Minecraft wiki entry for Fishing_Rod, associated text: The maximum distance the player can get between the bobber and themselves is 33 blocks.
Skeletons can be pulled into their own arrows.
When casting the rod into a portal, the bobber may stick to it like a normal block, go through and travel in the Nether, or stop on the next block behind the portal.
If the player stands directly in front of a column and casts the line onto a block above the player, the line falls downward.
If the bobber hits a painting, the painting breaks.
The player can get into bed after casting a line, and the line remains in the water until the player wakes up and reels it in.