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Given the following text description, write Python code to implement the functionality described below step by step
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Description:
 Machine Learning Engineer Nanodegree
Introduction and Foundations
Project 0
Step1:  From a sample of the RMS Titanic data, we can see the various features present for each passenger on the ship
Step3:  The very same sample of the RMS Titanic data now shows the Survived feature removed from the DataFrame. Note that data (the passenger data) and outcomes (the outcomes of survival) are now paired. That means for any passenger data.loc[i], they have the survival outcome outcome[i].
To measure the performance of our predictions, we need a metric to score our predictions against the true outcomes of survival. Since we are interested in how accurate our predictions are, we will calculate the proportion of passengers where our prediction of their survival is correct. Run the code cell below to create our accuracy_score function and test a prediction on the first five passengers.  
Think
Step5:  Tip
Step6:  Question 1
Using the RMS Titanic data, how accurate would a prediction be that none of the passengers survived?
Hint
Step7:  Answer
Step9:  Examining the survival statistics, a large majority of males did not survive the ship sinking. However, a majority of females did survive the ship sinking. Let's build on our previous prediction
Step10:  Question 2
How accurate would a prediction be that all female passengers survived and the remaining passengers did not survive?
Hint
Step11:  Answer
Step13:  Examining the survival statistics, the majority of males younger than 10 survived the ship sinking, whereas most males age 10 or older did not survive the ship sinking. Let's continue to build on our previous prediction
Step14:  Question 3
How accurate would a prediction be that all female passengers and all male passengers younger than 10 survived?
Hint
Step15:  Answer
Step17:  After exploring the survival statistics visualization, fill in the missing code below so that the function will make your prediction.
Make sure to keep track of the various features and conditions you tried before arriving at your final prediction model.
Hint
Step18:  Question 4
Describe the steps you took to implement the final prediction model so that it got an accuracy of at least 80%. What features did you look at? Were certain features more informative than others? Which conditions did you use to split the survival outcomes in the data? How accurate are your predictions?
Hint
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Python Code:
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
# RMS Titanic data visualization code 
from titanic_visualizations import survival_stats
from IPython.display import display
%matplotlib inline
# Load the dataset
in_file = 'titanic_data.csv'
full_data = pd.read_csv(in_file)
# Print the first few entries of the RMS Titanic data
display(full_data.head())
Explanation: Machine Learning Engineer Nanodegree
Introduction and Foundations
Project 0: Titanic Survival Exploration
In 1912, the ship RMS Titanic struck an iceberg on its maiden voyage and sank, resulting in the deaths of most of its passengers and crew. In this introductory project, we will explore a subset of the RMS Titanic passenger manifest to determine which features best predict whether someone survived or did not survive. To complete this project, you will need to implement several conditional predictions and answer the questions below. Your project submission will be evaluated based on the completion of the code and your responses to the questions.
Tip: Quoted sections like this will provide helpful instructions on how to navigate and use an iPython notebook. 
Getting Started
To begin working with the RMS Titanic passenger data, we'll first need to import the functionality we need, and load our data into a pandas DataFrame.
Run the code cell below to load our data and display the first few entries (passengers) for examination using the .head() function.
Tip: You can run a code cell by clicking on the cell and using the keyboard shortcut Shift + Enter or Shift + Return. Alternatively, a code cell can be executed using the Play button in the hotbar after selecting it. Markdown cells (text cells like this one) can be edited by double-clicking, and saved using these same shortcuts. Markdown allows you to write easy-to-read plain text that can be converted to HTML.
End of explanation
# Store the 'Survived' feature in a new variable and remove it from the dataset
outcomes = full_data['Survived']
data = full_data.drop('Survived', axis = 1)
# Show the new dataset with 'Survived' removed
display(data.head())
Explanation: From a sample of the RMS Titanic data, we can see the various features present for each passenger on the ship:
- Survived: Outcome of survival (0 = No; 1 = Yes)
- Pclass: Socio-economic class (1 = Upper class; 2 = Middle class; 3 = Lower class)
- Name: Name of passenger
- Sex: Sex of the passenger
- Age: Age of the passenger (Some entries contain NaN)
- SibSp: Number of siblings and spouses of the passenger aboard
- Parch: Number of parents and children of the passenger aboard
- Ticket: Ticket number of the passenger
- Fare: Fare paid by the passenger
- Cabin Cabin number of the passenger (Some entries contain NaN)
- Embarked: Port of embarkation of the passenger (C = Cherbourg; Q = Queenstown; S = Southampton)
Since we're interested in the outcome of survival for each passenger or crew member, we can remove the Survived feature from this dataset and store it as its own separate variable outcomes. We will use these outcomes as our prediction targets.
Run the code cell below to remove Survived as a feature of the dataset and store it in outcomes.
End of explanation
def accuracy_score(truth, pred):
     Returns accuracy score for input truth and predictions. 
    
    # Ensure that the number of predictions matches number of outcomes
    if len(truth) == len(pred): 
        
        # Calculate and return the accuracy as a percent
        return "Predictions have an accuracy of {:.2f}%.".format((truth == pred).mean()*100)
    
    else:
        return "Number of predictions does not match number of outcomes!"
    
# Test the 'accuracy_score' function
predictions = pd.Series(np.ones(5, dtype = int))
print accuracy_score(outcomes[:5], predictions)
Explanation: The very same sample of the RMS Titanic data now shows the Survived feature removed from the DataFrame. Note that data (the passenger data) and outcomes (the outcomes of survival) are now paired. That means for any passenger data.loc[i], they have the survival outcome outcome[i].
To measure the performance of our predictions, we need a metric to score our predictions against the true outcomes of survival. Since we are interested in how accurate our predictions are, we will calculate the proportion of passengers where our prediction of their survival is correct. Run the code cell below to create our accuracy_score function and test a prediction on the first five passengers.  
Think: Out of the first five passengers, if we predict that all of them survived, what would you expect the accuracy of our predictions to be?
End of explanation
def predictions_0(data):
     Model with no features. Always predicts a passenger did not survive. 
    predictions = []
    for _, passenger in data.iterrows():
        
        # Predict the survival of 'passenger'
        predictions.append(0)
    
    # Return our predictions
    return pd.Series(predictions)
# Make the predictions
predictions = predictions_0(data)
Explanation: Tip: If you save an iPython Notebook, the output from running code blocks will also be saved. However, the state of your workspace will be reset once a new session is started. Make sure that you run all of the code blocks from your previous session to reestablish variables and functions before picking up where you last left off.
Making Predictions
If we were asked to make a prediction about any passenger aboard the RMS Titanic whom we knew nothing about, then the best prediction we could make would be that they did not survive. This is because we can assume that a majority of the passengers (more than 50%) did not survive the ship sinking.
The predictions_0 function below will always predict that a passenger did not survive.
End of explanation
print accuracy_score(outcomes, predictions)
Explanation: Question 1
Using the RMS Titanic data, how accurate would a prediction be that none of the passengers survived?
Hint: Run the code cell below to see the accuracy of this prediction.
End of explanation
survival_stats(data, outcomes, 'Sex')
Explanation: Answer: 61.62%
Let's take a look at whether the feature Sex has any indication of survival rates among passengers using the survival_stats function. This function is defined in the titanic_visualizations.py Python script included with this project. The first two parameters passed to the function are the RMS Titanic data and passenger survival outcomes, respectively. The third parameter indicates which feature we want to plot survival statistics across.
Run the code cell below to plot the survival outcomes of passengers based on their sex.
End of explanation
def predictions_1(data):
     Model with one feature: 
            - Predict a passenger survived if they are female. 
    
    predictions = []
    for _, passenger in data.iterrows():
        
        res = 1
        if passenger['Sex'] != 'female': 
            res = 0
        predictions.append(res)
    
    # Return our predictions
    return pd.Series(predictions)
# Make the predictions
predictions = predictions_1(data)
Explanation: Examining the survival statistics, a large majority of males did not survive the ship sinking. However, a majority of females did survive the ship sinking. Let's build on our previous prediction: If a passenger was female, then we will predict that they survived. Otherwise, we will predict the passenger did not survive.
Fill in the missing code below so that the function will make this prediction.
Hint: You can access the values of each feature for a passenger like a dictionary. For example, passenger['Sex'] is the sex of the passenger.
End of explanation
print accuracy_score(outcomes, predictions)
Explanation: Question 2
How accurate would a prediction be that all female passengers survived and the remaining passengers did not survive?
Hint: Run the code cell below to see the accuracy of this prediction.
End of explanation
survival_stats(data, outcomes, 'Age', ["Sex == 'male'"])
Explanation: Answer: 78.68%
Using just the Sex feature for each passenger, we are able to increase the accuracy of our predictions by a significant margin. Now, let's consider using an additional feature to see if we can further improve our predictions. For example, consider all of the male passengers aboard the RMS Titanic: Can we find a subset of those passengers that had a higher rate of survival? Let's start by looking at the Age of each male, by again using the survival_stats function. This time, we'll use a fourth parameter to filter out the data so that only passengers with the Sex 'male' will be included.
Run the code cell below to plot the survival outcomes of male passengers based on their age.
End of explanation
def predictions_2(data):
     Model with two features: 
            - Predict a passenger survived if they are female.
            - Predict a passenger survived if they are male and younger than 10. 
    
    predictions = []
    for _, passenger in data.iterrows():
        
        res = 0
        if passenger['Sex'] == 'female': 
            res = 1
        elif passenger['Sex'] == 'male' and passenger['Age'] < 10:
            res = 1
        predictions.append(res)
    # Return our predictions
    return pd.Series(predictions)
# Make the predictions
predictions = predictions_2(data)
Explanation: Examining the survival statistics, the majority of males younger than 10 survived the ship sinking, whereas most males age 10 or older did not survive the ship sinking. Let's continue to build on our previous prediction: If a passenger was female, then we will predict they survive. If a passenger was male and younger than 10, then we will also predict they survive. Otherwise, we will predict they do not survive.
Fill in the missing code below so that the function will make this prediction.
Hint: You can start your implementation of this function using the prediction code you wrote earlier from predictions_1.
End of explanation
print accuracy_score(outcomes, predictions)
Explanation: Question 3
How accurate would a prediction be that all female passengers and all male passengers younger than 10 survived?
Hint: Run the code cell below to see the accuracy of this prediction.
End of explanation
survival_stats(data, outcomes, 'SibSp', ["Sex == 'female'", "Pclass > 2", "SibSp < 1"])
Explanation: Answer: Replace this text with the prediction accuracy you found above.
Adding the feature Age as a condition in conjunction with Sex improves the accuracy by a small margin more than with simply using the feature Sex alone. Now it's your turn: Find a series of features and conditions to split the data on to obtain an outcome prediction accuracy of at least 80%. This may require multiple features and multiple levels of conditional statements to succeed. You can use the same feature multiple times with different conditions. 
Pclass, Sex, Age, SibSp, and Parch are some suggested features to try.
Use the survival_stats function below to to examine various survival statistics.
Hint: To use mulitple filter conditions, put each condition in the list passed as the last argument. Example: ["Sex == 'male'", "Age &lt; 18"]
End of explanation
def predictions_3(data):
     Model with multiple features. Makes a prediction with an accuracy of at least 80%. 
    
    predictions = []
    for _, passenger in data.iterrows():
        
        '''
        The 'Sex' variable has a main influence in survival rate.
        Into the 'Sex' variable, there is differentes influences to each value.
        To 'female' passengers, the 'Pclass' and 'SibSp' variable has better influence in survival.
        In case of 'male', the influence came from 'Fare' and 'Age', accordly the research.
        At least where I researched
        
        In resume, the prediction follow this flow:
            female -> (Pclass, SibSp)
            male -> (Fare, Age)
        '''
        res = 0
        if passenger['Sex'] == 'female': 
            # For females, the Pclass has a lot of survival information
            if passenger['Pclass'] in (1,2):
                res = 1
            # for female in Pclass 3, those with SibSp = 0, there is a large chance of survival
            elif passenger['SibSp'] == 0:
                res = 1
        
        # For male, the variable fare has influence in survival
        if passenger['Sex'] == 'male':
            fare = passenger['Fare']
            # Age
            if passenger["Age"] < 10:
                res = 1
            # Fare variable has relation with survival rate in male
            elif fare >= 120 and fare < 200:
                res = 1
        
        predictions.append(res)
    
    # Return our predictions
    return pd.Series(predictions)
# Make the predictions
predictions = predictions_3(data)
Explanation: After exploring the survival statistics visualization, fill in the missing code below so that the function will make your prediction.
Make sure to keep track of the various features and conditions you tried before arriving at your final prediction model.
Hint: You can start your implementation of this function using the prediction code you wrote earlier from predictions_2.
End of explanation
print accuracy_score(outcomes, predictions)
Explanation: Question 4
Describe the steps you took to implement the final prediction model so that it got an accuracy of at least 80%. What features did you look at? Were certain features more informative than others? Which conditions did you use to split the survival outcomes in the data? How accurate are your predictions?
Hint: Run the code cell below to see the accuracy of your predictions.
End of explanation
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