In 1931 Koopman and André Weil independently observed that the phase space of the classical system can be converted into a Hilbert space. According to this formulation, functions representing physical observables become vectors, with an inner product defined in terms of a natural integration rule over the system's probability density on phase space. This reformulation makes it possible to draw interesting conclusions about the evolution of physical observables from Stone's theorem, which had been proved shortly before. This finding inspired von Neumann to apply the novel formalism to the ergodic problem. Subsequently, he published several seminal results in modern ergodic theory, including the proof of his mean ergodic theorem.