Gilli's studies of the transition state forms of these entities employed their resonance-assisted versions in 1-(X-phenylazo)-2-naphthols. The migration of a proton along one 
Gilli's studies of the transition state forms of these entities employed their resonance-assisted versions in 1-(X-phenylazo)-2-naphthols. The migration of a proton along one of these provides one step in Grotthuss diffusion, which helps explain why they are grouped with related oscillating ion interactions. These interactions can form clathrate-like cages to separate two types of molecules. They occur over a range of 2.2 to 2.5 Angstroms in their short-strong or low-barrier forms, and these interactions occur between i and i+4 positions on alpha helices. Stabilization via these interactions explains the low density of ice. For 10 points, name these strong covalent interactions typically occurring between fluorine, nitrogen, or oxygen and the namesake element.
Gilli's studies of the transition state forms of these entities employed their resonance-assisted versions in 1-(X-phenylazo)-2-naphthols.
hydrogen bonds [or H-bonds]