system
A chat on subreddit /r/pcmasterrace
human
Most CPUs will get to ~100C before shutting down to save themselves. The maximum temperature a CPU can take is called it's TJ Max.

Modern CPUs will throttle their performance as they approach this temperature though, so shutting down should be uncommon.
gpt
I think at 90-100 they start to throttle, at 110-120 they force shutdown.