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Using Castor JDO for SQL Mapping

by Jeff Lowery

Castor is a multifaceted software tool being developed under the auspices of exolab.org, an informal organization involved in the development of open source, enterprise software projects based on Java and XML.

The primary function of Castor is to perform data binding. Data binding is a process that facilitates the representation of one data model in another. For example, an XML data model, described by an XML schema document, can be approximately represented by Java classes. Castor helps by generating these classes from the XML schema document. Object instances of these classes are then able to store XML document data, so long as such documents conform to the XML schema.

Such binding works both ways, of course: object instances of the generated classes can be easily transformed back into XML documents through a process known as marshalling. Castor's marshalling engine can introspect the Java data objects and generate corresponding XML document elements. Such marshalling can be refined through the use of user-defined mapping files, which Castor also supports.

Related Reading

Java & XML Data Binding
By Brett McLaughlin

While XML data binding is very useful, this article will focus on another aspect of Castor: data binding of Java objects to tables, columns, and rows in a SQL database. This functionality falls under the heading of Castor JDO. The intent of the Java Data Objects (JDO) standard is to transparently persist Java objects. Although similar in name and intent to Sun's efforts, Castor JDO was developed largely independently of Sun's efforts, but aims roughly in the same direction. Be that as it may, the two technologies have different feature sets, and should not be assumed to be interoperable.

Castor is able to employ a mapping file as a simple way to bind Java objects to SQL database tables. Instead of writing complex procedural code in Java to manage the database queries and updates via JDBC, Castor hides this complexity by using the mapping file entries and transparently performing the proper queries and updates in the background. This declarative mechanism of descibing how the objects and the database are linked makes maintenance easier, because mapping files are relatively easy to understand and can be changed without recompiling code. It's also much simpler in that it operates at a higher level of abstraction than functionally equivalent JDBC mechanisms allow.

Writing a Mapping File

Unlike Castor's XML marshalling -- where there is a default mapping of a Java object to XML elements and attributes -- no default mapping exists for binding Java objects to SQL database tables: you must use a mapping file to enable this functionality. The mapping file contains explicit information on how Castor should represent a set of Java objects in a relational database.

Mapping files are written in XML, and can be validated against either a DTD or an XML schema supplied by the Castor group. This type of validation will catch syntax errors, but it does take some practice to understand the concepts behind mapping files and understanding Castor's JDO behavior. If Castor JDO appears not to be storing data in the database, it's likely due to missing entries in an otherwise syntactically valid mapping file.

Before going into the details of mapping, let's first present an overview of the mapping elements. For every Java class whose instances are to be stored in the database, a class element is required in the mapping file. These class elements reside one level below the mapping root element:

   <description>Optional description of mapping file</description>
   <!-- you can include other mapping files -->
   <include href="other/mapping_file.xml"/>  
   <class name="Class1" map-to="db_table1">
      <description>Optional description of this class mapping</description> 
      <field name="field>  <!-- mapping of a class data member --> 
         <sql> ... </sql>  <!-- maps Java field to database column --> 
      <field> ... </field>
   <class name="Class2" map-to="db-table2">

For each class to be mapped to a database table (the map-to attribute indicates which table), the data members of the class to be persisted (referred to as fields by Castor) will have corresponding field elements. Each field element in turn has a sql child element, which describes how such fields are stored in the database.

Once a mapping has been established, Castor takes care of the queries and updates that are needed to fetch and store data as Java objects. It also handles conversions between SQL and Java datatypes seamlessly.


A mapping file is written from the point of view of the Java class and describes how the properties of each object are to be stored in database tables, columns, and rows. These class properties are referred to as fields in the mapping file.

The general rules for mapping Java objects to database tables are:

  1. Each Java class maps to no more than one database table.
  2. Each Java object must have a unique identifier (which may be autogenerated).
  3. A database column must be identified for every field that is to be stored in the database.
  4. Fields have the option of being fetched or stored directly (if they are public), or through their class' get/set methods.
  5. Classes that exist only as part of a larger composite class should be indicated as dependent upon that composite class in the mapping file.
  6. Classes that extend another mapped class should be indicated as such in the mapping file.

Database Persistence

Castor uses the XML-format mapping file to determine:

  • Which classes to persist in the database, and in what table.
  • Which properties of the class to persist (fields), and in what columns.

Every element and attribute of a primitive type in Java (int, boolean, double, etc.) can be mapped to a table column that is of a comparable SQL type. Some nonprimitive types (classes), such as java.lang.String, java.sql.Date, java.lang.Long, etc., can be mapped to a single table column, as well. All other Java classes must have a class element definition in the mapping file to be persisted in a database.

Remember, Castor will not introspect a class and apply a set of default rules to guess the fields and attempt to persist them. This is different behavior from that of the XML marshaller.

There may be cases where a class instance only exists as a member of a containing parent object (in other words, it makes an appearance only as a child of some other object). The mapping file conveniently allows such dependent objects to be denoted as such. The advantages of recording dependencies in the mapping file will be explained later.

Fetching Java Objects From a SQL Database

When reconstructing an object from a SQL database, Castor uses the mapping information to determine where the class' data members are stored in the database.

It is possible to set up the mapping file so that an object doesn't have to be pulled from the database in its entirety, but can be lazily fetched. This means that certain members of the class instance will only be retrieved when the appropriate get method is called. The result is that large objects can be fetched incrementally -- avoiding the performance hit of fetching a load of data from the database that might not be needed by the program at that time.

Describing the Data Model

We're now ready to start in on the mechanics of how a set of Java objects are mapped to a SQL database. For this example, we assume the following environment:

  • JDK 1.4
  • Postgres v7.2.2 database, running under a Cygwin Unix shell on Windows 2000
  • Castor build 9.3.19 or later

The main variable here is the database. Not all databases support the same features, and some support similar features differently. I will point out cases where the examples show a Postgres-specific way of doing things.


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