398. The appearance of such actors in urban areas has often been associated with the changing role of the state in the aftermath of neoliberal reforms and they are often seen as emerging in contexts in which the state fails to provide adequate public goods and services ; ; Jaffe and Aguiar, 2012.
La aparición de tales actores en áreas urbanas se ha asociado generalmente con el papel cambiante del Estado tras las reformas neoliberales, y a menudo se las ve emerger en contextos donde el Estado no logra proveer bienes y servicios públicos adecuados ; ; Jaffe y Aguiar, 2012.