Saturday, June 29, 2013

Adah Isaacs Menken, born June 15, 1835

Adah Isaacs Menken was also known as Adelaide McCord and Ada Bertha Théodore.  Because Menken told so many version of her origins, including name, place of birth, ancestry, and religion, historians have differed in their accounts. Most have said she was born a Louisiana Creole Catholic of mixed race, with European and African ancestry.  She was variously reported to have been born in New York, Havana, and other places. She was said to have been born of a distinguished, old Southern family; another account claimed she was born in Arkansas of a French mother and an American-Indian father.

 In 1865 she wrote that her birth name was Dolores Adios Los Fiertes, and that she was the daughter of a French woman from New Orleans and a Jewish man from Spain. 
In her autobiographical "Some Notes of Her Life in Her Own Hand," published in the New York Times in 1868, Menken said she was born Marie Rachel Adelaide de Vere Spenser in Bordeaux, France, and lived in Cuba as a child before her family settled in New Orleans.  

Ed James, a journalist friend, wrote after her death: “Her real name was Adelaide McCord, and she was born at Milneburg, near New Orleans, on June 15, 1835.”

In 1990, John Cofran, using census records, said that she was born as Ada C. McCord, in Memphis, Tennessee in late 1830, the daughter of an Irish merchant Richard McCord and his wife Catherine.  According to Cofran, her father died when she was young and her mother remarried; the family moved from Memphis to New Orleans.

Based on Menken's assertions of being a native of New Orleans, Wolf Mankowitz and others have studied Board of Health records for the city. They have concluded that Ada was born in the city as the legitimate daughter of Auguste Théodore, a free man of color (mixed race) and his wife Magdaleine Jean Louis Janneaux, likely also a Louisiana Creole.  Ada would have been raised as Catholic.

Ada was fluent in French (which Creoles used and was still a prominent language in New Orleans) and Spanish. She was described as having a gift for languages.  

The French Opera House in New Orleans
At the age of seven, she performed as a dancer with her sister, Josephine, in the ballet of the French Opera House in New Orleans. Appearing in Havana, Cuba, at seventeen, the beautiful young woman had an affair with the Cuban poet and revolutionary Juan Clemente Zenea; in his poem, Silva, the poet is transfixed by her voice and gestures. 
Ada Bertha Théodore 
Ada left dance for the stage, and began working as an actress. The first documented evidence of her presence in Texas appeared in a Liberty Gazette advertisement on October 8, 1855, announcing that Ada Bertha Théodore would be giving readings of Shakespeare. Subsequent issues contained poems and essays attributed to her and datelined Austin City and Washington, Texas. 

According to Gregory Eiselein, her first marriage was in Texas in 1855 to G. W. Kneass, a musician in a minstrel show. It ended by 1856. 

She was 26 years old when the Civil War began.

Texas, 1850
In Texas she met Alexander Isaac Menken, a theatrical musician who was from a prominent Reform Jewish family in Cincinnati, Ohio.  They married on April 3, 1856 in Livingtston, Texas, and he began to act as her manager.  Ada Menken performed as an actress in the Midwest and Upper South, also giving literary readings. She received decent reviews, which noted her "reckless energy," and performed with men who became notable actors, including Edwin Booth in Louisville, Kentucky.  She played "Mister Bones," a minstrel character, and impersonated Edwin Booth as Hamlet.

Edwin Booth as Hamlet
In 1857 the couple moved to Cincinnati, then the center of Reform Judaism in the United States.  She studied Judaism. learned to read Hebrew, and was committed to the faith for the rest of her life, although she apparently never formally converted.  In this period, she published poetry and articles on Judaism in The Israelite in Cincinnati, the newspaper founded by Rabbi Isaac Mayer Wise.  She also began to be published in the Jewish Messenger of New York.  Menken later told a reporter that she was born Jewish. 

The Israelite 
In 1857 she appeared as Pauline in The Lady of Lyons at Shreveport, Louisiana, and then appeared in Fazio, as Bianca, in New Orleans.  

She added an "h" to her first name, and an "s" to Isaac; by 1858 she billed herself as Adah Isaacs Menken.  Menken wore her wavy hair short, a highly unusual style for women of the time. She also smoked cigarettes in public, which her husband objected to. She cultivated a bohemian and at times androgynous appearance. She was particularly keen to be photographed with famous literary figures of the day and in risqué attire.

Alexander Menken separated from Adah, and the couple eventually secured a rabbinical diploma dissolving their marriage.  Adah continued using Menken as her stage name, and she eventually worked as an actress in New York and San Francisco, as well as in touring productions across the country. She also became known for her poetry and painting. While none of her arts were well received by major critics, she gained a celebrity by that surpassed that of most poets, artists and actresses.  In March 1859 she made her New York debut as the Widow Cheerly in The Soldier's Daughter.

Menken in The French Spy
Later in 1859, Menken appeared on Broadway in New York City in the play The French Spy.  Her work was not highly regarded by the critics: The New York Times described her as "the worst actress on Broadway". The Observer said, "she is delightfully unhampered by the shackles of talent". 

Menken continued to perform small parts in New York, as well as reading Shakespeare in performance, and giving lectures around town.

John C. Heenan
"The Benicia Boy"
She married her second husband, John C. Heenan, a famous champion prizefighter, on September 3, 1859. A boxer, Heenan was a popular national figure in the United States, known around the world as the Benicia Boy.  Some time after their marriage, the press discovered she did not have a legal divorce from Menken, and accused her of bigamy. As John Heenan was one of the most famous figures in America, the press also accused Menken of marrying for his celebrity. While he was in London for a prominent match in March 1860, she billed herself as Mrs. John Heenan for a one-night run at the Old Bowery Theatre in New York, to great success.  When the Civil War began, soldiers from both North and South  tacked up Adah’s 3 by 5 inch photograph cards on tent poles, along with those of her husband, world heavyweight boxing champion.  

John C. Heenan
Adah Menken was the first star whose image was turned into thousands of 3 x 5- inch cartes de visites (photographs mounted on postcards). In turn, these were copied by poster artists whose work decorated many a billboard and saloon wall.

To please his English mistress, Heenan denounced Adah, and the accusations that flew back and forth were all over the front pages of the penny press.  Heenan left Adah pregnant with a son who died soon after his birth. They eventually divorced in 1862, but she continued to use the name Mrs. Heenan to gain other bookings in Boston, Providence, Baltimore and Philadelphia.
Ada Clare
While in New York, Adah frequented Charlie Pfaff’s tavern at 653 Broadway. In this dim, smoky cellar, Adah met New York’s first Bohemians, and she became friendly with Ada Clare, the feminist writer; Artemus Ward, America’s first stand-up comic (who defined a Bohemian as “an educated hoss thief”); the poet Walt Whitman, and some others of his bohemian circle. 
Walt Whitman

She was influenced by Whitman's work and began to write in a more confessional style. She published 25 poems in the Sunday Mercury, an entertainment newspaper in New York. In 1860 Menken wrote a review entitled "Swimming Against the Current", which praised Walt Whitman's new edition of Leaves of Grass, saying he was "centuries ahead of his contemporaries". 

Christina Rossetti
Beginning in New York, her poetry expressed a wider range of emotions related to relationships, sexuality, and also about women's struggle to find a place in the world. Her admirers included Christina Rossetti. 

Menken also wrote an article on the 1860 election; as it was very unusual for a woman to write about politics, and even the Mercury expressed reservations.

Leaves of Grass
Another supportive friend was Ed James, journalist for The Clipper.  James, a Member of Parliament, had been caught making love to a nobleman’s wife and fled London for New York.  He would become Adah’s confidant and, more importantly, her publicist.

The public was shocked with Menken’s short hair and even shorter skirts, and that she wore  pants on occasion.  She once gave a press conference lying on a tiger skin, sipping champagne, and smoking a cigarette.

Blondin's Rope Ascension over Niagara
Menken had a vaudeville tour (and affair) with Charles Blondin, the famed tightrope walker who had crossed Niagara Falls. 

Cartoon comparing Abraham Lincoln to Charles Blondin
After their tour ended, she appealed to her business manager, James Murdock, to help her become recognized as a great actress. Murdock offered her the "breeches role" (that of a man) in the melodrama  Mazeppa, based on a poem by Lord Byron.  At the climax of the play hit, the hero was stripped of his clothing, tied to his horse, and sent off to his death.  The audiences were thrilled with the scene, in which a dummy was  strapped to a horse.  Menken wanted to perform the stunt herself: dressed in nude tights and riding the horse on stage, she appeared to be naked and caused a sensation.  Not only was she a woman playing the part of a man, she heightened the sensationalism by appearing to be nude.  New York audiences were shocked, but still attended. 

To build her box office, Menken rode a white horse round Central Park, accompanied by ten grooms. Such publicity sold out the Broadway. Extra chairs were placed in the aisles to accommodate the overflow' latecomers fought for standing room or window sill space. Menken received an astounding $12,000 for 24 performances.

Menken took the production of Mazeppa to San Francisco. Audiences concerned less about convention flocked to the show and made it wildly popular.  She became known across the country for this role, and San Francisco adopted her as its performer.   In the West she became acquainted with the young Samuel Clemens, Bret Harte, and Joaquin Miller.

Joaquin Miller
In 1862 she married Robert Henry Newell, a humorist and editor of the Sunday Mercury in New York, who had published most of her poetry.  Newell attained nationwide prominence during the Civil War under the pseudonym of Orpheus Kerr. President Lincoln chuckled over his satires about corrupt office seekers in Washington.  Menken and Newell were married about three years.
Robert Henry Newell
She was so well known that she was referred to as "the Menken", needing no other name. This period established her lasting image. The highest earning actress of her time, she was generous to friends, theatre people in need, and charities.  

Charles Dickens
While in Europe, the Menken continued to play to the American public as well.  

Tom Hood
She attracted a crowd of male admirers, including such prominent figures as the writer Charles Dickens, the humorist Tom Hood, and the dramatist and novelist Charles Reade.  

Charles Reade
In 1864, Mark Twain, who worked as a fledgling newspaper reporter for the Californian, witnessed the Menken bring down the house. He described how
A magnificent spectacle dazzled my vision—the whole constellation of the Great Menken came flaming out of the heavens like a vast spray of gas jets, and shed a glory abroad over the universe as it fell. I have used the term "Great Menken" because I regard it as a more modest expression than "'The Great Bare".
Mark Twain
She arranged to play in a production of Mazeppa in London and France for much of 1864-1866, when she swiftly conquered London and Paris.  

Her next marriage,  in 1866, was to James Paul Barkley, a gambler whom she soon left. She returned without him to France, where she was performing. 

George Sand
There she had their son, whom she named Louis Dudevant Victor Emanuel Barkley; the baby's godmother was the author George Sand.  Louis died in infancy.

She had an affair with the French novelist Alexandre Dumas, pere, considered scandalous as he was more than twice her age. Dumas’ father, one of Napoleon Bonaparte’s generals, was a black man from Haiti, and Dumas boasted of his African heritage.

Menken and Dumas
Returning to England in 1867, she had an affair with the English poet Algernon Charles Swinburne.  
Algernon Charles Swinburne  
By 1867, she had become a merchandising phenomenon. Her name was used to sell cravats, jewelry, hats, clothing, and handkerchiefs. You could even buy a Menken shaving mug. Her photographs were seen virtually everywhere.

She struggled to attract audiences to Mazeppa as attendance fell off.  Menken fell ill in London and was forced to stop performing.  Her fame and fortune dissipated quickly, and she struggled with poverty. Her last try to gain some income through art was preparing her poems for publication. 

She moved back to Paris, where her last performance was on May 30, 1868; she collapsed with pains in her side. 

She wrote a brief note to an acquaintance: 
 "I am lost to art and life. Yet, when all is said and done, have I not at my age tasted more of life than most women who live to be a hundred? It is fair, then, that I should go where old people go."
When treatment by the personal doctor of Napoleon III of France provided no relief, a rabbi kept a bedside vigil. She died on August 10, 1868, at the age of 33.  Fittingly for someone whose early life is shrouded in a fog, it is not known what killed her. Theories include an abscess, tuberculosis, peritonitis, cancer, or “a complication of disorders.”

Menken was buried in the Jewish section of Cimetière de Montparnasse.  On her tomb, at her request, were engraved the words of her favorite saying,“Thou Knowest.”

Montparnasse Cemetery, Jewish Section

Thou knowest, Lord, the secrets of our hearts; 
shut not thy merciful ears unto our prayer
But spare us, Lord most holy, 
O God most mighty, 
O holy and most merciful Saviour, 
Thou most worthy Judge eternal, 
Suffer us not at our last hour
for any pains of death to fall from Thee.

Man that is born of a woman hath
but a short time to live,
 and is full of misery.
He cometh up, and is cut down like a flow'r; 
he flee'th as it were a shadow, 
and ne'er continueth in one stay. 

In the midst of life we are in death: 
of whom may we seek for succour, 
but of Thee, O Lord, 
who for our sins are justly displeased? 
Yet, O Lord most mighty, 
O holy, and most merciful Saviour, 
deliver us not into the bitter pains of eternal death. 

Her only book, Infelicia, was published shortly after her death.  Adah had dedicated her book of verse to Charles Dickens.

Arthur Conan Doyle turned Adah into Irene Adler in his breakthrough Sherlock Holmes tale, “A Scandal in Bohemia.” The King gushes over how amazing Adler is, saying "Would she not have made an admirable queen? Is it not a pity she was not on my level?" Holmes replies scathingly that Miss Adler is indeed on a much different level from the King (by which he means higher — an implication lost on the King).  Declares Dr. Watson, “To Holmes she is always the woman.”

Menken’s image lives on through the incandescent theatrical portraits of New York based Napoleon Sarony. His contemporaries dubbed him “the father of artistic photography in America”.   Sarony introduced painted backgrounds, interesting accessories into his pictures, and added a fluidity of movement—the opposite of his colleagues who placed sitters in the same dull positions, a set expression on their faces. In his studio at 630 Broadway, Sarony captured the elaborately costumed Menken at her most dramatic. Menken anticipated the poses, attitudes and roles that would be assumed by models on everything from calendars to magazine covers over the next 100 years.

Another admirer, Billy Rose, called Adah, “the lollapalooza who rates with Helen of Troy, Cleopatra, and other standouts in the cuddle-up sweepstakes.” Rose collected Menkiana, pale reflections of the original.

She is now arguably most famous as a Jewish or African-American poet, and is becoming an increasingly popular figure in lesbian studies.

Wednesday, June 26, 2013

David Sinton, born June 26, 1808

David Sinton was born in County Armagh, Ireland, the son of Quaker linen manufacturer John Sinton, of Unshinagh, and Mary McDonnell.  John Sinton  was a cousin of Irish Quaker industrialist brothers, Thomas and John Sinton.  Thomas Sinton made a significant impact upon the Irish linen trade, establishing the village of  Laurelvale in County Armagh.   The Sintons, like so many of Northern Ireland's linen families were Quakers.  

County Armagh, Ireland
John Sinton sailed with his family on a nine-week voyage to America in 1811, and settled at  Pittsburgh, when David was three years old.  He partnered in merchandising with a brother-in-law; the following year, the partnership was dissolved, and John Sinton moved to West Union, Ohio.  He sold goods there from 1812 to 1825, at which time he closed out his business at auction.

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
David left West Union in 1822, when he was 14 years old, and went to Sinking Springs in Highland County, Ohio.  There he went into the employment of James McCague, who kept a tavern and a country store, and remained at that place two years. McCague had a branch store at Dunbarton, Ohio, three miles south of Peebles; David was 16 years old when he went to keep store at Dunbarton.  McCague was a drinking man, and his wife and David attended to all the business. Sinton later said that the sales in the branch store at Dunbarton were principally whiskey; on Saturdays, the furnace hands from the Brush Creek Forge, Steam Furnace and Marble Furnace, gathered at Dunbarton, and got drunk. 

David Sinton went to Cincinnati in 1824 and went to work as a laborer. He put up twenty tons of bar iron from Pittsburgh, and placed barrels of sugar in lofts. He had a difficulty with a fellow-laborer in the same house, and later said: "I went to Mr. Adams, and asked him to discharge the other man. He refused to do so, and I discharged myself."

Disgusted with Cincinnati, he went home to West Union. James McCague asked him to return to Sinking Springs, and he worked for him for the following two years at eight dollars per month.

He decided he wanted to be a capitalist, and went into partnership with a Methodist preacher: they bought a still-house for one hundred and fifty dollars. David ran the still until he paid his debts, and then being ashamed of the business, he sold out. 

David had one older brother, William, who became a physician, but died in 1831 at the age of 27.  He also had two sisters: Isabella Eliza, who never left Ireland, and Sarah, who married John Sparks, an Ohio banker.  

He went to Cincinnati again and opened a commission house for John Sparks, his brother-in-law, and Daniel Boyle, of West Union.  It was not successful, and the house was closed in six months. David then went to Washington Court House, Ohio, to take change of a store for a Dr. Boyd; he remained there for six months at twenty-five dollars per month, until he received an offer for higher pay.  He went to Union Furnace Landing where he kept store and sold pig iron for John Sparks & Company for the next three years. 

David Sinton was 53 years old when the Civil War began.

Union Furnace and Village
Lawrence County, Ohio
In 1829, Sinton became manager of the furnace at four hundred dollars per year, when other furnaces were paying one thousand dollars per year for the same service. Union Furnace had cost seven thousand dollars, but was much in debt. Sinton made the furnace put out five hundred tons of iron per year, and made it pay dividends. 

Sinton became ill with cholera at Union Landing in 1833, at the time his sister, Sarah Sinton Sparks, died of it.  He nearly died at the same time.

Their father died at West Union, Ohio, Sunday, June 28, 1835, at the age of seventy-one, of cholera.  There were seven other deaths from cholera that day in West Union.  David Sinton was at Union Landing, and was notified by messenger.  The custom at the time in cholera cases was to bury the deceased the same day they died.  When Sinton reached West Union, his father had been buried for two days. 

Sinton wanted to push the business he worked for: he leased the furnace at a rental of five thousand dollars per year for five years. The stack fell down, and the bars gave out. While rebuilding the stack, he bought great quantities of wood, and had it stored about the furnace. Before the stack was rebuilt, the wood caught fire and was all consumed. Sinton was then twenty-eight years of age, and financially broken up. He had been up three days and nights fighting fire, and was utterly discouraged. He thought he would go to Mexico, but lay down and slept eighteen consecutive hours. The men who had brought in the wood, and worked at the furnace, wanted their money. Sinton professed his ability to pay, and the men were paid as they came up, in as small bills.  After the furnace started up, Sinton sold iron at thirty-five dollars per ton, which he made at a cost of ten dollars per ton. At that time the furnace made six tons per day. 

Sinton built Ohio Furnace during his lease on Union Furnace. It made ten tons per day, and Sinton ran it for a year before his lease terminated on Union Furnace. Union Furnace was then put and sold in partition, and Sinton and Thomas W. Means bought it in 1837.  They then owned and ran both Ohio and Union furnaces.

Thomas W. Means
Sinton married Jane Ellison, the sister of the wife of his partner, Thomas Means, on July 22, 1846 at Union Landing, Ohio. They had two children, Edward (1848-1869) and Anna Taft (1850-1931).  David Sinton moved his family to Cincinnati in 1849.  He originally had a townhouse at 340 West Fourth Street, which was later torn down to erect an apartment building.
Sinton Flats
Apartment Building
Downtown Cincinnati
Jane Sinton died in 1853, at the age of 27, in Manchester, Ohio. She was buried in the family plot at the Presbyterian churchyard there. David Sinton never remarried.

Grave of Jane Ellison Sinton
Manchester, Ohio
When the war broke out in 1861 broke out, pig-iron was eighteen dollars per ton, and Sinton had seven thousand tons on hand. Many thought he was ruined, but he held on to that iron until it went up to seventy -five dollars per ton, and then sold it. When iron rose in price, he continued making it, and selling it for cash. During the war, his two furnaces made thirty tons of iron per day for every day they ran.  In 1863, he began putting his money in Cincinnati real estate. 

His son, Edward, died of epilepsy in Hot Springs, Arkansas in 1869.  He was 21 years old.

Baum-Longworth-Sinton-Taft House
His residence in Cincinnati was the old Longworth mansion on Pike street, built by Martin Baum. The Baum-Longworth-Sinton-Taft House, a National Historic Landmark built about 1820 for Martin Baum, is the oldest domestic wooden structure locally and is considered one of the finest examples of Federal architecture in the Palladian style in the country.  Other residents of this mansion included Nicholas Longworth, who extensively redecorated the interiors and hired African American painter Robert S. Duncanson to paint landscape murals in the foyer, now considered as one of the finest suites of domestic murals dating from before the Civil War.
Sculpture of David Sinton
 by Hiram Powers
After Longworth’s residency, the villa with a copper roof was purchased by David Sinton, who lived in it with his daughter, Anna, and her husband.  At the age of 21, Anna Sinton married Charles Phelps Taft in the music room of the mansion on December 3, 1873.  Taft was editor of the Cincinnati Times-Star and brother of William Howard Taft.   

Sculpture of Anna Sinton
 by Hiram Powers
During his lifetime, Sinton was philanthropic in his donations to the arts and the Presbyterian church. He presented $100,000 to the Union Bethel, $33,000 to the Young Men's Christian Association, and $100,000 unconditionally to the University of Cincinnati.

The town of Sinton, Texas was named in his honor, as he was the majority stock holder in Coleman-Fulton Pasture Company. Soon after the San Antonio and Aransas Pass Railway was built through the county in 1886, Colonel George W. Fulton, founder of the Coleman-Fulton Pasture Company, received approval from the board of directors to give 640 acres for the townsite of Sinton on the south bank of Chiltipin Creek.

He died at home on August 31, 1900, at the age of  93.  He was Ohio's richest man at the time.  He left $20,000,000 (the 2011 equivalent of this is $500,000,000) to his daughter.  

Anna Sinton Taft

He was buried in Spring Grove Cemetery in Cincinnati.

Sinton Family Plot
Spring Grove Cemetery
Cincinnati, Ohio
It was said that Sinton money financed William Howard Taft's presidential bid. In 1908, Charles Phelps Taft’s half-brother, William Howard Taft accepted the nomination for U. S. president underneath the house’s portico. 

Charles Phelps Taft
Sinton's home is now the Taft Museum of Art.  The Tafts bequeathed their home and private collection of 690 works of art to the people of Cincinnati in 1927. After extensive remodeling and updating, the Baum-Longworth-Taft House opened as the Taft Museum in 1932.

The Taft Museum
Sinton was the great-grandfather of First World War flying ace David Sinton Ingalls.  

David Sinton Ingalls