The presence of external shear in the system causing this effect alters it per the formulation of Chang and Refsdal.
The number of secondary peaks produced by this phenomenon is governed by a theorem proved by McKenzie using Morse theory and known as the odd number theorem. The presence of external shear in the system causing this effect alters it per the formulation of Chang and Refsdal. Paczynski created a mass probe based on this effect that is used to find extra-solar planets when applied to the "micro-" form of this phenomenon. This phenomenon is exhibited in the appearance of the cloverleaf quasar and the Einstein cross. Perfect alignment of three bodies involved in this phenomenon leads to the formation of Einstein rings. FTP, name this phenomenon in which multiple images of a radiation source are produced due to the presence of a body between source and observer, a consequence of general relativistic bending of light's path by mass.
The number of secondary peaks produced by this phenomenon is governed by a theorem proved by McKenzie using Morse theory and known as the odd number theorem.
{gravitational lens}ing (prompt on {lens}ing)