In the 11th and 12th centuries, a series of Popes challenged the authority of European monarchies over control of appointments, or investitures, of church officials such as bishops and abbots.
The issue was whether the pope or the monarch would name (investiture) powerful of church officials such as bishops and abbots. In the 11th and 12th centuries, a series of Popes challenged the authority of European monarchies.
In the 11th and 12th centuries, a series of Popes challenged the authority of European monarchies. The issue was whether the pope or the monarch would name (investiture) powerful of church officials such as bishops and abbots.
In the 11th and 12th centuries, a series of Popes challenged the authority of European monarchies. The issue was whether the pope or the monarch would name (investiture) powerful of church officials such as bishops and abbots.