The RNA exosome is a conserved complex for RNA degradation with two ribonucleolytic subunits, Dis3 and Rrp6. Rrp6 is a 3'-5' exonuclease, but it also has a structural role in helping target RNAs to the Dis3 activity. The relative importance of the exonuclease activity and the targeting activity probably differs between different RNA substrates, but this is poorly understood. To understand the relative contributions of the exonuclease and the targeting activities to the degradation of individual RNA substrates in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, we compared RNA levels in an rrp6 null mutant to those in an rrp6 point mutant specifically defective in exonuclease activity. A wide range of effects was found, with some RNAs dependent mainly on the structural role of Rrp6 ("protein-dependent" targets), other RNAs dependent mainly on the catalytic role ("activity-dependent" targets), and some RNAs dependent on both. Some protein-dependent RNAs contained motifs targeted via the RNA-binding protein Mmi1, while others contained a motif possibly involved in response to iron. In these and other cases Rrp6 may act as a structural adapter to target specific RNAs to the exosome by interacting with sequence-specific RNA-binding proteins.