Occurring when there is a vacancy in the innermost K shell of electrons, an electron drops from a higher energy state to fill the vacancy, and the available energy also expels an electron from the atom.  
Commonly used for spectroscopy of surfaces, this probability of this effect occurring increases with atomic number; for atoms lighter than zinc X-ray emission is more likely.  Occurring when there is a vacancy in the innermost K shell of electrons, an electron drops from a higher energy state to fill the vacancy, and the available energy also expels an electron from the atom.  For 10 points - identify this effect, discovered independently by Lise Meitner and the French physicist for whom it is named.
Commonly used for spectroscopy of surfaces, this probability of this effect occurring increases with atomic number; for atoms lighter than zinc X-ray emission is more likely.  
Auger Effect