The presence of Medical Physicists at Expert level ('Medical Physics Experts') in healthcare in the European Union is required by the 2013/59/Euratom directive. The European Federation of Organisations for Medical Physics (EFOMP) has defined a detailed inventory of learning outcomes for Medical Physics Experts in terms of Knowledge, Skills and Competences (the latter in Europe means 'responsibilities'). In Europe the professional preparation for Medical Physicists typically consists of a first degree in Physics or equivalent (e.g., biophysics, electrical or mechanical engineering, computing), a Masters in Medical Physics and a 2-year training Residency. The European Commission has produced 'European Guidelines on the Medical Physics Expert'.