Minecraft wiki entry for Damage, associated text: Arrows are shot by holding and releasing use when wielding a bow, and deal a certain amount of damage depending on the "charge" of the bow. For crossbows, it does a random factor between 6–11.
Snowballs inflict damage only on blazes, while eggs don't deal any damage to mobs. Both still knock mobs back as if they had been damaged.
Splash potions can be thrown, inflicting various effects depending on the potion.
Lingering potions can be thrown, creating a cloud that inflicts various effects depending on the potion.
Ender pearls don't deal damage to mobs or players other than the player throwing it.
Fishing rods cannot be used to damage mobs directly. However, fishing rods can knock entities‌[Bedrock Edition only] back or reel them in.
Fireworks can be charged in a crossbow, dealing a range of damage depending on the amount of firework stars used to craft them, if the crossbow has the multishot enchantment, and a random factor. At its highest, it deals 11–18 damage per firework.