


In the first of several instalments, Andrew Greg helps to shed some light on terms you may see relating to paintings on Art UK – and across the art world.

Even experts don’t know who painted many of the pictures on Art UK. Indeed, the more expert you are the more you may have good reason to doubt who a painting is by!

In the past many a painting has been given the wrong artists’ name – perhaps because it just looked similar to other works by the artist, or was a good copy or version of a known painting, or because a dealer or auctioneer wished to make a healthy profit. 

As archival research and scientific techniques have improved, we probably have a more accurate picture than previous generations, but the work of some great artists is still subject to much scholarly dispute.

Users of Art UK will see several terms used alongside an artist’s name. What do they all mean? Although different collections may use slightly different definitions and quite loosely, the following explanations are useful to supplement the Art UK glossary. Titian is used below just as an example.

After Titian (also sometimes Copy of, or Copy after Titian)

This indicates that the painting is a copy of a known painting by Titian. The copy may be by a pupil, colleague or later artist, even an amateur, but the original design is Titian’s. Many copies of well-known paintings have been made in the artist’s studios by assistants, in art academies as training exercises, by professional copyists to sell to tourists, and of course as deliberate forgeries. For example, Titian’s Diana and Callisto, owned jointly by the National Galleries of London and Scotland, was copied probably by a Spanish artist and by the British artist Henry Stone in the seventeenth century. The copies are now in the National Trust’s collections at Knole and Kedleston respectively.

Diana and Callisto

Diana and Callisto 1556–1559

Titian (c.1488–1576)

Master of…

About 100 artists on Art UK, particularly before 1500, are identifiable only by the characteristics of their style and where and when they worked; their names are unknown. These artists are usually named after the place they worked, the name or location of a prominent work, etc., using terms like the ‘Master of the Alkmaar’, the ‘Master of the Holden Tondo’, or the ‘Candlelight Master’. In time their true identity may be found.

Studio (or Workshop) of Titian

This means that the painting is very close to Titian’s style and most likely painted by someone working in his studio as an apprentice, a pupil or assistant, and therefore under the master’s supervision. Some paintings may have been jointly painted by the artist, by ‘Titian and workshop’, for example, or ‘Titian and pupils’. This will often be an appropriate attribution when they are workshop copies made in the artist’s workshop, perhaps portraits from a successful portraitist’s studio, where the master may only have painted the faces himself. London’s Courtauld Gallery has several fine paintings that may be from Titian’s workshop.

Active dates

Sometime not enough biographical information is known about an artist to be certain about their birth and dates. However from dated paintings, stylistic comparisons and documentary evidence, historians may know the approximate dates between which the artist worked.

Andrew Greg, National Inventory Research Project, University of Glasgow