

Maya Angelou's books, and her life itself, became a kind of rallying cry, an affirmation.

Before she sat down to write her first book, "I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings," Maya Angelou had already pulled off several stunning acts of personal reinvention. The St. Louis-born daughter of an Arkansas sharecropper family, Angelou had been a streetcar conductor, teen mom, a fry cook, a professional dancer, an actress, a journalist and a playwright (more or less in that order) — all before she turned 40.

By 1969, when she published "I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings," the autobiography that cemented her place in the U.S. literary canon, Angelou had transformed herself into the consummate cultural networker, bridging the worlds of art and political activism. She worked with the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., was a friend to Malcolm X during his African sojourn, acted alongside Broadway thespians like James Earl Jones and was a confidant to novelist James Baldwin.



Later, Oprah Winfrey and others made an industry out of the survivor narratives of 20th century America. But it was Angelou who helped show us the depth of human courage and fortitude to be found among the seemingly weak and defenseless.

"Once I got into it I realized I was following a tradition established by Frederick Douglass — the slave narrative — speaking in the first-person singular talking about the first-person plural, always saying I meaning we," she told the Paris Review in 1990.

Her epic autobiography project eventually resulted in seven books spanning more than 1,000 pages. The final volume, "Mom & Me & Mom" — a portrait of her independent, often-absent mother — was published in 2013.

Angelou had grown up among field workers, seeing "fingers cut by the mean little cotton bolls," she wrote in "Caged Bird." She was educated in schools that taught her Shakespeare but that denied her and her people the opportunity to live any other life but that of manual labor.

"There was no 'nobler in the mind' for Negroes," Angelou wrote, remembering a segregated eight-grade graduation at which the valedictorian quoted "Hamlet." The then 12-year-old Angelou was unconvinced. The "world didn't think we had minds, and they let us know it."

Angelou's books, and her life itself, became a kind of organizing tool, a rallying cry, an affirmation. We may be born low and despised, her books said, but we are alive and free. We think, we fight, we long to create things of beauty. Her books became staples of American classrooms.

She wrote sitting in bed with "a bottle of sherry, a dictionary, Roget's Thesaurus, yellow pads, an ashtray, and a Bible," as interviewer George Plimpton once reminded her. Her long and illustrious book-writing career was not only the third act in Angelou's life, it was also a vocation born accidentally over a dinner conversation in Manhattan.

She was just trying to keep up with Baldwin, who was a great raconteur. Cartoonist Jules Feiffer and his wife, Judy, were sitting at the table too: They listened to her stories of the South and later called an editor at Random House.

The books that resulted could be as tender and pointedly observant as the works of the great thinker and ethnographer W.E.B DuBois; as angry and raw as the novels of Richard Wright; or as lyrical and proud as the Harlem Renaissance poets whose work Angelou admired.

"Each year I watched the field across from the Store turn caterpillar green, then gradually frosty white," she wrote in "I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings." "I knew exactly how long it would be before the big wagons would pull into the front yard and load on the cotton pickers at daybreak…"

"Caged Bird" ends with Angelou pregnant. "The world had ended, and I was the only person who knew it," she wrote.

But in this, the darkest of her moments, a new vision of herself and her future was born. "For eons, it seemed, I had accepted my plight as the hapless, put-upon victim of fate and the Furies, but this time I had to face the fact that I had brought my new catastrophe upon myself."



"On the Pulse of Morning," Angelou's inaugural poem, was a celebration of American diversity and fortitude.

"There is a true yearning to respond to/The singing River and the wise Rock," Angelou wrote, in a poem that was praised mostly for the fullness with which the onetime actor delivered it. "So say the Asian, the Hispanic, the Jew/The African, the Native American, the Sioux,/The Catholic, the Muslim, the French, the Greek…"

By then, Angelou's voice, born in the Deep South, had itself achieved a kind of universality. The hopeful words of a one-time "victim of fate" had come to stand for the best of what an entire country saw in itself.