Saul Kripke postulated the existence of a bilingual Frenchman named Pierre who utters the sentences "Londres est jolie" and "London is not pretty," but does not know that Londres is London in order to illustrate a "puzzle" concerning this concept.
In a 1973 paper, Donald Davidson argued that radical interpretation requires that one simultaneously provide a theory of meaning and a theory of this concept. Quine wrote a 1956 paper in which he examined the case of a citizen named Ralph and a mayor named Bernard J. Ortcutt as a way of explaining how quantification works over contexts relevant to these concepts; that paper is widely held to have originated the de re/de dicto distinction between two types of this concept. Saul Kripke postulated the existence of a bilingual Frenchman named Pierre who utters the sentences "Londres est jolie" and "London is not pretty," but does not know that Londres is London in order to illustrate a "puzzle" concerning this concept. The Gettier cases are intended to provide a counterexample to the claim that knowledge is equivalent to being in possession of a justified and true one of these. For 10 points, identify these propositional attitudes which we have when we think that something is the case.
In a 1973 paper, Donald Davidson argued that radical interpretation requires that one simultaneously provide a theory of meaning and a theory of this concept.
belief [accept plurals or verb forms, accept justified true belief, puzzle about belief, etc. as long as the word belief is present; prompt on "propositional attitude"]