text:
Effects of manganese on physiological characters of grapevine cultivars under salinity stress

Salinity is one of the most important environmental factors which have a significant effect on the growth and fertility. Manganese is an essential element that plays a key role as a nutrient in many plant metabolic processes. The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of manganese (1ppm) on Yaghoti and Ghara uzum - two cultivars of grapevine - which were planted and grown under salt stress (0, 50 and 100mmol L -1 NaCl) using greenhouse and hydroponics methods. Results on saline concentration showed led to a significant decrease in length, fresh and dry weight, photosynthesis pigments content, K + and nitrate content, and K + /Na + ratio of the plants. It also caused a significant increase in Na + and Cl - ion concentration and soluble sugar content in shoots and roots of both cultivars. Ghara uzum was more sensitive than Yaghoti to salinity stress. Applying manganese to the medium, resulted in low level of salinity toxicity and sodium ion accumulation in the shoots for Ghara uzum cultivar. For Yaghoti, however, the application of manganese did not reduce the sodium ion accumulation in the shoots, but increased the salinity toxicity. Our findings suggest that Ghara uzum and Yaghoti cultivars had different responses to salinity, manganese and their interaction.

Introduction
Plants grown in arid and semi-arid regions are usually subjected to adverse environmental factors such as high salinity or drought. Salinity has unfavorable effects on the growth and development of plants in 20percent of arable lands of the world. 1 The most common effect of saline soils on plants is growth inhibition, often related to high density of Na + and deficiency of K + . 2 The accumulation of Clin the shoots is also harmful to the plant growth. 3 Salinity has a variety of effects on plants' physiological processes reduces the leaf net CO 2 assimilation rate and efficiency of photosynthesis. 4 In other study accomplished by R, M Steven in 2011, Cluptake was greatest when saline irrigation was applied early in organ formation, whereas Na + uptake reflected seasonal salt load in irrigation water.
José M and Intrigliolo 2017 in a study reviewed the main findings obtained regarding the effects of deficit irrigation strategies, as well as irrigation with saline water, on the berry composition of both red and white cultivars, as well as on the final wine. A meta-analysis was performed using published data for red and white varieties; a general liner model accounting for the effects of cultivar, rootstock, and midday stem water potential was able to explain up to 90% of the variability in the dataset, depending on the selected variable. In both red and white cultivars, berry weight, must titratable acidity and pH were fairly well simulated, whereas the goodness-of-fit for wine attributes was better for white cultivars.
Manganese is an essential micronutrients for plant growth. 5 It acts as a cofactor to many enzymes like Mn-superoxide dismutase, Mncatalase, pyruvate arboxylase, and phosphol pyrovate. 6 The deficiency and toxicity of manganese are two nutritional diseases which influence the growth of various plants. 7 limiting the photosynthetic rate and efficiency. Manganese is essential for chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthesis, 8 nitrogen and carbohydrate metabolism, oxidation, and reduction and activation of some enzymes. However, a high level of Mn seems to damage the photosynthetic apparatus. 9 The availability of Mn for plants depends on its amount in the soil, easily reducible Mn oxides, pH redox potential, soil humidity, and microbial activity. If Mn is available in excess, its high concentration in the plant tissue causes the appearance of toxicity symptoms and affects plant growth. 5 The toxic symptoms of Mn include limited growth and photosynthesis rate, and appearance of chlorosis and necrotic brown spots on the leaves. 9 Mn toxicity reduces photosynthesis, chlorophylls a and b contents, and other compounds such as carotenoids in plants. 10 The damage threshold of Mn varies among to species and within genotypes of given species. 11 The final destination of Mn 2+ during the transportation in plant cells is the chloroplast and the deficiency of Mn 2+ can cause photosynthesis reduction which in turn leads to growth inhibition by salinity. The ionic activity inhibition can occur during absorption of salinity major cations, namely Na + and K + . 12 Our research aimed to study the effects of Mn on the growth, metabolism and ion accumulations in two cultivars of the grapevine under saline stress conditions .Grape is one of the major crop of West Azarbaijan's especially around the Urmia. Due to the shortage drop in rainfall, increasing drough, the growing danger of Urmia drying process, and the increase of the salt percentage of the nearby farmlands, specifying the proper cultivar matching with saltiness of the lands is of paramount importance and for the economic sustainability of viticulture in the region.

Plant growth and experimental design
Hardwood cuttings of two grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars (Ghara uzum and Yaghoti) were obtained from Kahriz vineyard (Agricultural Research Center, Urmia, Iran). The cuttings were disinfected and then their basal parts were soaked in IBA (indol-3butyric acid) 0.1% (w/v) for 5-10s. All cuttings were placed in a mist chamber (relative humidity 80%) at 25 Cuttings with opened leaf bud were transferred to 2-l aerated pots containing first 1/4, then half and finally full strength Hoagland's solution, each for two weeks. Solutions were changed every two days and the nutrient concentrations and pH of the solutions were monitored daily (maintained within the pH range of 6.0-6.5). The pots were protected with aluminum foil to avoid light penetration and algal proliferation. Plants with 4-5 fully expanded leaves were treated with NaCl (0, 50, 100mM NaCl), Mn (1ppm) and their interactions with NaCl (Mn+50mM NaCl and Mn + 100mM NaCl) in full strength Hoagland solution for 2 weeks. NaCl was incrementally added to the nutrient solution at certain concentrations until the final desired concentrations were reached. Plants were harvested after 2 weeks and plant parts were weighed separately and dried at 70˚C for 48 hours.
This experiment was conducted as based on completely randomized design (CRD) with two cultivars of grapevine and 6 treatments and 4 replications and each replication including three plants.

Photosynthetic pigments
The concentration of chlorophyll was determined using the spectrophotometeric method of Lichtenthaler and Wellburn. 13 For this purpose, 5mL of acetone (80%) was added to 0.1g leaf fresh weight and, then crushed and ground using mortar and pestle. After centrifugation of the samples at 3000g (Dynamica model; Velocity, made in UK) for 10min, the supernatants were removed and the absorbance of the samples was read at wavelengths of 470, 647 and 663nm in a specterophotometers (Dynamica model; Halo DB-20, made in UK). The amount of these pigments was calculated according to the formulas of Lichtenthaler and Wellburn. 13

Determination of Na+, K+ and Cl-
The dried samples of shoot or root were powdered with mortar and pestle and then were digested following Allen et al. 14 A flame photometer (Fater 405) was used for Na + and K + determination. A chloride analyzer (Corning 926) was used for determining Clcontents in the extracts. 100mg of dry shoot or root materials was extracted in 10mL of distilled water, heated at 70˚C till the volume was almost halved and before determination the volume was again reached to 10mL with distilled deionized water.

Statistical analysis
Data were analyzed with SPSS (ver. 19) package. In all graphs and tables, the results were expressed in average values of four replications ±SE. The treatment effects were compared using the ANOVA and Duncan test at the p<0.05 level of significance.

Results
Shoot and root lengths and fresh and dry weights decreased significantly (p<0.05) in both cultivars under salt and Mn stress ( Table  1). Table 1 Effects of Mn (1ppm) on the growth parameters (root and shoot lengths and fresh and dry weights) in two grapevine cultivars (Yaghoti and Ghara uzum) under saline stress (0, 50 and 100mM NaCl)

Cultivar
NaCl and Mn level Compared to the control groups, the concentration of NaCl (50 and 100mM) in Yaghoti cultivar caused a decrease of 29-40% in shoot length, 32-39% in root length, 19-72% in shoot fresh weight, 25-66% in root fresh weight, 40-49% in shoot dry weight, and 54-70% in root dry weight. Reading Ghara uzum cultivar, there was a decrease of 18-40% in shoot length, 21-45% in root length, 32-65% in shoot fresh weight, 13-74% in root fresh weight, 58-67% in shoot dry weight, and 58-76% in root dry weight. Fresh and dry shoot biomasses of Yaghoti cultivar under salinity stress were higher than those of Ghara uzum ( Table 1).
The interaction of Mn and salinity in the Ghara uzum cultivar led to a decrease of (2-10% in shoot length, 4-8% in fresh shoot weight, 24-36% in dry shoot weight, and 25-43% in dry root weight. In the Yaghoti cultivar, this led to an improvement and increase in some growth parameters (4-10% in shoot length, 77% in fresh shoot weight, 20-36% in dry shoot weight and 46-57% in root dry weight) compared to salinity alone ( Table 1). The responses of the two studied grapevine cultivars were significantly different under salinity treatment alone and with interaction of Mn and salinity.
Due to salinity and Mn stress (Table 2), Chlorophylls a and b (Chl a and b), the ratio of chl a/b, and the total carotenoids content of the leaves decreased significantly compared to the controls in both cultivars. Compared to the plants in the control group, the salinity stress decreased chlorophyll a content by nearly 38-55% in Ghara uzum and 34-42% in Yaghoti, and reduced chlorophyll b content by nearly 29-60% in Ghara uzum and 41-50% in Yaghoti. It also reduced carotenoids content about 68-92% in Ghara uzum and 64-58% in Yaghoti. The application of Mn together with saline stress increased chlorophyll a content in both cultivars (5-14% in Yaghoti and 10-18% in Ghara uzum) compared to salinity alone ( Table 2).
Applying Mn and saline stresses also increased the total carotenoids content in both cultivars; ( Table 2).
The combination of salinity and Mn stresses increased soluble sugars content in both shoot and root (Figure 1). Compared to the control group, the saline stress plants increased shoot soluble sugars in Ghara uzum and Yaghoti by, 70-87% and 25-38%, respectively ( Figure 1A). Mn and salinity increased shoot soluble sugars in Yaghoti cultivar by 14% more than salinity alone. The salinity and Mn caused a decrease of 53-80% in root soluble sugars in Ghara uzum and an increase of nearly 28% in the 100mM salinity treatment in Yaghoti when compared to salinity alone ( Figure 1B).
The effects of salinity on Na + , Cland K + content (mgg -1 DW) and K + /Na + ratio are shown in Figures 2-5 in the shoots and roots of 45-day-old plants after 30days of NaCl and Mn treatment.
Based on our findings, however, salinity caused a significant decrease in NO 3 content in both cultivars ( Figure 6). Applying Mn with salinity, compared with salinity alone, decreased the nitrate ion content in shoot of both grapevine cultivars ( Figure 6).

Discussion
The current study of indicated that saline stress and increased concentration of manganese resulted in a decrease in a vegetative growth. In support of these observations, Yasar et al. 15 reported the amount-based decrease in the growth of the green bean plants under the influence of salinity. Although manganese is necessary for plant growth, its excessive amount, as reported in rice for example, can be an inhibitor. 16 Mn excess in plants decreases the root and shoot lengths. 17 The accumulation of salt and ions leads to osmotic and water stress which decreases water absorption in plant tissue leading to growth decrease in cells. The lower growth of shoot in high concentration of Mn can be related to its presence in some specific metabolic processes. 6 Manganese may decrease leaf growth in some plants due to the inhibition in elongation and cell divisions. 18 Simultaneous effects of NaCl and Mn on cell division and cell elongation intensified the reduction in shoot growth in Ghara uzum. In Yaghoti, however, the application of manganese together with salinity increased growth in the shoots more than salinity alone. It also adjusted the reduction caused by salinity. This contradiction can occur to some extent due to the variety of plant species and their genotypes and their various responses. 19 NaCl and Mn treatments, separately or simultaneous, led to the accumulation of soluble sugars in the shoots of both Ghara uzum and Yaghoti cultivars, and also in the roots of Yaghoti. This is a prevailing event under stress. Garg et al. 20 reported that total soluble sugars increase as a result of salinity increase, playing an important role in osmosis adjustment. 21 Since salinity, besides ion toxicity, creates osmosis stress as a result of reduction in osmotic potential of soil matrix, the plants decrease their osmotic potential to adjust the osmosis. The osmotic potential reduction is the result of the increase in cell soluble materials, which is an adjustment and adaptation mechanism in plants against external stresses 17 and helps the plant to maintain its tolerance in saline stress conditions. Increasing in soluble sugar concentrations can be regarded as a response to relative water content and the leaves' water potential, because increase of sucrose and other soluble sugars under saline conditions plays an important role in tolerance to salinity. This finding was consistent with Geholt et al. 22 results (2005). The concentration of organic soluts, can contribute to the maintenance of ionic homeostasis and C/N ratio; the removal of free radicals; and the stability of organs and macromolecules like proteins, protein complexes, and membranes. 23 In this study, the chlorophyll a and b, and the total carotenoids contents decreased under saline conditions and with the application of manganese. Chlorophyll is membrane-bound, and rarely remains healthy under saline stress. 24 Decrease in chlorophyll content due to salinity has been reported by other researchers, and its decrease can be related to chlorophyll degrading enzyme (Chlorophyllase). 25 High levels of sodium concentration in plant tissues have been reported as a major factor in the reduction of photosynthetic pigments and photosynthesis velocity. 26 The decrease in chlorophyll content under heavy metal stress is only caused by the inhibition of biosynthesis since. The central Mg element existing in the chlorophyll structure is replaceable by other elements such as manganese, copper, zinc and nickel. This displacement is the major destruction caused by heavy metals in chlorophyll structure. 27 In this study with increasing salinity, Cland Na + concentrations increased in the shoots and roots of the two cultivars of two grapevine cultivars , while K + and NO 3 concentrations decreased. This finding was consistent with Meloni et al. 17 who reported that sodium and chlorine ions increased as potassium decreased. The accumulation of sodium and chlorine in plants leads to osmosis increase, which can help the plants deal with the osmosis potential decrease in the root environment. Being an essential element for plant growth, potassium absorption is inhibited by an increase in salinity; consequently the plant has no choice but to face its deficiency. In saline soils in which sodium concentration is high, the plants absorb high amounts of sodium instead of potassium and calcium, and this leads to calcium and potassium deficiency. Due to the structural similarity of sodium and potassium, and because of sodium's competition to replace potassium, potassium related metabolic processes are controlled in cytoplasm, and this indicates that cell sodium amounts must be kept at minimum level. 28 The reason for nitrate reduction in plants exposed to manganese toxicity might be that their nitrate absorption has reduced because of toxicity. The low sodium concentration in plants under simultaneous Mn 2+ and NaCl stress in comparison with those exposed to NaCl stress alone can be attributed to this toxicity-reducing effect of the metal which has been observed for other heavy metals like cadmium and zinc as well. 29,30 Previously conducted studies reported that heavy metals such as manganese, zinc and cadmium in sufficient amounts are essential for plant resistance against NaCl toxicity. 31 These elements are essential for cell membrane strength in roots, and thus control the membrane permeability. [32][33][34][35][36][37]

Conclusion
According to the results obtained from the present study, especially those concerning the growth characteristics, photosynthetic pigments content, the way the deleterious ions of Na + and Claccumulate, and the K + /Na + ratio which is a very determining factor in sensitivity and resistance of plants against salinity, it can generally be stated that Ghara uzum experienced much more reduction in growth characteristics and pigments content compared to Yaghoti; and Na + and Clions accumulation in the shoots was higher in the former cultivar.
Manganese caused growth limitation in both cultivars, and it was found that Yaghoti was more resistant to Mn than Ghara uzum.
In the simultaneous application of salinity and manganese, and through examining Na + and Claccumulation, it was observed that the application of manganese had more impact on decreasing salinity toxicity in Ghara uzum compared to that in Yaghoti. Through the application of Manganese, Na + accumulation was reduced by 40% in Ghara uzum, while in Yaghoti not only there was no decrease in Na + accumulation in the shoot, but also the salinity stress was intensified in this cultivar. The results also indicated that the responses of the two cultivars to saline, manganese, and their interactivity were different. This difference in responses was to some extent due to the species of the plants, their genotypes and their different responses.


provenance: AgriculturalAndFoodSciences,2019-2020-Agricultural And Food Sciences-2020.jsonl.gz.gz

text:
Increasing Rice Yield Through Amelioration and Fertilization on Medium Freshwater Swampland

A big potential of freshwater swampland to overcome the land depreciation and the effects of drought in some land typologies during climate anomalies such as El Nino. Some of the freshwater swampland has been utilized by farmers for food crops, horticulture, fisheries, and livestock, but its utilization and productivity are still low and needs to be improved. The research was conducted on 2.5 ha of medium freshwater swampland at Hamayung village, Daha Utara district, Hulu Sungai Selatan Regency, South Kalimantan in dry season 2017. The experiment used a randomized block design with six treatments and three replicates. The treatments were: (1) Application of Pistia stratiotes + Biotara + Decision Support System (DSS) fert ilization system; (2) Application of Pistia stratiotes + Biotara + recommended fertilization system; (3) Application without Pistia stratiotes + Biotara + DSS fertilization system; (4) Application without Pistia stratiotes + Biotara + recommended fertilization system; (5) Only Pistia stratiotes; and (6) Control. Soil tillage was carried out with minimum tillage. The rice variety was Inpara (Inbrida padi rawa) 2, which is high yield varieties for a swampy area that Fe tolerant with a planting system of jajar legowo (jarwo) 2: 1 (25 cm-50 cm) x 12.5 cm. The results showed that a combination treatment of 15 t/ha in situ weed of Pistia stratiotes/ha + 25 kg Biotara/ha + DSS fertilization system (50 kg urea/ha + 37 kg SP36/ha + 24 kg KCl/ha) gave the highest yield (7.62 t/ha). This treatment increased yield by 10.28% compared to control (6.91 t/ha) and was higher (52.40-69.33%) than those yielded by local farmers cultivation (4.55.0 t/ha).

Introduction
Freshwater swampland is one of the agro-ecosystems in Indonesia. Every year it will be flooded with a minimum depth of 50 cm for at least three months. Based on the depth and duration of the inundation, freshwater swampland is classified into shallow, medium, and deep freshwater swampland. Medium freshwater swampland is flooded by water 50-100 cm depth during 3-6 months [1].
It is estimated that total area of freshwater swampland in Indonesia is 13.28 million ha, which spread over the islands of Sumatera, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua consisting of 4.17 million ha shallow freshwater swampland, 6.08 million ha medium freshwater swampland, and 3.04 million ha deep freshwater swampland [2]. About 1.55 million ha of freshwater swampland has been reclaimed for paddy field and settlement. This indicates that Indonesia still has a huge area of freshwater swampland (11.73 million ha) which can be developed as prospective agricultural production areas. In South Kalimantan, the area of freshwater swampland is 1.167 million ha, which is suitable for the development of food crops around 0.95 million ha [3]. The largest area is in Tapin, Hulu Sungai Utara, and Hulu Sungai Selatan regency.
A big potential of freshwater swampland to overcome the land depreciation and the effects of drought in some land typologies during climate anomalies such as El Nino. Some of the freshwater swampland has been utilized by farmers for food crops, horticulture, fisheries, and livestock, but its utilization and productivity are still low and needs to be improved. The low yield is not only being closely related to the physicochemical constraints of the land but also caused by the selection and application of technology that still does not match local site-specific and socio-cultural conditions. By applying appropriate technology, land quality can gradually be improved so that the carrying capacity of it becomes greater [4].
Amelioration is an effort to improve soil quality by providing ameliorant in the form of organic and inorganic materials to support plant growth and production. In the freshwater swampland area, farmers usually use straw or crop residues and weed in situ, such as Pistia stratiotes, Salvinia molesta, and Eichhornia crassipes as ameliorant and mulch material. However, there is a diversity of application techniques at the farmer level in their use, and since it is applied naturally, it causes nutrient competition with rice. Those three weeds were potential organic fertilizer due to its contained important elements for plants [5].
Fertilization is intended to provide sufficient nutrients to support plant growth. Improper dosage of fertilizer can cause low productivity of freshwater swampland. Farmers generally provide fertilizer based on their ability so that they often do not meet crop needs. There is a loss of 40-70% N, 80-90% P, and 50-70% K of fertilizer applied to the soil due to leaching, evaporation, immobilization, or fixation by soil components [6]. Therefore, to increase the effectiveness of fertilization, the application of fertilization was provided based on the results of the DSS analysis. DSS fertilization system is a Balitbangtan innovation software BIO Web of Conferences 20, 01005 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202001005 ICWEB 2019 to determine the fertilizer requirements for rice in swampland based on soil nutrient status. This fertilization concept refers to the balance of nutrients required by plants based on the ability of the soil to provide nutrients [7]. This application is very simple and easily understood by users and can be accessed at http://www.balittra.litbang.pertanian.go.id.

Material and Method
The study was conducted in 2017 on 2.5 ha of medium freshwater swampland, Hamayung Village, Daha Utara District, Hulu Sungai Selatan Regency, South Kalimantan. The experiment used a randomized block design with six treatments and three replicate. The treatments were: (1) Application of Pistia stratiotes + Biotara + Decision Support System (DSS) fertilization system (K+B+DSS); (2) Application of Pistia stratiotes + Biotara + recommended fertilization system (K+B+R); (3) Application without Pistia stratiotes + Biotara + DSS fertilization system (TK+B+DSS); (4) Application without Pistia stratiotes + Biotara + recommended fertilization system (TK+B+R); (5) Only Pistia stratiotes (K); and (6) Control. Biotara was applied at 15 days before planting with a dose of 25 kg/ha. The recommended fertilizer dosage in freshwater swampland was 200 kg urea/ha+150 kg SP36/ha+100 kg KCl/ha whereas based on DSS analysis, the study site required 50 kg urea/ha+37 kg SP36/ha+24 kg KCl/ha. Soil tillage was carried out with minimum tillage. The rice variety was Inpara (Inbrida padi rawa) 2, which is high yield varieties for a swampy area that Fe tolerant. Jarwo planting system 2:1 (25cm-50cm) x 12.5 cm was used to plant rice. Pest management was carried out with an integrated pest management system. Soil samples were collected at the beginning of planting for measuring pH, N, available P, exchangeable K to determine the DSS fertilizer system. Plant height (TT) and many tillers (JA) were be observed at 30 and 60 days after planting (DAP) for rice growth performance. Meanwhile, rice yield was being recorded at the harvest time.

Result
Data on the dynamics of the water level (50-100cm) and the length of inundation from November or December until June of the following year under normal rainfall showed that the study site was classified as medium freshwater swampland. Based on the soil taxonomy, the study site was Typic Endoaquept which has acidic to very acidic of pH H 2 O (4.17-4.87), total N was classified as moderate (0.22-0.48%), available P was very low to low (1.55-3.46 ppm P) and exchangeable K criteria of low to moderate (0.12-0.41 cmol(+)kg -1 ). The following are the chemical characteristics of the composite soil analysis: electrical conductivity; 0.08 mS cm -1 , Corganic; 1.89%, total P; 5.03 mg 100g -1 , total K; 10.81 mg 100g -1 , exchangeable Ca; 7.5 cmol(+)kg -1 , exchangeable Mg; 3.92 cmol(+)kg -1 , cation exchange capacity (CEC); 44.63 cmol(+)kg -1 , exchangeable Al; 0.46 cmol(+)kg -1 , exchangeable H; 1.15 cmol(+)kg -1 , Fe; 532.95 ppm and SO 4 ; 490.65 ppm. Determination of nutritional status based on criteria from [8]. These results showed that fertilizer application especially N, P, and K fertilizer is needed in sufficient quantities to support the good performance of rice growth.  Figure 2, showed that the application of the Pistia stratiotes+Biotara+DSS fertilization system (K+B+DSS) yielded 7.62 t/ha. This yield increased by 10.28% compared to control (6.91 t/ha) and 52.40-69.33% higher than the results obtained by local farmers (4.5-5.0 t/ha).

Discussion
The improvement of land management technology is focused on increasing rice productivity by increasing planting index from 100 to 200. Planting index 200 can be achieved through water management by making mini polder, using high yield varieties, Jarwo planting systems, Biotara bio-fertilizers, fertilizing applications based on DSS, and integrated crop pest management.
Unpredictable water flooding fluctuation is the specific problems in freshwater swampland for agriculture. A polder system is one of the solutions. The principle of water management with this system is building mini polder equipped with water pumps and water pipes that function to remove and enter the water to maintain the groundwater level following plant requirements. Mini polder is built of embankment material dug near or parallel to the embankment line.
Using of high yield varieties and planting systems of Jajar legowo (Jarwo) is a technological innovation that is cheap and easily implemented by farmers [9]. High yield variety is one component of technology that play s a role in increasing production and yield quality. The results showed that high yield varieties could increase the production of freshwater swampland around 5-7 tons/ha. The description of Inpara 2 is 128 days old, 103 cm in height plant, productive tillers of 16 tillers, fluffier rice texture, amylose content 22.05%, an average yield of 5.49 t/ha in freshwater swampland, and 4.82 t/ha in tidal swampland, a potential yield of 6.08 t/ha, moderately resistant to the biotype 2 brown planthopper, resistant to pathotype III leaf blight, resistant to blasts, and tolerant of Fe and Al toxicity [10].
The Jarwo technology is a rice planting technique by adjusting the spacing between clumps and rows, resulting in compaction of rice clumps in rows and widening the distance between rows. The distance between the rows is expected to facilitate maintenance, such as weeding, fertilizing, and controlling pests and diseases. Rice yield on the Jarwo planting system is higher than the tile planting system due to increased production per clump caused by all ranks of rice plants.
Biotara containing decomposer microbes Trichoderma sp. was used to accelerate the decomposition of Pistia stratiotes. In addition to accelerating the decomposition of organic residues, this bio-fertilizer is also useful to boost plant growth, increase the efficiency of N, and P fertilization as 30%, as well as increase rice yield by more than 20% in swampland The nutrients contained in Pistia stratiotes is 35.20-44.47% of C-organic, 0.81-2.67% of N, 0.16-0.30% of P, and 0.58-1.12% of K [5,11,12]. Thus, aside from being mulch, Pistia stratiotes have a potential source of NPK nutrients to substitute the need for inorganic fertilizer for the growth of Inpara 2.
Using of the DSS fertilization system at the study site (50 kg urea/ha + 37 kg SP36/ha + 24 kg KCl/ha) which refers to the balance of crops nutrients needed based on the ability of the soil to supply nutrients provide results that are equivalent to those provided by fertilization recommendations in freshwater swampland (200 kg urea/ha + 150 kg SP36/ha + 100 kg KCl/ha). Balanced nutrient management will increase rice yield [13]. The response of plants to one nutrient is very dependent on the availability status of other nutrients. Several studies have shown that sufficient potassium nutrients will significantly increase the absorption and utilization of N and P by plants [14] as well as increase the response rate of N and P fertilizer utilization [15]. The application of K fertilizer also increases carbohydrate and N metabolism and therefore increases the quality of plant products [16].
The results obtained on the application of the DSS fertilization system combined both with and no Pistia stratiotes indicated an efficiency of fertilizer using 400% compared to the recommended fertilization for freshwater swampland. Thus, the use of inorganic fertilizers can be reduced so that production costs can be saved

Conclusion
Technological improvement in the management of medium freshwater swampland through water management with a mini polder system, the use of high yield variety such as Inpara 2, Jarwo 2:1 planting system, 15 t/ha of Pistia stratiotes, 25 kg of bio-fertilizer Biotara/ha, DSS fertilization system (50 kg urea/ha + 37 kg SP36/ha + 24 kg KCl ha), and the management of integrated plant pest organisms yielded 7.62 t/ha. This treatment increased yield by 10.28% compared to controls (6.91 t/ha) and 52.40-69.33 % higher than the results obtained by local farmers (4.5-5.0 t/ha). Thus, it can save production costs, because of reducing the use of inorganic fertilizers.


extfieldsofstudy: Chemistry Physics

text:
Use of feed additives “Valopro” and “Ruprokol” to increase the energy of growth and meat productivity of simmental steers

The article assesses the growth, development and meat productivity of Simmental bulls during the growing period when the feed additives “Valopro” and “Ruprokol” are included in the ration. For experience in intensive growing conditions on the basis of the industrial complex LLC Agropark-Razvilnoye, Rostov Region, in September 2019, two groups of 10-month-old calves of Simmental breed were formed. In the experimental group, the calves were fed in feed compound “Valopro” at the rate of 20 grams and “Ruprokol” - 50 grams per head per day. Gobies of control feed additives were not received. In the experimental group, over 80 days of growing, an average of 9.15 kg was consumed, and in the control group, 8.9 kg of dry matter per head per day. The absolute growth of young animals fed a diet with feed additives was 26 kg higher during the accounting period. The use of fodder additives in the feeding of bull calves made it possible at the age of 13 months to obtain a live weight of 439 kg, one kilogram of which contains 403 g of muscle tissue and 429 g of edible carcass elements. The introduction of feed additives helped to reduce feed costs per 1 kg of gain in live weight by 18%, to obtain 1600-1700 g of daily gain and provide additional profit.

Introduction
The leading role in solving the problems of food security of the population is given to livestock. In this regard, one of the main tasks of the livestock industry is the production of high-quality beef by intensive rearing of young animals [1,2]. It has been proved that it is advisable for meat cattle breeding to focus on the use of intensive breeds and technologies that ensure the achievement of a live weight of at least 500 kg at 14-16 months of age, which is important, including from an economic point of view [3,4,6].
To ensure the maximum level of meat productivity when growing and fattening young cattle and to obtain high-quality products, according to [6], it is necessary to use the age-related patterns of muscle, fat and bone tissue formation. During the period of maximum growth rate, young growth uses feed nitrogen most efficiently, which contributes to intensive protein synthesis in the body [7,8,9]. The presence of a high level of concentrates in the diet of young cattle during the cultivation of high levels provokes active fermentation processes in the rumen in the first hours after eating, causing cleavage and excessive fermentation of starch, reducing its transit ability to the intestines. This provokes the production of an excessive amount of lactic acid (lactate), which under optimal conditions of the intracerebral environment is almost completely processed into propionic acid and which is the main precursor of glucose obtained in the process of gluconeogenesis in the liver. Due to the rapid accumulation of lactic acid, the pH in the rumen decreases and the activity of cellulose-lytic (fiberbreaking) bacteria decreases [2]. Such a course of digestion reduces the efficiency of splitting and the involvement of fiber in the metabolic processes. By introducing feed additives created on the basis of the "transit phytogenic nutrients" principle, the negative factors of the unbalanced dietary structure in cicatricial digestion are eliminated and the quality of the intestinal stage of digestion is improved. These measures allow you to influence the growth energy and composition of the tissues of the animal in different age periods.
The inclusion in the diet of ruminants of the feed additive "Valopro", consisting of a mixture of tannins, essential oils, mineral salts (zinc sulfates, manganese, cobalt, sodium and calcium carbonate), slows down the degradation of starch, improves the breakdown of fiber, stabilizes the pH of the scar. At the same time, the amount of cellulolytic cicatricial microflora in the chyme of the scar increases and the rate of protein breakdown decreases, which, in turn, contributes to their more efficient absorption in the intestine [10,11].
To meet the needs of the body of ruminants in choline chloride, the feed additive Ruprocol is used. As part of the additive, the microcapsulated choline chloride is located in the lipid matrix, which passes the scar without undergoing cleavage. In the small intestine, choline chloride becomes active and, being a source of free methyl groups and possessing lipotropic properties, is involved in the exchange of phospholipids. The presence of a sufficient amount of choline chloride helps to reduce the formation of ammonia in the rumen and urea in the liver, as well as improve energy synthesis, which, ultimately, has a positive effect on increasing productivity [8,12,13].
The purpose of the study was to assess the growth, development and meat productivity of Simmental calves during the growing season when the feed additives Valopro and Ruprocol were included in the diet.

Material and research methods
For experience in intensive growing conditions on the basis of the industrial complex LLC Agropark-Razvilnoye, Rostov Region, in September 2019 two groups of 10-month-old gobies of Simmental breed were formed. In an experimental group of 18 calves with an average live weight of 311 kg, feed additives "Valopro" were added to the feed at the rate of 20 grams and "Ruprokol" -50 grams per head per day. Gobies of the control group (19 goals with an average live weight of 314 kg) did not receive feed additives. The animals of the experimental groups were kept separately loose in light-type rooms with free access to the live-feed area. On the site under a canopy, automatic drinking bowls and self-feeders for coarse (barley and pea straw, mixed grass and alfalfa hay) and concentrated feeds were located. Feeds were consumed by experimental animals ad libitum. The amount of feed consumed depended on age and live weight and varied from 7.5 to 10 kg of dry matter per head per day (table 1). According to the results of taking into account specified feeds and their residues, it was found that in the experimental group for 80 days of growing, an average of 9.15 kg was consumed, and in the control group, 8.9 kg of dry matter per head per day.
In addition, due to the introduction of feed additives, experimental bulls consumed an additional 24 hours: zinc sulfate 371 mg, manganese sulfate 372 mg, cobalt acetate 2 mg, sodium sulfate 3.1 g, calcium carbonate 1.6 g and fineness -764 mg.
The account of the eatability and feed costs per 1 kg of live weight gain was determined by the generally accepted method by the group method. To study the growth energy of the experimental animals, weighed when setting up the experiment, on day 40 and at its end. Based on the data obtained, the absolute and average daily gains for the full cycle of growing were calculated.
At the end of the experiment, 5 bulls of each group from the jugular vein were taken blood samples for biochemical studies. For the control slaughter, 3 heads were selected from each group, reflecting the average values of live weight in their groups. Slaughter qualities were determined by the pre-slaughter live weight, the mass of fresh carcass, the mass of internal raw fat, the slaughter weight, the slaughter yield and the morphological composition of the carcass. The cost recovery for rearing animals using feed additives was determined according to accounting data on the cost of feed, labor, energy and other costs by comparing them with the proceeds from the sale of animals for slaughter. Digital experimental data were mathematically processed.

Results and discussion
Gobies of the Simmental breed of the experimental groups arrived at the feeding complex at 8 months of age and underwent adaptation in the quarantine case within 30 days. Then the animals were transferred to the housing for rearing with the same conditions, which met the requirements of pet hygiene in terms of distribution density and the front of feeding and watering. Despite eating experimentally coarse and concentrated feed in plenty, the calves of the experimental group noted a higher activity of eating coarse and concentrated feed. As a result, the growth energy in the first month of growing increased by almost 2 times compared with the pre-experimental period and amounted to 1675 grams (table 2). The peers of the control group in terms of growth rate were 375 grams inferior to the young man of the experimental group. Subsequently, the average daily increase in gobies of both groups decreased slightly, but the superiority of the bulls of the experimental group remained. As a result, the absolute growth of the young man receiving the diet with feed additives was 26 kg higher during the reporting period. The difference in live weight between the experimental groups at all stages of the research was highly significant. It should also be noted that in the gobies of the experimental group, unlike the control, there were no diseases of the upper respiratory tract, eye diseases, etc. Analysis of blood samples revealed that all the evaluated parameters in the animals of the experimental groups were within, or slightly higher than the physiological norm. Thus, a higher total protein content in the bulls of the experimental group indicates a process of more intensive synthesis of muscle tissue, which is a positive factor in productivity (table  3). The lower blood content of the young experimental group of the amylase enzyme and the higher content of aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase and creatine phosphokinase enzymes are associated with a lower level of rumen starch fermentation. By optimizing the processes of the breakdown of fats in the liver and the biochemical transformation of creatine and adenosine triphosphate into creatine phosphate, the absorption of feed metabolic energy was increased and the energy supply of the body of young experimental group was improved.
The high content of alkaline phosphatase in the blood of gobies of the control group is probably due to an insufficient amount of transit nutrients in the rumen and a low intake of protein in the liver. As a result, dystrophy of her parenchyma occurs with the manifestation of cholestatic hepatosis. In peers of the experimental group, due to the feed additive "Ruprocol", choline chloride entered the liver, which normalized phospholipid metabolism and prevented hepatosis. Therefore, the content of alkaline IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 548 (2020) 082038 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/548/8/082038 5 phosphatase in the blood of gobies of the experimental group on average was almost at the level of the highest normal range.
At the final stage of the experiment, a control slaughter was carried out. During the period of fasting, the loss of live weight in the bulls of the experimental groups was almost the same, therefore, the superiority in the pre-slaughter live weight between the experimental and control animals remained the same (23 kg) as during the final weighing. During the control slaughter of the gobies of the experimental groups, a visual assessment of their liver and scar mucosa was carried out, which did not reveal deviations from the norm, which indicates the absence of negative consequences from the use of the feed additive. The calves of the experimental group, which had significant superiority in the preslaughter live weight, had 25.9 kg more mass of paired carcass, and its yield was almost 4% higher compared to the control. In animals of the experimental group, a slightly larger yield (difference is not significant) of internal fat was also recorded (table 4). As a result, the bulls of the control group were 28.2 kg (11.7%; P≤0.01) in terms of slaughter weight and peer of the experimental group by almost 2% in terms of slaughter yield. In the process of analyzing the morphological composition of the carcasses, it was revealed that the use of Valopro and Ruprocol feed additives in the feeding of Simmental gobies had a positive effect on the formation of muscle tissue. Its weight in the bulls of the experimental group was 22 kg (12.8%) more than that of the peers of the control group.
In addition, when assessing the morphological composition of the carcasses of young animals of the control group, it was found that they were 0.5% inferior to adipose tissue, and peers who used fodder supplements in their diet exceeded 1.8% in the yield of bones, cartilage and tendons. Therefore, the calves of the experimental group the mass of the edible part of the carcass was 24.2 kg (15.2%) more (P≤0.01) than the peers of the control group. In this regard, the calves of the experimental group had a significantly higher meat index and the ratio of edible to inedible parts of the carcass. Consequently, the use of Valopro and Ruprokol feed additives in bull calves during the rearing period made it possible to obtain a live weight of 439 kg at 13 months, one kilogram of which contains 403 g of muscle tissue and 429 g of edible carcass elements . In peers of the control group, these indicators are 5-9% less.
An analysis of the economic indicators of the experiment made it possible to establish that the introduction of the experimental group of feed additives "Valopro" and "Ruprokol," according to the scheme we studied, into the diet of Simmental gobies, and the higher feed intake, increased the total cost during the growing period. However, an increase in the amount of dry matter of the feed consumed, and most importantly more efficiently used by the bulls of the experimental group, had a positive effect on the increase in absolute growth and live weight during the growing period (table 5). As a result, the total cost of growing one bull in the experimental group was almost 19% higher than that of the peers of the control group, but the feed cost per 1 kg of live weight gain was 18% lower.
With the same selling cost of 1 kg of live weight from each bull of the experimental group, the cost of growth was 21120 rub, and from peers of the control group it was 16830 rub. The contingent income or the difference between the cost and the cost of growth in control was 1132.2, and in the experience -1740.8 rub, or 46.3% more.

Conclusion
Thus, the introduction into the diet of bulls grown for meat in an industrial complex, the composition of the feed additives "Valopro" and "Ruprokol" during the growing period increases the degree of use of feed nutrients, which reduces feed costs by 1 kg of live weight gain by 18%, it intensifies the growth energy and contributes to the production of 1600-1700 g of daily gain, and also provides additional profit.


text:
Effect of Supplementation of Herbs Containing Essential Oils on Nutrients Digestibility, Rumen Fermentation and Blood Parameters in Cross Bred Calves

Climate change is the major growing concern where greenhouse gas emissions have a major role. It has been reported that methane is one of the important greenhouse gas that cause21 times more global warming than carbon dioxide(IPCC 2007). It is normally produced during anaerobic fermentation of feeds in ruminants and share of 15% out of the total methane produced globally (Moss et al2000). Moreover, for methane production around 715% of their gross energy is consumed. So the emphasis is being drawn to inhibit methane production from nutritional aspect as well as for global warming aspect. Currently, many chemical additives as well as antibiotics are being used to inhibit methane production in International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 5 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

Introduction
Climate change is the major growing concern where greenhouse gas emissions have a major role. It has been reported that methane is one of the important greenhouse gas that cause21 times more global warming than carbon dioxide (IPCC 2007). It is normally produced during anaerobic fermentation of feeds in ruminants and share of 15% out of the total methane produced globally (Moss et al2000). Moreover, for methane production around 7-15% of their gross energy is consumed. So the emphasis is being drawn to inhibit methane production from nutritional aspect as well as for global warming aspect. Currently, many chemical additives as well as antibiotics are being used to inhibit methane production in The present study was conducted to assess the effect of supplementing herbal feed additives (HFAs) Jaiphal Suva and Haldi at the rate of 1% of DM basis in TMR (R:C65:35) on the nutrient utilization, nitrogen retention, rumen fermentation and blood parameters of male crossbred calves by 4x4 latin square designThe herb supplementation did not have any significant effect on digestibility of various nutrients and percent nitrogen retention in male cross bred calves. The blood biochemical profile for various parameters did not show any significant effect on herb supplementation i.e. herbs have no deleterious effect on animal health except supplementation of herb suva in male cross bred calves significantly increased (P<0.05) the alkaline phosphatase activity (AKP). Herbs supplementation has stimulatory effect on rumen fermentation parameters (TN, TVFA, NPN NH 3 -N) which were (P<0.05) higher than control group. rumen however these chemical additives are either toxic to host animals or have a transient effect on methanogenesis (Moss et al., 2000). In addition, an increasing awareness of hazards associated with chemical feed additives, i.e. presence of chemical residues in animal derived foods and development of bacterial resistance to antibiotics has diverted the research on feed additive technology towards exploiting natural products as feed additives.
Plants produce a range of plant secondary metabolites (PSM) to protect against microbial and insects attacks. These natural plant eco chemicals such as essential oils (EOs), saponins, tannins and organo sulphur compounds have been shown to selectively modulate the rumen microbial populations (Patra and Saxena 2009) thus resulting in improvement of rumen fermentation and nitrogen metabolism, and a decrease in methane production and thus improving the productivity and health of animals. Our previous in vitro study (Sharma et al 2018) on effect of herbs containing EOs from jaiphal, suva and haldi supplemented individually @ 1 to 3% levels on total mixed ration (TMR) where we have found that 1% level of herbs containing essential oils supplementation significantly reduced the methane production and improved the utilization of nutrients.
Hence this study is being planned to assess the effect of supplementation of EO from Jaiphal, Suva and Haldi on digestibility of nutrients, rumen fermentation and health status of cross bred calves.

Materials and Methods
Four cross bred male calves of 10 to 14 months age were selected and divided into four groups of one each. This experiment was approved by institute of animal ethics committee (IAEC), GADVASU, Ludhiana.
The feeding trial was carried out in four periods in a switch over design as shown below. Each period lasted for four weeks with an adjustment period of three weeks and collection period of one week.
Each group was offered four different total mixed rations with or without supplementation of different herbs i.e. Jaiphal, Suva and Haldi @1% of DM intake. i.e TMR1 (control), TMR2 (1 % Jaiphal), TMR3 (1% Suva) and TMR4 (1% Haldi) for 120 days. At the termination of experimental period, a 7-day metabolism trial was conducted. During this period digestibility coefficients of various nutrients and nitrogen balance studies were conducted. The samples of concentrate mixture, wheat straw, green fodder, feed residue and faeces were analysed for their proximate constituents (AOAC, 2000) and other cell wall constituents (Robertson and Van Soest, 1981).

Collection and analysis of rumen liquor samples
The rumen studies were conducted on three rumen fistulated animals for assessing the effect of supplementing herbs containing essential oils on the rumen metabolites. After 30 days adaptation on a particular ration, the rumen liquor samples from each animal were collected for 3 consecutive days at 2 hourly intervals, starting from zero and continuing up to 12 h post-feeding. The rumen liquor samples were strained through four layered muslin cloth and few drops of saturated mercuric chloride solution were added to stop the microbial activity. The samples of strained rumen liquor (SRL) were pooled for the respective animal and the samples were stored in a refrigerator till analyzed. The SRL samples were analyzed for TCA-precipitable nitrogen, non-protein nitrogen (NPN), ammonical nitrogen (AOAC, 2000) and individual and total Volaltile fatty acids (VFAs) were estimated by (Cottoyn and Boucque, 1968) using gas liquid chromatography (GLC) technique using Net Chrom-9100 model

Collection and analysis of blood samples
At the termination of metabolism trial blood samples were collected (in heparin and sodium flouride + oxalate vials) from the juglar vein of animals at 4 h post parandial. The serum was separated and stored at -20 o Ctill analyzed. All biochemical parameters were estimated by using diagnostic kits from Siemens Autopack and analyze at RA-50 blood analyzer.

Statistical analysis
Data were analysed by ANOVA (Snedecor and Cochran 1994), by using SPSS Version 19. The differences in means were tested by Tukey B and Duncan.

Chemical composition of the feed stuffs
The values of different principles and fibre fractions in concentrate mixture, green fodder and wheat straw fed to the cross bred calves during experiment are presented in Table 1.

Intake and digestibility of nutrients
Our data showed that dry matter intake (DMI) (Kg/d) was similar in three herbal supplemented and control groups. (Table 2). This may be attributed to the comparable body weight of experimental cross bred calves among the groups as no effect of cinnamaldehyde supplementation was observed. But in case of suva supplemented group it was statistically lower and comparable to other groups. Cardozo et al (2006) observed no change in DMI when dietary supplementing with a mixture of 600 mg/d of cinnamaldehyde and 300 mg/d of eugenol in beef heifers fed a high concentrate diet. In a study with growing lambs, Chaveset al (2008b) found that addition of carvacrol or cinnamaldehyde (200 mg/kg of dietary DM) had no effect on DMI in the barley or corn concentrate based diets. Similar results were observed by Benchaaret al (2006a) who reported no change in DMI of beef cattle fed a silage based diet supplemented with 2 or 4 g/d of a commercial mixture of EO compounds consisting of thymol, eugenol, vanillin and limonene.
There was no significant difference (P<0.05) in the dry matter digestibility (DMD), ADF, Ether extract (EE), Crude protein (CP) digestibility, total carbohydrate and total nonfibre carbohydrate digestibility in control and herbs supplemented groups.
No significant difference in the digestibility (%) of organic matter (OM) was found among the four groups. It varied from 57.32 to 67.03 in control and herbs suva group. In herbs supplemented group it varied from 62.03 to 67.03 % respectively. This might be due to the corresponding comparable intake and digestibility (%) of DM among the groups.  (2005), who observed no change in DM, OM, NDF, and CP digestibility, when a CRINA Ruminants EO mixture (a commercial blend of EO) was added at the dose of 3.8 mg/L of ruminal fluid in continuous-culture fermenters.
However, Benchaaret al (2006) observed that ADF digestibility was significantly increased (3 percentage points) when diets were supplemented with EO @ 2 g/ cow per day (48.9 vs. 46.0%). Benchaaret al (2008) observed no effect on DMI or digestibility when supplementing lactating dairy cows with 1 g/d of cinnamaldehyde (one of the active compounds found in the current blend). Digestibility of nutrients was also unaffected with the addition of CRINA EO (a commercial blend of essential oils that contains eugenol) in several in vivo trials at various inclusion levels (Benchaaret al 2006(Benchaaret al , 2007. Such variability in the results could be due to many factors such as species, age, breed and body condition of the animals. There was no significant difference in DM digestibility (%) in four groups.

Nitrogen balance in buffalo calves
The intake of N (g/d) in the groups I, II, III and IV were 147. 16, 124.49, 130.70 and 121.45 respectively. Nitrogen intake (g/d) was significantly lower in herbs supplemented groups as compared to control group. The mean values of total N excreted through urine (g/d) were 67.74, 70.45, 74.17 and 63.90 respectively in all the four groups. The N excreted (g/d) through faeces were 44.98, 35.16, 32.98 and 34.75 four groups respectively (Table3). Faecal N excretion was statistically higher in control group as compared to herbs supplemented groups. However, urinary and total nitrogen excreted (g/d) were statistically similar among the four groups as no significant effect was seen in herbs supplemented groups. Animals in all the four groups were in positive N balance. There were statistically lower N retention in jaiphal supplemented group as compared to other groups. However, it was comparable in control and suva and haldi supplemented groups. The N retention (g/d) was 34.43, 18.86, 23.54 and 22.79 in all four groups ( Table 3).
The daily total excretion of nitrogen was highest in control non-herb supplemented groups as compared to herbs supplemented groups. The urinary nitrogen excretion was highest in animals feed suva supplemented group and lowest UN excretion was observed in haldi supplemented groups. The nitrogen retention percentage was highest in control group than herbs supplemented groups though the results were non-significant.

Rumen fermentation parameters
The results recorded during rumen fermentation study in crossbred calves are presented in figure 2. Mean NH 3 -N concentration (mg/dl SRL) was significantly (p<0.05) lower in control group (19.87) as compared to group II (27.07) group III (28.17) and group IV (28.79) which may be due to its more incorporation into microbial protein as rumen microbes mostly prefer ammonia or peptides as nitrogen source (Bryant 1977). The mean NH 3 -N concentration recorded in this study was higher than the minimum threshold of 5-8 mg/100 ml strained rumen liquid (SRL), as proposed by Maynard et al (1979) for optimum microbial growth in all the four groups.
In the conversion of dietary N to microbial protein, NH 3 is a prime intermediate in the rumen. Ingestion of large amount of protein can cause excessive NH 3 production in rumen. If rate of production of NH 3 is more than its utilization by rumen microbes, then concentration of NH 3 in rumen increases which is particularly evident when diet is lacking readily available carbohydrate.
In group I there was significant (p<0.05) lower NH 3 -N in comparison to herbs supplemented groups II to IV (Table 4). This was probably due to better utilization of NH 3 -N by rumen microbes for the synthesis of microbial protein in the presence of supplemented herbs. But it is not evident from increased microbial protein (TCA-ppt N) in all groups as non-statistically difference was observed in all the groups.
The total nitrogen in SRL is mainly expression of solubility of ingested protein in rumen and may also vary in relation to amount of protein intake. The total nitrogen (mg/dl)was significantly lower in control group (group I) and was statistically higher (P<0.05) in herbs supplemented groups (group 1I, III and IV) where it was 85.61 and 9, 63.07 and 69.18 respectively ( Table 4). The TCA-ppt N mainly represents microbial N. It is evident from figure 2 that on supplementation of herbs there were no significant (P<0.05) increase in the concentration of TCA-ppt N (mg/100 ml) in all the groups as compared to control. The TCA-N values were 20.19, 20.50, 19.09 and 21.75 respectively in group I to Group IV.
The non-protein nitrogen (NPN) fraction of nitrogen contains chiefly NH 3 -N, small quantity of amides and amino acids etc., and thus NPN concentration in the rumen fluid depends mainly on the production of ammonia, its uptake by microbes and absorption through rumen wall. NPN concentration (mg/100ml SRL) was also significantly (p<0.05) lower in control group (36.62) and highest in jaiphal group II (65.11) as compared to other herbs supplemented groups III (43.98) and IV (47.42) ( Table 4).
The total production of volatile fatty acid (TVFA) where a significant (P<0.05) increase in concentration in haldi supplemented group (11.04mM/dl) and significantly lower in suva group (10.37mM/dl). This showed the stimulatory effect of herbs on rumen microorganism in the haldi supplemented groups. (Table 5) The A: P ratio was significantly (P<0.05) reduced in jaiphal supplemented group (3.07) may be due to a reduced proportion of acetic acid and an enhanced percentage of propionic acid and found highest in non-herb supplemented group i.e control group. (Table5).
The mean percentage of acetate where it was statistically lower (P<0.05) in TMR group II (65.85) and highest in control group (69.81). The propionate was statistically higher (P<0.05) in all herbs supplemented groups as compared to control group. The values were 19.77, 21.40, 21.67 and 20.29 in group I, II, III and IV respectively.
The butyrate percentage was statistically lower in suva group (8.31) and highest in haldi group (9.79). However, the percent isobutyrate, isovalerate and valerate in rumen liquor were statistically higher (P<0.05)in jaiphal supplemented groups and lowest found in control group (Table6). Yang et al (2010a) used cinnamaldehydeat three doses (400, 800 and 1600 mg/animal per d) in growing beef heifers and observed no changes in concentrations of total VFA and the molar proportions of acetate, propionate, BCVFA, and the acetate to propionate ratio. In an another study, Chaveset al (2008b) evaluated the effects of carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde in growing lambs and reported an increase in concentration of total VFA, but molar proportions of acetate, propionate, BCVFA, and the acetate to propionate ratio were not affected.

Blood biochemical aspects
Effect of herbs supplementation on blood glucose, creatinine, urea-nitrogen, cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline kinase phosphate (AKP)are presented in Table 7. There was no significant effect of herbs supplementation on glucose, creatinine, total protein, blood urea nitrogen and AST in all groups. The AST values (U/L) were 154.31, 107.14, 107.86 and 107.70 in groups I. II, III and IV respectively. The serum urea nitrogen concentration is closely associated with the breakdown of protein to amino acids and their deamination in rumen and the rate of utilization of NH 3 for bacterial protein synthesis. An increase in serum urea level may reflect an accelerated rate of protein catabolism rather than decrease in urinary excretion. The serum urea level also increases in renal tubular necrosis and decreases in hepatic insufficiency and low protein intake. Concentrations of urea-N in blood serum are indicator of the adequacy or inadequacy of the nitrogen in the diet of animals and results revealed no statistically significant difference in 4 groups. The blood urea concentration (mg/dl) were13.40, 18.35, 13.10 and 12.15 in all groups respectively. The serum creatinine concentration (mg/dl) varied from 0.97 to 1.06 in all four groups.
There was no significant (P<0.05) increase in blood glucose (mg/dl) level after herbs supplementation. The serum glucose (mg/dl) values varied from 80.50, 79.96, 76.28 and 77.26 in group I, II, III and IV respectively ( Table 7).
The effect of herb supplementation on blood haemotology shows no significant effect on different parameters like WBC, RBC, Hb, MCH, and MCV (Table 8). In accordance to previous researches (Yang et al 2010b), EO supplementation did not significantly affect blood glucose concentration.        The present study concluded that herbs containing essential oils supplementation did not have any significant effect on digestibility of various nutrients and percent nitrogen retention in male cross bred calves. The blood biochemical profile for various parameters did not show any significant effect on herb supplementation i.e. herbs have no deleterious effect on animal health except supplementation of herb Suva in male cross bred calves significantly increased (P<0.05) the AKP. Herbs supplementation has stimulatory effect on rumen fermentation parameters (TN, TVFA, NPN NH 3 -N) which were (P<0.05) higher than control group.


text:
Primary nutrient content and its uptake in finger millet (Eleusine coracana) as influenced by different nutrient management and seed priming

A field experiment was conducted in the experimental plots of DKS farm, IGKV, Bhatapara DistBaloda Bazaar, Chhattisgarh during kharif season of the year 2019. The soil of the experimental field was Alfisol and climate was sub-humid with a total rainfall of 872.2 mm during the crop growth. The objectives of experiment were to the study the effect of various nutrient management and seed priming treatments on N, P and K content and uptake of finger millet. The experiment was laid out in split-plot design. The treatments constituted with five nutrient management N1 (control), N2 (125 kg Neem cake + 1.25 tons ha-1 vermicompost), N3 (50“Kg/ha N : 50 Kg/ha P2O5 : 50 Kg /ha K2O”and 2% Borax spray at flowering), N4 (125 Kg Neem cake + 1.25 tons ha-1 vermicompost + 50 Kg/ha N : 50 Kg/ha P2O5 : 50 Kg /ha K2O and 2% Borax spray at flowering) and N5 (Recommended dose of fertilizer i.e. 20 Kg/ha N”: 20 Kg/ha P2O5 : 10 Kg /ha K2O) in main plots with four priming treatment P1 (control), P2 (Hydro priming for 6 hrs), P3 (Seed priming with 2% KH2PO4 for 6 hrs) and P4 (Seed priming with 20% liquid Pseudomonas fluorescens) in sub plots. Results revealed that the nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents in plant tissue were not affected significantly by nutrient management and seed priming treatments. However, the nutrient uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were found in higher range where either higher doses of chemical fertilizers or the chemical fertilizers in combination with organic manures were applied. No significant effect of seed priming was seen for nutrient uptake of these elements by plants.

Introduction
Finger millet (Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn) is an important small millet crop grown in India and has the pride of place in having highest productivity among millets. It is also known as ragi, African millet and bird's foot millet and an important staple food crop in part of eastern and central Africa and India. Grain is higher in protein, fat and minerals than rice, corn or sorghum." Ragi is commonly known as "Nutritious millet" as "the grain is nutritionally superior to many cereals providing proteins, minerals, calcium and vitamins in abundance to the people. When consumed as food, it provides a sustaining diet, especially for people doing hard work. Straw makes valuable fodder for both working and milking animals. Finger millet is considered an especially wholesome food for diabetics." Grain may also be malted and a floor of the malted grain used as cakes or porridge and a nourishing food for infants and invalids. Malnutrition and under nourishment are the major problems of Indian population due to which millets are becoming alternative sources of human food globally as well as in India. Finger millet is an important rainfed crop grown in India. It is commonly known as ragi or madua. In India, it is cultivated in an area of 1.02 million ha with a production of 1.39 million tonne. In Chhattisgarh, it covers an area of 6.30 thousand ha with a production of 1.50 thousand tonne at an average productivity of 238 kg ha -1 (Anonymous, 2017) [1] The Government of India has declared the year 2018, as "National Year of Millets" and designated "Millets" as "Nutri-Cereals" to recognize the nutritional and socio-economic importance.

Materials and Methods 2.1 Study Site Description
The field experiment was conducted at DKS farm, IGKV, Bhatapara, Dist-Baloda Bazar, Chhattisgarh during kharif season, 2019. Experimental site was situated at 21°45'25" North latitude and 81° 59'22" East longitudes having an altitude of about 930 m above Mean sea level (MSL).

Cultivation details
"The experimental plot was dry ploughed twice followed by puddling with tractor mounted cage wheels and later leveled uniformly. Fields were drained and allowed mud to settle for 1 day after the final puddling. Field laid out and prepared bunds for 60 individual plots. Nine lines were demarked manually with the help of mattock for transplanting of finger millet. Water was let into the plots and 21 days old seedlings were transplanted @ one seedling per hill with a spacing of 30 cm x 10 cm. No protective irrigation was given for proper establishment of the seedlings due to occurrence of rainfall following the transplanting operation. Just one irrigation was provided to the crop at 45 DAT. The repeated occurrence of rainfall at early and later stages provided sufficient moisture for crop growth reducing the requirement of irrigation. One hand weeding was done at 45 days after transplanting. The weeding was delayed due to continuous rains, which made it difficult to undertake the operation. Fertilizers were applied as per the treatments. Half of nitrogen, full dose of phosphorous and full dose recommended doses of potassium were applied in the form of urea, SSP and MOP as basal dose at the time of transplanting. Another half dose of nitrogen required was applied at maximum tillering stage as urea. Magnesium through MgSO4 @ 20 Kg acre -1 and calcium CaO @ 6 Kg acre -1 was applied uniformly in all the plots on 16 th july 2019 except for control treatment plots. 2% Borax spray application was done at the time of flowering. Organic manures in the form of neem cake and vermicompost were applied as per the treatments. Manure was applied uniformly in plots using broadcasting method. The composition of neem cake was N (Nitrogen 2.61%), P (Phosphorus 0.78%), K (Potassium 1.34%), and composition of vermicompost was N (Nitrogen 0.69%), P (Phosphorus 0.47%) and K (Potassium 0.71%). Bifenthrin @1.5 ml/liter was applied to protect plant against stem borer and Hexaconozole @ 1ml/liter was applied to control the blast diseases in finger millet. The crop was harvested manually at 114 DAS. The five representative sample plants were harvested separately, and then crop was harvested from net plot area and kept for threshing. The plants from each plot were sun dried properly to facilitate easy threshing. Threshing was performed manually using the wooden sticks followed by winnowing.

Observations recorded
From each plot, grain and straw yields were recorded for five sample plant and whole plot separately. The straw was sun dried properly in field and the yield was recorded. The grain weight was taken after threshing the crop for each plot, separately. The grain and straw yields were expressed as kg ha -1 . Plant samples were collected at harvest of finger millet and were oven dried with hot air oven until the constant weight was achieved. Dried samples were prepared by grinding grain and straw samples separately with grinding machine and analyzed for plant nutrients content. For nitrogen estimation 0.25 gm of prepared plant samples were taken and transferred to digestion tube. Then 1 gm of salt mixture was added to these plant samples in the digestion tube followed by addition of 5 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid and left for pre digestion overnight. Next morning, the digestion tubes were digested with the help of digester. Total nitrogen was estimated by micro-kjeldhal as per procedure suggested by (AOAC) (1995). For other macronutrient one gram of powdered sample was digested with 10ml di-acid mixture (nitric acid and perchloric acid at 10:4) after overnight pre digestion. The white residue left at the bottom of flask was diluted with water to known volume after filtration. This extract was used in the estimation of P, K, Ca, Mg, S and micronutrients. Phosphorus content of plant samples were measured by vanadomolybdo phosphoric acid yellow color method using an aliquot of diacid digested sample. The intensity of yellow color developed was measured at 430 nm using spectrophotometer (Jackson, 1973) [5] . Potassium content of plant samples were determined by using the diacid digested extract. The reading of potassium was taken with the help of flame photometer (Chapman and pratt, 1961) [2] . The calcium and magnesium in the diacid extract of plant sample was determined by using ammonium chloride-ammonium hydroxide buffer and Eriochrome Black T indicator by titrating it against versenate solution. Calcium was estimated by titrating the diacid extract of the plant sample against the versenate solution in presence of sodium hydroxide and mureixide (Piper, 1966) [9] . Uptake of N, P and K was calculated using the grain and straw yields and nutrient content using the formula.

Effect of different nutrient management and seed priming on N, P and K content of finger millet.
Nutrient content of finger millet grain followed the order N>K>P where as in finger millet straw, K content was highest followed by N and then by P content ( Table 1). The range of variation in primary nutrient content for different treatment combinations was also small. Nitrogen content ranged from 1.18 % to 1.32 % in grain and from 0.44% to 0.50 % in straw. Phosphorus content in finger millet grain ranged from 0.34 % to 0.39% and in straw it ranged from 0.16% to 0.19%. Higher content of potassium was found in straw than grain and it ranged from 0.50% to 0.59% for grain and 1.21% to 1.35% for straw. Higher nutrient content of N (1.32%), P (0.50%) and K (1.35%) in grain was associated with N4 treatment. Similarly, higher N (0.50%), P (0.19%) and K (1.35%) content in finger millet straw were associated with N4 treatment. This might be due to increased nutrient availability of nutrients and higher meristmetic activities of top and roots of the plants. However, it differed non-significantly from other treatments; this might be due to dilution effect, and higher plant available nutrient status of soil. Similar results were also reported by Mondal et al. (2016) [8] and Shruthi et al. (2018) [15] . No trend was found for priming treatments for nutrient content and treatment differed non-significantly due to priming treatments. This might be due to higher rainfall during crop growth. Also, no interaction effect was observed for N×P. similar results were reported by Zida et al. (2017) [16] and Damalas et al. (2019) [3] .

Effect of integrated nutrient management and seed
priming on N, P and K uptake of finger millet.

3.2.1"Effect of integrated nutrient management and seed priming on Nitrogen uptake (kg/ha).
Nitrogen uptake of finger millet grains varied from 20.35 kg/ha to 38.54kg/ha ( Table 2). The highest N uptake in finger millet grains was found in N4 treatment (38.54kg/ha) which was significantly higher than other treatments and the lowest N uptake was found in N1 treatment (20.35 kg/ha). In case of finger millet straw, N uptake varied from 10.57 kg/ha to 20.41 kg/ha. The highest N uptake in finger millet straw was found in N4 treatment (20.41 kg/ha) which was significantly higher than the other treatments. The lowest N uptake in straw was found in N1 treatment (10.57 kg/ha).Total N uptake of finger millet varied from 30.92 kg/ha to 58.95 kg/ha. Trend remains same for total N uptake and the highest N uptake was found in N4 (58.95 kg/ha), which was significantly higher than the all other treatments. The lowest total N uptake was found in N1 treatment (30.92 kg/ha). Nitrogen uptake of finger millet grains and straw and total N uptake differed non-significantly between priming treatments. The highest N uptake of finger millet grains was found in P3 (30.69 kg/ha) and the lowest N uptake in finger millet grains was recorded in P1 treatment (28.82 kg/ha). In case of finger millet straw, "the highest N uptake was found in P4 (15.87kg/ha) and the lowest N uptake was recorded in P3 treatment (14.86 kg/ha).The highest total N uptake was found in P4 treatment (46.31 kg/ha) and the lowest total N uptake was recorded in P1 treatment (43.71 kg/ha).The interaction effect of N×P for N uptake of finger millet grain, straw and for total N uptake was found to be differed non-significantly." The increase uptake of nitrogen in plots where higher doses of fertilizer along with organic manure was used might be due to increased dry matter production and due to balanced release of these nutrients into soil upon manure decomposition, which resulted in vigorous growth and uptake of nutrients. Similar results were reported by Divyashree et al.

3.2.2"Effect of integrated nutrient management and seed priming on Phosphorus uptake (kg/ha).
Phosphorus uptake of finger millet grains varied from 6.53 kg/ha to 11.52 kg/ha (Table 2). Highest P uptake by finger millet grain was found in N4 (11.52 kg/ha) which was significantly higher than the other treatments. The lowest P uptake was found in N1 treatment (6.53 kg/ha). In case of straw, P uptake of fingermillet straw varied from 3.97 kg/ha to 7.86 kg/ha. The highest P uptake was found in N4 treatment (7.86 kg/ha) which was significantly higher than the other treatments. The lowest P uptake was found in N1 treatment (6.53 kg/ha).Total P uptake of finger millet varied from 10.50 kg/ha to 19.38 kg/ha. The highest total P uptake was found in N4 treatment (19.38 kg/ha) which was significantly higher over all other treatments and the lowest P uptake was found in N1 treatment (10.50 kg/ha). Phosphorus uptake in finger millet grains and straw and total P uptake differed non-significantly between priming treatments. "The highest P uptake in grains was found in P1 treatment (9.36 kg/ha) and the lowest P uptake was recorded in P3 treatment (8.61 kg/ha). In case of straw, the highest P uptake was found in P4 treatment (6.19 kg/ha) and the lowest P uptake was recorded in P3 treatment (5.74 kg/ha).Total uptake of P by crop was found highest in P3 treatment (15.25 kg/ha) and the lowest P uptake was recorded in P2 treatment (14.35 kg/ha). No interaction effect of N×P for P uptake of grains, straw and total P uptake was found significant." "The increased uptake of phosphorus by finger millet in plots where higher doses of fertilizer along with organic manure was used might be due to solubilizing effect of organic acids which are produced from the decomposition of organic matter and reducing the fixation of phosphorus and increasing the availability of phosphorus resulting in higher dry matter mass production and uptake of phosphorus by fingermillet. Similar results were reported by Khan et al. (2011) and Prabudoss et al. (2014).

Effect of integrated nutrient management and seed priming on Potassium uptake (kg/ha).
"Potassium uptake of finger millet grains varied from 8.67 kg/ha to 17.10 kg/ha ( Table 2). The highest K uptake of finger millet grains was found in N4 treatment (17.10 kg/ha) which was significantly higher than all other treatments. The lowest K uptake was found in N1 treatment (8.67 kg/ha). In case of K uptake of finger millet straw, variation was recorded from 29.54 kg/ha to 54.95 kg/ha. The highest K uptake by finger millet in straw was found in N4 treatment (54.95 kg/ha) which was statistically superior to all other treatments. The lowest K uptake by finger millet straw was found in N1 (29.54 kg/ha). Total K uptake of finger millet crop varied from 38.21 kg/ha to 72.05 kg/ha. The highest total K uptake was found in N4 treatment (72.05 kg/ha) which was significantly higher than all other treatments. The lowest total N uptake was found in N1 treatment (38.21 kg/ha). Potassium uptake of finger millet in grains, straw and total K uptake differed non-significantly between priming treatments. The highest K uptake by finger millet grain was found in P4 treatment (13.48 kg/ha)and the lowest K uptake was recorded in P1 treatment (12.68 kg/ha).In case of straw, the highest K uptake was found in P4 treatment (42.13 kg/ha)and the lowest K uptake was recorded in P3 (41.14 kg/ha).Total K uptake by fingermillet crop was highest in P4 (55.61 kg/ha)and the lowest K uptake was recorded in P3 (53.86 kg/ha). The interaction effect of N×P for K uptake by finger millet grain, straw and total K uptake was found to be differed nonsignificantly.
The highest potassium uptake might be because potassium is likely to be maintained in exchangeable form in soils treated with organic manures due to high exchange capacity of organic colloids formed during decomposition of organic manure which in turn restricted the K + ions getting fixed by inorganic clay particles in soil which results in increased in growth parameters and higher K uptake by finger millet. Similar results were reported by Mondal et al. (2016) [8] and Roy et al. (2018) [14] . Means of a particular parameter in columns for nutrient management and seed priming followed by same letter(s) are statistically non-significant at P=0.05.

Effect of integrated nutrient management and seed priming on yield of finger millet 3.3.1 Grain yield
Grain "yield of finger millet varied from 17.3 q/ha to 29.2 q/ha ( Table 3). The highest grain yield was recorded in N4 treatment (29.2q/ha) which was at par with N3 treatment (26.4 q/ha) and significantly higher than the other treatments. The lowest grain yield was recorded in N1 treatment (17.2q/ha). Grain yield differed non-significantly between priming treatments. The highest grain yield was found in P3 and P4 treatment (24.1q/ha) and the lowest yield was recorded in P2 treatment (23.9 q/ha). The interaction effect of N×P for grain yield was found to be differed non-significantly. Maximum grain yield was recorded in N3P4 (26.6 q/ha) and the minimum grain yield was recorded in N1P1 treatment combinations" (17.2 q/ha). Higher grain yield with combined application of organic manure and inorganic fertilizers may be due to increased availability of nutrients which improved the soil properties, this in turn, increased absorption and translocation of nutrients by crop leading to increased production of photosynthates by the crop. Organic manures provided favorable environment for microorganisms like Azospirillium which fixes atmospheric nitrogen available to plant and PSB which converts insoluble phosphate into soluble forms by secreting organic acids. These results are in line with the findings of Malinda et al. (2015) [7] and Rao et al. (2018) [14] .

Straw yield
Straw yield of finger millet varied from 24.5 q/ha to 40.9 q/ha ( Table 3). The highest straw yield was recorded in N4 treatment (40.9q/ha) which was significantly higher than the other treatments. The lowest straw yield was found in N1 treatment (24.5 q/ha). Straw yield differed non-significantly between priming treatments. The highest straw yield was found in P4treatment (33.8q/ha) followed by P3 (32.2 q/ha) and the lowest straw yield was recorded in P1treatment (31.9 q/ha). The interaction effect of N×P for straw yield was found to be differed non-significantly. Maximum straw yield was recorded in N4P3 (40.8 q/ha) and the lowest straw yield was recorded in N1P1treatment combinations (26.6 q/ha). Higher straw yield recorded in integrated nutrient management plots may be due to enhancement of the photosynthetic rate resulting in more vegetative growth and dry matter production. These results are in conformity with the findings of Malinda et al. (2015) [7] .

Biological yield
Biological yield of finger millet varied from 41.8 q/ha to 70.1 q/ha ( Table 3). The highest biological yield was found in N4 treatment (70.1 q/ha) which was significantly higher than the other treatments. The lowest biological yield was found in N1treatment (41.8 q/ha). Biological yield differed nonsignificantly between priming treatments. "The highest Biological yield was found in P4 treatment (58.0 q/ha) followed by P3 (56.3 q/ha) and the lowest biological yield was recorded in P1 treatment (55.8 q/ha). The interaction effect of N×P for biological yield was found to be differed non-significantly. Maximum biological yield was recorded in N4P3 (40.8 q/ha) and the lowest biological yield was recorded in N1P1 treatment combinations (22.6 q/ha)."Greater total yield of finger millet in integrated nutrient management is due to enhanced growth and yield parameters. The results obtained were in close conformity of Rani et al. (2017) [11] . Seed priming with 20% Pseudomonas fluorescens and 2% KH2PO4 showed higher yield than hydro priming and control however their effects were masked by the rainfall on the week of sowing and next week after showing. Similar results were obtained by Zida et al. (2017) [16] .

Conclusion
Nutrient content of all the secondary nutrients in plant tissue differed non-significantly due to any of the applied treatment and varied from 0.46 %to 0.51%, 0.26% to 0.29% and 0.14 % to 16% for calcium, magnesium and sulphur respectively in finger millet grain where as in straw it ranged from 0.65% to 0.68%, 0.43% to 0.49% and 0.25% to 0.30%for calcium, magnesium and sulphur, respectively. The nutrient uptake of primary nutrient found significantly high due to enhanced growth and yield parameters in integrated nutrient management. Higher uptake of nitrogen (38.54 kg/ha), phosphors (11.52 kg/ha) and potassium (17.10 kg/ha) was found in N4 treatment in finger millet grain, similarly higher uptake of nitrogen (20.41 kg/ha), phosphors (7.86 kg/ha) and potassium (54.95kg/ha) was found in finger millet straw in N4 treatment only.