Minecraft wiki entry for Building_a_metropolis, associated text: Minecrafter: Use mostly cobblestone and wood, use torches for lighting and glass panes for windows.
Medieval: Don't use materials which couldn't be easily obtained in a medieval world. For example, don't use concrete or redstone mechanisms, and use glass very sparingly. Different variants of stone and wood are the best materials to use in construction.
Advanced Minecrafter: Use stone bricks roofs, brick, birch planks and/or spruce plank walls.
Rustic/Farm: Use almost all planks and logs, with small holes in the walls made with stairs, make rooms irregularly shaped with 1x1 windows (holes in the wall).
Skyscraper: Made with concrete, quartz, or iron blocks with massive cyan or light blue glass windows, sea lanterns for lighting.
Futuristic: Use plenty of quartz and glass blocks (basically anything white).
Aquatic: Use prismarine, with glass block windows and sponges as decorations
Nether: Use nether bricks detailing like window boxing, and use lava and magma blocks for lighting. Build walls with quartz, red nether bricks, nether wart blocks, etc. You can use obsidian as a foundation.
End: Use end stone bricks and purpur, with end rods for lighting and shulker boxes for storage.