pingouin.power_rm_anova(eta=None, m=None, n=None, power=None, alpha=0.05, corr=0.5, epsilon=1)[source]

Evaluate power, sample size, effect size or significance level of a balanced one-way repeated measures ANOVA.


ANOVA effect size (eta-square = \(\eta^2\)).


Number of repeated measurements.


Sample size per measurement. All measurements must have the same sample size.


Test power (= 1 - type II error).


Significance level \(\alpha\) (type I error probability). The default is 0.05.


Average correlation coefficient among repeated measurements. The default is \(r=0.5\).


Epsilon adjustement factor for sphericity. This can be calculated using the pingouin.epsilon() function.


Exactly ONE of the parameters eta, m, n, power and alpha must be passed as None, and that parameter is determined from the others.

Notice that alpha has a default value of 0.05 so None must be explicitly passed if you want to compute it.

Statistical power is the likelihood that a study will detect an effect when there is an effect there to be detected. A high statistical power means that there is a low probability of concluding that there is no effect when there is one. Statistical power is mainly affected by the effect size and the sample size.

For one-way repeated measure ANOVA, eta-square is the same as partial eta-square. It can be evaluated from the F-value (\(F^*\)) and the degrees of freedom of the ANOVA (\(v_1, v_2\)) using the following formula:

\[\eta^2 = \frac{v_1 F^*}{v_1 F^* + v_2}\]

Note that GPower uses the \(f\) effect size instead of the \(\eta^2\). The formula to convert from one to the other are given below:

\[f = \sqrt{\frac{\eta^2}{1 - \eta^2}}\]
\[\eta^2 = \frac{f^2}{1 + f^2}\]

Using \(\eta^2\), the sample size \(N\), the number of repeated measurements \(m\), the epsilon correction factor \(\epsilon\) (see pingouin.epsilon()), and the average correlation between the repeated measures \(c\), one can then calculate the non-centrality parameter as follow:

\[\delta = \frac{f^2 * N * m * \epsilon}{1 - c}\]

Then the critical value of the non-central F-distribution is computed using the percentile point function of the F-distribution with:

\[q = 1 - \alpha\]
\[v_1 = (m - 1) * \epsilon\]
\[v_2 = (N - 1) * v_1\]

Finally, the power of the ANOVA is calculated using the survival function of the non-central F-distribution using the previously computed critical value, non-centrality parameter, and degrees of freedom.

scipy.optimize.brenth() is used to solve power equations for other variables (i.e. sample size, effect size, or significance level). If the solving fails, a nan value is returned.

Results have been validated against GPower.






  1. Compute achieved power

>>> from pingouin import power_rm_anova
>>> print('power: %.4f' % power_rm_anova(eta=0.1, m=3, n=20))
power: 0.8913
  1. Compute required number of groups

>>> print('m: %.4f' % power_rm_anova(eta=0.1, n=20, power=0.90))
m: 3.1347
  1. Compute required sample size

>>> print('n: %.4f' % power_rm_anova(eta=0.1, m=3, power=0.80))
n: 15.9979
  1. Compute achieved effect size

>>> print('eta: %.4f' % power_rm_anova(n=20, m=4, power=0.80, alpha=0.05))
eta: 0.0680
  1. Compute achieved alpha (significance)

>>> print('alpha: %.4f' % power_rm_anova(eta=0.1, n=20, m=4, power=0.80,
...                                   alpha=None))
alpha: 0.0081

Let’s take a more concrete example. First, we’ll load a repeated measures dataset in wide-format. Each row is an observation (e.g. a subject), and each column a successive repeated measurements (e.g t=0, t=1, …).

>>> import pingouin as pg
>>> data = pg.read_dataset('rm_anova_wide')
>>> data.head()
   Before  1 week  2 week  3 week
0     4.3     5.3     4.8     6.3
1     3.9     2.3     5.6     4.3
2     4.5     2.6     4.1     NaN
3     5.1     4.2     6.0     6.3
4     3.8     3.6     4.8     6.8

Note that this dataset has some missing values. We’ll simply delete any row with one or more missing values, and then compute a repeated measures ANOVA:

>>> data = data.dropna()
>>> pg.rm_anova(data)
   Source  ddof1  ddof2      F     p-unc    np2    eps
0  Within      3     24  5.201  0.006557  0.394  0.694

The repeated measures ANOVA is significant at the 0.05 level. Now, we can easily compute the power of the ANOVA with the information in the ANOVA table:

>>> # n is the sample size and m is the number of repeated measures
>>> n, m = data.shape
>>> pg.power_rm_anova(eta=0.394, m=m, n=n, epsilon=0.694)

Our ANOVA has a very high statistical power. However, to be even more accurate in our power calculation, we should also fill in the average correlation among repeated measurements. Since our dataframe is in wide-format (with each column being a successive measurement), this can be done by taking the mean of the superdiagonal of the correlation matrix, which is similar to manually calculating the correlation between each successive pairwise measurements and then taking the mean. Since correlation coefficients are not normally distributed, we use the r-to-z transform prior to averaging (numpy.arctanh()), and then the z-to-r transform (numpy.tanh()) to convert back to a correlation coefficient. This gives a more precise estimate of the mean.

>>> import numpy as np
>>> corr = np.diag(data.corr(), k=1)
>>> avgcorr = np.tanh(np.arctanh(corr).mean())
>>> avgcorr

In this example, we’re using a fake dataset and the average correlation is negative. However, it will most likely be positive with real data. Let’s now compute the final power of the repeated measures ANOVA:

>>> pg.power_rm_anova(eta=0.394, m=m, n=n, epsilon=0.694, corr=avgcorr)