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Designing an RF/microwave circuit requires some knowledge of
printed-circuit-board (PCB) qualities, especially when selecting
a PCB material for a particular application. Modern computer-
aided-engineering (CAE) simulation tools can help predict the
electrical performance of circuits on different PCB materials,
using material parameters such as relative dielectric constant
in the calculations. But one PCB material parameter that is
often overlooked in the design process is the surface roughness
of the conductors. In the past, conductor surfaces were assumed
to be perfectly smooth. What happens when they are not?  The
Effects of PCB Conductor Surface Roughness  The effects of
conductor surface roughness on PCB perfo