In 1971, Theodor Benzinger proposed a thermal version of this quantity which is useful in analyzing the energetics of protein folding. It appears as a
In 1971, Theodor Benzinger proposed a thermal version of this quantity which is useful in analyzing the energetics of protein folding. It appears as a term in the Richardson-Dushman equation, which relates the current density of a thermionic emission to this quantity and temperature. It can also be obtained from the slope of a Fowler-Nordheim plot, and its change is measured by determining the contact potential difference with a Kelvin Probe. FTP, name this quantity ►symbolized phi which is the least amount of energy required to remove an electron from the surface of a conducting material to a point immediately outside the metal at absolute zero. 
In 1971, Theodor Benzinger proposed a thermal version of this quantity which is useful in analyzing the energetics of protein folding.
work function