For 10 points, identify this philosophical treatise by Arthur Schopenhauer.
One portion of this work argued that popular theories of punishment, championed by the likes of Pufendorf, were limited because they promote justice by referring to the future, rather than the past.  In another section, it asks "Who would guess why the fish is a symbol of Christianity," before showing how the object of perception is actually made incomprehensible through the use of allegory.  Book IV, which deals with Ethics, discusses the case of starvation as a situation where an individual has renounced one of the title concepts.  Originally published with an appendix that outlines a polemic against Kantian concepts, its preface advises the reader to seek out its author's "On the Fourfold Root of the Principal of Sufficient Reason" before tackling this tome which was heavily influenced by Hindu philosophy, but criticized for its overwhelming pessimism.  For 10 points, identify this philosophical treatise by Arthur Schopenhauer.
One portion of this work argued that popular theories of punishment, championed by the likes of Pufendorf, were limited because they promote justice by referring to the future, rather than the past.  
The World as Will and Idea or The World as Will and Representation or Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung