Danish language

Codex Holmiensis CE 1350.jpg

The first sentence is: "Mæth logh skal land byggas"

Modern orthography: "Med lov skal land bygges"

English translation: "With law shall a country be built"
Pronunciation [ˈtænˀsk] [1]
Native to
Ethnicity Danes
Native speakers
6.0 million (2019)[2]
Early forms
Latin script:

Dano-Norwegian alphabet

Danish orthography

Danish Braille
Official status
Official language in
Recognised minority

language in
Regulated by
Dansk Sprognævn

(Danish Language Committee)
Language codes
ISO 639-1 da
ISO 639-2 dan
ISO 639-3 Either:

dan – Insular Danish

jut – Jutlandic
Glottolog dani1285  Danish[4]

juti1236  Jutish[5]
Idioma danés.PNG
The Danish-speaking world:
  regions where Danish is the language of the majority
  regions where Danish is the language of a significant minority

Danish (/ˈdnɪʃ/ (About this soundlisten); dansk pronounced [ˈtænˀsk] (About this soundlisten), dansk sprog [ˈtænˀsk ˈspʁɔwˀ])[1] is a North Germanic language spoken by about six million people, principally in Denmark, Greenland and in the region of Southern Schleswig in northern Germany, where it has minority language status.[6] Also, minor Danish-speaking communities are found in Norway, Sweden, Spain, the United States, Canada, Brazil, and Argentina. Due to immigration and language shift in urban areas, about 15–20% of the population of Greenland speak Danish as their first language.

Along with the other North Germanic languages, Danish is a descendant of Old Norse, the common language of the Germanic peoples who lived in Scandinavia during the Viking Era. Danish, together with Swedish, derives from the East Norse dialect group, while the Middle Norwegian language before the influence of Danish and Norwegian Bokmål are classified as West Norse along with Faroese and Icelandic. A more recent classification based on mutual intelligibility separates modern spoken Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish as "mainland Scandinavian", while Icelandic and Faroese are classified as "insular Scandinavian". Although writing is compatible, spoken Danish is distinctly different from Norwegian and Swedish and thus the degree of mutual intelligibility with either is variable between regions and speakers.


Danish has a very large vowel inventory consisting of 27 phonemically distinctive vowels,[7] and its prosody is characterized by the distinctive phenomenon stød, a kind of laryngeal phonation type. Due to the many pronunciation differences that set apart Danish from its neighboring languages, particularly the vowels, difficult prosody and "weakly" pronounced consonants, it is sometimes considered to be a "difficult language to learn, acquire and understand",[8] and some evidence shows that children are slower to acquire the phonological distinctions of Danish compared to other languages.[9] The grammar is moderately inflective with strong (irregular) and weak (regular) conjugations and inflections. Nouns and demonstrative pronouns distinguish common and neutral gender. Like English, Danish only has remnants of a former case system, particularly in the pronouns. Unlike English, it has lost all person marking on verbs. Its syntax is V2 word order, with the finite verb always occupying the second slot in the sentence.

Classification [ edit ]

Danish and its historical relationships to other North Germanic languages within the Germanic branch of Indo-European. Another classification can be drawn based on mutual intellegibility.




Danish itself can be divided into three main dialect areas: West Danish (Jutlandic), Insular Danish (including the Standard variety), and East Danish (including Bornholmian and Scanian). Under the view that Scandinavian is a dialect continuum, East Danish can be considered intermediary between Danish and Swedish, while Scanian can be considered a Swedified East Danish dialect, and Bornholmsk is its closest relative.[10] Contemporary Scanian is fully mutually intelligible with Swedish and less so with Danish since it shares a standardized vocabulary and less distinct prounciations with the rest of Sweden than in the past. Blekinge and Halland, the two other provinces further away from Copenhagen that transitioned to Sweden in the 17th century speak dialects more similar to standard Swedish.

Mutual intelligibility [ edit ]


History [ edit ]

The Danish philologist Johannes Brøndum-Nielsen divided the history of Danish into a period from 800 AD to 1525 to be "Old Danish", which he subdivided into "Runic Danish" (800-1100), Early Middle Danish (1100–1350) and Late Middle Danish (1350–1525).[14]

Runic Danish [ edit ]

  Old West Norse dialect
  Old East Norse dialect
  Other Germanic languages with which Old Norse still retained some mutual intelligibility


Heimskringla by Snorri Sturluson[15]




Old and Middle dialects [ edit ]



Jutlandic Law, 1241 [20]



The first printed book in Danish dates from 1495, the Rimkrøniken (Rhyming Chronicle), a history book told in rhymed verses.[24] The first complete translation of the Bible in Danish, the Bible of Christian II translated by Christiern Pedersen, was published in 1550. Pedersen's orthographic choices set the de facto standard for subsequent writing in Danish.[25]

Early Modern [ edit ]

Herrer og Narre have frit Sprog.

"Lords and jesters have free speech."

Peder Syv, proverbs




Standardized national language [ edit ]

Moders navn er vort Hjertesprog,

kun løs er al fremmed Tale.

Det alene i mund og bog,

kan vække et folk af dvale.

"Mother's name is our hearts' tongue,

only idle is all foreign speech

It alone, in mouth or in book,

can rouse a people from sleep."

N.F.S. Grundtvig, "Modersmaalet"


Language shift in the 19th century in southern Schleswig



Geographic distribution [ edit ]




The more widespread of the two varieties of written Norwegian, Bokmål, is very close to Danish, because standard Danish was used as the de facto administrative language until 1814 and one of the official languages of Denmark-Norway. Bokmål is based on Danish, unlike the other variety of Norwegian, Nynorsk, which is based on the Norwegian dialects, with Old Norwegian as an important reference point.[10]

No law stipulates an official language for Denmark, making Danish the de facto language only. The Code of Civil Procedure does, however, lay down Danish as the language of the courts.[35] Since 1997, public authorities have been obliged to observe the official spelling by way of the Orthography Law. In the 21st century, discussions have been held regarding creating a language law that would make Danish the official language of Denmark.[36]

Dialects [ edit ]

Map of Danish dialects



Danish traditional dialects are divided into three main dialect areas:

Jutlandic is further divided into Southern Jutlandic and Northern Jutlandic, with Northern Jutlandic subdivided into North Jutlandic and West Jutlandic. Insular Danish is divided into Zealand, Funen, Møn, and Lolland-Falster dialect areas – each with addition internal variation. The term "Eastern Danish"[41] is occasionally used for Bornholmian, but including the dialects of Scania (particularly in a historical context) – Jutlandic dialect, Insular Danish, and Bornholmian. Bornholmian is the only Eastern Danish dialect spoken in Denmark, since the other Eastern Danish dialects were spoken in areas ceded to Sweden and subsequently swedified.

Traditional dialects differ in phonology, grammar, and vocabulary from standard Danish. Phonologically, one of the most diagnostic differences is the presence or absence of stød.[42] Four main regional variants for the realization of stød are known: In Southeastern Jutlandic, Southernmost Funen, Southern Langeland, and Ærø, no stød is used, but instead a pitch accent. South of a line (Danish: Stødgrænsen "The Stød border") going through central South Jutland, crossing Southern Funen and central Langeland and north of Lolland-Falster, Møn, Southern Zealand and Bornholm neither stød nor pitch accent exists.[43] Most of Jutland and on Zealand use stød, and in Zealandic traditional dialects and regional language, stød occurs more often than in the standard language. In Zealand, the stød line divides Southern Zealand (without stød), an area which used to be directly under the Crown, from the rest of the Island that used to be the property of various noble estates.[44][45]


Phonology [ edit ]

Spoken Danish

The sound system of Danish is unusual among the world's languages, particularly in its large vowel inventory and in the unusual prosody. In informal or rapid speech, the language is prone to considerable reduction of unstressed syllables, creating many vowel-less syllables with syllabic consonants, as well as reduction of final consonants. Furthermore, the language's prosody does not include many clues about the sentence structure, unlike many other languages, making it relatively more difficult to segment[clarification needed] the speech flow into its constituent elements.[8][48] These factors taken together make Danish pronunciation difficult to master for learners, and Danish children are indicated to take slightly longer in learning to segment speech in early childhood.[9]

Vowels [ edit ]

Although somewhat depending on analysis, most modern variants of Danish distinguish 12 long vowels, 13 short vowels, and two schwa vowels, /ə/ and /ɐ/ that only occur in unstressed syllables. This gives a total of 27 different vowel phonemes – a very large number among the world's languages.[49] At least 19 different diphthongs also occur, all with a short first vowel and the second segment being either [j], [w], or [ɐ̯].[50] The table below shows the approximate distribution of the vowels as given by Grønnum (1998) in Modern Standard Danish, with the symbols used in IPA/Danish. Questions of analysis may give a slightly different inventory, for example based on whether r-colored vowels are considered distinct phonemes. Basbøll (2005:50) gives 25 "full vowels", not counting the two unstressed schwa vowels.

Front Central Back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
Close i, y, u,
Near-close , e̝ː
Close-mid e, ø, øː o,
Mid œ, œː ə ɔ, ɔː
Open-mid ɛ, ɛː œ̞, œ̞ː ɒ, ɒː
Near-open æ ɶ ɐ ʌ
Open ɑ, ɑː

Consonants [ edit ]


Labial Alveolar Alveolo

Velar Uvular/

Nasal /m/ /n/ /ŋ/
Fricative /f/ /s/ /h/

Many of these phonemes have quite different allophones in onset and coda. Phonetically there is no voicing distinction among the stops, rather the distinction is one of aspiration and fortis vs. lenis.[50] /p t k/ are aspirated in onset realized as [pʰ, tsʰ, kʰ], but not in coda. The pronunciation of t, [tsʰ], is in between a simple aspirated [tʰ] and a fully affricated [tsʰ] as has happened in German with many words that now contain z. /v/ is pronounced as a [w] in syllable coda, so e.g. /grav/ ("grave") is pronounced [kʁɑw].


The sound [ɕ] is found for example in the word /sjovˀ/ "fun" pronounced [ɕɒwˀ] and /tjalˀ/ "marijuana" pronounced [tɕælˀ]. Some analyses have posited it as a phoneme, but since it occurs only after /s/ or /t/ and [j] doesn't occur after these phonemes, it can be analyzed as an allophone of /j/, which is devoiced after voiceless alveolar frication. This makes it unnecessary to postulate a /ɕ/-phoneme in Danish.[52]


Prosody [ edit ]


Stress is phonemic and distinguishes words such as billigst [ˈpilist] "cheapest" and bilist [piˈlist] "car driver".[55]

Grammar [ edit ]


Nouns [ edit ]


Gender [ edit ]


Definiteness [ edit ]

Danish regular plural patterns
Class 1 Class 2 Class 3



the months



"the days"



the years



the cars



the dogs


fish (pl.)

the fishes



Jeg så et hus
"I saw a house"

Definite with enclitic article:

Jeg så huset
"I saw the house"

Definite with preposed demonstrative article:

Jeg så det store hus [nb 1]
"I saw the big house"



Number [ edit ]

Danish irregular plurals
Sg. Pl. Pl. definite



the men



the cows



the eyes



the accounts



Possession [ edit ]


Pronouns [ edit ]

Danish personal pronouns
Person Subjective case Objective case Dependent


1st p. sg. jeg




2nd o. sg. du




3rd p. sg. han/hun








1st p. pl. vi




2nd p. pl. I

you (pl.)

you (pl.)

your (pl.)

yours (pl.)
3rd p. pl de






Jeg sover
"I sleep"
Du sover
"you sleep"
Jeg kysser dig
"I kiss you"
Du kysser mig
"you kiss me"


Han tog sin hat
He took his (own) hat
Han tog hans hat
He took his hat (someone else's hat)

Nominal compounds [ edit ]


Verbs [ edit ]

infinitive Present Past
at være

to be


at se

to see


at vide

to know


at huske

to remember


at glemme

to forget




Tense, aspect, mood, and voice [ edit ]

Verbs can be divided into two main classes, the strong/irregular verbs and the regular/weak verbs.[59] The regular verbs are also divided into two classes, those that take the past suffix -te and those that take the suffix -ede.[72]


The present participle ends in -ende (e.g. løbende "running"), and the past participle ends in -et (e.g. løbet "run"), -t (e.g. købt "bought"). Perfect tense is constructed with at have ("to have") and participial forms, like in English. But some transitive verbs can also form an imperfective perfect using at være ("to be") instead.

Hun har gået. Flyet har fløjet
She has walked. The plane has flown
Hun er gået. Flyet er fløjet
She has left. The plane has taken off
Hun havde gået. Flyet havde fløjet
She had walked. The plane had flown
Hun var gået. Flyet var fløjet
She had left. The plane had taken off




Syntax [ edit ]

Danish basic constituent order in simple sentences with both a subject and an object is Subject–Verb–Object.[75] However, Danish is also a V2 language, which means that the verb must always be the second constituent of the sentence. Following the Danish grammarian Paul Diderichsen[76] Danish grammar tends to be analyzed as consisting of slots or fields, and in which certain types of sentence material can be moved to the pre-verbal (or "grounding") field to achieve different pragmatic effects. Usually the sentence material occupying the preverbal slot has to be pragmatically marked, usually either new information or topics. There is no rule that subjects must occur in the preverbal slot, but since subject and topic often coincide, they often do. Therefore, whenever any sentence material that is not the subject occurs in the preverbal position the subject is demoted to postverbal position and the sentence order becomes VSO.[77]

Peter (S) så (V) Jytte (O)
"Peter saw Jytte"


"Yesterday, Peter saw Jytte"


der kom en pige ind ad døren
there came a girl in through the door
"A girl came in the door"

Main clauses [ edit ]


Og ham havde Per ikke skænket en tanke i årevis
And him had Per not given a thought for years
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
"And him Per hadn't given a thought in years"




hvem så hun?'
whom saw she
"whom did she see?"
så hun ham?
saw she him?
"did she see him?"

Subordinate clauses [ edit ]

In subordinate clauses, the syntax differs from that of main clauses. In the subordinate clause structure the verb is preceded by the subject and any light adverbial material (e.g. negation).[79] Complement clauses begin with the particle at in the "connector field".

Han sagde at han ikke ville gå
he said that he not would go
"He said that he did not want to go"


Jeg kender en mand som bor i Helsingør[80]
"I know a man who lives in Elsinore"

Vocabulary [ edit ]


About 2000 of Danish non-compound words are derived from the Old Norse language, and ultimately from Proto Indo-European. Of these 2000 words, 1200 are nouns, 500 are verbs, 180 are adjectives and the rest belong to other word classes.[81] Danish has also absorbed a large number of loan words, most of which were borrowed from Middle Low German in the late medieval period. Out of the 500 most frequently used words in Danish, 100 are medieval loans from Middle Low German, as Low German is the other official language of Denmark-Norway.[82] In the 17th and 18th centuries, standard German and French superseded Low German influence and in the 20th century English became the main supplier of loan words, especially after World War II. Although many old Nordic words remain, some were replaced with borrowed synonyms, as can be seen with æde (to eat) which became less common when the Low German spise came into fashion. As well as loan words, new words are freely formed by compounding existing words. In standard texts of contemporary Danish, Middle Low German loans account for about 16‒17% of the vocabulary, Graeco-Latin-loans 4‒8%, French 2‒4% and English about 1%.[82]

Danish and English are both Germanic languages, Danish a North Germanic language descended from Old Norse and English a West Germanic language descended from Old English, and Old Norse exerted a strong influence on Old English in the early medieval period. To see their shared Germanic heritage, one merely has to note the many common words that are very similar in the two languages. For example, commonly used Danish nouns and prepositions such as have, over, under, for, give, flag, salt, and kat are easily recognizable in their written form to English speakers.[83] Similarly, some other words are almost identical to their Scots equivalents, e.g., kirke (Scots kirk, i.e., 'church') or barn (Scots bairn, i.e. 'child'). In addition, the word by, meaning "village" or "town", occurs in many English place-names, such as Whitby and Selby, as remnants of the Viking occupation. During the latter period, English adopted "are", the third person plural form of the verb "to be", as well as the corresponding personal pronoun form "they" from contemporary Old Norse.

Numerals [ edit ]


The numeral halvanden means 1½ (literally "half second", implying "one plus half of the second one"). The numerals halvtredje (2½), halvfjerde (3½) and halvfemte (4½) are obsolete, but still implicitly used in the vigesimal system described below. Similarly, the temporal designation (klokken) halv tre, literally "half three (o'clock)", is half past two.

One peculiar feature of the Danish language is the fact that numerals 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90 are (as are the French numerals from 80 through 99) based on a vigesimal system, meaning that the score (20) is used as a base unit in counting. Tres (short for tre-sinds-tyve, "three times twenty") means 60, while 50 is halvtreds (short for halvtredje-sinds-tyve, "half third times twenty", implying two score plus half of the third score). The ending sindstyve meaning "times twenty" is no longer included in cardinal numbers, but may still be used in ordinal numbers. Thus, in modern Danish fifty-two is usually rendered as tooghalvtreds from the now obsolete tooghalvtredsindstyve, whereas 52nd is either tooghalvtredsende or tooghalvtredsindstyvende. Twenty is tyve (derived from old Danish tiughu, a haplology of tuttiughu, meaning 'two tens'[84]), while thirty is tredive (Old Danish þrjatiughu, "three tens"), and forty is fyrre (Old Danish fyritiughu, "four tens",[85] still used today as the archaism fyrretyve).[86] Thus, the suffix -tyve should be understood as a plural of ti (10), though to modern Danes tyve means 20, making it hard to explain why fyrretyve is 40 (four tens) and not 80 (four times twenty).

Cardinal numeral Danish Literal translation Ordinal numeral Danish Literal translation
1 én / ét one 1st første first
12 tolv twelve 12th tolvte twelfth
23 treogtyve three and twenty 23rd treogtyvende three and 20th

For large numbers (one billion or larger), Danish uses the long scale, so that the short-scale billion (1,000,000,000) is called milliard, and the short-scale trillion (1,000,000,000,000) is billion.

Writing system and Alphabet [ edit ]

Danish keyboard with keys for Æ, Ø, and Å.

The oldest preserved examples of written Danish (from the Iron and Viking Ages) are in the Runic alphabet.[87] The introduction of Christianity also brought the Latin script to Denmark, and at the end of the High Middle Ages Runes had more or less been replaced by Latin letters.

Danish orthography is conservative, using most of the conventions established in the 16th century. The spoken language however has changed a lot since then, creating a gap between the spoken and written languages.[88]

The modern Danish alphabet is similar to the English one, with three additional letters: æ, ø, and å, which come at the end of the alphabet, in that order. The letters c, q, w, x and z are only used in loan words. A spelling reform in 1948 introduced the letter å, already in use in Norwegian and Swedish, into the Danish alphabet to replace the digraph aa.[87] The old usage continues to occur in some personal and geographical names; for example, the name of the city of Aalborg is spelled with Aa following a decision by the City Council in the 1970s and Aarhus decided to go back to Aa in 2011. When representing the å sound, aa is treated like å in alphabetical sorting, though it appears to be two letters. When the letters are not available due to technical limitations, they are often replaced by ae (Æ, æ), oe or o (Ø, ø), and aa (Å, å), respectively.


See also [ edit ]

Realm languages:

Nordic languages:

Notes and references [ edit ]


    Jutlandic at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  3. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Danish language". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  4. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Danish". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  5. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Jutish". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  7. ^ Haberland 1994, p. 318.
  8. ^ a b Grønnum 2008a.
  9. ^ a b Trecca 2015.
  10. ^ a b c d e f Torp 2006.
  11. ^ Rischel 2012, pp. 809-10.
  12. ^ a b Åkesson 2005.
  13. ^ Torp 2006, pp. 70-72.
  14. ^ Howe 1996.
  15. ^ "Ynglinga saga –".
  16. ^ Faarlund 1994, p. 38-41.
  17. ^ Faarlund 1994, p. 39.
  18. ^ Faarlund 1994, p. 41.
  19. ^ "Viking place names and language in England". Retrieved 22 September 2013.
  20. ^ Pedersen 1996, p. 220.
  21. ^ Pedersen 1996, pp. 219–21.
  22. ^ Pedersen 1996, pp. 221–224.
  23. ^ Torp 2006, pp. 57-58.
  25. ^ Pedersen 1996, p. 225.
  26. ^ a b Pedersen 1996.
  27. ^ Torp 2006, p. 52.
  28. ^ Rischel 2012, p. 828.
  29. ^ Rischel 2012, p. 831.
  30. ^ a b c Pedersen 2003.
  31. ^ a b Kristiansen & Jørgensen 2003.
  33. ^ Jacobsen 2003.
  35. ^ Rischel 2012, pp. 822-23.
  36. ^ Heltoft & Preisler 2007.
  37. ^ Kristiansen 1998.
  38. ^ "Ømål". Copenhagen University, Center for Dialect Research. 24 April 2015.
  39. ^ Nielsen 1959.
  40. ^ a b Prince 1924.
  41. ^ "danske dialekter | Gyldendal – Den Store Danske" (in Danish). Retrieved 22 September 2013.
  42. ^ Sørensen 2011.
  43. ^ "Stød". University of Copenhagen, Center for Dialect Studies. 22 April 2015.
  44. ^ Ejskjær 1990.
  45. ^ Kroman 1980.
  46. ^ Arboe 2008.
  47. ^ "Navneordenes køn". Copenhagen University, Center for Dialect Research. 22 April 2015.
  48. ^ Grønnum 2008b.
  49. ^ Haberland 1994, p. 319.
  50. ^ a b c Haberland 1994, p. 320.
  51. ^ Basbøll 2005, p. 130.
  52. ^ Grønnum (2005:305–306)
  53. ^ Fischer-Jørgensen 1989.
  54. ^ Basbøll 2005, pp. 83-86.
  55. ^ Rischel 2012, p. 811.
  56. ^ Becker-Christensen 2010, p. 17.
  57. ^ Haberland 1994, pp. 323-331.
  58. ^ a b Haberland 1994, p. 323-324.
  59. ^ a b Rischel 2012, p. 813.
  61. ^ Haberland 1994, p. 330.
  62. ^ Haberland 1994, p. 325-326.
  63. ^ Haberland 1994, p. 326.
  64. ^ Lundskaer-Nielsen & Holmes 2015, p. 35-40.
  65. ^ Herslund 2001.
  66. ^ Haberland 1994, p. 325.
  67. ^ Lundskaer-Nielsen & Holmes 2015, p. 53-60.
  68. ^ Haberland 1994, p. 326-328.
  69. ^ Allan, Lundskaer-Nielsen & Holmes 2005, p. 63.
  70. ^ Bredsdorff 1958, pp. 83-85.
  71. ^ Haberland 1994, p. 331.
  72. ^ a b Haberland 1994, p. 332.
  73. ^ a b Haberland 1994, p. 333.
  74. ^ Rischel 2012, p. 814.
  75. ^ Becker-Christensen 2010, p. 24.
  76. ^ Diderichsen 1974.
  77. ^ a b Haberland 1994, p. 336.
  78. ^ Haberland 1994, p. 344.
  79. ^ Jensen 2011.
  80. ^ Haberland 1994, p. 345.
  81. ^ Haberland 1994, pp. 346-347.
  83. ^ Bredsdorff 1958, pp. 6-10.
  84. ^ "tyve,4 — ODS".
  85. ^ (in Danish) Dansk sprognævn – De danske tal halvtreds, tres, halvfjerds, firs og halvfemsArchived 25 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine(subscription required)
  86. ^ Haberland 1994, p. 348.
  87. ^ a b Rischel 2012, p. 815.
  88. ^ Rischel 2012, p. 820.
  89. ^ Waddingham, Anne. Ritter, R. M. (Robert M.). Oxford guide to style. New Hart's rules : the Oxford style guide. pp. 243–244. ISBN 9780191649134. OCLC 883571244. CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

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