What Does Net Zero Really Mean? | pebble magazine

What Does Net Zero Really Mean? Everything You Need To Know About Carbon Emissions

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We get to grips with what Net Zero really means and everything you've wanted to know about carbon offsetting, carbon reduction and carbon neutrality.

Georgina Wilson-Powell

Tue 24 Nov 2020

What does Net Zero really mean?

Is it the same as Carbon Neutral?

And what do companies mean when they say carbon negative, positive or removals?

The term Net Zero (or Net Zero Carbon Emissions) is increasingly being used by companies and countries.

It has emerged in response to growing demand for bold commitments on climate action, but is still lacking an agreed definition today.

Emilien Hoet, Head of ClimatePartner UK, attempts to lay out what a Net Zero commitment should be and how it has evolved from the concept of Carbon Neutrality.

What does Carbon Neutrality mean?

Simply put, Carbon Neutrality is defined as having measured, reduced and offset your carbon footprint. You’ll see it claimed by a company, on a product, an event, a website, the list goes on.

There are three defined categories of things that you must measure.

First up, is what is known in the industry as ‘Scope 1’ - these are direct emissions, e.g. the carbon emitted by a company’s vehicle fleet.

Scope 2’ are indirect emissions, e.g. the company’s building’s electricity.

Then we have ‘Scope 3’ which covers a wide range of indirect emissions such as supply chain, business travel or employee commuting.

Crucially, only Scope 1 and 2 emissions need to be offset in order for a business to claim carbon neutrality and although some companies have done this in the past, today it is generally agreed that this doesn’t go far enough.

Most consultancies and certification providers, including ClimatePartner, require companies to include a number of Scope 3 emissions categories and encourage all related emissions along a company’s value chain, including raw materials, production, logistics and packaging for example, to be included in the calculations.

Few standard bodies currently prescribe a specific carbon reduction target for companies.

That’s because historically it has been difficult to do this across industries and company types.

This means that a company could measure their Scope 1 & 2 emissions, set a loose and short-term reduction plan and simply offset the rest to achieve Carbon Neutrality.

This is a positive first step, but a small one at best - what we all need to be aiming for is Net Zero.

Investing in renewable energy sources can be a good way to offset carbon emissions

What does Net Zero mean?

Net Zero attempts to raise the standard and fill in the gaps left by Carbon Neutrality by:

  • Setting a minimum target for carbon reduction, that includes a majority of Scope 3 emissions and within a set timeframe
  • Gradually evolving your offsetting projects from those which avoid carbon to those that remove carbon
Reducing carbon emissions to zero, and doing so fast enough, is near impossible for most companies

How to set carbon reduction targets

Setting a Net Zero commitment starts by taking true responsibility for your carbon emissions and this typically means including at least 66% of Scope 3 emissions.

This is a requirement for most companies who set a Science Based Target (SBT) which has become a popular solution for over 1000 companies including large retailers such as Tesco’s and SMEs like Pukka Tea.

SBTs ensure that carbon reduction targets are rooted in the best available science and calculated based on what is needed for the industry and the size of the company.

A SBT can vary in its ambition, but ideally should be aligned with limiting global warming to 1.5°C

Pukka founder Seb Pole

Pukka use Science Based Targets to work out how much carbon they need to offset up and down their supply chain

Evolving your carbon offsetting projects

Some activists claim to be deceived by offsetting claims made by companies: likening it to paying for a clean conscience.

The reality is not so simple.


Offsetting is an important part of the solution and should not be disregarded. Offsetting is sometimes the only aggressive, responsible and useful action companies can take, right now.

In today’s society - it is only a matter of time before any company making offsetting claims will get accused of greenwashing if it doesn’t have an ambitious carbon reduction plan to go with it.

Carbon offsetting schemes include wind farms
“When you see a company talking about Net Zero (or any other similar term), consider the actual commitments that underpin it”

Carbon offsets currently come in two main categories:

Carbon Avoidance

These make up the grand majority of carbon offset projects currently available on the market with a set of standards such as Gold Standard, VCS and Plan Vivo who review all projects and conduct regular auditing.

These come in the form of many different technologies ranging from renewable energy to forestry to community-based projects.

Forest conservation avoids emissions linked to deforestation, helps preserve biodiversity and provides alternative income for local communities.

Clean cookstoves enable communities in the Global South to avoid emissions linked to burning wood for cooking that would otherwise have occurred if not for the offset project.

Carbon Removal

Carbon Removal projects are part of a very nascent and emerging industry.

They are currently mostly limited to nature-based solutions, the most well-known example being planting trees.

The idea is that these remove emissions from the atmosphere for as long as possible (or ideally indefinitely).

Other emerging areas like Blue Carbon (mangroves, sea kelp and seagrass) or Soil Carbon - for which the Gold Standard has recently released a measurement methodology - are starting to gain lots of momentum too.

Engineered solutions are also gaining ground such as Direct air capture and storage (DACS). However these tend to be very expensive, do not offer any co-benefits such as supporting local communities or preserving biodiversity and for now, are largely unproven at scale.

Which one is better: avoidance or removal?

The short answer is that all forms of offsetting are needed. Despite the headlines spearheaded by the likes of Microsoft and Stripe, although investing in carbon removal is super important, it is not necessarily better.

For example, high quality forest conservation that provides economic opportunities for the local population and avoids deforestation (like pebble's tree planting partners Treedom) can be better for biodiversity than a monoculture tree plantation project.

Additionally, we need to think about the climate crisis through a human rights lens, ensuring that we all benefit equally from the transition to a low carbon economy.

Projects which provide employment and clean energy to underserved communities such as this hydropower project in Virunga Park in Congo must be an important part of the solution.

Finally, we need to be avoiding and reducing the carbon in the atmosphere as much as possible before we look at feasibly removing it - a little like how we should use less energy before switching to renewables.

The cleanest energy is the one you don’t use. Investing in projects that help others avoid and reduce carbon is crucially important for us to all move to Net Zero, otherwise the feat of removing such an amount of carbon may simply not be feasible.

How to plant trees to reduce your carbon emissions

We have planted over 200 trees in our pebble forest with Treedom in 2020

What do carbon positive and carbon negative mean?

Companies like Microsoft and Brewdog have recently committed to being carbon negative, adding to the confusion.

This simply means they go beyond ‘Net Zero’ and purchase more offsets than they emit.

However, the devil is in the detail. For example, despite the impressive headline, Brewdog has not yet made a public carbon reduction target.

Carbon positive is a phrase which, in my opinion, should be avoided as it can easily lead us to think we are ‘positively’ impacting the climate by purchasing more of the associated product or service.

In effect you should be weary of any claims that suggest that more consumption will lead to more positive impact. All physical or digital products have an impact on our planet and part of the solution needs to be a substantial reduction in overall consumption.

So when you see a company talking about Net Zero (or any other similar term), consider the actual commitments that underpin it.

Net Zero needs to be accompanied by strong reduction targets, preferably science based, as well as high quality offsetting.

Most of all, those truly wanting to set the bar for climate leadership should ensure they are fully transparent about their efforts, so that we can all learn together how to transition to a low carbon, sustainable economy.

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