HA to correspondent node (CN) was not considered. Network Mobility (NEMO) is based on Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6), so it inherits the same problem of only providing protection between mobile router (MR) and MR_HA. This paper aims to improve the security vulnerability by proposing a nested IPsec Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) scheme capable of establishing nested IPsec ESP from MN to CN. The proposed scheme obviously enhances security with confidentiality and integrity in NEMO.
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paper_title: A survey of mobility management in next-generation all-IP-based wireless systems

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Next-generation wireless systems are envisioned to have an IP-based infrastructure with the support of heterogeneous access technologies. One of the research challenges for next generation all-IP-based wireless systems is the design of intelligent mobility management techniques that take advantage of IP-based technologies to achieve global roaming among various access technologies. Next-generation wireless systems call for the integration and interoperation of mobility management techniques in heterogeneous networks. In this article the current state of the art for mobility management in next-generation all-IP-based wireless systems is presented. The previously proposed solutions based on different layers are reviewed, and their qualitative comparisons are given. A new wireless network architecture for mobility management is introduced, and related open research issues are discussed in detail.
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paper_title: Wireless sensor networks mobility management using fuzzy logic

paper_content:

This paper presents a novel, intelligent controller to support mobility in wireless sensor networks. In particular, the focus is on the deployment of such mobility solution to critical applications, like personnel safety in an industrial environment. A Fuzzy Logic-based mobility controller is proposed to aid sensor Mobile Nodes (MN) to decide whether they have to trigger the handoff procedure and perform the handoff to a new connection position or not. To do so, we use a combination of two locally available metrics, the RSSI and the Link Loss, in order to ''predict'' the End-to-End losses and support the handoff triggering procedure. As a performance evaluation environment, a real industrial setting (oil refinery) is used. Based on on-site experiments run in the oil refinery testbed area, the proposed mobility controller has shown significant benefits compared to other conventional solutions, in terms of packet loss, packet delivery delay, energy consumption, and ratio of successful handoff triggers.
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paper_title: Evaluation of Fast PMIPv6 and Transient Binding PMIPv6 in Vertical Handover Environment

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Recently, the IETF MIPSHOP working group proposes Fast PMIPv6 (FPMIPv6) and Transient Binding PMIPv6 (TPMIPv6) to reduce the handover latency and packets loss of PMIPv6. The research and standardization of FPMIPv6 and TPMIPv6 are just in the initial stage. The system performance analysis of them is benefit to the protocol design and deployment. In this paper, through the theoretical analysis and system simulation, we evaluate the handover latency of PMIPv6, FPMIPv6 and TPMIPv6 in vertical handover environment. Furthermore, in order to reflect handover performance more comprehensively, in system simulation, we also evaluate the UDP packets loss rate and the TCP throughput declining degree of such protocols. The results of theoretical analysis and simulation show that: (1) in vertical handover, the handover latency of FPMIPv6 is much larger than TPMIPv6 and PMIPv6. But the UDP packet loss rate of FPMIPv6 is smaller than TPMIPv6 and PMIPv6; (2) the handover performance of FPMIPv6-pre and TPMIPv6 much depend on MN's residence time in signal overlapped area.
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paper_title: Selective Channel Scanning for Fast Handoff in Wireless LAN Using Neighbor Graph

paper_content:

Handoff at the link layer 2 (L2) consists of three phases: scanning, authentication, and reassociation. Among the three phases, scanning is dominant in terms of time delay. Thus, in this paper, we propose an improved scanning mechanism to minimize the disconnected time while the wireless station (STA) changes the associated access points (APs). According to IEEE 802.11 standard, the STA has to scan all channels in the scanning phase. In this paper, based on the neighbor graph (NG), we introduce a selective channel scanning method for fast handoff in which the STA scans only channels selected by the NG. Experimental results show that the proposed method reduces the scanning delay drastically.
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paper_title: A 6LoWPAN Sensor Node Mobility Scheme Based on Proxy Mobile IPv6

paper_content:

In this paper, we focus on a scheme that supports mobility for IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN) sensor nodes. We define a protocol for 6LoWPAN mobile sensor node, named 6LoMSN, based on Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6). The conventional PMIPv6 standard supports only single-hop networks and cannot be applied to multihop-based 6LoWPAN. It does not support the mobility of 6LoMSNs and 6LoWPAN gateways, named 6LoGW, cannot detect the PAN attachment of the 6LoMSN. Therefore, we define the movement notification of a 6LoMSN in order to support its mobility in multihop-based 6LoWPAN environments. The attachment of 6LoMSNs reduces signaling costs over the wireless link by using router solicitation (RS) and router advertisement (RA) messages. Performance results show that our proposed scheme can minimize the total signaling costs and handoff latency. Additionally, we present the design and implementation of the 6LoMSN mobility based on PMIPv6 for a healthcare system. According to the experimental results, the 6LoMSN of the proposed PMIPv6-based 6LoWPAN can be expected to use more of the battery lifetime. We also verify that the 6LoMSN can maintain connectivity, even though it has the freedom of being able to move between PANs without a mobility protocol stack.
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paper_title: Rapid IPv6 address autoconfiguration for heterogeneous mobile technologies

paper_content:

This paper proposes a novel IPv6 address autoconfiguration that works with multiple types of mobile networks, such as MANET, NEMO, MANEMO, as well as regular IPv6 networks. Our proposed algorithm assigns unique addresses to mobile devices without performing duplicate address detection. As a result, an address autoconfiguration can be done rapidly. This is suitable for system that requires dynamic movement and quick handover such as a disaster relief system or car-car communication.
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paper_title: DeuceScan: Deuce-Based Fast Handoff Scheme in IEEE 802.11 Wireless Networks

paper_content:

The IEEE 802.11 standard has enabled low-cost and effective wireless local area network (WLAN) services. It is widely believed that WLANs will become a major portion of the fourth-generation cellular system. The seamless handoff problem in WLANs is a very important design issue to support the new astounding and amazing applications in WLANs, particularly for a user in a mobile vehicle. The entire delay time of a handoff is divided into probe, authentication, and reassociation delay times. Because the probe delay occupies most of the handoff delay time, efforts have mainly focused on reducing the probe delay to develop faster handoff schemes. This paper presents a new fast handoff scheme (i.e., the DeuceScan scheme) to further reduce the probe delay for IEEE-802.11-based WLANs. The proposed scheme can be useful to improve wireless communication qualities on vehicles. A spatiotemporal approach is developed in this paper to utilize a spatiotemporal graph to provide spatiotemporal information for making accurate handoff decisions by correctly searching for the next access point. The DeuceScan scheme is a prescan approach that efficiently reduces the layer-2 handoff latency. Two factors of stable signal strength and variable signal strength are used in our developed DeuceScan scheme. Finally, simulation results illustrate the performance achievements of the DeuceScan scheme in reducing handoff delay time and packet loss rate and improving link quality.
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paper_title: An Enhanced Group Mobility Protocol for 6LoWPAN-Based Wireless Body Area Networks

paper_content:

The IPv6 over low power wireless personal area network (6LoWPAN) has attracted lots of attention recently because it can be used for the communications of Internet of things. In this paper, the concept of group-based network roaming in proxy mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) domain is considered in the 6LoWPAN-based wireless body area networks. PMIPv6 is a standard to manage the network-based mobility in all-IP wireless network. However, it does not perform well in group-based body area networks. To further reduce the handoff delay and signaling cost, an enhanced group mobility scheme is proposed in this paper to reduce the number of control messages, including router solicitation and router advertisement messages as opposed to the group-based PMIPv6 protocol. Simulation results illustrate that the proposed handoff scheme can reduce the handoff delay and signaling cost. The packet loss ratio and the overhead can also be reduced.
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paper_title: Sensor Proxy Mobile IPv6 (SPMIPv6) - A framework of mobility supported IP-WSN

paper_content:

IP based Wireless Sensor Networks (IP-WSN) are gaining importance for its broad range of applications in health-care, home automation, environmental monitoring, security & safety and industrial automation. In all of these applications mobility in sensor network with special attention to energy efficiency is a major issue to be addressed. Host based mobility management protocol is inherently unsuitable for energy inefficient IPWSN. So network-based mobility management protocol can be an alternative to the mobility supported IP-WSN. In this paper we propose a mobility supported IP-WSN protocol based on PMIPv6 called Sensor Proxy Mobile IPv6 (SPMIPv6). We present its architecture, message formats and also analyze its performance considering signaling cost and mobility cost. Our analyses show that the proposed scheme reduces the signaling cost by 67% and 60% as well as reduces mobility cost by 55% and 60% with comparison to MIPv6 and PMIPv6 respectively.
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paper_title: Group mobility in 6LoWPAN-based WSN

paper_content:

Group mobility in wireless sensor network (WSN) is of particular importance in many practical application scenarios. In this paper, the group mobility management in IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN) based WSN is considered and the application of network mobility (NEMO) protocol to support group mobility in WSN is discussed. A new network architecture supporting the integration of NEMO and 6LoWPAN-based WSN is proposed, the group mobility management mechanism and the corresponding signaling flow are discussed. Simulation results demonstrate that comparing to MIPv6, the application of NEMO protocol in 6LoWPAN reduces both the handoff latency and the energy consumption of sensor node.
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paper_title: Enhanced handoff latency reduction mechanism in layer 2 and layer 3 of mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) network

paper_content:

Next Generation Networks (NGN) both static and mobile are expected to be fully Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) based. Mobility in IPv6 (MIPv6) network was designed to provide Internet services to end users at anytime and anywhere. However, MIPv6 is not widely deployed yet due to handoff latency and other limitations leading to packet loss and Quality of Service (QoS) degradation for real time applications such as audio and video streaming. MIPv6 handoff latency can be categorized into layer 2 (L2) and layer 3 (L3) delays that includes link layer establishment delay, movement detection delay, address configuration delay and binding update or registration delay. Movement detection delay and address configuration including Duplicate Address Detection (DAD) in L2 and L3 respectively consume the highest time of the total delay. In order to reduce these handoff latencies, two solutions are proposed to focus all the delays both in L2 and L3. The first solution is the fuzzy logic technique based network awareness to reduce movement detection delay especially the scanning time in L2 in heterogeneous networks. The second solution is Parallel DAD (PDAD) to reduce address configuration time in L3. Both solutions benchmarked with OMNeT++ simulator show improvements over standard MIPv6 networks. The handoff latency reduced more than 50% and packet loss improved around 55% in L2. Moreover, in L3 the handoff latency reduction accounts for 70% and packet loss improved approximately 60%. The handoff latency is reduced from 1300 ms to 500 ms applying fuzzy logic technique at L2 and PDAD mechanism in L3 leading to overall delay reduction of 60%.
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paper_title: Performance analysis of fast handover for proxy Mobile IPv6

paper_content:

In Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6), any involvement by the Mobile Node (MN) is not required, so that any tunneling overhead can be removed from over-the-air. However, during the PMIPv6 handover process, there still exists a period when the MN is unable to send or receive packets because of PMIPv6 protocol operations, suffering from handover latency and data loss. Thus, to reduce the handover latency and data loss in PMIPv6, Fast Handover for PMIPv6 (PFMIPv6) is being standardized in the IETF. Nevertheless, PFMIPv6 has a few weaknesses: (1) handover initiation can be false, resulting in the PFMIPv6 handover process done so far becoming unnecessary. (2) Extra signaling is introduced in setting up an IP-in-IP tunnel between the serving and the new Mobile Access Gateways (MAGs). Therefore, in this paper, we present our study on the protocol overhead and performance aspects of PFMIPv6 in comparison with PMIPv6. We quantify the signaling overhead and the enhanced handover latency and data loss by conducting a thorough analysis of the performance aspects. The analysis is very meaningful to obtain important insights on how PFMIPv6 improves the handover performance over PMIPv6, especially in a highway vehicular traffic scenario where Base Stations (BSs)/Access Points (APs) can be placed in one dimensional space and MN's movements are quasi one-dimensional, so that the degree of certainty for an anticipated handover is increased. Further, our analytical study is verified by simulation results.
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paper_title: A Group-Based Handoff Scheme for Correlated Mobile Nodes in Proxy Mobile IPv6

paper_content:

Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6), a network-based IP mobility solution, is a promising approach for mobility management in all-IP wireless networks. How to enhance its handoff-related performance, such as handoff delay and signaling cost, is an important issue. Current solutions rely on approaches such as fast handoff, routing optimization and paging extension. However, the case of many correlated Mobile Nodes (MNs) moving together and taking handoffs at the same time has not been considered. In this paper, we propose a group-based handoff scheme for correlated MNs to enhance the performance of PMIPv6. We first propose a correlated MNs detection algorithm to detect MNs as groups. Based on this algorithm, we propose a groupbased handoff procedure, and discuss its benefits and limitations. Furthermore, we evaluate the performance of PMIPv6 and our proposal through the analysis and simulation. The results show that the proposed scheme is very efficient in reducing both the handoff delay and signaling cost.
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paper_title: A novel network mobility management scheme supporting seamless handover for high-speed trains

paper_content:

Automotive telematics has become an important technology for high-speed rail systems, which are being increasingly popular in this era of green technology. As the train speed increases, however, communications between the train and infrastructure encounter major difficulties of maintaining high quality communication. Handovers on high-speed trains occur more frequently and have shorter permissible handling times than for traditional vehicles. In this paper, the proposed 2MR network mobility scheme takes advantage of the physical size of high-speed trains to deploy two mobile routers (MRs) in the first and last carriages. This scheme provides a protocol to allow the two MRs to cooperate with a wireless network infrastructure in facilitating seamless handovers. Our simulation results demonstrate that compared to the traditional single MR schemes, the 2MR scheme noticeably improves the communication quality during handover by significantly reducing handover latency as well as packet loss for high-speed trains.
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paper_title: Reducing MAC layer handoff latency in IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs

paper_content:

With the growth of IEEE 802.11-based wireless LANs, VoIP and similar applications are now commonly used over wireless networks. Mobile station performs a handoff whenever it moves out of the range of one access point (AP) and tries to connect to a different one. This takes a few hundred milliseconds, causing interruptions in VoIP sessions. We developed a new handoff procedure which reduces the MAC layer handoff latency, in most cases, to a level where VoIP communication becomes seamless. This new handoff procedure reduces the discovery phase using a selective scanning algorithm and a caching mechanism.
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paper_title: Fast Handovers for Proxy Mobile IPv6

paper_content:

This document specifies the usage of Fast Mobile IPv6 (FMIPv6) when ::: Proxy Mobile IPv6 is used as the mobility management protocol. ::: Necessary extensions are specified for FMIPv6 to support the scenario ::: when the mobile node does not have IP mobility functionality and hence ::: is not involved with either MIPv6 or FMIPv6 operations.
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paper_title: Sensor fast proxy mobile IPv6 (SFPMIPv6)-A framework for mobility supported IP-WSN for improving QoS and building IoT

paper_content:

Recently it has been observed that internet of things (IoT) technology is being introduced in medical environment to achieve a global connectivity with the patient, sensors and everything around it. The main goal of this global connectivity is to provide a context awareness to make the patient's life easier and the clinical process more effective. IPv6, the new Internet Protocol has made every grain of sand on earth addressable and thus emergence of a new technology called IoT. IoT is simply a machine to machine M2M communication and Sensor nodes are proved to be best suited for this new technology. IPv6 over low power wireless personal area network (6LoWPAN) has attracted lots of attention recently as it can be used for communication of IoT. This paper provides a framework for medical environment, for reducing handoff (HO) latency and signaling overhead while the patient is on the move inside the hospital premises and further it can be applied to other domains also where can be applicable. Sensor nodes can be used for collecting the particular parameters of human body which constitutes wireless body area network (WBAN). The proposed framework surely reduces the signaling overhead and thus the HO latency and hence there will be an improvement in QoS.
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paper_title: Mobility support in IP: a survey of related protocols

paper_content:

This article presents an overview of a set of IP-based mobility protocols mobile IP, HAWAII, cellular IP, hierarchical MIP, TeIeMIP, dynamic mobility agent, and terminal independent MIP - that will play an important role in the forthcoming convergence of IP and legacy wireless networks. A comparative analysis with respect to system parameters such as location update, handoff latency and signaling overhead exposes their ability in managing micro/macro/global-level mobility. We use this observation to relate their features against a number of key design issues identified for seamless IP-based mobility as envisioned for future 4G networks.
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paper_title: Hierarchical mobile IPv6 mobility management

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This document introduces extensions to Mobile IPv6 and IPv6 Neighbour ::: Discovery to allow for local mobility handling. Hierarchical mobility ::: management for Mobile IPv6 is designed to reduce the amount of ::: signalling between the Mobile Node, its Correspondent Nodes, and its ::: Home Agent. The Mobility Anchor Point (MAP) described in this document ::: can also be used to improve the performance of Mobile IPv6 in terms of ::: handover speed.
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Title: A Review of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes, WSN Mobility in 6LoWPAN Domain and Open Challenges

Section 1: Introduction
Description 1: Introduce the paper by giving an overview of the topics including network based mobility management, WSN mobility in 6LoWPAN domain, and the open challenges identified.

Section 2: Network Based Mobility Management Schemes
Description 2: Discuss the network based mobility management schemes, their principles and protocols developed over time.

Section 3: NEMO-BS
Description 3: Detail the NEMO Basic Support Protocol for IPv6 and IPv4, including its operations, benefits, and the communication flow.

Section 4: Survey of Network Based Mobility Management Schemes and 6LoWPAN WSN Mobility
Description 4: Survey and compare some of the mobility management support protocols for network and data link layers, and cross-layer for 6LoWPAN WSN mobility.

Section 5: Open Challenges
Description 5: Examine the open challenges in network based mobility management schemes and WSN mobility in 6LoWPAN domain, focusing on issues like signaling cost, packet loss, HO latency, and the impact on healthcare.

Section 6: Conclusion
Description 6: Summarize the findings of the survey, highlighting the importance and impact of advanced mobility management schemes. Suggest future directions and practical implementation for further research.