Most studies obtained data through multiple choice surveys, either on paper or online, with young college students WATHEN; BURKELL, 2002; HAAS; WEARDEN, 2003; METZGER; FLANAGIN; ZWARUN, 2003; LIU, 2004; LIU; HUANG, 2005; BIDDIX; CHUNG; PARK, 2011; FRANCKE; SUNDIN; LIMBERG, 2011; HENKEL; MATTSON, 2011; FRANCKE; SUNDIN, 2012; EDWARDS, et al., 2013; LIM, 2013; LUCASSEN; SCHRAAGEN, 2013.
La mayor parte de los estudios obtienen los datos mediante encuestas de opción múltiple, ya sea en papel o en línea, con jóvenes universitarios WATHEN; BURKELL, 2002; HAAS; WEARDEN, 2003; METZGER; FLANAGIN; ZWARUN, 2003; LIU, 2004; LIU; HUANG, 2005; BIDDIX; CHUNG; PARK, 2011; FRANCKE; SUNDIN; LIMBERG, 2011; HENKEL; MATTSON, 2011; FRANCKE; SUNDIN, 2012; EDWARDS, et al., 2013; LIM, 2013; LUCASSEN; SCHRAAGEN, 2013.