In type II superconductors in an external magnetic field above the lower critical value, magnetic flux penetrates the conductor in the form of these.
The Kosterlitz-Thouless transition in the XY model arises from a Coulomb gas of these, whose proliferation is thermodynamically favored at high temperatures. They have an associated nonzero integer winding number and represent a form of localized disorder. In type II superconductors in an external magnetic field above the lower critical value, magnetic flux penetrates the conductor in the form of these. K?m? streets involve a staggered pattern of them. In fluid dynamics, they are detected by a namesake quantity computed as the curl of the velocity distribution. In the atmosphere they occur on many different scales, including tornados and hurricanes. For 10 points, what is this physical phenomenon in which there is some circular flux around a center?
The Kosterlitz-Thouless transition in the XY model arises from a Coulomb gas of these, whose proliferation is thermodynamically favored at high temperatures.
vortex [or vortices]