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Some bacterial pathogens that enter cells inside phagosomes either reproduce inside of the formed phagolysosome (e.g. Coxiella spp.)[1] or escape into the cytoplasm before the phagosome fuses with the lysosome (e.g. Rickettsia spp.).[2] Many mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis [3] [4] and Mycobacteria avium paratuberculosis ,[5] manipulate the host macrophage to prevent nitrous acid-containing lysosomes from fusing with phagosomes and creating mature phagolysosomes. Such incomplete maturation of the phagosome maintains an environment favorable to the pathogens inside it. [6]

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  5. ^ Kuehnel, MP; Goethe R; Habermann A; Mueller E; Rohde M; Griffiths G; Valentin-Weigand P. (August 2001). "Characterization of the intracellular survival of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis: phagosomal pH and fusogenicity in J774 macrophages compared with other mycobacteria". Cell Microbiol. 3 (8): 551–566. doi:10.1046/j.1462-5822.2001.00139.x. PMID 11488816. 
  6. ^ Tessema, MZ; Koets AP; Rutten VP; Gruys E. (November 2001). "How does Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis resist intracellular degradation?". Vet Q. 23 (4): 153–162. doi:10.1080/01652176.2001.9695105. PMID 11765232. 

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