Celtic nations
English Breton ( Brezhoneg ) Irish ( Gaeilge ) Scottish Gaelic ( Gàidhlig ) Welsh ( Cymraeg ) Manx ( Gaelg ) Cornish ( Kernowek )
Brittany Breizh [ bʁɛjs ] or [ bʁɛχ ] an Bhriotáin [ ən̪ˠ ˈvʲɾʲit̪ˠaːnʲ ] a ' Bhreatainn Bheag [ əˈvɾʲɛhdəɲ ˈveg ] Llydaw [ ˈɬədau̯ ] yn Vritaan Breten Vian
Cornwall Kernev-Veur [ ˈkɛʁnev ˈvøːr ] Corn na Breataine [ ˈkoɾˠn̪ˠ n̪ˠə ˈbʲɾʲat̪ˠənʲə ] a ' Chòrn [ əˈxoːɾn ] Cernyw [ ˈkʰɛrnɨu̯ ] yn Chorn Kernow
Ireland Iwerzhon [ iˈwɛʁzɔ̃n ] Éire [ ˈeːɾʲə ] Èirinn [ ˈeːrʲɪɲʲ ] Iwerddon [ iˈwɛrðon ] Nerin Wordhen Iwerdhon
Mann Isle of Man Manav [ mɑ̃ˈnaw ] Enez-Vanav [ ˈẽːnes vɑ̃ˈnaw ] Manainn [ ˈmˠan̪ˠən̪ʲ ] Oileán Mhanann [ ˈilʲaːn̪ˠ ˈvˠan̪ˠən̪ˠ ] Manainn [ ˈmanɪɲ ] Eilean Mhanainn [ elanˈvanɪɲ ] Manaw [ ˈmanau̯ ] Ynys Manaw [ ˈənɨs ˈmanau̯ ] Mannin [ ˈmanɪn ] Ellan Vannin Manow Enys Vanow
Scotland Bro-Skos [ ˈbʁo ˈskos ] Skos [ skos ] Albain [ ˈaləbˠənʲ ] Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] yr Alban [ ər ˈalban ] Nalbin Alban
Wales Kembre [ ˈkɛ̃m.bʁe ] an Bhreatain Bheag [ ən̪ˠ ˈvʲɾʲat̪ˠənʲ ˈvʲəɡ ] a ' Chuimrigh [ ə'xɯmurɪ ] Cymru [ ˈkʰəmrɨ ] Bretin Kembra
Celtic nations broioù keltiek [ ˈbʁoju ˈkɛltjɛk ] náisiúin Cheilteacha [ ˈn̪ˠaːʃuːnʲ ˈçelʲtʲəxə ] nàiseanan Ceilteach [ ˈnˠaːʃanən ˈkʲeldʲəx ] gwledydd Celtaidd [ gʷˈlei̯ð ˈkʰɛltʰai̯ð ] ashoonyn Celtiagh broyow keltek
Celtic languages yezhoù keltiek [ ˈjeːsu ˈkɛltjɛk ] teangacha Ceilteacha [ ˈtʲaŋɡəxə ˈçelʲtʲəxə ] cànanain Cheilteach [ ˈkaːnanɪɲ ˈçʲeldʲəx ] ieithoedd Celtaidd [ ˈjei̯θɔɨ̯ð ˈkʰɛltʰai̯ð ] çhengaghyn Celtiagh yethow keltek
Great Britain Breizh-Veur [ ˈbʁɛjs ˈvøːr ] an Bhreatain Mhór [ ən̪ˠ ˈvʲɾʲat̪ˠənʲ ˈvˠoːɾˠ ] Breatainn Mhòr [ əˈvɾʲɛhdəɲ ˈvoːɾ ] Prydain Fawr [ ˈpr̥ətʰai̯n ˈvau̯r ] Bretin Vooar Breten Veur
Terminology -- Endonyms and Celtic exonyms
The Celtic names for each nation in each language illustrate some of the similarity between the languages . Despite differences in orthography , there are many sound and lexical correspondences between the endonyms and exonyms used to refer to the Celtic nations .
The Celtic nations is a cultural region and collection of geographical territories in Western Europe and the North Atlantic where Celtic languages and/or cultural traits have survived. The term nation is used in its original sense to mean a people who share a common identity and culture and are identified with a traditional territory. The six territories widely considered Celtic nations are Brittany (Breizh), Cornwall (Kernow), Wales (Cymru), Scotland (Alba), Ireland (Éire) and the Isle of Man (Mannin or Ellan Vannin). In each of the six nations a Celtic language is spoken to some extent: Brittonic or Brythonic languages are spoken in Brittany, Cornwall, and Wales, while Goidelic or Gaelic languages are spoken in Scotland, Ireland, and the Isle of Man. Before the expansions of Ancient Rome and the Germanic and Slavic tribes, a significant part of Europe was dominated by Celts, leaving behind a legacy of Celtic cultural traits. Territories in north-western Iberia - particularly northern Portugal, Galicia, Asturias, León and Cantabria (together historically referred to as Gallaecia and Astures), covering north-central Portugal and northern Spain - are considered Celtic nations due to their culture and history. Unlike the others, however, no Celtic language has been spoken there in modern times. A genetics study by an Oxford University research team in 2006 claimed that the majority of Britons, including many of the English, are descended from a group of tribes which arrived from Iberia around 5000 BC, before the spread of Celts into western Europe. However, three major genetic studies in 2015 have instead shown that haplogroup R1b in western Europe, most common in traditionally Celtic-speaking areas of Atlantic Europe like Ireland and Brittany, would have largely expanded in massive migrations from the Indo-European homeland, the Yamnaya culture in the Pontic-Caspian steppe, during the Bronze Age along with carriers of Indo-European languages like proto-Celtic. Unlike previous studies, large sections of autosomal DNA were analyzed in addition to paternal Y-DNA markers. They detected an autosomal component present in modern Europeans which was not present in Neolithic or Mesolithic Europeans, and which would have been introduced into Europe with paternal lineages R1b and R1a, as well as the Indo-European languages. This genetic component, labelled as Yamnaya in the studies, then mixed to varying degrees with earlier Mesolithic hunter-gatherer and/or Neolithic farmer populations already existing in western Europe.