Minecraft wiki entry for Rock, associated text: Basalt – columnar basalt found in the basalt pillars, basalt columns and deltas of the Nether
Bedrock – forms end gateways and the exit portal of the End
Blackstone – black rock that can be found in deltas of the Nether
Cobblestone – mossy variety forms the forest rocks of old growth taigas
Dripstone – found in dripstone clusters; useful for generating water or lava
End stone – forms small islands in the End
Glowstone – exclusively found in glowstone blobs in the Nether
Granite – makes up the body of copper ore veins
Obsidian – a superhard rock that makes up the obsidian pillars and obsidian platform of the End
Sandstone – forms desert wells
Smooth Basalt – encases amethyst geodes, where it's associated with calcite and amethyst
Tuff – makes up the body of iron ore veins