Minecraft wiki entry for Language, associated text: Minecraft is available in nine constructed languages:
Anglish; a language based on modern English but with all non-Germanic loan words removed,
Esperanto; devised as an international language now estimated to be spoken by about 2,000,000 people worldwide,
Ido; a language derived from Esperanto,
Interslavic; a language based on Slavic languages created to facilitate communication between Slavs,
Klingon; an alien language from Star Trek devised by linguist Marc Okrand,
Lojban; a language created by the Logical Language Group,
Quenya; one of the Elvish languages devised by J.R.R. Tolkien,
Talossan; a language created for the Talossa micronation. It has been removed in Java Edition 1.17 snapshot 21w03a as its translations were incomplete.
Toki Pona; a philosophical language created by Sonja Lang. It is known for having a limited lexicon of 120-137 words, though the exact number can fluctuate due to changes proposed/made by its community.
It is also available in the joke "languages" of
LOLCAT; English written in the way a stereotypical Lolcat talks,
Pirate Speak; English written in the way a stereotypical pirate talks,
Shakespearean English; English based on the literary style of William Shakespeare.
Upside down English.
According to the Bedrock Edition Chat Settings and the Bedrock Edition game files, the name of the font used by the game is called "Mojangles".
It is possible to add a custom language pack by modifying the minecraft.jar file, or, as of 13w16a, copying it to the assets/lang folder. In 1.6.1 (Java Edition 13w24a), this functionality was added to resource packs.
Before, obfuscated text would choose random characters of only the same width. Now, it's no longer the case, as all supported characters are taken into account.
Many glyphs are supported by the Minecraft font, but not all of them. GNU Unifont is used for several languages that use detailed characters, like Chinese or Tamil. See Resource Pack#Legacy Unicode.