Historians and writers on manga history have described two broad
and complementary processes shaping modern manga. Their views
differ in the relative importance they attribute to the role of
cultural and historical events following World War II versus the
role of pre-War, Meiji, and pre-Meiji Japanese culture and art.
One view emphasizes events occurring during and after the U.S.
Occupation of Japan (1945–1952), and stresses that manga
strongly reflect U.S. cultural influences, including U.S.
comics(brought to Japan by the GIs) and images and themes from
U.S.television, film, and cartoons (especially Disney).
Alternately, other writers such as Frederik L. Schodt, Kinko
Ito, and Adam L. Kern stress continuity of Japanese cultural and
aesthetic traditions as central to the history of manga. Modern
manga originated in the Occupation (1945–1952) and post-
Occupation years (1952–early 1960s), while a previously
militaristic andultra-nationalist Japan rebuilt its political
and economic infrastructure.   Between 195