This set of lecture notes begins by making a distinction between the parole and langue.
One chapter of this work contains an illustration of the cutting away of a cross-section of a plant to illustrate how studying the titular discipline in a point in time is dealing with "a system of values with modifications to it."That idea is used to argue  that the titular discipline can be studied with respect to evolutionary processes called diachrony and with respect to "states,"called synchrony. This work cites "popular etymology" as one way that those states may evolve, but is only possible to do so through verbal use of words. This work claims that auditory forms of communication are inherently "linear" or (*) "syntagmatic" and that since writing can be "multi- dimensional," it is associative. This set of lecture notes begins by making a distinction between the parole and langue. Arguing that the basic unit of linguistic meaning is a "sign" which can be broken into a signified and signifier component, for 10 points, name this work of Ferdinand de Saussure.
One chapter of this work contains an illustration of the cutting away of a cross-section of a plant to illustrate how studying the titular discipline in a point in time is dealing with "a system of values with modifications to it."That idea is used to argue  that the titular discipline can be studied with respect to evolutionary processes called diachrony and with respect to "states,"called synchrony.
{Course} in {General Linguistics} [or {Cours} de {linguistique générale}]