These particles include the carriers of theweak force, W and Z, as well as a particle whose associated field's symmetry breaking imparts mass.
These particles' creation and annihilation operators are linked to spin operators via the Holstein-Primakoff transformation. The commutator of the creation operator for these particles is equal to theKronecker delta of the states that the operator is acting on. The degeneracy divided by an exponential minus1 gives the expected number of these particles in a given state, in contrast with their (*) counterparts whichhave a plus one in the denominator. A collection of these particles will all collapse to the ground state at a lowenough temperature, resulting in a new highly-degenerate form of matter. These particles include the carriers of theweak force, W and Z, as well as a particle whose associated field's symmetry breaking imparts mass. For 10 points,name these particles which have integer spin, as opposed to fermions.
These particles' creation and annihilation operators are linked to spin operators via the Holstein-Primakoff transformation.
boson