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Human reproduction is a complex and remarkable process. Women’s and men’s reproductive systems compliment one another, and each is essential for reproduction.

There are two types of sex cells involved in human reproduction: the male’s sperm and the female’s egg. An egg that has been fertilized by a sperm cell grows and divides in a woman’s uterus (womb) throughout pregnancy until childbirth. The resulting child’s genetic makeup comes from the sperm and egg cells produced by the father and mother.

The Female Reproductive System

Female Reproductive Organs
Female Reproductive Organs
© 2011 Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.

The female reproductive system includes the:

  • Vagina —a muscular passage that connects the cervix with the external genitals
  • Cervix —the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina
  • Uterus —a hollow, muscular structure in which the fertilized egg implants and fetus grows during pregnancy
  • Ovaries —two glands that produce eggs, as well as the female hormones estrogen and progesterone
  • Fallopian Tubes —two tubes that connect the ovaries with the uterus

During a woman’s menstrual cycle, which usually lasts about 28 days, her body prepares for the possibility of a pregnancy.

In the first half of the menstrual cycle, estrogen levels rise to thicken the lining of the uterus. At the same time, an egg begins to mature in one of the ovaries.

Around the midpoint of the menstrual cycle (for example, day 14 of a 28-day cycle), a surge of luteinizing hormone (LH), which is produced by the pituitary gland in the brain, causes the mature egg to leave the ovary, a process called ovulation .

In the second half of the menstrual cycle, fingerlike projections located at the opening of the fallopian tubes sweep the released egg into the tube toward the uterus. At the same time, rising levels of progesterone help prepare the lining of the uterus for pregnancy. If sperm cells are present at this time, the egg may become fertilized. If no sperm cells are present, the egg either dissolves or is absorbed into the body, no pregnancy occurs, hormone levels drop, and the thickened lining of the uterus is shed during the menstrual period.

If fertilization does occur, the fertilized egg grows and divides until it becomes a blastocyst , which is a hollow ball of cells. The blastocyst moves to the uterus, where it attaches itself to the lining, in a process called implantation . The blastocyst is nourished, and continues to grow and divide until it becomes an embryo , which eventually becomes a fetus.

Pregnancy lasts for an average of 280 days, or about nine months, until the baby is ready for birth and moves from the uterus through the cervix and out of the vagina.

The Male Reproductive System

Male Reproductive Organs
Male Reproductive Organs
© 2011 Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.

The male reproductive system includes the:

  • Testicles, or Testes —two oval-shaped organs that produce and store millions of tiny sperm cells, as well as male hormones, including testosterone
  • Epididymis —two coiled tubes that connect each testicle to the vas deferens
  • Scrotum —a pouch of skin that hangs outside the pelvis to hold and regulate the temperature of the testes
  • Vas Deferens —a muscular tube that transports sperm from the testes to the ejaculatory ducts
  • Seminal Gland and Prostate Gland —glands that produce seminal fluid
  • Urethra —the tube that passes urine and semen out of the body
  • Penis —the organ in which muscular contractions force sperm-containing semen out of the urethra

When a male is stimulated, sperm cells move out of the testes, through the epididymis, and into the vas deferens. They are mixed with the whitish seminal fluid produced by the seminal and prostate glands to form semen. The penis then fills with blood and becomes erect, and muscles contract, forcing semen through the urethra and out of the male’s body, a process called ejaculation . Each ejaculation can contain up to 500 million sperm.

When ejaculation occurs during intercourse, semen is deposited into the female’s vagina. Sperm cells “swim” from the vagina through the cervix and uterus, toward the fallopian tubes. If a mature egg is present in one of the fallopian tubes, a sperm may penetrate and fertilize it.

Revision Information

  • American Society for Reproductive Medicine


  • Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction


  • The Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada


  • Women's Health Matters


  • Atlas of the body: female reproductive organs. American Medical Association website. Available at: http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article%5Fdetaillb.cfm?article%5FID=ZZZ8QKJ56JC&sub%5Fcat=516 . Accessed August 1, 2005.

  • Female reproductive system. Nemours Foundation website. Available at: http://kidshealth.org/parent/general/body%5Fbasics/female%5Freproductive%5Fsystem.html . Accessed July 15, 2005.

  • Male reproductive system. Nemours Foundation website. Available at: http://kidshealth.org/parent/general/body%5Fbasics/male%5Freproductive.html . Accessed July 15, 2005.

  • Menstruation and the menstrual cycle. National Women’s Health Information Center website. Available at: http://www.4women.org/faq/menstru.htm . Accessed August 1, 2005.