Advances in Physics Theories and Applications en-US (Alexander Decker) (John Nagoo) Fri, 29 Jan 2016 10:27:42 +0000 OJS 60 Evaluation of Heavy Metal Concentration in Drinking Water Collected from Local Wells and Boreholes of Dutse Town, North West, Nigeria <p>Water samples collected from Dutse Town, Jigawa State, were studied and analyzed for heavy metals. A total of 48 samples were collected from 24 different sampling sites in Dutse town namely: FUD, Gidan Dubu Yadi, Bakwato 1, Bakwato 2, Tashar Danwake, Fatara, Kargo, Garu/Emir palace, Fagoji 1, Fagoji 2, Zai, Jigawa Sarki, Kachi, Limawa, Galamawa, Dasina, Takur Adua, Jigawar Tsada, Takur Site, Dan Masara, Mopol Base, G-9 Site and Aminu Kano Way/Cikin Gari. The samples were studied and analyzed for eight (8) heavy metals namely; Cadmium (Cd), Cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Lead (Pb), Mercury (Hg) and Nickel (Ni). The results obtained were compared with the international standards. The samples were analyzed at the Central Laboratory, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) was used in this study and the average concentration of these heavy metals  are 0.0034, 0.0409, 0.0151, 1.8241, 0.01471, 0.2731, 2.2829 and 0.0433 mg/l for Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Hg and Ni respectively. Among the analyzed heavy metals, Cd, Co, Cu and Ni were below the recommended level set by United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and World Health Organization (WHO) while Fe, Pb, Mn and Hg were higher than the recommended level set by USEPA and WHO for safe drinking water. This imply that the water collected from these sampling areas were contaminated with heavy metals which may have serious health hazard to the people using such water for drinking and other domestic activities.</p> <p><strong>Keywords: </strong>Heavy metals, Wells, Boreholes, Drinking Water, Dutse Town</p> Shittu Abdullahi, Chifu E. Ndikilar, A. B. Suleiman, Hafeez Y. Hafeez Effect of Radiation Absorption, Chemical Reaction and Non-Uniform Heat Source, MHD on Mixed Convective Heat and Mass Transfer Flow Past a Stretching Sheet <p>The objective of the present work is to investigate the combined influence of radiation absorption, chemical reaction and MHD on mixed convective heat and mass transfer flow of a viscous electrically conducting fluid past a stretching sheet in the presence of non-uniform heat source and Hall effects. The equations governing the flow of heat and mass transfer have been solved numerically employing Runge-Kutta fourth order technique together with the shooting technique. The velocity, temperature and concentration have been analyzed. The rate of heat and mass transfer on the plate has been evaluated numerically for different variations.</p> <p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Hall Currents;<strong><em> </em></strong>Heat &amp; Mass Transfer; Radiation absorption; Non-Uniform Heat Source; Soret and Dufour effects; Stretching sheet; Chemical reaction.</p> P. Kistaiah V. Srinivas, D.R.V. Prasada Rao Mathematical Model of Kangen Water®. Biophysical and Biochemical Effects of Catholyte <p>This article deals with the review of the basic physical-chemical processes underlying the electrolysis of water and preparation of electrochemically activated water solution catholyte by Kangen Water<sup>®</sup> Ionizer and studying their physical-chemical properties and biophysical effects on human organism. Additionally, by using IR, NES, and DNES methods were investigated various samples of water from Bulgarian water springs: the melt water from Glacier Rosenlaui, Swiss Alps, as well as the human blood serum of people with excellent health and cancer patients between 50 and 70 years old. Other experiments were performed on a Kangen Water<sup>®</sup> Ionizer (Enagic USA Inc.) for improvement of quality of tap water by electrochemically activation. As an estimation factor in NES and DNES was measured the values ​​of the average energy of hydrogen bonds (∆E<sub>H</sub><sub>...</sub><sub>O</sub>) among H<sub>2</sub>O molecules in water samples, as well as a local extremums  in the NES and DNES-spectra of various samples of water and the human blood serum at E = -0.1387 eV and λ = 8.95 μm. For a group of people in critical condition of life and patients with malignant tumors the greatest values ​​of local extremums in IR-, DNES-spectra were shifted to lower energies relative to the control healthy group. Further we applied this method for calculation of percent distribution of H<sub>2</sub>O molecules in all studied water samples according to energies of hydrogen bonds ranged from (-0.08 to -0.1387 eV). It was shown that mountain water is among the most important factors for human longevity and human health. The variety of ions (K<sup>+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Mn<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>, Zn<sup>2+</sup>, SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>, Cl<sup>-</sup>, HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>, CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup>), the chemical-physical parameters (pH, electroconductivity) and the decreased content of deuterium in studied water samples renders beneficial effects of these types of water on human health. Also our research has confirmed the efficiency of water electrical treatment with Kangen Water<sup>® </sup>Ionizer. In frames of the research was carried out the computer calculation of elemental polyhedral water nanoclusters with a formula (Н<sub>2</sub>О)<sub>n</sub>, where n = 3–20. Based on this data some important physical characteristics of water were obtained, e.g. the average energy of hydrogen bonding between Н<sub>2</sub>О molecules in the process of cluster formation was measured by the DNES method compiles -0.1067 ± 0.0011 eV.</p> <p><strong>Keywords</strong>: longevity, mountain water, IR, NES, DNES, Glacier Rosenlaui, Kangen Water<sup>® </sup>Ionizer.</p> Ignat Ignatov, Oleg Mosin, Panayot Kirov Nonplanar Geometry in Multi-Component Dust-Ion-Acoustic Shock Waves for Adiabatic Dusty Plasma <p>The modified Burgers’ equation of nonlinear propagation of Dust-Ion Acoustic Shock Waves (DIASWs) for multicomponent unmagnetized dusty plasma consisting of adiabatic ion fluid, Boltzmann distributed electrons and positrons and static negatively charged dust fluid has been derived using the standard reductive perturbation method. The solution of modified Burgers’ equation in nonplanar geometry is numerically analyzed and it has been found that, the nonplanar geometry effects have a very significant role in the formation of shock waves. Further more; it is found that the planar geometry shock structure with higher amplitude is the strongest, followed by cylindrical and spherical shock waves amplitudes respectively. It is also observed that; an increase in positron concentration decreases the amplitude of the DIASWs.</p> <p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Nonplanar Geometry multicomponent, Dust- ion-Acoustic Shocks Adiabatic Dusty Plasma</p> <p><strong> </strong></p> Louis E. Akpabio, Akaninyene D. Antia Effect of Radiation Absorption and Chemical Reaction on Transient Hydromagnetic Convective Heat and Mass Transfer Flow in a Rotating Porous Medium with Heat Sources <p class="Default">In this paper, we discussed the effect of radiation absorption and chemical reaction on transient hydromagnetic convective heat and mass transfer flow in a rotating porous medium with heat sources, when the temperature of the surface varies with time about a non-zero constant mean and the temperature at the free stream is constant. The non-linear coupled equations have been solved by perturbation technique. The velocity, temperature, concentration, skin friction, rate of heat and mass transfer have been discussed for different variations of the governing parameters G, R, γ, Q<sub>1</sub>, α and Pr.</p> <p class="Default"><strong>Keywords: </strong>Radiation Absorption, Chemical Reaction, Rotating Porous Medium, Heat Sources.</p> Pavan Kumar Cintaginjala, R. Siva Prasad Similarity Solutions for MHD Visco-Elastic Flow over a Permeable and Non-Linearly Quadratic Stretching Sheet A notable study on similarity solutions for visco-elastic (Walters liquid B’ model) fluid flow over a permeable and nonlinearly stretching sheet is investigated in the presence uniform magnetic field. Recently Raptis and Perdikis [1] studied the similarity solutions for boundary layer flow over an impermeable quadratic non-linear stretching sheet using a stream function of the kind....... Raveendra N Veena P.H, Pravin V.K Neutrons in Gravitational Field The radius in neutron's "astronomical" system between its electron and proton as the shortest radius in the universe is in harmony with the shortest range of the large astronomical radius of the Sun at its center where the key for understanding the behavior of neutrons in gravitational field is the ratio where the greatest energy of the electron in neutron ( is also in harmony with the strongest gravitational field of the Sun, it is worth noting that 2.2 Mev energy means more than four times the speed of light! For this reason individual neutrons are settled forever in the center of gravity of the Sun or of that of Milky Way galaxy where neutron stars are concentrated in its center. On the other hand, neutrons far from the center of gravity at long range of R in relatively weak gravitational field keep existing as neutrons by dividing their 2.2 Mev energy between two protons one of them is the proton in the neutron itself as it is the case of the nucleus called deuteron and that of double deuterons where alpha 4 with two electrons divide their energies among four protons, also the neutron keeps existing by dividing its energy among three protons as it is the case of the stable alpha 3. Individual neutrons, on our Earth, inside nuclear range emit their electrons with different energies, and outside nuclear range they emit them after about 15 minutes because the radius between the electron and proton in individual neutrons cannot be kept forever far from the strongest field of gravity in its center as the harmony between and is now missed. For this reason free neutrons in Nesvishensky's experiment tend to go upward , even where the pull of gravity on the neutrons in this experiment had been slowed down to the lowest degree being smaller by more than a trillion trillion times ! Key words : neutrons – gravitational field – electron's energy – protons – deuteron – alpha 3 – alpha 4 Salah Eid