This phenomenon can be derived by combining a characteristic logarithmic time dilation with Fermat's principle of least time.
This phenomenon can be derived by combining a characteristic logarithmic time dilation with Fermat's principle of least time. One parameter which determines the strength of this effect is proportional to the Schwarzchild radius, and an infinite mass density, such as a black hole, participating in this process, will produce an infinitely sharp spike at the arrival time surface. The most effective form of this effect is produced by galactic clusters, and this effect also exists in a "micro" form, which is produced by bodies with masses on the order of a solar mass. Characterized in sufficiently strong regimes by Einstein rings, for ten points, identify this process in which a massive body bends the optical trajectory of light.
This phenomenon can be derived by combining a characteristic logarithmic time dilation with Fermat's principle of least time.
{gravitational lensing}