Diatoms that inhabit platelet communities beneath this substance preferentially produce chlorophyll c in response to low-light conditions.
The formation of this substance can yield metastable ikaite as a byproduct. The type of it that encloses polynyas initially forms as frazil. Diatoms that inhabit platelet communities beneath this substance preferentially produce chlorophyll c in response to low-light conditions. April 2012 data from a neutrino detector (*) embedded in and named for this substance suggest that gamma-ray bursts don't produce ultra-high energy cosmic rays. Prokaryotes living in close proximity to this substance are often enriched in dimethyl sulfoxide and glycols. The thickness of one type of this substance is most accurately measured with seafloor-moored upward-looking sonar. Delta-O-18 in vertical cores of this substance is a proxy for atmospheric temperature. For 10 points, name this solid that is particularly abundant in Antarctica.
The formation of this substance can yield metastable ikaite as a byproduct.
ice [prompt on "water" or obvious equivalents; do not accept things made of ice like "glaciers" because that's not a substance; do not accept other solid forms of water like "snow"]