where u e is the electron velocity vector, f e (f e) is the electron nonequilibrium (equilibrium) distribution, τ e is the electron scattering time, E e is the electron energy, and F te is the electric and thermal forces from ∇(E F / e c) and ∇(1/ T). Relating the thermoelectric coefficients to the microscopic transport equations for j e and q, the thermal, electric, and thermoelectric properties are calculated. Thus, k e increases with the electrical conductivity σe and temperature T, as the Wiedemann–Franz law presents [ k e /(σ e T e) = (1/3)(πk B / e c) = 2.44 × 10 W-Ω/K ]. Electron transport (represented as σ e) is a function of carrier density n e,c and electron mobility μ e (σ e = e c n e,c μ e). μ e is determined by electron scattering rates γ γ ˙ ˙ e (or relaxation time, τ τ e = 1 / γ γ ˙ ˙ e ) in various interaction mechanisms including interaction with other electrons, phonons, impurities and boundaries.