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for Health Policy, 50 Staniford Street (9th floor), Boston, MA
02114, USA.    To provide the first national data on the nature,
extent, and consequences of withholding among life science
trainees.   In 2003, the authors surveyed 1,077 second-year
doctoral students and postdoctoral fellows in life sciences at
50 U.S. universities, with a comparison group of trainees in
computer science and chemical engineering. The study variables
examined trainees' exposure to and the consequences of data
withholding.   Two hundred forty-six trainees (23.0%) reported
that they had asked for and been denied access to information,
data, materials, or programming associated with published
research and 221 (20.6%) to unpublished research. Eighty-five
trainees (7.9%) reported that they had denied another academic
scientist's request(s) related to their own published research.
Five hundred thirty-three trainees (50.8%) reported that
withholding had had a negative effect