The Clifford algebra Cℓ 3,0 ( R ) is built up from a basis of one unit scalar, 1, three orthogonal unit vectors, σ 1, σ 2 and σ 3, the three unit bivectors σ 1 σ 2, σ 2 σ 3, σ 3 σ 1 and the pseudoscalar i = σ 1 σ 2 σ 3. It is straightforward to show that (σ 1) = (σ 2) = (σ 3) = 1, and (σ 1 σ 2) = (σ 2 σ 3) = (σ 3 σ 1) = (σ 1 σ 2 σ 3) = −1.