Market Capitalization VS Book Value


Market Capitalization VS Book Value


Isn’t it crazy that a G.I. Joe action figure only cost two dollars or so in the 80’s? Yet here we are, thirty-ish years after, and the same action figure sells for $280 in eBay! That’s about 13,900% increase! Insane, right?

So, how could this happen? How can something that was bought for $2 sells for $280 years after? The simple answer would be that it appreciated in value. Over time, the action figure has increased in value primarily because the product was considered a “collectors’ item” and as such, a lot of people (mostly loyal and diehard fanatics) would want to get a hold of this action figure (and probably brag about it on Facebook afterwards).

Not all products appreciate in value, though. Take for instance, a car. Did you know that an average car loses approximately 11% of its value the moment you leave the dealer’s property? Shocker, right? In this example, cars have depreciated in value. Meaning, the value of the product decrease over time due to factors such as usage, luster or probably because new car models come out every month.

Whether a product appreciates or depreciates in value primarily depends on the law of supply and demand – which states that prices generally increase when demand is high and decrease when supply is high.

Stocks and other investments, like any other products, may appreciate or depreciate in value. Most of the time, this value is way more different the its book value. “The what?”, you may ask. What is book value?

Book Value

Book value is literally the value of the company as recorded in its “books” or accounting records. Book value represents the value or price paid at the time of acquisition. If we go back to our G.I. action figure example; if you happen to be one of the lucky people who have purchased an action figure in the 1980’s for $2, then the book value will be $2.

From a business perspective, the total book value is almost synonymous to equity. For example, Company X has total assets (everything owned by a company) of $10,000 and $4,000 worth of liabilities (everything owed by the company). The remaining value of $6,000 is the company’s equity and also its book value.

Simply put, book value is the historical value. But how do we know the “true” or “current” value of the company?

Related: Assets, Liabilities and Equity – The Building Blocks of a Company

Market Capitalization

Market capitalization (market cap), also known as market value, is the total value of the business according to the stock market. So how do we know the value of market cap? It is derived by multiplying the number of stocks outstanding by the current price per share. In our G.I. Joe example earlier, the market value would be how much the action figure is worth today – $280.

Related: The Basics of the Stock Market

The total stocks outstanding is the total number of shares issued by a corporation. The price per share can be derived from the current trading price of the stock in the market.

For example, Company X has 1,000 stocks outstanding. The current trading price per share in the stock market for Company X is $5. The market cap, then, is $5,000 (1,000 stocks * $5). Easy peasy!

Related: Stocks – The What, Who, When, Where, Why and How

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As compared to book value, market cap is a more reliable measurement when assessing the current value of a company. Since stocks represent a parcel of ownership in a business, when you multiply the number of stocks by their price, the total amount represents the value in which the public is willing to pay for the company.

Why the difference?

At first glance, it may seem that book value is quite useless as it does not necessarily reflect the current value of a company.  So why do we still retain the book value? Book value provides a baseline to track how much the company has increased or decreased in value.

If a company’s market value is greater than the book value, it means that the company has increased in value. In other words, the public has confidence in the earning capacity of the business and its assets. In contrast, when the market value is less than the book value, it is an indication that the the public has lost confidence in the company’s capability to generate future earnings and cash flows.