Indo-European vocabulary
PIE English Gothic Latin Ancient Greek Sanskrit Iranian Slavic Baltic Celtic Armenian Albanian Tocharian Hittite
*egH₂ I I ( < OE ic̣ ) ik I egō I < *egoH₂ egṓ , egṓn I ahám I < *egH₂-om Av azǝm , OPers adam , Parth . az I < *egH₂-om Kurdish ez I ( direct case ) OCS azŭ I Lith àš , OLith eš , OPrus as , Latv es I es I es I u , unë I ( -në possibly originally a suffix ) ñuk I ūk I influenced by ammuk me
*H₁me- me ( acc . ) me ( < OE mē , mec < *H₁me-ge ) mik me ( acc . ) mē ( d ) me ( acc . ) emé , me me ( acc . ) mām me ( acc . ) < *H₁mē-m , mā me ( acc . encl . ) Av mąm me OCS mę me ( acc . ) < *H₁mē-m Lith manè me ( acc . ) OIr me-sse , mé , W mi I is me ( acc . ) < ? *H₁me-ge mua , mue me ( acc . ) < *H₁mē-m ammuk me ( acc. , dat . ) < *H₁me-ge , -mu me ( acc . encl . )
*H₁meĝʰi me ( dat . ) , * ( H₁ ) moi me ( dat . encl . ) me ( < OE mē ) mis me ( dat . ) mihi me ( dat . ) moi me ( dat. , gen . encl . ) máhya ( m ) me ( dat . ) , mḗ , me me ( dat . encl . ) Av maibya me ( dat . ) ( ? not in Pokorny ) , me ( Old Avestan moi ) me ( dat . encl . ) OCS mi ( dat enc . ) < * ( H₁ ) moi Lith man for me , OPrus maiy me ( dat . encl . ) OIr infix -m- me ; W - 'm infixed accusative first person singular pronoun me inj me ( dat . ) meje ammuk me ( acc. , dat . ) < *H₁me-ge , -mi me ( dat . encl . )
*H₁meme- , *H₁mene- of me , mine ; * H₁mo-yo- , * H₁me-yo- my my , mine ( < OE mīn < *H₁mei-no- ) meins my ; meina of me meī of me ; meus my < *H₁me-yo- emeĩo of me ; emós my máma of me ; ma/mā my < *H₁mo- Av mana , OPers manā of me ; Av ma ( m/n ) , mā ( f ) my OCS mene to me , moj mine Lith mana ( s ) , OPrus mais/maia my W fy of me , my ; Breton ma of me , my im my im my ( article i + em ) AB ñi my < Proto-Tocharian *mäñi miš my < *H₁me-yo-
*tu you ( nom . sg . ) thou ( < OE þū you ) þu you tū you Doric tú ( standard sú ) t ( u ) vám you ; Av tū you OCS ty you Lith tù , OPr tu you OIr tū , tu-ssu , tu-sso , W ti du you ti you A tu , B t ( u ) we you zik , zikka you < *tega < *te + *egō
*wei we ; *n̥s-mé , encl . *nos us we ( < OE wē ) , us ( < OE ūs < PGerm *uns < *n̥s ) weis we , uns us nōs we , us hēm- we , us ; Aeol ámme us < *asme < *n̥sme vay-ám we < *wei-óm , asmān us < *n̥sme + acc . -ān , encl . naḥ us < *nos Av vaēm we , ahma us , encl . nǝ̄ , nā̊ , nō us Bulg nìe we , OCS gen. nasŭ us < *nōs-sōm Lith mès we ; OPr gen. nōuson ours < *nōs-sōm OIr ni we , us < ? *s-nēs , gen. ar n- < *n̥s-rō-m ; W ni we < *nēs na we < *nŏs , ne us < *nōs A was , B wes we wēs we < *wei-es , anzāš us , encl . naš us
*yū you ( nom . pl . ) ; *us-wé , *us-mé , encl . *wos you ( acc./dat . pl . ) ye ( < OE gē you ( nom . pl . ) ) , you ( < OE ēow you ( acc./dat . pl . ) ) jūs you ( nom . pl . ) , izwis you ( acc./dat . pl . ) vōs you ( nom./acc . pl . ) hum- you ( pl . ) ; Aeol úmme you ( acc . pl . ) < *usme yūyám you ( nom . pl . ) , yuṣmā́n you ( acc . pl . ) < y- + *usme + acc . -ān , encl . vaḥ you ( obl . pl . ) Av yūžǝm , yūš you ( nom . pl . ) , yūšmat̃ you ( abl . pl . ) , encl . vā̊ you ( obl . pl . ) OCS vy you ( nom./acc . pl . ) , vasŭ yours ( pl . ) Lith jũs you ( nom . pl . ) , jũsų yours ( pl . ) ; OPr iouson yours ( pl . ) OIr sī , sissi you ( nom . pl . ) < *sw- , uai-b of you ( pl . ) < *ō-swī , NIr far n- your ( pl . ) ; W chwi you ( nom . pl . ) < *sw- ju you ( nom . pl . ) < *u < *vos A yas , B yes you ( nom . pl . ) sumes < *usme
*s ( w ) e- oneself ; ( reflexive pronoun ) self ( < OE self ' , seolf ) swes ( ref . gn . pn . ) , OHG sih ( ref . pn . ) sē ( ref . pn . ) hé ( ref . pn . ) sva- ( ref . pn . ) Avestan hva- ( ref . pn . ) Bulg sèbe oneself , OCS svoji ( ref . gn . pn . ) Lith sava ( s ) , OPrus swajs my own , myself OIr fein ( self , himself ) ; W hun ( an ) self , myself , himself/herself etc iwr self , himself/herself vetë A ṣn-i , B ṣañ ( one 's ) own Lydian s'fa- ( ref . pn . ) , Carian sfes ( ref . pn . )
*kʷid , kʷod what what ( < OE hwæt ) ƕa what quid what ? , quod what… , that… tí what ? , tì what… kím what Bulg kakvò what , OCS čь-to what ? Lith kàs what ? ; OPrus kawids which , what a OIr cid what ? *i ( ēr ) ( < *hi ) , inčʿ ( < *hi-nč ) what ? çfarë what ? kuit ( ? ) what , kuit-ki whatever ; Luvian kuit what ?
*kʷis , kʷos , kʷei/kʷoi who who ( < OE hwā < *kʷoi ) ƕas who ? quis who ? , quī who tís , Thess kís , CyprArc sís who ? , tìs who… káḥ , kíḥ who ? Av kō ( ka-hyā , ča-hyā ) who ? , which ? , čiš who Bulg kòj who , OCS kъ-to ( česo ) who ? Lith kàs who ? ; OPrus kas who OIr cia , W pwy who о ( oyr ) who ? who ? A kë B kush acc . who ? A kus , B k u se who , which kuiš who , which
*-kʷe and ; any - ( u ) h and , ƕaz-uh whoever -que and , quis-que each one , whoever ; Venetic -ke and ; South Picenian -p and -te and , tís te , hós-te whoever -ca and , káś-ca whoever Av ča , OPers čā and ; Av čiš-ca , OPers čiš-čiy whoever Bulg če but , and , because ; Old Czech a-če , ač if OIr na-ch , MW nac not < *and not ; Lepontic -pe and o-kʿ whoever Lydian -k and ; Hitt kuis-ki , Lycian ti-ke whoever
*n̥- not , un- un- ( < OE un- ) un- un- in- ( archaic en- ) un- a- , an- un- a- , an- , na- un- Av , OPers a- , an- un- OCS ne- not < *ne- Lith ne- < *ne- , OPrus ni- not OIr in- , ē- , an- , W an- un- an- un- AB a ( n ) - , am- , e ( n ) - , em- , on- un-
Pronouns , particles
The following is a table of many of the most fundamental Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) words and roots, with their cognates in all of the major families of descendants.