The direction of this concept is tested with a positive test charge.
This concept explains why the torque of a dipole would cause it to rotate about its center. The Lorentz Force Law is a generalization of this concept, the expression of which can be calculated using Gauss's Law. The quantity of this concept within a conductor is zero and it runs perpendicular to the surface of a conductor. Coulomb's law can be used to find this property of a point charge, negative ones of which are oriented radially inward. The direction of this concept is tested with a positive test charge. For 10 points, name this concept measured in Newtons per Coulomb that is equal to the electric force divided by charge.
This concept explains why the torque of a dipole would cause it to rotate about its center.
{electric field}