Higgs boson hunters scent their elusive quarry at the LHC

Scientists at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) are widely expected to announce evidence of the Higgs boson on Tuesday
Peter Higgs, one of the theorists behind the Higgs field
The Higgs boson has been the most glittering prize in particle physics since Peter Higgs predicted its existence in 1964. Photograph: Murdo Macleod/Guardian

Physicists are bracing themselves for news that the most sought-after fundamental particle of modern times has been glimpsed at the Large Hadron Collider near Geneva.

The heads of the teams spearheading the search for the Higgs boson at Cern, the European physics laboratory, have called a special seminar to announce their findings on Tuesday afternoon.



Lisa Randall, a physicist at Harvard University, told the Guardian: "It is difficult to think of alternatives that are consistent theoretically – and with everything observed to date – that don't involve the Higgs mechanism.



Earlier this week, the scientific director at Cern, Sergio Bertolucci, hinted that the lab might have seen the elusive particle, adding weight to rumours that were already spreading on physics blogs.

Several blogs claimed that both Cern teams had results pointing to a Higgs particle with a mass of 125GeV (gigaelectronvolts), where one GeV is roughly the mass of a proton. At 125GeV, the Higgs particle would weigh as much as two copper atoms.

The director general of Cern, Rolf-Dieter Heuer, has warned staff that the announcement will not be conclusive, meaning the results are too weak to claim an official discovery. Results in particle physics are ranked on a scale from one to five "sigma".

One and two sigma results mean very little. A three sigma result counts as an "observation", while a five sigma result is enough to claim a formal discovery. There is less than a one in a million chance of a five sigma result being a statistical fluke.

Fabiola Gianotti and Guido Tonelli, who lead the teams that work on the collider's cathedral-sized Atlas and CMS detectors, will present the results at the seminar. The collider, which occupies a 27km tunnel beneath the French-Swiss border, crashes protons together at close to the speed of light.

The Higgs particle is too unstable to be seen directly in the tiny fireballs created in the collider, but it should leave a telltale signature in the machine's detectors as it disintegrates into familiar particles.

The anticipated results have sparked excitement that goes beyond the discovery of the particle itself, with some physicists claiming it would point to a fresh understanding of the structure of the cosmos.

A Higgs boson with the rumoured mass fits well with a theory called supersymmetry that says nature is built from twice as many kinds of particles as have been observed.

"They should have enough data to make an interesting statement. It could be that they have a hint, but are not sure if it's real," said John Ellis, former head of theoretical physics at Cern. "The picture is still confused, but a Higgs particle that weighed anywhere between 115GeV and 125GeV would be just dandy for supersymmetry."

"If the two detectors have essentially coincident effects of 2.5 to three sigma, there is no doubt of the discovery," said Gordon Kane, director of the Michigan Centre for Theoretical Physics.