text: In the Levins metapopulation model, the carrying capacity is one minus the rate of this process divided by the colonization rate.
full_question: In the Levins metapopulation model, the carrying capacity is one minus the rate of this process divided by the colonization rate. In island biogeography, species richness equilibrates where the rate of this process equals the colonization rate. Species formerly thought to have undergone this process are called Lazarus taxa. In the IUCN Red List, the opposite end of (*) "least concern" indicates that this process happened. Climate change may have contributed to this process in the golden toad. One of the largest "mass" examples happened at the Permian-Triassic boundary, and its main anthropogenic cause is habitat degradation. For 10 points, name this phenomenon in which the population of a species declines to zero, which happened to the passenger pigeon in 1914.
first_sentence: In the Levins metapopulation model, the carrying capacity is one minus the rate of this process divided by the colonization rate.
raw_answer: extinction