The curl of this quantity is equal to the negative time derivative of the magnetic field by Faraday's law of induction.
Crystals that lack inversion symmetry exhibit a linear induced birefringence in the presence of this entity in the Pockels effect. Sometimes also named for Lo Surdo is the splitting of spectral lines by one of these, the Stark effect. The permittivity of free space times the susceptibility cross this quantity gives the polarization. The curl of this quantity is equal to the negative time derivative of the magnetic field by Faraday's law of induction. The magnitude of this is given by an inverse square law named for Coulomb. For 10 points, give this quantity, the gradient of the electric potential, which is either measured in volts per meter or newtons per coulomb.
Crystals that lack inversion symmetry exhibit a linear induced birefringence in the presence of this entity in the Pockels effect.
{electric field} [or {E}]