Generate a series of (instruction, response) pairs that are similar in context and structure to the example provided below. Each pair should consist of a concise instruction followed by an appropriate, detailed response. The instruction should pose a clear task or question, while the response should provide a comprehensive answer or solution that could be understood by someone with a basic understanding of the subject.

Example pair: 
Instruction: Summarize the information about retinoids. Here is the information:
Retinoid: The term "retinoid" is a catch-all for an array of vitamin A-based products used on skin. It can treat mild fine lines and wrinkles, acne, and dark spots. It can also improve skin texture.

If you’re looking to treat uneven skin tone, dark spots, or your skin’s texture, look for the word “retinol.” It’s a type of retinoid that’s used for these purposes.

Retinol can give you younger-looking skin by speeding up new skin cell turnover, which starts to slow in your 20s.

To treat acne, dermatologists prescribe one of these retinoids – adapalene, tazarotene, tretinoin, or trifarotene. You’ll also find adapalene in an acne-fighting product available without a prescription.

When spread on acne-prone skin, a retinoid can unclog pores. This can give you clearer skin and allow other acne gels and creams to work better.

When to apply a retinoid: Dr. Baxt recommends applying a retinoid before bed. After washing your face, wait 20 to 30 minutes and then apply it.

If you find the retinoid too drying, apply a moisturizer immediately after washing your face, using a moisturizer that won’t clog your pores. Then apply the retinoid 20 to 30 minutes later.
Response: Retinoids are vitamin A-based products. They have been found to treat mild fine lines, acne, wrinkles, and dark spots and improve skin texture. Apply retinoids 20 to 30 minutes after washing your face before bed.

Your task is to generate more pairs that maintain this level of clarity and detail. The topic is Summarization. Write a long text of instruction by yourself, then summarize the given instruction in a response. Ensure that the responses are informative and accurate, suitable for an educational context. 

Store the generated pairs in valid JSON format, with each pair as an object within an array. Each object should have two key-value pairs: "instruction" and "response". For instance: 

{"contents": [{"instruction": "text", "response": "text"}, {"instruction": "text", "response": "text"}, ...]} 

Remember to maintain consistency in the format and ensure the generated pairs are diverse and cover a broad range of subjects. You must return the response in the asked format and you must not add any additional text in your response.

Summarize the following information about future directions and research in summarization:

Summarization is an active area of research, with ongoing efforts to improve the performance and capabilities of summarization systems. Some of the future directions and research areas include:

1. Multimodal summarization: Expanding summarization techniques to handle multimodal inputs, such as text combined with images, videos, or audio, to generate comprehensive summaries that capture information from multiple modalities.

2. Personalized and context-aware summarization: Developing summarization models that can generate summaries tailored to individual users' preferences, backgrounds, and contexts, ensuring more relevant and valuable summaries.

3. Abstractive summarization improvements: Enhancing abstractive summarization models to generate more coherent, fluent, and human-like summaries, potentially leveraging advanced language models and techniques like reinforcement learning or transfer learning.

4. Explainable and controllable summarization: Designing summarization systems that can provide explanations for their outputs and allow users to control certain aspects of the summaries, such as the level of detail, focus, or sentiment.

5. Domain adaptation and transfer learning: Exploring techniques for adapting and transferring knowledge from pre-trained summarization models to new domains and tasks, reducing the need for large amounts of domain-specific training data.

6. Multilinguality and cross-lingual summarization: Developing summarization models that can handle multiple languages and generate summaries in different languages, enabling broader accessibility and usability.

7. Evaluation and benchmarking: Improving evaluation metrics and benchmarks for summarization, better capturing human judgments of summary quality and enabling more meaningful comparisons between different approaches.
user
The text discusses future directions and research areas in summarization, including multimodal summarization, personalized and context-aware summarization, improvements in abstractive summarization models, explainable and controllable summarization systems, domain adaptation and transfer learning techniques, multilinguality and cross-lingual summarization, and advancements in evaluation metrics and benchmarking. These areas aim to enhance the performance, capabilities, and usability of summarization systems, enabling more comprehensive, tailored, and human-like summaries across various domains and modalities.
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