Fill the Matrix
There is a square matrix, consisting of $$$n$$$ rows and $$$n$$$ columns of cells, both numbered from $$$1$$$ to $$$n$$$. The cells are colored white or black. Cells from $$$1$$$ to $$$a_i$$$ are black, and cells from $$$a_i+1$$$ to $$$n$$$ are white, in the $$$i$$$-th column.You want to place $$$m$$$ integers in the matrix, from $$$1$$$ to $$$m$$$. There are two rules:   each cell should contain at most one integer;  black cells should not contain integers. The beauty of the matrix is the number of such $$$j$$$ that $$$j+1$$$ is written in the same row, in the next column as $$$j$$$ (in the neighbouring cell to the right).What's the maximum possible beauty of the matrix?
The first line contains a single integer $$$t$$$ ($$$1 \le t \le 10^4$$$) — the number of testcases.The first line of each testcase contains a single integer $$$n$$$ ($$$1 \le n \le 2 \cdot 10^5$$$) — the size of the matrix.The second line contains $$$n$$$ integers $$$a_1, a_2, \dots, a_n$$$ ($$$0 \le a_i \le n$$$) — the number of black cells in each column.The third line contains a single integer $$$m$$$ ($$$0 \le m \le \sum \limits_{i=1}^n n - a_i$$$) — the number of integers you have to write in the matrix. Note that this number might not fit into a 32-bit integer data type.The sum of $$$n$$$ over all testcases doesn't exceed $$$2 \cdot 10^5$$$.
For each testcase, print a single integer — the maximum beauty of the matrix after you write all $$$m$$$ integers in it. Note that there are no more integers than the white cells, so the answer always exists.
from sys import stdin
input = lambda : stdin.readline()[:-1]

def solve():
    n = int(input())
    a = list(map(int, input().split()))
    a = [n - i for i in a] + [0]
    m = int(input())
    stc = []
    res = []
    for i in range(n + 1):
        ai = a[i]
        tmp = []
        while stc and stc[-1][0] >= ai:
            (h, l) = stc.pop()
            tmp.append((h, l))
        L = i
        if tmp:
            L = tmp[-1][1]
            now = ai
            for (h, l) in tmp[::-1]:
                res.append((i - l, h - now))
                now = h
        if ai != 0:
            stc.append((ai, L))
    res.sort(key=lambda x: -x[0])
    ans = 0
    for (d, c) in res:
        x = min(c, m // d)
        ans += (d - 1) * x
        m -= d * x
        c -= x
        if c > 0 and m > 0:
            ans += m - 1
            m = 0
    print(ans)
for _ in range(int(input())):
    solve()
from sys import stdin
input = lambda : stdin.readline()[:-1]

def solve():
    n = int(input())
    a = list(map(int, input().split()))
    a = [n - i for i in a] + [0]
    m = int(input())
    stc = []
    res = []
    for i in range(n + 1):
        ai = a[i]
        tmp = []
        while stc and stc[-1][0] >= ai:
            (h, l) = stc.pop()
            tmp.append((h, l))
        L = i
        if tmp:
            L = tmp[-1][1]
            now = ai
            for (h, l) in tmp[::-1]:
                res.append((i - l, h - now))
                now = h
        if ai != 0:
            stc.append((ai, L))
    res.sort(key=lambda x: -x[0])
    ans = 0
    for (d, c) in res:
        x = min(c, m // d)
        ans += (d - 1) * x
        m -= d * x
        c -= x
        if c > 0 and m > 0:
            ans += m - 1
            m = 0
    print(ans)
for _ in range(int(input())):
    solve()
from sys import stdin
input = lambda : stdin.readline()[:-1]

def solve():
    n = int(input())
    a = list(map(int, input().split()))
    a = [n - i for i in a] + [0]
    m = int(input())
    stc = []
    res = []
    for i in range(n + 1):
        ai = a[i]
        tmp = []
        while stc and stc[-1][0] >= ai:
            (h, l) = stc.pop()
            tmp.append((h, l))
        L = i
        if tmp:
            L = tmp[-1][1]
            now = ai
            for (h, l) in tmp[::-1]:
                res.append((i - l, h - now))
                now = h
        if ai != 0:
            stc.append((ai, L))
    res.sort(key=lambda x: -x[0])
    ans = 0
    for (d, c) in res:
        x = min(c, m // d)
        ans += (d - 1) * x
        m -= d * x
        c -= x
        if c > 0 and m > 0:
            ans += m - 1
            m = 0
    print(ans)
for _ in range(int(input())):
    solve()