Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (neg. no. LC-DIG-npcc-02966)

The American Indians called the Mohican originally lived in the upper Hudson River valley of what is now eastern New York state. Their homeland centered on the site of present-day Albany, the capital of New York. The Mohican (also spelled Mahican) are not to be confused with the Mohegan, a tribe that originally lived in what is now Connecticut. The Mohican called themselves Muh-he-con-neok, meaning “the people of the waters that are never still.”

The Mohican were Northeast Indians who spoke a language of the Algonquian language family. They were traditionally divided into at least five bands. They lived in villages that were located on hills and were often enclosed by defensive barriers called stockades. A village was made up of 20 to 30 longhouses, which were rectangular structures consisting of a wooden pole frame covered with bark. Each longhouse was home to several families. The Mohican grew corn, beans, squash, and sunflowers and gathered wild plant foods. They also fished and hunted moose, deer, turkeys, and other game.

The English explorer Henry Hudson, sailing for the Dutch, encountered the Mohican in 1609. He was followed by Dutch traders, who began working with the Mohican in the fur trade. Competition among the Mohican and the Mohawk for control of this trade worsened the already hostile relations between the tribes. In 1664 the Mohican were forced to move from their homeland to what is now Stockbridge, Massachusetts. They gradually sold their territory there, and in 1736 some of them were gathered into a mission at Stockbridge and became known as the Stockbridge band. Other groups scattered and merged with other tribes.

The Stockbridge Indians fought on the American side in the American Revolution (1775–83), but after the war the expansion of white settlements pressured the Indians to move west. They first went to Oneida territory in what is now New York, settling in the Christian Indian community known as Brothertown (or Brotherton). In the 1800s the Stockbridge Indians moved to Wisconsin, where they were joined by the Munsee, a band of Delaware (Lenni Lenape). In 1856 the U.S. government gave the Stockbridge and Munsee Indians a reservation in Wisconsin.

After 1887, under the U.S. government policy called “allotment,” the reservation was broken up into parcels of land. Although some parcels were distributed to individual Mohican tribal members, allotment ultimately led to the loss of much of the tribe’s land. The U.S. census of 2010 counted more than 4,100 people of Stockbridge-Munsee ancestry.