Entropy is often loosely associated with the amount of order or disorder, or of chaos, in a thermodynamic system. The traditional qualitative description of entropy is that it refers to changes in the state of the system and is a measure of "molecular disorder" and the amount of wasted energy in a dynamical energy transformation from one state or form to another. In this direction, several recent authors have derived exact entropy formulas to account for and measure disorder and order in atomic and molecular assemblies. One of the simpler entropy order/disorder formulas is that derived in 1984 by thermodynamic physicist Peter Landsberg, based on a combination of thermodynamics and information theory arguments. He argues that when constraints operate on a system, such that it is prevented from entering one or more of its possible or permitted states, as contrasted with its forbidden states, the measure of the total amount of "disorder" in the system is given by: D i s o r d e r = C D C I Similarly, the total amount of "order" in the system is given by: O r d e r = 1 − − C O C I In which C D is the "disorder" capacity of the system, which is the entropy of the parts contained in the permitted ensemble, C I is the "information" capacity of the system, an expression similar to Shannon's channel capacity, and C O is the "order" capacity of the system.