The sap1 gene from Schizosaccharomyces pombe, which is essential for mating-type switching and for growth, encodes a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein with no homology to other known proteins. We have used a reiterative selection procedure to isolate binding sites for sap1, using a bacterially expressed protein and randomized double-strand oligonucleotides. The sap1 homodimer preferentially selects a pentameric motif, TA(A/G)CG, organized as a direct repeat and spaced by 5 nucleotides. Removal of a C-terminal dimerization domain abolishes recognition of the direct repeat and creates a new specificity for a DNA sequence containing the same pentameric motif but organized as an inverted repeat. We present evidence that the orientation of the DNA-binding domain is controlled by two independent oligomerization interfaces. The C-terminal dimerization domain allows a head-to-tail organization of the DNA-binding domains in solution, while an N-terminal domain is involved in a cooperative interaction on the DNA target between pairs of dimers.