One early Supreme Court case on this topic saw Secretary of Commerce Philip
One early Supreme Court case on this topic saw Secretary of Commerce Philip Klutznick sued over a program for "MBEs" by ventilation company owner Earl Fullilove; that case was reversed by Richmond v. Croson. Strict scrutiny was applied to this concept in Adarand Constructors v. Pena, which featured a notable concurrence condemning all forms of this practice by (*) Clarence Thomas. Cases that accepted "individualized inquiry" but struck down the use of a "points system" in this practice were brought by Grutter and Gratz against Lee Bollinger, then president of the University of Michigan. For 10 points, name this policy whose use at UC-Davis was the subject of the 1978 Bakke case and which attempts to increase the number of minorities and women in education and employment.
One early Supreme Court case on this topic saw Secretary of Commerce Philip Klutznick sued over a program for "MBEs" by ventilation company owner Earl Fullilove; that case was reversed by Richmond v. Croson.
affirmative action