For 10 points, name this condition that might cause an individual to only see shades of gray.
A 2009 experiment showed success using AAV vectors in gene therapy to treat this condition in squirrel monkeys. Subtypes of this condition differ in which of certain "L-, M-, or S-" cells they affect, and deuteranopia and protanopia are subtypes of this condition. The (*) Ishihara test for this condition uses numbers in a plate of differently sized dots. Approximately eight percent of males suffer from a hereditary, X-linked subtype of this condition termed "red-green," and the "total" subtype removes the ability to distinguish any pigments. For 10 points, name this condition that might cause an individual to only see shades of gray.
A 2009 experiment showed success using AAV vectors in gene therapy to treat this condition in squirrel monkeys.
color blindness (or color vision deficiency; accept subtypes; don’t prompt or accept just “blindness”; Ed’s note: -50 imaginary points to anyone who mentions the word “fifty” after this tossup is over)