Francis Britto suggested that this phenomenon might be divided into "use- oriented" and "user-oriented" types, while Heinz Kloss proposed that there a
Francis Britto suggested that this phenomenon might be divided into "use- oriented" and "user-oriented" types, while Heinz Kloss proposed that there are "endo" and "exo" types of it. In a key 1967 paper, Joshua Fishman introduced the "extended" version of it, and Britto sided with him when looking at this phenomenon in the Tamil language, showing that it need not involve a genetic relationship. It was first identified by Charles Ferguson in 1959, who characterized it as a "relatively stable situation." It can be distinguished from the more common "standard-with-dialects" paradigm because it features a common mother tongue amongst all speakers. Examples of it are seen in Haiti, Greece, and Arabic nations and its development is usually related to literary heritage and prestige. Unlike bilingualism, its dialects are not used for the same purpose. FTP, name this phenomenon in which there are high and low versions of a language, the former of which is acquired through education.
Francis Britto suggested that this phenomenon might be divided into "use- oriented" and "user-oriented" types, while Heinz Kloss proposed that there are "endo" and "exo" types of it.
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