The transcription factors Teashirt and Tiptop act redundantly in stellate cells, which take part in chloride ion conductance in these structures whereas principal cells contain proton/cation exchangers for osmoregulation.
The Kruppel gene is anomalously upregulated by huckebein and tailless in this tissue. Two new species of spore-forming protists were recently found in these structures in the species Archimandrita tessellata and Lucihormetica verrucosa, whose adults may have up to 150 of them whereas the embryos typically have only four. These structures play a role in immunity by secreting antimicrobial peptides that kill pathogens completely independently of the fat body. The transcription factors Teashirt and Tiptop act redundantly in stellate cells, which take part in chloride ion conductance in these structures whereas principal cells contain proton/cation exchangers for osmoregulation. Hemolymph passes through one layer of cuboidal epithelial cells to reach the lumen of, for 10 points, these structures used for renal excretion in insects.
The Kruppel gene is anomalously upregulated by huckebein and tailless in this tissue.
Malpighian tubules