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Test 1






the classification of living organisms in terms of their natural relationships; it includes describing, naming, and classifying the organisms




the earth science that studies fossil organisms and related remains


the branch of sociology that studies the characteristics of human populations


the branch of anthropology that studies prehistoric people and their cultures

Physical Anthropology

also known as biological anthropology. The systematic study of humans as biological organisms


the ability to walk upright on two legs


Members of the order of mammals includes monkeys, apes, and humans

Binomial Nomenclature

Classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name humans Homo sapiens

Scientific Method

a series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions


the teaching of the origins of the world through a literal interpretation of the creation stories in the bible


a change or alteration in form or qualities

Gene Flow


Genetic Drift


Natural Selection



haploid reproductive cells

Somatic cells

any cell in multicellular organism except an egg or sperm






non-sex chromosomes








of a cell or organism having a single set of chromosomes





Amino Acids


Essential Amino Acids

Amino acids that an animal cannot synthesize itself and must be obtained from food. Eight of these are essential in the human adult.






The coexistence of two or more distinct forms in the same population.


a long chain of several amino acids


A single gene having multiple effects on an individuals phenotype



Nitrogen Bases

adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine










A type of RNA, synthesized from DNA, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein; also called messenger RNA.








the protoplasm of a cell excluding the nucleus


(genetics) attributes acquired via biological heredity from the parents


combination of genes in which a mixture of both traits show


The idea that biological traits are controlled by individual factors rather than by a single all-encompassing hereditary agent.

Monohybrid Cross

a cross between individuals that involves one pair of contrasting traits

Dihybrid Cross

hybridization using two traits with two alleles each

Law of Segregation


Law of Independent Assortment



When both phenotypes appear in heterozygous individuals; Examples: Blood type A crossd with B = type AB








the particular alleles at specified loci present in an organism




having two identical alleles for a trait

homologous chromosome


Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

theory of a stable, nonevolving population in which frequency of alleles do not change; only occurs in large, isolated populations with random mating, and no natural selection or mutations

Conditions for equilibrium

1. No Mutations because this will modify the gene pool 2. Random mating does not cause allele frequencies to change 3. No Natural selection 4. Extremely large population size 5. No gene flow






an assortment of things from which a choice can be made

Directional Selection


Stabilizing Selection


Disruptive Selection


Balanced polymorphism

the ability of natural selection to maintain diversity in a population

HMS Beagle

Darwin's ship

Chimpanzee Chromosome Number


Charles Darwin


Charles Lyell


James Hutton


George Cuvier

Paleontologist that demonstrated that species have become extinct many times in Earth's history, argued that catastrophic geologic events can lead to extinction to species (catastrophic), geologic time scale

Alfred Russel Wallace


Jean-Baptist Lamarck

1st biologist to offer a mechanism for how evolution occurs and to link diversity with adaptation to the environment. Concluded that more complex organizms are descended from less complex organisms. This theory was called the "inheritance of acquired characteristics." Stated that the environment can bring about inherited changed (used giraffe as an example)

Captain Fitzroy

captain of HMS Beagle during Charles Darwin's famous voyage; Bible Thumper; predicted the weather forecast; committed suicide by slitting his throat; pointed out the different types of turtles

Archbishop James Usher

calculated the date of the creation of earth using the only evidence of the age of Earth available to him: the old testament. used characters name to get approximate age

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