with the maximum taken over all λ λ i = ± ± 1 whose product is − − 1 . If R q c and R q c ′ , measuring the same content in different context, are always identically distributed, the system is called consistently connected (satisfying "no-disturbance" or "no-signaling" principle). Except for certain logical issues, in this case CbD specializes to traditional treatments of contextuality in quantum physics. In particular, for consistently connected cyclic systems the noncontextuality criterion above reduces to D ( C n ) ≤ ≤ n − − 2 , which includes the Bell/CHSH inequality ( n = 4 ), KCBS inequality ( n = 5 ), and other famous inequalities. That nonlocality is a special case of contextuality follows in CbD from the fact that being jointly distributed for random variables is equivalent to being measurable functions of one and the same random variable (this generalizes Arthur Fine 's analysis of Bell's theorem). CbD essentially coincides with the probabilistic part of Abramsky's sheaf-theoretic approach if the system is strongly consistently connected, which means that the joint distributions of { R q 1 c , … … , R q k c } and { R q 1 c ′ , … … , R q k c ′ } coincide whenever q 1 , … … , q k are measured in contexts c , c ′ . However, unlike most approaches to contextuality, CbD allows for inconsistent connectedness, with R q c and R q c ′ differently distributed. This makes CbD applicable to physics experiments in which no-disturbance condition is violated, as well as to human behavior where this condition is violated as a rule. In particular, Vctor Cervantes, Ehtibar Dzhafarov, and colleagues have demonstrated that random variables describing certain paradigms of simple decision making form contextual systems, whereas many other decision-making systems are noncontextual once their inconsistent connectedness is properly taken into account.