This tutorial gives a brief overview of SPICE to microelectronic
students. Most of the examples and exercises are directed to the
microelectronic applications. The description is far from
complete, as SPICE is a powerful circuit simulator with many
capabilities. However, it will serve as a start for students in
other disciplines. For more information, please refer to the
SPICE user's manual or books listed at the end of this tutorial.
4.1 Passive Components 4.2 Independent Sources   Most of
microelectronic circuit design is curried out with the aid of a
computer aided circuit analysis program such as SPICE. SPICE, an
acronym for Simulation Program with Integrated-Circuit Emphasis,
is considered as industrial standard for computer-aided circuit
analysis for microelectronic circuits.  SPICE was initially a
research project at the University of California at Berkeley in
the late 1960s. In the early 1970s, the most important addition
was in the area of semiconductor device models. A better model
for bipolar