6.5. Python Development Guidelines

Python is the preferred programming language for the RTEMS Tools. The RTEMS Tools run on the host computer of an RTEMS user or maintainer. These guidelines cover the Python language version, the source code formatting, use of static analysis tools, type annotations, testing, code coverage, and documentation. There are exceptions for existing code and third-party code. It is recommended to read the PEP 8 - Style Guide for Python Code and the Google Python Style Guide.

6.5.1. Python Language Versions

Although the official end-of-life of Python 2.7 was on January 1, 2020, the RTEMS Project still cares about Python 2.7 compatibility for some tools. Every tool provided by the RTEMS Project which an RTEMS user may use to develop applications with RTEMS should be Python 2.7 compatible. Examples are the build system, the RTEMS Source Builder, and the RTEMS Tester. The rationale is that there are still some maintained Linux distributions in the wild which ship only Python 2.7 by default. An example is CentOS 7 which gets maintenance updates until June 2024. Everything an RTEMS maintainer uses should be written in Python 3.6.

6.5.2. Python Code Formatting

Good looking code is important. Unfortunately, what looks good is a bit subjective and varies from developer to developer. Arguing about the code format is not productive. Code reviews should focus on more important topics, for example functionality, testability, and performance. Fortunately, for Python there are some good automatic code formatters available. All new code specifically developed for the RTEMS Tools should be piped through the yapf Python code formatter before it is committed or sent for review. Use the default settings of the tool (PEP 8 coding style).

You can disable the automatic formatting by the tool in a region starting with the #yapf: disable comment until the next # yapf: enable comment, for example

# yapf: disable
FOO = {
    # ... some very large, complex data literal.

BAR = [
    # ... another large data literal.
# yapf: enable

For a single literal, you can disable the formatting like this:

BAZ = {
    (1, 2, 3, 4),
    (5, 6, 7, 8),
    (9, 10, 11, 12),
}  # yapf: disable

6.5.3. Static Analysis Tools

Use the flake8 and pylint static analysis tools for Python. Do not commit your code or send it for review if the tools find some rule violations. Run the tools with the default configuration. If you have problems to silence the tools, then please ask for help on the Developers Mailing List. Consult the tool documentation to silence false positives.

6.5.4. Type Annotations

For Python 3.6 or later code use type annotations. All public functions of your modules should have PEP 484 type annotations. Check for type issues with the mypy static type checker.

6.5.5. Testing

Write tests for your code with the pytest framework. Use the monkeypatch mocking module. Do not use the standard Python unittest and unittest.mock modules. Use coverage run -m pytest to run the tests with code coverage support. If you modify existing code or contribute new code to a subproject which uses tests and the code coverage metric, then do not make the code coverage worse. Test Organization

Do not use test classes to group tests. Use separate files instead. Avoid deep test directory hierarchies. For example, place tests for mymodule.py in tests/test_mymodule.py. For class-specific tests use:

  • mymodule.py:class First \(\rightarrow\) tests/test_mymodule_first.py

  • mymodule.py:class Second \(\rightarrow\) tests/test_mymodule_second.py

  • mymodule.py:class Third \(\rightarrow\) tests/test_mymodule_third.py

You can also group tests in other ways, for example:

  • mymodule.py \(\rightarrow\) tests/test_mymodule_input.py

  • mymodule.py \(\rightarrow\) tests/test_mymodule_output.py

6.5.6. Documentation

Document your code using the PEP 257 - Docstring Conventions. Contrary to PEP 257, use the descriptive-style ("""Fetches rows from a Bigtable.""") instead of imperative-style ("""Fetch rows from a Bigtable.""") as recommended by Comments and Docstrings - Functions and Methods. Use the Sphinx format. The sphinx-autodoc-typehints helps to reuse the type annotations for the documentation. Test code does not need docstrings in general.

6.5.7. Existing Code

Existing code in the RTEMS Tools may not follow the preceding guidelines. The RTEMS Project welcomes contributions which bring existing code in line with the guidelines. Firstly, run the yapf code formatter through the existing code of interest. Add # yapf: disable comments to avoid reformatting in some areas if it makes sense. If the existing code has no unit tests, then add unit tests before you modify existing code by hand. With the new unit tests aim at a good code coverage especially in the areas you intend to modify. While you review the code add docstrings. Run the static analysers and fix the rule violations. Please keep in mind that also trivial modifications can break working code. Make sure you have some unit tests. Add type annotations unless the code should be Python 2.7 compatible. Concentrate on the public interfaces.

6.5.8. Third-Party Code

Try to not modify imported third-party code. In case there are issues with third-party code, then at least write a bug report or otherwise contact the upstream project. Reimport the third-party code after the issue is fixed in the upstream project. Only temporarily modify imported third-party code until a solution integrated in the upstream is available.