For ten points, identify this policy which took its name from Kennedy's Executive Order 10925, which was meant to ensure that "applicants are employed without regard to race," and whose constitutionality was upheld in the 1978 case of Bakke v. UC Regents.
One restrictive implementation of this concept by a federal court was allowed to stand when the Supreme Court refused to accept the appeal in Hopwood v. Texas. One Supreme Court case centrally involving this concept, Johnson v. Transportation Agency of Santa Clara County, saw the scope of this concept greatly expanded. In another case involving this concept, the Supreme Court rejected the logic of "business necessity," and allowed the implementation of this concept on the basis of statistical evidence. That case was Griggs v. Duke Power Company, and legislation implementing this policy includes the 1972 extension of Title VII, the Equal Employment Opportunity Act. For ten points, identify this policy which took its name from Kennedy's Executive Order 10925, which was meant to ensure that "applicants are employed without regard to race," and whose constitutionality was upheld in the 1978 case of Bakke v. UC Regents.
One restrictive implementation of this concept by a federal court was allowed to stand when the Supreme Court refused to accept the appeal in Hopwood v. Texas.
American History