Tournament and roulette wheel are two common implementations of another of their components, and "two-point" is a type of crossover used in these algorithms.
The underlying success of these algorithms was proven in a theorem by John Holland.  One technique used in these algorithms can be implemented with a uniform or half-uniform operation, the latter of which swaps half the (*) Hamming distance. Tournament and roulette wheel are two common implementations of another of their components, and "two-point" is a type of crossover used in these algorithms. Selection functions weigh bit sequences by their fitness in, for 10 points, what class of algorithms used to find local or absolute solutions to optimization problems, a class of evolutionary algorithms employing "chromosomes..
The underlying success of these algorithms was proven in a theorem by John Holland.  
{Genetic} Algorithm [prompt on {GA}]