ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ, ᱨᱟᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ
Jump to navigation Jump to search

ᱵᱩᱠᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱸᱱᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱹᱜᱽᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱜᱚᱜᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱤᱫᱨᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱧᱩᱭ ᱟᱛᱟᱝ-ᱟᱸ᱾ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚᱠᱚ ᱜᱮᱛ-ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱸᱪ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮᱛ ᱟᱠᱟᱛ ᱢᱚᱪᱟ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱫᱚᱠᱚ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱼᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱵᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡᱽ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱟ ᱟᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱠᱟᱹ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱸ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱡᱽᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱮ ᱜᱟᱲᱦᱟᱸᱜ-ᱟ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ᱾

ᱵᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱤᱝᱨᱮᱡᱤ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱠᱮᱞ ᱜᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱲ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱩᱥᱟᱹᱨᱟᱹ ᱜᱮ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ-ᱟ᱾

Structure[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

The navel is the centre of the circle in this drawing of the Vitruvian Man by Leonardo da Vinci

The umbilicus is used to visually separate the abdomen into quadrants.[᱑]

The umbilicus is a prominent scar on the abdomen, with its position being relatively consistent among humans. The skin around the waist at the level of the umbilicus is supplied by the tenth thoracic spinal nerve (T10 dermatome). The umbilicus itself typically lies at a vertical level corresponding to the junction between the L3 and L4 vertebrae,[᱒] with a normal variation among people between the L3 and L5 vertebrae.[᱓]

Parts of the adult navel include the "umbilical cord remnant" or "umbilical tip", which is the often protruding scar left by the detachment of the umbilical cord. This is located in the center of the navel, sometimes described as the belly button. Around the cord remnant, is the "umbilical collar", formed by the dense fibrous umbilical ring. Surrounding the umbilical collar is the periumbilical skin. Directly behind the navel is a thick fibrous cord formed from the umbilical cord, called the urachus, which originates from the bladder.[᱔]

Forms[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

The navel is unique to each individual due to its being a scar, and various general forms have been classified by medical practitioners.[᱕] [᱖]

  • Outie: A navel consisting of the umbilical tip protruding past the periumbilical skin is an outie. Essentially any navel which is not concave.
    • Swirly/Spiral: A rare form in which the umbilical cord scar literally forms a swirl shape.
    • Split: The protruding umbilical cord scar extends outwards, but is cleft in two by a fissure which extends part or all the way through the umbilical cord scar. This form is similar in appearance to a coffee bean.
    • Protrusion: The umbilical cord remnant is completely divulged, exposing the full umbilical scar.
    • Circlet: Although the entirety of the umbilical cord remnant sits out with the umbilical collar, the centre of the knot is inset by a deep fissure. Unlike a split outie, in this form the fissure is contained centrally and does not extend past the umbilical cord remnant in any direction, much akin to a 'donut' shape.[᱗]
  • Innie: A navel in which the umbilical tip does not protrude past the periumbilical skin. Any navel which is concave.
    • Round shaped: Round navels are completely circular with no hooding.
    • Vertical shaped: Some navels present in the form of a more elongate hollow parallel with the linea alba.
    • Oval: This form consists of three variants; superior hooding, inferior hooding, no hooding.
    • T-shaped: As the name states, the scar is in the shape of a T, and may have superior hooding to various extent.
    • Horizontal: The scar is least visible as the natural lines of the tendinous intersection fold over the scar.
  • Distorted: Any navel which does not fit well into any of the other categories.

Clinical significance[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

The navel of an adult male a few days after a laparoscopic procedure to remove the appendix.

Disorders[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

Outies are sometimes mistaken for umbilical hernias; however, they are a completely different shape with no health concern, unlike an umbilical hernia. The navel (specifically abdominal wall) would be considered an umbilical hernia if the protrusion were 5 centimeters or more. The diameter of an umbilical hernia is usually 1/2 inch or more.[᱘] Navels that are concave are nicknamed "innies".[᱙] While the shape of the human navel may be affected by longterm changes to diet and exercise, unexpected change in shape may be the result of ascites.[᱑᱐] ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Clear left In addition to change in shape being a possible side effect from ascites and umbilical hernias, the navel can be involved in umbilical sinus or fistula, which in rare cases can lead to menstrual or fecal discharge from the navel. Menstrual discharge from the umbilicus is a rare disorder associated with umbilical endometriosis.[᱑᱑][᱑᱒]

Other disorders[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

  • Omphalitis, an inflammatory condition of the umbilicus in the newborn, usually caused by a bacterial infection.[᱑᱓][᱑᱔]
  • Omphalophobia is the fear of belly buttons. People suffering from Omphalophobia are terrified of belly buttons—their own or, in some cases, those of others. They do not like touching their belly buttons (or even other people touching it). Sometimes just seeing a belly button is enough to make them feel disgusted or terrified.

Surgery[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

To minimize scarring, the navel is a recommended site of incision for various surgeries, including transgastric appendicectomy,[᱑᱕] gall bladder surgery,[᱑᱖] and the umbilicoplasty[᱑᱗] procedure itself.

Fashion, society and culture[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

The public exposure of the male and female midriff and bare navel was considered taboo at times in the past in Western cultures, being considered immodest or indecent. Female navel exposure was banned in some jurisdictions, but community perceptions have changed to this now being acceptable.[᱑᱘] The crop top is a shirt that often exposes the belly button and has become more common among young men and women.[᱑᱙] Exposure of the male navel has rarely been stigmatised and has become particularly popular in recent years, due to the strong resurgence of the male crop top and male navel piercing.[᱒᱐] The navel and midriff are often also displayed in bikinis, or when low-rise pants are worn.

While the West was relatively resistant to navel-baring clothing until the 1980s, it has long been a fashion with Indian women,[᱒᱑] often displayed with Saris or Lehengas.

The Japanese have long had a special regard for the navel. During the early Jōmon period in northern Japan, three small balls indicating the breasts and navel were pasted onto flat clay objects to represent the female body. The navel was exaggerated in size, informed by the belief that the navel symbolized the center where life began.[᱒᱒]

In Arabic-Levantine culture, belly dancing is a popular art form that consists of dance movements focused on the torso and navel.[᱒᱓]

Buddhism refers to the chakra of the navel as the manipura. In qigong, the navel is seen as the main energy centre, or dantian. In Hinduism, the Kundalini energy is sometimes described as being located at the navel.

See also[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

References[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

  1. "Anatomy & Physiology". Openstax college at Connexions. Retrieved ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ 16, 2013. 
  2. Ellis, Harold (2006). Clinical Anatomy: Applied Anatomy for Students and Junior Doctors. New York: Wiley. ISBN 1-4051-3804-1. ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Page needed
  3. O'Rahilly, Ronan; Müller, Fabiola; Carpenter, Stanley; Swenson, Rand (2004). "Abdominal walls". Basic Human Anatomy: A Regional Study of Human Structure. Dartmouth Medical School. 
  4. Khati, Nadia J.; Enquist, Erik G.; Javitt, Marcia C. (1998). "Imaging of the Umbilicus and Periumbilical Region". Radiographics. 18 (2): 413–4. doi:10.1148/radiographics.18.2.9536487. PMID 9536487. 
  5. Shiffman, Melvin (2017). "7.3". Adult Umbilical Reconstruction: Principles and Techniques. Switzerland: Springer. p. 53. ISBN 978-3-319-43885-6. 
  6. Mohamed, Fahmy (2018). "Umbilicus Types and Shapes". Umbilicus and Umbilical Cord. Egypt: Springer. pp. 105–8. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-62383-2_22. ISBN 978-3-319-62382-5. 
  7. Stephen Cullen, Thomas (1916). "2". Umbilicus. Australia: W.B.Saunders Company. p. 1.1–1.7. ISBN 978-0-7334-2609-4. 
  8. Meier, Donald E.; OlaOlorun, David A.; Omodele, Rachael A.; Nkor, Sunday K.; Tarpley, John L. (2001). "Incidence of Umbilical Hernia in African Children: Redefinition of 'Normal' and Reevaluation of Indications for Repair". World Journal of Surgery. 25 (5): 645–8. doi:10.1007/s002680020072. PMID 11369993. 
  9. Ceccanti, Silvia, et al. "Umbilical cord sparing technique for repair of congenital hernia into the cord and small omphalocele." Journal of Pediatric Surgery 52.1 (2017): 192-196.
  10. Herrine, Steven K. "Ascites". The Merck Manuals. 
  11. Bagade, Pallavi V; Guirguis, Mamdouh M (2009). "Menstruating from the umbilicus as a rare case of primary umbilical endometriosis: a case report". Journal of Medical Case Reports. 3: 9326. doi:10.1186/1752-1947-3-9326. PMC 2803849Freely accessible. PMID 20062755. 
  12. D'Alessandro, Donna M. (ᱡᱩᱱ 2, 2008). "What's Wrong With His Belly Button?". ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Self-published inlineᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:MEDRS
  13. Cunningham, F. Williams Obstetrics: The Newborn (24th ed.). McGraw-Hill. 
  14. Fleisher, Gary R. Textbook of Pediatric Emergency Medicine. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006, p. 928.
  15. Kaehler, G.; Schoenberg, M. B.; Kienle, P.; Post, S.; Magdeburg, R. (2013). "Transgastric appendicectomy". British Journal of Surgery. 100 (7): 911–5. doi:10.1002/bjs.9115. PMID 23575528. Lay summaryMedical News Today (ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ 12, 2013). 
  16. "SRMC Surgeon Offers Gallbladder Removal through Belly Button Incision with da Vinci® System" (Press release). Southeastern Health. ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ 9, 2013. Retrieved ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ 16, 2015. 
  17. Bruekers, Sven E.; van der Lei, Berend; Tan, Tik L.; Luijendijk, Roland W.; Stevens, Hieronymus P. J. D. (2009). "'Scarless' Umbilicoplasty". Annals of Plastic Surgery. 63 (1): 15–20. doi:10.1097/SAP.0b013e3181877b60. PMID 19546666. 
  18. "New code may reveal navel". Mohave Daily Miner. 24 ᱢᱟᱨᱪ 1985. Retrieved 20 ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ 2012. 
  19. "Kid Cudi Mens Crop Top Trending". www.independent.co.uk. Retrieved 30 ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ 2019. 
  20. "Crop Top Comeback". BBC. 28 ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ 2018. Retrieved 14 ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ 2018. 
  21. Banerjee, Mukulika & Miller, Daniel (2003) The Sari. Oxford; New York: Berg ISBN 1-85973-732-3ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Page needed
  22. Naumann, Nelly (2000). "First Indications of Symbolic Expression". Japanese Prehistory: The Material and Spiritual Culture of the Jōmon Period. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 114–5. ISBN 978-3-447-04329-8. 
  23. "Belly Dance History – A History of Belly Dancing « Belly Dance org". www.bellydance.org. Retrieved 2018-12-24. 

Further reading[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Human anatomical features