For 10 points, name this phenomenon by which one event is responsible for another event occurring.
John Mackie defined this phenomenon via "INUS conditions." Gareth Evans used the example of Marco Polo mistakenly thinking "Madagascar" referred to the island to criticize a theory of names based on this phenomenon. The "fake barns" example confounds a theory of knowledge based on this phenomenon put forth by Alvin Goldman. David Lewis attempted to explain this phenomenon in terms of (*) counterfactuals. The mind associates ideas via contiguity, resemblance, and this phenomenon according to David Hume. Hume also claimed that our notions of this concept merely come from "constant conjunction" by using the example of billiard balls. The material, formal, efficient, and final types of this phenomenon are described in Aristotle's Metaphysics. For 10 points, name this phenomenon by which one event is responsible for another event occurring.
John Mackie defined this phenomenon via "INUS conditions." Gareth Evans used the example of Marco Polo mistakenly thinking "Madagascar" referred to the island to criticize a theory of names based on this phenomenon.
causation [or causality; or causes; or cause and effect]