The invention of this substance is legendarily attributed to a German called Berthold Schwarz.
This substance titles the third volume of The Venture of Islam, where Marshall Hodgson argued that this substance was vital to the creation of "military patronage states"—a hypothesis he articulated with William McNeill. The invention of this substance is legendarily attributed to a German called Berthold Schwarz. William of Rubruck may have brought this substance to Europe, since it appears in the Opus Majus of Roger Bacon. The three Islamic empires (*) based on this substance were the Mughals, Safavids, and Ottomans. An early formula for this substance incorporated birthwort herb. This substance, whose original name means "fire medicine," helped end feudal society in Europe. For 10 points, Taoist alchemists likely used saltpeter and sulfur to create what explosive substance?
This substance titles the third volume of The Venture of Islam, where Marshall Hodgson argued that this substance was vital to the creation of "military patronage states"—a hypothesis he articulated with William McNeill.
gunpowder [or black powder; huoyao; accept fire medicine before mention; prompt on “saltpeter”]