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Mantle Cell Lymphoma


Copyright 2000, 2005

Synonyms of Mantle Cell Lymphoma

Disorder Subdivisions

General Discussion







Many individuals with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) may not appear to have symptoms (asymptomatic) during early stages of the disease. (For further information on stages, please see the section entitled "Standard Therapies: Diagnosis" ["Staging"] below.) However, affected individuals may eventually seek medical attention due to persistent, usually painless, swelling of certain lymph nodes, particularly nodes within the neck and throat region (e.g., Waldeyer's ring). Waldeyer's ring consists of the protective ring of lymphoid tissues near the base of the tongue (lingual tonsils); on either side of the throat (palantine tonsils); and near the back opening of the nasal cavity (pharyngeal tonsils or adenoids). Individuals with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs), including MCL, may also have enlargement of other lymph nodes, such as nodes at the elbows or shoulders; under the arms (axillae); in the chest, abdominal, and/or pelvic regions; and/or in other areas. Lymph node enlargement may be confined to a single region or be present in various areas of the body.

Some affected individuals may develop additional symptoms and signs that are "non-specific" in nature, meaning that they may be associated with any number of underlying disorders, including other forms of lymphoma (other non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and Hodgkin's disease) as well as certain other disorders. For example, some individuals may have lack of appetite (anorexia), nausea, vomiting, and indigestion. Additional symptoms may include a sense of "fullness" (satiety), abdominal swelling (distension) or bloating, and abdominal pain or discomfort. Such findings may be due to enlargement of abdominal lymph nodes and/or of the spleen (splenomegaly) or liver (hepatomegaly).

Some individuals with MCL may also develop certain generalized (systemic) symptoms known as "B symptoms." (For further information, please see the section entitled "Standard Therapies: Diagnosis" ["Stages"] below.) Such symptoms include persistent or repeated fever, unexplained weight loss (i.e., loss of at least 10 percent of normal body weight), and/or sweating, particularly at night (known as "night sweats"). Reports suggest that up to one third of individuals with MCL may develop such "B symptoms." However, such findings more commonly occur in individuals with Hodgkin's disease as compared to those with different forms of NHL. (For further information on Hodgkin's disease, please see the "Related Disorders" section below.)

Depending upon the extent and region(s) of involvement, some individuals with MCL may develop other or additional symptoms and findings due to infiltration by proliferating lymphoma cells within and impaired functioning or failure of certain organs and tissues. If MCL has spread to involve the bone marrow, for example, malignant lymphocytes may essentially crowd the bone marrow, resulting in decreased manufacture of certain blood cells. (As mentioned earlier, the bone marrow is the soft, spongy tissue located within the cavities of bones that produces blood cells. More specifically, immature cells known as stem cells within the bone marrow develop into the three cellular components of the blood: i.e., red blood cells, which contain the oxygen-carrying pigment hemoglobin; white blood cells, which help to fight infection; and platelets, which play an essential role in blood clotting [coagulation].) Some individuals with bone marrow involvement may develop anemia or abnormally low levels of the oxygen-transporting component of red blood cells. Associated symptoms may include fatigue, listlessness and lack of energy (lethargy), paleness of the skin (pallor), headaches, and/or other symptoms. Affected individuals may also become susceptible to certain infections, easy bruising and excessive bleeding, and/or other findings.

In some individuals with MCL, there may be involvement of the digestive (gastrointestinal [GI]) tract. In some of these cases, GI involvement may be associated with the development of multiple polyps within the intestines (lymphomatous polyposis). Intestinal polyps are growths of tissue that project, often on a stalk, from the intestinal wall. In addition, in some rare cases, MCL may also spread to involve the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system [CNS]), potentially resulting in certain neurologic signs. Although such symptoms may be variable, they may include lethargy, headaches, weakness, confusion, personality changes, sudden episodes of uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain (seizures), and/or other findings.

Depending on MCL subtype (i.e., histologic subtype), sites and extent of involvement, disease management, and other factors, disease progression may eventually lead to life-threatening complications. (For further information on subtypes, disease staging, treatment options, etc., please see the "Standard Therapies" section of this report below.)


The exact underlying cause of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is unknown. Researchers speculate that genetic and immunologic abnormalities, environmental factors (e.g., exposure to ultraviolet rays, certain chemicals, ionizing radiation [carcinogens]; certain viral infections; etc.), diet, stress, and/or other factors may play varying contributing roles in causing specific types of cancer. Investigators at the National Institutes of Health (NIH)/National Cancer Institute, across the United States, and around the world are conducting ongoing basic research to learn more about the many factors that may result in cancer. (The National Cancer Institute is listed in the "Resources" section of this report below.)

In individuals with cancer, including MCL, malignancies may develop due to abnormal changes in the structure and orientation of certain cells (e.g., lymphocytes). As mentioned above, the specific cause of such changes is unknown. However, current research suggests that abnormalities of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), which is the carrier of the body's genetic code, are the underlying basis of cellular malignant transformation. Depending upon the form of cancer present and several other factors, these abnormal genetic changes may occur spontaneously for unknown reasons (sporadically), such as due to exposure to certain environmental factors, or, more rarely, may be inherited.

Evidence suggests that many individuals with MCL have a specific, acquired genetic change in which there was an exchange of chromosomal material (translocation) between certain regions of the long arms of chromosomes 11 and 14 (11q13 and 14q32). Chromosomes, which are present in the nucleus of human cells, carry the genetic characteristics of each individual. Pairs of human chromosomes are numbered from 1 through 22, with an unequal 23rd pair of X and Y chromosomes for males and two X chromosomes for females. Each chromosome has a short arm designated as "p" and a long arm identified by the letter "q." Chromosomes are further subdivided into bands that are numbered. For example, "chromosome 11q13" refers to band 13 on the long arm of chromosome 11.

This specific chromosomal translocation--t(11;14)(q13;q32)--has been shown to lead to impaired functioning (i.e., deregulation) of a gene (BCL-1) that regulates production of a protein known as cyclin D1. According to researchers, the BCL-1 gene, located at chromosome 11q13, may function as an oncogene. In other words, when functioning normally, the gene is thought to have some role in controlling cellular growth and multiplication; however, if it is altered in some way (e.g., by exposure to certain environmental factors), it may cause the cell to be converted to a malignant state (malignant transformation). For example, although the specific function of the cyclin D1 protein remains unknown, it belongs to a family of proteins involved in regulating the cell growth cycle. Evidence suggests that deregulation of the BCL-1 gene leads to increased production of the cyclin D1 protein, possibly contributing to malignant transformation of cells and excessive growth of malignant B-lymphocytes. Investigators also indicate that abnormalities in the expression of other genes (e.g., the p53 gene, which normally functions as a tumor suppressor gene) may play some role in leading to MCL.

In cells that have undergone malignant transformation, there is typically reversion to a less specialized, more primitive form (i.e., loss of "differentiation" or anaplasia), meaning that the cells do not perform their "intended," specialized functions within the tissue in question. Malignant cells pass their abnormal changes on to all their "daughter" cells and typically grow and divide at an unusually rapid, uncontrolled rate that cannot be contained by the body's natural immune defenses. Eventually, such proliferation of abnormal cells may result in formation of a mass known as a tumor (neoplasm).

In individuals with MCL, lymphocytic malignant transformation and uncontrolled cellular growth may lead to abnormal expansion of a region of the lymph node known as the mantle zone; eventual destruction of the region with loss of the mantle zone boundaries; and potentially widespread growth of malignant lymphocytes throughout the node (i.e., diffuse lymphoma). Disease progression may be characterized by involvement of additional lymph node regions and/or other lymphatic tissues and spread of the malignancy to other bodily tissues and organs. The rate of malignant cell growth, resulting symptoms and findings, and overall disease course may vary, depending upon various factors. (For further information, please see the section entitled "Standard Therapies: Diagnosis" ["Classification/Grading" and "Staging"].)

Affected Populations

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an uncommon form of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), comprising about 2 to 7 percent of adult NHLs in the United States and Europe. The disease primarily affects older adults, with males representing approximately three-quarters of those with MCL. Many affected individuals are diagnosed in their late 50s or early to mid 60s. Reports suggest that most individuals with MCL have advanced (i.e., stage III or stage IV) disease at diagnosis. (For further information on stages, please see the "Standard Therapies: Diagnosis" ["Stages"] section of this report below.)

Related Disorders

Symptoms of the following conditions may be similar to those of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:

Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) are the two major types of cancer affecting the lymphatic system (lymphoma). In contrast to NHL, Hodgkin's disease is typically characterized by the presence of a specific type of cancer cell known as a Reed-Sternberg cell that has more than one nucleus. The disease is categorized into several subtypes according to certain features of affected lymphatic tissue as seen under a microscope (microscopic examination), such as relative number of Reed-Sternberg cells, proportion of other types of white blood cells, certain tissue changes, etc. The disease is also classified into one of four major stages based upon the number and location of lymph node regions affected, spread to other tissues and organs, and the presence or absence of certain symptoms.

In individuals with Hodgkin's disease, the malignancy often develops within lymph nodes in one area of the body and eventually spreads in a relatively predictable pattern throughout the lymphatic system. With disease progression, the malignancy may infiltrate the bone marrow and spread to involve other organs, such as the liver, lungs, and/or other tissues. A common finding associated with Hodgkin's disease is painless swelling of lymph nodes, particularly in the neck region, under the arms (axillae), or, in some cases, other regions, such as the groin. Certain symptoms are also commonly present, such as unexplained fever, weight loss, and night sweats (so-called "B symptoms"); persistent fatigue; lack of energy; severe itching of the skin; coughing; and/or shortness of breath. Additional associated symptoms and findings may vary, depending upon the stage of the disease, the site(s) of involvement, and other factors. The specific treatments recommended may include radiation therapy, certain combinations of anticancer drugs (chemotherapy), and/or other measures, based upon the specific subtype of Hodgkin's disease, stage, and other factors (e.g., patient age, general health, how much tumor is present [tumor bulk], whether the disease has returned following apparent recovery [relapse], etc.). (For further information, choose "Hodgkin*" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)

As mentioned earlier, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) refers to a group of malignancies that arise within the lymphatic system and may spread to involve other tissues and organs. In contrast to Hodgkin's disease, NHLs tend to progress in a less predictable manner. In addition, they cannot be distinguished by one specific type of cancer cell (i.e., Reed-Sternberg cells). Rather, the NHLs may be broadly classified into lymphomas that arise from abnormal B-lymphocytes (B-cell lymphomas) or abnormal T-lymphocytes (T-cell lymphomas) and may also be categorized based upon how quickly they may tend to grow and spread as well as additional, specific features of the cancerous cells. Once a specific form of NHL is confirmed, it is also classified into one of four major stages based upon the number and location of lymph node regions affected, spread to other organs, and the presence or absence of certain symptoms. (For further information, please see "Standard Therapies: Diagnosis" ["Classification/Grading" and "Staging"] below.)

Individuals with NHL may develop painless swelling of a particular lymph node region or various lymph node regions of the body. For example, enlarged lymph nodes may be present in the neck and throat region; under the arms; in the abdominal, chest, and/or pelvic regions; and/or in other areas. Associated non-specific symptoms may include lack of appetite (anorexia), weight loss, nausea, indigestion, and abdominal pain or discomfort. Some individuals may also develop unexplained fever, chills, night sweats, lack of energy, persistent fatigue, itching, and/or other abnormalities. In some cases, additional symptoms and signs may also develop, depending upon the site(s) of involvement, disease stage, and other factors. The specific treatments recommended may include radiation therapy, certain combinations of chemotherapeutic drugs, and/or other measures, based upon the specific form, grade, and subtype of NHL, disease stage, etc. (For further information, please see "Standard Therapies" and "Investigational Therapies" below. Also choose "non-Hodgkin*" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)

Numerous additional disorders may be characterized by painless swelling of certain lymph nodes, loss of appetite, abdominal discomfort, unexplained weight loss, fever, and/or other non-specific symptoms and findings similar to those potentially associated with MCL. Thorough diagnostic evaluation is necessary to help differentiate MCL from such disorders, including the removal (biopsy) and microscopic examination of lymphatic tissue that is suspected of being cancerous.

Standard Therapies

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is diagnosed based upon a thorough clinical evaluation, detection of certain symptoms and physical findings, a detailed patient history, and a variety of specialized tests. Such testing is necessary to confirm the specific type (and subtype) of NHL present, to assess the nature and extent of the disease, and to determine the most appropriate treatments.

During a complete physical examination, physicians may feel (i.e., palpate) the lymph nodes in certain regions to detect any swelling, including in the neck, tonsil, and adenoidal region; under the arms; and in the groin. They may also examine other regions to help determine whether there is enlargement of certain internal organs, particularly the spleen and liver, and to detect swelling and abnormal fluid accumulation that may be associated with disease of the lymphatic system.

For those with suspected lymphoma as suggested by thorough patient history and clinical examination, various diagnostic tests may be recommended. These may include blood tests, biopsies, specialized imaging tests, bone marrow examination, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, and/or other tests.

For example, blood tests may include studies to evaluate the number and appearance of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets; liver enzyme studies; tests to measure levels of the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH); and/or other studies. (High elevations of LDH may suggest that the lymphoma may have rapid progression, potentially requiring more intensive therapies.)

Biopsies typically involve the removal and microscopic (i.e., histologic) examination of small samples of tissue cells from a lymph node--or, in some instances, removal of an entire, enlarged lymph node--that is suspected of being cancerous. Depending upon the specific type of biopsy performed, the procedure may be conducted under local or whole body (general) anesthesia. In addition, in some cases, such as when involvement appears to be restricted to the abdominal or pelvic region, laparoscopy or laparotomy may be necessary to obtain biopsy samples. Laparoscopy involves examination of the abdominal cavity with an illuminated viewing tube (laparoscope) inserted through incisions in the abdominal wall. Laparotomy is a surgical procedure in which the abdomen is opened, organs are carefully examined to detect signs of disease, and samples of tissue are removed for microscopic examination. (Biopsy samples are examined by physicians who specialize in analyzing cells and tissues to help obtain accurate diagnosis [pathologists].)

Various specialized imaging procedures may also be recommended, such as standard x-ray imaging; computed tomography (CT) scanning; magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); gallium scans; lymphangiograms; and/or other studies. During CT scanning, a computer and x-rays are used to create a film showing cross-sectional images of internal structures. For those with suspected or diagnosed NHL, CT scans may be taken of the neck, chest, abdominal, and/or pelvic regions to help detect enlargement of certain lymph nodes or spread of the malignancy to certain organs. MRI uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional images of certain organs and tissues. This procedure may be particularly valuable in helping to detect involvement of the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system [CNS]).

Gallium scanning may be used to help assess the extent (stage) of the disease and as a follow-up after treatment. During this procedure, a small dose of radioactive chemical known as gallium is injected. The body is then scanned from various angles and a image is produced, showing where the gallium has collected within the malignancy. Lymphangiography is a procedure in which a substance opaque to x-rays (contrast medium) is injected into lymph vessels, usually through the feet, followed by an x-ray that produces an image of lymph vessels and lymph nodes, particularly within the abdominal and pelvic regions. However, this diagnostic technique is now used less frequently than in the past, since it has been largely replaced by CT scanning of the pelvic and abdominal regions.

A procedure known as a bone marrow biopsy may also be recommended to help determine whether the malignancy involves the bone marrow. During this procedure, a sample of bone marrow is obtained, usually from the hipbone (iliac crest). Skin and tissue over the bone is first numbed with local anesthetic, and a needle is inserted into the bone through which a bone marrow sample is withdrawn. The sample is then examined under a microscope by a pathologist. Because a bone marrow biopsy may be painful, a mild, calming (sedative) medication may be offered before the procedure is conducted.

As mentioned earlier, NHL, including MCL, may sometimes spread to the brain and spinal cord. In such cases, analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) may reveal certain abnormalities of chemical content as well as the presence of cancerous cells. CSF is a watery fluid that flows through and protects the cavities (ventricles) of the brain; the space (i.e., subarachnoid space) between the brain and spinal cord and their protective membranes (meninges); and the cavity within the spinal column that contains the spinal cord (spinal canal). CSF is obtained for analysis by a procedure known as a lumbar puncture. During the procedure, skin and overlying tissue at the base of the spine is numbed with local anesthetic; a needle is then inserted between certain bones in the lower back and a sample of CSF is removed.

In some cases, physicians may recommend other testing procedures to help assess the extent of disease and to follow treatment. In addition, tests may be required to help evaluate the health and functioning of certain organs that may potentially be adversely affected due to certain treatments (e.g., particular anticancer [chemotherapeutic] drugs]). For example, such tests may include certain procedures to evaluate functioning of the heart and lungs.

As mentioned above, the diagnosis of different forms of NHL requires the removal (biopsy) and microscopic (histologic) examination of tissue cells from lymph nodes or other tissues suspected of being cancerous. Such evaluation is necessary to help differentiate MCL from other malignancies, including different forms of NHL and Hodgkin's disease, as well as other diseases that may affect the lymph nodes. (For further information, please see the "Related Disorders" section of this report above.)

For individuals with MCL, microscopic evaluation of biopsy samples may reveal abnormalities of the normal structure (architecture) of the lymph nodes, such as expansion of the region of the lymph node known as the mantle zone. More specifically, there may be abnormal infiltration and expansion of the mantle zone around germinal centers* of the lymph node, eventual loss of mantle zone boundaries, and potentially widespread growth of malignant lymphocytes throughout the node. (*Lymph nodes are comprised of a fibrous outer capsule and an inner mass of lymphatic tissue. The outer region or cortex includes groups of lymphocytes known as follicles; regions known as germinal centers are at the center of the follicles. Germinal cells are primarily B-lymphocytes.)

Microscopic analysis also enables pathologists to determine additional histologic features that may be important in the malignancy's classification, such as size of malignant lymphocytes, appearance of the nucleus within a lymphoma cell, distribution or pattern of the abnormal cells, etc. (For further information, please see "Classification/Grading" below.) In addition, specialized studies are conducted to help determine the malignancy's specific cell type of origin. For example, MCL cells--and the normal cells from which the malignancy develops--produce distinctive proteins (antigens) that may promote an antibody response (e.g., antigens known as CD5, CD19, CD20, and CD22). They also may express certain antibodies on their outer surfaces (e.g., immunoglobulin D and M [IgD, IgM]). Thus, testing to identify such markers assists in determining the normal cells from which the malignancy derived, helping to distinguish MCL from other B-cell lymphomas and aiding in diagnosis and disease management decisions.

Additional specialized tests may also be conducted on biopsy samples to assist in a diagnosis of MCL. These may include studies to detect the presence of the chromosome 11;14 translocation in malignant lymphocytes and the cyclin D1 protein. (For further information, please see the "Causes" section of this report above.)

As discussed above, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs) may be broadly classified into B-cell and T-cell lymphomas based upon the cell type of origin. In addition, the NHLs may be categorized according to how quickly the malignancy is growing; the growth pattern and appearance of malignant cells; genetic findings; and/or a combination of such factors. Several systems of identification have been proposed based upon certain or all of these elements. These include the commonly used National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) International Working Formulation (IWF), which consolidates terms from past systems of classification; the Revised European-American Lymphoma (REAL) Classification, a new system that is increasing in popularity (and that includes MCL as a distinct entity); and a new World Health Organization (WHO) classification that is similar to the REAL Classification.

For example, NHLs may be divided into two major categories based upon growth pattern of a malignancy within a lymph node. In so-called follicular (or "nodular") lymphomas, cells appear clustered together within the lymph node into distinctive nodules or follicles. In diffuse lymphomas, there is widespread infiltration of the malignancy throughout the lymph node in an unorganized pattern.

NHLs may also be categorized based upon malignant cell size as well as the appearance of a malignant cell's nucleus. (The nucleus is the round, membrane-bound structure of the center of the cell containing the chromosomes.) For example, in some lymphomas, there may an abnormal indentation in a malignant cell's nucleus; such cells are called "cleaved cells." Thus, according to certain classifications, certain follicular or diffuse lymphomas may be further characterized as small or large cleaved or "noncleaved" lymphomas.

In addition, NHL is commonly classified according to a "grading" system (e.g., within the NCI's widely used International Working Formulation). It is based upon how quickly the malignancy may tend to grow and spread as determined by certain characteristics of the malignancy upon microscopic examination and natural history of the specific disease. The grading of NHLs is important in determining potential disease course and appropriate treatment approaches.

Generally, malignancies comprised of small cells are classified as low grade (slow growing). Those consisting of larger cells are generally categorized as intermediate grade or high grade (i.e., rapidly or extremely rapidly growing).

Low-grade lymphomas are often called "indolent" lymphomas, since they typically grow relatively slowly and may have few apparent symptoms. Such lymphomas may tend to be widespread at diagnosis. In addition, in some instances, indolent lymphomas may gradually transform into a combination of indolent and aggressive lymphoma, requiring more aggressive treatment approaches. Evidence indicates that, although indolent lymphomas are rarely completely "cured," affected individuals may have the disease over long periods with a relatively good quality of life.

Intermediate- or high-grade lymphomas are generally categorized as "aggressive lymphomas" since they typically grow quickly and require prompt treatment. With immediate, aggressive treatment, such as intensive combination chemotherapy and other therapies (e.g., stem cell/bone marrow transplantation), certain aggressive lymphomas may sometimes be cured or go into remission. (In this context, remission indicates the complete or partial disappearance of symptoms and physical signs of cancer or the period during which this occurs. Remissions may be temporary or permanent. Relapse indicates the return of the disease following apparent recovery.)

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) has been called by various terms according to different classifications, including diffuse small-cleaved cell lymphoma, centrocytic lymphoma, and lymphocytic lymphoma of intermediate differentiation. However, in 1992, an international consensus conference of experts proposed the name mantle cell lymphoma to help distinguish it more appropriately from other NHLs.

In individuals with MCL, microscopic evaluation of biopsy samples usually reveals small- to medium-sized lymphocytes that may have slightly irregular or irregular (i.e., cleaved) nuclei. Such analysis may also reveal different patterns of malignant cell distribution. Thus, MCL may be further subdivided based upon these distinct growth patterns (or "histologic subtypes"), including a so-called mantle-zone pattern, in which malignant cells grow in expanding nodules around germinal centers; a relatively nodular pattern or diffuse pattern of growth throughout the node characterized by small malignant cells with somewhat irregular or "cleaved" nuclei; or a distinctive variant (i.e., blastic [blastic transformation]) in which medium- and large-sized lymphocytes are apparent with round or irregular nuclei. It has been suggested that the mantle-zone subtype may tend to have features of a low-grade (indolent) lymphoma, whereas the other subtypes may be more aggressive and are appropriately classified as intermediate-grade lymphomas. In addition, evidence suggests that the blastic variant may be most resistant to treatment.

Accordingly, experts disagree whether mantle cell lymphoma as a whole is more appropriately classified as indolent or aggressive. Although the National Cancer Institute (NCI) has categorized MCL as an aggressive lymphoma, the malignancy is known to have certain features associated with indolent lymphomas in some cases.

When an individual is diagnosed with a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) such as mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), assessment is also required to determine the extent or "stage" of the disease. As is the case with NHL grading, staging is important to help characterize the potential disease course and determine appropriate treatment approaches. Certain of the same diagnostic tests described above may be used in staging NHL (e.g., blood tests, CT scanning, gallium scanning, bone marrow biopsy). In addition, in some cases, additional biopsies may be obtained to assist in lymphoma staging.

The specific stage of NHL may be based upon the number of lymph node regions involved; whether such lymph nodes are located above, below, or on both sides of the diaphragm*; and/or whether the malignancy has infiltrated other lymphatic tissues, such as the spleen or bone marrow, or spread to involve other organs outside the lymphatic system, such as the liver. (*The diaphragm is the dome-shaped muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen and plays an essential role in breathing.)

Although various staging systems have been described, a system commonly used for adult NHLs (i.e., the Ann Arbor staging system) includes the following stages:

Stage I indicates early, localized disease in which the malignancy is limited to a single lymph node region or in a single organ or region outside the lymph node (extralymphatic organ or site).

Stage II refers to locally advanced disease in which the malignancy involves more than one lymph node region on one side of the diaphragm or is found within one extralymphatic organ or site and its regional lymph node region (with or without involvement of other lymph nodes on the same side of the diaphragm).

In those with Stage III or advanced disease, the lymphoma involves lymph node regions on both sides of (i.e., above and below) the diaphragm and may involve the spleen. There may also be localized involvement of an extralymphatic organ or site.

In Stage IV or widespread (disseminated) disease, the malignancy is diffusely spread throughout one or more extralymphatic organs or sites with or without associated lymph node involvement.

Each stage of NHL may be further divided into categories A or B, based upon whether or not affected individuals have symptoms. More specifically:

A indicates that no generalized (systemic) symptoms are present upon diagnosis.

B indicates that an affected individual has experienced drenching night sweats, unexplained fever (above 38 degrees Celsius), and/or unexplained weight loss (i.e., loss of at least 10 percent of total body weight in the six months prior to diagnosis). Thus, individuals with such features may be said to have "B symptoms."

In addition, category E may indicate that the malignancy affects a single organ outside the lymphatic system or has spread from a lymph node to an organ.

Various additional elements may be considered as physicians determine the stage of NHL, potential disease course, and appropriate treatment options. Such factors may include patient age and general health, tumor size, levels of the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase, extranodal site involvement, and other factors.

As discussed above, many individuals with MCL may not appear to have symptoms during the early stages of the disease. As a result, the disease is most often diagnosed in later, advanced stages (i.e., Stage III or Stage IV). Accordingly, at diagnosis, the malignancy may have spread beyond lymph nodes and may often affect the spleen, the bone marrow, and organs outside the lymphatic system, such as the liver or regions of the digestive (gastrointestinal [GI]) tract.

The diagnosis and therapeutic management of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) may require the coordinated efforts of a team of medical professionals, such as physicians who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer (medical oncologists), disorders of the blood and blood-forming tissues (hematologists), or the use of radiation to treat cancers (radiation oncologists); oncology nurses; surgeons; dietitians; and/or other professionals.

Specific therapeutic procedures and interventions may vary, depending upon numerous factors, such as disease stage (see "Stages" above); tumor size; subtype of MCL (histologic subtype, e.g., mantle-zone, nodular, diffuse, or blastic); the presence or absence of certain symptoms; individual's age and general health; and/or other elements. Decisions concerning the use of particular drug regimens and/or other treatments should be made by physicians and other members of the health care team in careful consultation with the patient based upon the specifics of his or her case; a thorough discussion of the potential benefits and risks, including possible side effects and long-term effects; patient preference; and other appropriate factors.

In selected individuals with low-grade (indolent) NHL without apparent symptoms, physicians may recommend waiting before implementing treatment until the disease leads to certain symptoms. In such cases, thorough, frequent checkups are required to ensure that appropriate therapies are begun when the disease course accelerates. This approach to disease management is often called "watchful waiting."

However, as discussed above, MCL is typically considered intermediate-grade (aggressive) NHL. Therefore, for individuals with MCL, physicians may recommend combination therapy with multiple anticancer (chemotherapeutic) drugs that have different modes of action in destroying tumor cells and/or preventing them from multiplying. For example, recommended treatment may include three medications, such as cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan), vincristine (Oncovin), and prednisone (Deltasone), which is known as "CVP," or addition of a fourth medication--i.e., cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin or hydroxydaunorubicin (Adriamycin or Rubex), vincristine, and prednisone, known as "CHOP." In other cases, other drugs and drug combinations may be recommended. Although most chemotherapeutic medications are provided via a vein (intravenously [IV]), some may be administered by mouth (orally). Chemotherapy is typically provided at regular intervals or "cycles" on an outpatient basis, such as at a physician's office, at the hospital, and/or at home. However, it may sometimes be necessary to receive such therapy on an inpatient basis. The number of treatment cycles may depend upon several factors, including the specific drug regimen(s), response to treatment, patient's overall health, etc.

The standard treatment provided is often the CHOP regimen, possibly in association with other therapies. These may include localized radiation (radiotherapy) for selected individuals with early stage (stage I or II) lymphoma or various treatments for selected patients with advanced stage (stage III or IV) lymphoma. (For more information, see the "Investigational Therapies" section below.) During radiotherapy, radiation (via x-rays or other sources of radioactivity) is passed through selected regions of the body to destroy cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiotherapy is provided in carefully determined dosages to help minimize damage to normal body cells. The total amount of radiation is typically provided on an outpatient basis over several weeks.

For affected individuals with involvement of the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system [CNS]), certain chemotherapeutic drugs may be administered directly into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the spinal canal (intrathecally), such as via lumbar puncture. Such administration directly into the spinal canal may be necessary since many drugs are unable to effectively penetrate the so-called "blood-brain barrier." (This barrier prevents or slows the passage of certain foreign agents, including harmful chemicals, microorganisms, particular medications, etc., from the bloodstream into the CNS.) In addition, in some individuals with aggressive NHL who have disease involvement of certain body regions, such therapy may also be recommended in an effort to help prevent proliferation of the malignancy within the CNS (CNS prophylaxis). Such treatment may include intrathecal chemotherapy as described above and/or, in some cases, high-dose intravenous treatment with certain chemotherapeutic drugs (e.g., methotrexate) that may effectively cross the blood-brain barrier.

Because certain therapies directed against destroying cancer cells may also damage healthy cells, many of these therapies may be associated with various side effects. Therefore, patients should ask their physicians about the specific effects that may be associated with certain treatments. In addition, physicians and other members of the health care team may be able to take certain steps during and following treatment and may advise patients to take particular precautions during therapy that may help to alleviate or prevent certain side effects.

Although response to such treatments may vary widely, many individuals with MCL may have insufficient response to standard chemotherapeutic regimens or may experience relapses, and the disease often becomes resistant (refractory) to treatment, potentially leading to life-threatening complications. Therefore, researchers are exploring the potential effectiveness of differing combinations of various chemotherapeutic drugs, high-dose chemotherapy regimens followed by stem cell/bone marrow transplantation, and/or other investigational therapies that may be warranted for selected individuals, possibly at the time of diagnosis, following certain standard therapies, and/or for those with refractory disease or relapse. They are also investigating appropriate ways in which to combine various therapies and to reduce potential side effects. (For further information, please see the "Investigational Therapies" section below.)

Other standard therapies for individuals with MCL include symptomatic and supportive measures as required.

Investigational Therapies



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For information about clinical trials sponsored by private sources, contact:

In November, 2004, there were more than 100 clinical trials investigating treatments and other aspects of MCL listed on the ClinicalTrials web site.

As mentioned above, many researchers are evaluating the safety and effectiveness (efficacy) of high-dose therapy with certain chemotherapeutic drugs--possibly in combination with radiation therapy and/or other treatments--followed by stem cell/bone marrow transplantation to help restore healthy bone marrow. The latter may consist of transplantation using the affected individual's own stem cells isolated earlier from circulating blood (peripheral blood) or bone marrow (autologous transplantation)--or using stem cells obtained from a matched donor's bone marrow or blood (allogeneic transplantation).

Researchers are also investigating the use of certain biological therapies known as immunotherapies that may use the body's immune system directly or indirectly to treat the malignancy and/or reduce certain side effects caused by other treatments. For example, investigators are evaluating the use of therapy with antibodies known as monoclonal antibodies that are specifically directed against the CD20 antigen, which is a protein that may be on the surface of MCL cells. Monoclonal antibodies are produced by mature B-lymphocytes known as plasma cells; each plasma cell secretes a specific type of monoclonal antibody, which in turn acts against a specific antigen as part of an antibody-mediated immune response. New technology now enables the production of large amounts of a specific monoclonal antibody that can be directed against a particular target, such as the CD20 antigen on MCL cells, often destroying the cell. Cellular damage to the malignant lymphocytes may result from the effects of the monoclonal antibodies themselves (e.g., with the anti-CD20 agent called rituximab [Rituxan]) or the use of a radioactive compound that may be attached to the monoclonal antibodies (e.g., with certain new agents that are currently under investigation). Such therapy may be considered for individuals with MCL resistant (refractory) to standard chemotherapeutic regimens or with relapsed lymphoma and/or may potentially be used in coordination with other therapies (e.g., in combination with high-dose chemotherapy/radiation therapy prior to autologous bone marrow transplantation in an effort to eliminate any remaining malignant cells).

The use of interferon (e.g., alpha interferon) in association with or following chemotherapy is also under evaluation, such as for individuals who have had insufficient response to standard therapies. Interferons are proteins that are naturally produced by the body in response to certain infections, the presence of cancer cells, or other stimuli. They may function by directly destroying tumor cells or increasing the activity of T-lymphocytes (i.e., killer cells). Interferon may also be produced artificially in the laboratory for the purposes of immunotherapy.

Further research is necessary to determine the long-term safety and effectiveness of such therapies for the treatment of individuals with MCL.

Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., is sponsoring a phase II clinical trial of bortezomib (Velcade) for injection in patients with relapsed or progressive mantle cell lymphoma. In November 2004, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted fast track designation to Velcade for the treatment of relapsed and refractory mantle cell lymphoma. Fast track designation is designed to expedite the review of new drugs that are intended to treat serious or life-threatening conditions and that demonstrate the potential to address unmet medical needs. Patients are being recruited for this multi-center trial in many North American locations in addition to locations in the United Kingdom. For information about Velcade clinical trials, patients or physicians may contact the Millennium Medical Product Information Department at (866)-Velcade or write to:

Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
75 Sidney Street
Cambridge, MA 02139

The National Cancer Institute of Canada is sponsoring a Phase II clinical trial designed to study the effectiveness of bortezomib in treating patients who have previously untreated or relapsed mantle cell lymphoma. It is thought that bortezomib may stop the growth of cancer cells by blocking the enzymes needed for cancer cell growth.

This is a multi-center in which five regional cancer centers in Ontario are participating and one center in each of Montreal, Vancouver and Edmonton.

For information, contact the principal investigator:

Andrew R. Belch, MD
Cross Cancer Institute
Edmonton, Alberta. T6G 1Z2

Telephone: (780) 432-8757
e-mail: andrewbe@cancerboard.ab.ca

Mantle Cell Lymphoma Resources




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