(*) Arthur Schopenhauer criticized this book's idea that all sensation is ultimately the effect of independent and unknowable objects, the noumenon or "thing-in-itself", found in this book that puts geometry in the category of thought that is both synthetic and a priori.
This book lists debates over the size of the universe and over the existence of God as examples of arguments in which rational thinking seems equally suited to prove either side. In its second edition, this book argues against skepticism of an external world by showing that the temporal ordering of our mental states that the skeptic presumes already requires some outside, permanent substances. It borrows Leibniz's idea of the "tools of understanding", and divides those tools into categories of quantity, quality, relation, and modality. (*) Arthur Schopenhauer criticized this book's idea that all sensation is ultimately the effect of independent and unknowable objects, the noumenon or "thing-in-itself", found in this book that puts geometry in the category of thought that is both synthetic and a priori. For 10 points, name this first critique by Immanuel Kant.
This book lists debates over the size of the universe and over the existence of God as examples of arguments in which rational thinking seems equally suited to prove either side.
Critique of Pure Reason [or Kritik der reinen Vernulft] &lt;Bailey&gt;