Its "fractional-reserve" variety was pioneered in Amsterdam during the 17th century.
After making a fortune in this industry, the Welser family was briefly granted colonial rights to Venezuela by Charles V. During the 15th century, several colonies in the Black Sea were governed by a Genoan firm in this industry named after Saint George. An early variation of this industry emerged when the Knights Templar began issuing special letters to pilgrims. In the 16th century, Europe's copper trade was monopolized by a member of this industry named Jakob  (YAH-kop)  the (*)  Rich, who led the Fugger  (FOOG-gur)  family. Its "fractional-reserve" variety was pioneered in Amsterdam during the 17th century. Under Philip II, Spain declared bankruptcy five times to avoid paying its debts to this industry, in which the Medicis earned their first fortune. For 10 points, name this industry of the Rothschild family.
After making a fortune in this industry, the Welser family was briefly granted colonial rights to Venezuela by Charles V.
bank ing [or money- lending  or  finance  or equivalents]