When these particles are restricted to move in two-dimensional periodic potential under the influence ofa magnetic field, the
When these particles are restricted to move in two-dimensional periodic potential under the influence ofa magnetic field, their energy spectrum is a Cantor set, which is known as Hofstadter's butterfly. The basisfor a type of spectroscopy named for these particles is the Auger effect, in which one is emitted. Theseparticles can be confined to two-dimensions using a heterojunction. A Bloch function combines a functionthat is periodic with an exponential that describes these particles; that function is a solution to theKronig-Penney model. When the minimum of the conduction band does not have the same crystalmomentum as the maximum of the valence band, a phonon is required for these particles to recombine withholes. For 10 points, identify this lepton whose charge is approximately -1.6 times 10 to the -19 Coulombs.
When these particles are restricted to move in two-dimensional periodic potential under the influence ofa magnetic field, their energy spectrum is a Cantor set, which is known as Hofstadter's butterfly.
 electrons