The formula for comoving distance, which serves as the basis for most of the other formulas, involves an integral. Although for some limited choices of parameters (see below) the comoving distance integral has a closed analytic form, in general—and specifically for the parameters of our universe —we can only find a solution numerically. Cosmologists commonly use the following measures for distances from the observer to an object at redshift z along the line of sight (LOS):