A Polish mathematician who co-developed the hydrogen bomb lends his name to a "spiral" involving them.  
Halton's sequence is a quasi-random sequence generated using these objects, and the Mellin inversion method provides an error estimate for a theorem associated with them; an elementary proof of that theorem was discovered by Selberg and (*) Erdös.  A Polish mathematician who co-developed the hydrogen bomb lends his name to a "spiral" involving them.  Wilson's theorem states that for this kind of number x, quantity x minus one, factorial, is equal to -1 mod x, while Dirichlet proved that a series involving the reciprocal of these numbers diverges.  The fundamental theorem of arithmetic states that every positive integer can be uniquely represented as a product of these numbers.  For 10 points, name these numbers that are only divisible by one and themselves.
Halton's sequence is a quasi-random sequence generated using these objects, and the Mellin inversion method provides an error estimate for a theorem associated with them; an elementary proof of that theorem was discovered by Selberg and (*) Erdös.  
{prime} numbers [accept {prime}s; do not accept or prompt on anything more specific] (1) [DW]