Mangrove
Family Genus , number of species Common name
Acanthaceae , Avicenniaceae or Verbenaceae ( family allocation disputed ) Avicennia , 9 Black mangrove
Combretaceae Conocarpus , 1 ; Laguncularia , 1 ; Lumnitzera , 3 Buttonwood , white mangrove
Arecaceae Nypa , 1 Mangrove palm
Rhizophoraceae Bruguiera , 7 ; Ceriops , 5 ; Kandelia , 2 ; Rhizophora , 8 Red mangrove
Lythraceae Sonneratia , 5 Mangrove apple
Taxonomy and evolution -- Major components
A mangrove is a shrub or small tree that grows in coastal saline or brackish water. The term is also used for tropical coastal vegetation consisting of such species. Mangroves occur worldwide in the tropics and subtropics, mainly between latitudes 25° N and 25° S. The total mangrove forest area of the world in 2000 was 137,800 square kilometres (53,200 sq mi), spanning 118 countries and territories. Mangroves are salt-tolerant trees, also called halophytes, and are adapted to life in harsh coastal conditions. They contain a complex salt filtration system and complex root system to cope with salt water immersion and wave action. They are adapted to the low oxygen conditions of waterlogged mud. The word is used in at least three senses: (1) most broadly to refer to the habitat and entire plant assemblage or mangal,[page needed] for which the terms mangrove forest biome, and mangrove swamp are also used, (2) to refer to all trees and large shrubs in a mangrove swamp, and (3) narrowly to refer just to true mangrove trees of the genus Rhizophora of the family Rhizophoraceae. [citation needed]
 The mangrove biome, or mangal, is a distinct saline woodland or shrubland habitat characterized by depositional coastal environments, where fine sediments (often with high organic content) collect in areas protected from high-energy wave action. The saline conditions tolerated by various mangrove species range from brackish water, through pure seawater (3 to 4%), to water concentrated by evaporation to over twice the salinity of ocean seawater (up to 9%). Mangrove forests move carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into long-term storage in greater quantities than other forests, making them among the planet's best carbon scrubbers according to a NASA-led study based on satellite data.