A List of Foods From the Medieval Times

Cheese has been consumed in Europe since Medieval times.
Cheese has been consumed in Europe since Medieval times. (Image: cheese image by AGITA LEIMANE from Fotolia.com)

In Medieval Europe, people's diets were very much based on their social class. While the nobility could afford top quality meat, sugar, exotic fruit and spices imported from Asia, peasants often consumed their own produce, which included bread, porridge, peas, onions, carrots, cabbage and other vegetables, as well as dairy products and very occasionally meat. In the Middle Ages, cooked food was the norm, but the foodstuffs that went into a dish and their quality depended to a large degree on the social class.

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Meat was a staple food among the rich, who often enjoyed hunting. In addition to wild deer, boar, duck and pheasant, the nobility also ate beef, mutton, lamb, pork and chicken. Meat was roasted most of the time, but occasionally turned into stews. A Medieval dinner party could have as many as six meat courses, but the poor could rarely afford meat. Only the cheapest cuts of meat were available to them.


Wheat was widely cultivated across Medieval Europe. Although also used in sausages, stews and soups, most cultivated wheat was turned into bread. While the nobility ate the more expensive white bread, the lower classes could only afford dark bread, made with sieved or bolted wholemeal flour, which was often mixed with other available grains cultivated as animal fodder, such as barley, rye and oats, or even beans and chestnuts. To peasants, porridge was an alternative to bread. The upper classes also used wheat flour to make cakes and pies.


The lower classes consumed cabbage cooked and fermented. The vegetable was not common in the upper circles as it was considered a "peasant's food." It was also thought to cause melancholy and nightmares, though it was recommended as an antidote to drunkenness. Peasants also consumed carrots, turnips and beetroots boiled or as soup. The nobility avoided garlic and onions, because of their strong taste and smell, preferring instead to use the milder leek to make soups, stews and sauces. Peas were considered a staple food among the rich and the poor alike. They were eaten green or dried, often cooked with bacon or served with meat. Peas did not have the same reputation as beans, which were also regarded as "peasant's food."

Dairy Products

The majority of peasants worked as farmers, growing foodstuffs and rearing cattle for their landlords, who were often rich or part of the nobility. While meat was destined for the landlords, milk and eggs were generally more accessible to the peasants. Adults rarely consumed milk, and cheese was the main source of protein for the poor, together with beans and peas. The upper classes also ate cheese, but preferred types that were very salty and aged.


  • "Food and Eating in Medieval Europe"; Martha Carlin et al.; 1998
  • "Food in Medieval Times"; Melitta Weiss Adamson; 2004
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