This quantity and torsion are coefficients for calculating the derivatives of the tangent, normal, and binormal vectors of a curve according to the Frenet-Serret formulas.
This quantity over certain closed loops must be greater than 4pi according to the Fary-Milnor theorem. For 3-dimensional manifolds, the shape operator is an extrinsic type of this quantity, while its determinant is an intrinsic type. This quantity and torsion are coefficients for calculating the derivatives of the tangent, normal, and binormal vectors of a curve according to the Frenet-Serret formulas. This quantity is the inverse of the radius of a curve's osculating circle. This quantity can be measured using the Ricci or Riemann tensors, and the aforementioned determinant is the Gaussian type of this quantity. For 10 points, name this quantity which measures how much a manifold deviates from flatness.
This quantity over certain closed loops must be greater than 4pi according to the Fary-Milnor theorem.
{curvature} [accept “{extrinsic curvature}” until mentioned]