The kinetic equation that describes them may be derived by applying the Wigner-Moyal transform to their respective field relations.
Malaspina and Ergun offer an interpretation of examples of these entities which possess transverse electric fields as eigenmodes of solar wind density cavities. The kinetic equation that describes them may be derived by applying the Wigner-Moyal transform to their respective field relations. Their conversion to electromagnetic radiation is a key mechanism of Type-III Solar Bursts. Their propagation is governed by the (*) Bohm-Gross relation, and the Zakharov equations describe their interaction with the oscillatory modes with which they are always associated, which leads to a deceleration known as Landau Damping. Resulting from density enhancements which violate local charge neutrality, they may generate voltages higher than 100 giga-electron volts per meter. FTP, name these rapid fluctuations in electron density in a plasma, the fastest known matter waves.
Malaspina and Ergun offer an interpretation of examples of these entities which possess transverse electric fields as eigenmodes of solar wind density cavities.
{Langmuir} Waves