---
license: apache-2.0
---

# About Dataset

## Citation

This dataset was created and further refined as part of the following two publications:

- "Quo Vadis: Hybrid Machine Learning Meta-Model Based on Contextual and Behavioral Malware Representations", Trizna et al., 2022, https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3560830.3563726

- "Nebula: Self-Attention for Dynamic Malware Analysis", Trizna et al., 2024, https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10551436

If you used it in your research, please cite us:

```bibtex
@inproceedings{quovadis,
author = {Trizna, Dmitrijs},
title = {Quo Vadis: Hybrid Machine Learning Meta-Model Based on Contextual and Behavioral Malware Representations},
year = {2022},
isbn = {9781450398800},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3560830.3563726},
doi = {10.1145/3560830.3563726},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 15th ACM Workshop on Artificial Intelligence and Security},
pages = {127–136},
numpages = {10},
keywords = {reverse engineering, neural networks, malware, emulation, convolutions},
location = {Los Angeles, CA, USA},
series = {AISec'22}
}
@ARTICLE{nebula,
  author={Trizna, Dmitrijs and Demetrio, Luca and Biggio, Battista and Roli, Fabio},
  journal={IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security}, 
  title={Nebula: Self-Attention for Dynamic Malware Analysis}, 
  year={2024},
  volume={19},
  number={},
  pages={6155-6167},
  keywords={Malware;Feature extraction;Data models;Analytical models;Long short term memory;Task analysis;Encoding;Malware;transformers;dynamic analysis;convolutional neural networks},
  doi={10.1109/TIFS.2024.3409083}}
```

Arxiv references of both papers: arxiv.org/abs/2310.10664 and arxiv.org/abs/2208.12248.

## Description

This dataset contains behavioral reports obtained with Speakeasy emulator from **93533** 32-bit portable executables (PE).

This is complementary dataset to https://huggingface.co/datasets/dtrizna/quovadis-ember, which represents static EMBER features of the same malware samples.

To reflect concept drift in malware:

- 76126 files that form a training set were collected in Jan 2022.
- 17407 files that form a test set were collected in Apr 2022.

## Labels

Files located in `report_clean` and `report_windows_syswow64` are clean (benign). All others represent malware distributed over 7 families. A specific number of files in each folder:

- Training set
    - report_backdoor : 11062
    - report_clean : 24434
    - report_coinminer : 6891
    - report_dropper : 8243
    - report_keylogger : 4378
    - report_ransomware : 9627
    - report_rat : 1697
    - report_trojan : 8733
    - report_windows_syswow64 : 236

- Test set
    - report_backdoor : 1940
    - report_clean : 7944
    - report_coinminer : 1684
    - report_dropper : 252
    - report_keylogger : 1041
    - report_ransomware : 2139
    - report_rat : 1258
    - report_trojan : 1085
    - report_windows_syswow64 : 59