This position was critiqued in the "dappled world" theory of Nancy Cartwright, who espoused the "entity" version of it preferred by Ian Hacking and the Stanford School.
An opponent of this theory argued that the answer to the question "What is the aim of chess?" may be either "checkmate" or "fame." Arthur Fine provided a middle-ground alternative to this position called "NOA" ("noah"), which Alan Musgrave analyzed in a paper titled "NOA's Ark - Fine for" this position. This position was critiqued in the "dappled world" theory of Nancy Cartwright, who espoused the "entity" version of it preferred by Ian Hacking and the Stanford School. An alien community that observes a "thermally incandescent river of molecules" instead of "3re" was used to defend this position by Paul Churchland, who objected to Bas van Fraasen's alternative theory to it. Hilary Putnam's "no miracles" argument for this position is undermined by Larry Laudan's "pessimistic induction" against it. It developed to compensate for faults in logical positivism, and holds that theories make metaphysical, semantic, and epistemological commitments. For 10 points, name this epistemic position in the philosophy of science, which holds that the objects of scienti3c analysis actually exist.
An opponent of this theory argued that the answer to the question "What is the aim of chess?
scientific realism