text: When a contest rejected this philosopher's essay "On the Basis of Morality", he published it as one of The Two Fundamental Problems of Ethics together with his "On the Freedom of the Will".
full_question: When a contest rejected this philosopher's essay "On the Basis of Morality", he published it as one of The Two Fundamental Problems of Ethics together with his "On the Freedom of the Will". In a doctoral thesis, this thinker described classes of subjects whose distinction from an object gives rise to knowledge. This author of On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason included a "Criticism of the Kantian Philosophy" in a book arguing that humans perceive their bodies both objectively and subjectively through the two title concepts. For 10 points, name this German author of The World as Will and Representation.
first_sentence: When a contest rejected this philosopher's essay "On the Basis of Morality", he published it as one of The Two Fundamental Problems of Ethics together with his "On the Freedom of the Will".
raw_answer: Arthur Schopenhauer