system
A chat on subreddit /r/pcmasterrace
human
You can easily create a static buildup of electricity which will discharge on powerup and fry some important parts of the electronics
gpt
Not really, you could discharge the duster into something if it had excess charge but with today's hardware you'd have to he extremely lucky to fry something. There's no static 'leftover' when you turn on the pc. Where would it be discharging from? 

The real risk with using a duster in a pc is that it will catch on the ICs and resistors/caps on the PCB and have potential to damage them or tear them out.