An official called a defterdar was responsible for implementing these measures, which were typically auctioned off via the muqata'ah.
An official called a defterdar was responsible for implementing these measures, which were typically auctioned off via the muqata'ah. The haraj was the most important one of these measures during the reign of Mehmet II by an order of magnitude or more. Haraj could be considered an example of jizya, which signified a higher status than zakat during the early Islamic period, since the latter was associated with nomads while the former pertained to Christians, members of the community of the faithful. Devshirme may be considered a form of this, in that case paid in kind as it enslaved children to the Ottoman state, where they came to be a ruling class. For 10 points, these are all Islamic examples of what type of coercive measures enacted to finance state activities?
An official called a defterdar was responsible for implementing these measures, which were typically auctioned off via the muqata'ah.
{taxes}