Land acquisition in India
Project State Displaced Population Tribal Percentage
Karjan Gujarat 11,600 100
Sardar Sarovar Gujarat 2,00,000 57.6
Maheshwar Madhya Pradesh 20,000 60
Bodhghat Madhya Pradesh 12,700 73.91
Icha Bihar 30,800 80
Chandil Jharkhand 37,600 87.92
Koel Karo Bihar 66,000 88
Mahi Bajaj Sajar Rajasthan 38,400 76.28
Polavaram Andhra Pradesh 1,50,000 52.90
Maithon & Panchet Jharkhand 93,874 56.46
Upper Indravati Odisha 18,500 89.20
Pong Himachal Pradesh 80,000 56.25
Ichampalli Andhra Pradesh 38,100 76.28
Tultuti Maharashtra 13,600 51.61
Daman Ganga Gujarat 8,700 48.70
Bhakra Himachal Pradesh 36,000 34.76
Masan Reservoir Bihar 3,700 31
Ukai Reservoir Gujarat 52,000 18.92
Tamnar chhattisgarh 59999
Issues -- Consequences
But apart from these direct and immediate effects of land acquisition there are more subtle and indirect effects of this coercive and centralized legal procedure , which have a bearing on various decentralised and participatory democratic processes , and institutions of the state power . Land reforms and the Panchayati raj institutions are the two most important areas , which are being vitiated by land acquisition . [ 29 ] Of all the states of India , the consequences and controversies around land acquisition in West Bengal has recently gained a lot of national and international attention . The peasant resistances against governmental land expropriation in Singur ( a place in the Hoogly district ) and Nandigram ( a place in the East Medinipur district ) has finally led to the fall of the communist party ( Marxist ) led government in West Bengal , which ruled the state through democratic election for 34 years.The communist led left front government of West Bengal under the economic liberalisation policy adopted by the Central/Union government of the country shifted from its pro-farmer policy and took to the capitalist path of industrial development , which at the micro-levels endangered the food security of the small and marginal farmers as well as sharecroppers who formed the vote bank of the left front government of West Bengal [ 30 ] The new anti-communist Trinamul Congress led government of West Bengal which came to power in the state in 2011 through a massive electoral victory is yet to develop any comprehensive resettlement and rehabilitation policy for the thousands of families affected by various development projects . The new government has enacted a law on 14 June 2011 , in the West Bengal Assembly named ‘ Singur Land Rehabilitation and Development Act , 2011 ’ . With this law , the West Bengal government has reacquired about 1000 acres of farmland from the Tatas which wasgiven to the company for building a small-car manufacturing factory in 2006 by the then Left Front government . The Trinamul government 's intention was to return 400 acres of farmland to the ‘ unwilling ’ farmers around whom the agitation against the Left Front government was organised by the Trinamul Congress party . However , now the whole issue seems to have fallen into a long legal battle between the present state government and the Tatas , as the latter has challenged the ‘ Singur Land Rehabilitation and Development Act ’ in the court . As a result , the Trinamul government has not yet been able to return the land to those ‘ unwilling farmers ’ nor have they received any compensation ( The Statesman , 12 January 2012 ) .In another case of governmental land acquisition for housing at North 24 Parganas district of West Bengal , the farmers began to cultivate their farmland which were acquired but remained unutilised . According to media report these farmers were assured by the Trinamul Congress party leaders before the election that their land , which is about 1687 acres would be returned to them if the party could come to power . However , now these farmers are turning their backs to the Trinamul Congress , since the party has not kept its pre-election promise ( The Statesman , 11 February 2012 ) . Under the above disturbing episodes , it may be worthwhile to narrate the glaring incident of the opposition levelled by Mamata Banerjee , the present chief minister of West Bengal to the draft Land Acquisition ( Amendment ) Bill 2007 in the Lok Sabha . At that time Miss Mamata Banerjee was the Railway Minister of the Central Government . She opposed to a clause of the bill which empowered private companies to acquire up to 70 per cent land directly from farmers and landowners . The remaining 30 per cent could be acquired by the state government . Miss Banerjee wanted private companies to buy 100 per cent of the land , according to a report ( The Statesman , 26 July 2009 ) . It seemed that Miss Banerjee would have allowed the amended Bill to be passed if the Lok Sabha agreed to modify the 70/30 proportion to 100 per cent purchase by the companies under the principleof willing-buyer-willing-seller . [ 31 ] Eminent domain doctrine has been widely used in India since the era of Independence , with over 21.6 million people in the period of 1951–90 . [ 32 ] They have been displaced with large-scale projects like dams , canals , thermal plants , sanctuaries , industrial facilities , and mining ( Pellissery and Dey Biswas 2012 , pp 32–54 ) . These occurrences are generally categorized as `` development-induced displacement '' . The process of land acquisition in India has proven unpopular with the citizenry . The amount reimbursed is fairly low with regard to the current index of prices prevailing in the economy . Furthermore , due to the low level of human capital of the displaced people , they often fail to find adequate employment ( [ 33 ] ) . The draft of the government 's National Policy for Rehabilitation states that a figure around 75% of the displaced people since 1951 are still awaiting rehabilitation . [ 34 ] However , displacement is only being considered with regard to `` Direct Displacement '' . These rehabilitation policies do not cover fishermen , landless laborers , and artisans . Roughly one in ten Indian tribals is a displaced person . Dam projects have displaced close to a million Adivasis , with similar woe for displaced Dalits . Some estimate suggests 40 percent of displaced people are of tribal origins ( Fernandes , 2008 ) . Political and social protests against land acquisition by various industrialists has risen . They have ranged from Bengal , Karnataka , and Uttar Pradesh . [ 35 ] Tata Monors ' acquisition of 997 acres in Bengal to set up a factory for the cheapest car in India sparked protests . At least a decade before the Singur episode similar events occurred in West Bengal , although the opposition parties and other civil society organisations remained silent at that time . [ 36 ] Similarly , the Sardar Sarovar Dam project on the river Narmada was planned on acquired land , though the World Bank later canceled the project ( Bøås and McNeill 2003 , pp 121-122 , 125 , 142-43 and more [ permanent dead link ] ) . The Land Acquisition Act of 1894 allowed the government to acquire private lands . It is the only legislation pertaining to land acquisition which , though amended several times , has failed to serve its purpose . Under the 1894 Act , displaced people were only liable for monetary compensation linked with market value of the land in question , which was still quite minimal considering circle rates are often misleading ( Singh 2007 ) . Land acquisition related conflicts during the post-reform period in India has shown three distinctive tendencies ; ( 1 ) Technocracy and Bundle of Rights , ( 2 ) Power-land Regulation Nexus , and ( 3 ) Disappearing Commons . [ 37 ]
Land acquisition in India refers to the process by which the union or a state government in India acquires private land for the purpose of industrialisation, development of infrastructural facilities or urbanisation of the private land, and provides compensation to the affected land owners and their rehabilitation and resettlement. Land acquisition in India is governed by the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 (LARR) and which came into force from 1 January 2014. Till 2013, land acquisition in India was governed by Land Acquisition Act of 1894. On 31 December 2013, the President of India promulgated an ordinance with an official mandate to meet the twin objectives of farmer welfare; along with expeditiously meeting the strategic and developmental needs of the country. An amendment bill was then introduced in Parliament to endorse the Ordinance. Lok Sabha passed the bill but the same is still lying for passage by the Rajya Sabha. On 30 May 2015, President of India promulgated the amendment ordinance for third time. Union Government of India has also made and notified the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Social Impact Assessment and Consent) Rules, 2014 under the Act to regulate the procedure. The land acquisition in Jammu and Kashmir is governed by the Jammu and Kashmir Land Acquisition Act 1934.