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Natural gas industry sees decade-low prices

The price of natural gas has fallen to its lowest level in more than a decade, a remarkable decline for a commodity that not long ago was believed to be in short supply.

The country's supply of natural gas is growing so fast that analysts worry the country's underground storage facilities could reach their limits by fall.

On Friday, the futures price of natural gas declined to $1.981 per 1,000 cubic feet, its lowest level since Jan. 28, 2002, when the price hit $1.91. If the price falls to $1.75, it would be the lowest since March 23, 1999.

Natural gas production has boomed across the country as energy companies employ a new drilling technique to tap previously untouched reserves. The process has raised concerns about water safety, and has been temporarily banned in New York and New Jersey. But where it has been allowed, it has led to increases in drilling, job growth and production.

The falling price of natural gas has been a boon to homes and businesses that use the fuel for heat and appliances, and for manufacturers that use it to power their factories and make chemicals, plastics and other materials.

From October to March, households spent $868 on average on natural gas, a decline of 17 percent from last winter. Those savings have helped to relieve the burden of rising gasoline prices. Households spent $1,940 on gasoline from October to March, a 7 percent increase from the same period a year ago.

There is so much natural gas being produced -- and still in the ground -- that drillers, policymakers, economists and natural gas customers are trying to figure out what to do with it.

Here's more about what natural gas is, what it is used for, who makes it and where it comes from:

>History: Natural gas seeps baffled early civilizations, and likely inspired the ancient Greeks to build the shrine known as the Oracle of Delphi. In the U.S., the natural gas industry was launched in 1859 when Edwin Drake struck oil and gas in Titusville, Pa. Natural gas prices were regulated for most of the last century. It wasn't until 1993 that the last of the federal price controls were lifted.

>What exactly is it?: When natural gas is pulled from the ground, it is 70 percent to 90 percent methane, a simple molecule of carbon and hydrogen that is the most abundant organic molecule on earth. Methane is what gets delivered to homeowners. But the natural gas that comes out of the earth also contains some ethane, propane, butane and other hydrocarbons. These other hydrocarbons are separated from the methane and sold to chemical companies and other industrial users.

>Origins of a glut: As recently as five years ago, natural gas was thought to be in short supply in the U.S. Then engineers learned to drill horizontally into shale formations and inject millions of gallons of water, sand and chemicals to break open rock and free the natural gas trapped inside. Enormous reserves of gas that were suddenly economical to produce were found in the East, Southeast, Midwest and West.

>Prices and costs:

*Current U.S. futures price: $1.981 per 1,000 cubic feet

*All-time low: $1.32 (Jan. 13, 1995)

*All-time high: $15.3 (Dec. 5, 2005)

*10-year average: $5.96

*Average price in Asia: $15.90

*Average price in Europe: $9.37


*Top five producers of natural gas in the U.S.: ExxonMobil, Chesapeake Energy, Anadarko Petroleum, Devon Energy, Encana.

*Top five producing states in the U.S.: Texas, Alaska, Louisiana, Wyoming, Oklahoma.

*Top five producing countries: U.S., Russia, Iran, Algeria, Canada.

>How natural gas is used in the U.S.:

*34 percent is used to generate electric power. (It accounts for a quarter of the nation's electricity).

*30 percent is used by industry to heat boilers or make chemicals, fertilizer and plastics.

*21 percent is used to heat homes, cook, dry clothes and heat water.

*14 percent is used by office buildings, restaurants and shops.

*0.1 percent is used to power trucks, buses and other vehicles.

>Possible uses for growing U.S. supply:

*Expand the production of plastics, fertilizers and other products that use natural gas as a feedstock.

*Liquefy it and export it to Asia and Europe, where it fetches far higher prices.

*Build natural gas fueling stations to encourage trucking and other commercial fleets to use compressed natural gas or liquefied natural gas as fuel.

*Turn it into diesel or ethanol.

Sources: Oil Price Information Service, Platts, Energy Information Administration, Natural Gas Supply Association, Energy Intelligence.