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143 Cards in this Set

  • Front
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Gross Anatomy

The study of anatomy that is visible with the human eye
(Ex: cadaver, muscles, bones, etc…)
Microscopic Anatomy

The study of anatomy visible with a microscope
Developmental Anatomy

The study of anatomy that develops over time (Ex. The developmental of the renal system & kidneys)

The study of the function of the body’s structural machinery
3 types of Gross Anatomy

1. Regional
2. Systemic
3. Surface

All structures in one part of the body
(Ex. Shoulder, abdomen, leg, etc…)

Gross anatomy of the body studied by system
(Skeletal, nervous, reproductive systems, etc…) 

The study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin
2 types of Microscopic Anatomy 
1. Cytology
2. Histology

The study of the cell

The study of tissues
What are the Levels of Structural Organization?

1. Chemical
2. Cellular
3. Tissue
4. Organ
5. Organ system
6. Organismal
Chemical level

Atoms combined to form molecules

Structures located inside of a cell (Ex. mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, ribosome, Golgi apparatus, vacuoles, centrioles) 
Cellular level

Cells are made of molecules
Tissue level

Consists of similar types of cells
(Cells combine to form tissue)
(Make up an organ)
Organ level

Made up of different types of tissues
(Two or more tissues come together to form an organ)
(Make up organ systems)
Organ system level

Consists of different organs that work closely together 
Organismal level

Made up of the organ systems
What are the organ systems of the body?

1. Integumentry
2. Skeletal
3. Muscular
4. Nervous
5. Cardiovascular
6. Lymphatic
7. Respiratory
8. Digestive
9. Urinary
10. Reproductive  
What does the digestive system do?

Creates energy by absorbing nutrients by breaking down food
1. What makes up the urinary system?
2. What does the uniary system do?

1. Bladder & kidneys
2. Eliminates waste and balances water
What does the respiratory system do?

Provide oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide
1. What makes up the nervous system?
2. What does the nervous system do?

1. Nerves, brain and spinal cord
2. Tells everything in the body what to do
What makes up the cardiovascular system? 
Heart & blood vessels 
1. What makes up the lymphatic system?
2. What does the lymphatic system do?

1. Spleen, tonsils, & thymus
2. Immunity
1. What makes up the muscular system?
2. What does the muscular system do?

1. Muscles & tendons
2. Movement
1. What makes up the reproductive system?
2. What does the reproductive system do?

1. Ovaries, thyroid, pancreas, & hormones
2. Messengers that control the body
1. What makes up the skeletal system?
2. What does the skeletal system do?

1. Bones
2. Protects and gives structure
The ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world 
Negative Feedback Mechanism 
The body’s response to a change in internal environment to correct it (opposite direction of stimulus)
(Ex. Regulation of blood glucose levels)
(most common feedback) 
Positive Feedback Mechanism

The body’s response to a change in internal environment to intensify change
(same direction of stimulus)
(Ex. Giving birth or blood clotting) 
What leads to symptoms in disease processes? 
Overwhelming of negative feedback mechanisms allowing destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over 
Anatomical position

Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs point away from the body
When in anatomical position, what are the three names of the forward facing side of the body?

1. Ventral
2. Anterior
3. Front 
Superior (Cephalad)

Toward the head
Inferior (Caudal)

Away from head
Anterior (Ventral)

Toward the front

Towards the nose
Posterior (Dorsal)

Toward the back 

Toward the midline 

Away from the midline

Between a more medial and lateral structure 

Toward the surface of the body

Away from the surface of the body

Closer to attachment to trunk of the body (upper limb)

Further from attachment to trunk of body (lower limb)
What does the Axial Region of the body refer to?

1. Head
2. Neck
3. Trunk 
What does the Appendicular Region of the body refer to? 
*aka Limbs 
Nasal Region

Oral Region

Cervical Region

Acromial Region

Point of Shoulder
Axillary Region

Abdominal Region

Brachial Region

Upper arm
Antebrachial Region

Antecubital Region

The bend of the elbow (the anterior side of the arm from the elbow) 
Carpal Region

Manus (Manual)

Palmar Region

Digital/Carpal Region

Pelvic Region


What is considered the first digit?

What is considered the fifth digit?

Pubic Region

Patellar Region

Crural Region

Anterior Lower Leg
Peroneal (Fibular) Region

Lateral aspect of lower leg
Femoral Region

Pedal Region

Tarsal Region

What are two names for which toes are referred to?

1. Digits
2. Rays 
Frontal Region


Front of head
Orbital Region

Buccal Region

Mental Region

Sternal Region

Mammary Region

Umbilical Region


Coxal Region

Inguinal Region


Big Toe
What is the first digit on the pedal?

Cephalic Region

Otic Region

Occipital Region

Back of head
Vertebral Region

Vertebral/Spinal Column
Scapular Region

Olecranon Region

Back of Elbow
Lumbar Region

Lower back
Sacral Region

Between hips
Dorsal Region

Whole back
Gluteal Region

Perineal Region

Between genitalia and anus
Popliteal Region

Back of knee
Sural Region


Plantar Region

Sole of foot
Sagittal planes

Divides the body into Right and Left parts
Midsagittal planes

Sagittal plane that lies on the midline (symmetrical halves)
Parasagittal Planes

Nonsymmetrical right/left halves
Frontal Planes or

Coronal Planes

Divides body into anterior and posterior
Transverse Planes
(Cross sectional, horizontal)

Divides the body into Superior and Inferior portions
Oblique Section

Cuts made diagonally
What cavity protects the nervous system?

Dorsal Cavity
What are the 2 internal cavities of the human body?

1. Dorsal Cavity
2. Ventral Cavity 
The Dorsal Cavity is divided into 2 sub cavities.

1. Cranial Cavity (brain)
2. Vertebral Cavity (spinal cord)
What is the only organ system entirely encased in bone?

The central nervous system 
What cavity is the spinal column located?

Vertebral Cavity 
What cavity is the skull located? 
Cranial Cavity 
The Ventral Cavity is divided into 2 subcategories.

1. Thoracic
2. Abdominopelvic
What does the Ventral Cavity house?

Internal Organs
Why is the Abdominopelvic Cavity considered one cavity?
There is no anatomical separation between the abdominal and pelvic cavities.
What separates the Thoracic and Abdominal Cavities?
What are the sub cavities of the Thoracic Cavity?

1. Pleural Cavities
2. Pericardial Cavity
3. Mediastinum 
What is located in the Pleural Cavity?

What is located in the Mediastinum?

Pericardial Cavity and the remaining thoracic organs
What is located in the Pericardial Cavity?

1. What is the name of the area located between the lungs?
2. What is located there?

1. Mediastinum
2. Pericardial Cavity
How is the Mediastinum separated?

1. Superior Mediastinum (above Sternal Angle/Angle of Lewis)
2. Inferior Mediastinum
(below Sternal Angle/Angle of Lewis)
(the Inferior Mediastinum is then separated into Anterior, Middle and Posterior portions) 
What is located in the Middle Mediastinum?

What is located in the Abdominal Cavity?

Digestive Viscera (Stomach, Small & Large Intestines, Liver, Pancreas and Spleen
What is located in the Pelvic Cavity?

Urinary Bladder, Reproductive Organs, and Rectum (Prostate Glands, Seminal Vesicles, Uterus, Ovaries, Ova Ducts, Vagina)
1. Which body cavities have membranes?
2. Why?
1. Ventral body cavities
2. The organs need to be lubricated so they can slide easily to function
What lubricates the Ventral Body Cavities?
Serous Membranes

1. What does the Serous Membrane Produce?
2. What does it do?

1. Serous Fluid
2. It separates the Serosa.
What are the 2 layers of the Serous Membrane?

1. Parietal Serosa
2. Visceral Serosa
What is the role of the…
1. Parietal Serosa
2. Visceral Serosa

1. Lines the body wall.
2. Covers the organ
What determines the name of the Serosa?
 Where it is located (ex. Parietal Pleura & Visceral Pleural, Parieta Pericardium & Visceral Pericardium, etc...)
What are the body cavities that are considered external or open to the body exterior?

1. Oral & Digestive
2. Nasal
3. Orbital
4. Middle Ear
5. Synovial 
What do the following cavities do?
1. Oral & Digestive
2. Nasal
3. Orbital
4. Middle Ear
5. Synovial
1. Mouth & Cavities of the digestive organs
2. Within & Posterior to the nose.
3. Houses the eyes.
4. Bones transmit sound vibrations
5. Houses synovial fluid for movement.
What are the nine Abdominopelvic Regions?

1. Hypogastric
2. Umbilical
3. Epigastric
4. Right Iliac/Inguinal
5. Left Iliac/Inguinal
6. Right Lumbar
7. Left Lumbar
8. Right Hypochondriac
9. Left Hypochondriac
What organs are located in the Right Hypochondriac Region?
Liver & Gallbladder
What organs are located in the Epigastric Region?
What organs are located in the Left Hypochondriac Region?
What organs are located in the Right Lumbar Region?
Ascending colon of large intestine.
What organs are located in the Umbilical Region?
Transverse colon of large intestine.
What organs are located in the Left Lumbar Region?
Descending colon of large intestine. 
What organs are located in the Right Iliac Region?
Cecum & Appendix
What organs are located in the Hypogastric Region?
Urinary Bladder