The internal energy of a gas of these particles equals a constant times volume times temperature raised to the fourth power.
The internal energy of a gas of these particles equals a constant times volume times temperature raised to the fourth power. Unlike heavier particles with the same spin, the Lorenz gauge is not automatically satisfied when computing the polarization states of this particle; instead the Coulomb gauge is used, leading to the result that these particles have only two polarization states. Minus i times the Minkowski metric divided by the square of the exchanged four-momentum equals the propagator associated with this particle. In quantum electrodynamics, the exchange of virtual examples of these particles mediates electromagnetic interactions. Interactions between these particles and metals include Compton scattering and an effect whose explanation won Albert Einstein a Nobel Prize. For 10 points, name these massless particles, the quanta of light.
The internal energy of a gas of these particles equals a constant times volume times temperature raised to the fourth power.
photons