Published on XML.com http://www.xml.com/pub/a/2004/12/01/restful-web.html
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How to Create a REST Protocol
By Joe Gregorio
December 01, 2004

Note: In this inaugural article of Joe Gregorio's new column, The Restful Web, he explains how to use the REST architectural style to create an application protocol with web-like properties. Future columns will offer additional REST-based applications and analyses. — Editor

If you follow web services, then you may have heard of REST. REST is an architectural style that can be used to guide the construction of web services. Recently, there have been attempts to create such services that have met with mixed success. This article outlines a series of steps you can follow in creating your protocol--guidance that will help you get all the benefits that REST has to offer, while avoiding common pitfalls.

What Is REST?

What is REST anyway? It is an architectural style. An architectural style is a named, coordinated set of architectural constraints.

A software architecture is defined by a configuration of architectural elements--components, connectors, and data--constrained in their relationships in order to achieve a desired set of architectural properties. [Roy Fielding]

Why Follow REST?

The whys of REST are covered on the REST Wiki. There are advantages to be had, from scalability, to simplifying implementation, to increasing the ability for your service to be reused. Jon Udell has two great articles, The Beauty of REST and Tangled in Threads: The power of the URL-line, that cover the benefits of a 'composable' system.

Look at it this way: if you're using the infrastructure of the web to move your data around, shouldn't you follow the best practices that will help your data move more smoothly through the system? It's better to go with the flow than to try to swim up stream.

How to Create a RESTful Interface

Now we get to the meat of the matter. Instead of covering this from an architectural view, I'll approach it from a recipe perspective, a series of steps you take and questions you can answer, that will hopefully guide you to creating a great REST interface.

To create a REST service, you need to answer the following questions, and you should answer them in this order:

  1. What are the URIs?
  2. What's the format?
  3. What methods are supported at each URI?
  4. What status codes could be returned?

In laying out these questions, I didn't use the proper naming conventions; instead, I used the common names for things that most developers are familiar with. As we answer each question, I'll also introduce the proper nomenclature.

Question 1: What Are the URIs?

The proper nomenclature would be "What are the resources?" The things identified by URIs are "resources." That is the terminology used in Roy Fielding's thesis and also the same terminology used in Architecture of the World Wide Web, First Edition. Resources are identified by URIs.

You might be creating a RPC protocol, or worse, if you only have a single URI that everything goes through. Many years ago, one of the first intranet services I put together was a web interface to an ECO (Engineering Change Order) system. Every time a part was changed, an ECO was filed and had to flow through this system. I created a single script that handled the whole system, a single script that took all it's parameters via POST. That meant there was no way to bookmark a page in the system; each page had the same URI: /cgi-bin/eco.cgi. Employees wanted to bookmark certain ECOs or send shortcuts via email, but they couldn't because the URI in the address bar never changed. It was always the same, /cgi-bin/eco.cgi, unchanging, like the blinking 12:00 on an unprogrammed VCR. The employees didn't know about REST, but what they did know implicitly is that each resource, in this case, an ECO, should have its own URI.

Break your problem down into the types of resources you want to manipulate. The thing to remember is that each resource should have its own URI. Try to list all the resources you could possibly need at this step. Two places to consider when looking for potential resources are collections and search interfaces. A "collection of resources" may, in itself, be a whole new resource.

A search interface is another source of resources. You enter criteria for the resources you want to find, and a list of matching resources are returned. You may notice, though, that the results of a search are just a collection of resources, ones that match a particular criteria, and as such, this is really just a narrower version of the first case of a resource collection.

Consider a very simple example of a system for maintaining an employee contact list. For our example, it will contain each employees name, title, and contact information. In such a system, each user should have their own URI with an appropriate representation. That representation should contain the name, title, and contact information for that employee.

There is also a collection of resources that is, in itself, another resource. The collection of all employees is another resource in our system. So we have identified two kinds of resources in this tiny system, and so there will be two types of URIs:

  1. Employee (One URI per employee)
  2. All Employees

After you've identified the resources via their URIs, it's time to consider the next question.

Question 2: What's the Format?

The proper terminology here is "representation." You can't actually reach out and touch the resources behind the URIs you identified in Step 1. What you can do is exchange representations of those resources. When I do a GET on an "employee" resource, I need to get something back which conveys information about that employee. These days HTML, XML, images, sound, and movies are all potential formats that could be used. For now, we'll restrict ourselves to using XML: it's a pretty popular format, lots of tools are available to process it, and there is an expectation that when you say "web services," you are referring primarily to the exchange of XML documents. And, yeah, this is being published on XML.com!

For each of the resources you listed in Step 1, you need to decide what the representations are going to look like. If possible, reuse existing formats if they are applicable. This can increase the chances that your system can be composed with other systems.

In our example employee contact list above, we could have the following representations:

Employee Format
For the sake of exposition, I will make up a new XML format for this information. Exposition--"A statement or rhetorical discourse intended to give information about or an explanation of difficult material"--which just means that I get to cheat as long as you learn something in the process.
<employee xmlns='http://example.org/my-example-ns/'>
    <name>Full name goes here.</name>
    <title>Persons title goes here.</title>
    <phone-number>Phone number goes here.</phone-number>
Employee List Format
Since each employee will have his or her own URI with all the details there, our list will only include that URI.
<employee-list xmlns='http://example.org/my-example-ns/'>
    <employee-ref href="URI of the first employee"/>
	 Full name of the first employee goes here.</employee>
    <employee-ref href="URI of employee #2"/>Full name</employee>
    <employee-ref href="URI of employee #N"/>Full name</employee>

Note that we haven't mapped the representations to resources just yet. To do that, we need to consider the methods.

Question 3: What Methods Are Supported at Each URI?

In the proper nomenclature, how do the URIs we defined in Step 1 get dereferenced?


We'll restrict the discussion to accessing resources using one the four basic HTTP methods that can be applied to a URI: GET, POST, PUT, and DELETE. HEAD is really a GET without a response body, and there are also others defined by RFC 2616 like OPTIONS. In addition, specs like WebDAV introduce even more methods. That's nice, but you should be able to go very far with just the four basic methods, which align nicely with CRUD, an acronym from the database world which stands for Create, Retrieve, Update, and Delete.

HTTP Method CRUD Action Description
POST CREATE Create a new resource
GET RETRIEVE Retrieve a representation of a resource
PUT UPDATE Update a resource
DELETE DELETE Delete a resource


Make sure your GETs are side-effect free. This is a biggie, the one where many services get it wrong. GETs must be both safe and idempotent. In turn, anything which does not have side effects should use GET.

So if you want to create a new resource, use POST. Want to retrieve a representation of a resource? Use GET. To update a current resource, use PUT. Finally, to delete a resource, use DELETE.

Once you have decided on the URIs (Step 1), picked representations (Step 2), and decided on methods (Step 3), you need to match them all up. At the very least, you'll need to pick a representation for the response of every GET and a representation to place in the request for PUT and POST. Optionally, you may want to consider the representation, if any is returned from a POST.

Let's go back to our employee contact list, and now we can match up the resources, the representations, and the methods.

Resource Method Representation
Employee GET Employee Format
Employee PUT Employee Format
Employee DELETE N/A
All Employees GET Employee List Format
All Employees POST Employee Format

Question 4: What Status Codes Could Be Returned?

Not only do you need to know what type of representation is returned, you also need to enumerate the typical HTTP status codes that could be returned. In a perfect world, this step wouldn't be necessary since a good implementation would handle every status code correctly. In practice, you should list all the status codes you expect to return. This will provide good guidance for implementers on the conditions they should be testing for.

We'll update our table for our employee contact list to include the expected status codes

Resource Method Representation Status Codes
Employee GET Employee Format 200, 301, 410
Employee PUT Employee Format 200, 301, 400, 410
Employee DELETE N/A 200, 204
All Employees GET Employee List Format 200, 301
All Employees POST Employee Format 201, 400

Warning Signs

Even following these steps, you could still make some mistakes. Paul Prescod has created a list of Common REST Mistakes that is worth reviewing as you work on your protocol.


Let's review. To build a good REST service you need to answer the following questions:

  1. What are the URIs?
  2. What's the format?
  3. What methods are supported at each URI?
  4. What status codes could be returned?

And that's all there is to it. You don't believe me? Good, because it's not true. There's lots more to discuss, like compression, etags, caching, extensibility, idioms, and implementations. See you next month.

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