science has been advanced, in part, by the advent of non-
invasive imaging technologies, such as positron emission
tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging
(FMRI). These technologies have allowed researchers to observe
human learning processes directly.  This chapter reviews key
findings from neuroscience and cognitive science that are
expanding knowledge of the mechanisms of human learning. Three
main points guide the discussion in this chapter:    1. Learning
changes the physical structure of the brain.     3. Different
parts of the brain may be ready to learn at different times.  We
first explain some basic concepts of neuroscience and new
knowledge about brain development, including the effects of
instruction and learning on the brain. We then look at language
in learning as an example of the mind-brain connection. Lastly,
we examine research on how memory is represented in the brain
and its implications for learning.  From a neuroscience
perspective, instruction and learning are very imp