The term Finno-Ugric refers to a group of peoples who inhabit regions of northern Scandinavia, Siberia, the Baltic area, and central Europe and to the languages they speak, which collectively make up the largest of two branches of the Uralic family of languages.

As with all Uralic languages, the Finno-Ugric languages descended from a Proto-Uralic language that was spoken 7,000 to 10,000 years ago in the general area of the north-central Ural Mountains. Today the Finno-Ugric languages are spoken by several million people distributed discontinuously over an area extending from Norway in the west to the Ob River region in Siberia and south to the lower Danube River in Europe. In this vast territory, the Finno-Ugric peoples constitute enclaves surrounded by speakers of Germanic, Slavic, Romanian, and Turkic languages.

The Ugric division of Finno-Ugric languages is composed of Hungarian and two languages of western Siberia, Khanty and Mansi. Finnish, Estonian, and Sami are among the best-known languages of the Finnic division. Sami is the language of the Sami people of Lapland and is spoken mostly in Norway, Sweden, and Finland. Two other Finnic languages, Mordvin and Mari (formerly Cheremis), are spoken primarily in Russia. Finno-Ugric languages written in Russia use variants of the Cyrillic alphabet, while those outside Russia use the Latin alphabet.