Its form for straight-line motion can be derived by integrating the Lienard generalization of Larmor's formula, leading to the characteristic dependence of the energy on the sixth power of the Lorentz gamma factor.
Its form for straight-line motion can be derived by integrating the Lienard generalization of Larmor's formula, leading to the characteristic dependence of the energy on the sixth power of the Lorentz gamma factor. Quantum corrections to this process involve multiplying by the log of the ratio of maximum to minimum impact parameters, a number known as the Gaunt factor, and in the ultra-relativistic limit, the energy released is confined to a cone with a half-angle of that is inversely proportional to the Lorentz gamma. The collisions of electrons with nuclei in hot clouds leads to the "thermal" version of this phenomenon, and it is also produced by cosmic rays upon collision with nuclei in the atmosphere. Technically including synchrotron radiation, for ten points, identify this form of radiation produced by the acceleration or deceleration of charged particles.
Its form for straight-line motion can be derived by integrating the Lienard generalization of Larmor's formula, leading to the characteristic dependence of the energy on the sixth power of the Lorentz gamma factor.
{bremstrahlung} (or {braking radiation})