The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe and the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have become valuable tools for the study of basic cellular functions of eukaryotic cells, including DNA repair mechanisms and cell cycle control. Since the major signaling pathways and cellular processes involved in cellular response to cytotoxic agents are conserved between yeasts and mammalian cells, these simple eukaryotic systems could be excellent models for the identification of molecular/cellular mechanisms of sensitivity to antitumor drugs. We describe relevant biological features of yeast cells and potential applications derived by their genetic manipulation. In particular, we have outlined the role of genes involved in repair processes and in checkpoint control, with specific reference to genes regulating radiation-sensitivity. Specific examples are provided concerning the use of both yeasts in understanding the mechanism of action of platinum compounds and topoisomerase inhibitors. The availability of the genomic sequence of these organisms as well as of new technologies (microarrays, proteomics) is expected to allow the identification of potential drug targets, since the drug discovery process is moving toward a genomic orientation. Among eukaryotic organisms, yeasts are suitable for easy genetic manipulations, and specific genetic alterations are exploitable for assessing the effects of chemotherapeutic agents with different mechanism of action. Although still at an early stage, this fast-moving field shows promise as a novel and potentially useful method for development of target-specific therapeutic approaches.