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Given the following text description, write Python code to implement the functionality described below step by step
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Description:
 You are currently looking at version 1.1 of this notebook. To download notebooks and datafiles, as well as get help on Jupyter notebooks in the Coursera platform, visit the Jupyter Notebook FAQ course resource.
Assignment 1 - Introduction to Machine Learning
For this assignment, you will be using the Breast Cancer Wisconsin (Diagnostic) Database to create a classifier that can help diagnose patients. First, read through the description of the dataset (below).
Step1:  The object returned by load_breast_cancer() is a scikit-learn Bunch object, which is similar to a dictionary.
Step2:  Question 0 (Example)
How many features does the breast cancer dataset have?
This function should return an integer.
Step3:  Question 1
Scikit-learn works with lists, numpy arrays, scipy-sparse matrices, and pandas DataFrames, so converting the dataset to a DataFrame is not necessary for training this model. Using a DataFrame does however help make many things easier such as munging data, so let's practice creating a classifier with a pandas DataFrame. 
Convert the sklearn.dataset cancer to a DataFrame. 
*This function should return a (569, 31) DataFrame with * 
*columns = *
['mean radius', 'mean texture', 'mean perimeter', 'mean area',
'mean smoothness', 'mean compactness', 'mean concavity',
'mean concave points', 'mean symmetry', 'mean fractal dimension',
'radius error', 'texture error', 'perimeter error', 'area error',
'smoothness error', 'compactness error', 'concavity error',
'concave points error', 'symmetry error', 'fractal dimension error',
'worst radius', 'worst texture', 'worst perimeter', 'worst area',
'worst smoothness', 'worst compactness', 'worst concavity',
'worst concave points', 'worst symmetry', 'worst fractal dimension',
'target']
*and index = *
RangeIndex(start=0, stop=569, step=1)
Step4:  Question 2
What is the class distribution? (i.e. how many instances of malignant (encoded 0) and how many benign (encoded 1)?)
This function should return a Series named target of length 2 with integer values and index = ['malignant', 'benign']
Step5:  Question 3
Split the DataFrame into X (the data) and y (the labels).
This function should return a tuple of length 2
Step6:  Question 4
Using train_test_split, split X and y into training and test sets (X_train, X_test, y_train, and y_test).
Set the random number generator state to 0 using random_state=0 to make sure your results match the autograder!
This function should return a tuple of length 4
Step7:  Question 5
Using KNeighborsClassifier, fit a k-nearest neighbors (knn) classifier with X_train, y_train and using one nearest neighbor (n_neighbors = 1).
*This function should return a * sklearn.neighbors.classification.KNeighborsClassifier.
Step8:  Question 6
Using your knn classifier, predict the class label using the mean value for each feature.
Hint
Step9:  Question 7
Using your knn classifier, predict the class labels for the test set X_test.
This function should return a numpy array with shape (143,) and values either 0.0 or 1.0.
Step10:  Question 8
Find the score (mean accuracy) of your knn classifier using X_test and y_test.
This function should return a float between 0 and 1
Step11:  Optional plot
Try using the plotting function below to visualize the differet predicition scores between training and test sets, as well as malignant and benign cells.
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Python Code:
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
from sklearn.datasets import load_breast_cancer
cancer = load_breast_cancer()
# print(cancer.DESCR) 
Explanation: You are currently looking at version 1.1 of this notebook. To download notebooks and datafiles, as well as get help on Jupyter notebooks in the Coursera platform, visit the Jupyter Notebook FAQ course resource.
Assignment 1 - Introduction to Machine Learning
For this assignment, you will be using the Breast Cancer Wisconsin (Diagnostic) Database to create a classifier that can help diagnose patients. First, read through the description of the dataset (below).
End of explanation
cancer.keys()
Explanation: The object returned by load_breast_cancer() is a scikit-learn Bunch object, which is similar to a dictionary.
End of explanation
# You should write your whole answer within the function provided. The autograder will call
# this function and compare the return value against the correct solution value
def answer_zero():
    # This function returns the number of features of the breast cancer dataset, which is an integer. 
    # The assignment question description will tell you the general format the autograder is expecting
    return len(cancer['feature_names'])
# You can examine what your function returns by calling it in the cell. If you have questions
# about the assignment formats, check out the discussion forums for any FAQs
answer_zero() 
Explanation: Question 0 (Example)
How many features does the breast cancer dataset have?
This function should return an integer.
End of explanation
def answer_one():
    
    # Your code here
    columns = cancer['feature_names']
    columns = np.append(columns, ["target"])
    
    index = range(0, 569, 1)
    cancerdf = pd.DataFrame(data=np.c_[cancer.data, cancer.target], columns=columns, index=index)
    return cancerdf
answer_one()
Explanation: Question 1
Scikit-learn works with lists, numpy arrays, scipy-sparse matrices, and pandas DataFrames, so converting the dataset to a DataFrame is not necessary for training this model. Using a DataFrame does however help make many things easier such as munging data, so let's practice creating a classifier with a pandas DataFrame. 
Convert the sklearn.dataset cancer to a DataFrame. 
*This function should return a (569, 31) DataFrame with * 
*columns = *
['mean radius', 'mean texture', 'mean perimeter', 'mean area',
'mean smoothness', 'mean compactness', 'mean concavity',
'mean concave points', 'mean symmetry', 'mean fractal dimension',
'radius error', 'texture error', 'perimeter error', 'area error',
'smoothness error', 'compactness error', 'concavity error',
'concave points error', 'symmetry error', 'fractal dimension error',
'worst radius', 'worst texture', 'worst perimeter', 'worst area',
'worst smoothness', 'worst compactness', 'worst concavity',
'worst concave points', 'worst symmetry', 'worst fractal dimension',
'target']
*and index = *
RangeIndex(start=0, stop=569, step=1)
End of explanation
def answer_two():
    cancerdf = answer_one()
    series = cancerdf['target']
    malignant = series[series == 0]
    benign = series[series == 1]
    
    target = pd.Series(np.array([len(malignant), len(benign)]), index=['malignant', 'benign'])
    return target
answer_two()
Explanation: Question 2
What is the class distribution? (i.e. how many instances of malignant (encoded 0) and how many benign (encoded 1)?)
This function should return a Series named target of length 2 with integer values and index = ['malignant', 'benign']
End of explanation
def answer_three():
    cancerdf = answer_one()
    X = cancerdf.iloc[:,:30]
    y = cancerdf["target"]
    return X, y
answer_three()
Explanation: Question 3
Split the DataFrame into X (the data) and y (the labels).
This function should return a tuple of length 2: (X, y), where 
* X has shape (569, 30)
* y has shape (569,).
End of explanation
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
def answer_four():
    X, y = answer_three()
    X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, random_state=0)
    return X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test
answer_four()
Explanation: Question 4
Using train_test_split, split X and y into training and test sets (X_train, X_test, y_train, and y_test).
Set the random number generator state to 0 using random_state=0 to make sure your results match the autograder!
This function should return a tuple of length 4: (X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test), where 
* X_train has shape (426, 30)
* X_test has shape (143, 30)
* y_train has shape (426,)
* y_test has shape (143,)
End of explanation
from sklearn.neighbors import KNeighborsClassifier
def answer_five():
    X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = answer_four()
    
    knn = KNeighborsClassifier(n_neighbors=1)
    knn.fit(X_train, y_train)
        
    return knn
answer_five()
Explanation: Question 5
Using KNeighborsClassifier, fit a k-nearest neighbors (knn) classifier with X_train, y_train and using one nearest neighbor (n_neighbors = 1).
*This function should return a * sklearn.neighbors.classification.KNeighborsClassifier.
End of explanation
def answer_six():
    cancerdf = answer_one()
    means = cancerdf.mean()[:-1].values.reshape(1, -1)
    
    knn = answer_five()
    score = knn.predict(means)
    
    return score
answer_six()
Explanation: Question 6
Using your knn classifier, predict the class label using the mean value for each feature.
Hint: You can use cancerdf.mean()[:-1].values.reshape(1, -1) which gets the mean value for each feature, ignores the target column, and reshapes the data from 1 dimension to 2 (necessary for the precict method of KNeighborsClassifier).
This function should return a numpy array either array([ 0.]) or array([ 1.])
End of explanation
def answer_seven():
    X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = answer_four()
    knn = answer_five()
    np_val = []
    for row in X_test.iterrows():
        np_val.append(knn.predict(row[1].values.reshape(1,-1))[0])
    
    return np_val
answer_seven()
Explanation: Question 7
Using your knn classifier, predict the class labels for the test set X_test.
This function should return a numpy array with shape (143,) and values either 0.0 or 1.0.
End of explanation
def answer_eight():
    X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = answer_four()
    knn = answer_five()
    
    score = knn.score(X_test, y_test)
    
    return score
answer_eight()
Explanation: Question 8
Find the score (mean accuracy) of your knn classifier using X_test and y_test.
This function should return a float between 0 and 1
End of explanation
def accuracy_plot():
    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
    %matplotlib notebook
    X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = answer_four()
    # Find the training and testing accuracies by target value (i.e. malignant, benign)
    mal_train_X = X_train[y_train==0]
    mal_train_y = y_train[y_train==0]
    ben_train_X = X_train[y_train==1]
    ben_train_y = y_train[y_train==1]
    mal_test_X = X_test[y_test==0]
    mal_test_y = y_test[y_test==0]
    ben_test_X = X_test[y_test==1]
    ben_test_y = y_test[y_test==1]
    knn = answer_five()
    scores = [knn.score(mal_train_X, mal_train_y), knn.score(ben_train_X, ben_train_y), 
              knn.score(mal_test_X, mal_test_y), knn.score(ben_test_X, ben_test_y)]
    plt.figure()
    # Plot the scores as a bar chart
    bars = plt.bar(np.arange(4), scores, color=['#4c72b0','#4c72b0','#55a868','#55a868'])
    # directly label the score onto the bars
    for bar in bars:
        height = bar.get_height()
        plt.gca().text(bar.get_x() + bar.get_width()/2, height*.90, '{0:.{1}f}'.format(height, 2), 
                     ha='center', color='w', fontsize=11)
    # remove all the ticks (both axes), and tick labels on the Y axis
    plt.tick_params(top='off', bottom='off', left='off', right='off', labelleft='off', labelbottom='on')
    # remove the frame of the chart
    for spine in plt.gca().spines.values():
        spine.set_visible(False)
    plt.xticks([0,1,2,3], ['Malignant\nTraining', 'Benign\nTraining', 'Malignant\nTest', 'Benign\nTest'], alpha=0.8);
    plt.title('Training and Test Accuracies for Malignant and Benign Cells', alpha=0.8)
# Uncomment the plotting function to see the visualization, 
# Comment out the plotting function when submitting your notebook for grading
accuracy_plot() 
Explanation: Optional plot
Try using the plotting function below to visualize the differet predicition scores between training and test sets, as well as malignant and benign cells.
End of explanation
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