That example of this phenomenon, which can alternatively be described in terms of the Villain interaction, causes spontaneous breaking of the continuous U(1) ["U-1"] and discrete Z2 ["Z sub 2"] symmetries in the FFXY model.
A March 2014 paper by S.H. Kang et al. discusses this phenomenon coupling to elasticity in continuum structures. This phenomenon corresponds locally to a value of negative-one for a plaquette variable. One example of this phenomenon arises from the gauge invariance of the phase angle difference in the Hamiltonian expression for a Josephson junction array. That example of this phenomenon, which can alternatively be described in terms of the Villain interaction, causes spontaneous breaking of the continuous U(1) ["U-1"] and discrete Z2 ["Z sub 2"] symmetries in the FFXY model. A mean field approximation of this phenomenon's long-range effects is central to Sherrington and Kirkpatrick's extension of the Ising model. This phenomenon can create quenched disorder in materials that exhibit antiferromagnetism, such as a spin glass. For 10 points, name this phenomenon in which a system's geometrical configuration makes minimizing all interaction energies impossible.
A March 2014 paper by S.H. Kang et al. discusses this phenomenon coupling to elasticity in continuum structures.
geometrical frustration