However, during the Qing dynasty foreign trade was prohibited completely from 1644 to 1683, and later restricted to only one port at Guangzhou; in addition, commerce could only be conducted by 13 guilds approved by the government, and competition prohibited.
In addition, commerce had to be conducted by 13 guilds approved by the government, with competition prohibited. However, during the Qing dynasty, foreign trade was prohibited completely from 1644 to 1683, and it later restricted to only one port at Guangzhou.
However, during the Qing dynasty, foreign trade was prohibited completely from 1644 to 1683, and it later restricted to only one port at Guangzhou. In addition, commerce had to be conducted by 13 guilds approved by the government, with competition prohibited.
However, during the Qing dynasty, foreign trade was prohibited completely from 1644 to 1683, and it later restricted to only one port at Guangzhou. In addition, commerce had to be conducted by 13 guilds approved by the government, with competition prohibited.