When all of the isoprene units in a network chain have been forced to reside in just a few extended rotational conformations, the chain becomes taut. It may be regarded as sensibly straight, except for the zigzag path that the C-C bonds make along the chain contour. However, further extension is still possible by bond distortions (e.g. bond angle increases), bond stretches, and dihedral angle rotations. These forces are spring-like and are not associated with entropy changes. A taut chain can be extended by only about 40%. At this point the force along the chain is sufficient to mechanically rupture the C-C covalent bond. This tensile force limit has been calculated via quantum chemistry simulations and it is approximately 7 nN, about a factor of a thousand greater than the entropic chain forces at low strain. The angles between adjacent backbone C-C bonds in an isoprene unit vary between about 115–120 degrees and the forces associated with maintaining these angles are quite large, so within each unit, the chain backbone always follows a zigzag path, even at bond rupture. This mechanism accounts for the steep upturn in the elastic stress, observed at high strains (Fig. 1).