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Prized since ancient times, the evergreen olive tree and its fruit have enjoyed a venerable history. The tree, believed to be a native of Asia Minor, may live for 1,500 years or more and is among the oldest trees known in Europe. It is frequently mentioned in the Bible, and it was cultivated on the island of Crete as early as 3500 bc. Around the 9th century bc the Greeks considered the olive sacred to the goddess Athena. Today the olive branch is still used as a symbol of peace and plenty.

The common olive tree, Olea europaea, belongs to the olive family Oleaceae and is grown commercially in the countries of the Mediterranean. Spain and Italy are the world leaders in production. The tree is also grown in South America, the United States (most notably in California), Australia, and South Africa. The beauty of its silvery green foliage and gnarled trunk has been extolled for centuries. Its tiny white blossoms develop into the fruits that are then hand-picked or shaken from the tree.

Fresh, unprocessed olives are inedible because of their extreme bitterness. To eliminate this bitterness, olives are treated using the Greek, Spanish, or American method. In the Greek method, the fruits are allowed to mature fully before harvesting, then they are immersed in a concentrated brine solution to ferment for up to six months. Finally the olives are exposed to air to restore their dark color, then they are repacked in fresh brine for commercial distribution.

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In the Spanish and American methods, the olives are harvested while still immature. They are soaked in a lye solution to neutralize the oleuropein, the natural substance responsible for the fruit’s bitterness. The Spanish method next requires that the washed olives be fermented in a brine solution before final processing and packaging. The American method differs in that it alternates periods of lye immersion with exposure to air to produce an artificially ripened immature fruit that is then washed, cured in a salt solution, treated further, and packaged.

The unprocessed fruits may also be pressed to produce olive oil, leaving an oleuropein-rich residue behind. Olive oils are classified into grades depending on their process of manufacture and intended use (cooking or industrial).