That formulation was developed by Caratheodory.
A 2002 test of this law by Wang et al used optical tweezers to trap latex particles in an aqueous solution. That experiment confirmed a theorem stating that this law is merely statistical and thus there exists a finite probability that this law does not hold.  That fluctuation theorem by Evan and Searles is analogous to an earlier proof of this law that was attacked by Zermelo for violating PoincarÃ©'s recurrence theorem. A mathematical formulation of this law states that for every open neighborhood of every state in a space, there exist states inaccessible by adiabatic changes. That formulation was developed by Caratheodory. Deriving this law from kinetic theory was shown to result in a "reversibility paradox" by Lochschmidt.  Boltzmann's formulation of it shows that the entropy of an isolated system must always be increasing. For 10 points, name this law that states no process can turn heat into work with perfect efficiency, thus preventing the creation of a perpetual motion machine.
A 2002 test of this law by Wang et al used optical tweezers to trap latex particles in an aqueous solution.
Second Law of Thermodynamics