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This policy was the subject of a 2005 study conducted by Espenshade and Chung. A recent court case about it coined the phrase "narrowly tailored" and was remanded for failing to meet strict scrutiny. The "compelling interest" test is required for this policy, the subject of 2009's Ricci v. DeStefano. Critics of it say it leads to "mismatch." Two cases named for Lee Bollinger, president of the University of Michigan, covered this policy, which the Supreme Court avoided ruling on in 2013 with Abigail Fisher's lawsuit against the University of Texas. For 10 points, name this policy in which an underrepresented group has better odds of gaining employment or admission.
This policy was the subject of a 2005 study conducted by Espenshade and Chung.
affirmative action [prompt on "reverse discrimination" or "discrimination"]