Chinese Military Information Warfare: Attack of the Mind and Spirit // 中國黑客部隊信息戰：對思想和精神的攻擊


沈偉光中國信息戰之父, 2004年06月01日


Chinese Military Information Warfare: Attack of the Mind and Spirit

If we say that the 1991 Gulf War was the first time the United States onto the actual battlefield information warfare from the research report, the end of the war in Iraq last year, is perhaps the further development of information warfare in actual combat. Information warfare, as a 21st century military revolution hurricane’s center of gravity, has drawn increasing attention. However, through information warfare research lively scene, we will find that quite a lot of people just understanding of information warfare from the purely military and technical perspective, but information warfare is not so simple –

Information warfare is emerging humanity has entered the information age a phenomenon of war. It is not a simple combat style, but with respect to the kind of firepower new form of war. Information warfare appears to objects such as war, war boundaries, content, and many other traditional war warfare concept have formed a major breakthrough, which should cause particular concern is information warfare attacks the mind and spirit side. 　　See only the tip of the iceberg  with regard to the world the concept of information warfare dozens, however, but simply from a lot of military and technical point of view to understand information warfare, information warfare, even in the leading position of the United States only from the last century began to think about this issue from a strategic height and social significance, which is very comprehensive.Understanding Information Warfare is an important premise is that war should not be used simply to look at the industrial age concept of information warfare. Information age, computers and the Internet has dramatically changed the conventional form of war. Information warfare, the army and society, soldiers and civilians, and war crimes, the State and individuals in many cases have been intertwined, tell, and chaotic.

Information warfare refers broadly to confront the military (including all political, economic, cultural, technological and social) group to seize information space wars and competition for information resources, mainly refers to the use of information operations to achieve national strategic goals; and is narrowly refers to the force in the war against the warring parties in the field of information, seize control of information. It should be emphasized that the information war is not a simple question of military technology, should not be understood as a combat style. Information warfare is actually a form of war.

“Information” is a term understood in relation to age, with the agricultural age, the industrial age corresponding to; in terms of social forms, but also with the agricultural society, industrial society echoes. At the same time, it must be one of the three human and material resources, energy par. Study of information warfare, and only from this level up understanding, in order to reveal the information war in the true sense.

The rise of information warfare is not what it used the term, nor is it known as “information”, “information”, “information age”, “digital” war on fashionable term these simple rhetoric. It is the inevitable result of social and technological development, with a sense revolutionary epoch.20 end of the century information warfare, or that we have seen information warfare is just tip of the iceberg, in the military field is simply a manifestation of partial and limited information warfare. Only when the world reached a comprehensive network, the Earth has become a small village in the true sense, we can see that in a broad sense, the real information warfare.

Information warfare does not rely on the army to fight a dozen filed information warfare, people tend to think first of the army. Indeed, the traditional war, the army is the protagonist of the war, the battlefield is mainly military arena. Under conditions of information warfare, the situation is quite different. Greatly expanded the scope of the battlefield, the war has become much more than just a military matter, but developed into a universal war under high-tech conditions. Information warfare is not just by the military, but can also be implemented through the whole social networking. With the construction of the world’s information superhighway, information warfare has been difficult to delimit. Any civil society organizations and even individuals as long as a normal computer equipment, master of computer communication technology, are likely to make use of computer and communications systems to participate in a global network of information warfare.

Information warfare troops to fight not only the main features: First, the information is no longer limited to the participants in the war soldiers, but also the general public. Information War can be either regular army personnel who may be a teenager hacker. Second, many of the weapons and equipment used in information warfare, such as computers, optical instruments and other military supplies can no longer be in the market can buy the supplies. In information warfare powers the United States, the US military’s information warfare system relies heavily on civilian information infrastructure. US military sources to senior US military information revolution called “bought from the market.” Third, the Information War not only on the battlefield, but distributed throughout the community.”Battlefield soldiers were killed just a place, no longer include information warfare warring place.”

Information warfare, not only in times of war to fight its own war since the war attackers, defenders resist aggression, should be carried out thorough preparations for war.In particular mechanized warfare, showing a significant stage, and procedures. The war in the information age, war preparation and implementation of the increasingly blurred boundaries, even mixed into one. Around the world, not difficult to find information powers are carrying out almost daily war: propaganda against the intelligence, reconnaissance network and so on.These are actually transformed form of information warfare can be called public opinion warfare, intelligence and network warfare.

Iraq war, let the world the power of public opinion warfare eye-opener. It is said that since as “public opinion war” war of its own in the form of Information War has been going on one. A “media war” earlier cases can be traced back to China even Xia “Gan oath” and later “call to arms to discuss Cao” and “discuss military call to arms.” “Media war” was no wartime and peacetime boundaries. It does this by controlling, manipulating, planning, using a variety of media tools, there are plans to transfer a select audience information, influence audience emotions, motivation, judgment and choice, resulting in a significant and direct impact on the outcome of the war. As for intelligence information warfare and network warfare is to ignore even in wartime and peacetime parted. That year, the Clinton administration the United States proposed to build the information highway, and promote the idea of global information. The move gave the world that the United States is leading the human society into the information age. However, the US’s strategic intent is actually to take advantage of human society when information technology is still in the blank, staking, US information expansion territory, to occupy the information technology initiative.Thus, the future development of global information on the US road map will be traveling. The United States can be included in one fell swoop the world of information technology planning US territory. Now look, this strategic intent of the United States, its effectiveness has been far better than winning a smoke, bloody war.

Information warfare is not only to fight the war, which not only blurred the boundaries for the preparation and implementation of information warfare war, especially reflected in the information warfare on the human mind and spirit attacks. The formation of mind and spirit is a subtle process, can be reached, “the enemy without fighting the soldiers,” or “little war the enemy’s soldiers,” the goals through information superiority. The general approach is: the use of information superiority in manufacturing contrast between ourselves and the enemy, using psychological warfare and strategic deception, shaken, frustrated the enemy’s morale, the people and the Government of faith, destroy the enemy’s normal political and economic system run by the above means the enemy can paralyze, curb hostile countries will wage war, or to the loss of ability of war.

The 80s were the last century in the US-Soviet confrontation between the scenes is worth pondering. Good acting President Reagan proposed a aggressive “Star Wars” program, known as the Soviet Union to make all strategic nuclear missiles useless. The plan was announced, the United States start all desperately advocating propaganda machine in the world, caused a great sensation. Successive Soviet leaders held an emergency meeting and decided Costly resolute response, the Soviet Union established a strategic defense shield. In fact, the US “Star Wars” program only got bits and pieces of technology experiments, are they not spend much money on “Planet big ball,” the film touches on a same name swept the world. The Soviet people are very seriously and work hard in the case of the national economy on the verge of collapse, still put a lot of rubles to invest in the arms race. Already powerless in seven years after the Soviet Union shed their last drop of blood.Can not say that the collapse of the Soviet economy and the collapse of the regime is not dragged down by the US information warfare.

Follow the information to defend the border people’s war under conditions of information warfare, national sovereignty with new content, national security epitaxial expanded, richer meaning, and impact of information warfare is no longer confined to the military field, but also to the entire radiation Human society. Under conditions of information warfare, an important weapon to overcome the power of the weak is the people’s war. Only by upholding the people’s war in order to fight the information war under conditions effective to defend the national territory, safeguard national sovereignty. Which in addition to the factors and other information technology and tactics, the most important thing is to seize information and qualified personnel to build universal spiritual defense two links in the information age.

Hing who have talent in the world. How information warfare victories, largely depends on the human factor, there must be a large number of high-tech information warfare personnel for support.

In the information war, one of the few top information professionals often able to play a key role in the outcome of the war. During World War II, the US military in order to grab the hand of a German atomic physicist, even the three army divisions were made ​​to change the direction of attack. After World War II period of “wise men rob people, fools seize control” of history is even more intriguing. In the East, the Soviet people are busy handling captured tanks to artillery; in the West, Americans rush to more than 3,000 German scientists back home. Half a century later, when the country still grab talent now writing a grab people’s history, their economic, technological and military arrogance. State then grab weapons now in the face of frustration robbed reality. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union had tens of thousands of outstanding scientific and technological personnel changed, but the service rivals that year. Talent dispute as a commanding height military struggle, a military contest in the information age, it is more decisive significance. 　　And information warfare brought about by the “hard kill” compared to information warfare “soft kill” is more frightening. The spiritual realm of Information Warfare is the most “window of vulnerability.”

As information technology becomes more developed, more and more smooth channel, broader sources of information, information that people will get more and more access to information and faster speed. The modern means of information dissemination to be passed almost without any restrictions, effectively spread around the world. At present, the developed countries pay great attention to the use of their advanced information technology, the establishment of a global radio, television, computer networks, whereby the output of large-scale political ideas and values, the expansion of information territory. As a result, national development backward by a strong spiritual impact.Therefore, in order to win the people’s war under conditions of information warfare, must be comprehensively enhance awareness of national defense information from individuals, the media, the army throughout the country, to defend the national territory and establish the boundaries of ideas and information, and consciously build invisible spiritual defense.

Links for scanning the overall situation in the world of information warfare can be considered the world’s information warfare development has gone through three stages.

The first stage: before the 1991 Gulf war and information warfare gestation period presented; second stage: after the Gulf War and the 1998 historical information warfare implementation and maturity period;  the third stage: after 1998 to curb the development period has information warfare .

Currently, information warfare triggered by the new military revolution is still globally. Mechanized warfare to information warfare transformation in full swing in the world. Army major countries of the world is thinking adjusted according to information warfare strategy and tactics, preparation equipment, combat training, to prepare for winning the information war. After the Gulf War, all wars are all branded with traces of information warfare. The power of information warfare is the impact of all areas of society.

Click combat information warfare techniques  present, the world in the application and development of information warfare techniques are:

1. reconnaissance and surveillance technology. Including space-based, air-based, sea-based and ground-including a variety of means reconnaissance, surveillance, early warning, navigation and so on.

2. The platform integrated information warfare systems. Radar warning, missile launchers and attack alarms, information support, information and interference avoidance, collaborative integration, but also with other information equipment on the platform integrated as one, to reach information sharing.

3. Network warfare command and control technology.

4. Computer virus technology.

5. Psychological weapons technology. Including electromagnetic pulse weapons, arms and ultrasound infrasound weapons.

6. Advanced electronic warfare technology. Glimpse the latest information warfare equipment on information warfare weapons development in recent years, developed countries have been put into active service or mainly in the following equipment.

1. Joint Surveillance and Target Attack Radar System, is a battlefield information processing system that can accurately detect moving and stationary targets to support the implementation of long-range precision strike, but also provide important information about the fighting and battle management development to the commander.

2.Joint tactical air-ground kiosks, is a weapon support system can handle for space-based missile warning sensor data with important information needed to combat capability.

3. Beam energy weapons can penetrate hundreds of kilometers in an instant target or even thousands of kilometers away without leaving a “flawed”, especially for high-tech precision-guided weapons have a direct role in the destruction, it is considered the tactical air defense, anti-armor OPTIC confrontation and even strategic anti-missile, anti-satellite and anti spacecraft multifunction over all weapons.

4. Smart networks, weaving conductive polymer optical fiber network and the network, and monitor the physical condition of soldiers miniature measurement system. In the future battlefield, a soldier wounded, lying on the ground in the moment of its medical staff rescue center will be able to accurately determine the bullet wounds or stab wounds, where the injured area and other basic injury.

In addition, military robots, shipboard electronic warfare systems, high power RF amplifier technology, advanced antenna technology and signal processing technologies.

Information Warring States forces competitive world, there are now more than 20 countries, Britain, France, Israel, Russia and other depth study of information warfare. US information warfare development forefront of the world, mainly in terms of technology, equipment, theory.

United States: strategic offensive information warfare by the defense. In order to increase the US military information warfare technology capabilities, the United States Department of Defense has specialized agency responsible for maintaining information systems processing 2.5 million computers used by the US military, and stepping up research to improve the computer’s ability to attack, destroy hostile manufacture communications network, the financial system power system and the invading virus. As early as the fall of 2000, the United States Space Command Center has started to develop offensive weapons computer. This means that major adjustments military information warfare strategy — from the strategic defensive to strategic offensive.

Russia: Information warfare center of gravity “heavenly.” Russia’s development focus on the development of information warfare “Creation” — Aerospace soldiers. 2002 Russia invested about 31.6 billion rubles for space research projects and 54 billion rubles for the development of a global navigation system, also strengthened the development of lasers, high power microwave and anti-satellite weapons.

Japan: speed up the formation of information warfare units. Japan’s Defense Agency is being set up 5,000-scale information warfare units to develop a network of weapons as a future defense plans focus and accelerate the construction of the Japanese Army digitized forces.

The EU and other Western countries: begin digitizing army building. France, Germany, Britain, Canada, Australia, the Netherlands and Sweden have also developed platforms and man of C4I systems.More than 10 countries France, Britain, Germany, Australia, Canada, Italy, Israel, are engaged in digitization and digital battlefield troops construction plan. Among them, most countries are focusing human and financial resources to develop digital forces needed equipment, walking in front of a small number of countries have conducted several tests Digitized Forces exercises. In the future, these countries at the same time continue to develop digital battlefield “hardware”, will start considering the organizational structure digitized forces and more countries join forces digital construction.

Original Mandarin Chinese:








信息戰的崛起不在於它用了什麼樣的名詞，也不是戰爭名詞上冠以“信息化 ”、“信息”、“信息時代”、“數字化”這些時髦的詞藻那麼簡單。它是社會和科技發展的必然結果，帶有革命性、劃時代的意義。20世紀末出現的信息戰，或者說我們已經看到的信息戰只是冰山之一角，僅僅是體現在軍事領域中的局部和有限的信息戰。隻有當世界達到全面網絡化，地球成為真正意義上的小村落時，我們才能看到那種廣義上、真正的信息戰。






伊拉克戰爭中，輿論戰的威力讓世人大開眼界。有人說，作為信息戰作戰形式之一的“輿論戰”自有戰爭以來就一直在進行著。進行“輿論戰”的較早案例甚至可以追溯到中國夏朝的《甘誓》以及后來的《討曹檄文》與《討武檄文》。 “輿論戰”的進行完全沒有戰時與平時的界限。它通過控制、操縱、策劃、利用各種輿論工具，有計劃地向受眾傳遞經過選擇的信息，影響受眾的情感、動機、判斷和抉擇，從而對戰爭結果產生重大而直接的影響。至於信息戰中的情報戰、網絡戰就更是無視戰時與平時的分別了。當年，美國克林頓政府提出了構建信息高速公路、推進全球信息化的主張。此舉曾讓世人認為美國正在引領人類社會步入信息化時代。然而，美國的戰略意圖其實是趁人類社會的信息化尚處於一片空白之時，跑馬圈地，擴張美國的信息疆域，以期佔住信息化的先機。如此一來，全球信息化未來的發展就將按美國的路線圖行進。美國可以一舉將世界各國納入美國規劃的信息化版圖。現在看，美國的這一戰略企圖，其成效已遠遠勝於贏得一場硝煙彌漫、血雨腥風的戰爭。


























3．束能武器，能在瞬間穿透數百公裡甚至數千公裡外的目標而不留下“硬傷 ”，尤其對精確制導高技術武器有直接的破壞作用，因此被認為是戰術防空、反裝甲、光電對抗乃至戰略反導、反衛星、反一切航天器的多功能理想武器。






俄羅斯：信息戰重心在“天兵”。俄羅斯的信息戰發展集中力量發展“天兵 ”———航天兵。2002年俄羅斯投入約316億盧布用於太空專項研究，54億盧布用於全球導航系統的研發，還加強了激光、高功率微波和反衛星武器的研制。



Original Source:   X

Full Text of China Military Reform Commission //中華人民共和國軍委發布軍事改革意見全文

Full Text of China Military Reform Commission

中華人民共和國軍委發布軍事改革意見全文   2016年01月01日


Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, January 1 – Approved by the CMC Chairman Xi Jinping, the Central Military Commission recently issued “on deepening the reform of national defense and military advice.”

“Opinions” stressed eighteen since the party’s Central Military Commission and President Xi on the realization of strong military objectives, overall army more revolutionary, modernized and standardized, co-ordinate military construction and operation, co-ordination of economic development and national defense construction develop military strategic policy under the new situation, and proposed a series of major policies and principles, make a series of major decisions and plans. Implement the Party Central Committee and the Central Military Commission and President Xi major strategic planning and strategic design, we must deepen defense and military reform, full implementation of the reform and strengthening the military strategy, unswervingly take the road of Chinese characteristics, a strong army.

“Opinions” that deepen defense and military reform guiding ideology, thoroughly implement the party’s 18 and eighteenth session of the Third, Fourth, Fifth Plenum, Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, “Three represents “important thought, the scientific concept of development as guidance, thoroughly implement the important speech of President Xi series is especially important to discuss defense and army building, according to the” four comprehensive “strategic layout requirements in order to target the party strong army under the new situation is lead and implement the military strategic principle in the new situation, the full implementation of the reform strategy of strengthening the military, efforts to address the constraints of national defense and military development of the institutional barriers and structural problems, policy issues, and promote the modernization of the military organizational form, further emancipate and develop combat effectiveness, further liberation army and enhance the vitality of the construction with China’s international status commensurate with the interests of national security and development to adapt to the consolidation of national defense and powerful armed forces, to achieve “two hundred years” goal to achieve the great rejuvenation of the Chinese dream to provide a strong assurance.

“Opinions” stressed, deepen reform of national defense and the armed forces should adhere to the following basic principles: adhere to the correct political orientation, focusing adhere to fight, persist in innovation-driven, adhere to the system design, adhere to the rule of law thinking, actively and steadily adhere to.

“Opinions” that deepen defense and military reform overall objective is to firmly grasp the principle of “total JMC tube, main battle theater, built in the main military services” to the leadership of the management system, joint operational command system reform, focusing on promoting the coordination of the scale structure , policy and institutional reform and the development of military and civilian integration depth. 2020, a breakthrough in the leadership and management system, joint operational command system, optimizing the size of the structure, improve the policy system to promote achieved important results on the integration of military and civilian aspects of the depth development of reform, efforts to build able to win the information war effectively fulfill its mission mandate Chinese characteristics of modern military system, and further improve the military system of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

“Opinions” to define the leadership and management system, joint operational command system, the size of the military structure, forces, and military personnel training, policies and systems, military and civilian integration, Wuzhuangjingcha Forces Command management system and force structure, military legal system and other aspects of major task.

“Opinions” stressed deepen defense and military reform is a holistic, revolutionary change, must always be under the unified leadership of the Central Military Commission and Chairman of the study, thoroughly implement the spirit of the Central Military Commission Reform Work Conference, adhere to strengthen education, unity Thought throughout, to strengthen the responsibility to implement the fine drop throughout to promote the law, moving steadily through to the end, the bottom line thinking, risk management and control throughout, with strong organizational leadership to ensure that the reform task is satisfactorily completed.


CMC views on deepening the reform of national defense and army (full text)

To implement the Party Central Committee and President Xi’s strategic decisions and directions, push forward to deepen defense and military reform, made the following comments.

First, the significance of the reform of the guiding ideology and basic principles

(A) significant. Deepen defense and military reform, China is to realize a dream, the dream of a strong army requirements of the times, is the only way the army Hing strong army, the army also decided to move a key to the future. Eighteen years, the CPC Central Committee, the Central Military Commission and Chairman of the party’s study on the realization of a strong army targets, co-ordinate the army more revolutionary, modernized and standardized, co-ordinate military construction and operation, co-ordination of economic development and national defense construction, the development of the new situation military strategy proposes a series of major policies and principles, make a series of major decisions and plans. Implement the Party Central Committee and the Central Military Commission and President Xi major strategic planning and strategic design, we must deepen defense and military reform, full implementation of the reform and strengthening the military strategy, unswervingly take the road of Chinese characteristics, a strong army. This is to deal with in today’s world of unprecedented large change in the situation will inevitably require the effective maintenance of national security; adhere to and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics, promote the coordination necessary requirement “four comprehensive” strategic layout; the goal is to implement a strong army and military strategic policy , fulfill military missions and tasks necessary requirement. The army to fully understand the importance of deepening the reform of national defense and military necessity urgency, a high degree of historical awareness and a strong mission to play unswervingly deepen defense and military reform, efforts to hand over the party and the people a satisfactory answer.

(B) the guiding ideology. Thoroughly implement the party’s 18 and eighteenth session of the Third, Fourth, Fifth Plenum, Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the important thought of “Three Represents”, the scientific concept of development as guidance, thoroughly implement the learning Chairman of the series especially important speech of defense and army building important expositions, in accordance with the “four comprehensive” strategic layout requirements in order to target the party strong army under the new situation for the lead, must implement the military strategic principle in the new situation, the full implementation of a strong army reform strategy, efforts to address the constraints of national defense and military development of institutional barriers and structural problems, policy issues, and promote the modernization of the military organizational form, further emancipate and develop combat effectiveness, further emancipate and enhance the vitality of the armed forces, building commensurate with China’s international status, with national security and development interests compatible consolidate national defense and powerful armed forces, to achieve “two hundred years” goal to achieve the great rejuvenation of the Chinese dream to provide a strong guarantee power.

(C) the fundamental principles

– Adhere to the correct political orientation. Consolidate and improve the party’s absolute leadership over the army’s fundamental principle and system, keeping the nature and purpose of the people’s army, and carry forward the glorious tradition and fine style of our military, the full implementation of the CMC chairman has overall responsibility to ensure that the military command of the supreme leadership of the Party Central Committee to focus on, CMC.

– To insist on focusing war. To adapt the form of war and the world development trend of the evolution of the military, fighting the only firmly established the fundamental standards, and effectively solve the preparations for military struggle to overcome difficult problems and combat heavy construction weaknesses, build integrated joint operations system, to enhance the army can fight, the ability to win the war.

– Adhere to innovation-driven. Implement through science and technology strategy, give full play to innovation in military theory, military technological innovation, military organizational innovation, management innovation traction and military role in promoting efforts to achieve military modernization construction by leaps and bounds, to seek greater military competitive advantage.

– Adhere to the system design. Grasping the reform initiatives of relevance, coupling, correctly handle the top-level design and stratification docking, long-term layout and transitional arrangements, supporting policy reform and relations, so that the reform and promote each other, complement each other to form the overall effect, best effect.

– Uphold the rule of law thinking. Give full play the leading role of the rule of law and norms of the reform, so that major reforms in the legal basis, reform and harmonize legislation, focusing on the use of curing the results of reform laws and regulations, to promote the rule of law reform on track.

– Actively and steadily adhere. Both our minds, trying to make this reform a breakthrough in the reform, and based on reality, steady hoof walked quickly grasp the rhythm of reform, the reform of control risk, take progressive, open the path of reform, to ensure high degree of stability and centralized.

Second, the overall objectives of the reform and main tasks

(1) the overall goal. Firmly grasp the principle of “total JMC tube, main battle theater, built in the main military services” to the leadership of the management system, joint operational command system reform, focusing on promoting the coordination of the scale structure, policies and systems and the development of military and civilian integration depth reform. 2020, a breakthrough in the leadership and management system, joint operational command system, optimizing the size of the structure, improve the policy system to promote achieved important results on the integration of military and civilian aspects of the depth development of reform, efforts to build able to win the information war effectively fulfill its mission mandate Chinese characteristics of modern military system, and further improve the military system of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

Accordance with the overall objectives and requirements, in 2015, focused on the implementation of organizational leadership and management system, joint operational command system reform; in 2016, organizing the implementation of the military structure and the size of a combat force structure, institutions, armed forces reform, basically completed the task of reforming stage; 2017 2020, for further adjustments related areas of reform, optimize and improve, continue to promote the reform in various fields. Policy regimes and civilian integration depth development and reform, promoting a mature one.

(2) leadership and administration system. Focus on strengthening the Central Military Commission centralized and unified leadership, strengthen strategic planning JMC authorities, strategic command, strategic management functions, optimizing the CMC Organs configuration and institutional settings, improve military services and new combat forces leadership and management system, the formation of decision-making, enforcement and oversight powers both check each other and coordinate the operation of the system.

Starting from the positioning functions, according to prominent core functions, integrate similar functions and strengthen oversight functions, fulfilling the coordination function of thinking, adjustment and reform of the Central Military Commission of Organization, headquarters for the system to adjust the multi-sectoral system. JMC delegated authority to act in the military services building functions, stripped specific management functions, merge similar adjustment similar functions, reducing the level of leadership, streamlining staffing and units directly under the command make, construction, management and supervision of four link more clear, decision-making, planning, implementation , the evaluation function configuration is more reasonable.

Sound armed services leadership and management system, optimize the configuration and functions of the organs of the military services institutional settings play an important role in the construction and management of the armed services and Security. Logistical support adjustment and reform leading management system, based on the existing joint logistics system, adjust and optimize the configuration and security forces leadership and command relationships and build joint operational command system to adapt, sub-system integration, through logistical support system designed two lines. Reform equipment development leadership and management system, build centralized system managed by the Central Military equipment department, armed services concrete construction and management, theater joint use of the institutional framework, the development of equipment construction to the Central Military equipment sector – the military services and equipment sector institutions, equipment management to ensure the implementation of the Central Military equipment sector – the military services and equipment sector – force security sector institutions. Strengthen the unified leadership of the national defense mobilization system.

(3) the joint operational command system. Adaptation Integrated Joint Operational Command requirements, establish and improve the Central Military Commission, the theater two joint operational command system, build peacetime one, normal operation, specially the main, capable and efficient, strategic and operational command system. Readjust the designation of the theater.

According to joint operations, joint command of the requirements, adjust the specification refers to linking the Central Military Commission, the military services, operational command functions of the Union refers to the theater and theater military services. And joint operational command system to adapt, and improve joint training system.

(4) the size of the military structure. Adhere to the road of fewer but better troops with Chinese characteristics and speeding up the army from quantity to quality and efficiency changes. Active duty military posts cut 300,000 troops gradually reduced the size of the 2.3 million 2 million. Optimize the proportion of military services, reduce non-combat institutions and personnel. Yajian officer positions.Optimization of weaponry scale structure, reduce equipment types of models, elimination of old equipment, the development of new equipment.

(5) Force compiled. Depending on the strategic direction of the security requirements and operational tasks, adjusting the structure, enhanced functions, optimize the layout, promote the composition of forces to the full, synthesis, and more energy, flexible direction. Optimize the structure of reserve forces, militia Yajian quantity, adjust the layout and strength marshalling mode.

(6) New Military Talents. Training of military personnel to follow the law, to build military educational institutions, military training practice, military personnel training system trinity of professional military education. Sound Central Military Commission, the leadership of the armed services two institutions management system, improve the early, middle and high three training system, adjust and optimize the structure of the scale institutions. Sound professional military education system, building full gamut of full-time professional military education platform. Creative Talents institutional mechanisms to strengthen the institutions and armed forces personnel were sterile.

(7) policy regimes. Military mission requirements and adapt the functions of national policy institutional innovation, further improve the military human resource policies and systems and logistics policies and systems, building reflects the characteristics of military occupation, and enhance the military sense of honor pride policy institutional system. Adjustment of military personnel classification, and gradually establish the rank-dominated hierarchy, to promote the professional military officers, military service system reform, non-commissioned officers system, civilian system. Veterans resettlement policies and improve the management mechanism.Deepening the management of funds, material procurement reform, construction and military wages, housing, health care, insurance and other systems. Full cessation of the armed forces to carry out foreign paid services.

(8) development of military and civilian integration. Full focus on the formation of elements, multi-field, high-effective civil-military integration depth development pattern, building a unified leadership, military coordination, smooth and efficient organization and management system, state-led, demand traction, market unity of the work of running the system, the system is complete, Joining a complete, effective incentive policies institutional system. Categories related fields to promote the reform and improve the regulatory system and the development of military and civilian integration of innovation and development mechanisms.

(9) Wuzhuangjingcha Forces Command management system and force structure. Strengthening the Central Military Commission of the centralized and unified leadership of the armed forces, the armed forces command to adjust the management system, optimize the structure and troop strength compiled.

(10) the system of military rule. Fully implement the Law forces strictly policy, improved army, to achieve fundamental to the administration by law fundamental shift from the way of simply relying on experience working habits and working practices from relying solely on executive order to rely on rules and regulations of the transition from assault-style, campaign-style grab a fundamental change to the way work according to rules and regulations act. Improve the legal system for the military and military Falvguwen system, reform the military justice system and mechanism innovation discipline inspection and supervision system and inspection system, improve the audit system mechanisms to improve the military legal talent management system, establish the rule of law and procedural rules improve the organization, improve national defense and army the level of the rule of law.

Third, the reform of organizational leadership

Deepen defense and military reform is a holistic, revolutionary change, big efforts to promote the wide, deep touch interests, of unprecedented scope, must always be under the unified leadership of the Central Military Commission and Chairman of the study, thoroughly implement the Central Military Commission the spirit of reform work conference, adhere to strengthen education and unity of thought throughout to strengthen the responsibility falls fine implementation throughout to promote the law, moving steadily through to the end, the bottom line thinking, risk control throughout, with strong organizational leadership to ensure that all reforms task is satisfactorily completed.

(A) strengthen the responsibility at all levels of play. Party committees at all levels should focus on reform initiatives landing capability as an important political responsibility, improve the leadership of reform, give full play to the core leadership role, mainly to be a good leader first responsibility. Investigation should run through the whole process of reform, deepen the major theoretical and practical issues research, to discover and solve new problems. To establish and improve the supervision and assessment mechanism reform, strengthen supervision and inspection of the implementation of the reform. Each institutional reform departments at all levels must closely cooperate to create synergy, the Central Military Commission to guide the working group set up to further adjust the unit to strengthen tracking guidance, specific guidance, full guidance, the Central Military Commission inspection teams launched simultaneously inspections. Reform of the Central Military Commission and the Office to improve the preparation of the relevant mechanisms play a good co-ordination, supervision, role. Four general headquarters is necessary to do their own adjustment and reform, reform of the army but also a good guide. The new Central Military Commission after the establishment of organs and departments should pay close attention to improve the operational mechanism, into the role as soon as possible, to perform their duties. Newly formed units to adjust and improve the timely establishment of Party organizations, to strengthen the organization and leadership of the reform implementation. Each institution should take responsibility for the aftermath, and properly handle all kinds of problems left.

(B) to strengthen ideological and political work. Organization officers and soldiers in-depth study President Xi series of important expositions on deepening defense and military reform, special education organizations do a good job, deepening ideological mobilization, the army unity of thought and action to the Central Military Commission and President Xi decision-making arrangements . Senior leading organs and Gaojiganbu first common understanding, lead politics, the overall situation, discipline, promoting reform, diligence, under the above rate, the army looks good.The ideological and political work throughout the entire process of reform, the ideological trend of concern at all levels, targeted to do the work, and guide all levels to strengthen political awareness, overall awareness, sense of command and guide the officers and men turn their concepts, new ideas, and consciously from the overall high level of awareness reform unified in emancipating the mind and thought, the correct treatment adjustment of interests, and actively support, support and participate in the reform. Attaches great importance to public opinion to guide online public opinion in particular, to work, take the initiative battle, spread positive energy, to promote the reform to create a good atmosphere for public opinion.

(C) improve solid adjustment of cadres placement. The reform process as a process of strengthening the construction of the contingent of cadres, cadres carry out military standards, establish the correct employment-oriented, adhere to all over the world, merit, ability and political integrity adhere to Germany first, do a good job with leadership adjustment, selecting the right with a good cadres to firmly implement strong military goals, and actively reform plan, strongly supported the reform, the courage to join in the reform of the cadres to use. The proper placement of the backbone with retention, improve the structure together, the scientific development of cadres and resettlement plan for the adjustment, reasonably determine the fate of the advance and retreat of cadres, cadres of concern and resolve practical difficulties. Cadres should promote the reform as a showcase for the best stage talent, tempered and tested in the reform, to become promoters of reform and doers. Veteran is a valuable asset of the party and the army, security services need to carefully prepare cadres continue to work.

(D) the transfer of well-organized transfer scribe. Do a good job of personnel, materials, and funds transfer work to ensure that the old system is not out of control during the transition staff, assets are not lost, all work seamlessly. Strict military land, barracks management and ensure the transfer of the camp barracks facilities to adjust and do remedial work in construction. Comprehensive verification, financial and material base. Follow organizational security of supply in a timely manner to resolve various contradictions and problems encountered in the supply, to ensure continuous supply, not for the leak. A solid job in the transfer of weapons and equipment inventory, well-organized deployment of security equipment, equipment management and strictly implement the provisions.

(E) the strict implementation of disciplinary regulations. The more critical time of reform, the more discipline and rules put in front of the very strict political discipline, organizational discipline, and personnel discipline, financial discipline, discipline, and discipline of secrecy. Strictly political discipline and political rules, resolutely oppose Ziyouzhuyi action on organizational politics. Serious organizational and personnel discipline, adhere to the principle of press policy outlaw follow procedures. Properly handle the reality of military conflicts and problems left by history. Discipline, inspection and auditing departments should strengthen supervision and discipline, and severely punish all kinds of violation of discipline problems during the adjustment and reform.

(F) do a good job overall troop readiness training management. Pay close attention to national security and social stability during the reform period, the development of a major emergency situations response plans to improve and strictly implement the provisions of Gongzuozhidu combat readiness, combat readiness duty to maintain efficient operation of the system at all levels, to ensure that if something happens to timely and effective response. Careful planning organization’s annual military training mission. Strengthen military management, the implementation of security responsibility, to discover and solve trends and tendencies problem, prevent the occurrence of major accidents and cases, maintaining stability and security forces centralized.

Original Mandarin Chinese:


新華社北京1月1日電　經中央軍委主席習近平批准，中央軍委近日印發了《關於深化國防和軍隊改革的意見》。

《意見》強調，黨的十八大以來，黨中央、中央軍委和習主席圍繞實現強軍目標，統籌軍隊革命化、現代化、正規化建設，統籌軍事力量建設和運用，統籌經濟建設和國防建設，制定新形勢下軍事戰略方針，提出一系列重大方針原則，作出一系列重大決策部署。貫​​徹落實黨中央、中央軍委和習主席的重大戰略謀劃和戰略設計， 必須深化國防和軍隊改革，全面實施改革強軍戰略，堅定不移走中國特色強軍之路。



《意見》指出，深化國防和軍隊改革總體目標是，牢牢把握“軍委管總、戰區主戰、軍種主建”的原則，以領導管理體制、聯合作戰指揮體制改革為重點，協調推進規模結構、政策制度和軍民融合深度發展改革。 2020年前，在領導管理體制、聯合作戰指揮體制改革上取得突破性進展，在優化規模結構、完善政策制度、推動軍民融合深度發展等方面改革上取得重要成果，努力構建能夠打贏信息化戰爭、有效履行使命任務的中國特色現代軍事力量體系，進一步完善中國特色社會主義軍事制度。






（一）重大意義。深化國防和軍隊改革，是實現中國夢、強軍夢的時代要求，是強軍興軍的必由之路，也是決定軍隊未來的關鍵一招。黨的十八大以來，黨中央、中央軍委和習主席圍繞實現強軍目標，統籌軍隊革命化、現代化、正規化建設，統籌軍事力量建設和運用，統籌經濟建設和國防建設，制定新形勢下軍事戰略方針，提出一系列重大方針原則，作出一系列重大決策部署。貫​​徹落實黨中央、中央軍委和習主席的重大戰略謀劃和戰略設計，必須深化國防和軍隊改革，全面實施改革強軍 戰略，堅定不移走中國特色強軍之路。這是應對當今世界前所未有之大變局，有效維護國家安全的必然要求；是堅持和發展中國特色社會主義，協調推進“四個全面”戰略佈局的必然要求；是貫徹落實強軍目標和軍事戰略方針，履行好軍隊使命任務的必然要求。全軍要充分認清深化國防和軍隊改革的重要性必要性緊迫性，以 高度的歷史自覺和強烈的使命擔當堅定不移深化國防和軍隊改革，努力交出黨和人民滿意的答卷。

（二）指導思想。深入貫徹黨的十八大和十八屆三中、四中、五中全會精神，以馬克思列寧主義、毛澤東思想、鄧小平理論、“三個代表”重要思想、科學發展觀為指導，深入貫徹習主席系列重要講話精神特別是國防和軍隊建設重要論述，按照“四個全面”戰略佈局要求，以黨在新形勢下的強軍目標為引領，貫徹新形勢下軍事戰略方針，全面實施改革強軍戰略，著力解決制約國防和軍隊發展的體制性障礙、結構性矛盾、政策性問題，推進軍隊組織形態現代化，進一步解放和發展戰鬥力， 進一步解放和增強軍隊活力，建設同我國國際地位相稱、同國家安全和發展利益相適應的鞏固國防和強大軍隊，為實現“兩個一百年”奮鬥目標、實現中華民族偉大復興的中國夢提供堅強力量保證。










按照總體目標要求，2015年，重點組織實施領導管理體制、聯合作戰指揮體制改革；2016年，組織實施軍隊規模結構和作戰力量體系、院校、武警部隊改革，基本完成階段性改革任務；2017年至2020年，對相關領域改革作進一步調整、優化和完善，持續推進各領域改革。政策制度和軍民融合深度發展改革， 成熟一項推進一項。



健全軍種領導管理體制，優化軍種機關職能配置和機構設置，發揮軍種在建設管理和保障中的重要作用。調整改革後勤保障領導管理體制，以現行聯勤保障體製為基 礎，調整優化保障力量配置和領導指揮關係，構建與聯合作戰指揮體制相適應，統分結合、通專兩綫的後勤保障體制。改革裝備發展領導管理體制，構建由軍委裝備部門集中統管、軍種具體建管、戰區聯合運用的體制架構，裝備發展建設實行軍委裝備部門—軍種裝備部門體制，裝備管理保障實行軍委裝備部門—軍種裝備部門— 部隊保障部門體制。加強國防動員系統的統一領導。



（四）軍隊規模結構。堅持走中國特色精兵之路，加快推進軍隊由數量規模型向質量效能型轉變。裁減軍隊現役員額30萬，軍隊規模由230萬逐步減至200 萬。優化軍種比例，減少非戰鬥機構和人員。壓減軍官崗位。優化武器裝備規模結構，減少裝備型號種類，淘汰老舊裝備，發展新型裝備。


（六）新型軍事人才培養。遵循軍事人才培養規律，構建軍隊院校教育、部隊訓練實踐、軍事職業教育三位一體的新型軍事人才培養體系。健全軍委、軍種兩級院校 領導管理體制，完善初、中、高三級培訓體系，調整優化院校規模結構。健全軍事職業教育體系，構建全員全時全域軍事職業教育平台。創新人才培養制度機制，加 強院校與部隊共育人才。

（七）政策制度。適應軍隊職能任務需求和國家政策制度創新，進一步完善軍事人力資源政策制度和後勤政策制度，構建體現軍事職業特點、增強軍人榮譽感自豪感 的政策制度體系。調整軍隊人員分類，逐步建立軍銜主導的等級制度，推進軍官職業化，改革兵役制度、士官制度、文職人員制度。完善退役軍人安置政策和管理機 構。深化經費管理、物資採購、工程建設和軍人工資、住房、醫療、保險等製度改革。全面停止軍隊開展對外有償服務。






（一）強化各級責任擔當。各級黨委要把抓改革舉措落地作為重要政治責任，提高領導改革的能力，充分發揮核心領導作用，主要領導要當好第一責任人。要把調查 研究貫穿改革實施全過程，深化對重大理論和實踐問題研究，及時發現和解決新情況新問題。要建立健全改革評估和督查機制，加強對改革落實情況的督導檢查。各 級各部門各改革機構要密切配合、形成合力，軍委指導工作組要深入調整組建單位，加強跟蹤指導、具體指導、全程指導，軍委巡視組同步展開巡視工作。軍委改革 和編製辦公室要完善相關機制，發揮好統籌、協調、督促、推動作用。四總部既要做好自身調整改革，又要指導好全軍改革。新的軍委機關部門成立後，要抓緊完善 運行機制，盡快進入角色、履行職責。新調整組建的單位要及時建立健全黨組織，加強對改革實施工作的組織領導。各善後工作機構要負起責任，妥善處理各類遺留 問題。

（二）加強思想政治工作。組織全軍官兵深入學習習主席關於深化國防和軍隊改革一系列重要論述，組織抓好專題教育，深入進行思想發動，把全軍的思想和行動統一到黨中央、中央軍委和習主席決策部署上來。高層領率機關和高級幹部首先要統一認識，帶頭講政治、顧大局、守紀律、促改革、盡職責，以上率下，為全軍做好 樣子。把思想政治工作貫穿改革全過程，關注各級思想動態，有針對性地做工作，引導各級強化政治意識、大局意識、號令意識，引導官兵轉變理念、更新觀念，自覺站在全局高度認識改革，在解放思想中統一思想，正確對待利益調整，積極擁護、支持、參與改革。高度重視輿論引導特別是網上輿論工作，打好主動仗，傳播正 能量，為推進改革營造良好輿論氛圍。

（三）紮實搞好幹部調整安置。把推進改革的過程作為加強幹部隊伍建設的過程，貫徹軍隊好幹部標準，樹立正確用人導向，堅持五湖四海、任人唯賢，堅持德才兼備、以德為先，搞好領導班子調整配備，選準用好幹部，把堅定貫徹強軍目標、積極謀劃改革、堅決支持改革、勇於投身改​​革的好幹部用起來。把妥善安置同保留骨 幹、改善結構結合起來，科學制定幹部調整安置計劃方案，合理確定幹部進退去留，關心和解決幹部實際困難。廣大幹部要把推進改革作為展示才能的最好舞台，在 改革中經受鍛煉和考驗，爭做改革的促進派和實幹家。老乾部是黨和軍隊的寶貴財富，要精心做好老乾部服務保障接續工作。

（四）嚴密組織轉隸交接。認真搞好人員、物資、經費等交接工作，確保新舊體制轉換期間人員不失控，資産不流失，各項工作無縫銜接。嚴格軍用土地、營房管 理，抓好營區營房設施調整交接，做好在建工程善後工作。全面核實經費物資底數。跟進組織供應保障，及時解決供應中遇到的各種矛盾和問題，確保不斷供、不漏 供。紮實做好武器裝備清點移交，周密組織裝備調配保障，嚴格落實裝備管理各項規定。

（五）嚴格執行各項紀律規定。越是改革的關鍵時刻，越要把紀律和規矩挺在前面，嚴格政治紀律、組織紀律、人事紀律、財經紀律、群眾紀律、保密紀律。嚴守政 治紀律和政治規矩，堅決反對政治上組織上行動上的自由主義。嚴肅組織人事紀律，堅持按原則按政策按規矩按程序辦事。妥善處理軍地現實矛盾和歷史遺留問題。紀檢、巡視、審計部門要加強執紀監督，嚴肅查處調整改革期間各類違規違紀問題。

（六）統籌抓好部隊戰備訓練管理。密切關注改革期間國家安全和社會穩定，制定完善應對重大突發情況預案，嚴格落實戰備工作制度規定，保持各級戰備值班體系 高效運行，確保一旦有事能夠及時有效應對。周密籌劃組織年度軍事訓練任務。加強部隊管理，落實安全責任，及時發現和解決苗頭性、傾向性問題，防止發生重大 事故和案件，保持部隊安全穩定和集中統一。

Original Source: XinHua Military News

China Military Theater System Reform Era of Information Warfare //中國軍事戰區制改革信息化戰爭時代中國軍隊應對新安全形勢的重大保障

China Military Theater System Reform Era of Information Warfare 




February 1, the PLA theater inaugural meeting held in Beijing. CPC Central Committee General Secretary and State President and CMC Chairman Xi Jinping granted flag to the theater and five issued a bull. Theater set up joint operations command structure, the CPC Central Committee and the Central Military Commission in accordance with domestic major strategic decision, made ​​by the international situation changes, China will further promote the reform process in military forces, and greatly enhance the combat capability of the PLA.

Substantive reform: the military establishment system to adapt to new forms of information warfare needs

Military technology, military and military establishment system are the three basic elements of the new military revolution. Mankind has experienced a long weapon cold and hot steel age after the war and military technical thinking in the era of rapid development of mechanized warfare. The late 1970s, the Soviet Chief of Staff, Marshal of the Soviet Ogarkov Given the rapid development of military technology, forward-looking put forward the idea of ​​military technological revolution, which started a new military revolution sweeping the globe; 1997 , the US military put forward the “network-centric warfare” concepts, theories began to appear new military revolution prototype – each a full revolution in military affairs, the military establishment were to promote institutional change by a large development of military technology and weaponry – it by military personnel and weaponry so that the army can be effectively combined to form an overall combat power key.

In 1998, China put forward the “information warfare” concept, explicitly stated that mankind is the fourth military revolution of information technology revolution in military affairs, marking the technical form of human warfare into the information age warfare from mechanized war era. Against this background, the PLA is to follow the above rules, after weapons and equipment technology has made rapid progress, the military regime began vigorously to prepare a series of reforms: December 31, 2015, the armed services mechanism reform is completed, set up a new army, rocket forces, strategic support of three services – army, navy and air force combined with the previous, form a pattern of five armed services; January 11, 2016, to complete the formation of organs of the Central military Commission departments, from the previous four general headquarters, JMC became 15 functional departments; February 1, 2016, five theater adjustment is completed, the previous seven military regions, adjusted to five theater.

The main reason: “military” system become shackles China Military Revolution and the development of military

Original seven military system schematic

Original seven military system schematic

From the founding of the early century, by the comprehensive national strength and defense spending restrictions, military equipment levels remained low, failed to achieve the goal of complete mechanization construction; and, when low domestic railway, highway construction level, under difficult conditions in a nuclear war support large formation in the territory of strategic mobility. By the above two limitations, only the army at the time of partition of defense, so that each major military all have independent ability to respond to a threat of strategic direction.

Nearly 15 years, accumulated through investment in national defense and army reform, China’s transport network has been done, “accessible”, the level of military equipment have been greatly improved – Preliminary mechanization and mobility of fighting units sharply higher, with the from “area defensive shift basis “to” trans-regional mobility. “After greatly improved mobility, combat troops in wartime may implement in different zones under the command of, and therefore no longer need to implement the military management by a specific military.

Also, in the “military” system, military and navy and air force the same level, but also under the jurisdiction of the military air force, and even the fleet, in fact, is the embodiment of “Continental Army” thought, there are some drawbacks: military orders, regardless of military inefficient. This system has become the shackles of China Military Revolution and the development of the armed forces, can not effectively respond to security threats or China is likely to face.

Perimeter security situation and the international situation changes, “theater” made a timely decision.

Theater, from a geographic dimension in terms of a multi-dimensional space, including a broad front, greater depth and possible operational target, it is mainly based on strategic and operational tasks delineated strategic and operational activities of the regional corps with the leadership and command bodies, forces have on the area command, the command level is between the high command and strategic battle between the Legion.The main basis for division of the theater, including changes in the international pattern of perimeter security situation, military strategy, political, economic, military status and geographical characteristics of the country, and many other aspects.

Since the reform and opening up, China’s economic construction has made remarkable achievements in comprehensive national strength rising rapidly driven by changes in national strategy occurred; the Soviet Union, China land border security threat disappeared, and security threats from maritime direction is upward trend, originally established military regime on the basis of the Continental Army can not adapt to the new international situation and the security situation in neighboring China, thereby theater system came into being. In the People’s Liberation Army is divided into five theater, theater should correspond to the east of Japan and the East China Sea direction, corresponding to the western Central Asia and India theater direction, mainly the southern theater direction corresponding to the South China Sea, the northern war zone corresponds to the direction of Russia and Mongolia, as the central theater centered coordinate strategic reserve corps.

Officers appointed theater: Theater five display a mission and future trends

Five theater and officers appointed

Five theater and officers appointed

Officers from the theater can be seen in the appointment of some common: theater five ten military officers are “50,” so relatively young; most of them have experience working at the grassroots level, the so-called “starting in Reggie died five”, which two military officers have battlefield experience; most have received training integrated joint operations command. This shows the five main tasks entrusted to the theater and future trends:

First, combat and theater become the main task is to deter. Eastern theater commanderLiu PLA and western theater commander Zhao Zongqi are returning heroes from the battlefield, with actual combat experience, which is a valuable asset, but also the implementation of the “Military Commission to total, theater battle, armed services main building” in the implementation of the “theater of battle “organizational guarantee.

Second, the integrated joint operations will be the main model for future combat theater. The so-called “integrated joint operations” around unified combat purposes to the combat units, combat elements of highly integrated combat system as the main body, give full play to the overall combat effectiveness, in a multidimensional space combat or fight against the enemy’s fighting style. And the appointment of military officers have a theater at the National Defense University and other institutions of military education integrated joint operations experience.

Third, the theater system will be in constant development and improvement. The theater is a relatively young officers will and individual will, visionary, to accept new things, strong ability; In addition, the relatively young military officers also means working for a long time, can ensure coherence of policy implementation.

With the deepening of Chinese People’s Liberation Army to change the implementation of the system, this massive military force after the founding of foreign unbeaten mighty will rapidly improve combat effectiveness. This not only has a positive significance for peace and stability in the region and the world, but also for the new military revolution on a global scale provides a theoretical and practical aspects of the double “template.”

Original Mandarin Chinese:
























Original Source: China MOD

China Cyberspace Security Strategy and Implications // 中國網絡空間安全戰略思考與啟示

China Cyberspace Security Strategy and Implications  //



General Secretary Xi pointed out that no network security is no national security, no information will be no modernization. Internationally, the United States on security in cyberspace absolute dominance, they establish hegemony, rules, seeking advantage to control the world, to China’s cyberspace poses a severe challenge.
A US cyberspace security strategy revelation
(a) by the US cyberspace security “policy”, “plan” a national strategy to enhance
the United States in cyberspace is a strategic understanding of the development process. First released in 1998, Presidential Decree No. 63 (PDD63) “Clinton administration policy on critical infrastructure protection,” followed in 2000 issued a “national plan for the protection of information system v1.0”. The Bush administration immediately after the September 11, 2001 issued Executive Order No. 13231 “Information Age critical infrastructure protection,” and announced the establishment of “President Critical Infrastructure Protection Committee” on behalf of its government fully responsible for national security in cyberspace . And to study the drafting of a national strategy, in February 2003 formally issued “to protect cyberspace national strategy”, and posting confidential level No. 54 National Security Presidential Decree in 2008, set up a “comprehensive national cybersecurity plan,” the plan in the “Manhattan” (World War II atomic bomb) name, the specific content of the “Einstein” one, two, three composition, aimed at building the federal government and major information systems engineering protection, the establishment of a unified national security posture information sharing and command system.
(Ii) US cyberspace security strategy to further improve
in April 2008, President Bush issued a “44th president submitted the report to protect the network security space,” suggesting how the next US government to strengthen security in cyberspace.
February 2009, the Obama administration after a comprehensive demonstration, announced the “Cyberspace Policy Assessment – Ensuring credible and robust information and communications infrastructure,” the report, the cyberspace security threats as “the most serious faced by the national economy nationwide one of the challenges and safe country “and declared that” digital infrastructure will be considered national strategic asset, the protection of this infrastructure will be a priority of national security “, a comprehensive plan of strategic measures to defend cyberspace.
June 2009, US Defense Secretary Robert Gates issued an order formally establishing the United States “Cyberspace Command” to the harmonization of network security and protection of US forces to carry out cyber warfare and other military operations. The command part of the US Strategic Command, the preparation of one thousand, in May 2010, the US Cyber ​​Command officially start work.
(C) international and cyberspace war strategy
in May 2011, the White House cybersecurity coordinator Schmidt released in the United States “cyberspace international strategy”, its strategic intentions clear, namely to establish hegemony, rules, seeking advantage, control the world ; in July, the US Department of Defense released “cyberspace operations strategy” put forward five strategic measures for defending US interests in cyberspace, making the United States and its allies and international partners can continue to obtain from the innovation in the information age beneficial.
October 2012, Obama signed the “American Action Network Policy” (PDD21), the law gives the US military has carried out non-traditional combat power, clearly spread from network-centric warfare to cyberspace operations and the like.
In February 2013, Obama published Executive Order No. 13636 “Enhanced network security of critical infrastructure,” clearly states that the policy action to enhance the nation’s critical infrastructure and maintain environmental security and resilience.
In April 2013, Obama Ma Xiangguo submit “fiscal year 2014 defense budget priorities and select” proposed to 2016 reorganized into 133 network forces, including the national task force 68, combat task force 25, the network defense forces 40.
February 2014, the US National Institute for Standards and Technology “to enhance critical infrastructure cybersecurity” that “the United States critical infrastructure to enhance network security framework” (V1.0), emphasizing the use of business-driven network security operations guide, and four levels, the organization’s risk management process. According to different levels of network security risk points
of April 23, 2015, the Pentagon released a new version of network security strategy summary, the first public should cyberwarfare as a future military conflict tactical options, an explicit proposal to increase the US military deterrence in cyberspace and offensive capability.
Not only the United States in full swing and the implementation of international cyberspace war strategy, NATO cyberspace security framework, issued recently shows that there are currently more than one hundred countries in the world have a certain network warfare capabilities, the National Cyber ​​Security Strategy published up to as many as 56.
Thus, cyberspace has become after land, sea, air, space is the fifth largest sovereign area of space, but also the evolution of the international strategy in the military field, which is China’s network security posed a severe challenge, we should actively respond, accelerate the construction of network security system, to defend our national sovereignty cybersecurity.
Second, build the active defense technology security system
(a) immunity trusted computing architecture
computer architecture now used in the design calculation when only the pursuit of speed and no safety factor, such as the difficult task of isolating the system, no memory protection, cross-border, this led directly to the presence service network computing environment, a large number of security issues, such as source configuration can be tampered with, it is implanted malicious programs executed by using a buffer (stack) overflow attacks, illegally take over the system administrator permissions.
Trusted Computing is the result of the development of information science, is a novel immune trusted computing model.Trusted computing using parallel computing and defense dual architecture, at the same time to obtain the computation of security protection, so that the calculation result is always as expected, can be measured to calculate the full control, it is not disturbed.
Compare current most network security system, which is mainly by a firewall, intrusion detection and virus prevention and other components, known as the “third kind.” The image of that, these passive blocking killing is a temporary solution, and trusted computing to achieve active immunization computer architecture, and human immunodeficiency as timely identify “self” and “non-self” ingredients, thereby undermining and exclusion of harmful substances into the body, so that there are shortcomings and gaps being exploited by attackers. .
Cloud computing, big data application of new information technology, networking, industrial systems, mobile Internet, virtual dynamic heterogeneous computing environment requires credible immune system as its base support. Construction of triple protection framework trusted security management center security system can be supported by the structure, to ensure operation behavior, resource allocation, data storage cartridge policy management credibility, the attacker reached the entrance, an unauthorized person can not get vital information, theft Confidential information can not read, can not tamper with systems and information system paralysis not work and can not afford to rely on aggressive behavior of protective effect, if there is credible mechanism, “shock web”, “flame”, “heart blood” and other malicious code may since kill off.
(Ii) China Trusted Computing technology innovation
China Trusted Computing in 1992 and officially approved research and large-scale application early (TCG, established in 2000) in the international Trusted Computing Group.
TCG Trusted Computing research program found that the system problems are: (1) the limitations of cryptography: TCG public key cryptography algorithm using only the RSA, SHA1 hash algorithm only supports series, avoided symmetric cryptography, the resulting key design management, key migration and complicated licensing agreement, but also a direct threat to the security of passwords; (2) the system structure is irrational: TPM calls TCG plug is a passive architecture, dynamic initiative measure can not be performed.
China Trusted Computing over a long period of research, not only to solve the above problems TCG, but also the formation of independent innovation system, its innovative points include:
(1) Trusted Computing Platform password innovative programs
using national self-designed algorithm, credible computing a cryptographic module (TCM), with symmetric cipher and asymmetric cryptography combined system, improve the safety and efficiency; dual certificate structure, simplify certificate management, improved usability and manageability of.
(2) trusted platform control module innovation
presented trusted platform control module (TPCM), TPCM self-control as a trusted root node implant trusted source, be trusted root control functions on the basis of TCM, realized with a password based active control and measurement; TPCM prior to startup of the CPU and BIOS to verify, thereby changing the TPM as the traditional idea of passive devices, to achieve TPCM active control of the whole platform.
(3) a credible innovation board
increase in the amount of confidence in the board trusted platform node (TPCM + TCM), plus a host constitutes a credible two-node, to achieve trust transfer of the operating system, providing reliable hardware environment for the upper platform ; implementation of hardware control bus credible level of peripheral resources, power on the CPU front of the Boot ROM TPCM initiative to measure, so that in the chain of trust “powered first time” to start building; and the use of multi-metric agent establishes a chain of trust for dynamic and virtual measures to provide support.
(4) a credible basis to support innovative software
using host-based software system + double trusted software system architecture ,, trustworthy software group is the Trusted Computing Platform Trusted capabilities to achieve the credibility of all software elements, the host software The system provides active protection of the credibility of the amount of storage, and reporting.
(5) Trusted Network Connect innovation
based on three ternary and other trusted connection architecture, access requester, triple control and identification and access control policies arbiter between; ternary centralized management, improve infrastructure security and manageability; and access requester and the access controller to achieve a unified policy management, improve the system overall credibility.
(Iii) core technology controlled by others to solve the problem
(1) China Trusted Computing industrialization conditions are met. “Long-term Scientific and Technological Development (2006-2020)” made ​​it clear “to the development of high trusted network focusing on the development of network security technology and related products, the establishment of network security technology security system”, “five” plan works trusted computing project regarded as the focus of development, the trusted computing standard series of progressive development, and study of more than 40 units, more than 400 participants, the standard of innovation have made ​​technology validation, to declare more than 40 patents. Many units and departments have developed a chip, machine, software, and network connections and other trusted components and equipment in accordance with relevant standards, and has been effectively used in critical systems in the national grid scheduling. April 16, 2014, established the Zhongguancun Trusted Computing Industry Alliance, and vigorously promote the industrialization and marketization.
(2) laying the foundation for the comprehensive alternative to foreign products. April 2014, Microsoft stopped support for Windows XP Service country about 200 million running XP operating system, the terminal will face a situation of no service; and Windows 8 and Vista (2006 Government procurement is not clear) is the same architecture, Windows8 upgrade is not only costly, but also lose control over security and the secondary development rights. Trusted computing innovation reinforcement XP system can easily upgrade existing equipment as a trusted computer system, a credible alternative service patching services, applications do not change the system, to facilitate the application.
Based on open source technology to develop independent operating system is a realistic option. After 20 years of research, we have accumulated considerable reserves in the operating system and key technologies, which is a breakthrough in technology accumulation mainly based on the open source operating system made. From the perspective of inheritance, we need to select the source as a technical route; from a development perspective, the current is too late to re-encode the formation of a completely new operating system, you want to share the wealth of human knowledge, open source is still a realistic option. Independent innovation is not blocking them out safe, but to fully inherited and developed.
To achieve the “five may” “have a”:
understood: open source system to fully grasp the details, there can be confusion unknown code;
editable: should be based on open source code understood completely customize the code;
Reconfigurable: for specific application scenarios and security requirements, based on open source code refactoring, forming a customized new architecture;
credible: to strengthen the independent operating system immunity with trusted computing technology to prevent autonomous system vulnerability system security;
available: applications and operating system to do the adaptation, ensuring independent operating system to replace foreign products.
We have independent intellectual property rights: to own intellectual property rights on the final autonomous operating system, and deal with intellectual property issues are using open source technologies. GPL open source technology to be bound by the agreement, our country based on existing open source operating system has not encountered significant intellectual property disputes, but just because there is no large-scale application of these systems, once I customize the operating system form a climate, will face challenges in this regard.
Meanwhile, in the process of implementation of the localization of alternative strategies, the trusted protection system fully supports localization of hardware, software, although there are more domestic product defects and loopholes can make credible security flaws and vulnerabilities will not be attacked use ensure more secure than foreign products, localization is self-controlled, safe and reliable escort.
　　Faced with increasingly severe international cyberspace situation, we should be based on national conditions, innovation-driven, solving the kinds of problems. Adhere to defense in depth, to build a strong network security system, to build China into a world power network security and work hard!

Original Mandarin Chinese:


2009年6月，美國國防部長羅伯特.蓋茨正式發布命令建立美國“網絡空間司令部”以統一協調保障美軍網絡安全和開展網絡戰等軍事行動。該司令部隸屬於美國戰略司令部，編制近千人， 2010年5月，美國網絡司令部正式啟動工作。
2013年4月，奧巴馬向國會提交《2014財年國防預算優​​先項和選擇》提出至2016年整編成133支網絡部隊，其中國家任務部隊68支，作戰任務部隊25支 ，網絡防禦部隊40支。
對比當前大部分網絡安全系統，其主要是由防火牆、入侵監測和病毒防範等組成，稱為“老三樣”。形象的說，這些消極被動的封堵查殺是治標不治本，而可信計算實現了計算機體系結構的主動免疫，與人體免疫一樣，能及時識別“自己”和“非己”成份，從而破壞與排斥進入機體的有害物質，使有缺陷和漏洞不被攻擊者利用。 。
在可信平台主板中增加可信度量節點（TPCM+TCM），構成了宿主加可信的雙節點，實現到操作系統的信任傳遞，為上層提供可信硬件環境平台；對外設資源實行總線級的硬件可信控制，在CPU上電前TPCM主動對Boot ROM進行度量，使得信任鏈在“加電第一時刻”開始建立；並利用多度量代理建立信任鏈，為動態和虛擬度量提供支撐。
（1）中國可信計算產業化條件具備。 《國家中長期科學技術發展（2006-2020年）》明確提出“以發展高可信網絡為重點，開發網絡安全技術及相關產品，建立網絡安全技術保障體系”，“十二五”規劃有關工程項目都把可信計算列為發展重點，可信計算標準系列逐步製定，研究制定單位達40多家，參加人員達400多，標準的創新點都作了技術驗證，申報專利達40多項。不少單位和部門已按有關標準研製了芯片、整機、軟件和網絡連接等可信部件和設備，並在國家電網調度等重要係統中得到了有效的應用。 2014年4月16日，成立了中關村可信計算產業聯盟，大力推進產業化、市場化。
（2）為全面替代國外產品打基礎。 2014年4月微軟公司停止對Windows XP的服務支持，全國約2億台運行XP操作系統的終端將面臨無人服務的局面；​​而Windows 8和Vista（2006年政府明確不採購）是同類架構，升級為Windows8不僅耗費巨資，還會失去安全控制權和二次開發權。利用自主創新的可信計算加固XP系統可以方便的把現有設備升級為可信計算機系統，以可信服務替代打補丁服務，應用系統不用改動，便於推廣應用。

Original Source: X


Chinese Military Informatization Construction & Development Process // 中國軍隊信息化建設和發展的過程

Chinese Military Informatization Construction & Development Process 




For Chinese military informatization construction and development process, these unusual phenomena:

The convening of the National Science and Technology Awards Conference, the General Staff was not always an information technology research institute mountain dew, surprising to get a national scientific and technological progress, become the focus of the conference ……

Since last year, the army accelerate the transformation of combat effectiveness model to improve the combat capability based information systems, has taken unprecedented steps ──

Northwest desert, the Air Force Military Air Force organize multiple consecutive number-field conditions at the combat maneuvers in high-performance logistics information system, the formation of a powerful strike capability.

Yellow Sea, the North Sea Fleet led joint exercises Army, Navy, Air Force and Second Artillery Force participation, navy and air-ground early warning radar network integration, surface ships and anti-air fighter pilot together, missiles and submarines Phangan firearms against contract .

At the same time, the military regions, the Second Artillery Force have also organized to improve the combat capability based information system for the goal of joint combat exercises ……

Some may be difficult to link these phenomena together, but military experts familiar with the matter knows: It is a breakthrough in the matter of the army information construction of some key global challenges, open up to accelerate the transformation of the mode of generating combat army ” Renduermo. ” This historic turning point, that is, information from the General Staff of the Institute for a joint military and civilian units of hundreds of thousands of scientists face the challenge, hard research made numerous fruits. Since only “fifteen”, the Institute will include a complete integrated command information system, tactical

200 number of important results such as the Internet, access to a national scientific and technological progress awards, three first prize, second prize 8, 54 military scientific and technological progress award for accelerating the transformation of the army burgeoning mode of generating combat upsurge It provides a strong boost. Heads of the Central Military Commission praised them as the vanguard of the army research front, information technology pioneer!

In the army information construction most need someone to stand up when it is equal to hesitate hesitate cold feet. Face the challenges of future wars, we have no right to say not ready —

“Goad” shock out a piece of paper “military order”

This is an important meeting on army construction and development of information technology, which is a certain integrated command information system project chief engineer, former director Wang Jianxin most unforgettable scene.

Beijing spring of that year, the sun was shining. Just defeated “SARS” Chinese people smile stretch to live in peace, and the Chinese military’s heart, but he is not easy ──

Just a year ago, the Iraq war started, the US military whistling “Tomahawk” missiles pierced the sky in the new century of peace and tranquility. Based on high-performance network-centric warfare command information systems, showing new information warfare style ── information war from the laboratory onto the stage of human warfare.

Before being able to fight the war ended. The rapid development of military reform, a strong impact on the survival and to bring peace and challenges, but also to our military struggle preparation task even more urgent.

By this time, our military information construction has suffered difficulties: the army’s troops, although a lot of built command and information systems, but the larger institutional differences between these systems, interoperability is difficult, restricting the ability to improve our military information warfare.

To achieve “building computerized armed forces and winning the information war,” the strategic goal to come up with effective measures to solve practical problems of our military presence in information technology, according to the head of the Central Military Commission instructions, held at the headquarters of the combat troops comprehensive integration of information technology seminar.


People are anxious: the meeting has been open for two days, appeared to be the end of Understanding more, talk less approach, and sometimes into the tangle. Chair of the headquarters-led sit still, convened an emergency officer: “so many problems, but we could not get a way, there would not care either weight, simply tell our enemies that we are not ready, a war? Wait?”

“In the military information technology is most needed someone to stand up when it is equal to hesitate hesitate chickened face challenges of information war, we have no right to say not ready!” After listening to headquarters-led criticism Zhefan half and half “dare”, then when Wang Jianxin, director-blood straight forehead: “heads, I recommend a project to develop an integrated command information system as soon as possible.”

Wang Jianxin proposal is certainly not a passing fad. When the world changes in the surging tide of the military, he led the researchers to track real-time, in-depth research to find countermeasures, see the scenes deeply hurt him ──

Participate in exercises of the army, the head of the field in front of the headquarters of the command of all military branches placed a dozen different command terminal system. Force exercises, field command post two command vehicles but not close Unicom, staff officers can only braved the pouring rain to stand outside the car, umbrella propaganda to pass information to each other.

Information technology is the soul of “Fabric capability.” “Village ignition, household smoke,” How can mean clenched into a fist?

As a research institute, to courageously pioneer information technology.Facing the challenges of the times, Wang Jianxin and his research team has already launched a pre-integrated command information system, the development of related software, and even tried in individual exercises.

From that day, leaving them for only 40 days.

Military no joke. Wang Jianxin and lead the struggle of the people day and night, relying on the existing common software, load the temporary transformation of Arms Command messaging software, the fastest to build a simple simulation system, scheduled for the Central Military Commission, the headquarters of the army leadership and senior commanders were three games in a row demo.

First end of the presentation, the scene silence. Shortly after, the head of the headquarters slowly stood up: “This is the prototype of the future integrated command information system in the right direction, ideas and feasible!”

In this regard, the development of an integrated command information system officially approved. Wang Jianxin, representing the whole of the researchers set a “military order”: time node, the timely completion of development tasks!

Thus, only the beginning of the scene: the National Science and Technology Awards Conference, Wang Jianxin as a chief engineer and project representatives, by the party and state leaders cordially received.

Lessons “bombs and one satellite” successful experience, to carry out military and civilian research collaboration to fully mobilize all forces and resources on doing big things, play a game of information construction congress battle —

Take the road with Chinese characteristics and create a miracle latecomer

An order!

That year, the institute researchers to fully weigh the crushing weight of these four words.

New Year’s bell had just struck, two official documents issued at the same time it posthaste: one was hosted by the Institute developed an integrated command information system; another is also an important research project hosted by their research.

Two projects, each of which is winning the information war relations overall are major innovation projects. Complete a separate no easy task, not to mention two projects rolled into one. This allows both up and down the whole feel honored, but also feel unprecedented pressure.

However, duty-bound. You can only forge ahead, no turning back. The Party scientific deployment forces, forces were divided into mouth. When Wang Jianxin as a director-integrated command information system chief engineer, deputy director Yin Hao as the other information systems chief engineer.

Determination difficult, the more difficult road to go. When the research really opened the curtain, threw himself into research, they found the complex and difficult challenge, unspeakable. To develop an integrated command information system, for example, when all military branches have been built all kinds of command information systems have hundreds, thousands more related software.

In the past, they have tried to help an army division engaged in comprehensive integration of information systems, centralized crack hard work half a year before shaping. At this rate, integrated command information system to drag these years to build?

Foreign experience shows that the development of large-scale information systems with high investment, high risk and low success rate characteristics, and construction costs are often substantial period than expected.

How to get rid of this curse? How this mess in the group clarify ideas, scientific and efficient way to find innovation? Party decisions in-depth research, listen to opinions from all parties based on the completion of this major information technology projects, can not copy foreign experience, you must break a large-scale information system with Chinese characteristics developed road.

── Information Integration. Make full use of information technology has been the outcome of troops, not to engage reinvent the wheel, reinvent the wheel, through a unified technical standards and the development of a common software for comprehensive integration. Their army has a variety of command and information systems technology research, software model to build thousands of repeated technical tests, more than 8.5 million words written out feasibility reports, thousands of software will integrate the army into three categories 1700 More than a software component, integrated command post transformed into a typical information system, cross military services, cross-business, cross the comprehensive integration.

── integration of military and civilian research. Lessons “bombs and one satellite” successful experience, to carry out a large collaborative research outside the military, concentrating power. In the headquarters of a unified leadership and strong support, their combined more than 300 military and civilian research institutes, more than 8,000 scientific research personnel integrated command information system research team to carry out joint research.In order to fully mobilize the enthusiasm of scientific research play parties, they proposed “system we build, to build a unified basis, their application to build” collaborative research ideas, pay attention to the wisdom of relying on the team to crack research problems.

── innovative research model. Innovative research and development group model, organizational group of military experts, technical experts, test force three teams simultaneously entering participate in research. Military experts mention needs technical experts engaged in research, test force to verify, identify problems and make improvements, while research and reform in scientific research like the beginning, being kind, setting three stages alike.

Thinking of a change world wide. An outcomes come out on schedule, took home one award after another. Practice has fully proved, based on the actual break our military information construction of this unique research and development path to shorten the maximum period of scientific research, improve research efficiency, to create a miracle after the hair plays an important role.

Like war, like the need to engage in scientific research is not afraid of difficulties and obstacles, indomitable commandos, we are to use this information for the military spirit blaze a new trail construction —

Adhere to the spirit of the Highlands to climb the peak technology

Full year convened That people passionate research mobilization meeting, many speakers we all remember, only when the founding director Wang Jianxin, said the sentence still echo in everyone ear: “engage in scientific research as war need not afraid difficulties and obstacles, indomitable commandos, we need this spirit is for the military information technology to blaze a new trail! ”

You can never erase the memory, because it is deep in the heart ──

That year, an integrated command information system complete prototype development, ushered in the first big test: the headquarters of the organization associated test drills. Early all goes well, it’s when we secretly delight in the core database server system suddenly can not start.

Lunch in the cold days, drill off frosty, indoor tension has reached boiling point. Some commanders and staff officers participating are red eyes, researchers responsible for troubleshooting is sweating, anxiety.

Although failure ruled out, but the exercise was interrupted for half an hour.

“If this scene took place in wartime, will have what dire consequences!” Although the head of the General Staff encourage everyone to put down the burden of traveling light, but Wang Jianxin and researchers know that such systems must not be on the battlefield!

To this end, they began their own “hard hand”: all systems must meet the reliability, all data must be stored on backup, all aspects need to develop contingency plans for the whole process and all elements of the system test.

In those days, each test is full full participation of thousands of software each test cycle, we must work day and night 7 days and 7 nights. Everyone eating instant noodles hungry, thirsty to drink mineral water, sleepy lying in a chair.

There are memorable old expert Dr. Luo Jiangyi starry night for risk. It was a time when information systems joint trial is about to begin, suddenly found an army command information system failure. If not timely troubleshooting, joint trial would be postponed, security testing and commissioning of ten thousand soldiers and equipment will regroup numerous deployments, military leaders and related personnel recite.

3:00, is the director of the Department of Luo Qiang after a busy that situation, the director refused to apply to the Ministry of the vehicle, rushed stopped a taxi on the dark streets, straight over 200 kilometers outside the command post, has been working to 9:00, solve problems and then non-stop back to directing department, continue to participate in joint trial exercise.

Afterwards, a leading training ground said with deep feeling: “This Institute researchers has been able to research a critical moment on the dash, hold up, was under attack, the key is promising army information construction indomitable, selfless dedication pillar. ”

Adhere to the spirit of the Highlands, in order to climb the heights of science. Wang Jianxin father was the army’s telecommunications industry pioneer ── Wang Zheng. War years by his father inherited that spirit, huh research to life, is commonly known as “Tie person.”

Tactical Internet division of the total in the whole, an information systems division vice president Luo Qiang many first-class research backbone, have experience studying abroad, but they are not favorable for foreign material temptations treatment, insist on returning to their careers.

It is this spirit inspired everyone, so, sacrifice commando war years, fear of fatigue, courageously break ──

An integrated command information systems division vice president Cao Jiang for several days and nights of continuous fighting to overcome the difficulties without a break, actually tired late at night on his way home against a tree and fell asleep, woke up until the big rain-fed.

It Zhidong young scientists, for the command and information systems need to adapt to high altitude operations, seven on the snow-covered plateau, overcome severe altitude sickness, collect relevant data, commissioning and installation systems, quality engineering system acceptance by the parent organizations.

Tang Hong, director of a center for the early completion of border command and information system development, and his comrades lianzhouzhuan day and night, working is more than 40 days, collapsed of a heart attack in the field of research. The doctor asked him to be hospitalized, but he took the oral drug in the back, and continue to work overtime until the task is completed.

An information systems division vice president Chen Qiang, the child was born 10 days, he rushed to the field to participate in scientific research work.Years, he rarely home conquests war, like the system from the beginning, being kind to stereotypes, to achieve results, the children have grown up ……

Core technology can not be bought, bought there are risks; mere imitation is not far away, Zhaomaohuahu only produce short-term benefits; rely on the introduction unreliable, dependent on people must be controlled by others —

Independent innovation as information technology basis points

A few years ago, when several major information technology research progressed, one must answer the question put in the front: point where scientific work?

A debate about how to build information systems around the first core part ── “software component” broke out. To reduce the development difficulty, to avoid the risk of the development, it was a standard move member countries, and called for the preparation as such.

Liu Hong, director of a center firmly opposed: “The core software technology, information related to the construction of the foundation of our military problem, we must now independent innovation ‘Zhaomaohuahu’ petty advantages, the future will suffer a great deal on the battlefield..”

Debate the truth. Liu Hung finally persuaded related cooperative units using innovation program, although several times to spend the effort, but it is essential for safe and reliable battlefield.

Debate, has aroused great concern of the Party: In recent years, around the major research projects, the researchers collected a lot of foreign technical information, how to use? It is not copy, or selective absorption?

Security is an integrated command information system “lifeline”, it is also the highest part of the innovation requirements. Young chief engineer Yang led his research team to develop inventive security system. Unexpectedly, a drill, a new virus has led to the chain of command all but paralyzed.

Since that safe, reliable, foolproof protection system was breached. Face the harsh reality, Yanglin they realize there is no innovation in scientific research, once on the battlefield, it is likely to occur “as also Xiao Xiao loser”!

By “stimulus” Yang Lin they followed through completely independent innovation, to create a “safe line of defense in depth”, and the headquarters of the organization in network of high-intensity offensive and defensive drills, and withstood the test.

Profound lesson, so that the party committee set determined: the core technology can not be bought, bought there are risks; simple imitation go far produced only short-term benefits rather than beyond capacity; rely on the introduction unreliable, dependent on people must be controlled by others.Guarantee winning strategic basis must be placed on innovation!

Vision to reach places, the pace to reach. This year, the early development of an information system, due to the electromagnetic information computational complexity, resulting in the battlefield situation map with the actual situation is not synchronized. If this difficulty is not a breakthrough, it may lead to wartime command to make wrong judgments and decisions. To break through this difficulty, a total of 17 members crowded group division in the lab for three days and three nights of research, testing hundreds of times, but never resolved.

Just when everyone was unable to do anything, has been meditating division vice president Cao Jiang suddenly stood up and asked:. “We change in thinking, not the traditional method, use the new algorithm,” everyone shines. Along the way, they not only look to solve the problem, but also to create new ideas developed by our military information systems.

It is even more gratifying that, by insisting on the scientific point of independent innovation, the past few years, this institute by the completion of major scientific research projects, gave birth to a large number of technological achievements with independent intellectual property rights. Only certain innovations integrated command information system generated by the project, it obtained a national scientific and technological progress awards, 22 military scientific and technological progress award, for winning future wars cast a sword.

Information system development is not a “turnkey” project, not once and for all, must follow the military change as demand increases, to achieve “one-year version of a three-year upgrade” —

Fighting services for the military research is the eternal mission

The research work on this history, this may be a unique exception ──

The end of November last year, Liu Hong, director of a center suddenly apply to the General Staff Operations Leadership: Please let me into combat duty on duty!

It turned out that two days ago, Liu Hung learned combat duty in some applications to operate is not easy, but the problem is they can not tell the user. Thus, the application of the special red Liu on duty. Upon approval, she walked into the duty room, find out the software design problems, led the researchers improved.

Research in respect of military service as a combat! Liu Hong won the headquarters-led approach of praise, but the familiar people know, this kind of thing at the Institute abound.

In recent years, some of the developed information systems, have been identified through the stereotypes, with the troops.

But they did not see this as a “turnkey” project, but keeping up with the changing needs of military struggle and technical progress, in accordance with the “one-year version, an upgrade for three years,” the idea, scroll improve and perfect outcomes, and enable improved information systems to keep up with the pace of military reform.

This year, in the promotion of an integrated command information system applications, business director Liu Dongbo found on the system of Artillery situation plotting is too simple and can not accurately display the cluster and related impacts range firepower for combat possible bias .

However, Cheng research unit has felt, due to lack of relevant data and model support, and sometimes difficult to improve. “Fighting for the service is the eternal mission of scientific research, but also solve another big problem.” 刘东波 difficulties and his comrades, the front line to collect data, repeated studies calculus, successfully designed three-dimensional, dynamic, multi-cluster artillery fire hit model , the problem is completely resolved.

According to statistics, only one direction of the theater, the researchers in the application, the size of the find and solve 275 problems and ensure an integrated information system for safe operation.

Deputy director of a center to promote the application of forces to the east in the next bud Tactical Internet, found a strange phenomenon: the equipment in good laboratory performance, when the exercise application, performance is often compromised, repeated analysis also found “root cause.”

East Lei went down to the communications company, together with the soldiers live, train together, and finally reveal the answer: some soldiers to improve maintenance of the new equipment, often after Cawan gun, pulled a gun oil to a new type of radio antenna also rub. The gun oil has an insulating effect, oiled antenna resistance increases, performance naturally weakened.

Thereafter, promote the use of Tactical Internet a few years time, east Lei troops under 20 times, the longest up to 3 months, has found nearly 16 aspects of a problem, and through timely improvement, so that research results fast Xian parade ground.

Only research and operational needs docking, vitality. In this institute, each regarded researchers from the voice forces deemed to promote research and development of the power of each of them reflect the views, the small nor ignored.

Once a theater communication department heads to Beijing act casually about some integrated command information system when displaying the battlefield situation, to show both the macro war on the same screen, and show the specific local situation is even more easy to use.

Speaker has no intention, the listener interested. The presence of a central leadership keenly felt this proposal, to enhance the service function of great value. Immediately, they assigned director Ning early-depth special investigations unit found: needs of the troops involved in many complex technical issues.

“As long as the operational command needs, hard to have to change.” First research tasks at hand rather put down, two local organizations Institute research staff, worked for six months in a row, and finally overcome the difficulties.

End of the year, the head of the theater authorities to apply the new situation display system, successfully organized troops cross maneuvers. To this end, they wrote a special letter of thanks to the headquarters.

Who is the first to occupy the commanding heights of the new technology will come in the future a little more chance of winning the war; who can look into the future direction of development, will have more chips in tomorrow’s game —

Change the world to catch up with the forefront of the military, we are still on the road

Solemn National Science and Technology Awards Conference held night, some information in the General Staff of the Institute hospital scene was emerging, a lot of people quite surprised:

Baitian Gang leaders just took over the award certificate hero who, calm face at night, walking hurriedly went into the research building, open the computer to carry out scientific and technological activities.

Although this day, we are very happy, but did not imagine the kind of people celebrating carnival, toast singing ……

In recent years, faced with fruitful results, the institute every soldiers always maintained an unusual calm:. “Our results compared with the development of military changes in the world, still walking on the road to catch up with neither have a shred of satisfaction, but can not have a shred of slack! ”

Words are the voice. After several important research setting, a research center director who was known as “arraigned” activities, then the whole of the expansion: according to the requirements of the Party Committee, director of the Center dozen turns on stage, mutatis mutandis, the world’s military development representation, find the problem allowed, ideas disarray, who can not “step down.”

Tang Hong, director of a center, focusing on the world’s new technological revolution, about 18 research projects presented. Unexpectedly, in its subsequent “arraigned” in no clearance because: some issues too frontier, some topics are too partial, and some issues too, some topics which makes the lack of maneuverability …… Tang Hong difficult “to step down.”

Management ideas, to find the starting point, to seek long-term. He led Tiaofenlvxi help him sort out, he finally put things into focus key issues, the six directions of information technology and other border and coastal defense.Today, there are six major research breakthrough. Wherein the direction of things declared three sub-topics of major national science and technology projects, border and coastal defense information technology has also been research project.

It is a field that special “arraigned” as they stride into the eternal power that often ranging from scientific research tasks at hand the dust settles, some key research direction has been quietly, struggling to seize the new high ground ─ ─

Just as a center took home dozens of major awards, like a “magician” new technology laboratory studio, created the first in the army, it may be applied to an item magical new technology experiment for the future, here quietly expand.

At the same time, the Institute has 11 research institutions in the United Nations on 34 kinds of products to carry out independent information integration experiment. These budding scientific research, is becoming a new means to meet future challenges.

Original Mandarin Chinese:




信息化的魂是“網聚能力”。 “村村點火、戶戶冒煙”，又怎能攥指成拳？
然而，承研單位卻感到，因缺乏相關數據和模型支持，一時很難改進。 “為戰鬥力服務是科研的永恆使命，困難再大也要解決。”劉東波和戰友們迎難而上，深入一線採集數據，反复研究演算，成功設計出立體、動態、多層砲兵集群火力打擊模型，將問題徹底解決。
正是這一場場特殊的“過堂”，為他們大步前進注入了永恆的動力，以至於往往不等手頭的科研任務塵埃落定，一些重點科研方向已悄然展開，奮力搶占新的製高點─ ─

Original Source: X

Aspects of Chinese Hacker Information Attacks //中國黑客信息攻擊手段面面觀

Aspects of Chinese Hacker Information Attacks


The so-called information attack is the integrated use of electronic, network, psychological, fire, force and other means, against the enemy’s weaknesses and key information systems, flexible to take appropriate tactics and actively interfere with or disrupt the enemy’s information acquisition, transmission, processing and utilization to maximize the information advantage and weaken the enemy command and control capabilities. It is a soft kill and hard to destroy, integrated use of physical and psychological attacks and other means of attack.

1. Focus on information to deceive and mislead the enemy taking the wrong action
is to take the analog information to deceive, camouflage, feint and other means, implicitly shown true or false, to lure the enemy to take the wrong decisions and actions. Fair in war, deception winning information is an important aspect of the fight against the use of strategy. Recently several high-tech local wars shows that clever use of deception, high technology can effectively confuse enemy reconnaissance, reduce the value of the enemy’s use of information to achieve good move by the enemy, the shape, the enemy will result from.

信息攻击手段面面观 a

The main methods are:
1.1 electronic active enemy deception and confusion
is emitted through a conscious, forward, transform, absorb or reflect electromagnetic waves, so that the enemy misleading when you receive a message. The main take many forms and means of transmitting information, create a false impression, concealed the true fight one’s own intentions, so misjudged the enemy, command failure, operational deployment confusion, reached their ears, impaired nerve head and containment purposes. There are three main ways: First analog electronic deception by simulating forces or capabilities that do not exist, or the ability to simulate real forces or false position against enemy electronic warfare and information on intelligence activities. Secondly posing electronic deception, disinformation or the information directly into the temptation of the enemy communications network to send false commands, false information or indirectly acquire a variety of information needed. Third-induced electronic deception, namely the use of electromagnetic feint, feint and in some troops fit for me to attempt to combat, deployment and operations of implicit shown true or false, to confuse, to mobilize the enemy, both in the secondary direction suddenly the implementation of high-power electromagnetic radiation information can be maintained in a predetermined direction or the main area of fighter electromagnetic shielding, shift focus enemy reconnaissance, reducing stress my main deployment; when I transfer command post or maneuver command, the right amount of information should be organized network in place to continue to work, or the implementation of force, electromagnetic feint in the other direction, a small movable cover a great ship, contain information about the enemy reconnaissance and jamming systems.
1.2 camouflage tactics confuse deception
tactics’ deception, disguise is to use a variety of measures in combination, make full use of the terrain, vegetation, artificial barrier cover, camouflage, smokescreen, camouflage net, paint and other standard equipment or handy equipment and other favorable conditions, setting the anti radar, anti-infrared, anti-reconnaissance comprehensive three-dimensional photoelectric barrier cover, shielding the true position of one’s own goals and action, of no promising, its essence lies hidden truth; or by changing one’s own electronic technology features and changes may have been exposed to one’s own true intentions electromagnetic image, to achieve electronic camouflage deception. Tactical confuse deception, is through interference confuse enemy reconnaissance, surveillance and battlefield observation, direct access to weaken the enemy’s ability to battlefield information, resulting in information overload enemy, increasing the degree of fuzzy information, so that the enemy of true and false information contradictory the enemy, so that action indecision adversely affected by aircraft. Or electromagnetic interference may be implemented over the main direction of serving chaff interference wire, so that confuse enemy radar; the enemy can be infrared, night vision equipment, laser irradiation interfere with their work or make it blinding, can maneuver when the forces to carry out offensive fighter, I am scheduled to enter enemy fighter-zone general or special cast smokescreen to blind enemy interference observed visible and infrared, laser, microwave and other reconnaissance equipment; can also be man-made noise, vibration and magnetic interference such as enemy action plan.
2. Implementation of electromagnetic harassment, destruction of the enemy or prevent the effective use of electronic systems
is the use of electromagnetic harassment electromagnetic radiation, reflection, refraction, scattering or absorption of electromagnetic energy and other means to hinder and weaken the enemy’s effective use of the electromagnetic spectrum against information technology, aimed at preventing enemy electronic equipment and systems to obtain useful information, reduce the enemy’s combat efficiency.
2.1 electromagnetic shutoff
namely full use of electronic warfare units and equipment, flexible use of a variety of means, actively enemy command and communications facilities and weapons control systems implementation of electronic suppression, within a certain time and scope, to make the enemy and its internal and external interrupts radio contact causing chaos fighting each other. The motorized combat electronic warfare force, the number of targets, the location and nature of the use of formula or throwing placed jamming equipment, take aim and blocking interference formula, combining active and passive jamming methods utilize cutoff point, local interdiction, interdiction and other three-dimensional tactical means to actively suppress the enemy’s command and communications network. As I was entering the predetermined area when the enemy fighter electromagnetic shutoff embodiment, can be taken against electromagnetic dimensional and multi-point, internal disturbance outside the cut to form a local electromagnetic advantage, both inside and outside the enemy cut off contact, it is vulnerable to attack, limb, and actively cooperate offensive fighter operations.
2.2 electronic attacks
to electronic warfare as the main force, make full use of vehicle-mounted, knapsack, put style, throwing electronic countermeasure equipment, into a number of groups capable of swimming harassment, the use of flexible battlefield favorable conditions covert maneuvering, timely investigation avowed enemy electronic target location quickly expand to occupy a favorable terrain, choose the best time to implement strong sudden attack, immediately after the withdrawal of tasks; also capable of sending electronic warfare units deep into the enemy near the depth key targets, enemy firepower system, precision-guided systems, C3I systems, airborne electronic equipment such as the implementation of electronic interference.
3. Implementation of network sabotage, sudden attack enemy computer
network sabotage is the use of a variety of offensive and damaging computer software technology, computer systems into a variety of enemy interference, sabotage, or paralyzed by destroying the enemy’s computer as the core information network system to prevent enemy battlefield information acquisition, transmission and processing, they lost the ability to control the battlefield. Under modern conditions, computer technology has penetrated into all aspects of the military field, the computer has become almost all major high-tech and advanced weapons combat system platform. Destroy the enemy’s computer network system is one of the mobile operations of the information against the most critical action.Therefore, the use of professional and technical personnel, the use of a computer or other special equipment, under the unified organization, timing and selection of key key objectives, multiple penetration into the enemy’s computer network to find gaps, and its attack.
3.1 saturation attack
enemies despite widespread use of high-tech digital communications technology to transmit the battlefield information, fast, secure and strong, but its existing equipment more information nodes and the transmission capacity and real-time information sharing with all combat certain gap. For this feature, through various means pouring a lot of waste to the enemy information network, outdated information, false information or refuse to cast the program, manufacturing information flood, blocking, squeeze the enemy information channel, information flow hysteresis enemy, seize enemy cyberspace, it is a long time information network saturation, causing the enemy can not be timely and effective use of network access, transmission, processing and distribution of information, thus weakening the enemy network capabilities. In addition, since the proliferation of information also allows the enemy is hard to determine the authenticity, it is difficult to make valid judgments.
3.2 Virus surprise
that the use of computer information network implementation infiltrate enemy virus attacks. A computer virus is a special preparation, self-replicating computer program transmission, has a hidden, latent, infectious and destructive characteristics, separating a complex virus may take a long time. Therefore, the computer virus attack is to implement a network of the most effective weapons. Press the virus destroys the mechanism can be divided into: seize the resource-based, modify the file type, to eliminate the program type, type of data theft and destruction of hardware type. Its injection mode there are four:
First, directional electromagnetic radiation injection. Computer viruses coming modulated electromagnetic emissions from electronic equipment, the use of enemy radio receiver into the enemy’s weak points from the electronic information network system.
Second, the information network node injection. Namely the use of wireless or wired communication network, the virus injected into the enemy’s battlefield information from the user node network, terminal or device.
Third, the use of pre-latent curing equipment. Through special channels (agents into, instigation enemy programmers, etc.) will be pre-populated enemy virus computer hardware, software programs, operating system or repair tool, activate the remote control by radio during the war, the virus attack.
Fourth, the hacker Descent. Namely the use of computer hackers skilled technology, multiple protection system to bypass the secret enemy tight settings, sneak into enemy battlefield information network penetration attacks, the enemy can pretend superiors or subordinates instruction issued false information or steal confidential data online; and to be enemy implant false data and information networks harmful programs, or formatting the hard disk of a computer, causing the enemy’s information systems paralyzed.
4. The integrated use of a variety of combat forces, attack the enemy in combat node
fist to take measures to deal with the system, and actively enemy important device information system, the implementation of key objectives node hard to destroy, and depending on the location and nature of the different objectives, to take appropriate and flexible means of attack, undermine the overall function of their information systems to achieve the high limit, drop, high system purposes.
4.1 Accurate Fire pits
located on the important goal of the enemy is not easy to interfere with the depth and strength of attacks, taking a variety of means to identify the basis for its position, taking tactical missiles, long-range artillery, helicopter or Air Force rapid mobility, the implementation of pinpoint precision-strike . When circumstances permit, it can also infiltrate enemy reconnaissance squad depth to pinpoint the location of the enemy command posts and other important information node, aviation and other guidance to be destroyed by fire.
4.2 elite penetration attacks
against the enemy’s battlefield information network points, lines long, wide, weak protection features to scout and special operations forces capable grouping a plurality of synthetic penetration combat units in a variety of ways to penetrate the enemy in depth, flexible, arrived in the deployment of nearly enemy reconnaissance information system, in particular the choice is not easy to interfere with important goals and firepower, flexible to take surprise storm or other means to look for an opportunity sabotage enemy headquarters, communications hub, radar technology weapons firing positions and other targets, from fast attack fast, quick.
4.3 Damage commando unit
for the relative concentration of enemy electronic equipment, or high-energy laser weapons can EMP implementation area of damage, with a strong electromagnetic pulse, breakdown, burning enemy of electronic components, damage to protective measures weak radar, communications systems, data processing systems and other electronic equipment.
5. Extensive psychological attacks, the collapse of the morale of enemy combatants
in accordance with changes in the means of psychological warfare under high-tech conditions and the environment, fully aware of the merits of the mental status of the enemy confrontation, practical focus, find enemy weaknesses, psychological warfare plans to develop and maintain an effective psychological warfare resilience and implement effective psychological attacks. The main measures: dissemination of information through the manufacture of a psychological deterrent to the enemy; identify weaknesses in enemy psychology, to ascertain the enemy internal state of mind, constitute troops, personality religion, customs and commanders, hobbies, expertise and the people to fight the enemy attitude, launched various forms of psychological attack, destroyed the enemy psychological defense; using distance artillery, aviation emission leaflets to the enemy; the use of radio as a person or the use of defectors living textbook battlefield propaganda; for the enemy melee fear, fear of psychological casualties, I take full advantage of the effect of fire attack, close combat with the enemy stalemate, killing a large number of the enemy’s effective strength, defeat the enemy spirit, and with the hard-kill effect expand psychological offensive, the enemy accelerate psychological breakdown, for I have entered a predetermined zone of the enemy fighter, should take advantage of sounding political propaganda offensive, which tempts it to abandon unnecessary resistance.

Original Mandarin Chinese:




信息攻击手段面面观 a


Original Source X

China Faces Challenge of Combat Interpretation of Latest US Military Information Warfare // 中國面臨美軍最新信息戰作戰解讀挑戰中國網絡戰能力

China Faces Challenge of Combat Interpretation of Latest US Military Information Warfare



Soure: X



Reaching aspects during Chinese President Xi Jinping’s visit, the two countries to combat cybercrime and promote the development of codes of conduct in cyberspace consensus, developed a number of cooperation initiatives to maintain network security, the formation of some dispute settlement mechanism, it is intended to address global network security issues. However, the US military in cyber warfare, information warfare is a fight, and actively adjust operational concepts, organizational system, forms of organization, operational processes and information culture, accelerate the development of the field of information warfare capabilities to ensure the Navy to get in a confrontation with major combat rival China’s dominance.

First, information warfare establishment of institution-building

In 2013, the US Navy Intelligence and Communication Networks merged unit information superiority by a Deputy Minister of Naval Operations is responsible for matters related to information superiority, with seven officers and some senior civilian fleet, as well as many professionals engaged in information warfare work in the field of change exist between intelligence gathering and fleet operations during the Cold war barriers, the US Navy to ensure safe use of the network environment to support access to information among the various operations. US Navy Fleet at Fort Dmitry set up Cyber ​​Command, the merger of the former Naval Network Warfare Command in Norfolk, Virginia naval base, he served as deputy commander of the Chief of Naval Operations is responsible for the integration of capabilities and resources, is responsible for the network attack and defense, management, operation and defense of the Navy’s network, as well as other activities related to cyber war, as both the US Cyber ​​Command, the Navy branch, to provide information to the US military combat support.

In the army building, the US Navy established the first 10 Fleet responsible for information warfare, information superiority as the US Navy forces, the development and delivery of information superiority capability to support operational requirements of the US Navy and allies, has formed intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, full operational capacity of the network, command and control, communications, intelligence, electronic warfare, aerospace and other aspects of the transition to the information operations after the US Navy intelligence and cyber warfare important step.

From US Navy surface ships, submarines and aviation sector includes allocated funds to ensure the daily operation of the Ministry of information superiority, training, equipment and procurement, taking into account the construction and development of unmanned aerial systems and electronic warfare systems. Although electronic warfare department, said the electronic attack items (such as the next generation of jammers) transferred from the Air Operations Department to the Ministry of information superiority will weaken budgetary support for electronic attack system, but the Navy said it had recognized that strengthening the field of electronic warfare offensive the importance of strengthening investment in the field of electronic warfare.

Second, the “joint information environment” guarantee the right to information system at sea

According to the US Department of Defense in September 2013 issued a “joint information environment implementation strategies”, “joint information environment” (JIE) is by far one of the largest joint military information technology operations, with the goal of network integration within the DoD overall IT footprint and infrastructure costs of the construction of the Ministry of Defence, the “chimney” of information systems development for the flat network of dynamic information system, providing interoperability of cloud-based enterprise network infrastructure and services, reduce to ensure that the US military battlefield obtain control of information, enhance the capacity of the Ministry of Defence to deal with cyber threats in the field.

“Joint Information Environment” construction focus is to strengthen information sharing and cooperation, the establishment of enterprise-class shared security protocol for configuration standardization, optimizing the routing of data, at the time and place needed to deliver confidential voice, data and information, including almost all joint information DoD information technology work. “Joint information environment” universal, global, based on cloud properties, including network operations center, data center and cloud-based applications and services, identity management systems, based data storage and sharing capabilities cloud structure and review computer technical support, allows the use of any device to achieve the edge of the network operator, to accelerate the integration of command and control network nodes, can guarantee the daily operations and administration while reducing the cost of network operation and management.

Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) is responsible for technical management of a joint information environment, the development of the overall architecture of the safety standards, access issues and identity management. July 2013, the US European Command in Stuttgart established its first enterprise-class Operations Center (EOC), responsible for managing the access management information environment within the Joint Command of the US system in Europe and Africa, dozens of command and control nodes under the jurisdiction of merger . In 2014, the US Pacific Command, and enterprise-class operations center in the United States have also launched joint information environment “Delta 1” have reached initial operational capability.

US Department of Defense Joint Information Environment has given a total of $ 239 million to ensure funding for the purchase of core routers, optical network equipment, fiber optic, network devices, storage devices, security tools and other infrastructure, management and maintenance of the Defense Information Systems Network. In the context of budget cuts, the US military had more dependent on commercial space field, planned in 2016 by the local company responsible for global broadband communications satellite (WGS) in daily operations. In the civil-military cooperation in space operations, DISA need to focus on the potential threat so bring, make up the vulnerability of the physical transmission layer.

Third, the face of major combat operations rivals Applications

Navy Information Warfare future construction operations targeting China and other major rivals, based on the field of cyberspace under serious threat in the Western Pacific battlefield environment construction and operation of information and operational deployment to focus on the formation of forward-deployed real deterrent. US military flexibility and emphasizes the use of reliable satellite communications, to support joint information environment physical transport layer, especially for mobile and forward-deployed forces, command and control and ISR equipment to deal with the growing threat of space.

The initial stage of “joint information environment” design applications, the US Navy had stressed in its response cyber threats using a single security architecture (SSA) to reduce the Navy’s networks “cyber attack surface,” the US military response in the face of network damage, theft data and other forms of cyber attacks, to ensure that the US military’s combat information through various channels to secure smooth transmission. If the intruder’s goal is simply to prevent or delay transmission of information, there is no need to pursue a unified security architecture and security code.

Optical Fiber Communication Security System Operation Command Decision Support System is another focus of attention Navy. Currently, 99% of international data traffic through submarine cable transmission, optical fiber communication is the US military’s “joint information environment” an important transport route for the United States to protect allies and overseas military bases of communication and contact. Naval activities is the greatest threat to the submarine cable, submarine cable on the other side of the attack is difficult to prevent, once destroyed will take a long time to repair. Therefore, the Defense Information Systems Agency “Network infrastructure requirements” (NIPR) requires operators to repair the damaged cable within three days, the US Navy underwater submarine cable project team is also responsible for the maintenance and repair tasks to ensure safe and smooth optical fiber communication .

Fourth, call our army building appropriate information warfare capabilities

Faced with aggressive information warfare against the US military posture, Chinese military information warfare must face the challenge to build offensive and defensive information warfare system. Recently, Chinese President Xi Jinping has said it will vigorously promote the revolution in military affairs, the development of “information warfare” new strategies, innovative new military doctrine to fulfill the mission requirements of the system and setup, system equipment, strategy and tactics, management mode. Specific to the field of information warfare is to aim at the US military weaknesses, focusing on the development of anti-satellite missiles, land-based electronic jamming of satellite monitoring and control, high-energy laser to attack satellites and space-based weapons killer weapons, improve the ability of information systems most vulnerable to attack opponents nodes, enhanced network integrated Defense level clouds and terminal element transport layer, dependent on the US military “joint information environment” to implement the most damaging effect, in order to gain the initiative in the local military confrontation or war.

Origianl Mandarin Chinese:





















From Zhuhai Security Bureau, People’s Republic of China


US forces have been brewing for a long time












Original Mandarin Chinese:








Original Source X

Russian cyberwarfare the “people’s war” in cyberspace an important battleground // 中國軍方認為俄軍網絡戰擅長打”人民戰爭” 網絡空間成重要戰場


Russian cyberwarfare the “people’s war” in cyberspace an important battleground 



Information war era, control of information warfare is the first to compete. Network warfare from soft kill to the physical destruction of its implementation hidden, accurate, rapid, controllable, and low cost but high return, both offensive and defensive, with the political war, diplomatic warfare, economic warfare, media warfare, psychological warfare, and other non-legal battle be combined with military means, it is possible to obtain the effect of traditional military means difficult to obtain.

Russia attaches great importance to network warfare troops, the Russian military will “Network Attack” treated as equivalent to fire assault combat style. In 2007 the Red Army statue in Estonia event, the 2008 Russia – Georgia war in 2014, the crisis in Crimea and eastern Ukraine, and in 2015 the Turkish warplanes shot down Russian event, cyberspace is an important battleground.

Today, cyberspace is the most important way to disseminate information, interconnection of the global information network and expand the connotation of the national security interests of the extension. Russia attaches great importance to information security and network security closely related, that the social stability, civil rights, freedom and democracy, order and the rule of law, the wealth of nations, territorial integrity, depends largely on information and network security.

Putin pointed out many times, information resources and political and economic infrastructure plays a decisive role for the country’s future, vital interests and security, we must be prepared to deal with the threat of information, enhance the related infrastructure facilities, especially the strategic defense capabilities information warfare and cyber warfare have been used in various countries to achieve military and political objectives, its power is even greater than conventional weapons.

Russia’s new “National Security Strategy” to enhance the status of network warfare

Russia’s new “National Security Strategy” that the global fight against big nowadays between countries, to take a more “indirect” route, the West provoked Russia’s domestic political turmoil, rise to social conflicts, to impose economic and financial sanctions, support for separatism, nationalism, religious extremism and the local armed forces, the network is one of the main tools.

Russian more use of “information warfare” that term. Information warfare includes intelligence and counter-intelligence, information deception, electronic warfare, communications interference, and navigation warfare, psychological warfare, computer sabotage warfare. Under conditions of modern warfare, information warfare is to ensure the effectiveness of nuclear deterrence, accounting basis against conventional superiority, and network warfare capability is the core of information warfare.

By using a network of weapons of mass repression, civil disturbance or military command, communications system, has become an important part of modern local wars and armed conflicts. Information warfare is not only used by the military for countries, extremist and terrorist organizations are also widely used.

As we all know, Russia’s implementation of the “strategy of containment” strategy and “nuclear deterrence” to “containment strategy” of the highest priority, which is a realistic choice based on its own strength and the international balance of power, but Russia also believes that the prevention of external armed conflict, nuclear deterrence is not always effective in preventing internal conflicts, nuclear deterrence is completely ineffective.

In recent years, many cases of local wars and armed conflicts exhibit remarkable feature is their integrated use of military and non-military means, against the extensive use of information and network attack and defense, in order to achieve military and political objectives. Russia’s new “military doctrine” Emphasizing and enhancing the “non-nuclear containment” status and role in the “containment strategy” in, and information warfare and network warfare capability is an important part of non-nuclear containment capability.

In North Africa and the Middle East countries “color revolutions”, the social networks are the primary means of insurgent groups and proliferation.”Color Revolution” in these countries caused internal conflicts, upgrade to bloodshed and armed conflict, bring down the government, to the detriment of national sovereignty and territorial integrity. Russia’s new “military doctrine” that, in the foreseeable future, Russia is also facing the same danger.

Russia’s new “military doctrine” that, in order to ensure national security and military, against the West in the field of information and ideological offensive penetration, Russia will closely follow the development of information and network technology, to take concrete measures to continuously improve and upgrade the national and military information infrastructure, defense and protection.

Cyberwar is “hybrid war” major combat style

Russia’s actions in Crimea crisis in eastern Ukraine dispute, the distinction between military and non-military actions indistinguishable from conventional and unconventional means integrated use, combines formal and informal style of warfare, and there are large conventional war the difference between this style of warfare by NATO military experts called “hybrid war.”

Mixing the war, through the adoption of small-scale military actions have a decisive effect, with the use of non-military means of diplomacy, energy, economy, network, etc., is applied to the other decision-makers as well as people with physical, practical information can affect the feelings of the other party’s leadership shake the confrontation will thus reach a political purpose of war.

In a mixed war, cyber attacks can give each other military and civilian targets causing destruction of hard and soft, reducing resistance in one’s own military operations. Disseminate targeted information on the network, international and domestic public opinion, create favorable conditions for political, military, diplomatic and economic struggle.

Russia in Syria against ISIS military operations, always firmly occupy the moral high ground, using the Internet to play the battle of public opinion, uphold justice of military operations, effective impact of the international community, national and public opinion to the relevant country to obtain an international community support, reducing the opposition, with the network consensus warfare effective military operations.

Russia fears NATO NATO war will be mixed for the surrounding, especially in the frontier with Russia against the Baltic States. Latvian Defense Minister Weiyuenisi believe that the first phase of hybrid warfare is information warfare, information and network attacks. In 2007, the Estonian government agencies and banks suffered large-scale cyber attacks, Russia was accused launched the attacks. In recent years, large-scale NATO exercises held in the Baltic region, will be “defensive cyber attacks” as a drill subjects, Estonia NATO also established a network warfare command center.

Russia and the United States, between NATO, the possibility of the outbreak of conventional war and nuclear war in the foreseeable future is extremely small, the two sides are also no such intention. But the Russian mixed war can solve political consultations between the military and control them better grasp of the US and NATO “without splitting” the propriety, while it also makes NATO’s collective defense mechanism is not the focal point.

In recent years, Russia has accumulated rich experience in cyber warfare

Like other fighting styles, including network warfare offensive and defensive aspects. Russia is facing a severe situation of network security, in fact, almost all of the information networks in developed countries the situation is the same, and, along with social development and technological progress, the network security situation also deteriorated sharply.

According to the Russian Federal Security Bureau statistics, since 2005, the Russian State authorities has been the site every year nearly 100 million times attacks, the President, the State Duma, strong institutions, banks and other sites is the focus of attack.

In the early 1990s, Russia on the establishment of a committee responsible for information security of network information security. In 1995, the information security management be included in the scope of national security of Russia, Russia has also promulgated the “Russian Federation information, information technology and information networks Protection Act.” In 2002, the Information Security Committee passed the “Information Security Doctrine of the Russian Federation”, put forward the guiding principles for information security.

In 2011, the International Convention on the Russian initiative to develop behavioral norms in cyberspace – “ensuring international information security”, which defined the network security threats and the precautionary principle, proposed a ban on the use of networking and communications technology interfere in internal affairs. The initiative with the US network strategy there is a big difference, so by the US boycott.

The following year, the Russian Armed Forces Chief of Staff Makarov said that in the development of the concept of cyber war, which Russia must be evaluated in order to respond to threats and challenges of Western military powers in the field of network to bring, preparing for cyber warfare. Russian military will focus on the development of network offensive and defensive capabilities, network-building combat power, with the ability to network deterrence, war methods and other research networks.

In 2013, Russian security forces set up the network, one year after the establishment of Network Warfare Command. In more than local wars and armed conflicts, the Russian military has accumulated a wealth of practical experience in the network, with a strong network reconnaissance and anti-reconnaissance, network penetration and reverse osmosis, network attacks and sabotage mental capacity, with advanced logic bomb network warfare weapons.

 Network warfare is combat system, requires the participation and collaboration of relevant sectors of society, Network Warfare Command and the network more combat troops is a leadership, guidance, mobilize and organize the action. Russia has a large number of hackers, software elite and many famous high-tech companies, if necessary, can quickly mobilize a network army, playing the “people’s war” in a space on the network, more than its power in local wars and armed conflicts It has been fully demonstrated.

Compared to land, sea, air, space, power and other battlespace, benefiting from the growing popularity of the global information network, tactics and enter the “threshold” cyberwar almost the lowest and technically distinct “latecomer” characterized in the short term there may be a breakthrough in one area, the formation of “asymmetric” advantage.

Russian conform to the form of war and military technology trends, strengthen capacity building in information warfare as the core network warfare, when participating in the surrounding local wars and armed conflicts, the combat cyber warfare as a supplement to traditional style, is an alternative to strengthen even battlefield While reducing the smoke, but the combat efficiency has increased, and more conducive to shorten the course of the war and to promote a political settlement of the conflict.

Original Mandarin Chinese:



俄羅斯軍隊極為重視網絡戰，俄軍將“網絡突擊”視作等同於火力突擊的作戰樣式。 2007年愛沙尼亞紅軍銅像事件、2008年俄羅斯-格魯吉亞戰爭、2014年克里米亞和烏克蘭東部地區危機以及2015年土耳其擊落俄軍戰機事件，網絡空間都是重要戰場。









在北非和中東一些國家的“顏色革命”中，社交網絡是暴亂組織和擴散的主要手段。 “顏色革命”造成這些國家國內矛盾激化，升級為流血和武裝衝突，導致政府垮台，進而損害國家主權和領土完整。俄新版《軍事學說》認為，在可預見的將來，俄羅斯也面臨同樣的危險。







北約擔憂俄羅斯會將混合戰爭用於周邊的北約成員國，尤其是處在與俄對抗前沿的波羅的海國家。拉脫維亞國防部長維約尼斯認為，混合戰爭的第一階段是信息戰、宣傳和網絡攻擊。 2007年，愛沙尼亞政府機構和銀行遭受大規模網絡攻擊，俄羅斯被指控發動了此次網絡攻擊。近年來，北約在波羅的海地區舉行的大規模演習中，都將“防禦網絡攻擊”作為演練課目，北約還在愛沙尼亞設立了一個網絡戰指揮中心。





早在20世紀90年代初，俄就設立了專門負責網絡信息安全的信息安全委員會。 1995年，信息安全被納入俄國家安全管理範疇，俄羅斯還頒布了《俄聯邦信息、信息化和信息網絡保護法》。 2002年，信息安全委員會通過了《俄聯邦信息安全學說》，提出了保障信息安全的指導原則。






Source: 中國青年報

Cyberspace Adminstration of China: Strategic High Ground of Information Warfare: spatial information confrontation // 中央網絡安全和信息勇空間管理空間信息對抗：信息化戰爭的戰略制高點





    All things Internet era, we must rethink the current and future military struggle in the forefront of what? We are talking about local information technology local war where? Information War made the strategic high ground right where?

All things Internet era, control of information has become the battlefield to win the right to the core of an integrated system, “no network without fighting,” “no victorious day” has become iron law, spatial information system for winning the right to become a strategic war to safeguard national sovereignty, security and development interests ground. It extends to the battlefield where, where the initiative will expand the competition. The main countries in the world attach great importance to and respond to threats and challenges from outer space, the space around the right to development, ownership and control, in a fierce competition.

    Spatial information against a new means of strategic deterrence quality checks and balances

Spatial information can play against fighting the enemy afraid, Gongdi key is a new means of strategic deterrence quality of checks and balances. On the one hand, with a strong spatial information attack capability, can effectively curb space power, space to defend the sovereignty, enhance the right to speak and the initiative in the international arena; on the other hand, has enough spatial information defense, deterrence and containment can launch the Iraq war opponents button, effectively resist the threat and destruction in outer space, to prevent loss of control of the space.

The United States will “Space confrontation” as a strategic deterrent capability and the “Global Strike” and “nuclear strike” both, and since 2001 has performed seven times, “Schriever” space combat computer simulation exercises; vigorously the development, testing and deployment of space information weapon, launching the world’s first reusable aircraft able to detect, control, capture, destroy the spacecraft his country “orbital test vehicle” X-37B space fighter, space fighter program in 2025 to deploy troops in outer space; “global commons domain intervention and joint mobility “concept vowed to quickly weaken the enemy space facilities capacity through non-kinetic measures to destroy its anti-space capabilities in key elements. Russia to develop “military space recovery plan,” President Putin has restarted “crown” anti-satellite project, focusing on the development of anti-satellite weapons, the “strategic air and space battles” as the basic style of air and space operations, three satellite launch last year and aerospace It is regarded by the United States’ aerospace killer “and ready after 2016 to establish a modern space combat system. Japan’s new “cosmic basic plan” clearly states “actively enter the field of space”, was “modern security”, expanded and enhanced features for satellites to monitor vessels at sea and ground facilities, and trying to build a set of positioning, communication and intelligence gathering and other functions in one of the new satellite systems, the scope of application of force to achieve the SDF land, sea, air, space-round leap.

    Spatial information into a military confrontation priority areas for capacity-building

From the world’s military development, the right to take on the overall system of spatial information system other rights, the right to seize control of the spatial information is action battle for dominance of the main action. Local Wars practice, there is no right to make spatial information, the Air Force is difficult to combat, navy naval difficult, with even the best of other weapons and equipment may also be vulnerable to attack.Spatial Information confrontation multidimensional space operations provide important support, “new quality” of the combat system is the ability to generate combat multiplier, it will be the focus of capacity-building in the military field. From Seizing Control of the means, the space combat information control, and flexibility, the use of low threshold, a wide scope, with less damage, be cost-effective, it should be current and future space supremacy capacity-building period key development areas.

Currently, the United States actively promote Asia “rebalancing” strategy, trying to fight the development of spatial information capabilities, not only to develop electronic interference and covert soft kill hard against damage and other spatial information means, actively develop their own approach, rendezvous and docking and other space-based technology against the core , also focused on the development of satellite communications electronic jamming, near real-time detection, interference signal feature recognition, sources of interference positioning technology, efforts to develop a variety of space-based anti-satellite weapons, and has begun to deploy automated attacks, identity systems. November 14, 2012 the United States and Australia announced that the US will place a powerful Air Force C-band radar and space telescope in Australia, and it is clear that the United States will shift the strategic part of Asia. This will enable the US forward-deployed every day to keep better track of up to 200 confirmed over the Asia-Pacific and orbital spacecraft and potential anomalies. According to US media reports, the US Air Force and Lockheed Martin in February this year to start construction work in the future, “Space Fence” The new radar system, which also marks the United States started the S-band ground-based radar system, the radar system will replace the United States in the 1960s developed space surveillance systems. Russia’s “Military News” May 18 reported that Air Force Secretary James declared that the US Air Force budget of $ 5 billion has been requested to establish a defense system for the military space to prepare for a possible conflict. Japan’s space development strategy headquarters set up monitoring force and space, and proposed the next 10 years will be launched 45 satellites ambitious goals in the positive development of the second generation of IGS reconnaissance satellite system, while seeking cooperation with ASEAN countries, to build a Japan center, a network of 68 satellite Earth observation satellites, in an attempt to obtain information from other countries and share with the United States at the same time, strengthen the surrounding sea routes to Japan, the Diaoyu Islands and the adjacent waters of the maritime surveillance capability. According to Japan’s Kyodo News reported, the new “US-Japan defense cooperation guidelines” emphasize the importance of space situational awareness, Japan’s “quasi-zenith” satellite system with US satellite positioning system to achieve docking, the US and Japan will strengthen ocean surveillance satellite, by sharing global marine intelligence, to ensure maritime security channel. Russia already has “reconnaissance, attack, defense” against the ability of spatial information integration, particularly in the fight against satellite communications, missile and space defense confrontation, GPS confrontation, antagonism and kinetic energy anti-satellite laser, etc., with strong technical reserves. Indian space reconnaissance and surveillance satellite system has taken shape, the satellite communication network has covered South Asia and the surrounding area, it has achieved near-real-time satellite communication between the services.

    Spatial information warfare against the construction and development should focus grasp

Do a good job preparing military struggle, we must make efforts to grasp the initiative in the military struggle space and cyberspace, problem-oriented and adhere to asymmetric development, according to the lean, joint, multi-energy, high efficiency requirements, to ensure the good spatial information focus of fighting against the construction.

Set the right strategic direction. On the basis of the importance of space supremacy, attaches great importance to the construction and development of spatial information against the problem, deal with spatial information science strength confrontational relationship with other strategic force for development, to ensure priority development of spatial information countervailing force. Implement the military strategy for the new period, co-ordination within and outside Xinjiang Xinjiang, preparing for war with the stop, deter and combat, constantly important areas and key links to achieve new breakthroughs; spatial information against the building into the overall layout of the army information construction, improve space iNFORMATION wARFARE development strategy planning; constantly improve the system of operational doctrines, promote space information against the construction work and orderly conduct.

Adhere to military and civilian integration. Strengthening military and civilian integration concept, the basic role of market in resource allocation, according to civil-military integration path of development, through laws, and rich integration of forms and expand the scope of integration, improve the level of integration in the scientific research and technology, weaponry, personnel training, etc. aspects, all-round, multi-domain integration, spatial information against the construction of rich resources and development potential. Pay attention to the military think tank function, strengthen the theoretical study of spatial information confrontation and practical issues, exploration of space information confrontation theoretical system, a clear focus on the construction, development of specific plans, enrich and develop operational guidance to ensure that the substantive work forward.

Construction expertise system. According to aim at the forefront, major breakthroughs require leapfrog development, accelerate the building space information confrontation power system, the formation of spatial information ability to fight as soon as possible. Spatial information effectively combat weaponry put strategic position, pay attention to the fight against cross-border joint information space forces the leading role of the traditional power and strength and spatial information of conventional power, to achieve full-dimensional spatial information to flow freely. Actively promote the use of force against spatial information, spatial information to support real-time navigation information reconnaissance operations exercises, testing and training, the formation of combat capability as soon as possible.

Focus on technological innovation. Strengthen technology research efforts, emphasis on spatial information against key technological innovation, stepping up confrontation frontier exploration of space information technology, focusing on the development of advanced satellite communications confrontation, confrontation reconnaissance and surveillance, target feature recognition, information processing technology, and make breakthroughs can promote space information confrontation key technology and equipment updates; attention, independent research and development may change combat style, disruptive technology group rules of engagement, to prevent enemies of my sudden formation of a technical strategy, efforts to form the enemy I have, I have no enemy and some non symmetrical technological superiority.

Original Mandarin Chinese:

目前，美積極推進亞太“再平衡”戰略，竭力發展空間信息對抗能力，不僅大力發展電子乾擾軟殺傷和隱性硬毀傷等空間信息對抗手段，積極發展自主逼近、交會對接等天基對抗核心技術，還重點研製衛星通信電子乾擾、近實時探測、干擾信號特徵識別、干擾源定位技術，努力發展各種天基反衛星武器，且已開始部署自動攻擊、識別系統。 2012年11月14日美國和澳大利亞聯合宣布，美軍將在澳大利亞安置功能強大的空軍C波段雷達和太空望遠鏡，並明確表示這是美國將戰略轉向亞洲的一部分。這一前沿部署將使美每天能夠更好地跟踪確認多達200個亞太上空航天器及其軌道和潛在的異常現象。據美國媒體披露，美國空軍與洛克希德馬丁公司在今年2月啟動了未來“太空籬笆”新型雷達系統的建設工作，這也標誌著美國開始啟動了S波段地基雷達系統，該雷達系統將取代美國20世紀60年代研發的太空監視系統。俄羅斯《軍工新聞網》5月18日報導，美國空軍部長詹姆斯宣稱，美空軍已要求50億美元的預算以建立一個防禦系統，為可能發生的太空軍事衝突做準備。日本成立宇宙開發戰略總部和太空監測部隊，並提出今後10年將發射45顆衛星的宏偉目標，在積極發展第二代IGS偵察衛星系統的同時，正在謀求與東盟國家合作，構建一個以日本為中心、由68顆衛星組成的地球觀測衛星網絡，企圖從他國獲得情報並與美國共享的同時，加強對日本周邊海上要道、釣魚島及其附近海域的海洋監視能力。據日本共同社報導，新版《美日防衛合作指針》強調太空態勢感知的重要性，日本“準天頂”衛星系統與美國衛星定位系統將實現對接，美日將利用衛星加強海洋監視，通過共享全球海洋情報，確保海上通道安全等。俄已具備“偵、攻、防”一體的空間信息對抗能力，特別是在衛星通信對抗、導彈和空間防禦對抗、GPS對抗、激光對抗和動能反衛等方面，擁有雄厚的技術儲備。印度空間偵察監視衛星系統已初具規模，衛星通信網已覆蓋南亞及周邊地區，各軍種之間已實現近實時衛星通信。