Neutrinos are conventionally produced in weak decays. Weak beta decays normally produce one electron (or positron), emit an antineutrino (or neutrino) and increase the nucleus ' proton number Z by one. The nucleus' mass (i.e. binding energy) is then lower and thus more favorable. There exist a number of elements that can decay into a nucleus of lower mass, but they cannot emit one electron only because the resulting nucleus is kinematically (that is, in terms of energy) not favorable (its energy would be higher). These nuclei can only decay by emitting two electrons (that is, via double beta decay). There are about a dozen confirmed cases of nuclei that can only decay via double beta decay. The corresponding decay equation is: