The angular distribution of radiated power is given by a general formula, applicable whether or not the particle is relativistic. In CGS units, this formula is d P d Ω Ω = q 2 4 π π c | n ^ ^ × × [ ( n ^ ^ − − β β ) × × β β ˙ ˙ ] | 2 ( 1 − − n ^ ^ ⋅ ⋅ β β ) 5 , where n ^ ^ is a unit vector pointing from the particle towards the observer. In the case of linear motion (velocity parallel to acceleration), this simplifies to d P d Ω Ω = q 2 a 2 4 π π c 3 sin 2 ⁡ ⁡ θ θ ( 1 − − β β cos ⁡ ⁡ θ θ ) 5 , where θ θ is the angle between the observer and the particle's motion.