Carol Myers-Scotton developed the Markedness Model for this phenomenon, claiming that it is used to index social codes. Shana Poplack studied this phenomenon among Puerto Ricans in New York in a seminal work which proposed the equivalence constraint 
Carol Myers-Scotton developed the Markedness Model for this phenomenon, claiming that it is used to index social codes. Shana Poplack studied this phenomenon among Puerto Ricans in New York in a seminal work which proposed the equivalence constraint on this phenomenon, which states that it cannot occur at points which would violate the syntactic rules of either language. Phonological and morphological integration can be used as criteria to distinguish it from borrowing. Early scholars treated it as substandard usage, but it was later discovered that balanced bilinguals are more likely to engage in it than non-balanced bilinguals. For 10 points, name this phenomenon in which multilinguals alternate fluidly between languages in conversation.
Carol Myers-Scotton developed the Markedness Model for this phenomenon, claiming that it is used to index social codes.
code-switching [or code-mixing]