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Wednesday, April 4, 2018

The Uncertainty Principle: a contemporary formulation.

This post is one of four posts on the interpretation of quantum mechanics:
When the uncertainty principle was introduced (Werner Heisenberg, 1927) quantum mechanics was in the state of active development. Scientists had heated discussions about many strange aspects of the new science.
For physicists of that time any deviation from classical Newtonian mechanics was mind bending. Trying to merge the old and new realms of physics they have invented many new concepts which at the time help to propel the discussion toward a better common understanding. those concepts have been passed from one generation of physicists to another. However, some of those concept do not have so much of importance anymore as they had it during the years of the building of the new theory. Uncertainty Principle, or a wave-particle duality are examples of such concepts.
Almost a hundred years later physicists know much more about the fundamental properties of quantum matter.
However, the popular literature still uses the old and outdated, and basically wrong formulation of the uncertainty principle, such as: “Heisenberg's uncertainty principle posits that there is a fundamental limit to the precision with which so-called complementary variables, such as position and momentum, can be measured. That is, the more accurately the speed and direction (and thus the momentum) of a quantum particle are known, the less certain we can be about its position.” (from “Easing uncertainty: How Heisenberg's uncertainty principle can be relaxed” // April 2, 2018
The offers a disclaimer, like: “It must be emphasized that measurement does not mean only a process in which a physicist-observer takes part, but rather any interaction between classical and quantum objects regardless of any observer” (, but this disclaimer does not say anything to a non-physicist (and even to some of the physicists who don’t give much thoughts on the matter).
The problem with the common formulation of the uncertainty principle is that it uses such words as “measurement”, “known”, “we”. This makes an intelligent being, an observer, to be a central part of the principle. However, as scientists believe, natural phenomena do not depend on our knowledge about them, natural phenomena cannot depend on the presence or the absence of any intelligence. That means that any law or a principle has to be formulated in a way independent of the presence or the absence of an observer, a scientist, a human being, or an alien intelligence.
This is why it is important to formulate the uncertainty principle in such a way that it would not be related to the presence or the absence of an observer.
In order to arrive at such a formulation, we have to start from a brief (and very much simplified) description of the macroscopic world.
The macroscopic world consists of macroscopic things – objects (or systems of objects).
Each macroscopic object has certain properties and can be in certain states, which are described by specific parameters (physical quantities) which may have specific values. For example, a small ping-pong plastic ball has mass, can have electric charge, can be located in space (which is described by its coordinates), can change that location (which is described by its velocity), can be traveling faster or slower (that is described by acceleration), can be influenced by other objects such as the Earth, a racket, a wall, the air (that influence is described by various forces). For a set of several objects interacting with each other there is a set of very important quantities which may change for different objects, but (under certain circumstances) stay the same for the whole system (energy, momentum).
The set of quantities which describe an object as that object is usually called properties: for example, for a ball, the properties are described by its mass (and charge; or its color - but that property is not so important for a physicist).
The set of quantities which describe what may be happening to an object is usually called a state: for a ball that would be its coordinates and velocity (or linear momentum, or kinetic energy, or ...).
The same object may have different states; for example, the same ball (i.e. a small object with the same mass and charge) can have different locations, can change those locations.
For a macroscopic object all physical quantities (describing both, properties and states) can have certain value simultaneously, i.e. at the same time.
There is a special procedure which assigns a specific value to each quantity, and called a measurement.
A measurement is an interaction between two objects each of which has the same quantity; the amount of the quantity of one object is set to be "a standard" and usually is set to be equal to one (that object is called a standard, or an etalon); and the interaction shows how much of the same quantity the second object has (relative to the standard).
The simplest example is measuring the mass of an object. There is a standard of mass, called a kilogram. All other objects can be compared with one kilogram, and the result will be the number of kilograms in those objects (there are many ways to make that comparison, it does not matter how exactly the comparison would happen; for example, could have been done by using the same spring, or a calibrate spring, a.k.a. a spring scale).
From our definition of a measurement, it sounds like a measurement includes an observer who designs and uses the measuring procedure. However, that is not a case. Any measurement is based on the following set of axioms:
1. objects exists;
2. there are many objects with the same physical quantity (or quantities);
3. different objects can interact;
4. the behavior of the objects during and after interactions depends on the amount/value of a quantity (quantities) each object has;
5. the behavior of the objects during and after interactions depends on the amount/value of a quantity (quantities) each object has in a regular way (i.e. according to some repetitive pattern; the same objects in the same circumstances under the same conditions behave in the same way).
That regular way (a pattern) usually allows to establish a mathematical relationship between the values of some physical quantities of interacting objects (often called a law, but may be a definition).
The most important take from this brief introduction into measurements of the physical properties of macroscopic objects is that:
1.  for all macroscopic objects all physical quantities can have their values (hence, measured) at the same time.
2. no matter how many identical microscopic systems exist, in the same macroscopic conditions (the same objects in the same states) they all will have the same values for the same quantities.
For example, if 1000 identical ping-pong balls are released from rest from 20 m above the ground (on the Earth), they all hit the ground about 2 s later with the speed about 20 m/s.
The macroscopic world is important for us, humans, because we, humans, belong to it, too; we are also macroscopic objects, and as such can also be used as standards for measuring various quantities – the only issue with it is that we are not very accurate measuring devices (we could hold a ball in our hand and try to guess its mass, but that would not be as accurate as using a scale). That is why when we need to measure values of some physical quantities we do not use our bodies for that, but instead we use other objects, and then we use our bodies to interact with those other objects (mostly via light, i.e. by watching; e.g. like looking at a spring scale).
Now we are ready to go into the microscopic world, the world which is governed by the laws of quantum mechanics.
Microscopic objects also have properties and states.
But those properties and states may differ from properties and states of macroscopic objects.
For example, microscopic objects can have a spin, but no macroscopic object has it (what is a spin does not matter for this conversation; it is just an illustration of something what a macroscopic object cannot ever have, and microscopic objects can).
Microscopic objects can interact with other microscopic objects, and those interactions obey quantum laws (e.g. the Schrödinger equation).
And, of course, microscopic objects can interact with macroscopic objects.
The mathematical description of such an interaction, however, usually is much more difficult than the use of the Schrödinger equation. But the description of the results of such an interaction is rather simple.
Sometimes when a microscopic object interacts with a macroscopic object, again and again under the same macroscopic conditions, that macroscopic object always demonstrates for a certain physical quantity the same value. If that happens, the microscopic object exists in a pure state with respect to that physical quantity.
Sometimes when a microscopic object interacts with a macroscopic object, again and again under the same macroscopic conditions, that macroscopic object demonstrates for a certain physical quantity many different values (i.e. a distribution of values). If that happens, the microscopic object exists in a mixed state with respect to that physical quantity.
Turns out, that for many microscopic objects some quantities can exist in pure states at the same time, i.e. a macroscopic object interacting with the microscopic object always repeats/shows/has the same values for two (or more) quantities (for example, for a linear momentum and kinetic energy of an electron in a vacuum tube). Two quantities like that are called commutative.
This behavior looks normal for macroscopic objects, because for them all quantities deliver the same values under the same conditions; for all macroscopic objects all quantities are commutative.
However, for many microscopic objects some quantities cannot exist in pure states at the same time, i.e. a macroscopic object interacting with the microscopic object never repeats/shows/has the same values for those two (or more) quantities (for example, for a linear momentum and a coordinate of an electron in a vacuum tube). Even when a microscopic object exists in a pure state relative to one physical quantity, it will never be in a pure state (only in a mixed one) relative to another one physical quantity. Two quantities like that are called non-commutative.
The existence of non-commutative physical quantities is one of the most important properties of the quantum world; non-commutative quantities do not exist for macroscopic objects.
Now, finally, we can formulate the uncertainty principle in its contemporary meaning.
For any two non-commutative physical quantities, the narrower is the distribution of the values for one of the quantities, the wider is the distribution of the values for another one.
We need to stress again that the term “the distribution of the values” means the distribution of values of a specific physical quantity of a specific macroscopic object which interacts with many identical versions (one at a time) of the same microscopic object (or a system) under the same macroscopic conditions.
This distribution usually can be represented by an equation or a graph, which in a simple case is similar to a well-known Bell curve.
In the picture, q represents possible values of the quantity, P represents the probability for a macroscopic object to have that value after interaction with a microscopic object, S represents a parameter which characterizes the width of the distribution P(q).
Using such parameters there is a mathematical expression which represents the uncertainty principle for two non-commutative quantities: S1*S2 > or = Const.
For some special pairs of non-commutative quantities, called “complementary” that constant is equal to a specific value, h/(), where h is the Max Plan Planck’s constant.
What especially interesting is the fact that the Schrödinger equation allows to calculate a special function, "Psy", called, a wave-function of a microscopic object (a system), which has a simple direct mathematical relationship with the distribution, P(q), namely P(q) is proportional to |Psy|2. However, the Schrödinger equation a physicist solves to study a microscopic system describes only the microscopic object (system), and does not describe its interaction with the macroscopic object (in genera, the equation could be written for a super-system, but no one could solve it, so far). 
It looks like all microscopic systems “know” that eventually they will be interacting with some macroscopic systems and prepare their properties in such a way that the future interaction would yield for the macroscopic systems the right distribution of the values.
Of course, the previous sentence does not make any sense, and only demonstrates that even today, almost a hundred years later after the birth of the quantum mechanics, we, scientists, still do not understand some of the fundamental aspects of that theory. 
At the beginning of this piece I also mentioned a wave-particle duality. It was invented to "reconcile" particle-like existence with wave-like behavior of quantum objects. Now this concept lost its usefulness. There is no duality, all quantum objects are particles, but they may behave in such a way that looks like a wave. 
Appendix I:
There is also a question about how fundamental the uncertainty principle is. For example, there is a simple experiment which shows an apparent violation of the principle.
When charged particles (e.g. electrons) travel through a device called a velocity selector, only those electrons with a specific speed imposed by the device (designed by scientists) will travel through the device. Hence, after passing the device all particles travel with the same well-established speed. Then those particles can reach a photo-plate (or a screen) and their location will be registered. And the better the velocity selector is tuned up, the more accurately the location will be registered. It looks like for those electrons (or other charged particles) both quantities, speed and coordinates, have certain and repeatable values at the same time. One would expect, that quantum mechanics works in this case, and very accurate calculations will demonstrate that the uncertainty principle is still valid in this experiment, but on the surface, it looks the opposite.
This is just another illustration that in quantum mechanics many things which look fine on the surface have nothing to do with the reality, but on the other hand, things that look counterintuitive may actually be true. Hence, when we talk about quantum mechanical phenomena, we CANNOT relay on our common sense.

Appendix II:
There is a quantum phenomenon called quantum entanglement. It is known for the same amount of time the uncertainty principle is known, and its exact meaning is still under debates. One of the interpretation of quantum entanglement is that quantum objects can “feel” each other even if they are far away apart from each other. In order to be able to “feel” each other those particles have to be specifically prepared, i.e. entangled. We all know, however, that all existing particles have been specifically prepared – that happened at the “Big Bang”. Hence, we can assume, that all quantum particles “feel” each other all the time. This can “explain” how quantum particles “know” that they will interact with a macroscopic world, because, essentially, they constantly “feel” the whole world, which is huge.
Of course, this interpretation of quantum entanglement also can be used to “explain” telepathy, telekinesis, and all known and yet unknown “psychic phenomena”. 

Appendix III:
There are many good popular science books, including on the history, origins, meaning of quantum mechanics. One I read recently is  
This book, however, as many other books on the matter, are completely misleading when they start talking about single-photon experiments.
 Because NONE of those experiments is actually a single-photon experiment. And to point is not even the fact that a photon has a probability to "generate" virtual particles, etc (how it was clearly described by the author). The point is that the initial single photon interacts with objects - mirrors, lenses, wires, etc. - which are made of charged particles. When that initial single photon starts interacting with those charges there is simply no any more a single photon. All the descriptions in all the books make us think that the photon which eventually is being registered one way or another is THE SAME one which initially entered the system - but it is just wrong. The final photon registered in the end of the experiment is the result of many (uncountable many) previous interactions involving absorption and re-emission of photons. One of them eventually is being registered. And the is no scientists (currently) who could carry out step by step calculations to describe those interactions. Hence, all the conclusions are based on very limited approximations. Hence, represent only one possibility of the description of the mechanism underlining the results of the experiments, and only one possible interpretation of those results. From a general point of view, discussing the behavior of light to understand how the Schrodinger equation (or an equivalent formalism) describes the reality is internally contradicting, because
the Schrodinger equation is not relativistic. It is like analyzing length contraction or time dilation to better understand how Newtonian mechanics works.

More on quantum entanglement at: Thinking about the origins of the Quantum Mechanics.”

An example of the inter-connection between micro and macro worlds: Dark matter, dark energy and light-vacuum interactions.”

Thank you for visiting,
Dr. Valentin Voroshilov
Education Advancement Professionals

To learn more about my professional experience:
The voices of my students 
Essentials of Teaching Science


Sunday, April 1, 2018

Dark matter, dark energy and light-vacuum interactions.

The other day I stumbled upon Lee Smolin’s book “The Trouble With Physics”.

The first result of this encounter was my post about a general decline in management in America (“When conforming to conformity leads to a social deterioration”).
A couple of days later I got the book and started to read it.
This note is the second result of the encounter with the book.
On pages 14 and 15 the author describes the problems of dark matter and dark energy. He states that there are only two explanations for the two facts, namely:
1.  Stars in galaxies spin faster than they should based on the visible amount of matter in the galaxies;
2.  The universe expands faster than it should (i.e. accelerates instead of decelerating) based on the visible amount of matter in the universe.

And those explanations are:
1.  The Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity is wrong;
2.  Dark matter and dark energy exist.
This situation is similar to the situation with the classical physics before the quantum mechanics was born. Newtonian mechanics and Maxwell's equations could explain everything. Well, besides a couple of things like, for example, the black-body radiation spectrum. Some physicists tried to save the Newton's and Maxwell's laws. But others decided to move forward.
No one knows yet if the General Relativity theory will survive the challenge posed by the two "dark sides of the universe". It is worth to search for all possible solutions of the challenge.
The fact that the universe expends does not necessarily mean that the universe expands from a singularity, i.e. from  dimensionless dot/point. What if the Big Bang created a "ball" of our universe?  Or, what if at t = 0 the whole universe had certain density?
When a stone hits the ground at 20 m/s, it does not mean it was released from rest 20 m above it. It might mean it was shot down from 15 m height starting moving at 10 m/s. The observable final state does not define the unique initial conditions. If our whole universe would have been created at once one second ago in exactly same state as it was one second ago (the key word is "exactly"), we, people, would never had a way to know it.
But let's return back to our conversation about "darkness in the universe". There is another option for explaining it, based on the fact that everything we know about distant galaxies is based on the “visible amount of matter” – the key word is “visible” (in the general meaning of the term – it includes all possible types of the registered radiation). What if the problem is not with WHAT we see, but with HOW we see it?
All astronomical observations are based on two hidden assumptions subconsciously and uncritically accepted by (almost) every astronomer (“the ideal picture of the cosmos”):
1.  The vacuum is an empty space;
2.  The light travels at "the speed of light" of 299,792,458 m/s. 
However, nowadays everyone knows that those assumptions are generally wrong.
1.  The vacuum is not an empty space, it is filled with virtual particles which affect actual particles/objects (e.g. the Casimir Effect).
2.  When light travels through a medium the interactions between the medium and the light lead to the decrease in its speed (even up to zero).
Since the vacuum is also a medium, interactions between the vacuum and light have to affect the speed of light.
That essentially quantum effect may be very small, but when light travels thousands or billions of light years it may lead to significant deviations from "the ideal picture of the cosmos".
For example, due to the light-vacuum scattering our astronomers may see only a part of the light initially emitted by the stars in other galaxies, hence, the “dark matter”.
Similarly, calculations of the locations of the distant galaxies, which ignore the vacuum-light slowing down, may simply lead to wrong results, such as the “dark energy”.
Of course, without any specific calculations this is not yet a theory, but merely a hint of a theory.
Of course, actual specific calculations may show that the light-vacuum interactions will not be able to explain the “dark matter” and “dark energy” phenomena.
But what if they will?
Note: there is a theory in which speed of photons may depend on their energy due to some quantum gravitational effects, but it is not applied to the mysteries of dark matter and dark energy.
BTW: There is a question which has always been puzzling me: if a “big bang” was a huge explosion (meaning radial movement away from the common point), how come that EVERYTHING in the universe SPINS (electrons in atoms, planets in stellar systems, starts in galaxies), but the universe is NOT? I want to believe that at the “bang” moment the universe had more than three spacial dimensions and was rotating in that multidimensional space. Some dimensions quickly died out, and our universe was actually born. And I am going to hold on this belief until scientists will prove it wrong.
Also, all current cosmological theories are based on the assumption that the whole universe was created at the big bang, and since then the amount of matter in it remains the same. But there is absolutely nothing in our current knowledge to accept this assumption a a fact. On the contrary, all the current controversies in cosmology may be pointing at the fact that the assumption about the constant amount of matter is wrong (e.g. "white wholes" en mass?).
Appendix I

Thank you for visiting,
Dr. Valentin Voroshilov
Education Advancement Professionals

To learn more about my professional experience:

Appendix II
I was curious what would a professional in a field say, so sent an email to one of them with the link to this post.
Soon I got a response: "please, send me the text".
I did.
Since then - silence.
Silence always makes me trying to understand what could be the reason for that?
He could write back something like:
1. sorry, what you say is a complete nonsense.
2. sorry, that idea is very old and did not work out.
3. hm, this is an interesting idea, but no for me, for other people.
Instead, he decided to stop any communication.
Was he afraid that if he responded I would continue  communicating and he did not want that?
Was he so busy that spending extra minutes on my nonsense was too much?
In the eyes of a professional in the field my idea may be a complete nonsense, but the silence tells more about him than about my idea.

Appendix III: just for fun (yes, I can be a tease)
acceptance and rejection of the submission from PRL:

to me

TEMPID: es2018apr01_571
RECVD: Sun Apr 01 16:41:32 2018
TITLE: Dark matter, dark energy and light-vacuum interaction
AUTHORS: Voroshilov,Valentin
CORRA_LAST: Voroshilov
ADDRESS: 590 Commonwealth Ave.
Physics Department, BU
Boston, MA, 02215
PHONE: 1+617-918-3656
ART_TYPE: Letter
  Research Areas: Dark matter (Primary) | Dark energy

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Re: LR15651
    Dark matter, dark energy and light-vacuum interaction
    by Valentin Voroshilov

Dear Dr. Voroshilov,
We have successfully generated output from the manuscript file sent to our Editorial Office.  The manuscript is being processed and has been assigned the accession code number cited above.  This code number should be included in all future correspondence.

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Re: LR15651
    Dark matter, dark energy and light-vacuum interaction
    by Valentin Voroshilov

Dear Dr. Voroshilov,
Your manuscript has been considered.  We regret to inform you that we have concluded that it is not suitable for publication in any APS

Yours sincerely,
Robert Garisto
Physical Review Letters

acceptance and rejection of the submission from

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From: Valentin Voroshilov <>
Date: Sun, 1 Apr 2018 16:33:37 EST   (112kb)

Title: Dark matter, dark energy and light-vacuum interactions
Authors: Valentin Voroshilov
Categories: physics.gen-ph
Comments: 1 page
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.21384.72964
  It is commonly accepted that there are only two explanations for the current astronomical observations The Einstein Theory of General Relativity is wrong or Dark matter and dark energy exist. However there is the third option based on the fact that everything we know about distant galaxies is based on the visible amount of matter

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A copy of a note from the main page.
