For L = 1, Φ Φ ¯ ¯ ( s ; L ) = 1 . In this paper, the symbol [ L /2], as appearing in the upper bound of the sum in eq. (5) is the floor operation (round towards zero). Finally, the factor Φ Φ ( s , L ~ ~ ) in eq. (1) has the same form as in Φ Φ ¯ ¯ ( s ; L ) in eqs. (3)-(5), yet it is calculated on a lattice L ~ ~ . Lattice L ~ ~ is constructed from the original lattice by taking out from it the states i and j and the states between them, and then connecting the obtained two fragments. For cases in which a fragment is a single state, this fragment is excluded; namely, lattice L ~ ~ is the longer fragment. When each fragment is a single state, Φ Φ ¯ ¯ ( s ; L ~ ~ ) = 1 .