Betekintés: Cristina Coculescu - Mathematical Modeling and Its Role in Operational Research, oldal #5

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cisional mechanism description of decision processes logic, besides the
considerration of future system objectives, are the main elements of knowledge of reality necesarry for
The second phase of modeling is the properly building of the model. This operation, in the very most
cases in practice, consists of the application of a classical modeling instrument, chosen from the extreme
diverse scale which operational research theory put for us. In such situations, analyst’s skill consists of
correspondence establishment between reality and modeling instrument known in dedicated literature.
There are also cases when such correspondence can’t be established, the analyst being obliged to
elaborate new models. These can be of two kinds: a) combinations of classical models from theory
domain and b) new properly models. In the first case, all is reduced to the good knowledge of reality and
theory, whereat a skill portion in method combination must be added. In second case, it says about
original creation. The elaboration of the really original mathematical model claims, besides deep
knowledge of reality which follows to be modeled, a very solid mathematical culture, imagination and
skill. As how it results from dedicated literature, there is a big variety in mathematical structure, and
model logic, from very simply models, non-axiomatized, how are those of linear programming, to
combinatorial ones, in problems of graph theory, critical way analysis and operative programming of
production and till very finesse models, showed axiomatized like those of utility or group decisions.
Clearly, elaboration in axiomatized form of a model is a superior stage in modeling process, which,
unfortunately, can’t be always reached in practice.
An axiomatized model (axiomatic system) contains:
- System axioms, representing phrases explained in mathematical form, very few as usual, which
contain some truths of big generality concerning the phenomenon which is modeled, so general than all
objective and particular ascertainments, will be able to be deduced from those general;
- Inference rules representing rigorous prescriptions, the only admitted into the system, where
through it passes from axioms to theorems or from already demonstrated theorems to other new ones.
- Theorems, these are more or less particular phrases, mathematically explained, deducted
through inference rules step by step, from postulates and which explain properties of modeled
When in axiomatic modeling process the concepts which follow to be used are explained in limitative
kind, therefore a list of mathematical notions and operations admitted in system is given from beginning,
there is gained a superior shape of axiomatic system named formal system. Formal systems are still very
little used in science and so, less used in economic management and leading sciences.


Axiomatization and, at last analysis, formalization, represent the future in mathematical modeling, grace
of exceptional rigor they put in, considerable decay of intuition and arbitrary elements that, however
much less than in non-mathematical models, are still present in axiomatized mathematical modeling..
The third phase of modeling is the model confrontation with reality, and eventually, its experimentation.
This phase is realized within system implementation which can be considered the forth and the last phase
of modeling.
One of the main characteristics of operational research methods is that some problems of operational
research can be theoretically regarded, as pure mathematical ones. As economic analysts, we are firstly
interested in the link of mathematical models to reality, the capacity of those methods and models to
reflect economic reality and to effectively contribute to the improving of the practice of management
decisions adoption.
Historically, some of operational research problems appeared, rightly, under pure mathematical aspect,
many years before the apparition of organized activity and the name of operational research. Therefore,
some notions of graph theory are known since more than a century, waiting theory has the origin in some
Erlang’s works since second decade of XX century, and stock theory appeared towards 1930.
As self-contained branch, operational research hardly appeared during the World War II, through the
making of complex teams (mathematicians, engineers, economists, biologists, psychologists and so on)
having tasks of optimization of decisions concerning actions preparatory for military operations. After the
war, the teams so formed have rapidly re-profiled for peaceful activities. Having a spectacular
development last three de

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