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Carnegie Mellon University

PITTSBURGH-- Scientists at Carnegie Mellon University's Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center have developed new "fluorogen activating proteins" (FAPs) that will become a key component of novel molecular biosensor technology being created at Carnegie Mellon. The FAPs, which can be used to monitor biological activities of individual proteins and other biomolecules within living cells in real time, are described in the February issue of Nature Biotechnology.

Carnegie Mellon scientists designed the FAPs to emit fluorescent light only when bound to a fluorogen, an otherwise non-fluorescent dye added by the scientists. This feature will allow biologists to track proteins on the cell surface and within living cells in very simple and direct ways, eliminating cumbersome experimental steps.

Scientists say the fluorogen activating proteins are especially useful for developing molecular biosensors, because FAPs allow researchers to not only see where the target protein is within the space of the cell, but also to see color changes when it becomes fluorescent. Color changes may reflect changes in the local environment of the protein, and allow quantitative sensing in real time of the biological activity of proteins and biomolecules that are in close proximity to each other.

Biologists often have a difficult time locating a target biomolecule inside living cells using other dye technologies because of background light given off by any unbound dye molecules. This background light obscures the biomolecule's glow and therefore must be removed to successfully carry out the experiment.

The new FAP technology gives off light only when and precisely where the target biomolecule is present, enabling scientists to activate the fluorescence when needed to see exactly where in the cell the biomolecule is located. Scientists also can design fluorogens that can enter the cell and fluorogens that can't. When used with fluorogens that are excluded from the cell, the FAP technology provides an exceptionally selective biosensor for proteins at the outside of the cell surface.

The FAP is a specialized single chain antibody (scFv), a recombinant fragment of full-size antibody proteins that the human immune system uses to identify intruders like bacteria or viruses. The Carnegie Mellon scientists screened billions of scFvs to look for those that bound specifically to either of two fluorogens, malachite green and thiazole orange. The team found several scFvs that, when bound to the fluorogen, emitted bright fluorescent signals. They termed these scFvs "fluorogen activating proteins."

"These FAPs are the essential first step in developing molecular biosensors that will monitor dynamic changes occurring within cells," said Alan Waggoner, professor of biological sciences and director of the Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center (MBIC). "The ultimate goal is to put molecular biosensors based on FAP technology inside cells, but this current work is immediately useful. We have used the FAPs in conjunction with several fluorogens to visualize proteins at the cell surface and are now using the technology to image proteins inside cells."

The new FAPs are an extension of the genetic approach made popular by the advent of fluorescent proteins, such as green fluorescent protein (GFP), more than a decade ago. GFPs, once expressed in cells, are always aglow when visualized by scientists using special light sources and microscopes. The Carnegie Mellon team has taken GFP technology one step further -- with the novel FAPs and associated fluorogens, they can control fluorescence in space and time.

"The beauty of our system is that we can make FAPs with genetic variations so that we can co-express distinct FAPs within a cell. We can also make synthetic variations of the fluorogen that have different fluorescent and binding properties. Together, these modifications will allows us to image multiple colors inside cells, enabling us to dynamically monitor several proteins and follow complex cellular functions," said Chris Szent-Gyorgyi, a research scientist at the MBIC who spearheaded the isolation of the FAPs.


The work, funded by the Pennsylvania Department of Health and the National Institutes of Health (NIH), is part of the mission of an NIH National Technology Center for Networks and Pathways. The effort, headquartered at Carnegie Mellon, is a partnership between Carnegie Mellon and the University of Pittsburgh. For more information, visit

About Carnegie Mellon: Carnegie Mellon is a private research university with a distinctive mix of programs in engineering, computer science, robotics, business, public policy, fine arts and the humanities. More than 10,000 undergraduate and graduate students receive an education characterized by its focus on creating and implementing solutions for real problems, interdisciplinary collaboration, and innovation. A small student-to-faculty ratio provides an opportunity for close interaction between students and professors. While technology is pervasive on its 144-acre Pittsburgh campus, Carnegie Mellon is also distinctive among leading research universities for the world-renowned programs in its College of Fine Arts. A global university, Carnegie Mellon has campuses in Silicon Valley, Calif., and Qatar, and programs in Asia, Australia and Europe. For more, see
