What You Should Know About Ebola

First Steps to Understanding the Disease

Ebola. CDC/ NIAID 2014

Ebola is a viral disease that has been spreading in West Africa (Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea). 

Ebola should be suspected only in those who could have had close contact with an Ebola patient or their body fluids. However, there should be suspicion in anyone with a fever or flu-like symptoms (muscle aches, headache, fatigue, even hiccups) after travel in last 3 weeks from areas with active Ebola transmission.

Fortunately, Ebola is usually not actively spreading.

However, survivors of the infection can have reactivation of Ebola, leading to transmission from men to their partners during sex. The virus can also reactivate in the eye, the meninges (around the brain), and potentially the placenta and in pregnancy, but this is less likely to lead to transmission.

In 2014 and 2015, outbreaks developed in Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia. Transmission also occurred after patients traveled with the illness to Nigeria, Mali, the US, and Spain. Patients also arrived in the UK and Italy. Patients were also taken abroad for care to the US, UK, France, Spain, and Germany. The first person diagnosed outside of Africa was infected in Liberia and then traveled to Dallas, Texas where he later died. Three patients have been infected outside of West Africa while caring for patients - nurses in Dallas, Texas and Madrid, Spain.

9 US citizens so far have been known to have been infected.

How is it spread? 

Ebola is a viral hemorrhagic fever, specifically a filovirus, that is spread through direct contact with a person (or their body fluids) who is ill with Ebola. These body fluids include urine, saliva, feces, vomit, and semen.

 This may also occur through a needle-stick. This may occur from bathing a sick patient. 

Those at risk are those with close contact with infected persons, their body fluids, or cadavers - such as through funerals or caregiving. Burial practices as well as caring for sick people can lead to infections. Hospitals with incomplete infection control may see nurses, doctors, and other caregivers infected. Transmission can occur in hospitals without enough gloves, face masks, goggles, and other infection control materials to provide safe care.

Before a patient has symptoms from Ebola, they cannot transmit the infection. It is not airborne. It is not spread in water or by food. 

What happens to those infected?

Symptoms may develop from 2 to 21 days, normally in 8-10 days.  Symptoms often begin with a sudden fever along with muscle aches and a headache. There may also be nausea, vomitting, diarrhea, cough, and a sore throat. As the disease progresses, some become very sleepy or delirious. By day 5, they can develop hemorrhagic (bleeding) symptoms, which may include mucus membrane bleeding or else bleeding or bruising at the site of a needle injection. Rash may develop as well and many lose weight quickly.

By two weeks, those infected either improve rapidly or decline rapidly in a state of shock.

The chance of death depends on what Ebola subtype is involved. Ebola Zaire subtype may lead to up to 90% mortality, though death rates have been lower, around 60%, in West Africa where this subtype is spreading. Other subtypes, (Bundibugyo virus, Sudan virus, and Taï Forest virus [formerly Côte d'Ivoire Ebola virus]) are associated with lower death rates, though up to 50% mortality with the Sudan Virus. The Reston subtle has not been associated with human infection and was initially identified in monkeys shipped from the Philippines to the US.

How do you test for Ebola?

Testing for Ebola is not standardly available in hospitals. It requires specialized testing, such as PCR testing. Within epidemic areas, rapid testing may be available in quarantine areas. In areas without Ebola outbreaks, the Center for Disease Control (CDC) or other national health agencies should be involved.

Lab PCR testing cannot detect Ebola until after symptoms begin, and usually at least 3 days after symptoms begin. You cannot test after exposure alone.

Is there ​treatment?

There is no proven and approved treatment. To date, most care has been supportive, such as by providing intravenous fluids and nutrition.

There had been hope that providing blood serum from those who had recently recovered would help those infected, but this has not been proven yet to be effective.

There is hope that other approaches will work. One approach has been to create monoclonal antibodies, which will act immunologically against Ebola. One such treatment is ZMapp, which is the combination of 3 monoclonal antibodies - given to fewer than 10 patients so far. Another approach, which also has enthusiasm, would be to use a synthetic nucleoside analogs. Favipiravir, approved for influenza in Japan, may be a viable option.

There is also hope for vaccine development. None is currently available. It is not expected that one will be fully developed and tested for at least another year.

How to prevent infection?

To prevent transmission, it is important to quarantine patients and to trace their contacts who should then be monitored and quarantined as appropriate. Within the hospital quarantine area, it is important that all workers wear gloves, eye protection/goggles, face masks, gowns to prevent any exposure to body fluids. Many have worked with Ebola over the years without being infected by exposure to a patient. Previous epidemics have been extinguished by quarantine and contact tracing, while assiduously avoiding new infections in health care workers.

Where did it come from?

Ebola has been found almost exclusively in Africa, until 2014. Epidemics have occurred in Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Gabon, Sudan, the Ivory Coast, Uganda, and the Republic of the Congo, before the 2014 spread to Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Nigeria. An unrelated epidemic has occurred in the DRC in 2014. Bats are thought to be the reservoir in-between epidemics. As the virus persists without apparent symptoms in bats, bat movement may also transport the disease in between outbreaks. It also affects non-human primates, such as gorillas and monkeys, which often succumb to the disease.

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