X-SAMPA
X-SAMPA IPA Description
_ ̈ centralized
_+ ̟ advanced
_- ̠ retracted
_/ ̌ rising tone
_0 ̥ voiceless
_ < implosive ( IPA uses separate symbols for implosives )
= ( or _= ) ̩ syllabic
_ > ʼ ejective
_ ? \ ˤ pharyngealized
_\ ̂ falling tone
_ ̯ non-syllabic
_ } ̚ no audible release
` ˞ rhotacization in vowels , retroflexion in consonants ( IPA uses separate symbols for consonants , see t ` for an example )
~ ( or _~ ) ̃ nasalization
_A ̘ advanced tongue root
_a ̺ apical
_B ̏ extra low tone
_B_L ᷅ low rising tone
_c ̜ less rounded
_d ̪ dental
Summary -- Diacritics
The Extended Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet (X-SAMPA) is a variant of SAMPA developed in 1995 by John C. Wells, professor of phonetics at University College London. It is designed to unify the individual language SAMPA alphabets, and extend SAMPA to cover the entire range of characters in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The result is a SAMPA-inspired remapping of the IPA into 7-bit ASCII. SAMPA was devised as a hack to work around the inability of text encodings to represent IPA symbols. Later, as Unicode support for IPA symbols became more widespread, the necessity for a separate, computer-readable system for representing the IPA in ASCII decreased. However, X-SAMPA is still useful as the basis for an input method for true IPA.