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Computers Chase the Checkered Flag

Man and Machine - Rubens Barrichello of the Ferrari team, left, inside his Formula One car at the Canadian Grand Prix in Montreal. A steering wheel, with its screen and controls, is essentially a computer itself.
Photograph from Ferrari


Published: June 17, 2004

Photographs from Ferrari
The Formula One racer Michael Schumacher on the track in Montreal.

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Photos from Ferrari
Massimo Pancini of Ferrari and a team of technicians analyze data at a computer center during a qualifier.

MONTREAL, June 13 - The buttons, knobs and levers on Michael Schumacher's steering wheel offer stark evidence of the way computing has transformed Grand Prix auto racing.

The wheel, about half the size of those in most passenger cars, is essentially a computer, with electronic controls governing hundreds of elements of the car's performance and a display giving Schumacher an instant reading on his status, from his lap speed to his location on a course map.

And Schumacher, who won the Canadian Grand Prix here on Sunday, personifies a new breed of racers whose success hinges as much on his mastery of computerized systems as on his driving skill.

Before each race, he said, "I sit with the engineers and combine the feeling I have as a driver with what they are seeing in the data" - data allowing simulations of all manner of situations that Schumacher might face.

Once in the driver's seat, he sits alone. But as he races, his Ferrari team can track even the most minute aspect of the competition, capturing data in multi-megabyte wireless bursts each time the team's cars flash past the pits, often in excess of 200 miles an hour.

The data is transmitted to a computer center in the team's garage on the pit lane, where it is analyzed by more than a dozen technicians. It is simultaneously sent over the Internet to a larger data center in Maranello, Italy, where more complex analysis is done to help the team boss, Jean Todt, plot strategy from his seat in front of a computer screen on the pit wall and talk by radio with the drivers.

Technology, of course, is reshaping the preparation and tactics for many sports. But in Formula One racing, it is at the center of the sport, a test of the ability to perfect the synergy between man and machine. And the result has been to create a cyborg - a blend of man and machine in every sense of the word.

The emphasis on technology in Formula One racing is a striking contrast to the Indy-car circuit, which has less powerful cars and more strictly limits computerized technologies.

Even so, the high-tech push has created tensions in the Formula One world - particularly over the remarkable spending war among the 10 teams that compete each year for the championship.

The numbers are not public, but according to Paul Stoddart, owner of the Minardi racing team, the teams will spend $2.8 billion during this year's circuit, which continues over the coming weekend with the sole American event on the tour, the United States Grand Prix in Indianapolis.

"You can run a small country on $2.8 billion and still get change," he said.



The technological advances are also testing the International Automobile Federation, the sport's international regulatory body. The federation is at the center of a debate over the ability of the wealthiest teams to arm themselves with invincible advantages, almost entirely centering on computing controls in the cars and computer simulation in design.

The seesaw battle around the role of computing in Formula One began in earnest in 1992 when the federation eliminated turbocharged engines in an effort to control race car speeds. As a result, car designers turned to computerized systems, including two-way telemetry, a relay of data that enables the pit crew to control the car.

The federation, seeking to keep the sport more competitive, responded by banning two-way telemetry, and several other automation features in shifting and other controls. Still, the teams continue to look for a technological edge, as do sponsors eager to showcase the potential of their technologies.

AMD, the Silicon Valley computer chip maker, sponsors Ferrari in part because it sees the company's history as paralleling its own, said Hector Ruiz, AMD's chief executive. The Italian car company was once an underdog like AMD, he said. Now he hopes AMD computers will be instrumental in sustaining Ferrari's leadership. "This is not your grandfather's Formula One car," he said. "We're trying to make this a partnership that goes beyond advertising."

Indeed, AMD, the Avis of the PC business to Intel's Hertz, is trying to turn the tables in Formula One racing. On Thursday, the company is expected to announce its second Formula One racing partnership, under which it will supply a supercomputer roughly as fast as the world's 10th most powerful machine to the Swiss-based Sauber Petronas racing team.

The machine, to be used for aerodynamic simulation, highlights another issue for the sport's authorities: the amount of track testing permitted for the cars, testing that costs about $750 per mile and badly handicaps the less wealthy teams.

The federation is considering a limit on testing, but that might well touch off an even more expensive competition in which teams increasingly replace road-track testing with computer simulation.

Computer simulation is already integral to the sport. The Ferrari team's wireless data system provides data on more than 500 aspects of performance - readings that can enable the pit crew to tell the driver whether he is handling the car correctly through the corners, to gauge whether parts are about to fail and take preventive action, or to plot strategy based on tire wear.

The data and analysis tools came into play crucially for Schumacher in his victory at the Spanish Grand Prix in Barcelona on May 9. Midway through the race, the team noticed a fracture in the car's exhaust system, clearly visible in pressure readings from many places in the engine. Moreover, the technicians were able to watch the effect of the exhaust leak by constantly monitoring heat sensors sending back data from points around the engine.

Ferrari's technical director, Ross Brawn, said he recalled a similar incident several years ago that had led to a suspension failure from leaking heat.

"We could clearly understand the failure from watching the data," said Luca Baldisseri, Ferrari's manager of race strategy. "We knew immediately there was no safety problem."

But the team continued to monitor the heat of the suspension and alerted Schumacher to slow his pace to limit the risk of further damage.

The blend of man and machine coming to the fore in racing evokes the "spam in the can" debate on manned space flight, described by Tom Wolfe in "The Right Stuff."

In the face of blindingly fast computer technology, the United States military has long debated the question of the "man in the loop," a reference to how much control should be given to aircraft pilots.

Now that same debate is recurring in Formula One racing as response times fall to milliseconds. The drivers themselves generally seem to believe that the racing will be more exciting if technology is limited.

In an interview in the pit area next to the Montreal race course, the Circuit Gilles Villeneuve, Mark Webber, a 27-year-old Australian who drives for Jaguar-Cosworth, acknowledged that the line between computer technologies and driver skill is an extremely fine one and constantly under pressure.

"I'm a big fan of having as much load on the driver as possible in terms of making the car go faster," he said.