This phenomenon emerges from gauge invariance much as charge quantization emerges from the existence of magnetic monopoles.
Static metrics on spacetime manifolds with nonzero first Betti number, such as an infinite rotating cylinder, give a family of solutions that are locally the same but globally distinct in a gravitational analogue of this effect reported by John Stachel. Resistance oscillations as a function of magnetic flux were observed in nanotubes by Bachtold as a consequence of this effect. This phenomenon emerges from gauge invariance much as charge quantization emerges from the existence of magnetic monopoles. Its magnetic type gives a phase shift proportional to the path integral of the vector potential sometimes named for Berry, and it is usually observed following a particle's motion around a solenoid, and it was verified when it was observed that the interference pattern of a beam of uniform energy electrons had changed. For 10 points, name this phenomenon predicted by Ehrenberg and Siday in which a charged particle in a region where the B and E fields are excluded is nonetheless affected by the vector potential.
Static metrics on spacetime manifolds with nonzero first Betti number, such as an infinite rotating cylinder, give a family of solutions that are locally the same but globally distinct in a gravitational analogue of this effect reported by John Stachel.
Ehrenberg-Siday-{Aharonov}-{Bohm} effect