Barbary macaque

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  (Redirected from Barbary ape)
Jump to: navigation, search
Barbary macaque[1]
Portrait of a father.jpg
Conservation status
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Cercopithecidae
Genus: Macaca
Species: M. sylvanus
Binomial name
Macaca sylvanus
(Linnaeus, 1758)[3]
Macaca sylvanus range map.png

The Barbary macaque (Macaca sylvanus), Barbary ape, or magot[4] is a species of macaque unique for its distribution outside Asia and for its vestigial tail.[5] Found in the Atlas Mountains of Algeria and Morocco and El-Kouf National Park in Libya along with a small population of unknown origin in Gibraltar, the Barbary macaque is one of the best-known Old World monkey species.[6]

The Barbary macaque is of particular interest because males play an atypical role in rearing young. Despite uncertain paternity, males are integral to raising infants. Generally, Barbary macaques of all ages and sexes contribute in alloparental care of young.[7]



Physical description[edit]





The Barbary macaque is mainly found in the Atlas and Rif Mountain ranges of Morocco and Algeria and Jebel Akhdar in Libya. It is the only species of macaque that is distributed outside of Asia.[5] These animals can occupy a variety of habitats, such as cedar, fir, and oak forests, or grasslands, scrub, rocky ridges full of vegetation. Most Barbary macaques inhabit cedar forests currently, however, this could reflect the present habitat availability rather than a specific preference for this habitat.[5]




Their main predators are leopards, eagles, and domestic dogs.[5] The approach of eagles and domestic dogs are known to elicit an alarm call response.[5]

Female Barbary macaque with young suckling

Social behavior[edit]




Male Barbary macaques interfere in conflicts and form coalitions with other males, usually with related males rather than with unrelated males. These relationships suggest that males do so in order to indirectly increase their own fitness. Furthermore, males form coalitions with closely related kin more often than they do with distantly related kin.[14] These coalitions are not permanent and may change frequently as male ranking within the group changes. Although males are more likely to form coalitions with males who have helped them in the past, this is not as important as relatedness in determining coalitions.[14] Males avoid conflicting with higher ranking males and will more frequently form coalitions with the higher ranking male in a conflict.[14] Close grouping of males occur when infant Barbary macaques are present. Interactions between males are commonly initiated when a male presents an infant macaque to an adult male who is not caring for an infant, or when an unattached male approaches males who are caring for infants. This behavior leads to a type of social buffering which reduces the number of antagonistic interactions among males in a group.[10]


Alarm calls[edit]


Barbary macaque females have the ability to recognize their own offspring’s calls through a variety of acoustic parameters.[17] Mothers demonstrate different behaviors upon hearing the calls of other infant macaques as opposed to the calls of their own offspring.[17] Because female macaques can distinguish among a variety of parameters, infant calls do not have to differ dramatically for mothers to be able to recognize their own infant’s call. More parameters for vocalizations lead to more reliable identification of calls in both infants and in adult macaques so it is not surprising that the same acoustic characteristics that are heard in infant calls are also heard in adult calls.[17]


Barbary macaques mating

Although Barbary macaques are sexually active at all points during a female’s reproductive cycle, male Barbary macaques determine a female’s most fertile period by sexual swellings on the female.[18] Mating is most common during a female’s most fertile period. The swelling size of the female reaches a maximum around the time of ovulation, suggesting that size helps a male predict when he should mate. This is further supported by the fact that male ejaculation peaks at the same time that female sexual swelling peaks. There is not a sufficient change in female sexual behavior around the time of ovulation in order to demonstrate to the male that the female is fertile. The swellings, therefore, appear necessary for predicting fertility.[18]

Illustration from the 19th century

Barbary macaque females differ from other non-human primates in that they often mate with a majority of the males in their social group. While females are active in choosing sexual associations, the mating behavior of macaque social groups is not entirely determined by female choice.[19] These multiple matings by females decreases the certainty of paternity of male Barbary macaques and may lead them to care for all infants within the group. In order for a male to ensure his reproductive success, he must maximize his time spent around the females in the group during their fertile periods. Injuries to male macaques peaks during the fertile period which points to male-male competition as an important determinant of male reproductive success.[19] Not allowing a female to mate with other males, however, would be costly to the male since doing so would not allow him to mate with more females.[19]



Interaction with the environment[edit]

Barbary macaques can cause major damage to the trees in their prime habitat, the Atlas Cedar forests in Morocco. Since deforestation in Morocco has become a major environmental problem in recent years, research has been conducted to determine the cause of the bark stripping behavior demonstrated by these macaques. Cedar trees are also vital to this population of Barbary macaques as an area with cedars can support a much higher density of macaques than one without them. A lack of a water source and exclusion of monkeys from water sources are major causes of cedar bark stripping behavior in Barbary macaques. Density of macaques, however, is less correlated with the behavior than the other causes considered.[20]



Relationship with humans[edit]


Wild populations of Barbary macaques have suffered a major decline in recent years to the point of being declared in 2009 as an endangered species by the IUCN.[21] Three-quarters of the world population are located in the Middle Atlas Mountains.[21]

This species is also poached for live specimens as pets in the illegal pet trade, and for clandestine collectors.[22] Spain is the main entry point in Europe. Today, no accurate data exist on the location and number of individuals out of their habitat. An unknown number of individuals are included in zoological collections, at other institutions, in private hands, in storage, or waiting to be relocated to appropriate destinations.[23]

The habitat of the Barbary macaque is under threat from increased logging activity. As such, they are listed as endangered by the IUCN Red List.[21] Local farmers view the monkeys as pests, and engage in extermination of the species. Once common throughout northern Africa and southern Europe, only an estimated 12,000 to 21,000 Barbary macaques are left in Morocco and Algeria.[24] Once, their distribution was much more extensive, reaching Tunisia and Libya. Their range is no longer continuous, with only isolated areas of range remaining. During the Pleistocene, this species inhabited the Mediterranean coasts and Europe, reaching Italy, Hungary, Spain, Portugal and France, and as far north as Germany and the British Isles.[25] The species decreased with the arrival of the Ice Age, becoming extinct in the Iberian Peninsula 30,000 years ago.[26]



Tourists interact with wild monkeys in many places, tourists may be encouraged to feed, photograph and touch them. Tourism may aid conservation but may also stress the animals. Aggressive behaviour by tourists stressed the animals physiologically. Stress related hormones were found in their droppings. Other tourist actions made the monkeys uneasy without apparent physiological stress. Stress behaviour in Barbary macaques increased when humans got too close to them, touched them or even photographed them. When tourists got too close macaques were more aggressive and less friendly to each other. High tourist numbers are not a problem for the macaques provided tourists stay at a distance. Macaques that interacted with tourists had more parasites, possibly due to crowding at feeding sites. Macaques in contact with tourists further were fatter with less healthy fur than their counterparts that did not receive unhealthy food from humans. Guidelines are needed to avoid tourists stressing the animals unnecessarily. [28]

Human use[edit]

Many of the mistaken ideas about human anatomy contained in the writings of Galen are apparently due to his use of these animals, the only anthropoid available to him, in dissections.[29] Strong cultural taboos of his time prevented his performing any actual dissections of human cadavers, even in his role as physician and teacher of physicians.[30]

Gibraltar population[edit]

Closeup of face

The last wild population in Europe is that of Gibraltar, which unlike that of North Africa, is thriving. Currently, there are around 230 individuals living on the Rock of Gibraltar, and they form groups of up to 75 and will occasionally enter towns.[8][31]

See also[edit]


  2. ^ Butynski, T. M., Cortes, J., Water, S., Fa, J., Hobbelink, M. E., van Lavieren, E., Belbachir, F., Cuzin, F., de Smet, K., Mouna, M., de Iongh, H., Menard, N. & Camperio-Ciani, A. (2008). Macaca sylvanus. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 4 January 2009.
  3. ^ Linne´, Carl von (1758). Systema naturæ. Regnum animale. (10 ed.). p. 25. Retrieved 19 November 2012. 
  6. ^ Emmanuel, John (September 1982). "A Survey Of Population and Habitat of the Barbary Macaqu Macaca Sylvanus L. In North Morocco". Biologoical Conservation 24 (1): 45–66. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(82)90046-5. 
  7. ^ a b Small, Meredith F (1990). "Alloparental Behaviour in Barbary Macaques, Macaca Sylvanus". Animal Behaviour 39 (2): 297–306. doi:10.1016/s0003-3472(05)80874-7. 
  9. ^ Fischer, Julia; Kurt Hammerschimidt (2002). "An Overview of the Barbary Macaque, Macaca sylvanus, Vocal Repertoire". Folia Primatologica 73 (1). doi:10.1159/000060417. 
  10. ^ a b c Deag, John M (1980). "Interactions Between Males and Unweaned Barbary Macaques: Testing the Agonistic Buffering Hypothesis". Behaviour 75 (1): 54–80. doi:10.1163/156853980x00564. 
  11. ^ Small, Meredith F. (1990). "Alloparental Behaviour in Barbary Macaques, Macaca Sylvanus". Animal Behavior: 297–306. 
  12. ^ Kuester, Jutta (1999). "Male migration in Barbary macaques at Affenberg Salam". International journal of primatology 20 (1): 85. doi:10.1023/A:1020536317646. 
  13. ^ a b Shutt, Kathryn; MacLarnon, Ann; Heistermann, Michael; Semple, Stuart (2007). "Grooming in Barbary Macaques: Better to Give than to Receive?". Biology Letters 3 (3): 231–33. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0052. 
  14. ^ a b c Widdig, Anja; Jurgen Streich, Wolf; Tembrock, Gunter (2000). "Coalition Formation among Male Barbary Macaques (Macaca Sylvanus)". American Journal of Primatology 50 (1): 37–51. doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2345(200001)50:1<37::aid-ajp4>;2-v. 
  15. ^ Preuschoft, Signe (1992). ""Laughter" and "Smile" in Barbary Macaques (Macaca Sylvanus)". Ethology 91 (3): 220–36. 
  16. ^ a b Fischer, Julia; Hammerschmidt, Kurt; Todt, Dietmar (1998). "Local Variation in Barbary Macaque Shrill Barks". Animal Behaviour 56 (3): 623–29. doi:10.1006/anbe.1998.0796. 
  17. ^ a b c Hammerschmidt, Kurt; Todt, Dietmar (1995). "Individual Differences in Vocalisations of Young Barbary Macaques (Macaca Sylvanus): A Multi-Parametric Analysis To Identify Critical Cues in Acoustic Signalling". Behaviour 132 (5): 381–99. 
  18. ^ a b Brauch, K., D. Pfefferle, K. Hodges, U. Mohle, J. Fischer, and M. Heistermann. "Female Sexual Behavior and Sexual Swelling Size as Potential Cues for Males to Discern the Female Fertile Phase in Free-ranging Barbary Macaques (Macaca Sylvanus) of Gibraltar." Hormones and Behavior 52.3 (2007): 375-83
  20. ^ Ciani; Camperio, Andrea; Martinoli, Loredana; Capiluppi, Claudio; Arahou, Mohamed; Mouna, Mohamed. "Effects of Water Availability and Habitat Quality on Bark-Stripping Behavior in Barbary Macaques". Conservation Biology 15 (1): 259–65. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2001.99019.x. 
  21. ^ a b c van Lavieren, Els; Serfe A. Wich (January 2010). "Decline of the Endangered Barbary macaque in the cedar forest of the Middle Atlas Mountains, Morocco". Oryx 44 (1): 133–138. doi:10.1017/s0030605309990172. 
  23. ^ Macaca Sylvanus.  Missing or empty |title= (help)
  24. ^ C. Michael Hogan (2008) Barbary Macaque: Macaca sylvanus,
  25. ^ Von Segesser, F.; N. Menard; B. Gaci; R. D. Martin (1999). "Genetic differentiation within and between isolated Algerian subpopulations of Barbary macaques: evidence from microsatellites". Molecular Ecology 8: 433–442. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00582.x. 
  26. ^ O'Reagan, Hannah (November 2008). "The Iberian Peninsula- corridor or cul-de-sac? Mammalian faunal change and possible routes of dispersal in the last 2 million years". Quaternary Science Reviews 27 (23-24): 2136–2144. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.08.007. 
  27. ^ Steele, Helen. "The Archaeology of Navan, Ireland". 
  28. ^ Tourists upset Morocco Barbary macaque monkeysMonkeys and Tourism – A Price to Pay
  29. ^ Ustun, Cagatay (2004). "Galen and His Anatomic Eponym: Vein of Galen". Clinical Anatomy 17: 454–457. doi:10.1002/ca.20013. 
  30. ^ Arnold, Thurman (November 1932). "Law Enforcement: An Attempt at Social Dissection". The Yale Law Journal 42 (1): 1–24. 
  31. ^ "Amok on the rock: Gibraltar to cull pack of their national symbol monkeys 'because they are a nuisance". Mail Online (London). 16 April 2008. 

External links[edit]