He used the categories of "becoming," "knowing," "being," and "willing" in his doctoral dissertation, entitled On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason.  
One work by this philosopher, written in response to an essay contest posed by the Royal Danish Society of Scientific Studies, contains a history of ethics, especially criticizing those of Immanuel Kant, before claiming that it is sympathy that forms the titular basis of morality.   He argued that a certain group of people "remain children their whole life long" and "take the shortest way to their goal" in his essay "On (*) Women," which was originally included in his collection Parerga and Paralipomena.  He used the categories of "becoming," "knowing," "being," and "willing" in his doctoral dissertation, entitled On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason.  For 10 points, name this German philosopher who argued that electricity and gravity were the two components of desire in The World as Will and Representation.
One work by this philosopher, written in response to an essay contest posed by the Royal Danish Society of Scientific Studies, contains a history of ethics, especially criticizing those of Immanuel Kant, before claiming that it is sympathy that forms the titular basis of morality.   
Arthur {Schopenhauer}