is the material characteristic length giving rise to the deterministic size effect. An even simpler method is the crack-band model, in which the cohesive crack is replaced in simulations by a crack band of width h equal to one finite element size and a stress-strain relation that is softening in the cross-band direction as σ σ = f ^ ^ ( ϵ ϵ ) where ϵ ϵ = w / h = average strain in that direction.