Data from the GRACE satellite has computed this entity to 2159 orders, and another model of this entity has combination solutions to 70 orders of harmonics, and blocks diagonal and quadrature solutions to the remaining orders up to 360; that is the EGM96 model.
The Hirvonen function is used alongside the Least Squares Collocation method for computing this construct locally. Transforming from real space to Helmert space is a key step in Vanicek's method of computing this entity precisely. Data from the GRACE satellite has computed this entity to 2159 orders, and another model of this entity has combination solutions to 70 orders of harmonics, and blocks diagonal and quadrature solutions to the remaining orders up to 360; that is the EGM96 model. The difference between the height of this entity and the height of the reference ellipsoid is equal to the disturbing potential over gamma according to the Bruns formula; that quantity is known as its namesake (*) undulation. The plumb line is always perpendicular to this entity, which can be constructed approximately using the Stokes integral. This construct is depressed by mantle thickening and elevated in orogenic regions. For 10 points, name this shape that corresponds to the shape which gives the mean sea level of a water-covered earth.
The Hirvonen function is used alongside the Least Squares Collocation method for computing this construct locally.
geoid [prompt on “Earth’s gravitational field” or similar answers]