Newcomb's Problem, is a special case of it.   
Zhang and Poole developed a union-product operator for one approach to working around this problem, and Carl Wagner attempted to show that a problem popularized by Robert Nozick, (*) Newcomb's Problem, is a special case of it.   Lindley and Novick showed that there is no criterion for determining when this problem occurs, in the first paper since an 1899 paper by Pearson to suggest its relationship to causation.  Sometimes named after Yule, this concept is most often applied to medical statistics, though Dwight Wynne forgot the name of it when applying it to ACF Nationals bonus conversion and the canonical example is the batting averages of David Justice and Derek Jeter.  For 10 points, name this paradox in which an overall trend reverses itself when the sample is stratified.
Zhang and Poole developed a union-product operator for one approach to working around this problem, and Carl Wagner attempted to show that a problem popularized by Robert Nozick, (*)
{Simpson}’s paradox [accept early {Yule-Simpson} paradox; accept early {reversal paradox}; accept {context-specific independence} or {CSI} and prompt on anything mentioning {inference} until "Newcomb"] (4) [DW]