Al-Kindi in particular seemed to influence Bradwardine, though it is unclear whether this was directly or indirectly. Gerard of Cremona's Latin translation of Quia primos (or De Gradibus) would have been available to Bradwardine, but Roger Bacon seemed to be the only European philosopher to have had a direct connection to the book, but not to the degree of Arnald of Villanova. Nonetheless, Bradwardine's work bares many similarities to the work of Al-Kindi.