Forensics Final

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Forensics Final
2011-06-05 22:14:18
Forensics Final

Forensics Final
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  1. What is the procedure for admitting scientific evidence in court?
    • Admissibility hearing should be held by trial court
    • Ruling has to be confirmed by appellate court
    • Supreme court approves the ruling
    • Then legal precedent for admissibility is established
  2. What confounds the acceptance of scientific evidence?
    • Three admissibility standards
    • Frye
    • Federal rules of Evidence
    • The Daubert Standard
  3. When was the first time DNA was used in a criminal trial in the USA?
  4. What were the challenges to PCR based DNA testing?
    • Specific application of the methodology
    • Disclosure of development validation and proprietary reagents
  5. What is certification?
    Refers to qualification of individuals working in the forensics lab
  6. What is the purpose of accredidation?
    To improve the quality of Forensic Crime Laboratory Services
  7. What is Forensic Science (forensics)?
  8. What are some real world DNA fingerprinting applications?
    • Crime Scene
    • Family Pedigree
    • Anthropology Studies
    • Food Identification
    • Human Remains Identity
    • Monitoring Transplants
  9. What are the 6 basic concepts in physical evidence?
    • The division of matter
    • Transfer
    • Identification
    • Classification or Individualization
    • Association
    • Reconstruction
  10. What are the 2 fundamental scientific principles for analysis of forensic evidence?
    • Divisible matter- prior event before transfer
    • Transfer matter- sharing or exchanging of matter when crime is commited
  11. What is identification?
    Answers what it is (type of collected evidence)
  12. What is classification?
    Categorizing of collected evidence
  13. What is individualization?
    Unique characteristics
  14. How much DNA is used for forensics?
  15. What is genetics?
    The study of gene variation and inheritance
  16. What are alleles?
    An alternative form of a gene or a trait or marker
  17. What is a locus?
    • The site where a molecule of a gene
    • A DNA sequence resides on the chromosomes
  18. What is a genetic marker frequency?
    The frequency of a given marker in a population
  19. What is genetic concordance?
    The measure of strength of marker evidence
  20. What does linkage disequilibrium explain?
    Non-random association of alleles at two or more loci
  21. How is in vitro DNA replicated?
  22. What is HLA-DQ alpha, HLA-DQA1 and how are the results shown?
    • Human leukocyte antigen locus
    • Marker found in human chromosome 6
    • Shown in strip reverse dot blot
  23. What is AmpliType PM-DQA1 (polymarker)?
    • Modified system of HLA-DQA1
    • Uses polymarkers to increase the power of discrimination (using PCR)
  24. What are the sources of DNA in human cells?
    • Nuclear DNA
    • Mitochondrial DNA (autonomous circle of DNA)
    • mtDNA (inherited from maternal side only)
  25. What is hetroplasmy?
    A mixture of mtDNA type
  26. What are samples for mtDNA?
    • Hair shaft
    • Nails
    • Old bones
  27. What is the advantage of multiplex PCR?
    10 or more STR loci can be simultaneously amplified
  28. What are the 4 DNA isolation techniques?
    • Chelex
    • QiaAmp
    • Organic
    • Differential
  29. What is DNA isolation?
    A technique used to extract and separate DNA only from other cell components and foreign materials
  30. What is Chelex Extraction used for and how does it work?
    • Very Small Samples
    • Uses chemical beads, chelex, that collect and bind all non-DNA materials
    • Not good for RFLP
  31. What is QiaAmp Extraction?
    • Silica columns bases method
    • Cell/nucleus lysed and rinsed
  32. What is organic extraction?
    Need larger sample, but maintain quality and quantity better
  33. What is differential extraction?
    A technique to isolate DNA from other cell samples mixed with sperm cells
  34. What is reverse dot blot PCR?
    Probes are immobilized on a strip and PCR samples are added to the strip
  35. What are the 3 steps of PCR?
    • Denature
    • Anneal
    • Extend
  36. What is the marker specific to male DNA?
  37. What things can degrade DNA?
    • UV light
    • Humidity
    • Temperate
    • Chemicals
  38. What is star activity?
    Non stringent conditions for performance of specific enzyme
  39. What is stochastic fluctuation?
    Unequal representative of alleles due to sampling errors
  40. What is preferential amplification?
    • One allele is amplified more than the other (looks homozygous)
    • Allelic dropout
  41. What is the purpose of DNA typing?
    To identify if a person is the source of biological evidence
  42. What are the two typing systems for profiling?
    • Detecting continuous alleles (RFLP)
    • Detecting discrete alleles (PCR)
  43. What are the 3 ways samples show genetic concordance?
    • Samples are from the same source
    • Coincidence (2 people have the same genetic profile for a particular marker)
    • Error in collection of handing of a sample
  44. What two genetic models do we used to estimate allele frequency?
    • Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
    • Linkage Equilibrium
  45. What does the frequency estimate?
    • The evidence profile, not the suspect profile
    • The evidence profile is then matched
  46. What are the steps used in estimating profile frequency?
    • Population studies (collect data)
    • Frequency is tested for departure from HW and LE
    • Calculate Genotype frequency
    • Calculate frequency by multiplication of loci
  47. Why is it necessary to establish the DNA databank?
    Repeat offenders
  48. What is the difference between a databank and a database?
    • bank- all information about the offender and process of handling the case
    • base- part of the databank
  49. What is required for successful Databank?
    • Legislation
    • Sample collection
    • Sample analysis
    • Establishing a database for analyzed data

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