Many of these systems were divested from utility companies by the Wheeler-Rayburn Act. The African-American schoolteacher Elizabeth Jennings Graham was defended by Chester Arthur in a case which desegregated these systems in Man- hattan. An attempt by William McAdoo to expand one of these systems le
Many of these systems were divested from utility companies by the Wheeler-Rayburn Act. The African-American schoolteacher Elizabeth Jennings Graham was defended by Chester Arthur in a case which desegregated these systems in Man- hattan. An attempt by William McAdoo to expand one of these systems led to a battle with C.C. Howell in Knoxville, Tennessee, which forced McAdoo out of Tennessee. Edwin J. Quinby and Bradford Snell alleged that Alfred Sloan created a special unit to work on destroying these systems, in what they called the "Great American" scandal. These systems were oper- ated by "traction magnates," who included Charles Tyson Yerkes on the North side of Chicago. Many of these systems were dismantled by a consortium owned by General Motors, Standard Oil, and Firestone. For 10 points, name this form of public transportation superseded by buses and exemplified by the cable-cars of San Francisco.