It is important to assess pain from a multi-disciplinary perspective and not from a single vantage point, considering that medical and scientific experience is constantly adjusting in response to the changes brought about by human evolution. 1. Palier CJ, Campbell CM, Edwards RR, Dobs AS. Sex-based differences in pain perception and treatment. Pain Med. 2009;10:289-99. 4. Wizeman TM, Pardue M-L. Exploring the biological contributions to human health. In: Does sex matter? Washington: National Academy Press; 2001. 5. Rabinowicz T, Dean DE, Petetot JM, de Courten-Myers GM. Gender differences in the human cerebral cortex: more neurons in males; more processes in females. J Child Neurol. 1999;14:98-107. 6. Moulton EA, Keaser ML, Gullapalli RP, Maitra R, Greenspan JD. Sex differences in the cerebral BOLD signal response to painful heat stimuli. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2006;291:R257-67. 7. Bryant CD, Eitan S, Sinchak K, Fanselow MS, Evans CJ. NMDA receptor antagonism disrupts the development of morphine analgesic tolerance in male, but not female C57BL/6J mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2006;291:R315-26. 8. Pool GJ, Schwegler AF, Theodore BR, Fuchs PN. Role of gender norms and group identification on hypothetical and experimental pain tolerance. Pain. 2007;129:122-9. 11. Chang L, Mayer EA, Labus JS, Schmulson M, Lee OY, Olivas TI, et al. Effect of sex on perception of rectosigmoid stimuli in irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2006;291:R277-84. 12. Sherman JJ, LeResche L. Does experimental pain response vary across the menstrual cycle? A methodological review. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2006;291: R245-56. 13. Riley III JL, Robinson ME, Wise EA, Myers CD, Fillingim RB. Sex differences in the perception of noxious experimental stimuli: a meta-analysis. Pain. 1998;74:181-7. 15. Giamberardino MA, Berkley KJ, Iezzi S, de Bigontina P, Vecchiet L. Pain threshold variations in somatic wall tissues as a function of menstrual cycle, segmental site and tissue depth in non-dysmenorrheic women, dysmenorrheic women and men. Pain. 1997;71:187-97. 16. Stening K, Eriksson O, Wahren L, Berg G, Hammar M, Blomqvist A. Pain sensations to the cold pressor test in normally menstruating women: comparison with men and relation to menstrual phase and serum sex steroid levels. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2007;293:1711-6. 17. Smith YR, Stohler CS, Nichols TE, Bueller JA, Koeppe RA, Zubieta JK. Pronociceptive and antinociceptive effects of estradiol through endogenous opioid neurotransmission in women. J Neurosci. 2006;26:5777-85. 18. Timmons BW, Hamadeh MJ, Tarnopolsky MA. No effect of short-term 17ß-estradiol supplementation in healthy men on systemic inflammatory responses to exercise. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2006;291:R285-90. 19. Von Korff M, Dworkin SF, Le Resche L, Kruger A. An epidemiologic comparison of pain complaints. Pain. 1988;32:173-83. 20. LeResche L. Epidemiologic perspectives on sex differences in pain. In: Fillingim RB, editor. Sex, gender, and pain, progress in pain research and management, 17. Seattle: IASP Press; 2000. p. 2339. 22. LeResche L, Mancl LA, Drangsholt MT, Saunders K, Korff MV. Relationship of pain and symptoms to pubertal development in adolescents. Pain. 2005;118:201-9. 24. Levine FM, De Simone LL. The effects of experimenter gender on pain report in male and female subjects. Pain. 1991;44:69-72. 25. Gijsbers K, Nicholson F. Experimental pain thresholds influenced by sex of experimenter. Percept Mot Skills. 2005;101:803-7. 26. Rolke R, Baron R, Maier C, Tôlle TR, Treede RD, Beyer A, et al. Quantitative sensory testing in the German Research Network on Neuropathic Pain DFNS: standardized protocol and reference values. Pain. 2006;123:231-43. 27. Lariviere M, Goffaux P, Marchand S, Julien N. Changes in pain perception and descending inhibitory controls start at middle age in healthy adults. Clin J Pain. 2007;23: 506-10. 28. Pickering G, Jourdan D, Eschalier A, Dubray C. Impact of age, gender and cognitive functioning on pain perception. Gerontology. 2002;48:112-8. 29. Sullivan MJ, Rodgers WM, Kirsch I. Catastrophizing, depression and expectancies for pain and emotional distress. Pain. 2001;91:147-54. 30. Swimmer GI, Robinson ME, Geisser ME. Relationship of MMPI cluster type, pain coping strategy, and treatment outcome. Clin J Pain. 1992;8:131-7. 31. Thorn BE, Ward LC, Sullivan MJ, Boothby JL. Communal coping model of catastrophizing: conceptual model building. Pain. 2003;106:1-2. 32. Kest B, Sarton E, Dahan A. Gender differences in opioid mediated analgesia. Animal and human studies. Anesthesiology. 2000;93:539-47. 33. Aubrun F, Salvi N, Coriat P, Riou B. Sex- and age-related differences in morphine requirements for postoperative pain relief. Anesthesiology. 2005;103:156-60. 34. Cepeda MS, Carr D. Women experience more pain and require more morphine than men to achieve a similar degree of analgesia. Anesth Analg. 2003;97:1464-8. 35. Rhudy JL, Grimes JS, Meagher MW. Fear-induced hypoalgesia in humans: effects on low intensity thermal stimulation and finger temperature. J Pain. 2004;5:458-68. 36. Sternberg WF, Bokat C, Kass L, Alboyadjian A, Gracely RH. Sex-dependent components of the analgesia produced by athletic competition. J Pain. 2001;2:65-74. 37. Koltyn KF, Trine MR, Stegner AJ, Tobar DA. Effect of isometric exercise on pain perception and blood pressure in men and women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33:282-90. 38. Florez S, León M, Torres M, Reyes F, Serpa J, Ríos A. Manejo farmacológico del dolor neuropático. Rev Col Anest. 2010;37:356-72. 39. Torrance N, Smith BH, Bennett MI, Lee AJ. The epidemiology of chronic pain of predominantly neuropathic origin: results from a general population survey. J Pain. 2006;7: 281-9. 40. Velásquez JF, Manínez M. Medicina del dolor neuropático. Características clínicas y epidemiológicas. Medicina UPB. 2005;24:49-56. 41. Romberg R, Olofsen E, Sarton E, den Hartigh J, Taschner PE, Dahan A. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of morphine-6-glucuronide-induced analgesia in healthy volunteers: absence of sex differences. Anesthesiology. 2004;100:120-33. 42. Miaskowski C, Gear RW, Levine JD. Sex-related differences in analgesic responses. In: Fillingim R, editor. Sex, gender and pain. Seattle, WA: IASP Press; 2000. p. 209-30. 43. Gear RW, Miaskowski C, Gordon NC, Paul SM, Heller PH, Levine JD. The kappa opioid nalbuphine produces gender-and dose-dependent analgesia and antianalgesia in patients with postoperative pain. Pain. 1999;83:339-45. 44. Pud D, Yarnitsky D, Sprecher E, Rogowski Z, Adler R, Eisenberg E. Can personality traits and gender predict the response to morphine? An experimental cold pain study. Eur J Pain. 2006;10:103-12. 46. Fassoulaki A, Melemeni A, Paraskeva A, Siafaka I, Sarantopoulos C. Postoperative pain and analgesic requirements after anesthesia with sevoflurane, desflurane or propofol. Anesth Analg. 2008;107:1715-9.
Las mujeres presentan umbrales más bajos de dolor en referencia al dolor neuropático, al dolor por presiones y al dolor por electricidad, y a pesar de ello responden mejor a los opioides que el sexo masculino mediado por el receptor κ .