Page header image

Spina Bifida

What is spina bifida?

Spina bifida is a birth defect that happens when the spinal column does not completely close before birth. An opening is left between the bones of the spine (vertebrae) that allows spinal membranes and sometimes the spinal cord to bulge out of the back. This can damage nerves and the spinal cord and cause problems for your child.

It can range in severity and is most severe when the spinal cord sticks out and is not covered by skin.

Children with the more severe form of spina bifida may have:

  • Some paralysis in the legs
  • Learning disabilities
  • Trouble controlling their bowel and bladder
  • Kidney problems
  • A buildup of fluid around the brain

What is the cause?

The exact cause of spina bifida is not known. The defect usually happens in the first month of pregnancy. Viruses, radiation, or exposure to some antiseizure medicines during pregnancy may be a cause.


What are the symptoms?

Your child may have a tuft or clump of hair or a small dimple or birthmark on the skin over an area of the spine. Or there may be a fluid-filled sac on the baby’s back.

Symptoms caused by spina bifida depend on how severely the spinal cord and nerves are damaged. For example your child may have:

  • A loss of feeling in an area of the body
  • Weakness of the hips, feet, or legs
  • Partial or complete loss of use of the legs (paralysis)

How is it diagnosed?

Tests may be done during pregnancy to see if a baby has spina bifida. The blood test called a quad screen, done during the second trimester, includes a measurement of the level of a protein called alpha fetoprotein. The levels of this protein may be especially high if a baby has spina bifida.

After birth your child’s healthcare provider will examine your child. Tests may include different kinds of scans and nerve tests.

How is it treated?

Treatment depends on the location and severity of the defect. It includes surgery to close the area and watching the child's growth and development.

If only the protective sac around the spinal cord is sticking out and there is no nerve damage, chances are good that after the child has surgery to close the area, there will be no remaining effects. If the spinal cord is sticking out, the child's legs may be paralyzed. The amount of paralysis depends on where the opening is. The lower the opening is in the back, the less paralysis there is.

Treatment may also include:

  • Waist or leg braces, walkers, crutches, and other equipment
  • Diet and bowel training
  • Bladder therapy or devices that help in bladder control

How can I take care of my child?

Follow your child’s healthcare provider's instructions. Ask your provider:

  • How and when you will hear your child’s test results
  • How long it will take for your child to recover
  • How to take care of your child at home
  • What medical specialists your child may need to see, such as an eye care provider


You can get more information and find local support groups from:

How can I help prevent spina bifida?

You can lower the risk of having a baby with spina bifida by taking folic acid before and during pregnancy. All women of childbearing age should talk with their healthcare provider about a folic acid supplement.

Developed by RelayHealth.
Pediatric Advisor 2013.2 published by RelayHealth.
Last modified: 2013-02-25
Last reviewed: 2013-02-07
Page footer image