For 10 points, name this German who conceptualized the monad and co-developed calculus with Newton.
The four days this thinker spent in 1676 with Baruch Spinoza are examined in the new book The Courtier and the Heretic. This man argued against Spinoza's monism by positing an infinitude of extensionless entities which manifest the universe, a contention which also denied the possibility of mind-body dualism. His claims about the goodness of God's world in his Theodicy were mercilessly lambasted by Voltaire, who used this man as the basis for Pangloss. For 10 points, name this German who conceptualized the monad and co-developed calculus with Newton.
The four days this thinker spent in 1676 with Baruch Spinoza are examined in the new book The Courtier and the Heretic.
Gottfried Wilhelm von {Leibniz}