The full Chandrasekhar dynamical friction formula for the change in velocity of the object involves integrating over the phase space density of the field of matter and is far from transparent. The Chandrasekhar dynamical friction formula reads as d v M d t = − − 16 π π 2 ( ln ⁡ ⁡ Λ Λ ) G 2 m ( M + m ) 1 v M 3 ∫ ∫ 0 v M v 2 f ( v ) d v v M where