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Augmentation of Antitumor Immunity by Fusions of Ethanol-Treated
Tumor Cells and Dendritic Cells Stimulated via Dual TLRs through
TGF-β1 Blockade and IL-12p70 Production  PLoS ONE 
2013;8(5):e63498. The therapeutic efficacy of fusion cell
(FC)-based cancer vaccine generated with whole tumor cells and
dendritic cells (DCs) requires the improved immunogenicity of
both cells. Treatment of whole tumor cells with ethanol resulted
in blockade of immune-suppressive soluble factors such as
transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, vascular endothelial growth
factor, and IL-10 without decreased expression of major
histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and the MUC1 tumor-
associated antigen. Moreover, the ethanol-treated tumor cells
expressed “eat-me” signals such as calreticulin (CRT) on the
cell surface and released immunostimulatory factors such as heat
shock protein (HSP)90α and high-mobility grou