plants and animals invading an abandoned crop field mangroves stabilizing the soils on tropical coasts minerals spurring rapid plant growth lichen growth on rocks
I am hesitating between 4 options to answer the following question, which option should I choose?
Question: Which is an example of primary ecological succession?
Possibilities:
- plants and animals invading an abandoned crop field
- mangroves stabilizing the soils on tropical coasts
- minerals spurring rapid plant growth
- lichen growth on rocks

lichen growth on rocks