Volvo Revolutionizes the Lowly Garbage Truck With the Hybrid FE

Volvo FE Hybrid

Volvo FE Hybrid

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The typical neighborhood garbage truck is not an environmentally friendly sight.  With its loud diesel engine that spews CO2 and burns an outrageous amount of fuel this is not a vehicle typically associated with a "greener" tomorrow.  However, it does a great service for communities and is essential to clean living.  Without that garbage truck what would we do?

Understanding that garbage trucks are a necessity to modern living, Volvo has decided to modernize it.  The new Volvo FE garbage truck will go on sale in 2012.  This commercial vehicle utilizes a parallel hybrid setup that promises increased efficiency, less pollution, and less noise. 

The Volvo FE utilizes a lithium-ion battery pack that allows it to operate at low speeds without the use of its onboard engine.  The 600V lithium-ion battery pack is mated to a 3 phase 120kW motor and joined by a 7 liter diesel engine, that outputs 300 hp and 800 Nm of torque.  According to Volvo, this setup reduces typical fuel consumption by 30%  and CO2 emissions by 20% over its non-hybrid counterparts while also eliminating some of the noise pollution associated with garbage trucks.

The Volvo FE garbage truck with its advanced hybrid powertrain will allow neighborhoods to breathe easier and in some cases sleep longer as the municipal departments goes about their business of ridding the city of trash.

Source:  Volvo Press Release


Volvo Trucks took on the hybrid powertrain challenge as early as the 1980s and years of subsequent research, development and testing has led to the new cutting edge Volvo FE Hybrid. The solution: parallel hybrid technology using up to 30 per cent less fuel.

One of the quintessential sounds of the city is the early-morning rumble of the diesel-powered refuse truck as it stop-starts up the street accompanied by the occasional tinkle of breaking glass from the rubbish in the compactor. Now, however, this backing track to urban life is about to change with the introduction of the hybrid engine. At low speeds the hybrid truck will replace the diesel's growl with a muted electric hum. The Volvo FE Hybrid, which will be available for distribution trucks and city buses as well as refuse trucks, will be a significant stride forward for environmentally-friendly automotive technology. Besides the considerable noise reductions, the hybrid will reduce CO2 emissions and fuel consumption by 15–20 per cent depending on the application. Volvo has achieved reductions of up to 30 per cent with a plug-in superstructure for waste compression.

"This is the way forward for inner-city stop-start applications," says Henrik Kloo, who co-ordinated the Volvo FE Hybrid project for Volvo Trucks. "As fuel prices increase and awareness of climate change grows, everyone is asking what they can do. This is part of the answer."

While the Volvo FE is right at the cutting edge of hybrid technology, the idea of combining an internal combustion engine with an electric motor is nothing new. Indeed, the first patent for a hybrid engine was granted in 1899 to a young inventor by the name of Ferdinand Porsche. Volvo Trucks has been involved with demonstrators and theoretical studies of hybrids since the mid-1980s and has tested various technologies, from mechanical hybrids to hydraulic hybrids to electric hybrids.

In 2002 an advanced engineering project got underway to investigate which sort of hybrid solution would provide the best combination of fuel efficiency, robustness and cost effectiveness.

"We ruled out quite a few configurations of hybrids because they were too expensive, and ended up with what is known as a parallel hybrid system, in which you use one electric machine and an automatically-geared mechanical gearbox," says Anders Kroon, director of hybrid technology at Volvo Powertrain, the Volvo Group's internal producer of powertrain systems.

In 2006 the project resulted in a FM9 hybrid truck, the first test of a parallel hybrid. Unlike the more traditional series hybrid approach, where an electric motor alone drives the wheels and a combustion engine charges the batteries, a parallel hybrid uses either the electric motor or the combustion engine – or both together. There is a normal diesel engine and a gearbox, but in between the clutch and the gearbox sits the electric motor. It is a reliable construction and the diesel and electric motors can be used independently of each other.

"These two power sources work on the same axle through the gearbox and that drives the wheels," says Henrik Kloo. "That means that when you start the truck from standstill you engage the electric motor because it is better when starting off with heavy loads from zero: higher torque at lower revs. Then when you get up to higher speeds the diesel engine is activated and these two work together, or if the control system feels it is better then the diesel engine can take over. When you are running at high speed it behaves like a traditional truck, but at low speeds is behaves more like an electric vehicle." During braking, the electric motor works as an engine brake, reducing brake wear and recovering braking energy.

While Volvo Powertrain has developed dozens of diesel engines over the years, the task of coming up with a hybrid solution for large-scale production threw up a number of challenges, several of them connected to the battery and its control system. The battery chosen by Volvo for the Volvo FE Hybrid is a lithium ion battery, with the same chemistry as the batteries found in mobile phones and laptops, but considerably larger – it weighs about 200 kgs.

"The battery is the 'Achilles heel' in all hybrids throughout the automotive industry," says Kroon. "Even though there has been significant development with nickel metal hydride technology, lithium ion technology and super-capacitors as energy storage, there is still a lot of ground to be covered before we have a completely robust system."

The 600-volt system used in the Volvo FE requires hundreds of lithium ion cells in series. "The challenge is how to manage this to make it act as a robust system," says Kroon. "To handle these kinds of electric energy levels we have incorporated protective systems that shut down the battery and isolate it from the rest of the vehicle in case of an accident or someone doing something wrong when working on the system."

The result is an advanced system which analyses what is happening and takes appropriate action if needed. "It has to happen blisteringly fast and it has to function in all situations," says Kroon. "There are a lot of safety systems around the battery and the entire high-voltage system on board the truck."

As anyone with a three-year-old mobile phone or laptop can testify, lithium ion batteries have a limited lifespan. But Volvo is aiming for a lifespan of up to eight years for its batteries, depending on driving cycle. "That should resemble the lifetime of the truck, maybe with one battery change," says Henrik Kloo. "Here there needs to be a bit of a trade-off as you can have greater fuel savings if you compromise on the lifetime of the battery."

Once the issues surrounding the battery had been solved, the next step was finding suppliers. "This technology is new not just for us but for the supplier structure," says Anders Kroon. As there has been no large-scale production of these batteries, new factories have had to be built. "The major challenge facing the battery industry has been to stabilise production from these new factories to provide good reliability and good productivity to match that of the system integrator who provides us with the energy storage system."

Volvo Trucks is currently carrying out field tests with test hybrids in commercial operations together with selected customers. Although considerable progress has been made from the technical viewpoint, the global financial crisis has affected both product development and the haulage industry's investment potential, so small-scale series production of the Volvo FE Hybrid will not get under way until 2012. At the same time, a hybrid solution for long-haul applications is being investigated. Although the potential savings in percentage terms are not as great as for urban stop-start driving, the distances covered mean that considerable emission and fuel consumption reductions are also possible on the open road.

Anders Kroon declares himself extremely happy with the outcome of the Volvo FE Hybrid project. "The result for the customer will be great," he says. "Once functionality and reliability have been proven, we will gain trust for these new technologies. I think the Volvo Group has a great product coming."

How the Volvo FE Hybrid works
Volvo's solution utilises parallel hybrid technology, which means that the diesel engine and the electric motor can work both together and separately. The electric motor has three tasks: to power the vehicle, to serve as an alternator when the vehicle brakes, and to act as a starter motor to fire up the diesel engine. Energy from braking is used to recharge the batteries. On uphill gradients, the electric motor can step in to assist the diesel engine to provide added power. Peripheral equipment such as the servo pump, air compressor and power take-off, which in a conventional truck are driven by the engine, can in a hybrid use small electric motors instead. This gives greater freedom in positioning the relevant components and they only consume energy when they are actually being used.

Technical Specifications
Diesel engine: Volvo D7 7-litre
Power output: 300–340 hp
Electric motor: 3-phase permanent magnet synchronous electric motor 600 volts
Max. power output: 120 kW
Max. torque: 800 Nm
Transmission: I-Shift
Batteries: Lithium ion 600 V

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Comments (3)
  1. A series hybrid would be a better choice for buses and heavy city trucks. This would allow a smaller diesel engine to run continuously at a steady and efficient RPM while providing power surges for stop-and-go from the battery/ultra capacitor bank and high torque electric motors. It would also reduce noise pollution.
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  2. An ideal application as garbage trucks spend a lot of time at low speed. I am surprised that there is only 30% savings, if the battery was large enough ALL low speed driving would be purely electric, and the savings would be much higher.
    He's got things mixed up parallel hybrids are traditional, the only series ones are not even on the market yet like the Fisker and Volt.
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  3. Here is more information on the SERIES hybrid buses being made by Daimler for Seattle.
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