In a ferromagnet, the magnitude of the magnetization M at each spacetime point is approximated by the saturation magnetization M s (although it can be smaller when averaged over a chunk of volume). The Landau-Lifshitz equation, a precursor of the LLG equation, phenomenologically describes the rotation of the magnetization in response to the effective field H eff which accounts for not only a real magnetic field but also internal magnetic interactions such as exchange and anisotropy. An earlier, but equivalent, equation (the Landau–Lifshitz equation) was introduced by Landau & Lifshitz (1935) :