For 10 points, name these long vertical columns of hot upwelling rock which ascend from their namesake layer of the Earth.
Luther and Whitehead provided the initial laboratory evidence for these phenomena and formulated a fluid dynamical model for them, using evidence of isotopic ratios to hypothesize their role in entrainment. Schilling performed measurements of their volume fluxes after they were proposed in 1971 by W. Jason Morgan, who elaborated on an earlier theory of John Tuzo Wilson. In their final stage of development, decompression melting can result in formation of flood basalts or ocean plateaus. For 10 points, name these long vertical columns of hot upwelling rock which ascend from their namesake layer of the Earth.
Luther and Whitehead provided the initial laboratory evidence for these phenomena and formulated a fluid dynamical model for them, using evidence of isotopic ratios to hypothesize their role in entrainment.
mantle plumes