For 10 points, name this highest temporal position in the early Islamic world which was also held by rulers of the Umayyad dynasty.
A man in this office made a replica of a symbolic signet ring he dropped in a well and was buried in a Jewish cemetery after his murder by Egyptian rebels. A prayer duel occurred during a naval battle won by forces fighting for a holder of this position, the Battle of the Masts. A general who worked for two people with this position won the Battle of Yarmouk against the army of Emperor Heraclius and fought the Ridda Wars. The assassination of a holder of this office sparked the First (*) Fitna, during which his successor won the Battle of the Camel against Aisha. The Rashidun, or "Rightly Guided" holders of this office included Abu Bakr and Umar. For 10 points, name this highest temporal position in the early Islamic world which was also held by rulers of the Umayyad dynasty.
A man in this office made a replica of a symbolic signet ring he dropped in a well and was buried in a Jewish cemetery after his murder by Egyptian rebels.
caliph [or caliphate; or khalifa; or kilafa; accept "Rashidun caliphs," "Rightly Guided caliphs," or equivalents until "Mu'awiyah"; prompt on Amir al-Mu'minin', Miramolinus, Commander of the Faithful, or equivalents]