article by NaserIbrahim1


									JAN BRODAL

Floral Motifs in Gar£in and Dagny Juel: A Literary

After having held literature under its sway during the 1870s and 1880s,
realism gradually looses its dominance as the 1890-ies draw closer.
     This is the period which was dubbed “la belle epoque” or, more
neutrally “fin de siecle”. The former name, with its affectionate ring,
points to the relative stability of the period; it was a time of peace,
progress and comparative affluence. Just as a beloved child often has
many names, the art and literature of the time has many names: Mod-
ernism, neo-romanticism, secession, art nouveau, dekadentizm, deka-
dentstvo, symbolism, impressionism. Should the quality of this art be
measured by the number of names it bears, it was indeed a very rich
time.1 The writers, having rid themselves of the strict, rational dogmas of
realism, which was understood by many as the ultimate, scientifically
approved artistic interpretation of reality, now start to indulge in fantasies
– sometimes more or less bizarre – and give free vent to the hidden im-
pulses of the mind.
     Precisely these qualities are easily detected in that poetic manifesto of
Norwegian neo-romanticism, Vilhelm Krag’s “Fandango”, as well as in
the novels of Knut Hamsun, to mention only two of the representatives
of this trend on Norwegian soil.
     The Russian writer most widely read in Norway during the 1890s
was – without doubt – neither Fedor Dostoevskij nor Lev Tolstoj, but
Vsevolod Gar£in. In the course of a comparatively short time practically
all of his works were published in a succession of editions, translated by
the well-known Norwegian translator K. Fosse.2 Since these editions

  A more systematic diskussion of these terms can be found in Maria Podraza-Kwiat-
kowska, Literatura M¬odej Polski, Warszawa 2001, pp. 5-18.
  Jan Brodal, ”The Reception of V. M. Gar£in in Norway”. In The Slavic World and
Scandinavia: Cultural Relations, Århus 1988, pp. 53-63.

were consecutive, we may conclude that the enterprise was not unpro-
fitable for the publisher. Gar£in also attracted the favourable attention of
such well-known critics of the time in Norway, as Nils Kjær and Carl
      Looking back, one cannot but admit that Gar£in was a true innovator,
a writer “ahead of his time”. We find in him many features typical of
modernism that are not discernible in any of his Russian contemporaries,
but are already prominent outside Russia. (As we know, Charles Baude-
laire published Les Fleurs du Mal in 1857).
      Among Scandinavian scholars of the Slavonic literatures, Ad. Sten-
der Petersen has pointed to Gar£in’s role as an anticipator of symbolism.
Commenting on Gar£in’s famous short story “Krasnyj cvetok” (The Red
Flower, 1888), he states that “i denne mærkelige novelle nåede Gar£in så
tæt ind til en symbolistisk motivbehandling, at kun et skridt syntes at
skille ham fra den literatur som faktisk slog igennem i det næste århund-
rede” [“in this strange short story, Gar£in came so close to a symbolistic
treatment of his motif that he seems to be just one step away from the
literature that would actually achieve a breakthrough in the new cen-
      That Gar£in also may have influenced Scandinavian writers from the
period after the breakthrough of symbolism or neo-romanticism is indi-
cated by the writings of Dagny Juel Przybyszewska (1866-1901).
      Dagny Juel Przybyszewska is one of those characters of whom it is
proverbially said that they never become prophets in their own home
country. Although her plays were staged in several places in Poland and
Bohemia during the first decade of the 20th century, they have never been
produced on stage in her home country. Although interest in her seems to
be on the increase, she still seems to be better known as the wife of the
turbulent Polish writer Stanislaw Przybyszewski and an inspiration for a
long series of literary and artistic lovers (including August Strindberg and
Edvard Munch), than as a literary artist in her own right. Nevertheless,
she wrote a series of short plays and poems in prose, as well as some
poems, and in addition she translated the first two volumes of her

 Ad. Stender-Petersen, Den russiske literaturs historie, København 1952, Vol. 3, p.

husband’s novel trilogy Homo Sapiens from German into Dano-Nor-
wegian (Stanis¬aw Przybyszewski until 1892 used German almost exclu-
sively as his literary tool).
      Dagny’s writings are in several ways quite typical of the literary style
and thematics that was dominant around the fin de siecle, a literature that
expressed what Knut Hamsun in his unique way formulated as “de
hemmelige bevægelser, som bedrives upåaktet på de avsides steder i
sjælen, den fornæmmelsenes uberegnelige uorden, det delikate følelsesliv
holdt under lupen, disse tankens og følelsens vandringer i det blå, skridt-
løse, sporløse reiser med hjernen og hjertet, selsomme hjernevirksom-
heder, blodets hvisken, benpibernes bøn, hele det ubevidste sjæleliv”.4
Still there is something more to be traced in Dagny Juel Przybyszewska,
a personal, feminine accent, an unexpected twist to the accepted standards
of fin de siecle “bohemian literature”, which gives her dramatic, flowery
texts – sometimes exalted in the extreme – a certain feminine strangeness
which makes the reader interested, or even slightly provoked.
      Undoubtedly the frequent occurrences of floral motives in the works
of the moderna is highly significant of its time, the end of the 19th cen-
tury. So is the concept of creating a synthetic style, embracing and unit-
ing all forms of art. Thus floral motives are to be found not only in the
literature of the time, but also — and even more so — in the pictorial arts.
As perhaps never before or after, there existed at this time certain bonds
that expressed themselves in common motives and methods, uniting art in
its most different forms.
      A Polish historian of art expresses this aptly:

    “Nigdy przedtem nie rozwineˆ¬a sieˆ jednoczesnie, w sposób równo-
    leg¬y literatura, muzyka, sztuki pieˆkne. Nastaˆpi¬a integracja sztuk,
    swoista symbioza jej poszczególnych rodzajów i gatunków. Wyrazna
    sta¬a sieˆ daˆΩno•¶ do wzajemnego laˆczenia sieˆ i wzajemnego przenika-

  “(…) the secret movements which go on unnoticed in the faraway recesses of the
soul, this unpredictable disorder of the perceptions, the delicate life of the imagination
put under the magnifying glass. The peregrinations of the mind and the emotions of
the blue, journeys in the heart and brain, without tracks and traces, the whispering of
the blood, the prayers of the blood cavities, the subconscious life of the soul in all its
richness”. Originally published in the journal Samtiden, 1900.

    nia. Malarstwo sta¬o sieˆ poetyckie, literatura wzorowa¬a sieˆ na muzy-
    ce, poezja upodobni¬a sieˆ do prozy, proza zas do poezji. Krytyka lite-
    racka i krytyka malarska ztosowa¬y zbieΩny jeˆzyk (...)”.5

      Therefore, one of the most characteristic representatives of the mo-
derna is the Pole Stanis¬aw Wyspiaºski, who in his person united the
fiction writer and pictorial artist. Wyspiaºski wrote poems and plays, he
painted and designed furniture, posters, and books. He left posterity
many exact and beautiful drawings of plants and flowers (motives later
utilized by the Polish Post Office as motifs for postage stamps).
      And Dagny Juel Przybyszewska not only had ambitions as a writer,
but also as a pianist, besides translating her husband’s novels from Ger-
man into Dano-Norwegian.
      The floral motifs, then, express the vitalism inherent in the art of the
secession period, which also makes itself felt in one of the names applied
to this current: Jugend, which means youth. Its never-ending floral orna-
ments signify the provocative potency of an artistic movement which was
sure that the future was on their side. At the same time its exponents
express an extremely keen awareness of death. In Dagny Juel Przyby-
szewska, for instance, Love always appears in conjunction with Death.
Thus the floral imagery, the floral ornaments, which never appear in
isolation, which always link on to something, is also an expression of the
eternal recurrence of things, a notion that attracted great interest at the turn
of the 19th century. These images of flowering and ever recurring Life
never fail to tell us that the individual lives of plants and flowers never-
theless manage to assure us that, although the individual has to die,
Youth everlasting will be victorious in the great Chain of Being.
      But let us return to Gar£in. In him floral imagery is most prominent-
ly employed in fables (or fairy tales as Ad. Stender Petersen prefers to
call them), such as “Attalea Princeps” and “Skazka o ¢abe i roze” (The
Tale of the Toad and the Rose), as well as in the famous “Krasnyj cve-

 Stefania Krzysztofowicz-Kozakowska: “Ruch Artystyczny koºca wieku. Od narodo-
wego romantyzmu do M¬odej Polski”. In M¬oda Polska 1890-1920. Kaków-Brussel
1997, p. 31.

     In all these places the floral motif is used for purposes of allegory. In
the lesser of the three, “Skazka o ¢abe i roze”, it is employed to juxtapose
beauty and ugliness, good and evil, in a moral as well as an aesthetic
     The forces of evil, embodied in the shape of an ugly and repulsive
toad, are repelled by the forces of good in the shape of the rose and a
brother and a sister. The girl thwarts the toad’s attempt to gobble up the
rose, kisses it and presents it to her brother, “which was the best thing
that had ever happened to the rose in all her life.”6
     “Attalea Princeps” tells the story of a giant palm by that name. The
palm, like the other plants appearing in the fairytale, is slightly anthro-
pomorphized to serve the artistic purposes of the author. Attalea grows in
a greenhouse “in a certain big city” which may easily be identified as “go-
rod na Neve”. The plants are protected by the glass roof from the severe
Northern climate, but nevertheless they are suffering from their lack of
freedom, they are “imprisoned plants”:

    “Vast though the greenhouse was, they were cramped in it. The tangl-
    ed roots fought one another for moisture and nutrition. The branches
    of the trees were entwined with the huge leaves of the palms, which
    they bent and broke, themselves pressing up against the iron frames
    and bending and breaking in turn. The gardeners were constantly lop-
    ping the branches and tying the leaves up with wire to curb their wild
    growth, but it did not help much. What the plants needed was the
    wide free spaces of their native habitats. They were natives of hot
    climes, luxurious creations, who remembered their native countries,
    and yearned for them. However transparent the glass roof might be, it
    was not the bright sky.”

      Attalea tries to unite the other plants to make a break for freedom,
but does not get much help from what we today might be prone to call
“the silent majority”. In the end, she succeeds in defecting to freedom,
only to discover that freedom is not what she expected it to be:

  All quotations from the works of V. M. Gar£in are from the edition V. Gar£in, Sto-
ries, translated by Bernard Isaacs, Moscow, 1982.

     “Is this all?” she thought. “Is this all I languished and suffered for so
    much? And to attain this had been my fondest dream?”

      In the end Attalea is cut down by the authorities of the botanic gar-
den. Freedom brings her not Fulfilment, but Death.
      Another work by Gar£in where floral imagery is prominent, is
“Krasnyj cvetok”. In it “Garshin’s morbid, highly-strung moral sensi-
tivity reaches its highest pitch”, reflects Dmitrij Mirskij.7
      In this story the final message may seem somewhat more optimistic
than in “Attalea Princeps”, but the contents is even more sombre. The
protagonist is an inmate of a psychiatric hospital. Gradually he arrives at
the conclusion that a sumptuous scarlet flower growing in the hospital
garden is the incarnation of all that is evil in the world, and that he
himself has been chosen to uproot this flower, thus ridding the world of
the evil besetting it. His act assumes the character of an act of self-
sacrifice and religious heroism (podvig), which makes it part of an age-
old Russian social and literary tradition. The story’s hero is aware that
this act will involve his death, but this does not in any way intimidate

      “The last!” whispered the patient. “The last. Today victory or death.
    But that does not matter any more. Wait”, he said, looking up at the
    sky, “I shall be with you soon.”

     In Dagny Juel Przybyszewska’s works, floral imagery predominates
in her prose poems, although it can occasionally be found in her plays as
well. Her work stems from a tradition different from that of Gar£in, and
thematically they differ considerably from them as well. A central posi-
tion in them is occupied by the man-woman relationship, especially as
manifested in its erotic aspects. Emotional antagonisms, often originating
from feelings of jealousy, abound. In her texts, she stresses the elemental
forces of existence, life and death, love and jealousy. These forces are
given preeminence above the principles of morality and religion.

 Cf. D. S. Mirsky, A History of Russian Literature from its Beginnings to 1900, ed.
Francis J. Whitfield, New York, 1958, p. 350.

     Dagny Juel Przybyszewska’s prose poems are often provided with
epigraphs designed to put the reader in an appropriate mood. As a rule
they are written in another language than her mother tongue: “Sing mir
das Lied vom Leben und vom Tode”, “Et la tristesse de tout cela, oh mon
âme…”, “I Tusmørket”, “In questa tomba oscura…”
     The floral motifs of Dagny Juel Przybyszewska function on several
planes and are of a very protean character, even as the authorial focus is
shifts and the motif appears in a changed form.
     In Dagny Juel Przybyszewska, as elsewhere in the literature of the
end of the 19th century, the flower often appears as a symbol of life. The
flower is introduced as such in “Sing mir das Lied vom Leben und vom
Tode”. A woman sits by the bier of her dead husband, who is initially
described in very positive turns of phrase:

    Hans øines lysende straaler havde spundet et diadem om hendes
    pande, stoltere end nogen kongelig herskerinde havde baaret det. Hun
    havde været dronning i kjærlighedens rige, thi aldrig havde nogen
    mand elsket en kvinde høiere end han hende. Og nu var han død.8
    [The bright beams of his eyes had spun a diadem about her forehead,
    prouder than any royal ruler had ever worn. She had been queen of
    the realm of love, for never had any man loved a woman more than he
    loved her. And now he was dead.]

   While the husband is described in extremely positive terms, the
woman is correspondingly described in negative terms:

    Hun tænkte paa alt, han havde givet hende – og hvor lidet hun havde
    givet ham igjen.
    [She thought of all he had given her – and how little she had given
    him in return.]

 All citations from the works of Dagny Juel Przybyszewska are taken from the edition
Dagny Juel, Samlede skrifter, Elverum, 1996.

    Dagny Juel depicts Death metaphorically by likening it to the wither-
ing of flowers and trees, just as, e.g. Vilhelm Krag does in his famous
poem “Fandango”:

   Aldri mer skulde hun læse i hans øine, at hun var solen, hvorom
   jorden dreied sig. Aldri mer skulde hun føle duften af de blomster
   hans kjærlighed avlede frem omkring hende. Blomsterne var nu
   visnede, og dronningkronen havde dødens knokkelhaand revet af
   hendes hoved.
   [Never more would she read in his eyes that she was the Sun around
   which the Earth turned. Never more would she smell the scent of the
   flowers that his love propagated around her. The flowers were now
   withered, and the queen’s crown had been torn from her head by the
   bony hand of death.]

     Thus her status as woman, beloved and beautiful, somehow appears
to be conditioned by the existence of a male partner, in this case her hus-
band; as soon as he is gone, her ”queen’s tiara” is gone as well.
     Continuing with the text, we soon notice that this praise is not at all
without reservations. The protagonist submits to the death of her husband
without particular grief:

   Hun følte sig rolig, lettet, nesten glad. Hun strakte armene du og aan-
   dede dybt, som befriet fra en pinlig tanke.
   [She felt calm, relieved, almost happy. She stretched out her arm and
   took a deep breath, which released her from a painful thought.]

    What she has experienced in their conjugal life, then, may rather be
described as somewhat of a burden:

   Ah, blomsterne i hans kjærligheds have hadde vokset for yppigt om-
   kring hende, duften havde betaget hende aandedrættet, blomsterranke-
   ne havde slynget sig om hændes liv, til hun havde følt sig bunden på
   hænder og fødder.
   [Ah, the flowers in the garden of his love had grown too abundantly
   about her, the scent had stolen her breath away, their stalks had

   wound themselves about her body until she had felt she was bound
   hand and foot.]

     One may risk the contention that the flowers in Dagny Juel Przy-
byszewska’s poem have changed from being a symbol of freedom into
being a symbol of bondage.
     On this point, one might as well presume an analogy with Gar£in’s
“Attalea Princeps”. In this short story the protagonist at a certain point
ceases to be a symbol of free will, liberty and life, and turns into a
symbol of death.
     At this point in the description we take leave of the floral motif, until
the poetess finally reintroduces it, in a rather odd twist which might even
be characterized as mediumistic:

         Og hun gik dage og nætter og grubled over denne gaade, over
   disse øine, der fyldte hende med gru, men tillige med en syg længsel,
   hun aldri før havde kjendt.
         Og med et vidste hun det…Det var hans øine! Hans! Den dødes!
   Det var den mands øine, der havde elsket hende saa høit, at hans
   kjærligheds vingeslag selv efter døden fulgte hendes liv.
         Kom han for at spørge, om hun virkelig havde ladet ham falde
   som et vissent blad, om hun havde begravet erindringen om ham og
   hans elskov med hans stivnede legeme?
         Nei, hun vilde ikke se disse fordrende øine, hun vilde ikke
   mindes om sin gjæld. Og hun undveg alle blikke for kun ikke at møde
   dette ene med dets flammespørgsmål, hun ikke vilde søge svar paa.
         [And she spent days and nights worrying about this enigma,
   about these eyes that filled her with awe, but also with a sick longing
   she had never felt before.
         And all at once she knew… They were his eyes! His! The dead
   man’s eyes! They were the eyes of the man who had loved her so
   much that the wingbeats of his love, even after death, followed her
         Did he come to ask if she had really dropped him like a withered
   leaf, if she had buried her memory of him and his love with his stiff

      No, she did not want to see these challenging eyes, she did not
  want to be reminded of her debt. And she avoided all gazes just so she
  would not meet this one gaze with the burning question that she did
  not want to seek an answer to.]

    “In questa tomba obscura” reminds the reader of the horror visions
of Edgar Allan Poe. Again withering flowers and trees symbolize death,
and as in “Sing mir das Lied vom Leben und vom Tode”, there appears a
lover who wants to return to life in order to keep the object of his love
under surveillance. And this time the consequences of this intervention
may be interpreted as fatal:

       Og da hun nu sprang op og vendte sig om, stod han foran hende,
  han som laa paa baaren, han som eied svaret. Og han saa paa hende
  med store, levende, glødende øine. Og hun hvisked skjælvende,
  aandeløs: Svaret, svaret, giv meg nu svaret!
       Da følte hun paa ny hans hænder blive kolde, hans ansigt stivne i
  dødens bleghed, og hans øine lukked sig tungt under hendes fortviv-
  lede blik.
       Kun hans hænder pressed hendes fast og ubønhørrligt, og hun
  visned under deres greb, under hans døde blik, hvordan hun visned
  som et træ om høsten, medens atter stormen sang sin vilde dødspsal-
  me omkring hende og nattens sorte hylled hende ind for evigt.
       [And when she now leapt up and turned around, he was standing
  before her, he who was lying on the bier, he who possessed the
  answer. And he looked at her with big, living, glowing eyes. And she
  whispered, trembling, breathless: The answer, the answer, just give
  me the answer!
       Then once more she felt his hands go cold, his face stiffen in the
  pallor of death, and his eyes closed heavily under her desperate gaze.
       Only his hands pressed hers firmly and mercilessly, and she
  withered in their grip, under his dead gaze, how she withered like a
  tree in autumn, while once more the storm sang its wild hymn of death
  around her and the black of night wrapped itself about her for ever.]

     On this note, on those repeated floral metaphors, end Dagny Juel
Przybyszewska’s prose proems. They were published in the journal
Samtiden in 1900, that is on the very same note which introduces them,
in “Sing mir das Lied vom Leben und vom Tode”.
     Still, the central poem as regards the question of a possible literary
influence by Gar£in on Dagny Juel Przybyszewska is the one called “I
tusmørket” (“In the Dusk”). Here the floral imagery constitutes the sus-
taining structure of the whole poem, just as in Gar£in’s “Attalea Prin-
ceps” and “Krasnyj cvetok”.
     The way the poetess treats her floral images is characteristic: The
flower in “I tusmørket” is a real flower with stem and leaves, but it is still
not naturalistically or even realistically described. This impression is not
least caused by its protean, ever-changing nature: At one point we are told
that it is a cornflower, but in the next moment the poetess supplies
information which makes this highly improbable.
     In the beginning, it is just one flower:

   Denne blomst, denne underlige blomst… Hun satte sig hen til den og
   lod dens fine, lange stængel kjærtegne sit knæ.
   [This flower, this strange flower… She sat down beside it and let its
   long, thin stalk caress her knee.]

Then, suddenly, it multiplies into all the flowers of her youth:

        Hvor ung hun den gang var, og hvor fjern fra livet! Saa fjern, at
   selv hendes længsel neppe naaed det. Hun saa sig selv med favnen
   fuld af blomster, kornblomster, blaa som hendes eget sind, blaa som
   hendes tankelætte foraarssjæl. Og hun kastet og strøed blomsterne
   omkring sig, strøet og samled… gule i haaret, røde om armene, blaa,
   hvide… tulipaner, fioler, syringer (sic!)… Og duften fyldte hendes
   sind, men sjælen sov.
        Saa kom rosernes dage. Bare roser, fulde, tunge, flammende
        [How young she was then, and how far removed from life! So
   distant that even her desire barely reached it. She saw herself with her
   arms filled with flowers, cornflowers, blue as her own mind, blue as

  her cheery spring soul. And she threw the flowers and strewed them
  around her, strewed and gathered… flaxen hair, red arms, blue,
  white… tulips, violets, lilacs… And the scent filled her mind, but her
  soul slept.
      Then came the days of roses. Just roses, full, heavy, flaming

    But before this, we have already been introduced to the flower as a
personification of the female protagonist, as her alter ego, so to speak:

        Dens øine fyldte hende med en hemmelig lykke. Hun læste sin
  egen længsel i blomstens store, bløde øine. Hun havde fundet noget
  igjen i den, noget hun havde mistet, en klang, en tone i sin sjæl. Den
  sang en hymne hun havde glemt. Oh, det smerted som en krænkelse,
  naar en (sic!) af de store, hvide øine visned bort og faldt.
        Og hun tænkte paa alle sit livs brogede, duftende blomster. Hun
  følte dem flagre omkring sig lig tusindvingede, tusindfarvede fugle.
  Alle melodier havde de sunget, alle farver havde de spundet over hen-
  des nat og dag.
        [Its (i.e. the flower’s) eyes filled her with a secret happiness. She
  read her own desire in the flower’s big, soft eyes. She had found
  something in it, something she had lost, a tone, a note in her soul. It
  sang a hymn she had forgotten. Oh, it stung like an insult whenever
  one of the big white eyes withered away and fell.
        And she thought of all the gaudy, sweet-smelling flowers in her
  life. She felt them flapping about her like many-winged, many-colour-
  ed birds. They had sung all melodies, they had spun all colours about
  her night and day.]

     This partial identification is not sustained however, in accordance
with the ever-changing authorial focus. The flowers again and again ap-
pear as independent, although closely related, beings.
     What can be considered a fact at least, is that the flower(s) can be
considered the central phenomenon and ultimate symbol of the female
protagonist’s life, and this symbol changes from good to bad.

    At a certain point the narrative makes a sudden turn, not unlike what
happens in “Sing mir das Lied vom Leben und vom Tode”. It is worth
while citing the poetess at some length on this point:

        Men da roserne visned, glæded hun sig. Hun nød at se bladene
  gulne i randen. Hun tog bægge hender fuld (sic!) og lod dem falde, et
  for et. Hun rysted hækken, saa et regn af matte, blege blade risted over
  hendes hoved. Og hun saa at roserne var sorte med forkullede blade.
        Da gik hun langsomt langs bække og myrer, og hun samled my-
  rens blege voksblomster med dunede stængler, hun samled bækkens
  hvide kalablomster med de gyldne munde, hun samled søens matly-
  sende stjerner og roser med de kolde, vaade arme, og snigende
  voksed de ind i hendes hjerte og suget sig fast derinde.
        Men hun frøs, og en morgen følte hun sit hjerte som en hvid og
  kold krystal. Glansen skar hende i øinene, og hun længtes efter hem-
  melige blomster, som ingen sol havde skindet paa, farlige blomster,
  som bar gift i sine aarer, bedøvende og uforstaaelige.
        Og en nat fandt hun dybt inde i skoven, inde i skyggen, hvor
  ingen solstraale kunde naa frem, en mørk og skjæbnesvanger plante
  med laadne blade og tungsindige klokker av farve hentet fra himmelen
  og fra jorden. Hun læste graadig i dens slørede øine, hun pressed den
  til sit hjerte, og hun følte, at hun elsked dens giftige aande.
        Stille tog hun den med til sit hjem, triumferende satte hun den i
  høialteret og ofred til den. Og en gysende glæde fyldte hende ved at se
  giften dryppe ned, draabe for draabe dryppe over sit allerhelligste…
        Men ogsaa hendes stolte giftblomst visned, og da den træt foldet
  sine blade sammen, rev hun den rasende ned fra sin helligdom og
  kastet den ut på gaden.
        [But then, when the roses withered, she was happy. She loved to
  see the leaves yellow at the edges. She filled both hands and let them
  fall, one by one. She shook the bush, so a shower of dull, pale leaves
  rustled above her head. And she saw that the roses were black with
  charred leaves.
        Then she strolled slowly along streams and moors, and she picked
  the pale waxflowers of the moors with their downy stalks, she picked
  the white calla of the stream with their golden mouths, she picked the

   dimly glowing stars and roses of the lake with their cold, wet arms, and
   they wiled their way into her heart and clung on to it tightly.
        But she was cold, and one morning she felt her heart as a cold,
   white crystal. Its shine blinded her, and she longed for secret flowers
   no sun had ever shone upon, dangerous flowers that carried poison in
   their veins, sleep-inducing and ungraspable.
        And one night she found, deep in the forest, in the shade where
   no ray of the sun could penetrate, a dark, fateful plant with hirsute
   leaves and heavy-hearted bells of a colour taken from the sky and the
   earth. Avidly she read its veiled eyes, she pressed it to her heart, and
   she felt she loved its poisonous breath.
        Quietly she took it back to her home, triumphantly she placed it on
   the high altar and made a sacrifice to it. And a terrible happiness filled
   her on seeing the poison drip down, dripping drop by drop over her
   most sacred place…
        But even her proud poison flower withered, and when it was tired
   and folded its leaves, in a rage she tore it down from her altar and cast
   it out into the street.]

     Dagny Juel Przybyszewska thus eventually enters the metaphysical
sphere. The flower which has already been anthropomorphized is now
elevated to the status of an evil deity, at the same time as the protagonist’s
dwelling is being transformed to a place of adoration, a veritable shrine.
This calls to mind one of Dagny’s husband’s most famous titles: “The
Synagogue of Satan”.
     But here, as we see, the literary creator is superior to the newly
created evil deity; it does not possess eternal life, and is therefore dropped
on the garbage heap by its disappointed worshipper. In her literary uni-
verse, the literary creator has power to overthrow gods and the funda-
mental forces of life.
     Here is a parallel with Gar£in in “Krasnyj cvetok”. The only differ-
ence is that Gar£in describes this state of affairs as a result of folly,
whereas, in Dagny Juel Przybyszewska’s universe, it is part of an inher-
ent order.
     Identical in both works is the interpretation of the flower as the agent
of the evil power of Ahriman; in Gar£in it may even be interpreted as

Ahriman himself: When the madman uproots and kills the scarlet flower
he definitely liquidates all that is evil on earth. He takes it away from the
place where it is growing, as the protagonist of “I tusmørket” takes her
evil flower away from the sacred place where she has put it. In the latter
case, the flower is transformed from a symbol of love into a symbol of
evil – this transormation is not to be found in Gar£in, although the scarlet
flower, besides being a symbol of evil, is also to a certain extent a
symbol of beauty. The same goes for the symbolic function as an
embodiment of “The God that failed”; it is prominent in Dagny Juel
Przybyszewska, but is not to be found in Gar£in.
     In “Krasnyj cvetok”, we are witnessing a struggle involving Life and
Death. In Dagny Juel Przybyszewska, the dramatic introduction peters
out in something which is rather a dream, or can even be interpreted as a
funny play, as becomes evident at the end, where part of the imagery
employed in the introduction is repeated:

        Nu vilde hun ingen blomster mer… Men de kom, de voksede op
   allevegne, de myldred omkring hende, flagred omkring i hendes stue
   som tusindvingede, tusindfarvede fugle. Skinnende liljer slikked efter
   hende med glødende mennesketunger, orchideer, chrysantemer, kak-
   tus, orleander (sic!)… brune, gule, underlig røde, blaa som eventyrets
   lysende grotte. Duften fortumled hende… hun hørte deres hvisken…
   nu saa hun hele blomsterskaren skride imod sig… de trykked hende,
   pressed hende, de pusted sin skrækkelige aande ind i ansigtet… hun
   kvaltes… hun kvaltes… oh!
        Hun var jo alene og kun en blomst, hendes sjæls blomst stod ved
   hendes side. Den kjærtegned hende med sin lange, fine stængel og saa
   paa hende med de store, hvide stjærneøine.
        Da følte hun sit hjerte banke af en ny lykke, hun følte dets strenge
   klinge under blomstens blik: min stjerne, stjernen over min sjæl!
        Og sangen steg og fyldte rommet, og hun vidste at hendes lykke
   boed i den: min stjerne, stjernen over min sjæl.
        [Now she wanted no more flowers… But they came, they grew
   everywhere, they milled around her, flapping about her lounge like
   many-winged, many-coloured birds. Shining lilies licking at her with
   red-hot human tongues, orchids, chrysanthemums, cacti, oleander…

   brown, yellow, strange hues of red, blue as a shiny fairytale grotto.
   The scent confused her… she heard their whispers… now she saw the
   whole host of flowers march towards her… they pressed her,
   squeezed her, they blew their terrible breath into her face… she was
   choking… she was choking… oh!
       But she was all alone and just one flower, the flower of her soul,
   stood by her side. It caressed her with its long, thin stalk and gazed at
   her with its big, white starry eyes.
       Then she felt her heart beat with new happiness, she felt its string
   sing out under the flower’s gaze: my star, the star above my soul!
       And the song rose and filled the room, and she knew her happi-
   ness dwelt there: my star, the star above my soul.]

      Thus, the flower in Dagny Juel Przybyszewska’s prose poem in the
end emerges as a positive symbol, contrary to what is the case in “Kras-
nyj cvetok”.
      The question remains whether it is possible to postulate a literary in-
fluence from Gar£in on Dagny Juel Przybyszewska, on the background
of the parallels indicated above. Some facts that contradict this conclusion
are the following: From what we know today, it is not possible to estab-
lish with certainty that Dagny Juel Przybyszewska knew V. M. Gar£in,
let alone read his works. Generally speaking, not many of Dagny’s letters
and personal notes have survived. Her marriage to Stanis¬aw Przy-
byszewski was gradually considered more and more of a mismatch by
her relatives, who took care to destroy anything which might shed light
on the relationship. On the other hand, Przybyszewski’s second wife
Jadwiga embraced Dagny with morbid jealousy, and burned all the letters
remaining in the possession of her husband.
      Still Gar£in’s great popularity in Russia and beyond in the 1890s,
and his reputation as a fashionable writer, makes it unlikely that Dagny,
with her affinities to the Slavonic world, should not know him and his
writings. It seems likely that she must have read his works in the trans-
lations of Karl Olav Fosse or in German translation.
      Thematically as well as formally, we have been able to point to ob-
vious parallels and similarities. Their attraction to symbolic representa-
tion, their propensity for pessimism and their predilection for extremes

rather than l e j u s t e m i l i e u, are factors that contribute to the
possibility of literary influence. How important one would consider these
common qualities within the present interpretation is naturally, a matter
for anyone who might take upon him- or herself the task of analyzing
their works. Evidently, it is possible to interpret these parallels as coinci-
dental or expressions of a literary convention that was fashionable just
     Again one is struck by the paradoxical fact that the method of com-
parative historicism in the analysis of literature often reveals its weak-
nesses just when it comes to the main point, i.e. its claim to be based on
empirical treatment of the literary facts, because not infrequently the facts
that are supposed to link the literary work with the reality of the writer are
not to hand in sufficiently large numbers.


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