over a spacetime with one spatial dimension and one temporal dimension. Where F μ μ ν ν = ∂ ∂ μ μ A ν ν − − ∂ ∂ ν ν A μ μ is the U ( 1 ) photon field strength, D μ μ = ∂ ∂ μ μ − − i A μ μ is the gauge covariant derivative, ψ ψ is the fermion spinor, m is the fermion mass and γ γ 0 , γ γ 1 form the two-dimensional representation of the Clifford algebra.