Gamma ray bursts (GRBs) were originally proposed as a possible source of extragalactic cosmic rays because the energy required to produce the observed flux of cosmic rays was similar their typical luminosity in γ-rays, and because they could accelerate protons to energies of 10 eV through diffusive shock acceleration. Long gamma ray bursts (GRBs) are especially interesting as possible sources of extragalactic cosmic rays in light of the evidence for a heavier composition at higher energies. Long GRBs are associated with the death of massive stars, which are well known to produce heavy elements. However, in this case many of the heavy nuclei would be photo-disintegrated, leading to considerable neutrino emission also associated with GRBs, which has not been observed. Some studies have suggested that a specific population of GRBs known as low-luminosity GRBs might resolve this, as the lower luminosity would lead to less photo-dissociation and neutrino production. These low luminosity GRBs could also simultaneously account for the observed high-energy neutrinos. However it has also been argued that these low-luminosity GRBs are not energetic enough to be a major source of high energy cosmic rays.