Frank Knight wrote a work that contrasts this with another title concept, claiming that this is not randomness with unknowable probabilities, "this", Uncertainty and Profit.
Franco Modigliani and his granddaughter Leah developed M-squared to match this in stocks with a benchmark index, and the Q-measure of probability is also known as "this"-neutral. Bondholders are concerned with the reinvestment form of this concept. Buying a stock while simultaneously selling a call option removes this as a decision criterion and beta is a measure of this relative to the market. Frank Knight wrote a work that contrasts this with another title concept, claiming that this is not randomness with unknowable probabilities, "this", Uncertainty and Profit. Moral hazard arises when all of this is transferred away from a person; for 10 points, identify this concept that focuses on the chance an investment will provide a low or negative return and that is usually denoted by the lower case sigma.
Franco Modigliani and his granddaughter Leah developed M-squared to match this in stocks with a benchmark index, and the Q-measure of probability is also known as "this"-neutral.
{risk}