Hendrik Lorentz formulated his namesake length contraction  based on this theory, and observers moving at different speeds observe different time dilations,  according to this theory.
Thomas precession, which corrects the spin-orbit interaction in quantum mechanics, is a  consequence of this theory. This theory is based on the Minkowski space, and it gives rise to the  composition law for velocities. Hendrik Lorentz formulated his namesake length contraction  based on this theory, and observers moving at different speeds observe different time dilations,  according to this theory. It is named because it only applies to the case of inertial reference  frames. Giving rise to mass-energy equivalence, for 10 points, identify this theory which, among  other things, states that nothing exceeds the speed of light.
Thomas precession, which corrects the spin-orbit interaction in quantum mechanics, is a  consequence of this theory.
special (theory of) relativity or SR or STR [prompt on partial answer]