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This thinker began his career by attacking Rousseau's views on language, in an appendix to his translation of the second Discourse. He hypothesized that hieroglyphics naturally lead to idolatry, and thus it required an enormous, possibly divinely granted leap, to transition to modern alphabets. He argued for separation of church and state by noting that the former only has "imperfect" rights and no powers of coercion; thus, "the power of religion is love and beneficence," as opposed to the state's "physical power." This thinker's most famous book begins by analyzing how Hobbes and Locke tried to protect "liberty of conscience" from the state, and then argues that Christianity's unprovable dogmas inherently repress that liberty. This philosopher attacked Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi's pantheist version of (*) Spinoza in To Lessing's Friends. Charles Bonnet's "physiological" justification of Christianity was used by Johann Kaspar Lavater in an infamous attempt to convert this philosopher. For 10 points, name this author of Jerusalem, the leading light of the Jewish Enlightenment, who was also the grandfather of a composer named Felix.
This thinker began his career by attacking Rousseau's views on language, in an appendix to his translation of the second Discourse.
Moses Mendelssohn [accept Mosheh Mendelssohn] 