Post liver transplant care is complex because of the particular complications that occur in these patients, but it is possible to achieve total recovery and restore their social, family and work lives. 1. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement: liver transplantation--June 20-23, 1983. Hepatology 1984; 4 1 suppl: S107-10. 2. Starzl TE, Groth CG, Brettschneider L, et al. Orthotopic homotransplantation of the human liver. Ann Surg 1968; 1683: 392-415. 3. P Thuluvath, M Guidinger, et al. Liver Transplantation in the United States, 1999-2008. American Journal of Transplantation 2010; 10Part 2: 1003-1019. 4. Hosein Shokouh-Amiri M, Osama Gaber A, Bagous WA, et al. Choice of surgical technique influences perioperative outcomes in liver transplantation. Ann Surg 2002; 231: 814. 5. Greif F, Bronsther OL, Van Thiel DH, et al. The incidence, timing, and management of biliary tract complications after orthotopic liver transplantation. Ann Surg 1994; 219: 40. 6. Hendriks HG, van der Meer J, de Wolf JT, et al. Intraoperative blood transfusion requirement is the main determinant of early surgical re-intervention after orthotopic liver transplantation. Transpl Int 2005; 17: 673-9. 7. Mandell MS, Lezotte D, Kam I, Zamudio S. Reduced use of intensive care after liver transplantation: influence of early extubation. Liver Transpl 2002; 8: 676-681. 8. Fan ST, Cheung ST, Lo CM. Indications for liver transplantation in patients with chronic hepatitis B and C virus infection and hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2000; 15Suppl: E181-E186. 9. Mazzaferro V, Regalia E, Doci R, Andreola S, Pulvirenti A, Bozzetti F, Montalto F. Liver transplantation for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 693-699. 10. Yao FY, Ferrell L, Bass NM, et al. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: expansion of the tumor size limits does not adversely impact survival. Hepatology 2001; 33: 1394-403. 12. Cross TJ, Antoniades CG, Muiesan P, Al-Chalabi T, et al. Liver transplantation in patients over 60 and 65 years: an evaluation of long-term outcomes and survival. Liver Transpl 2007; 1310: 1382-8. 13. Eisenbach C, Merle U, Stremmel W, Encke J. Liver transplantation in HIV-positive patients. Clin Transplant 2009; 23Suppl 21: 68-74. 14. Trotter JF. Impact of the model for endstage liver disease score on liver transplantation. Curr Opinion Organ Transplant 2007; 12: 294-297. 15. Malinchoc M, Kamath PS, Gordon FD, Peine CJ, Rank J, Borg PC. A model to predict poor survival in patients undergoing transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts. Hepatology 2000; 314: 864-871. 16. Habib S, Berk B, Chang CC, et al. MELD and prediction of postliver transplantation survival. Liver Transpl 2006; 12: 440-447. 17. Merion RM, Schaubel DE, Dykstra DM, et al. The survival benefit of liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 2005; 5: 307-313. 18. Freeman RB, Mithoefer A, Ruthazer R, et al. Optimizing staging for hepatocellular carcinoma before liver transplantation: A retrospective analysis of the UNOS/OPTN data-base. Liver Transpl 2006; 12: 1504-1511. 19. Machicao VI, Srinivas TR, Hemming AW, et al. Impact of implementation of the MELD scoring system on the prevalence and incidence of chronic renal disease following liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2006; 12: 754-761. 20. Biggins SW, Rodriguez HJ, Bacchetti P, et al. Serum Sodium predicts mortality in patients listed for liver transplantation. Hepatology 2005; 41: 32-39. 21. Renz J, Kin C, Kinkhabwala M, et al. Utilization of extended donor criteria liver allografts maximizes donor use and patient access to liver transplantation. Ann Surg 2005; 242: 556-63. 23. Giacomoni A, Lauterio A, Donadon M, et al. Should we still offer split-liver transplantation for two adult recipients? A retrospective study of our experience Liver Transpl 2008; 14: 999-1006. 24. Yamamoto S, Wilczek HE, Nowak G, et al. Liver transplantation for familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy FAP: a single-center experience over 16 years. Am J Transplant 2007; 7: 2597. 25. Calne RY, Rolles K, White DJ, et al. Cyclosporin A initially as the only immunosuppressant in 34 recipients of cadaveric organs: 32 kidneys, 2 pancreases, and 2 livers. Lancet 1979; 28151: 1033-1036. 26. Haddad E, McAlister V, Renouf E, Malthaner R, Kjaer MS, Gluud LL. Cyclosporin versus tacrolimus for liver transplanted patients. The Cochrane Collaboration 2009. 27. Montalbano M, Neff GW, Yamashiki N, Meyer D, .Tzakis AG et al. A retrospective review of liver transplant patients treated with sirolimus from a single center: an analysis of sirolimus-related complications. Transplantation 2004; 782: 264-8. 28. Goralczyk AD, Hauke N. Interleukin 2 receptor antagonists for liver transplant recipients: a systematic review and metaanalysis of controlled studies. Hepatology 2011; 542: 541-54. 29. Stange BJ, Glanemann M, Nuessler NC, et al. Hepatic artery thrombosis after adult liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2003; 9: 612-20. 30. Orons PD, Sheng R, Zajko AB. Hepatic artery stenosis: prevalence and cholangiographic appearance of associated biliary complications. Am J Roentgenol 1995; 165: 1145-1149. 31. Settmacher U, Nussler NC, Glanemann M, et al. Venous complications after orthotopic liver transplantation. Clin Transplant 2000; 14: 235-241. 32. Michael D. Darcy. Management of Venous Outflow Complications After Liver Transplantation. Tech Vasc Interventional Rad 2007; 10: 240-245. 33. Hampe T, Dogan A, Encke J, et al. Biliary complications after liver transplantation. Clin Transplant 2006; 20: 93-96. 34. Koneru B, Sterling MJ, Bahramipour PF. Bile duct strictures after liver transplantation: a changing landscape of the Achilles heel. Liver Transpl 2006; 12: 702-704. 35. Welling TH, Heidt DG, Englesbe MJ, Magee JC, Sung RS, Campbell DA, Punch JD, Pelletier SJ. Biliary complications following liver transplantation in the model for end-stage liver disease era: effect of donor, recipient, and technical factors. Liver Transpl 2008; 14: 73-80. 36. Londoño MC, Balderramo D, Cárdenas A. Management of biliary complications after orthotopic liver transplantation: the role of endoscopy. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14: 493-497. 37. Valls C, Alba E, Cruz M, Figueras J, Andia E, Sanchez A, Llado L, Serrano T. Biliary complications after liver transplantation: diagnosis with MR cholangiopancreatography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2005; 184: 812-820. 38. Salizzoni M, Cerutti E, Romagnoli R, et al. The first one thousand liver transplants in Turin: a single-center experience in Italy. Transplant International 2005; 18: 1328-35. 39. Fishman JA. Pneumocystis carinii and parasitic infections in transplantation. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1995; 94: 1005-44. 41. Rubin RH. The indirect effects of cytomegalovirus infection on the outcome of organ transplantation. JAMA 1989; 261: 3607-9. 42. Falagas ME, Snydman DR, Griffith J, Ruthazer R, Werner BG. Effect of cytomegalovirus infection status on first-year mortality rates among orthotopic liver transplant recipients. Ann Intern Med 1997; 1264: 275-9. 43. Kalil AC, Levitsky J, Lyden E, et al. Meta-analysis: the efficacy of strategies to prevent organ disease by cytomegalovirus in solid organ transplant recipients. Ann Intern Med 2005; 14312: 870-80. 44. Camille N Kotton, Deepali Kumar, Angela M Caliendo, et al. International Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Cytomegalovirus in Solid Organ Transplantation. Transplantation 2010; 89: 779-795. 45. Klintmalm GB, Nery JR, Husberg BS, Gonwa TA, Tillery GW. Rejection in liver transplantation. Hepatology 1989; 106: 978-85. 46. Wiesner RH, Demetris AJ, Belle SH, et al. Acute hepatic allograft rejection: incidence, risk factors and impact on outcome. Hepatology 1998; 28: 638-45. 47. Anand A, Hubscher S, Gunson B, et al. Timing, significance and prognosis of late acute liver allograft rejection. Transplantation 1995; 60: 1098-103. 49. Gane E. The natural history and outcome of liver transplantation in hepatitis C virus infected recipients. Liver Transpl 2003; 9: S28-34. 50. Berenguer M. Systematic review of the treatment of established recurrent hepatitis C with pegylated interferon in combination with ribavirin. J Hepatol 2008; 492: 274-87. 51. Yoshida EM, Erb SR, Partovi N, et al. Liver transplantation for chronic hepatitis B infection with the use of combined lamivudine and low-dose hepatitis B immune globulin. Liver Transpl 1999; 5: 520-5. 52. Cuadrado A, Fabrega E, Casafont F, Pons-Romero F. Alcohol recidivism impairs long-term patient survival after orthotopic liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease. Liver Transpl 2005; 11: 420-6. 53. Sheiner PA, Magliocca JF, Bodian CA, Kim-Schluger L et al. Long-term medical complications in patients surviving > or = 5 years after liver transplant. Transplantation 2000; 695: 781-9. 54. Watt K, Pedersen R, Kremers W, Heimbach J, Charlton M. Evolution of causes and risk factors for mortality post liver transplant: results of the NIDDK long-term follow-up study. Am J Transplant 2010; 10: 1-8. 55. Kuo HT, Sampaio MS, Ye X, Reddy P, Martin P, Bunnapradist S. Risk factors for new-onset diabetes mellitus in adult liver transplant recipients, an analysis of the Organ Procurement and Transplant Network/United Network for Organ Sharing Database. Transplantation 2010; 89: 1134-1140. 56. John P, Thuluvath P. Outcome of patients with new onset diabetes mellitus after liver transplantation compared with those without diabetes mellitus. Liver Transpl 2002; 8: 708-713. 57. Wawrzynowicz-Syczewska M, Karpin Ska E, Jurczyk K, Laurans L, Boron-Kaczmarska A. Risk factors and dynamics of weight gain in patients after liver transplantation. Ann Transplant 2009; 14: 45-50. 58. Kymberly D.S. Watt, Michael R. Charlton. Metabolic syndrome and liver transplantation: A review and guide to management. Journal of Hepatology 2010; 53: 199-206. 59. Ojo AO, Held PJ, Port FK, et al. Chronic renal failure after transplantation of a nonrenal organ. N Engl J Med 2003; 34910: 931-40. 60. Brown RS Jr, Lombardero M, Lake JR. Outcome of patients with renal insufficiency undergoing liver or liver-kidney transplantation. Transplantation 1996; 6212: 1788-93. 61. Haagsma EB, Hagens VE, Schaapveld M, van den Berg AP, de Vries EG, Klompmaker IJ, et al. Increased cancer risk after liver transplantation: a population-based study. J Hepatol 2001; 34: 84-91. 62. Grulich AE, van Leeuwen MT, Falster MO, Vajdic CM. Incidence of cancers in people with HIV/AIDS compared with immunosuppressed transplant recipients: a metaanalysis. Lancet 2007; 370: 59-67. 63. Herrero JI, Lorenzo M, Quiroga J, Sangro B, Pardo F, Rotellar F, et al. De novo neoplasia after liver transplantation: an analysis of risk factors and influence on survival. Liver Transpl 2005; 11: 89-97.
Los cuidados postrasplante hepático son complejos por las complicaciones particulares que se presentan en estos pacientes pero es posible la recuperación total de los mismos con la reincorporación a la vida social, familiar y laboral.