The quantization of the Hall conductance ( G x y = 1 / R x y ) has the important property of being exceedingly precise. Actual measurements of the Hall conductance have been found to be integer or fractional multiples of ⁠ e / h ⁠ to nearly one part in a billion. It has allowed for the definition of a new practical standard for electrical resistance, based on the resistance quantum given by the von Klitzing constant R K. This is named after Klaus von Klitzing, the discoverer of exact quantization. The quantum Hall effect also provides an extremely precise independent determination of the fine-structure constant, a quantity of fundamental importance in quantum electrodynamics.