Study: Dark matter in newborn universe doused earliest stars

December 3, 2007
Study: Dark matter in newborn universe doused earliest stars
This artist´s conception shows what an invisible "dark star" might look like when viewed in infrared light that it emits as heat. The core is enveloped by clouds of hydrogen and helium gas. A new University of Utah study suggests the first stars in the universe did not shine, but may have been dark stars.

“Dark star crashes, pouring its light into ashes” – The Grateful Dead, 1967. Perhaps the first stars in the newborn universe did not shine, but instead were invisible “dark stars” 400 to 200,000 times wider than the sun and powered by the annihilation of mysterious dark matter, a University of Utah study concludes.

The study – to be published next month in the journal Physical Review Letters – calculated how the birth of the first stars almost 13 billion years ago might have been influenced by the presence of dark matter – the unseen, yet-unidentified stuff that scientists believe makes up most matter in the universe.

The findings “drastically alter the current theoretical framework for the formation of the first stars,” says study author and astrophysicist Paolo Gondolo, associate professor of physics at the University of Utah.

It is conceivable that gigantic dark stars may exist today, and although they do not emit visible light, they could be detected because they should spew gamma rays, neutrinos and antimatter and be associated with clouds of cold, molecular hydrogen gas that normally wouldn’t harbor such energetic particles, he adds.

“Without detailed simulations, we cannot pinpoint the further evolution of dark stars,” Gondolo says. “They could last months. They could last 600 million years. Or they could last billions of years and still be around. We have to search for them.”

He conducted the study with astrophysicist Katherine Freese of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, and graduate student Douglas Spolyar of the University of California, Santa Cruz.

Gondolo says he wanted to call the new, theoretical kind of invisible star a “brown giant” – similar to the dim but smaller, Jupiter-sized stars known as “brown dwarfs.” But he says his co-authors insisted on calling them “dark stars,” after the song “Dark Star” first played in 1967 by the revered rock band The Grateful Dead.

“It’s catchier,” Gondolo acknowledges.

Dark Matter, the Big Bang and the First Stars


Scientists know dark matter exists because galaxies rotate faster than can be explained by the visible matter within them. Also, observations by satellites, balloons and telescopes have led to the estimate that all the visible matter represents only 4 percent of the universe, which also is made of 23 percent dark matter and 73 percent “dark energy” – a yet-unknown force helping the universe expand, Gondolo says.

WIMPS – or weakly interacting massive particles – are among the main candidates for dark matter. Gondolo says “neutralinos” are a type of WIMP that must exist under particle physics theories that seek to explain the origin of mass in the universe.

Scientists generally believe that the universe came into being 13 billion years ago in a sudden expansion or “inflation” of time and space known as the “big bang.”

The afterglow of that explosion – cosmic microwave background radiation – developed small fluctuations in temperature that caused some of the earliest matter to begin clumping together, a process accelerated by gravity and that produced the first stars and galaxies. The matter was mostly dark matter but also included normal matter in the form of hydrogen and helium gas.


How ‘Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star’ Got Snuffed


The findings suggest that dark matter neutralinos interacted so they “annihilated” each other, producing subatomic particles called quarks and their antimatter counterparts, antiquarks. That generated heat. As a proto-stellar cloud of hydrogen and helium tried to cool and shrink, the dark matter would keep it hot and large, preventing fusion from igniting the star.

“The heating can counteract the cooling, and so the star stops contracting for a while, forming a dark star,” some 80 million to 100 million years after the big bang, says Gondolo. “This is our main result.”

Dark stars would contain mostly normal matter – mostly in the form of hydrogen molecules and helium – but they would be vastly larger and “fluffier” than the sun and other stars, he adds. They would have glowed infrared, which is heat.

“They are much bigger than the sun,” Gondolo says, with diameters ranging from about 4 astronomical units (372 million miles, or four times the average distance between the sun and Earth) to 2,000 astronomical units – big enough to swallow 15,000 solar systems like our own.


“With your bare eyes, you can’t see a dark star. But the radiation would fry you.”

Implications of Dark Stars

Gondolo says dark stars have some important implications for astrophysics:

-- They represent a new phase in the evolution of stars.


-- They could improve understanding of how heavy elements formed. The first stars supposedly were the cradle of elements as heavy or heavier than carbon, producing them via nuclear fusion. But if dark stars existed and did not later evolve into normal stars, they didn’t make carbon. “Maybe carbon came from other stars” – perhaps conventional stars that formed where there was no dark matter nearby, Gondolo says.

-- Dark stars may explain why black holes – collapsed stars so dense that not even light escapes – formed much faster than expected. Gondolo says black holes existed only a few hundred million years after the big bang, yet current theories say they took longer to form. “These dark stars may help. They could collapse into black holes very early because they are very short-lived and formed when the universe was young, at least in one scenario.”


“We don’t know how long they last, so we speculate. It depends very sensitively on the parameters of the model.”

Source: University of Utah

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1.7 / 5 (3) Dec 03, 2007
Also, this is a clear violation of laws of physics, but somehow it just "happens" in the heavens?!
1.7 / 5 (3) Dec 03, 2007
Ummmm - I think we should hire an astrologist to make up a new speculative theory on dark matter. That way it will have the benefit of being vague enough to appeal to an even wider audience.

Besides someone needs to name the new Dark Constellations from all those supermassive undetectable Dark Stars. These Dark scientists were born under the new dark star formation called BS1...
2.5 / 5 (2) Dec 04, 2007
There seems to be a lot of assumptions made in this article- - Assumptions upon assumptions. What about Moffat and Brownstein's work? Do scientists ever read each others' work?
When you have to make a second and third assumption to fit a theory, maybe the theory should be revisited. I personally love the idea of dark matter and energy. There is something about it that stimulates the imagination, but so does the idea of fairies and leprachauns. Where's the proof.
1 / 5 (1) Dec 12, 2007
"Scientists know dark matter exists because galaxies rotate faster than can be explained by the visible matter within them."

Let me rephrase:

"The universe as observed doesn't fit the theory so we have to make things up so we feel smart."

Funny, the bill collector gets mad when I try to pay him. I tell him that my bank balance only appears to be small, but really, 96% of it is dark dollars that can't be detected.


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