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Given the following text description, write Python code to implement the functionality described below step by step
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Description:
 Copyright 2019 The TensorFlow Authors.
Step1:  Text classification with TensorFlow Lite Model Maker
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    <a target="_blank" href="https
Step2:  Import the required packages.
Step3:  Download the sample training data.
In this tutorial, we will use the SST-2 (Stanford Sentiment Treebank) which is one of the tasks in the GLUE benchmark. It contains 67,349 movie reviews for training and 872 movie reviews for testing. The dataset has two classes
Step4:  The SST-2 dataset is stored in TSV format. The only difference between TSV and CSV is that TSV uses a tab \t character as its delimiter instead of a comma , in the CSV format.
Here are the first 5 lines of the training dataset. label=0 means negative, label=1 means positive.
| sentence                                                                                  | label |   |   |   |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------|---|---|---|
| hide new secretions from the parental units                                               | 0     |   |   |   |
| contains no wit , only labored gags                                                       | 0     |   |   |   |
| that loves its characters and communicates something rather beautiful about human nature  | 1     |   |   |   |
| remains utterly satisfied to remain the same throughout                                   | 0     |   |   |   |
| on the worst revenge-of-the-nerds clichés the filmmakers could dredge up                  | 0     |   |   |   |
Next, we will load the dataset into a Pandas dataframe and change the current label names (0 and 1) to a more human-readable ones (negative and positive) and use them for model training.
Step5:  Quickstart
There are five steps to train a text classification model
Step6:  Model Maker also supports other model architectures such as BERT. If you are interested to learn about other architecture, see the Choose a model architecture for Text Classifier section below.
Step 2.   Load the training and test data, then preprocess them according to a specific model_spec.
Model Maker can take input data in the CSV format. We will load the training and test dataset with the human-readable label name that were created earlier.
Each model architecture requires input data to be processed in a particular way. DataLoader reads the requirement from model_spec and automatically executes the necessary preprocessing.
Step7:  Step 3. Train the TensorFlow model with the training data.
The average word embedding model use batch_size = 32 by default. Therefore you will see that it takes 2104 steps to go through the 67,349 sentences in the training dataset. We will train the model for 10 epochs, which means going through the training dataset 10 times.
Step8:  Step 4. Evaluate the model with the test data.
After training the text classification model using the sentences in the training dataset, we will use the remaining 872 sentences in the test dataset to evaluate how the model performs against new data it has never seen before.
As the default batch size is 32, it will take 28 steps to go through the 872 sentences in the test dataset.
Step9:  Step 5.  Export as a TensorFlow Lite model.
Let's export the text classification that we have trained in the TensorFlow Lite format. We will specify which folder to export the model.
By default, the float TFLite model is exported for the average word embedding model architecture.
Step10:  You can download the TensorFlow Lite model file using the left sidebar of Colab. Go into the average_word_vec folder as we specified in export_dir parameter above, right-click on the model.tflite file and choose Download to download it to your local computer.
This model can be integrated into an Android or an iOS app using the NLClassifier API of the TensorFlow Lite Task Library.
See the TFLite Text Classification sample app for more details on how the model is used in a working app.
Note 1
Step11:  Load training data
You can upload your own dataset to work through this tutorial. Upload your dataset by using the left sidebar in Colab.
<img src="https
Step12:  The Model Maker library also supports the from_folder() method to load data. It assumes that the text data of the same class are in the same subdirectory and that the subfolder name is the class name. Each text file contains one movie review sample. The class_labels parameter is used to specify which the subfolders.
Train a TensorFlow Model
Train a text classification model using the training data.
Note
Step13:  Examine the detailed model structure.
Step14:  Evaluate the model
Evaluate the model that we have just trained using the test data and measure the loss and accuracy value.
Step15:  Export as a TensorFlow Lite model
Convert the trained model to TensorFlow Lite model format with metadata so that you can later use in an on-device ML application. The label file and the vocab file are embedded in metadata. The default TFLite filename is model.tflite.
In many on-device ML application, the model size is an important factor. Therefore, it is recommended that you apply quantize the model to make it smaller and potentially run faster.
The default post-training quantization technique is dynamic range quantization for the BERT and MobileBERT models.
Step16:  The TensorFlow Lite model file can be integrated in a mobile app using the BertNLClassifier API in TensorFlow Lite Task Library. Please note that this is different from the NLClassifier API used to integrate the text classification trained with the average word vector model architecture.
The export formats can be one or a list of the following
Step17:  You can evaluate the TFLite model with evaluate_tflite method to measure its accuracy. Converting the trained TensorFlow model to TFLite format and apply quantization can affect its accuracy so it is recommended to evaluate the TFLite model accuracy before deployment.
Step18:  Advanced Usage
The create function is the driver function that the Model Maker library uses to create models. The model_spec parameter defines the model specification. The AverageWordVecSpec and BertClassifierSpec classes are currently supported. The create function comprises of the following steps
Step19:  Customize the average word embedding model hyperparameters
You can adjust the model infrastructure like the wordvec_dim and the seq_len variables in the AverageWordVecSpec class.
For example, you can train the model with a larger value of wordvec_dim. Note that you must construct a new model_spec if you modify the model.
Step20:  Get the preprocessed data.
Step21:  Train the new model.
Step22:  Tune the training hyperparameters
You can also tune the training hyperparameters like epochs and batch_size that affect the model accuracy. For instance,
epochs
Step23:  Evaluate the newly retrained model with 20 training epochs.
Step24:  Change the Model Architecture
You can change the model by changing the model_spec. The following shows how to change to BERT-Base model.
Change the model_spec to BERT-Base model for the text classifier.
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Python Code:
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# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
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Explanation: Copyright 2019 The TensorFlow Authors.
End of explanation
!pip install -q tflite-model-maker
Explanation: Text classification with TensorFlow Lite Model Maker
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    <a target="_blank" href="https://www.tensorflow.org/lite/tutorials/model_maker_text_classification"><img src="https://www.tensorflow.org/images/tf_logo_32px.png" />View on TensorFlow.org</a>
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    <a target="_blank" href="https://colab.research.google.com/github/tensorflow/tensorflow/blob/master/tensorflow/lite/g3doc/tutorials/model_maker_text_classification.ipynb"><img src="https://www.tensorflow.org/images/colab_logo_32px.png" />Run in Google Colab</a>
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The TensorFlow Lite Model Maker library simplifies the process of adapting and converting a TensorFlow model to particular input data when deploying this model for on-device ML applications.
This notebook shows an end-to-end example that utilizes the Model Maker library to illustrate the adaptation and conversion of a commonly-used text classification model to classify movie reviews on a mobile device. The text classification model classifies text into predefined categories. The inputs should be preprocessed text and the outputs are the probabilities of the categories. The dataset used in this tutorial are positive and negative movie reviews.
Prerequisites
Install the required packages
To run this example, install the required packages, including the Model Maker package from the GitHub repo.
End of explanation
import numpy as np
import os
from tflite_model_maker import model_spec
from tflite_model_maker import text_classifier
from tflite_model_maker.config import ExportFormat
from tflite_model_maker.text_classifier import AverageWordVecSpec
from tflite_model_maker.text_classifier import DataLoader
import tensorflow as tf
assert tf.__version__.startswith('2')
tf.get_logger().setLevel('ERROR')
Explanation: Import the required packages.
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data_dir = tf.keras.utils.get_file(
      fname='SST-2.zip',
      origin='https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/glue/data/SST-2.zip',
      extract=True)
data_dir = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(data_dir), 'SST-2')
Explanation: Download the sample training data.
In this tutorial, we will use the SST-2 (Stanford Sentiment Treebank) which is one of the tasks in the GLUE benchmark. It contains 67,349 movie reviews for training and 872 movie reviews for testing. The dataset has two classes: positive and negative movie reviews.
End of explanation
import pandas as pd
def replace_label(original_file, new_file):
  # Load the original file to pandas. We need to specify the separator as
  # '\t' as the training data is stored in TSV format
  df = pd.read_csv(original_file, sep='\t')
  # Define how we want to change the label name
  label_map = {0: 'negative', 1: 'positive'}
  # Excute the label change
  df.replace({'label': label_map}, inplace=True)
  # Write the updated dataset to a new file
  df.to_csv(new_file)
# Replace the label name for both the training and test dataset. Then write the
# updated CSV dataset to the current folder.
replace_label(os.path.join(os.path.join(data_dir, 'train.tsv')), 'train.csv')
replace_label(os.path.join(os.path.join(data_dir, 'dev.tsv')), 'dev.csv')
Explanation: The SST-2 dataset is stored in TSV format. The only difference between TSV and CSV is that TSV uses a tab \t character as its delimiter instead of a comma , in the CSV format.
Here are the first 5 lines of the training dataset. label=0 means negative, label=1 means positive.
| sentence                                                                                  | label |   |   |   |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------|---|---|---|
| hide new secretions from the parental units                                               | 0     |   |   |   |
| contains no wit , only labored gags                                                       | 0     |   |   |   |
| that loves its characters and communicates something rather beautiful about human nature  | 1     |   |   |   |
| remains utterly satisfied to remain the same throughout                                   | 0     |   |   |   |
| on the worst revenge-of-the-nerds clichés the filmmakers could dredge up                  | 0     |   |   |   |
Next, we will load the dataset into a Pandas dataframe and change the current label names (0 and 1) to a more human-readable ones (negative and positive) and use them for model training.
End of explanation
spec = model_spec.get('average_word_vec')
Explanation: Quickstart
There are five steps to train a text classification model:
Step 1. Choose a text classification model architecture.
Here we use the average word embedding model architecture, which will produce a small and fast model with decent accuracy.
End of explanation
train_data = DataLoader.from_csv(
      filename='train.csv',
      text_column='sentence',
      label_column='label',
      model_spec=spec,
      is_training=True)
test_data = DataLoader.from_csv(
      filename='dev.csv',
      text_column='sentence',
      label_column='label',
      model_spec=spec,
      is_training=False)
Explanation: Model Maker also supports other model architectures such as BERT. If you are interested to learn about other architecture, see the Choose a model architecture for Text Classifier section below.
Step 2.   Load the training and test data, then preprocess them according to a specific model_spec.
Model Maker can take input data in the CSV format. We will load the training and test dataset with the human-readable label name that were created earlier.
Each model architecture requires input data to be processed in a particular way. DataLoader reads the requirement from model_spec and automatically executes the necessary preprocessing.
End of explanation
model = text_classifier.create(train_data, model_spec=spec, epochs=10)
Explanation: Step 3. Train the TensorFlow model with the training data.
The average word embedding model use batch_size = 32 by default. Therefore you will see that it takes 2104 steps to go through the 67,349 sentences in the training dataset. We will train the model for 10 epochs, which means going through the training dataset 10 times.
End of explanation
loss, acc = model.evaluate(test_data)
Explanation: Step 4. Evaluate the model with the test data.
After training the text classification model using the sentences in the training dataset, we will use the remaining 872 sentences in the test dataset to evaluate how the model performs against new data it has never seen before.
As the default batch size is 32, it will take 28 steps to go through the 872 sentences in the test dataset.
End of explanation
model.export(export_dir='average_word_vec')
Explanation: Step 5.  Export as a TensorFlow Lite model.
Let's export the text classification that we have trained in the TensorFlow Lite format. We will specify which folder to export the model.
By default, the float TFLite model is exported for the average word embedding model architecture.
End of explanation
mb_spec = model_spec.get('mobilebert_classifier')
Explanation: You can download the TensorFlow Lite model file using the left sidebar of Colab. Go into the average_word_vec folder as we specified in export_dir parameter above, right-click on the model.tflite file and choose Download to download it to your local computer.
This model can be integrated into an Android or an iOS app using the NLClassifier API of the TensorFlow Lite Task Library.
See the TFLite Text Classification sample app for more details on how the model is used in a working app.
Note 1: Android Studio Model Binding does not support text classification yet so please use the TensorFlow Lite Task Library.
Note 2: There is a model.json file in the same folder with the TFLite model. It contains the JSON representation of the metadata bundled inside the TensorFlow Lite model. Model metadata helps the TFLite Task Library know what the model does and how to pre-process/post-process data for the model. You don't need to download the model.json file as it is only for informational purpose and its content is already inside the TFLite file.
Note 3: If you train a text classification model using MobileBERT or BERT-Base architecture, you will need to use BertNLClassifier API instead to integrate the trained model into a mobile app.
The following sections walk through the example step by step to show more details.
Choose a model architecture for Text Classifier
Each model_spec object represents a specific model for the text classifier. TensorFlow Lite Model Maker currently supports MobileBERT, averaging word embeddings and BERT-Base models.
| Supported Model          | Name of model_spec      | Model Description                                                                                                     | Model size                                  |
|--------------------------|-------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|
| Averaging Word Embedding | 'average_word_vec'      | Averaging text word embeddings with RELU activation.                                                                  |           <1MB                             |
| MobileBERT               | 'mobilebert_classifier' | 4.3x smaller and 5.5x faster than BERT-Base while achieving competitive results, suitable for on-device applications. | 25MB w/ quantization <br/> 100MB w/o quantization                                        |
| BERT-Base                | 'bert_classifier'       | Standard BERT model that is widely used in NLP tasks.                                                                 | 300MB |
In the quick start, we have used the average word embedding model. Let's switch to MobileBERT to train a model with higher accuracy.
End of explanation
train_data = DataLoader.from_csv(
      filename='train.csv',
      text_column='sentence',
      label_column='label',
      model_spec=mb_spec,
      is_training=True)
test_data = DataLoader.from_csv(
      filename='dev.csv',
      text_column='sentence',
      label_column='label',
      model_spec=mb_spec,
      is_training=False)
Explanation: Load training data
You can upload your own dataset to work through this tutorial. Upload your dataset by using the left sidebar in Colab.
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/download.tensorflow.org/models/tflite/screenshots/model_maker_text_classification.png" alt="Upload File" width="800" hspace="100">
If you prefer not to upload your dataset to the cloud, you can also locally run the library by following the guide.
To keep it simple, we will reuse the SST-2 dataset downloaded earlier. Let's use the DataLoader.from_csv method to load the data.
Please be noted that as we have changed the model architecture, we will need to reload the training and test dataset to apply the new preprocessing logic.
End of explanation
model = text_classifier.create(train_data, model_spec=mb_spec, epochs=3)
Explanation: The Model Maker library also supports the from_folder() method to load data. It assumes that the text data of the same class are in the same subdirectory and that the subfolder name is the class name. Each text file contains one movie review sample. The class_labels parameter is used to specify which the subfolders.
Train a TensorFlow Model
Train a text classification model using the training data.
Note: As MobileBERT is a complex model, each training epoch will takes about 10 minutes on a Colab GPU. Please make sure that you are using a GPU runtime.
End of explanation
model.summary()
Explanation: Examine the detailed model structure.
End of explanation
loss, acc = model.evaluate(test_data)
Explanation: Evaluate the model
Evaluate the model that we have just trained using the test data and measure the loss and accuracy value.
End of explanation
model.export(export_dir='mobilebert/')
Explanation: Export as a TensorFlow Lite model
Convert the trained model to TensorFlow Lite model format with metadata so that you can later use in an on-device ML application. The label file and the vocab file are embedded in metadata. The default TFLite filename is model.tflite.
In many on-device ML application, the model size is an important factor. Therefore, it is recommended that you apply quantize the model to make it smaller and potentially run faster.
The default post-training quantization technique is dynamic range quantization for the BERT and MobileBERT models.
End of explanation
model.export(export_dir='mobilebert/', export_format=[ExportFormat.LABEL, ExportFormat.VOCAB])
Explanation: The TensorFlow Lite model file can be integrated in a mobile app using the BertNLClassifier API in TensorFlow Lite Task Library. Please note that this is different from the NLClassifier API used to integrate the text classification trained with the average word vector model architecture.
The export formats can be one or a list of the following:
ExportFormat.TFLITE
ExportFormat.LABEL
ExportFormat.VOCAB
ExportFormat.SAVED_MODEL
By default, it exports only the TensorFlow Lite model file containing the model metadata. You can also choose to export other files related to the model for better examination. For instance, exporting only the label file and vocab file as follows:
End of explanation
accuracy = model.evaluate_tflite('mobilebert/model.tflite', test_data)
print('TFLite model accuracy: ', accuracy)
Explanation: You can evaluate the TFLite model with evaluate_tflite method to measure its accuracy. Converting the trained TensorFlow model to TFLite format and apply quantization can affect its accuracy so it is recommended to evaluate the TFLite model accuracy before deployment.
End of explanation
new_model_spec = model_spec.get('mobilebert_classifier')
new_model_spec.seq_len = 256
Explanation: Advanced Usage
The create function is the driver function that the Model Maker library uses to create models. The model_spec parameter defines the model specification. The AverageWordVecSpec and BertClassifierSpec classes are currently supported. The create function comprises of the following steps:
Creates the model for the text classifier according to model_spec.
Trains the classifier model.  The default epochs and the default batch size are set by the default_training_epochs and default_batch_size variables in the model_spec object.
This section covers advanced usage topics like adjusting the model and the training hyperparameters.
Customize the MobileBERT model hyperparameters
The model parameters you can adjust are:
seq_len: Length of the sequence to feed into the model.
initializer_range: The standard deviation of the truncated_normal_initializer for initializing all weight matrices.
trainable: Boolean that specifies whether the pre-trained layer is trainable.
The training pipeline parameters you can adjust are:
model_dir: The location of the model checkpoint files. If not set, a temporary directory will be used.
dropout_rate: The dropout rate.
learning_rate: The initial learning rate for the Adam optimizer.
tpu: TPU address to connect to.
For instance, you can set the seq_len=256 (default is 128). This allows the model to classify longer text.
End of explanation
new_model_spec = AverageWordVecSpec(wordvec_dim=32)
Explanation: Customize the average word embedding model hyperparameters
You can adjust the model infrastructure like the wordvec_dim and the seq_len variables in the AverageWordVecSpec class.
For example, you can train the model with a larger value of wordvec_dim. Note that you must construct a new model_spec if you modify the model.
End of explanation
new_train_data = DataLoader.from_csv(
      filename='train.csv',
      text_column='sentence',
      label_column='label',
      model_spec=new_model_spec,
      is_training=True)
Explanation: Get the preprocessed data.
End of explanation
model = text_classifier.create(new_train_data, model_spec=new_model_spec)
Explanation: Train the new model.
End of explanation
model = text_classifier.create(new_train_data, model_spec=new_model_spec, epochs=20)
Explanation: Tune the training hyperparameters
You can also tune the training hyperparameters like epochs and batch_size that affect the model accuracy. For instance,
epochs: more epochs could achieve better accuracy, but may lead to overfitting.
batch_size: the number of samples to use in one training step.
For example, you can train with more epochs.
End of explanation
new_test_data = DataLoader.from_csv(
      filename='dev.csv',
      text_column='sentence',
      label_column='label',
      model_spec=new_model_spec,
      is_training=False)
loss, accuracy = model.evaluate(new_test_data)
Explanation: Evaluate the newly retrained model with 20 training epochs.
End of explanation
spec = model_spec.get('bert_classifier')
Explanation: Change the Model Architecture
You can change the model by changing the model_spec. The following shows how to change to BERT-Base model.
Change the model_spec to BERT-Base model for the text classifier.
End of explanation
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