The third of them has been largely abandoned because it is redundant with the   th, while the fourth has both opened and closed variants.
Jean Dauberval ("doe"-ber-vahl) was known for rehabilitating the "false" examples of these techniques, which were reversals of the "true" or "noble" ones and generally thought to be only suitable for depictions of drunks and sailors. Pierre Beauchamp was inspired to create these techniques by observing the fencing masters in the court of Louis XIV. Dauberval's aforementioned "false" ones inspired Serge Lifar, who created two of them that are only used in his works. The third of them has been largely abandoned because it is redundant with the   th, while the fourth has both opened and closed variants. These techniques are used to develop turnout, which when perfected involves 180 degrees of combined outward rotation of both legs. For 10 points, name these techniques, the  rst of which requires a dancer's heels to be placed together and her toes to be pointing in opposite directions.
Jean Dauberval ("doe"-ber-vahl) was known for rehabilitating the "false" examples of these techniques, which were reversals of the "true" or "noble" ones and generally thought to be only suitable for depictions of drunks and sailors.
foot positions in ballet