James Schneider

The Modest Problem of Children Having Children

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Most people take it for granted that teen pregnancy causes poor outcomes. However, how do you untangle whether teen pregnancy causes bad economic outcomes or is merely a leading indicator? Arline T. Geronimus and Sanders Korenman approached the issue by looking at families that have more than one girl. Some girls will become teen mothers and yet have sisters who do not. If teen pregnancy causes poor outcomes, then these girls should do worse than their sisters who are not teen mothers. However, the sisters of teen mothers frequently had poor life outcomes themselves. This suggested that many pregnant teens were headed towards poor outcomes even before their pregnancy. Comparing sisters probably overstates the impact of teen pregnancy because sisters in the same family are not themselves the same. For a moment, think of family sitcoms. Maximizing comedic possibilities requires that one child is studious and the other just wants to spend all of her time at the mall. It is usually the intelligent child who shows more prudence in her sex life. In real life, kids with better life prospects also have a greater incentive to be sexually prudent.

Obviously, the Geronimus and Korenman paper did little to change public perception. In the New York Times, it was stated:

This does not imply that teen-age motherhood is any less of a catastrophe: Something is deeply wrong, it is safe to assume, when 15-year-old girls would rather change diapers than get on with the adventure of growing up.

Yet, if teen pregnancy causes fewer negative outcomes than you thought, then this does make it less of a catastrophe. Presumably, negative outcomes are how you rank various degrees of catastrophe.

Further evidence that teenage pregnancy did not cause catastrophe came from a natural experiment. Some teenage girls get pregnant but then have miscarriages. For the purposes of research, miscarriages are similar to some girls being randomly assigned not to have a teen pregnancy. If teenage pregnancy causes poor outcomes, then girls who have a miscarriage should do better than girls who give birth. Admittedly, miscarriages are not completely random; for example, smoking and drinking during pregnancy increases their likelihood. For the purpose at hand, however, miscarriages seemed to be random enough.

Initial evidence using miscarriages presented a mostly benign view of teen pregnancy. For example, teenage pregnancy reduced the rate of high school graduation, but it increased the likelihood of getting a GED by a similar amount. Teenage motherhood caused a substantial increase in wages during the mother's 20s. This isn't totally surprising. Older children are less of an impediment to working, and teenage motherhood does more to change the timing of children than the overall number of children. This increase in working hours during the mother's 20s decreased the overall need for public assistance. For high-risk girls, delayed pregnancy didn't eliminate the use of public assistance; it only postponed it.

However, the above results paint too positive a view of teenage pregnancy. Why? Because girls who miscarry and girls who give birth are different in regards to abortion choices. Some girls who miscarry would have had abortions instead of giving birth. There are reasons to believe that pregnant girls with better life prospects are more likely to get abortions. A recent paper in the Economic Journal adjusts for this phenomenon. It concludes that teenage motherhood does lead to worse outcomes. But the impact is modest. Kevin Lang writes:

The most consistent results are that the teen mothers are a few percentage points less likely to be married and more likely to be divorced, and a few percentage points less likely to have either a high school diploma, or to have passed a high school equivalency exam.

Comments and Sharing

CATEGORIES: Family Economics

COMMENTS (5 to date)
Steve Sailer writes:

These studies of "outcomes" focus upon outcomes for the young woman. The public tends to be more concerned about the outcomes for the child, and for the public, such as crime.

It may be that the children of unwed teen mothers tend to be unintelligent and impulsive because their mothers tend to be unintelligent and impulsive. But if these young women waited another, say, ten years to reproduce, society could be spared their unintelligent and impulsive offspring for another decade and their grandchildren for another two decades.

James Schneider writes:

@ Steve,

I agree with your first paragraph. However, the outcome measures for the mothers are also relevant to the issues you address (marriage rates, education levels, wages).

I didn't catch your point in the second paragraph at first. I guess you're suggesting that teen motherhood shortens the generational cycle of impulsive people. This would tend to increase the relative proportion of impulsive people.

MingoV writes:

There are many variables to consider.

1. Many teen pregnancies do not lead to teen motherhood. The teen's mother or other relative assumes all infant care duties.

2. Many teen girls use pregnancies as an excuse for leaving high school. These teens were not likely to do well with or without pregnancies.

3. Some teen girl pregnancies are fraught with medical problems that continue after delivery. These situations generate worse outcomes.

4. Family acceptance of teen pregnancy varies from "It's normal and accepted." to "The girl should be shunned for disgracing us." Teens in the latter group will have poorer outcomes.

Number 1 probably is neutral for teen outcome after pregnancy.

Numbers 2 and 3 always generate worse outcomes.

Number 4b always generates worse outcomes.

I therefore predict that teens who become pregnant are likely to have poorer outcomes than teens who don't.

andrew writes:

Once again teen is used as shorthand for children (as James does in his title) when the bulk of those pregnancies (72%) are to 18 & 19 year old adults (28% and 44%, respectively).

James Schneider writes:

@ andrew You raise a great point. 19 year olds presumably wouldn't have their high school graduation rates impacted by getting pregnant.

The paper that I linked to considers the population of girls that get pregnant before their 18th birthday. Now that you mention it though, it is interesting that there isn't a greater discussion of how the impact varies by age.

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