This effect is explained by electrons and magnetic flux quanta attaching to each other in a way that multiple electrons attach to a single flux quantum, resulting in the creation of composite fermions.
Girvin, MacDonald, and Reed identified long-range topological order when considering the wavefunction of this effect. This phenomenon was first discovered in an attempt to form a Wigner solid in a gallium arsenide/aluminum gallium arsenide structure. This effect is explained by electrons and magnetic flux quanta attaching to each other in a way that multiple electrons attach to a single flux quantum, resulting in the creation of composite fermions. This effect can be described by using a filling factor of 1 over n in the Laughlin wavefunction, and Bolotin and Kim found this effect in an ultraclean sample of graphene. This effect requires a material with extremely low carrier density and an extremely high applied field, and was originally discovered by Daniel Tsui and Horst Stormer, for which they won the 1998 Nobel Prize. For 10 points, name this effect in which a magnetic field applied to a two-dimensional electron gas shows resistance in non-integer multiples of the von Klitzing constant.
Girvin, MacDonald, and Reed identified long-range topological order when considering the wavefunction of this effect.
fractional quantum Hall Effect [prompt on partial, do not accept "Integer Quantum Hall"]