Expansionary fiscal policy causes crowding out by increasing this quantity, which is depicted on the vertical axis of a loanable funds market graph.
The Heath-Jarrow-Morton model uses stochastic equations to model forward curves for this quantity. The TED spread uses the difference between two types of this quantity as a risk indicator. In macroeconomics, it is the independent variable of the IS curve. Inflation is the difference between two forms of this quantity that are related by the Fisher equation. Expansionary fiscal policy causes crowding out by increasing this quantity, which is depicted on the vertical axis of a loanable funds market graph. EURIBOR and LIBOR are notable examples of these quantities, for which a short-term value of zero may indicate a liquidity trap. For 10 points, name this value that a borrower pays for the use of a lender's assets.
The Heath-Jarrow-Morton model uses stochastic equations to model forward curves for this quantity.
real interest rate [accept nominal interest rate; prompt on "i" or "r"]