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1001. Margaret Sanger (1883-1966)


1002. Edward Ross (1866-1951)

Sociologist who promoted "social psychology," the belief that social environment affected the behavior of individuals. He believed that practical solutions to current problems should be derived through the united efforts of church, state and science, and that the citizens should actively try to cure social ills rather than sit passively and wait for corrections.

1003. Richard Ely (1854-1943)

He asserted that economic theory should reflect social conditions, and believed that the government should act to regulate the economy to prevent social injustice.

1004. Initiative, referendum, recall


1005. Direct Primary


1006. 16th, 17th, 18th and 19th Amendments


1007. Charles Evans Hughes (1862-1948)


1008. Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire


1009. Anti-Saloon League


1010. Square Deal


1011. Newlands Reclamation Act, 1902


1012. Forest Reserve Act, 1891


1013. Anthracite Coal Strike, 1902, George F. Baer


1014. Elkins Act, 1903, rebates


1015. Hepburn Act, 1906


1016. Mann-Elkins Act, 1910


1017. "Trustbuster"


1018. Northern Securities Company case

The Supreme Court ordered this company to dissolve because it was a trust.

1019. Meat Inspection Act


1020. Upton Sinclair, The Jungle


1021. Pure Food and Drug Act


1022. Conservation Conference, 1908

An environmental conference to study the nation's natural resources and how to conserve them.

1023. Panic of 1907

Caused by mistrust for and lowered confidence in bankers.

1024. Election of 1908

Taft, Republican, won over Byran, Democrat, because of his support of Roosevelt.

1025. Mark Hanna (1839-1904)

Prominent Republican senator and businessman, he was Republican campaign manager.

1026. Scientific Management, Frederick W. Taylor

1911 - Increased industrial output by rationalizing and refining the production process.

1027. Wisconsin, "Laboratory of Democracy"


1028. Robert M. LaFollette (1855-1925)


1029. Regulatory commissions

Formed to set safety standards and to enforce fair practices of business competition for the sake of the U.S. public.

1030. Florence Kelley, consumerism


1031. Home Rule for cities

The idea was that the people of a city should decide how the city is run.

1032. Tom Johnson, Sam (Golden Rule) Jones, Brand Witlock, Hazen Pingree

Mayors for social reform, they wanted a reform of values over more legislation.

1033. City Manager Plan, Commission Plan


1034. William Howard Taft

27th President (1908-1912), he was the only man to serve as both President of the U.S. and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Overweight, he was the only president to get stuck in the White House bathtub. Roosevelt supported he in 1908, but later ran against him.

1035. Department of Labor


1036. Payne-Aldrich Tariff, 1909

With the fear of foreign competition gone, it lowered rates to 38%. Democrats felt it did not go far enough and passed the Underwood Tariff in 1913 to further lower taxes.

1037. Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy


1038. Uncle Joe Cannon (1836-1926), Old Guard

Speaker of the House, he could make or break legislation form 1903 to 1910. He represented the Old Guard, which controlled Congress, and his arbitrary tactics led to the adoption of resolutions in 1910 limiting the power of the Speaker.

1039. Senator George Norris (1861-1944)

Congressman from Nebraska, he was a reformer Republican who helped lead the rules change of 1910 which ended the arbitrary power of the Speaker. Known as the father of the Tennessee Valley Authority, he was author of the 20th Amendment. Later, while in the Senate, he was an isolationist who tried to keep the U.S. out of WW I.

1040. Rule of Reason: Standard Oil case, American Tobacco case

1911 - Supreme Court allowed restrictions on competition through the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.

1041. "Dollar Diplomacy"


1042. Secretary of State Knox (1853-1920)

Developed dollar diplomacy with Taft, he encouraged and protected U.S. investment abroad.

1043. Manchurian Railroad Scheme

The U.S. planned to build a railroad to transport American products into China. It would have allowed the U.S. to corner the China market.

1044. Roosevelt's Osawatomie, Kansas speech

Teddy Roosevelt's speech given in Kansas on his Square Deal and "Big Stick" foreign policy. Roosevelt said, "speak softly and carry a big stick."

1045. Taft-Roosevelt split


1046. Bull Moose Party


1047. Woodrow Wilson, New Freedom


1048. Theodore Roosevelt, New Nationalism


1049. Herbert Croly, The Promise of American Life

Editor who wrote The Promise of American Life about government authority being used to balance economic activity. This was the basis for Theodore Roosevelt's "New Nationalism."

1050. Election of 1912: Wilson, Roosevelt, Taft, Debs, issues

Wilson, Democrat beat Roosevelt, Progressive (Bull Moose), Taft, Republican and Debs, Socialist. The issues were the economy and growing conflict in Europe.

1051. Daniel DeLeon, IWW, Wobblies, "Big Bull" Haywood


1052. Pujo Committee


1053. Federal Reserve Act


1054. Underwood-Simmons Tariff


1055. Income tax


1056. Federal Trade Commission, Cease and Desist Orders


1057. Clayton Antitrust Act, labor's Magna Carta


1058. Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan (1860-1925)

Served as Secretary of State under Wilson from 1913-1915, he resigned in protest of U.S. involvement in WW I.

1059. Arbitration Treaties

Negotiated by U.S. using arbitration, the mediation of a dispute, Taft promoted these agreements as an alternative to war in Latin America and Asia.

1060. Panama tolls dispute

Dispute over canal toll charge between the U.S. and Panama.

1061. Colonel House

He was openly pro-British and was sent to Europe by Wilson to mediate. He would tolerate no interference in matters of foreign policy.

1062. Louis Brandeis (1856-1941), "Brandeis Brief"


1063. LaFollette Seaman's Act

LaFollette was a major leader of the Progressive movement from Wisconsin. He protested the cruel treatment that sailors received and led the fight for this act.

1064. Federal Highways Act, 1916

Passed by Wilson, it provided federal money to build roads. It helped to provide competition to the railroads' monopoly on public transportation.

1065. Adamson Act, 1916

Wilson pushed passage of this act which mandated an eight hour workday and time and a half for overtime.

1066. Smith-Lever Act, Smith-Hughes Act

1917-Established the U.S.'s first Food Administration with the authority to fix food prices, license distributors, coordinate purchases, oversee exports, act against hoarding and profiteering, and encourage farmers to grow more crops.

1067. Virgin Islands Purchased

1917 - U.S. bought them from Denmark and built a naval base to protect the Panama Canal and to prevent Germany's seizure of islands during WWI.

1068. Jones Act, 1916 (Philippine)

Promised Philippine independence. Given freedom in 1917, their economy grew as a satellite of the U.S. Filipino independence was not realized for 30 years.

1069. Jones Act, 1917 (Puerto Rico)

1917 - Puerto Ricans won U.S. citizenship and the right to elect their own upper house.

1070. Mexican Revolution, Diaz, Huerta, Carranza

Diaz was ruler of Mexico for 34 years, and caused much terror and bloodshed. Many people fled to the U.S. to plan a revolution. Huerta, in 1913, overthrew Diaz as dictator and had him murdered. Carranza was the leader of the forces against Huerta. The Mexican Revolution was an unstable situation that led to distrust between the U.S. and Mexico.

1071. Mexican Migration to the U.S.

In the 1800's, Mexicans began moving north to work in agriculture. In the 1920's, they moved into the cities. Men outnumbered women. They faced racial discrimination from Whites.

1072. "Watchful Waiting"

Often said by President Monroe during the U.S.'s isolationism period, when the U.S. was trying to stay out of the affairs of other countries in order to avoid war.

1073. ABC Powers

1899 - Name given to Argentina, Brazil and Chile. They tried to maintain peace in South and Central America.

1074. Pancho Villa, General Pershing


1075. Archangel Expedition

1917 - U.S. sent troops to the Soviet cities of Murmansk and Archangel to reinforce White Russians (non-Communists). The U.S. troops did not fight Communists, but instead defended the ports.

1076. "Sick Man of Europe," Ottoman Empire, Balkan Wars

Because the Ottoman Empire's internal authority had broken down, it was not able to keep order in Macedonia and Albania, and the Balkans were on the verge of war. After the second Balkan war, Bulgaria was forced to surrender much of the territory it won in the first Balkan war.

1077. Triple Entente; Allies

Britain, France and Russia all had economic and territorial ambitions and they all disliked Germany, so they formed an alliance for protection.

1078. Triple Alliance; Central Powers

Germany, Austria and Hungary formed an alliance for protection from the Triple Entente.

1079. Loans to the Allies

During WWII, loans were offered under the Lend-Lease Act, which became law March 11, 1914. The U.S. spent $54 billion.

1080. British blockade


1081. Lusitania, Arabic Pledge, Sussex Pledge

May 7, 1915 - British passenger ships were regularly sunk by German subs, but the Lusitania had Americans aboard and brought the U.S. into the war. Germany promised to stop submarine warfare.

1082. Election of 1916: Hughes, Wilson, issues


1083. Unrestricted submarine warfare

This was the German practice of attacking any and all shipping to countries it was at war with. It annoyed neutral countries.

1084. Zimmerman note


1085. Russian Revolutions, 1917, March and Bolshevik

After years of oppression, the peasants rebelled against the czars. The first government was democratic and weak, so another revolution overthrew that government and instituted a Communist government lead by the Bolshevik party under Lenin. Lenin pulled Russia out of WWI (The Germans may have aided his rise to power so they would not have to fight on two fronts).

1086. War declared, April 1917

U.S. declared war on Germany due to the Zimmerman telegram and the attack on the Lusitania.

1087. "Make the world safe for democracy"

Wilson gave this as a reason for U.S. involvement in WWI.

1088. Creel Committee

Headed by George Creel, this committee was in charge of propaganda for WWI (1917-1919). He depicted the U.S. as a champion of justice and liberty.

1089. Bond drives


1090. War Industries Board

The most powerful agency of the war, it had to satisfy the allied needs for goods and direct American industries in what to produce.

1091. Bernard Baruch

Millionaire, he headed the War Industries Board after 1918.

1092. Herbert Hoover, Food Administration


1093. Espionage Act, 1917; Sedition Act, 1918


1094. Eugene V. Debs imprisoned


1095. AEF


1096. Selective service 1917

Stated that all men between the ages of 20 and 45 had to be registered for possible military service. Used in case draft became necessary.

1097. Black migration to northern cities


1098. Aims of Allies and U.S. at Peach Conference

Allies wanted Germany to pay reparation for costs of war. Wilson brought 14 points, but only one was accomplished. The harsh punishment sent Germany into a depression and aided the rise of Hitler.

1099. Wartime manpower losses

WWI involved violent, modern weapons and old fighting styles. With so many men at war, nations needed other people to work in the factories and other wartime industries.

1100. Fourteen Points


1101. Congressional elections of 1918

The 66th Congress, under President Wilson. He begged people to elect Democrats so that they could support his foreign policy initiatives in Congress, but the public rejected him. The senate had 47 Democrats and 49 Republicans and the House had 216 Democrats, 210 Republicans and 6 others.

1102. Versailles Conference, Versailles Treaty


1103. Versailles Delegation

Led by Wilson, it fought for the inclusion of the 14 Points. Only one to be included was the League of Nations.

1104. Big Four: Wilson, George, Clemenceau, Orlando


1105. League of Nations


1106. Collective Security


1107. New Nations, self determination

After WW I, Germany, Eastern Europe and the western portion of the former Russian Empire split into new countries. Wilson wanted them to have their own governments.

1108. Reparations


1109. Mandate system

A half-way system between outright imperial domination and independence, it was used to split Germany's empire after WW I.

1110. Article 10 (Article X) of the Versailles Treaty

Created the League of Nations.

1111. Article 231 of the Versailles Treaty

One of the more controversial articles, it dealt with the legal liability of Germany vs. the moral liability.

1112. Senate rejection, Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, reservations


1113. "Irreconcilables": Borah, Johnson, LaFollette

Some Senators would have been willing to support the League of Nations if certain reservations were made to the treaty. The "Irreconcilables" voted against the League of Nations with or without reservations.

1114. Red Scare, Palmer raids


1115. Strikes: 1919, coal, steel, police


1116. Inflation during WW I

Caused by increased taxes and the government borrowing money directly from citizens.

1117. Election of 1920: candidates, issues

Republican, Warren G. Harding, with V.P. running mate Coolidge, beat Democrat, Governor James Cox, with V.P. running mate, FDR. The issues were WW I, the post-war economy and the League of Nations.

1118. Brief depression, 1920-1921


1119. Election of 1920: candidates, issues, vice-presidential candidates


1120. Normalcy

Harding wanted a return to "normalcy" - the way life was before WW I.

1121. Esch-Cummins Transportation Act

Provided for the return of railroads to private control, widened powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission.

1122. Harding scandals: Charles Forbes


1123. Harding scandals: Harry Daugherty

Daugherty was implicated for accepting bribes.

1124. Harding scandals: Secretary of the Interior Fall

Fall leased government land to the oil companies (Teapot Dome Scandal) and was convicted of accepting a bribe.

1125. Harding scandals: Teapot Dome


1126. Harding scandals: Harry Sinclair

He leased government land to the oil companies and was forced to resign due to the investigation. He was acquitted on the bribery charges.

1127. Harding's death, Coolidge takes over


1128. Bureau of the Budget

Created in 1921, its primary task is to prepare the Annual Budget for presentation every January. It also controls the administration of the budget, improving it and encouraging government efficiency.

1129. Secretary of the Treasury Mellon, tax cuts


1130. Senator George Norris (1861-1944), Muscle Shoals

He served in Congress for 40 years and is often called the Father of the Tennessee Valley Authority, a series of dams and power plants designed to bring electricity to some of the poorest areas of the U.S., like Appalachia.

1131. Election of 1924: candidates

With Republican Coolidge running against Democrat Davis and Progressive LaFollette, the liberal vote was split between the Democrat and the Progressive, allowing Coolidge to win.

1132. Robert M. LaFollette (1855-1925)


1133. Progressive Party

The popular name of the "People's Party," formed in the 1890's as a coalition of Midwest farm groups, socialists, and labor organizations, such as the American Federation of Labor. It attacked monopolies, and wanted other reforms, such as bimetallism, transportation regulation, the 8-hour work day, and income tax.

1134. McNary-Haugen Bill, vetos

The bill was a plan to raise the prices of farm products. The government could buy and sell the commodities at world price and tariff. Surplus sold abroad. It was vetoes twice by Coolidge. It was the forerunner of the 1930's agricultural programs.

1135. Federal Farm Board


1136. Election of 1928: candidates, personalities, backgrounds

Herbert Hoover, the Republican, was a Quaker from Iowa, orphaned at 10, who worked his way through Stanford University. He expounded nationalism and old values of success through individual hard work. Alfred E. Smith, the Democrat, was a Catholic from New York, of immigration stock and advocated social reform programs.

1137. Bruce Barton, The Man Nobody Knows, 1925

Advertising executive Barton called Jesus the "founder of modern business" because he picked men up from the bottom ranks and built a successful empire.

1138. Henry L. Mencken, editor of the magazine, The American Mercury


1139. "The Lost Generation"


1140. F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby


1141. Sinclair Lewis, Main Street, Babbit


1142. Theodore Dreiser, An American Tragedy

Foremost American writer in the Naturalism movement, this book, written in 1925, criticized repressive, hypocritical society. It tells about a weak young man trying unsuccessfully to rise out of poverty into upper class society who is executed for the murder of his pregnant girlfriend.

1143. Ernest Hemingway, A Farewell to Arms


1144. T.S. Elliot, "The Waste Land"

One of the most influential poets of the early 20th century, he had been born in St. Louis, Missouri, but moved to England after college and spent his adult life in Europe. The poem, written in 1922, contrasts the spiritual bankruptcy of modern Europe with the values and unity of the past. Displayed profound despair. Considered the foundation of modernist, 20th century poetry.

1145. Sigmund Freud's Theories


1146. KDKA, Pittsburgh

One of the first radio stations to pioneer in commercial radio broadcasting in 1920. By 1922 there were 508 radio stations.

1147. Prohibition, Volstead Act, Al Capone


1148. Ku Klux Klan in the 1920's


1149. Fundamentalists


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