[lg policy] Ghana: The mother tongue question

Harold Schiffman hfsclpp at gmail.com
Mon Oct 19 15:08:02 UTC 2015

The mother tongue question

Kwabena Nyamekye

Prof Opoku-Agyeman has raised a matter of considerable importance, even if
she is right or wrong. The question of the use of mother tongues in early
teaching has recently gained currency especially with UNESCO arguing that
children learn and develop better if early instruction is in their native

I do not profess to know whether this is correct or not. I am assuming that
native language will be used side-by-side with English. Also surely there
are other variables that enable excellence such as the type of school,
parent background, quality of teachers etc. Moreover there is the view that
some countries have prospered because they have instructed their children
in native language at school instead of foreign language. There is also the
supposed link between the use of the mother tongues and economic
development. Again I am not so sure about this but my argument does not
focus on this issue

Using the mother tongue to teach children is a wonderful idea but I do not
place my argument in its role as a tool of learning and economic
development. I see the importance of the mother tongue as a means to shore
up ethnic identity and to prevent the inexorable unintended destructive
power of Akan. As I write, English is the official language yet Akan is the
national language. More people are comfortable speaking Akan than any other
language. English is a language we are compelled to use in exceptional
circumstances such as brief transactions at the bank (most probably only in
Accra based banks), at Kotoka Airport, government ministries etc. Outside
such areas as these, we are native language speakers. On account of
commercial power and numbers, we are increasingly Akan speakers. Other
language speakers are in trouble as Akan migrants descend to Accra and play
a role in that city and other economically powerful regions like Western
and Ashanti. With this in play, any trader from any part of Ghana, or
inter-city bus driver, two very important carriers of language, are
increasingly compelled to learn Akan to carry out their transactions across
Ghana. Add the power of the Akan-owned radio stations, the Akan musicians
(gospel, rappers etc) and Kumawood and you can see the problem. If the
government goes ahead with what I think is a good idea on its face there is
the likelihood that out of convenience, all of us will flock to the Akan
banner and before you know it other languages will vanish.

Thus what do we do to benefit from a native language policy while at the
same time avoid other languages vanishing from the scene? There are about
80 numbers of languages in Ghana with state support being given to 11 of
them. For reasons of economy, I am assuming that these will probably be the
language of instruction in schools but this is discriminatory against the
remaining 70 or so languages.

To avoid this dilemma I suggest government insists that in areas where the
non-supported languages are used, schools should pick the local language
and one of the state-supported languages as tools for instruction. Private
schools should not be exempt from this. What the state can do here is to
provide financial support to enable recruitment of teachers to instruct in
local languages

Thus a private nursery school (run by an NGO or a religious body) in the
Northern region where the Nawuri language is spoken currently by about
19,000 people should receive support to recruit a teacher in Dagbani,
spoken by almost 1 million people and Nawuri as well.

Taking the issue further I don’t think we should end local language policy
here. There are some public interest positions where local languages are
vital for communication. Living in Accra and a product of Holy Child and
Legon one tends to assume all Ghanaians are fluent in English. This is not
the case and probably never will be. Thus there are some occupations where
local language is vital for communicating effectively with clients.
Doctors, nurses, pharmacists, lawyers, architects and teachers are in this
category. This will then ensure that the local language revival policy does
not end at primary level or wherever. To secure a license to practice any
of these professions will require local language fluency. Thus when
building a house for Mr Amega in Denu or when defending Boadi in Ejisu, the
architect or lawyer can communicate effectively with the client.

The grumbling about the Akan language domination can easily get louder and
louder if something is not done. Insisting on the use of local language in
nursery and primary schools as a medium of instruction beside English (for
instance in history, religion, geography) will go a long way to attaining
whatever knowledge and developmental goals, while at the same time
protecting other languages that are threatened by Akan.


and implies neither approval, confirmation nor agreement by the owner or

For more information about the lgpolicy-list, go to
An HTML attachment was scrubbed...
URL: <http://listserv.linguistlist.org/pipermail/lgpolicy-list/attachments/20151019/81d4e453/attachment.html>
lgpolicy-list at groups.sas.upenn.edu

More information about the Lgpolicy-list mailing list