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時間がなかったからパーティーに行きませんでした。 時間がありませんでしたからパーティーに行きませんでした。 While the second one is relatively a bit politer than the first, neither of these are very casual nor polite. If you said these directly to the host of the party, the host would probably feel offended. If you said these to your close friend, he/she would feel that the "～でした" part is ...


Both sentences have minor issues even though they may be considered good in Japanese as a foreign language. At least, both are grammatical. 「から」 actually sounds more casual/informal than many J-learners seem to think. That is the impression that I get from speaking to them. The more formal words with the same meaning would be 「ので」 and 「ため/ために」. With ...


さようなら is used mainly by school children, but adults use this less commonly in everyday conversations. Here's the list of possible expressions: お疲【つか】れ様【さま】です : Typically used after work. This is only polite enough to say goodbye to your colleagues. Don't say this to important external guests. (お先【さき】に)失礼【しつれい】します: Typically used when leaving (and entering) ...


You can always say 失礼します say goodbye or to excuse yourself (lit. "I'm being rude (by leaving))". This is probably the most common. There is also 失敬します, but I've heard this is rather old-man-ish and haven't heard anyone use in normal conversation.


ご都合 is an honorific expression, so don't use ご都合 if it refers to the 都合 of yourself. よろしいです sounds like you were higher than the guest. ("よろしいでしょうか" is OK, though) My suggestion: 12月5日(金)13時以降であれば差し支えありません。 12月5日(金)13時以降にお越しいただければ問題ありません。 12月5日(金)13時以降であれば、こちらの都合は大丈夫です。(maybe too verbose)


とのことです is a hearsay and a bit formal way. For example,your boss said Mike is working at 碑文谷警察署の本町二丁目交番. Then,your business partner asked you where Mike is working at? So you answered 碑文谷警察署の本町二丁目交番とのことです if you like to express it in common way,you can say Mike は碑文谷警察署の本町二丁目交番で働いています。


It seems to be closest to 《接続助詞「に」＋係助詞「も」》, using 大辞泉's second meaning for も as a 係助詞: ② 他にも類似の事物が存在することを言外にほのめかす形で，ある事物を提示する。 To apply this definition here, I would say the も is emphasizing the otherness of His Majesty - intimating that it might not be the idea the speaker would have, but His Majesty has his own ideas.
