For 10 points, name this Claude Steele-proposed psychological notion that performance is negatively affected by knowledge of the prejudicial beliefs of others.
Though it went unpublicized for decades, this phenomenon was first observed by Irwin Katz in the 1960s. A critique of this concept by Paul Sackett et al. pointed out a lack of external validity and noted that effect sizes were often misreported in the press. Toni Schmader and others have argued that underlying mechanisms of this effect include stress arousal, vigilance, and impairment of working memory and self-regulation, while Geoff Cohen and others have shown that self-affirmation can counteract its effect. Its primary advocate, whose twin brother Shelby developed the related concept of "racial vulnerability", demonstrated this phenomenon in a famous study with Joshua Aronson, showing that black students performed less well on difficult GRE questions when they were described as a test of intelligence. For 10 points, name this Claude Steele-proposed psychological notion that performance is negatively affected by knowledge of the prejudicial beliefs of others.
Though it went unpublicized for decades, this phenomenon was first observed by Irwin Katz in the 1960s.
stereotype threat [or social identity threat]