The Onsager reciprocal relations are used to derive the Thomson relations for this effect, one of which describes the Peltier effect.
Materials that efficiently exhibit this effect include skutterudite whose void spaces are doped with rare-earth metals, in which the doped atom "rattles" in a cage. Common materials that exhibit this effect include heavy atom semiconductors like lead telluride alloys. The magnitude of this effect is measured by the zT factor, which is maximized for the smallest band gap such that it is still large enough to minimize the number of minority (*) carriers. The ideal material exhibiting this effect would be an electron crystal-phonon glass. The Onsager reciprocal relations are used to derive the Thomson relations for this effect, one of which describes the Peltier effect. The Seebeck coefficient quantifies another form of this effect used in thermocouples. For 10 points, name this effect describing the inter-conversion between voltage difference and temperature gradients.
Materials that efficiently exhibit this effect include skutterudite whose void spaces are doped with rare-earth metals, in which the doped atom "rattles" in a cage.
thermoelectric effect (accept thermomagnetic effect until "zT"; accept Thomson effect or Peltier effect or Seebeck effect until respectively mentioned, prompt afterwards; do not accept "pyroelectric effect" or "Joule-Thomson effect")