A common index for this political phenomenon was developed by Daniel Kaufman, and decentralized forms of this phenomenon appear to hurt economic growth while centralized forms of it can act similarly to a tax.
A 1993 paper by Andrei Shleifer and Robert Vishny demonstrates that the social cost of this phenomenon is reduced when there is competition in the provision of a certain kind of good. That paper uses the example of an expensive bottling machine to argue that this phenomenon can lead to requests for unnecessarily expensive equipment. One study on this phenomenon by Raymond Fisman and Edward Miguel examined the rates of parking violations in New York City by (*) diplomats at the United Nations to proxy for this. A common index for this political phenomenon was developed by Daniel Kaufman, and decentralized forms of this phenomenon appear to hurt economic growth while centralized forms of it can act similarly to a tax. For 10 points, name this phenomenon which can be defined as "the sale by government officials of government property for personal gain" which is rampant in the politics of Africa, post-Communist Russia, and Illinois.
A 1993 paper by Andrei Shleifer and Robert Vishny demonstrates that the social cost of this phenomenon is reduced when there is competition in the provision of a certain kind of good.
corruption