FEE method

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In mathematics, the FEE method is the method of fast summation of series of a special form. It was constructed in 1990 by E. A. Karatsuba[1][2] and was called FEEFast E-function Evaluation—because it makes it possible fast computations of the Siegel -functions, and in particular,

A class of functions, which are 'similar to the exponential function' was given the name 'E-functions' by Siegel.[3] Among these functions are such special functions as the hypergeometric function, cylinder, spherical functions and so on.

Using the FEE, it is possible to prove the following theorem

Theorem: Let be an elementary Transcendental function, that is the exponential function, or a trigonometric function, or an elementary algebraic function, or their superposition, or their inverse, or a superposition of the inverses. Then

Here is the complexity of computation (bit) of the function with accuracy up to digits, is the complexity of multiplication of two -digit integers.

The algorithms based on the method FEE include the algorithms for fast calculation of any elementary Transcendental function for any value of the argument, the classical constants e, the Euler constant the Catalan and the Apéry constants,[4] such higher transcendental functions as the Euler gamma function and its derivatives, the hypergeometric,[5] spherical, cylinder (including the Bessel)[6] functions and some other functions for algebraic values of the argument and parameters, the Riemann zeta function for integer values of the argument[7][8] and the Hurwitz zeta function for integer argument and algebraic values of the parameter,[9] and also such special integrals as the integral of probability, the Fresnel integrals, the integral exponential function, the trigonometric integrals, and some other integrals[10] for algebraic values of the argument with the complexity bound which is close to the optimal one, namely

At present,Template:When only the FEE makes it possible to calculate fast the values of the functions from the class of higher transcendental functions,[11] certain special integrals of mathematical physics and such classical constants as Euler's, Catalan's[12] and Apéry's constants. An additional advantage of the method FEE is the possibility of parallelizing the algorithms based on the FEE.

FEE-computation of classical constants

For fast evaluation of the constant one can use the Euler formula and apply the FEE to sum the Taylor series for

with the remainder terms which satisfy the bounds

and for

To calculate by the FEE it is possible to use also other approximations[13] In all cases the complexity is

To compute the Euler constant gamma with accuracy up to digits, it is necessary to sum by the FEE two series. Namely, for

The complexity is

To evaluate fast the constant it is possible to apply the FEE to other approximations.[14]

FEE-computation of certain power series

By the FEE the two following series are calculated fast:

under the assumption that are integers,

and are constants, and is an algebraic number. The complexity of the evaluation of the series is

The FEE details on the example of fast calculation of the classical constant e

For the evaluation of the constant take , terms of the Taylor series for

Here we choose , requiring that for the remainder the inequality is fulfilled. This is the case, for example, when Thus, we take such that the natural number is determined by the inequalities:

We calculate the sum

in steps of the following process.

Step 1. Combining in the summands sequentially in pairs we carry out of the brackets the "obvious" common factor and obtain

We shall compute only integer values of the expressions in the parentheses, that is the values

Thus, at the first step the sum is into

At the first step integers of the form

are calculated. After that we act in a similar way: combining on each step the summands of the sum sequentially in pairs, we take out of the brackets the 'obvious' common factor and compute only the integer values of the expressions in the brackets. Assume that the first steps of this process are completed.

Step ().

we compute only integers of the form


is the product of integers.


Step , the last one. We compute one integer value we compute, using the fast algorithm described above the value and make one division of the integer by the integer with accuracy up to digits. The obtained result is the sum or the constant up to digits. The complexity of all computations is

See also


  1. E.A. Karatsuba, Fast evaluations of transcendental functions. Probl. Peredachi Informat., Vol. 27, N 4, (1991)
  2. D.W. Lozier and F.W.J. Olver, Numerical Evaluation of Special Functions. Mathematics of Computation 1943-1993: A Half-Century of Computational Mathematics, W. Gautschi, eds., Proc. Sympos. Applied Mathematics, AMS, Vol.48 (1994).
  3. C.L. Siegel, Transcendental numbers. Princeton University Press, Princeton (1949).
  4. Karatsuba E. A., Fast evaluation of , Probl. Peredachi Informat., Vol. 29, N 1 (1993)
  5. Ekatharine A. Karatsuba, Fast evaluation of hypergeometric function by FEE. Computational Methods and Function Theory (CMFT'97), N. Papamichael, St. Ruscheweyh and E.B. Saff, eds., World Sc.Pub. (1999)
  6. Catherine A. Karatsuba, Fast evaluation of Bessel functions. Integral Transforms and Special Functions, Vol. 1, N4 (1993)
  7. E. A. Karatsuba, Fast Evaluation of Riemann zeta-function for integer values of argument . Probl. Peredachi Informat., Vol. 31, N 4 (1995).
  8. J.M. Borwein, D.M. Bradley and R.E. Crandall, Computational strategies for the Riemann zeta function. J. of Comput. Appl. Math., Vol. 121 ,N 1-2 (2000).
  9. E.A. Karatsuba, Fast evaluation of Hurwitz zeta function and Dirichlet -series, Problem. Peredachi Informat., Vol. 34, N 4, pp. 342–353, (1998).
  10. E.A. Karatsuba, Fast computation of some special integrals of mathematical physics. Scientific Computing, Validated Numerics, Interval Methods, W.Kramer, J.W.von Gudenberg, eds.(2001).
  11. E. Bach, The complexity of number-theoretic constants. Info. Proc. Letters, N 62 (1997).
  12. E.A. Karatsuba, Fast computation of $\zeta(3)$ and of some special integrals ,using the polylogarithms, the Ramanujan formula and its generalization. J. of Numerical Mathematics BIT, Vol. 41, N 4 (2001).
  13. D.H. Bailey, P.B. Borwein and S. Plouffe, On the rapid computation of various polylogarithmic constants. Math. Comp.,Vol. 66 (1997).
  14. R.P. Brent and E.M. McMillan, Some new algorithms for high-precision computation of Euler's constant. Math. Comp., Vol.34 (1980).

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