Glottalization
Gloss man sea taboo octopus canoe
Tongan taŋata tahi tapu feke vaka
Samoan taŋata tai tapu feʔe vaʔa
Māori taŋata tai tapʉ ɸeke waka
Rapanui taŋata tai tapu heke vaka
Rarotongan taŋata tai tapu ʔeke vaka
Hawaiian kanaka kai kapu heʔe waʔa
Glottal replacement
When a phoneme is completely substituted by a glottal stop [ ʔ ] , one speaks of glottaling or glottal replacement . This is , for instance , very common in British English dialects such as Cockney , Estuary English , and the various Northern English dialects . In these dialects , the glottal stop is an allophone of /p/ , /t/ and /k/ word-finally , and when followed by an unstressed vowel ( including syllabic /l/ /m/ and /n/ ) in a post-stress syllable . [ 2 ] 'Water ' can be pronounced [ ˈwɔːʔə ] – the glottal stop has superseded the 't ' sound . Other examples include `` city '' [ ˈsɪʔi ] , `` bottle '' [ ˈbɒʔo ] , `` Britain '' [ ˈbɹɪʔən ] , `` seniority '' [ sɪiniˈɒɹəʔi ] . In some consonant clusters , glottal replacement of /t/ is common even among RP speakers . Glottal replacement also occurs in Indonesian , where syllable final /k/ is produced as a glottal stop . In Hawaiian , the glottal stop is reconstructed to have come from other Proto-Polynesian consonants . The following table displays the shift /k/ → /ʔ/ as well as the shift /t/ → /k/ .
Glottalization is the complete or partial closure of the glottis during the articulation of another sound. Glottalization of vowels and other sonorants is most often realized as creaky voice (partial closure). Glottalization of obstruent consonants usually involves complete closure of the glottis; another way to describe this phenomenon is to say that a glottal stop is made simultaneously with another consonant. In certain cases, the glottal stop can even wholly replace the voiceless consonant. The term 'glottalized' is also used for ejective and implosive consonants; see glottalic consonant for examples. There are two other ways to represent glottalization of sonorants in the IPA: (a) the same way as ejectives, with an apostrophe; or (b) with the under-tilde for creaky voice. For example, the Yapese word for sick with a glottalized m could be transcribed as either or . (In some typefaces, the apostrophe will occur above the m.)